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BRITISH CONFERVA;

OR

COLORED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

3Srtti0?) JJlattts

REFERRED BY BOTANISTS TO THE GENUS

CONFERVA.

By LEWIS WESTON DILLWYN, F.R.S. & F.L.S.

LONDON:

MINTED AND SOLD BY JT. PBILLIPS,

GEORGK YARD, LOMBARD 3TREET.

1809.

T O

DAWSON TURNER, Esq, A.M. F.L.S.

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NAT. CURIOSORUM,

AND OF THE

i

COTTENGEN PHYSICAL SOCIETY,

THIS WORK,

AS A TOKEN OF SINCERE REGARD, AND A PUBLIC ACKNOWLEDGMENT

OF THE GREAT ASSISTANCE IT HAS RECEIVED FROM HIM.

IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST FASCICULUS.

1HE prefent very imperfect ftate of our knowledge of Confervse, will, I hope,
be accepted as fufficient apology for not prefacing my firft Fafciculus with any
general remarks on that genus. Convinced of this deficiency, I offer the prefent
work as little more than a fet of drawings, whereby the fpecies of this intricate tribe
may be, in fome meafure, fixed ; and which may at leaft ferve as materials for the
future labours of fome more able Botanifts. I fhall add to each plate the de-
scription of the plant it is intended to reprefenr, pointing out at the fame time
whatever has ftruck me as mod remarkable in its conformation or phyfiology. —
The greater part of the more minute fpecies refemble each other fo much in
their natural ftate, that the microfcope alone can enable us to diftinguifh them,
and therefore I have given only magnified (ketches; except of thofe, in which the
ftructure or ramification is fufficiently lingular to point them out, at firft fight,
to the naked eye.

If the botanical world fhould approve of this undertaking, my plan is to publifh
a fimilar Fafciculus every four months, by which means there will be fufficient
time to examine accurately the plants I introduce. It is impoflible yet to offer

a conjecture to what extent the work will reach; at prefent I have only examined,
and that imperfectly, the environs of London, Yarmouth, and Dover, but from
what I have feen in thefe places, I am convinced that the Confervse are a far
more numerous tribe than is in general imagined. I folicit the afiiftance of other
Botanifls, and fhall receive with thanks any remarks tending to elucidate either
the fpecies previoufly defcribed, or thofe which ftill remain to be introduced. I
only beg leave to fay, that thefe plants muft not be judged of from dried fpeci-
mens; for when the granules in their interior fubftance once collapfe, no fubfe-
quent immerfion will reftore them to their former appearance, or bring back the
elafticity they poflefied when recent. To give as accurate an idea as poffible of
the relative fize of each plant, it appeared bed to ftate, after every figure, with
what power the drawing was made ; the numbers, therefore, denote the feveral
magnifying powers of a common compound microfcope.

Higham Lodge, Walthamftow,
June ill. iSos.

INTRODUCTION.

SECT. I.

GENERAL REMARKS.

A HE Confervx, whether confidered with regard to their
external appearance, their internal ftrufture, or the extraordinary manner in
which the propagation of many fpecies is effected, may undoubtedly be reckoned
among the molt beautiful and curious of the order of vegetables to which they
belong. It was my original intention to have given in this work a magnified
drawing of each Britifh fpecies, but the number of thofe already difcovered is
fo great, and it is fo impoflible to obtain fpecimens of all fufficiently recent for
the purpofe, that I find it a talk almost endlefs, and above my ability to com-
plete. I have therefore been obliged to content myfelf with giving a brief
account, by way of fynopfis, of nearly all thofe fpecies which have fallen under
my obfervation*, and a drawing, accompanied with a more full defcription, of
moft of thofe which I have met with recent, and which have not been figured

* Since this was written, I have been induced lb far to deviate from what 1 had here propofed,
as to give a flight flcetch (generally from dried fpecimens) of all the fpecies not figured by other
authors, excepting C. fanguinea, which would not revive fufficieatly in water to enable me to
trace its ftructure.

*7'r

elfewhere. In this ftate I offer the refult of my labors to the Botanic world, in
hopes that its numerous defe&s will be excufed ; when it is confidered that the
Confervse were verv lately involved in fuch obfcurity as to have been publicly
termed ' the opprobrium of Botany.' *

If we look back to what had previoufly been done in this department of
fcience, we (hall find that Linnxus was too bufily engaged' in the immenfe field
he had entered on, to fpare the time neceflary for an inveftigation of the fub-
mcrfed Algae, as appears both from his writings and Herbarium, in which
latter fcarcely any fpecimens of Confervse are preferved. In the /pedes Planta-
rum, and alfo in the works of mod other authors, the fubjeft is treated fo
flight'y, that many different plants may not only be often referred to the fame
defcription, but were actually dcfigned by the writers to be included under it ;.
and even thefe fhort defcriptions are chiefly borrowed from Dillenius, who
remained almoft the only original author on the Ccnfervz, till Dr. Roth pub-
lifhed the firft Fafciculus of his Catalecla Botanica, in 1 797. Eyen of Hudfon's
defcriptions in the Flora Anglica, many are entirely borrowed from the Hijloria
Mtifcorum, and thofe which he has taken from his own obfervations are too
fhort to be of much fervice. Lightfoot, indeed, when he relied upon himfelf
alone, is perhaps more than any other author exempt from fuch a charge, and
the only thing to be lamented in this excellent Botanifl is, that he allowed him-
felf fo often to tranfcribe the works of others, who were far inferior to himfelf
in the art either of obferving or of recording their obfervations. Had Dillenius
accuftomed himfelf to the ufe of a microfcope, there is little that might not
have been expe&ed from his accurate pencil ; but, for the want of this afliil-
ance, he has frequently confounded feveral fpecies together, which agree only
in external habit, and has even defcribed fome as jointlefs in which diffepiments
are readily obfervable with a common glafs. The only magnified drawings of
Confeme, to which reference with any tolerable precifion could be made prior
to the clofe of the laft century, were thofe of Mr. Ellis, in the 56th volume cf

* Dr. Smith's Introductory Difcourft, Lin. Trans. I. p. 34.

t1>e Royal Society's Tranfactions ; and thofe of Muller, in the Flora D.r.
and Nova Asia Petropolitana; in which works thefe diftinguifhed naturalifts
have displayed their accu domed accuracy and talent for minute investigation.
Such being the cafe, I truft that this work, by elucidating the fynonymy of
thefe, as well as of the more modern authors, and by the variety of new matter
it contains, will be found fo far to clear the way as to induce others, with more
leifure and ability than myfelf, to purfue the ftudy, and perfect our knowledge
of a tribe than which none will be found more intevefting. The purfuit, though
not otherwife of high importance, tends, as Dr. Smith obf.rvec, ' to enliven
the fcenes of rural retirement, to relieve the mind amid the bufy purfuits of
active life,' and carries with it its own reward in the conftant fonrce of amufe-
ment which it prefents to the ftudent wherever he goes, and in the complacency
which an inveftigation of the works of nature never fail to excite in the mind,
befides the higher objecT: of teaching man to admire and adore his Maker in the
works of I'.is hand.

M. Girod Chantrons, in his Rcchevches fur les Conferves-, has, both by
chemical analyfis, and by obfervations on their ftru£lure, endeavoured to prove
that the Conferva are either real animals or of animal origin; and that many of
them are actual Polypi, others the habitations of thefe animals, and others
again, aggregations of Polypi, fo attached together as to form a tube. It ap-
pears to me, fo far as I am able to judge from the drawings and defcriptions,
that this work is too inaccurate to merit mucli attention. Dr. Treviranus, in
his B'wlgW, has gone flill further, and propofes to unite, not only the Con-
ferva:, but the whole clafs Cryptogamia with the Zoophytes, and thus form a
fourth kingdom, intermediate between the animal and vegetable. I cannot
help fufpecting that thefe authors have given too much fcope to their imagi-
nation, and the more fo, as a fimiiar analyfis by M. Vauquelin, has been attended
with fuch different refults, as to confirm him in the oppofite and generally

* This work, which I have not myfelf feen, is wholly quoted on the authority of SprengelV
JnlreJucticn i§ Bttany. c

A 2

received opinion. He found that the fmall quantity of ammonia contained in
Conferva is combined with pyromucous acid, which is the cafe in many
vegetables : that they do not give out muriate of foda, as Meffrs. Chantrons
and Lacroix have affirmed, but muriate and carbonate of potafh, and if they
had contained foda, this is only what occurs in feveral other plants. He confiders
the quantity of aibes they afford as a ftill further proof, and upon the whole
entertains no doubt that their fubftance is truly vegetable.* M. Decandolle has
alfo, in my opinion, fuccefsfully controvered M. Chantrons' theory ; and I there-
fore need only add, that I have never difcovered an appearance in any of the
Alga; which occafioned the lead fufpicion in my mind that they are not true and
perfect vegetables.

With regard to the prefent arrangement of the fubmerfed Alg/c, I have little
more to add than that nothing can more fully evince our ignorance refpecting
them, or fhew how imperfectly they have been hitherto ftudied, than the cir-
cumftance of fo many difcordant fpecies being placed together, as thofe of which
the prefent genera are compofed. It may probably be expected, that in a work of
this kind I fhould attempt fome better arrangement, but, though fatisfied of the
neceffity of fuch a talk, I can only lament my inadequacy to the execution of
it : the time is not yet arrived ; fufficient materials are not yet collected ; and it
fhould be deferred not only till the Conferva, but alfo till the Fuel, Ulvt, and
Tremella are better known, as well with regard to their fructification as to the
number of their fpecies ; for many are ftill frequently difcovered, differing
effentially in their modes of propagation from thofe before known. Crude and
undigefted attempts at reformation ferve in Botany, as in other matters, to per-
plex rather than to enlighten, and I will therefore add nothing further on this
fubject, than that I fully agree with my friend Mr. Turner, that, previoufly to
any permanent fyftem being eftablifhed, it wiil be neceffary to reduce the prefent
genera into one mafs, and proceed in nearly the fame manner as if nothing had
been done before.

* Journal de Phyfiquc, liv. p. 427.

The Conferva have hitherto been confidered as principally diftinguifhed from
other Alga: by the jointed ftruflure of the filaments ; but this circumftance is
not of itfelf fufficient to feparate them from many of the Fuci, nor even perhaps
from ibme of the Lichens and Fungi.* There are alfo feveral plants which
have by the general content of Botanifts been always called Conferva, in which
no joints are obfervable, fo that, if, in addition to what is here obferved,
be added the many remarks upon the fame fubjecl that occur in the prefent
work, and in Mr. Turner's admirable H\flory of the Fuci, (particularly in his
defcription of F. daffpbytlus) it appears fufficiently proved that the jointed
ftru£t,ure can no longer be ufed as a diftin£Hve generic mark. Indeed the
Confervx mufl be regarded rather as a natural family, comprehending many
genera of plants than as a fingle genus, and I have therefore felt it would be
abfurd, as -well as unneceflary, to attempt fuch a generic character as would
comprife the whole, becaufe, according to the rules of botanical philofophy,
this fhould be formed from the fructification, and the fructification of the
Conferva differs fo infinitely in different fpecies, that it would be impoffible to
include them all under any fuch defcription. I have, however, for the prefent,
retained Conferva as a general name for all thofe plants which have been, or
which if known, would have been fo called by preceding authors, in the fame
manner as the term Lichen was applied by Dr. Acharius, in the Prodromus of
his Lichen-jgraphia Suecka. To thefe I have alfo added the Byjl flamentofa, as
they differ in no refpeft from the Conferva in ftructure ; and fince the publication
of my defcription of C. aurea, the propriety of this union has been eftablifhed
by a difcovery of its capfules, which refemble thofe of Dr. Roth's Ccramia.

Drs. Ingenhouz and Girtanner, from the general prevalence of Conferva in
almoft all waters and moid places, have been led to fuppofe that they are gene-
rated fpontaneoufly from the decompofition of water by the folar rays ; but

* Since I publilhed the defcription of C. atro-virrns, Mr. Hooker has afcertained that it is CV-
nicalaria pubacau of Acharius, but the capfules which 1 difcovered in July, 1806, near Beddgellart,
prove that it belongs to the Coufiru*. Fibrillaria ramositshTia of Sowerby's Englifh Fungi, as well as
fome other fpecies of the fame genus, and of the Aurkularix, are links which connect the latter
tribe with the Conferva;.

6

" omnia ex ovo"-is now fo univerfally received 2S an axiom, that few naturalifU
will be likely to accede to their opinion. In fome Conferva, indeed, no mode
of propagation has hitherto been difcovered, except by an elongation or ex-
panfion, and viviparous diviaon of the filament ; but analogy induces me to
fufpe£t that even thefe are alfo propagated by feeds, as has been afcertained to
be the cafe in moft of the other fpecies.

Of the extent of this tribe I feel myfelf unable to offer a conjecture : more
than two hundred different fpecies have been already afcertained in the few-
parts of Europe in which the Conferva have been at all examined, and I have
no doubt but that even our own Iflands will be found to produce a ft i 1 1 larger
number. In my Synopfts I have been obliged to omit feveral fpecies, with fpeci-
mens of which I have been favored by my friends, becaufe the latter are fo
imperfeft, or have furfered fo much change from drying, that it is impoffible
to obtain their diftinguifhing characters. In addition to the fpecies which have
fallen under my own obfervation, or of which fuch drawings or defcriptions
have been published as to leave no doubt of their identity, I have admitted only
'thofe of which I ptffefs either (ketches or fpecimens, fufhciently perfect to afford
a tolerably correct idea of the recent plant. The accuracy, however, of all
defcriptions of Conferva, which are taken from dried fpecimens, for reafons
affigned in the preface to my firfc Falciculus, may be doubted, and I therefore,
whenever this has been the cafe, have prefixed an afterifk to the name of the-
fpecies, in order that a proper allowance may be made.

The Conferva, by the large quantity of oxygen that they give out, have been
thought to render the air about ftagnant waters more wholefome ; but of their
ufe and economy no more is yet known than of their number. Many fpecies
remain of whofe whole phyfiology we are intirely ignorant, and perhaps no
other tribe can be found which ftill offers fo wide a field for difcovery.

Of thofe who have attempted a divifion of the Confervre into Genera, Dr.
Roth and M. Vaucher are the authors who deferve particular attention, and I
ihall now proceed to give a fketch of their different arrangements.

SECTION II.

SYSTEM OF ROTH.

Dr. Roth has divided the fubmerfed Algse into the following Genera :
Fucus, Ceramlum, Batrachofpennum, Conferva, Mertenfia, Hydrodiilyon, Viva,
Rivularla, Linkla, and Tremella. I {hall give the outline of each of thefe, and
offer a few remarks on thofe that contain ajiy of the plants ufually denominated
Confervx.

Fucus. — V-eficuU aggregate fubftantia frondis immerfa, ports mucifiuis

pradila.

This genus, of which the definition is as vague and unmeaning as the fame

number of words can well be, is intended to comprehend a part only of the

plants ufually called by the name of Fuel, the remainder having been referred

ro the following.

Ceramium. — Fllo numlranaceo-cartllaglneat capfulis granuliferh ipfis
adnatis.
In this genus are made two divifions ; the firft, 'fills eotiformibus,' contains
fome of the more (lender Fuci, and of the unjointed capfuliferous Confervx :
the other, 'fills fpmle genieulatis,' comprehends the jointed Fuci, and the re-
mainder of the capfuliferous Confervx. There is undoubtedly a great fimilarity
in the fructification of the capfuliferous fpecies, and yet feveral natural tribes,
if not really diftintf families, may be perceived among them, although, as has
been already obferved, the imperfect ftate of our knowledge, would render
it imprudent to attempt at prefent to define their refpective limits. I fhall
however enumerate thofe which appear moft ftriking.

The unjointed fpecies probably all belong to the genus Vaueherla, as will be
hereafter mentioned.

C. ekngata, as is obferved in die defcription of that fpecies, has two kinds of

8

capfuies, {"miliar to thofe of Fucits fubfufcu; and F. pinaflroides^ from which it
cannot be feparated without violence; and to thefe may probab'y be united the
black marine, and thofe other fpecies in which the filament is an aggregation
of feveral fmaller tubes; in thefe the capfuies are ovate, reticulated, and feihle.

In C. cUiata, diaphana, rubra, an.l fome others obviouily fimiiar in chara&er,
the capfuies are ovate, folitary, and fubter.ded by two or more calyciform pro-
ceffes.

In C. plumula, rosea, Turner!, and their congeners with pinnated filaments,
the capfuies are globofe, numerous, and neither reticulated nor fubtended by the
abovementioned procefles. The capfuies of C. Iktoralis, pennaia, fcoparia and
Umer.tofa, are nearly fimiiar to the foregoing, but, inftead of being placed on
the ramuli only, at the end of almoft every joint, they are fcattered without
order on the filaments.

The capfuies of C. fprmgicfa, and alfo moft probably of C. verticiliata, are
oblong, petiolated, and unufually fmall for the fize of the plant.

C. fetacea, bat lata, and thofe which have their feeds imbedded in mucus, and
guarded by an involucrum inftead of a capfule, form a very diftintr. and beauti-
ful family, which cannot be arranged with propriety in any of Dr. Roth's
genera. From the defcription in Mr. Turner's work, it appears that F. plirmo-
fuss as well as fome other Fuci, may probably be found to belong to the fame
genus, which I had hoped to have feen at fome future time, when the fub-
merfed algx fhall be remodelled, diftinguifhed with the name of Mr. Borrer,
to whofe unwearied application we are indebted for our knowledge of many of
its fpecies, but I have juft found that Dr. Acharius has, in his new Licbena-
graphn Uniihijalis . fo called one of the new genera of his favorite family.

Batxachospurmum. — Baccae po/yjpcrniir, colorata, filamenta geniculata,
carldag'ineo-membranucea.

In this genus two fpecies only are enumerated, with one of which, B.
dkhotomum, I am entirely unacquainted. The other is C. gelat'mofa, of which
.a defcription may be found in the body of this work.

Conferva. — Tubuli vel- filaments herbacca imernis parietilus fruSiijicatio-
num granulis adfperfa.

This genus, ftill more than Ceramium, comprifes plants belonging to feveral
natural families, perfectly diftincr. from each other, and the learned Doclor
feems to have ufed it as a receptacle for all thofe fpecies of which the fruc-
tification is unknown, or which he could not otherwife difpdfe of. They are
arranged under two feparate heads, " Tubtilof*," and " Filamentofe." Of thefe,
the former is compofed of the tubular Ulva, the union of which with the
Conferva appears to me to be by no means warranted by what is at prefent
known on the fubject. The latter has three main divifions, depending on what
are here termed genlcula, but which are in the courfe of this work (perhaps im-
properly) named Dijppiments. I have ufed this word to exprefs every fort of
divifion between the veficles or articuli of thefe plants. It ;would certainly be
defirable to diltinguiih, by different names, the different natures of thefe
divifions, but they are often fo ambiguous, and in plants fo minute it is necef-
farily fo difficult to examine them accurately, that I have not ventured to under-
take the talk.

The only Britifh fpecies' arranged in the firft ■ divifion, " Conformes fen con*
t!rut,t," are C. fenejlralis, Ulva plumcfa, and C. dilatata, refpecYing which I
muft be allowed to remark, that this arrangement of C. fenejlralis is erroneous,
as diflepiments may be obferved in the filaments when examined with the
higher powers of a microfcope, while U. pltimofa is at leaft a plant of doubtful
place in the fyftem, and C. dilatata is the fame with my C. veftcata, and fliould
therefore in this arrangement have been placed with C. amphibia, among the
Ccramia.

The fecond divifion is entitled " Articulate, geniculis fpuriis." Dr. Roth
calls thofe diflepiments fptirious, which have their origin in the internal ftruc-
ture, and not in the fibres which conftitute the filament. This fection is itfelf
thrice fubdivided.

The firft fubdivifion is termed " Sporangiorum arinulis". In thefe plants, Dr.

B

10

Roth fup7 >f-:s that the joints are in fact a ferios of annular feed-cafes, not
attached to, but difpofed within the filaments, at regulaT fhort intervals from
each other •, and that thefe intervals conftitute the fuppofed ditTepiments. This
fubdivifion comprifo Vaucher's natural genus Ofci/latcria, and is the fame with
the feclion 13. a. of my fynopfis, but I have not ufed the word fpsrangium, be-
caufe it cannot be properly applied to thefe joints, as will be hereafter fhewn.

Of the fecomi fubd'vifion, which is entitled, " Utiicutis matrkalibus" Dr.

Roth fays, that this fpecies of fpurious partition differs from thofe formed by

the annular fted-cafcs above defcribed, in this particular, that they are not

vifible in the earliclt, but only at fome advanced ftage of their growth, or in

confequence of fome violent concuffion, and that the joints can never vary

from the pofition allotted to them. Whilft the plants are young, or till their

organization has been difturbed, the internal veficles are contiguous to each

other at their extremities, and the filaments then appear in every refpect equal

and continuous ; but, when at length -thefe veficles become contracted, an

empty pellucid fpace is left at each extremity, without any appearance of a true

diflepiment in the middle. The kind of joint here defcribed is found, according

to Dr. Roth, in many of the Ceramia, as well as in C. tegagrophila, er'iceto urn,

and other Confervx without any natural aflinuy ; and it appears to me evident

that the term utriculus mdfricalis cannot with propriety be ufed to define a

fpecies of joint which occurs fo frequently in capfuliferous fpecies.

The plants of the third fe&ion, " S/riSltt/is," are deflitute of real joints, but
divided by annular flrictures at uncertain diftances from each other. C. torulofa
is the only Britifh fpecies here arranged, unlefs my fufpicion fhould prove well
founded, that Dr. Roth's C. reptans is Fucus opuntia.

We next come to the third main divilion of the filamentous Confervse,
" Ai tlcuhitit gen'culis veils." Such alone are admitted by Dr. Roth to be true
difleplments as actually iitterfecT: the interior of the tube, being formed by the
branching of the parallel fibres, of which, together with a cellular membrane,
the filament itfelf is compofed. This fetlion has four fubdivifions, of which
the firft is the

11

" Fnfiut.r" In thgf? Dr. Roth is of opinion that the diflepiment does not

extend wholly acrofs the tube, but leaves it pervious for its whole length. This

fubdivifion comprifes the genus Conjugata of Vaucher, with Conferva equifeti-

folia, crifpata, ebenea, vivipara, fucicola, and many others, and it is therefore

obvioufly far from natural.

Of the " Toru/ofv," which form the fecond fubdivifion, the diiTepiments rife
above the furface of the tube in the form of annular excrefcences. Dr. Roth
here fuppofes the diffepimeuts to be interwoven with a large portion of the
cellular membrane, which makes them lefs able to refift the elafticity of the
enclofed air, and they thereby become diftended. C. flu-viatilis is the only
Britifh fpecies that occurs in this fubdivifion, but my obfervations have tended
to confirm the opinion of the late lamented Dr. Mohr, that thefe protuberances
are of a different nature, and ought not to be regarded as diffepiments.

C. atra is arranged by itfelf, and forms a third fubdivifion with the name of
" Infidtia," the meaning affixed by the Dodor to which term is, that the
longitudinal fibres of the filaments on attaining to the length prefcribed for
each joint, fuddenly unite in a fingle point, and are bent inwards towards the
cavity of the tube, thus forming an appearance fimilar to that of the tortulofa,
though in reality of different ftructure ; and hence each joint is narrow at its
origin, and gradually incraffated upwards.

The fourth and laft fubdivifion is compofed of the " Ferticillata," diflinguifhed
chiefly by their verticillated, or rather imbricated, ramuli. In this C. vertillata,
and fpongiofa are arranged, together with fome foreign fpecies probably of the
fame family, and with C. yiilofa, a plant widely different both in its nature and
ftructure.

Having taken this curfory view of the genus Conferva, as eftablifhed by Dr.
Roth, it remains only to add, that enough has already been difcovered of the
fruaification of many of the fpecies claffed under it, to fhew the neceffity of
their removal to other genera, and it feems to me that thofe only mould be
retained which arc propagated by feeds formed within the joints, without the

B 2

12

afliftanee of any external procefs whatfoever, thus excluding even the Conjugate,
which it was his intention to admit.

Mertensia. — Tubuli fub coriacei, Vitus articulati, fporulz in tunica,
fapillas Veficales clavatas fafciculatas eff.cicnte, fparfa.
This genus has but one fpecies, the Uloa lumbrlcalis of Linnaeus, a native of
the Cape of Good Hope, with which I am totally unacquainted. According
to Dr. Roth's account, the ftru£ture of this plant is extremely curious. The
filament1; are lined on the infide with a fine cellular membrane, and at fhort,
but equal and regular, diftances a circle of fpine-like precedes iffue internally,
over which the cellular membrane is fpread, fo as to clofe up the tube tranf-
verfely at every diffepiment.

Hydrodictyon. — Fila fub m mbranacea, tubulofa, ad angulos varies in

.utrieulum retiformtm finibus fuis combinata, demum utriculum matri fmi-

lem invagination produeentia.

C. reticulata differs fo entirely from every other known Conferva?, that Dr.

Roth has very properly formed it into a feparate genus, with the prefent ex-

preflive name. The effential character in the fecond Fafciculus of his CatalecTi

is takenwholly from the lingular contexture of its filaments, but this he has

been enabled to amend in the third, by M. Vaucher's important difcovery of its

ft ill more lingular propagation.

Ulva. — Mtmbrana 'ex'anja, diaphana, fruiiificatienum granulrs praprhnts

circa marginal! innatis.

The genus, as here conftituted, is intended to comprehend only thofe fpecies

which are compofed of a (ingle leaf-like membrane, the tubular ones having,

as before mentioned, been removed to the Conferva, and U. incraffata, U;

rukens, and their affinities, to the following family.

Rivularia. — Sitbftantia gelatinofo-cartil.igi/iea, hyalina, integumento inem-
branacco defiituta; fr unification? s in flis geniculars intra fubflantiam
nidulantibus.
1 he plants which Dr. Roth has referred to this genus, are fo clofely allied

13

with the Batrachofperma, and the latter approach fome other families of the
Co'iferv/e by fo many points, as to render the attempt to feparate them extremely
difficult. The gelatinous nature and appearance of the filaments is not fuf-
ficient, nor arc the fine tranfparent proceiTes into which their ramuli are drawn,
for thefe may be alfo obferved in C. protenfa, v'.vipara, and fome other Conferva.
Although this affinity is fo ftrong, yet as none of the Rivularia have ever been
nublifhed under the latter name, I have not thought it neceffary to notice them
in my general fynopfis.* Dr. Smith, milled by fome apparent refemblance in
their ftruclure, has publifhed fome of the Fuel, and even Tremella, under this
name, but I truft it will not be found neceffary to retain them, or the Rivulari*
can no longer be regarded as a natural family.

Linckia. — Subjlantia gelatinofa, byalina, integumento membranaceo hyalino
induta, farcla f: ufltfi.ationum granulis in tineas curvatas moniliformet
crdinatis.
Micheli ufed Linckia as a generic name for thofe Tremella with which he was
acquainted, and in thefe he obferved that the granules were arranged in regular
lines. Dr. Roth, however, carrying his refearches farther, difcovered that in
fome only of the Tremelld the feeds are thus arranged, but that in others they
are fcattered throughout the internal mucus without apparent order. He has
therefore feparated the former from Tremella, and with them conftituted the
prefent genus, retaining Micheli's original name. Five fpecies have been afcer-
tained, confiftii<g of Tremdla trjlcc and uiruulata; two recently difcovered
fpecies, and Ulva fruniformis, which had been before removed to the Tremella
by Mr. Woodward. 1 he plant which Dr. Roth fuppofes to be U. prunifonnis
of Linnaeus, is however efientially different from that figured in Englijb Botany
(t. 968,) with the fame name, and which Mr. Hooker informs me is Rivularia
anguWa of the Caialeila Botanica. Linckia pruniformis is not known to be a
Britifh fpecies.

* I have never feen a recent fpecimen, but I prefume from the defcription, that C. ethinulata o!
Eng. Bot. t. I37£, belongs to this family.

14

Tremella. — Sulflantia uniformis gelatinofa, hyalina, uitegumento mem-
branaceo induta, fruHificationum gramdis in membrame contextu fbrofo.
abfque or dine fparjis.

Such of the plants as have been ufually called TremeiU, and have the feeds
fcattered without order throughout the internal mucus, conftitute, as is above
obferved, this genus.

Byssus. — In the third volume of the Flora Germanica, this genus is re-
tained with the following definition, " Filamenta vel fibrae tenuia, membranacea,
lanuginofa, txtus fru£lificatione granulu adfpcrfa" and comprifes all the fpecies of
Hudfon's fection, "■ flamentofte" but in the fecond volume of the Catuletla Botanica,
fome of them had been referred to the Fungi, and the " Pulverulent^" had been
feveral years before removed to the Lichens in the firft volume of the Flora. In
the third Fafeiculus of the Catalecla, the genus By/fits is not noticed, but three
of the filamentous fpecies are incorporated with the Conferva. I have examined
B. phofpborea, arugiuosa, velutina, purpurea, nigra, aurea, and fulph urea.* and
cannot find that they poffefs any character to diftinguifh them from the Con-
ferva, but B. feptica feems to be of a different nature, and to belong to the
Fungi, with which it has been arranged by M. Perfoon.

It feemed neceffary to ftate my reafons for not having followed the arrange-
ment of fo eminent a Botanift as Dr. Roth, and I have confequently been
obliged to point out what have appeared to me to be its leading imperfections.
Every word written by fuch an obferver mult, however, be of value, and al-
though his arrangement has, in my opinion, been premature, I am convinced
that a better will never be effected without a liberal ufe of his numerous obfer-
vations.

* Byssus sulphurea, Lichenis facie, tenuisshna ac densissime, jiltrum !5* pannum Itneum tcxturo similans.
Micueli, p. 211 a 17. Dill. Hist. Must. p. 7. t. 1. f. 13. This fingular fpecies has not been dif-
tovercd in Britain, and I am indebted to Mr. Dryander for a fpecimen from the Bankftan Herbarium.

15

SECTION lit.

SYSTEM OF VAUCHER.

M. Vaucher has -divided the Confervre into the fix following genera.
Eilofperma, Conjitgata, Hydrodiclyum, Polyfpermum, Batrach • fermum, and Pro-
llfera. In purfuance of my plan, I fliall now give an outline of his ideas of the
general fructification of each of thefe, with which I (hall incorporate the few
obfervations I have myfelf made on the fruit of their refpective fpecies.

The Ectospermes are thus defined, " Les organs fkondans font txteriurs,
et les grains font porties fur des pedsncles qui partent d'une lube ramife."

The generic name Ectfperma, has been changed by M. Decandolle to
Vaucheria, and the genus is with this alteration adopted in Englijh Botany with
the following eflential character, " Anthem, aivl-Jhaped, incurved. Capfules
adjoining to the Anthem, ovate, ftngle fecdcd, in pairs or fAitary."

M. Vaucher has traced the growth of thefe plants, through all their ftages,
and fatisfactorily proved what the obfervations of Mr. Borrer have fince fully
confirmed, that they are propagated by the germination of their granules. Al-
though, in his fpecific defcriptions, M. Vaucher has called thefe granules naked
feeds, yet his remarks, added to my own, induce me rather to believe that
the grains of all the Vaucherht are mnnofpermous capfules, as Dr. Smith has
defcribed them. I wiih, however, rather to fubmit this as a matter for future
obfervation, than to e>;prefs a decided opinion upon the fubje£l, though having
circulated a theory founded on a contrary opinion among my Botanical friends,
I think it rreceffary to fhev,- how I was led into this error. The fpecies figured
at T. 74, under Muller's name of C. veftcata, is Vaucheria feffdis, but I could
not then difcover any aniherae, and as Vaucher's grains are reprefented to be
naked leeds, and as he had not mentioned the capfules or bladder-like vcficles
which abounded in my fpecimens, I concluded that it mull be a different fpecies.

16

I afterwards difcovered the grains and anthers of V. geminata on fomc fila-
ments, precifely refembling thofe of Conferva vcficata, but the grains were fo
much fmaller, that, relying on M. Vaucher's defcription, I concluded they were
naked feeds. I therefore imagined that in the former fpecimen the male and
female organs were concealed within the capfule, and in the fpecimens which I
afterwards gathered, that the capfules had fallen off or died away, and thus left
the feeds fitting on their receptacle with the anthera expofed to view.

M. Vaucher has not been able to prove the nature of what he has called
anthera with equal fatisfaftion to himfelf •, " Cependant je ne fuis pas auffi
certain des fondions auquelles eft appellee la corne qui les accompagne ; elle
eft a la verite conftamment placee dans les voifmage des grains ; on la voit bien
repandre fa poufliere dans /' Eclofperme ovoide en particulier, cela eft inconteftible.
Cependant j'ai toujours defire quelque experience dirette, qui me put con-
vaincre de 1'ufage de cette corne." It appears from this quotation that M.
Vaucher has been rather too hafty in his application of the term anthera in the
fpecific defcriptions, and that he has fallen into the common error of fuppofing
that the analogy between phxnogamous and aquatic cryptogamous plants muft
be perfect, without making a proper allowance for the difference that mult
neceffarily exift in the latter from the difference of their fituation. If his con-
jecture fhould be confirmed by future obfervation, I am of opinion that the
awl-fhaped proceffes fubtended by the capfules of feveral Ceramia, and the tribe
intended to have been called Borreria, will alfo prove to be male organs, and
effect the fecundation of the feed in the fame manner.

Of this genus, M. Vaucher has enumerated eleven fpecies, few of which can
be at all diftinguifhed from each other except by die fructification, and this
varies fo much with refpe£t to the fize, number, and difpofition of the capfules
in almoft every different mafs, and even in the fame fpecimen, that it can
hardly be confulered a fufficient indication of fpecific difference. My friend,
Mr. Hooker, fays he has feen petioles bearing two and f une three capfules, and
•ther capfules fingle and feffile on the fame plant. In my defcription of C.

17

vefuata, iV.feffdis) I have remarked its clofc affinity with C. amphibia, and in
the third F..foiculus of the Cataleiia Botonica, Dr. Roth has arranged all the
Vaueheria as mere varieties of this fpecies. My cbfervaticns have ma;!e me
incline to this opinion with refpecl to a majority of the fpecies, and I much
doubt whether they may not be all referred to either C. amphibia, dichotoma, or
Dillwynii. As C. myoihrons and C. commies, in their ftruefcure, approach thefe
fpecies, it is poffible that their fructification, when difcovered, will prove fimi-
Iar. Should this conjecture be well founded, the unjointed fpecies form a
family, fufficiently diftinfl from the other Conferva: ; anJ whenever the alga:
are new modelled, will, I truft, be continued with the generic name by which
M. Decandolle has fo properly diltinguifhed the Eclofpsrmes.

M. Vaucher has made but few references to the works of preceding authors,
and, to prevent confufion, it muft be remarked that thefe few are extremely
inaccurate : thus all the Etlfpermes are faid to have been comprifed by Lintueus
under the name of C. fontinalis, with which plant none of them have the lead
affinity. Muller's C. vefuata is referred to Prolifera vfcata, which is a widely
different fpecies, and the reference to C. velutina with the fynonyma of Micheli
and Dillenius is equally erroneous.

Conjugata. — Les grains font interieurs et renfermees tine a une dans des
tubes cloifonnees et toujour s fimples.

This natural and wonderful family is better characterized by the name, than
by this generic defcription, under which many other plants might be arranged
whofe filaments have never been obferved to conjugate.

Mu'ler, although he publiflied excellent drawings both of C. ni.'ida and
jugalis, entertained no idea that the difference between them merely arifes from
the fructification. Meflrs. Charles and Romain Coquebcrt, who alio difcovered
nitida in its conjugated ftate, were equally ignorant of this circumftance, though
they advanced one ftep further, and afcertained that the globules formed by the
union are true feeds which reproduce the fpecies. M. Vaucher's interefting
memoir, publiflied by the Philomatic Society of Paris, although full of im-

c

18

portant difcoveries on other Confervce, merely confirms the foregoing obfer-
vations, and contains but little new on the Conjugate.

In the fpring of 1802 I difcovered, that at a certain period of their growth,
fmall tubes are protruded from the fimple filaments of C. nitida; that thefe unite
with the fimilar tubes of other contiguous fiiaments ; that the grains of the one
being emptied into, coalefce with the grains of the other filament, and thus
cor.ititute the C.jugalis of the Flora Danica* I alfo found that this ftrange
property is not confined to this fingle fpecies, but that the C. genujiexa of Roth
is formed in like manner by an union among the fimple filaments of Muller's
C. ferpentina, and I traced thofe of C. fpiralis from a fimple to a conjugated
ftate. In the fummer of the fame year, Mr. Woods found C. bipunclata with
the filaments conjugated, and the fuppofed originality of thefe difcoveries
ail'irded me great pleafure, being then quite ignorant of M. Vaucher's con-
tinued application to this tribe. At length the appearance of his Hijlolre cles
dtiferves d'eau douce, at Geneva, in 1803, fhewed that \vc had arrived at a
knowledge of the Conjugaia, and formed nearly the fame conclufions refpe£iing
them, almoft at the fame time, and quite independently of each other.

I have fince difcovered the feeds of C. gennjiexa ;. they are large and globular,
and not formed within either filament, as in C. juga/is, but in the connecting
tube, which thereby becomes greatly diftended, as is represented in my fup-
plementaiy plate. M. Vaucher could not difcover the feeds of this fpecies, and
of the nature of his obfervations recorded in the following pafiage, I cannot
form any conjecture. " Depuis Je moment ou j'ecrivais cctte defcription, j'ai
vu germcr cette conjugee; elle nait d'une maniere fort ditferente de toutes Ies
autrcs : la matiere ne pafle pas d'un tube a un tube voilin, nuis chaque logo
fournit elle memc une jeune plante ; le tube exterieur qui fe trouve renferme,

■ \Mien I firft made the drawings and defcriptions of C. nit;Ja and jngalu, 1 had not the lead
idea that they belonged to the lame fpecies, and it was unfortunately not tilr juft after my firft
Fafciculus had been given to the printer, that I was fully fatisficd on this fubje:t. My defcription
of C. spiralis, and the drawing B which was afterwards added, will, however, fufficiently prove that
J had even then arrived at a knowledge of this curious property.

19

devient line jeune Conjuguee, qui etoit toute entiero contenue dans le vieux
tube, com me die meine contient les plantes qui doivent fe devellopper enfuite :
elle en forr par l'extreraite lorfqu'elle occupe la derniere loge, ou par les cotes
lorfqu'elle fe trouve dans une des loges du milieu." 1 have fometimes feen the
fimple filaments of C. ger.i/Jlexa rolled round in a Terpentine form, as Mullcr has
reprefented, and thefe have been erroneoufly referred by M. Vaucher to a
feparate fpscies.

Each joint of the Conjugate puts forth only one connecting tube, which is
fometimes on one fide of the filament and fometimes on the other ; fo that each
filament is often connected with t.vo others. A fhort time after the union has
been effected, the granules from one joint, gradually pafs into that with which
ic is joined, till the former at length becomes empty and colorlefs. The granules
of both then coalefce in the other joint, or in the connecting tube, and form a
globular or oblong mafs, wh ch M. Vaucher has proved to be the true feed,
and has feen it germinate and reproduce the fpecies. No feeds appear to be
ever formed but by this union of the joints of two different filaments with each
other, and of thefe united joints only one ever produces a feed. It is therefore
natural to conclude, although the contents of the joints by their appearance
cannot in the leaft be diftinguifhed from each other, and although in things fo
minute and obfcure it is neceffary to fpeak with the utmoft diffidence, that one
contains male and the other female powers, and that their union is effeiltial to
the propagation of the Conjugate. It might indeed reafonably have been fup-
pofed that of two conjugated filaments, the whole of the one is male and the
other female, but in oppolition to this it generally happens that a part of the
joints give out, and a part receive granules in the fame filament. I have feen
three filaments connected together, and the connecting tubes of the middle
one have fometimes been thrown out by the joints on one fide, and fometimes
on the other, and the feeds have been formed in either filament, without ap-
parent order. Each filament muft therefore be confidered hermaphrodite, pof-
feffing in its different joints both male and female powers, which, as in the

C 2

20

fnail, can only be rendered productive by contact with the oppofite powers of
other filaments. Thus this apparently infignificant tribe affords an unique and
wonderful analogy between the reproduction of the animal and vegetable king-
doms, and is a finking evidence that " the power of God is over ad his works,
and is feen to the aftonifhment of man in the variety of his wonders."

Hydrodictyum. — Chaque articulation devient elk mime une nouvellc
plante qui s'etend commc un reseau,

C. reticulata was firft feparated from the Conferva under the generic name of
Hydrodiclyon by Dr. Roth, as is already mentioned, and no other plant has been
fince difcovered with whicli it can be aflbciated. Its fu'rprifing mode of propa-
gation is mentioned in my description of this fpecies, and I Shall therefore only
repeat that we are wholly indebted to the fcrutinizing talents of M. Vaucher
for this important difcovery.

Polysperma. — Les grains font repandues en tres grand nombre dans /'/»■
tirteur d'ttn tube renjli, non tranfparent ct ramifii.

C. fluviatilis and glomerata are the only fpecies which M. Vaucher has been
able to refer to the prefent genus, to which however he fufpefts that feveral
others alfo belong. He obferved that the filaments of C. fiuviatilis are lined
with minute beaded threads, which at length divide, and each bead then be-
comes a Separate granule. He thinks it probable that a part of thefe grains,
although they cannot be diftinguiflied from the others, are male organs which
die away as foon as they have performed their office ; a conjecture that feems
rather ingenious than probable. He however afcertained, by a courSe of well
directed experiments, that at lead a part of thefe granules are true feeds, and
traced their growth from the germination till they refembled the ,parent plant
in all reSpedTs. Thefe globules, both in their connected and detached State,
may be readily obferved by cutting and prefiing the filaments, and, though I
have failed in rhy endeavours to witnefs their germination, I cannot in the leaft
doubt the accuracy of M. Vaucher's obfervations, or fuppofe that this fpecies
is not propagated as he defcribes. Tufts of young feedlings may be alfo fre-

21

quently obforved, as he defcribes them, ifTuing from the older filaments : thefc
he attributes to the germination of feeds which have infinuated themfelves from
the interior to the fubftance of the frond, and thus grow parafitically on their
parent. M. Vaucher does not feem to have noticed the minute hair-like pro-
cefies that iflue externally from the protuberances, between which and the
beaded threads on the infide, I have not been able to difcover any connection .
Upon the fubject of thefe difcoveries as to the ftrudture and fructification of
the Pohfpermit, though I have here quoted M. Vaucher alone, having myfelf
had an opportunity of confulting no work but his, yet I feel it incumbent upon
me to fay, that the concurring teftimony of German Botanifts attributes the
original detection of them to the late Dr. Mohr, who appears from what is
find by Dr. Roth, to have given an ample account of them in a number of
Schroder's Journal for 1801, of which I am not aware that there is a copy at
prefcnt in England.

C. fluviatilis differs widely in habit and appearance from other Britifh Con-
ferva?, agreeing in its real character probably with none but C. torulofa, unlefs
indeed the conjecture of my friend, Mr. Turner, be well founded, that Fucus
pedunculitis, F. aculeatus, C. verrucofa*, and C. villcfa may belong to the fame
tribe. With refpett to C. glomerata, which has not the lead affinity to any of
thefe, M. Vaucher fays little more than that he found its joints contain nu-
merous minute granules, and thence concluded they were feeds. Of this,
although he continued his obfervations with unremitted aiTuluity for two years,
he could, however, obtain no further proof, than that the ftones in a river were
covered with fomewhat fimilar granules, which germinated and produced this
fpecies. He therefore determined on the arrangement of C. glomerata in this
genus, but candidly allows, ' C'eft bien plus l'analogie et le raifonnement que
les obfervations diredes, qui nous ont conduit dans les conjectures que nous
avons hafardees fur fon Hiftoire.'

* I have omitted this fpecies in my fynopfis, becaufe having carefully examined its internal
ftrueture, I am decidedly of opinion that it has no claim whatever to a place among the Conferva;.
It will, I hope, appear in Mr. Turner's Hiftoria Fucorum.

22

BlTRACHOSPERMUM. — " Chaque Anneau, apres s 'et 're fepari de I'anc -'urine
Conjcrve, pou[je de toutes parts des nouvel.es rai/iii.eations."
In this genus, dnfirva gelatinofa and mutabiiis, together with the Conferva
(hardy and Rivularia elegans of Roth, and Ulva incrajfata of Hudfon, ?re ar-
ranged by M. Vaucher, who is of opinion, " Oue cette famille fort differente
des autres fe multiplie par fes anneaux. Lorfqu'elle a acquis a peu pres tout
fon accroiffenient, !es anneaux dont elie eft compofce, fe rompent et fe feparent.
Le plus grand nombre d'entr'eux, fur tout lorfque toutes les parties de la Con-
ferve fe detruifent en meme temp, s'eloignent de maniere qu'il n'eft plus poffible
dc les fuivre. Les autres refte.nt attaches aux filets a caufe de leur vifcofite ;
peu a peu ils croifTent et s'etendent. La forme qu'ils ont alors n'est pas regu-
Iiere, mais elle eft affez femblable dans tous les grains. Infenfiblement ils
groffiuent ; en meme temps ils acquirent affez de tranfparence pour qu'on puifle
voir dans leur interieur la Batrachofperme a laquelle ils doivent donner naif-
fance ; enfin 1'envellope, qui les contenuit, ne pouvant plus fe preter a. leur
accroiffement il en fort de toutes parts un grand nombre de petites plantes, qui
s'etendent en rayonnant autour d'un meme point, et chaque filet eft un tronc
principal de la Conferve que fe develope. Cet etat de demi develloppement eft
celui des grains noirs que Ton aperc-oit fur la Batrachofperme a collier {Conferva
gelatinofa.) Ils y font retenus, comme je l'ai dit, par des filets de la plante ; et
fi on les examine au microfcope, on trouve a leur centre l'anneau dont il eft ici
queftion, qui poufle de toutes parts des filets rayonnans et deja articules."

M. Vaucher, as well as Dr. Roth, has conjectured, that the delicate capil-
lary threads, which are feen ifluing from the extremities of the ramuli of thefe
plants, and conllitute one of its moft obvious characters, may be fpermatick
veffels, but the only circumftance which miterially favors this idea is, that they
fall off" when the plant has attained to a certain a^e.

I have not been able to difcover the fructification of any of the fpecies ar-
ranged in this genus, except C. gelalhnfa. Of this I have given a drawing, and
it appears to confift of an aggregation of feeds, refembling a compound berry,

23

which I have feen germinate, both whilft attached to and when feparated from
the parent plant. I am forry to differ fo materially from M. Vaucher on this
fubjecr, and I apprehend it would not have been the cafe if he had ufed a
higher magnifying power.

Whether M. Vaucher has done rijiht in uniting the Rivularia with Batra-
chofpermum, further obfervations are in my opinion ftill wanting to decide. I
confefs myfelf inclined to believe that the fructification of thefe genera will be
found to be different, but my friends, Mr. Turner and Mr. Hooker, whofe
united opinions muft have far greater weight, agree with M. Vaucher that they
fhould be joined.

Prolifera. — It fori des parties renfees ou des Bourreletj du vieux tube,

des filets cyli/idriques qui s'etendent en tout fens, el qui apris avoir p' is

un ajfez grand accroiffement,je feparent enfuite de leur Mire, pour devenir

tux me/nes une Conferve parfaite.

The following extract will ferve more fully to fhew M. Vaucher's idea of the

manner in which thefe Confervie are propagated. " Lorfque les proliferes

font pretes a fe reproduire, on voit naitre, le long des tubes des renflemens cylin-

driques, que Ton prendroit pour des nceuds, fi la plante n'etoit pas d'ailleurs

cloifonnee. Ces Bourrelets d'abord peu fenfibles, grofTdlent bientot, enfuite i!s

fe couvrent d'une matiere pulverulente qui eft formee ou des dibris qui flot-

taient dans le liquide, et qui ont ete retenus par le Bourrelet ; ou d'une matiere

qui s'eft fecrete de la Conferve. Lorfque cette pouffiere a fejourne quelque

temps fur le Bourrelet, 0:1 voit fortir fes nombreux filets qui forment d'abord

de petites tetes arrondies. Malheureufement cette pouffiere en meme temps

qu'elle femble favorifer raccrciffement, gene beaueoup l'obfervateur. On ne

peat gueres voir le premier develloppement de la jeune plante, et juger par

exemple, .G e'.le fort de la furface du Bourrelet ou du centre. Quoi qu'il en

fo't, les jeunes filets s'etendent rapidement fur toute la circonfe'rence du

Bourrelet ou lis forment comme une houppe de poils. Peu a peu leur cloifons

commencent a fe marquer, bieatot 'eurs tubes reflemblent en petit a celui dc la

24

gaade prolifere; etifiri Us fe feparent pour aller former ailleurs uu nouvel indi-
vidu femblable a celui fur lequel ils ont pris naiffance ; mats j avoue que je n>/<
pas vu defiparation, quoique je n'aie aucun lieu de dourer qu'elle ne s'opere."

I have now before me the variety mentioned in my defection of C. rivu-
iJis*, and more fully defcribed in my fynopfis, with fhort fpirie-like proceffes,
refembling both in fize and fliape thofe figured on Voucher's f P. crljpa. If, as
M. Vaucher imagines, thefe are a proliferous progeny, it muft be fu| pofed that
they would refemble the parent, not only in their joints, but alfo in the fhape
of the filaments; the latter are, however, cylindrical throughout, and the for-
mer, at leaft in f me fpecies, are reprefented as remarkably acuminated; and
of the proceffes of C. rivularis at this time under my obfervation, many, not the
tenth of an inch in length, are as pointed as poffible, although the diameter at
their bafe equals that of the main filament. I examined this variety during a
fortnight, but could not obferve that the ramuli at all encreafed in length, or
fuffered any change, till at the end of that period, the whole died away, and
difappeared together. M. Vaucher has not noticed how far their length bears
any regular proportion to that of the main filament, and he admits, contrary to
his generic definition, that he has never feen them feparate from it. In the
defection of P. fioccofa, which is probably the fame with my C. punSalis, he
fays, « Elle fe raultiplie avec une telle rapidite qu'elle couvre au bout de
quelques jours des places confidences dans lefquelles on ne l'avoit pas d'abord
apercue," and yet he could never difcover any proliferous tendency, or any other
means whatever by which this increafe was effected. I therefore wonder at
this fpecies having been arranged with the Prolific, but M. Vaucher poflefles
the rare merit of never concealing or diftorting truth to ferve a favorite theory,
and expreffes himfelf throughout fo doubtfully of the ufe and nature of the
branch-like proceffes, that it is rather furprifing he fhotild have founded the
genus with fuch an uncertain character. It is neverthelefs probable, from M.

* PriKfcra rivukrh of Vaucher differs from this fpecies in its much longer joints,
t See the drawing of this fpecies in my fupplemeatary plate B.

25

Voucher's defcription, that the procefles which he obferved on fome fpecies
are of a different nature from thofe refembling thorns above mentioned. It
feems to me that the fructification of the Prolifera confifts in their internal,
granules, and, equally with thofe of C. fluviatUis, it is reafonable to fuppofe,
that thefe feeds may in fome inftances become lodged, and germinate in the
fubftance of the filament, which germination would necefiarily occafion the
frond in that part to fwell, and thus produce the Bot/rrelets, which M. Vaucher
defcribes. It does not, however, appear that the filaments thus generated ever
arrive at maturity, and I am decidedly of opinion that this is not the mode
deligned by nature for the propagation of thefe Confervx.

Oscillatoria. — This is the name given in M. Vaucher's Hiftory of the
Tremella, to the Confervae of Dr. Roth's fec~Hon * Sporangiorum antiulis,' which
are here arranged fo as to conftitute a feparate genus.

M. Vaucher obferved that C . fontitmlis, and thofe of its congeners which float
on the furface of water, are generally attended by " une efpece de feutre"
" douce et on&ueufe au toucher," which he fuppofes is of the fame nature as
the internal mucus of the Tremella, and he compares the filaments themfelves to
the beaded granules of the Liiukix. I have never feen this felt-like fubftance
except with C. fontinalis, and have always confidered it as decayed vegetable
or other extraneous matter, in which the plant likes to grow, nor can I find
that it bears the lead refemblance to the internal mucus of a Tremella. At all
events it is not fufficie/itly general to warrant the removal of the genus ; for M.
Vaucher admits that it is not met with in any of the fpecies which grow on
(tones, or on other fubftances, and thefe, I beUeve, conftitute a majority of the
genus. The fuppofed fpontaneous motion of the filaments firft noticed by M.
Adanfon, and mentioned in my defcription of C. limofa, however, feems prin-
cipally to have induced him to remove the Ofcillatoria from the Conferva to the
animal kingdom, for to this he fuppofes that the Tremella belong. During the
laft eight years I have frequently examined feveral fpecies in hopes of difcover-
ing this mark of animality, but muft confefs I could never obferve any motion

D

26

that might not be attributed to their wonderfully rapid growth, which mufl
occafion fuch thickly entangled filaments to prefs againft each other ; to the
water in which they are examined, the flighteft motion of which is fufficient to
agitate them, or to the numerous animalculse with which they are constantly
ihf feed.

It would exceed the limits of my prefent undertaking to give a detail of M.
Vaucher's numerous conjectures, and curious remarks, and I fhall therefore
now confine myfelf to the relation of what I have myfelf obferved concerning
this family.

The Ofcillatoria constitute a natural genus, and are diftinguifhable at firft
fight by their numerous filaments fo thickly matted together as to form a jelly-
like mafs. The filaments, when examined w.th the higher powers of a micro-
fcope, appear to me equally obtufe at both ends, and are regularly divided by
remarkably delicate diffepiments into extremely fhort joints. Some of the dif-
fepiments may be obferved of a darker color and thicker fubftance than the
others, and at thefe I believe the filaments divide into feparate fragments, each
of which, as M. Adanfon firft obferved, " Devient abfolument femblable a
celui dont il s'etoit feparee, et capable d'en produire a fon tour de nouveau."
In C. vagirmta, however, the filaments are multiplied by a longitudinal inftead
of a tranfverfe divifion, as appears in my defcription of that fpecies. The
diameter of the filaments of this family, never varies according to their age, as
in other Conferva;, but is conftantly the fame in every fpecies, and hence M .
Vaucher has been led to fuppofe that they arc always propagated by the vivipa-
rous divifion only, and never by feed. This opinion I was for fome time inclined
to adopt, till it was fhaken by an appearance of capfules on fome fpecimens of
C. decortlcans, which is reprefented in my fupplementary plate. They are fo
unufually large in proportion to the thicknefs of the filament, that at firft fight
I thought they were of the fame nature with galls, or thofe excrefcences that
are fo frequently inhabited by the Cycl ps on the Vaucher'te, but, when I applied
the higheft powers of my microfcope, I found their fhape too regular and well

27

defined, and themfelves furrounded by a pellucid iimbus fo entirely refembling
that of many of the Ctramia, as to give them every appearance of true capfules.
I kept the fpecimens feveral days, but could not oblerve any feeds efcape from
them, nor have I fince been able to dilcover any tiling at all fimilar in either
this or any other fpecies of OJci/latoria, and fubfequent difcoyeries have encreafed
my fufpicions that they were not capfules, and have induced me to believe that
C. decarticans, as well as the other fpecies of this family, are propagated by
feed in a different manner.

In examining fome fpecimens of C. dijlorta, I obferved a number of detached
globules of the fame color, and of about equal diameter with that of the fila-
ments, and I alfo obferved that in fome filaments which were partly empty, the
remaining joints had affumed a fimilar globular fhape. Some of the detached
globules had become of an oblong form, and a diffepiment was then obfervable
in the middle, while others were more elongated with four joints, and others
were ftill longer, fo as to form a regular feries, beginning with the globule, and
ending in a perfect filament. I have, therefore, no doubt, fo far as it is poffible
to ftate any opinion on objects fo minute and obfeure without any doubt, that
each joint at length becomes a feed, which efcapes at the apex of the filament,
and that by its evolution the fpecies is propagated. I have obferved a precifely
fimilar appearance, in C. mirabilis, and have alfo feen detached granules, ap-
parently of the fame nature among the filaments of C.fontinalis and C. muralis,
and in both thefe fpecies, thofe filaments which are partly empty have their
remaining joints of a more globular form, than they are in thofe which continue
perfe£t.

I have afcertained that the filaments of C. diflorta conjugate in a lingular
manner, (which, together with the fructification, is reprefented in my fupple-
mentary plate A) and that the fuppofed ramifications of this fpecies are thus con-
flituted. C. d.Jlorta is therefore moft clofely allied with C. mirabilis and C.
mnjuscula, and I incline to the opinion that here, as well as in the Qpnjttgata,
an union of their filaments is in fome manner effential to their fructification.

d 2

28

The Ofcillatorl*, beddes their general accordance in flruclure, are connected
in different points by C. diffiliens and confervicola with the other Conferva, nor
can I, with all due deference to the opinion of M. Vaucher, allow myfelf to
doubt that the propriety of retaining them among the fubmerfed Algx in the
vegetable kingdom will be admitted by almoft every Naturalift, and efpecially
by thofe who make this department of Botany their ftudy.

To conclude, although I cannot give implicit affent to all M. Vaucher's obfer-
vations and deductions, yet the greater part of his phyfiological difcoveries are
fo well eflablifhed and fo important, that they form a memorable epoch in the
hiftory of the fubmerfed Algse. He has the credit of having firft raifed a
Conferva from feed, and of having traced it through the different flages of its
growth, and, to mention one only of his many difcoveries, that of the wonder-
ful propagation of C. reticulata, is in itfelf fufficient to render his name refpecl-
able, as long as fcientific merit continues to be held in efteem.

SECTION IV.

SYSTEM OF DECANDOLLE.

I now turn to Decandolle, whofe arrangement of the fubmerfed Algx in the
Flore Francoife, and Flora Gallica, is however hardly worth notice. It is principally
formed by incorporating the two foregoing fyflems, with much alteration but
little or no improvement in their genera, as will be fufficiently fhewn by the
following outline of his arrangement.

Nostoc. — Integumentum virefcens memhranaceum intus fanlum gelatina
mucofa filamentis momliforinibus intertexta.
In M. Vaucher's fyftem, Tremella conftitutes an order which is referred to
the animal kingdom, and comprifes tlve two genera of OfcilLitoria and Nojloc.

29

The latter contains the plants ufually called Tremella, which M. Decandolle,
under Vaucher's generic name, has here reftored to their place in the vegetable
kingdom.

Rivularia. — Alembrana fubcartilaginea, lobata aut rantcfe, muco gelati-

nofo obteila.

This however is not Dr. Roth's genus, but rather the fame with TJlva of

Vaucher, and contains, ift. his U. gelatinofa, under the name of R. tubulofa.

2d. Ulva lubrica of Roth. 3d. R. fcetida, which is probably my C. fcetula,

and 4th, a new fpecies, with the name of R. Halleri.

Ulva.— Frondes membranacea. Scmina fub epidermide latitantia, fapius
aggregate, frond is ipfius deflruBione exeuntia.
This genus in addition to mod of the Ulva, comprifes all the Ulva-lih Fuci,
with F. digitatus, F. bulbofus, F. foment of us, &c.

Fucus. — Alga marina membranacea aut flamentofa. Capfula out femina

aggregata in tuberculos nunc lateralis, nunc terminales, apice poro dchf-

centts.

The genus as here conftituted comprifes a part only of the plants ufually

called by the name of Fucus, fome having, as is above ment'oned, been removed

to the Ulva, and F. pinajlroides and F. flum to the following family. Ulva

plumofi, which Dr. Roth has carried to his genus Confrva, is here, and with

equal impropriety, defcribed under the name of Fucus arbufcula.

Ceramium. — Stii pes flamentofa marina ftmplicet aut ramofa, dijfepimentis

tranfverfalibus nodofo-articulata ; tubercula polyfperma fub globofa latiralia

aut terminalia.

The fpecies of Dr. Roth's fecond divifion of Ceramium, 'flis fpurie genicu-

fotis' conftitute this genus, and thofe of the firft divifion are fent back to the

Fuci.

DlATOMA. — Planta pfeudo-parafttica oculo nudo vix confpicua, filamentis
ftmplicibus articulatis, articulis in adulta planta tranfverfim feilis.
The fpecies arranged in the fecYion " articulis folutis" of my fynopfis, confti-

so

tute a natural family, and may be all referred to this genus, in which however
only Roth's C. mucor and C. fioccuhfa are here enumerated.

Chaktraxsia. —F.lamenta ramofa, diffepimentis inftruEla ; femina minti-
tijjima, intra filamenta re. : ila, in quoque articulo numerofa.
This genus is named by M. Decandolle in honor of M. Girod Chantrons.
With one of the eight fpecies here enumerated I am entirely unacquainted, and
the remaining feven may be referred to at lead three different natural families,
i ft. C. tcrulofa and C. fiuviatilis belong to Voucher's Polyfperma, with which
C. glomerata alfo here retained certainly pofTeffes no affinity. 2d. C. atra, which
in my opinion is undoubtedly a Batrachfpermum. And 3d, C. rivu/aris, C.
oifa, and C. vejicata of Vaucher, which belong to his family of Prdifcree,

Conferva. — Filamenta /implicit;, diffepimentis iuJlruEla, interdum cpe tubtili

inter fe conjuncla, materia vivid/, nunc fpiraliter, nunc bijldlatiin, mine

fparfm difpofita intra loculos farcla. Semina in quoque loculo folitaria.

The genus as here conftituted is the fame with Conjugata of Vaucher, and

contains all the fpecies arranged as fuch in the Hijlorie dei Co.'ifi. rves d'eau douce.

Prolifera parajitica and P. fioccofi of the fame author, are alfo added under a

feparate fe£tion, entitled, " Hand plane nota."

Batrachospermum. — Filamenta muco gelatinofo obteila, ramofa, ramis
jilo hyalino plus minufae elongato terminates ; annulis ovatis, folidis, ad
extremum progrediendo decrefcentibus. Corpufculis hirl'u (plantularum
rudiment is ) inter ramos fparfts..
This genus is the fame with Vaucher's Batrachof ermum, and is intended to
comprehend the whole of the Rivularia, as well as the Batrachofperma of Roth.
Hydrodyction. — Habitus Jaccatus, fire claufus, retiformis, inteijlitiis,
feu areolis polygon is.
C. reticulata, as in the fyftems of Roth and Vaucher, is here placed by itfelf.
Vaucheria. — Filamenta herbacea diffepimentis plane deflitula. Semina
externa, prima tubo adfxa, tandem cuduca.
This, as I have before rcmarkeJ, is the fame with Vaucher's genus Ecloferma.

31

SECTION V.
CONFERVA OF HUDSON.

Having, through the kindnefs of Dr. Williams, had repeated accefs to the
Dillenian Herbarium, and received fome valuable information refpeftinsj the
fynonymy of the Flora Anglica from Sir Thomas Frankland and the Rev. Hugh
Davies, who were both intimately acquainted with its diftinguifhed author, I feel
happy in being able to remove the uncertainty that has hitherto attended the
elucidation of many of Hudfon's Conferva;. I fhall therefore offer a few obfer-
vations on each of the doubtful fpecies, and refer the remainder to the cor-
refponding figures of the prefent work.

r. C. rivularis. T. 39. Var. £. is C. nitida T. 4.

2. C. f outbid lis. T. 64.

3. C. violacea. A plant which exactly agrees with Dillenius's and Light-
foot's defcriptions, and alfo with fome of the fpecimens in the Dillenian Her-
barium, grows abundantly on the Hones in fome rap d rivulets in the neighbour-
hood of Swanfea, and feems to be only a flight variety of C. decorticans. Mr.
Dickfon gave me a fpecimen of C. dijlorta, gathered in the Highlands, under-
the name of C. vi lacea; but, although the former, efpecially when dried, is of
a ftriking violet color, yet it differs entirely from the latter in its mode of
growth, as defcribed by Dillenius.

4. C. furcata. The late Mr Pitchford gave me an authentic fpecimen,
marked by Hudfon " C. furcata," which is nothing but a narrow variety of
C. dichotoma I have little doubt that Dillen u.->'s No. 10, which Hudfon calls

fu cat a &, is a variety of C. amphibia : — C. amphibia and C. dichotoma are, how-
ever, very clofely allied.

5. C. dichotoma. T. 15.

6. C. bullofa. I think there can be no doubt that many of the fpecies whofe

32

filaments grow fumciently entangled to retain air bubbles, and are thereby-
floated on the furface of the water, were confounded together, and conftitute
the prefent fuppofed fpecies.

7. C. canaliculars feems to me certainly nothing more than one of the nu-
merous varieties of C. amphibia, which grows about mills and other falls of
water, exactly as Dillenius has defcribed it. This opinion is confirmed by
Mr. Turner's Obf rvatins on the Dillenian Herbariutn, publiflied in the Tian-

faclions of the Linnaan Society.

8. C. amphibia. T. 41.

9. C. rigida. My own obfervations at Oxford confirm Mr. Turner's
opinion, that this is nothing but C. glomerata encrufted with fome extraneous
matter.

10. C.faniculacea. This is a Fucus, as appears both by the Dillenian Her-
barium, and by a fpecimen which Mr. Davies received from Hudfon. By
calling it a Fucus I do not mean to exprefs any opinion upon its fructification,
which is at prefent unknown, but merely to fay that it is quite deflitute of joints-

11. C. Uttoralis. T. 31.

12. C. tomentofa. T. 32.

13. C. albida. This plant, which has long been wholly unknown to Bota-
nilts, appears from a very careful examination of the Dillenian fpecimen, by
Mr. Hooker, Mr. Turner, and myfelf, under the microfcope, to be really a
diftm£t fpecies, and is fo defcribed in my fynopfis, and figured in the fupple-
mentary plate E. Mr. H. Davies has obligingly favored me with a plant which
had been fo named by Hudfon, and which is the C. Hookeri of this work.

14. C. aruginoja is defcribed in my fynopfis from the Dillenian fpecimen, of
which a fragment is alfo reprefented in the fupplementary plate E.

15. C. nigra. Authentic fpecimens in the Herbaria of Sir Thomas Frank-
land, and the Rev. H. Davies, prove that my C. atrs-rttbefcens is this fpecies.

16. C.fcoparia. T. 52.

17. C. canccllata is Serin/aria fpinofa.

33

18. C. muhifida. This, as well as C. imbricata, on the authority of an
authentic fpecimen fent by the Bifliop of Carlifle to Mr. Turner, appears clearly
to belong to the C. cquifetifolia of this work, T. 54; I have, however, retained
the name of C mullifida to the plant fo called in Englijh Botany, as the name,
though then erroneoufly applied, is really applicable to the plant, and, not being
attached to any other, may fairly be left to it.

19. C.fpongiofa. T. 42.

20. C. reticulata. T. 97.

21. C.fiuviatllis. T. 29.

22. C. alra. T. II.

23. C. gelatinofa. T. 32.

24. C. capillaris. T. 9.

25. C. corallina. T. 98.

26. C.fdacea. T. 82.

27. C. elongata. T. 33.

28. C. ciliata. T. 53.

29. C. polymorpha. T. 44.

30. C. tubulofa. The fpecimen according with Hudfon's reference, in the
Dillenian Herbarium, feems, as Mr. Turner remarked, to be only an unufually
thick variety of C. rubra, and I have myfelf gathered nearly fimilar appearances
of this ever varying fpecies.

31. C. rubra. T. 34.

32. C. purpurafcens. The fpecimen No. 41 in the Dillenian Herbarium,
does not appear to me to be diftinct from C. rofea, and I have little doubt that
this is the fpecies here defcribed by Hudfon. It however feems better, efpecially
as the matter is in fome degree queftionable, that it fhould be continued with
the name of C. rofea, by which it is now univerfally known.

33. C. nodulofa . On the authority of Mr. Turner is C. dinphana. T. 38.

34. C. pellucida. T. 90.

35. C. vagabunda. There can, I apprehend, be no doubt, from Dillenius'

E

Si

defcription, fpecimen, and figure, that C. fracia, T. 14, is the fpecies here
intended.

3<5. C. nipe/lris. T. 23. The fpecimen No. 28 of the Dillenian Herbarium,
to which Hudfon refers as his variety £ of this fpecies, is much injured, but I
have little doubt that it is C. dijfufa. T. 2t.

37. C.fericea. In the Dillenian Herbarium there are two fpecimens under
the name of C. marina trichoides virgata feiicea, of which one is marked " ex
aquis dulcioribus," the other " e maritimis ;" and of thefe the former is a
trifling variety of C. glomerata. I have never feen C. glomerata with a fimilar
appearance to that of the latter, or having the branches fo much Elongated, but
from the look of the joints, difpofition of the ramuli, and place in which it was
gathered, it may probably be Dr. Roth's variety |S. marina of that fpecies.
According to the Flora Anglica, C. ftricca grows " in rupibus et faxis fub-
marinis 5" and I cannot help fufpccting that Hudfon confounded C. Icete virtus
with other plants under this name, but neither that fpecies, nor either of
Dillenius's fpecimens have the leaft affinity with C. httoralis, to which in the
Hijloria Mufcorum it is faid to be clofely allied, and I therefore doubt whether
C.fericea can be regarded as a fingle fpecies.

38. C. glomerata. T. 13.

39. C.fulva. I fufpect that C. repens, T. 18, is the plant here defigned,
but proof is wanting.

40. C. nigrefeens. Following the generally received opinion among Botanifts,
I have in my fynopfis agreed with Dr. Smith in retaining the appellation of C.
nigrefcens to the plant fo called in Englifi Botany, though, in fo doing, I have
acted in oppofition to my own private opinion, and to the authority of Sir
Thomas Frankland, who communicated to me a fpecimen of C. urceolota under
that name.

41. C.fufca. T. 95.

42. C.fucoides. T. 75.

43. C. villofa. T. 37.

35

44- C. imbricata, as above mentioned, is C. equijetifolia, T. 54.

45. C. coccinea. T. 36.

46. C. pennata. T. 86.

47. C. parafttica of Englifh Botany, t. 1429, and of my Synopfis.

48. C. ttgagrophila . T. 87.

I am proud to acknowledge the flattering manner in which moll of
thofe Botanifts who are diftinguifhed by their knowledge of the fubmerfed
Algae have affifted me in this work. Mr. Turner in the moft friendly manner
has exerted himfelf to procure and give me all the information in his power,
and to him I am indebted for the descriptions of C. arbufcula, agagropbih, ortho-
trichi, and pellucida. Sir Thomas Frankland, Bart, and the Rev. Hugh Davies,
have obligingly communicated fome authentic fpecimens in their poffeffion,
and thereby enabled me to fix the fynonymy of feveral of Hudfon's fpecies,
with greater certainty than would otherwife have been poffible. To James
Brodie, Efq. Jofeph Woods, junr. Efq. William Jackfon Hooker, Efq. William
Borrer, junr. Efq. Mifs Hutchins, and Mr. William Wefton Young, I am in-
depted for the difcovery of many new fpecies, and I am (till further indebted
to Mr. Hooker and Mr. Woods for feveral beautiful drawings with which they
have favored me, nor muft I omit to acknowledge the fcrvice which that part
of my undertaking has received from the profeffional talents of Mr. Young.
I have alfo to thank Dr. Turton for his readinefs at all times to affift me. To
the Right Hon. Sir Jofeph Banks I am under great obligation for the free accefs
which he has allowed me to his invaluable Library and Herbarium ; and to Dr.
Williams, Profeffor of Botany, at Oxford, for the opportunity he has liberally
afforded me of examining the fpecimens in the Dillenian Herbarium.

e 2

36

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH CONFERVA.

With Notes, and a Description of the Species not elsewhere
mentioned in this Work.

The defcript'wns which I have marled with an ajferijk are taken from dried Jpecimens.

A. Subarticulata.\
i. dichctoma. C. fills fubarticulatis dichotomis, fafcictilatis, itriclis, fafligiatis,
viridibus ; ramis elongatis, remotis. T. 15.
What I have defcribed as capfules under this fpecies, Dr. Roth fuppofes
to be the eggs of infefts, and I regret that I have fince had no opportunity
of re-examining them. Mr. Turner has obferved, that when kept but a
{hort time in water they fall off in great numbers, but he fays that their
appearance is precifely fimilar to that of the capfules of other Vaucheritc,

I The four firft fpecies of this divifion belong to the Vaucherian genus Eetoificrmj, lately taken
up (moft injudicioufly in my opinion) in Enghfli Botany by the name of Vauchtria. The able author
of the Hut. da Can/, d'tau deuce has defcribed many plants as diftincft fpecies of this genus, of which
by far the larger part have been found in Britair, but, as has already been obferved in the intro-
duction to this work, p. 17, I have every reafon to believe that thefe, inftead of being ranked as
fpecies, do not even deferve to be confidercd as varieties, all of them depending upon the capfules,
of which the number and fituation vary in the fame individual. I have therefore not only here
omitted to notice them, as I thought that the fo doing would unneceflaiily fwell the number
of my fpecies, but I even doubt whether of the four here defcribed the three latter are fpecificallr
•liftinct from each other.

37

amphibia. C. fills fubarticulatis, ramofis, denfiffime implexis, obfcure
viridibus ; ramis fparfis, patentibus, rerr.otis. T. 43.

vefi.ata. C. filis fubarticulatis, ramofis, rig dis, fufco-viridibus ; veficulis
innatis, folitariis, ellipticis, filamento latioribus. T. 74.

Efiofptrma fcjjilis. Vauchex. Hi/I. des Conf. p. 31. t. 2. f. 7. Eiig. Bot.
t. 1765.
Dillwynii. C. filis fubarticulatis, procumbentibus, ramofis, viridibus.; ramis
fubdichotomis, alternis.

C.frigiJa. T. 16.

C. Dillwynii. Weber, and Mohe, Grofs. Brit. Conf. II. p. 14. t. 16.

Ceramium Dillwynii. Roth. Cat. But. III. p. 117.

ERofperma terreftiis. Vaucher. Hift. des Conf. p. 27. t. 2. f. 3.

C.fvigida of Roth, to which I had erroneoufly referred this fpecies, is my
C. mutatis, and probably the plant defigned in Englifh Botany under the
name of V. gcm.nata, t. 1766, is nothing more than this fpecies, as I
have fe^n fimilar fruit both upon C. amphibia and C. Dillwynii.
Myochrzus. C. filis fubarticulatis, ramofis, implexis, fufcis -, ramis fim-
plicibus, fubfecundis, geminis, incurvis. T. 19.

Since the publication of this fpecies, Mr. Woods and myfelf have found it
in various parts of Wales, and Mifs Hutchins has gathered it in the neigh-
bourhood of Bantry. Mr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer brought laft year from
the cave in the Ifie of Skye, called Sloch Altramine, a variety of this fpecies,
of a dark green color and loofe mode of growth, with filaments above an
inch long.

Comoides. C. filis fubarticulatis, ramofis, ferrugineis ; ramis fparfis, remo-
tiufculis, apice acuminatis. T. 27.

Since I publiflied the defcription of this fpecies, it has been found at Yar-
mouth by Mr. Turner, and in Suffex by Mr. Borrer, an:l by Mr. Woods
at Dover. It feems probable that C. rufa of Roth's Cat. Bot. III. p. 280,
is the fame plant, in confirmation of which, and of the opinion given in

38

the note at the beginning of this fedtion, and in the introduction as to
the Ettofpermtii I copy the following Extract from a Letter from the late
Dr. Mohr to Mr. Turner.

" Taking this plant for the true C. comoides of Dillwyn, I foaked my
original fpecimen of it, and what did I find ? An Eilofpcrma of the Rev.
M. Vaucher, but as Dr. Roth has remarked, without capfules as they are
called. I hardly think there is more than one fpecies of Eclofperma in the
world, (which may feem very paradoxical) but if there are more to be
diftinguiflied, you will allow it can only be done by regarding the Vaucheriau
grains or Rothian capfules."

B. articulata, fills cylindrlcis.

a. articulis brevijjimis.\

* Jimp I ices.

'. fontinalis. C. filis fimplicibus ftri£lis, brevibus fafciatis, atro virentibus;

diflepimentis diftinftis ; articulis breviflimis. T. 64.

From the defcriptions in the third fafciculus of the Catalefla Botanica, it
may be doubted whether Dr. Roth's C. limofa is not C. fontinalis of Hudfon,
and vice verfa.

8. limofa. C. filis fimplicibus, ftri£iis, tenuiflimis, fafciatis lubricis, mucofis,
ccerulco-virentibus; diffepimentis obfoletis ; articulis breviflimis. T. 20.

9. decarticans. C. filis fimplicibus, curvis, tenuilimis fafciatis, denfiflime
contextis, cceruleo-virentibus ; diffepimentis obfoletis ; articulis breviflimis.
T. 26 and T. A.

C. violacea. Fl. Ang. p. 592.
C. coiifragofa. Fl. Scot. p. 976.

•)• In this divifion are comprehended the Oscillator!* of Vaucher, a mod diftinct and natural tribe
of Conferva;, which will in all probability hereafter form a fcparate genus. I exceedingly regret
that 1 have not been able to find a more happy definition of this divifion, not knowing, as is already
obferved in the Introduction, how to charaiiterife the particular ftructure of the joints, which feeim
unlike thole of all other Conferva;.

39

C. mucofa confragofis rivulis inn-fans. Dill. Hid. Mufc. p. 15. t. 2. f. 4.

In the fupplementary plate A I have given a highly magnified drawing
by Mr. Young, of the appearance of capfules on this fpecies, which is
defcribed in my introduction. Although there can be fcarcely any doubt
of the propriety of the above references, as has been mentioned in my
remarks on Hudfon's fpecies, yet more than one fpecies having been de-
fcribed under the name of violacea, I have thought it beft to retain that of
decorlicans, by which it is now generally known, and which is very cha-
racteristic of the plant.

10. muralis. C. fa lis fimplicibus, curvis, longis, rigidiufculis, fparfis, fafciatis
viridibus ; articulis breviffimis. T. 7.

C. mural's. Roth. Cat. Bo!. III. p. 189.

C.frigida. Cat. Bot. I. p. l65. Ft. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 491.

11. conftrvicola. C. fills fimplicibus, abbreviatis, fafciculatis, liberis, fafciatis,
intense scruginofis, apice acuminatis ; articulis breviffimis. T. 8. andT. A.

Since the publication of this fpecies, Mr. Hooker has difcovered on
fome fpecimens, capfules furrounded by a pelludid limbus, and tranfverely
divided by a pellucid line in the fame manner as thofe of C. interrupt a.
The acuminated apices of this fpecies and of C. fcspulorum, have always
made me doubtful whether they fliould be regarded as true Ofcillatoria,
and this fufpicion has been ftrengthened by Mr. Hooker's difcovery. For
the highly magnified iketch of one of thefe capfules, made from a recent
fpecimen and given in my fupplementary plate A, I am indebted to Mr.
Hooker.
12.* fcoputorum. C. filis fimplicibus, curvis, abbreviatis, fafciatis, atro-viren-
tibus, baii per vifcofitatem cceherentibus, apice attenuatis ; articulis bre-
viffimis. T. A.

C.fcopulorum. Weber, and Mohr Reife durch Schweden, p. 195. T. 3.
f. 3. Roth, Cat. Bot. III. p. 191.

On Planks in the Sea, between Bognor and Aldwick ; Mr. Borrcr.

40

Rocks by the Sea fide at Cawfie, Murrayfljire ; Mr. Hooker and Mr.
Boner.

Mr. Hooker by comparing the plants gathered in the above mentioned
places with Mr. Turner's authentic fpecimens from Dr. Mohr, afcertained
the propriety of the prefent reference. It is nearly allied to C- confervicola,
but differs in its far darker color, fhorter filaments, and in the fingular
manner by which they appear agglutinated together towards the bafe.
The drawing in the fupplementary plate A was made from a dried
fpecimen by Mr. Hooker. The plant is reprefented of its natural fize,
and alfo when magnified with powers 3 and 2 of a compound microfcope.

** coadunat*.

13. vaginata. C. fills in vagina ramofo-fafciculatis, abbreviatis, cceruleo-
virefcentibus ; articulis breviffimis. T. 99.

C. vaginata. Eng. Bot. t. 1 995.

Since I publiflied the defcription of this fpecies, it has been found by
Mifs Hutchins, growing on Hypnum proelongum in the neighbourhood of
Bantry.

14. mirabilis. C. fills fpurie ramofis, breviufculis ftricYis, cceruleo-viref-
centibus ; ramis e coadunatis genuflexuris filamentorum ; articulis breviffi-
mis. T. 96.

15.* majufcula. C. filis fpurie ramofis, crifpatis, elongatis, laxe implicatis,
atro virefcentibus ; ramis e filamentis coadunatis ; articulis breviffimis.
'Y.A.

In the Sea. On Santon Sands, near Plymouth ; Mifs Hill. Bantry
Bay, Mifs Hutchins.

This fpecies is nearly allied to C. dijlorta and C. mirabilis, the branches
being fometimes united in the manner of the former, and fometimes as in
the latter. It may be diflinguifhed from both of thefe, as well as from the
other Ofcillatoritt, by its remarkably curled and twifted filaments, and by

41

their fomewhat greater diameter. It grows in thick tufts, not unfrequently
three inches in length, and of a very dark blackifh green color. For the
drawing, which is made from a dried fpecimen, and reprefents the fila-
ments when magnified with powers 2 and 1, I am indebted to my friend
Mr. Hooker.

16. difltrta. C. filis fpurie ramofis, fub-fr.ri£Us, cceruleo-virefcentibus ; ramis
e filamentis coadunatis, diftortis ; articulis breviffimis. T. 22 and T. A.

The figure of this plant, T. 22, is erroneous as far as relates to the
branches, which inftead of being as there reprefented, appear rather to be
merely diiierent filaments united together in the fame way as thofe of C.
mirabilis. The affinity between thefe two fpecies is very ftrong, and the
leading difference feems to be that in C. mirabilis the fides of the two
filaments are joined and continue longitudinally united, whereas in C.
dijlorta the end only of one filament is attached to the fide of another.
This curious union is reprefented in my fupplementary plate A, as it
appears with power 1 of the microfcope, and alio the fructification which
I have defcribed in the introduction to this work.

b. articulis longis.
* Ji malices.

17. zonata. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuibus, lubricis, virefcentibus ; articulis
diametrum longitudine vix fuperantibus, granulis in fafcias latas coar-
cervatis.

C. zctiata. Weber, and Mohr. Reife durch Schwedeii, p. 97. T. 1. f. 7.

a. b. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 269.
C. lubrica. T. 47.

Found lately at Lound, near Yarmouth, by Mr. Hooker, and in Sufl'ex
by Mr. Borrer.

18. rivularis. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuibus, longiflimis, dense compa&is,
plerumque contortis, intense viridibus ; articulis diamctro fefqui longiori-
bus. T. 39. f

42

0. atulecita. Spinulis ramuliformibus. T. A.

I firft difcovered the prefent fuppofed variety in company with my friend
Jofeph Woods, junr. in fome dark fliady rills on Finchly Common, and
afterwards in a fhady well on Stamford Hill, and in a fimilar well near
Yarmouth. It may be at once diftinguilhed by the naked eye from the
more common ftate of C. rivularis by its fKll darker color, but under the
microfcope it appears to differ only in its numerous fhort fpine-like pre-
cedes, of which the joints refemble thofe of the main filament, except that
they become gradually narrower, and at length terminate in a fine point.
Thefe thorn-like proceffes bear a confiderable refemblance to the ramuli of
C. lubrka, Both in the fize, fhape and irregularity of their difpofition, but
of their nature I am ftill unable to fatisfy myfelf further than that for
*eafons given in my introduction, they are not occafioned by a proliferous
germination. The drawing at figure 3 of the fupplementary plate A, was
ftiade in 1802, with power I of my microfcope, from the plant which I
then gathered near Finchly. With the fketches marked I and 2 (of which
the former reprefents the plant when (lightly, and the latter when highly
magnified) I have been favored by Mr. Woods, who has fince difcovered
this appearance of the fpecies in feveral places about London. It grows
not like the foregoing in fprings, but in pools and ditches which are dried
up early in the fummer, and ought perhaps to be regarded as a feparate
variety. Some of the filaments are entirely fimple, and thefe refemble thofe
of C. rivularis ; in others there are a few acuminated proceffes fimilar to
thofe above mentioned, whilft others are befet with crowded proceffes of
various lengths, and of thefe the longeft are lefs acuminated than the
others, and are again fometimes furnifhed with other extremely fhort
fecondary fpines.
19. bipartita. C. fills fimplicibus, tcnuibus, longiffimis dense compat~Hs,
flavo-virentibus ; articulis diametro fub-triplo longioribus, demum bipar-
titis. T. 105.

43

20. fugaajjima. C. fill s fimplicibus tenuibus flavo virentibus; articulis pel-
lucidis medio fcepe granulis fafciatis, diametro lub-fefquiiongioribus. P. B,

C.fugacijjima. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 176.

Frequent in Pools and Ditches, adhering to glafs and other fubftances.

In Mr. Turner's Herbarium there are two fpecimens from Dr. Roth,
marked C. fugaajfuna, ef which one belongs to C. foi dida, and the other
to the prefent fpecies. It is mod nearly allied to C.fordida, but may be at
once diftinguiflied by its far fhorter joints. By drying C. fagac'iflima lofes
its color, and gradually becomes of a dirty white. The iketch at Plate B.
represents a filament magnified 1 .

21. fordula.' C. filis fimplicibus, tenuibus, flavo virentibus; articulis pellu-
cidis, diametro quadruplo longioribus. T. 60.

22. altirna'.a. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuibus, glauco virefcentibus •, articulis
hie illic inflatis, alternatim pellucidis obfeurifque, diametro fefquilongi-
oribus.

Prolifera veficata. Vaucher. Hi/}, des Confervest p. 132. t. 14. f. 4.
(exc. fyn.j

S.fufcefcens, filis fufcefcentibus, T. B.

In a rivulet near Swanfea ; &. In ditches at Stoke Newington ; Mr.
Woods. On decayed leaves in the ditches at Heigham, near Norwich \
Mr. Hooker. Ditches about Belfaft ; Mr . Tem'Jeton. Pools near Bantry ;
Ali/s Hutchins.

The filaments grow in loofely entangled mafles, fix or eight inches in
length, and are of about the fame diameter as thofe of C. fordida. The
color of the plant, which I once gathered near Swanfea, agreed with
Vaucher's defcription and was of a glaucous green. The joints are alter-
nately opake and peliucid, and fome of them in almoft every filament are
remarkably inflated, by which this fpecies may be readily diftinguiflied
horn its congeners. The variety 13. appears to differ in no other refpedl

f 2

44

than in being of a brown color, and of this Mr. Hooker favored me with
the magnified fketch given in my fupplementary plate B.

23. fafciata. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuibus, mucofis, purpureo-fufcis ; articulis
medio fafcia angufta tranfverfim notatis, longitudine diametrum requanti-
bus. T. B.

On decaying flicks, leaves, &c. in a ditch at Stoke Newington ; Jofeph
JVootls, junr. Efq.

Mr. Woods difcovered this fpecies growing in flippery maffes about one
and a half inch long, of a purple brown color, and forming a thick coat
over decaying fubftances in a ditch. at Stoke Newington. The length and
diameter of the joints is equal, and in the middle of each there is the
appearance of a dark narrow tranfverfe band, which however proceeds
from the internal organization of the plant, and therefore appe.irs fomewhat
fhorter than the diameter of the filament. For the drawing in my fup-
plementary plate B, which was made with power I of the microfcope, I
am indebted to my friend Mr. Woods.

24. lineata. C. filis fimplicibus tenuibus, fragilibus, fufcis ; diffepimentis
contracts; articulis linea una alterave tenuiffima tranfverfim (Iriati6, dia-
metro fub-triplo longiorbus. T. B.

Among the leaves of water plants in the River Lea at Walthamftow.

In March, 1802, I found a fingle fmall fpecimen of this fpecies amonc
a jelly-like fubftance of the Tremella kind, which almoft covers the water
plants in the Lea at Walthamftow. The filaments are fimple, very brittle,
contracted at the diflepiments, and of a brown color. The length of the
joints in fome filaments is about thrice, and in others not more than twice
the diameter, and they are generally marked with one or two tranfverfe
lines at uncertain diftances from each other. I have not fince b;en able to
find more than a few imperfect filaments of this plant, and in one of thefe
now before me, I obferve one or two joints much fhorter than the others,
whole length fcarcely exceeds the diameter, and which in appearance fome-

45

what approach thofe of the following fpecies before they afTume their oval
form. The general appearance of the two plants is however entirely dif-
fimi'ar, but Dr. Roth's account of the wonderful changes which he has
obferved in his C. atmulhia, almoft induce me to fufpe£t that they may
poffibly both belong to the fame fpecies. For the lower of the two (ketches
in Tab. B, I am indebted to my friend Mr. Woods, and they are both
made with the higheft power of a compound microfcope.

25. nummuloidcs. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuibus, fragilibus, fufco aureis ; arti-
culis diametro fub-brevioribus, demum in glomerules fub-ovales, monili-
formes, approximates mutatis. T. B.

Among the leaves of water plants in the River Lea at Walthamftow.

In March, 1802, I found a few detached filaments of the prefent plant,
mixed with thofe of C. llneata, among the Trerriella-Iike Dime with which,
as before mentioned, many of the plants in the River Lea are covered.
I have not difcovered any filaments which appear to be at all perfect, but
they feem fufEciently fo to prove that the plant differs materially from
every other Britifh fpecies, and by publifhing this imperfect account I truft
that I fhall induce fome other Botanift to fearch for it, and more com-
pletely afcertain its nature. The filaments are cylindrical, of a brittle
nature, and reddifb, yellowifh, or yellowifh brown color. The internal
veficles which conftitute the joints appear to be at firft cylindrical, but at
length collapfe into an oval form, fo as to give the filaments when highly
magnified, fome refemblance to a feries of guineas. The length of their
joints is generally fomewhat lefs than their diameter. C. tiummttlrides,
although fpecifically diftlnft, appears to pofTefs fome affinity with a fpecies
figured in the 4th Vol. of the Stockholm TranfacKons, under the name of
C. moniliformis. The drawing in the fupplementary plate B, reprefents the
filaments when magnified with power 1 .

26. punflalis. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuiflimis, longis, viridefcentibus ; articulis
diametro fub-duplo longioribus, fucco in gLbulum folitarium demum con-
gefto. T. 51.

46

27.* Mueofa. C. filis fimplicibus, tenuifiimis, lubricis, luteo virefcentibus ;
articulis fub-torofis, longitudine diametrum requantibus. T. B.

In ftagnant Pools about Bantry. Mifs Hutch'uis.

The gelatinous nature of this Confervre makes it very difficult to invefti-
gate its real nature after it has been dried, in which ftate alone I have at
prefent feen it. It is then fcarcely diflinguifhable by the linked eye from
C.fpiralis, which it refembles both in its color, the mode of its growth,
and the fizeof its filaments, though under a microfeope the internal ftruc-
ture appears fo widely diffimilar. There is however a ftrong peculiarity
in it even in this ftate, that its exceffively gelatinous texture prevents the
filaments from cohering together, or even touching each other, and they lie
quite diitinct upon the paper. Mifs Kutchins remarks that it has when
recent a beautiful color. For the magnified drawing in my fupplementary
plate B, I am indebted to Mr. Hooker, but it was unavoidably made from
a fpecimen which had been dried.
28.* implexa. C. filis fimplicibus, crifpato-implexis, tenuibus, mollibus, in-
tense lurido viridibus; articulis diametro fefquilongioribus. T. B.

On Rocks in the Sea near Bantry. Mifs Hut chins.

This fpecies is nearly allied to C. tortuofa, but the filaments are more
entangled and flender, the texture lefs rigid, and the joints fhorter. The
drawing in plate B was made by Mr. Hooker, with power 1 of his micro-
fcope, from a fpecimen which had been dried.

29. tortuofa. C. filis fimplicibus, rigidiufculis, crifpatis, implicatis tenuibus
intense viridibus ; articulis diametro driplo longioribus. T. 46.

30. crifpa. C. filis fimplicibus, rigidiufculis, crifpatis, proliferis, laxe impli-
catis, craffiufculis, viridibus ; articulis diametro fub-triplo longioribus,
/iccitate alternatim comprefiis. T. B.

C. capillar is. Sp. Plant, p. 1636 (excl. Syn.) Roth. Fl. Germ. III.
pars. 1. p. 502. Cat. Bot. III. p. 261.

Prolifcra crifpa. Vauciitr. Hjft, desConf. d'eau douce, p. 130. t. 14.
f. 2.

47

In a rapid ftreamlet at Coftefy, Norfolk. IV. J. Hsiker, Efo.
Mr. Hooker, who alone has difcovered, this fpecies in Britain, informs
me that he has feen the filaments carried oiJt by the current to the length
of fifteen or twenty feet : their thicknefs is fomewhat greater than that of
C. tortucfa, from which it may be at once diftinguifhed by its longer joints,
as well as by the curious manner in which they become alternately com-
preffed when the plant is dried without preflure. Mr. Hooker has dif-
covered lateral acuminated procefles iffuing from the filaments, precifely
fimilar to thole which Vaucher has figured on his Prolifera crifpa, and the
plant in other refpe£ls fo far accords with his defcription, as to leave no
doubt of the propriety of the above reference. He informs me that there
is a fpecimen of this fpecies preferved in the Linnxan Herbarium, with the
name of C. capillaris, but Linnxus in his defcription refers to the Hiftoria
Mufcorum, and it is certain that the fpecies there figured is what I have
reprefented at T. 9. I cannot therefore fee the neceflity for any alteration,
which as that plant is now almoft univerfally known by the name of
capillaris would in my opinion only tend to confufion. The drawing at
plate B, for which I am indebted to the liberality of Mr. Hooker, repre-
fents C. crifpa magnified 2.
31. capillaris. C. filis fimplicibus, rigidiufculis, crifpatis, fragilibus, laxe im-
plicatis, craflis, viridibus ; articulis diametrum longitudine vix cequantibus.
T. 9.

&. minor. Filis triplo tenuioribus.

For reafons given in the foregoing obfervations on C. crifpa, my former
reference to the fpecies Phntarum fhould have been omitted. Mr. Hooker
favored me with fpecimens of what I have here arranged as a variety,
which he difcovered growing mixed with C. crifpa, far from the neighbour-
hood of the fea, in the river at Hellefdon, near Norwich. The filaments
are thrice more flender than thofe of C. capillaris, which with its different
place of growth, feems to indicate that it fhould conftitute a feparate

48

fpecies, and I regret therefore that I am unable to difcover any other dis-
tinctive mark whatfoever.
32. area. C. filis fimplicibus, rigidis, ftrictis, craffiSj prafinis; articulis dia-
metro brevioribus, demum bipartitis. T. 80.

/3. lubrica. Filis lubricis, mollibus.

C. area. Eiig. But. t. 1929.

This curious variety, which was found on the Yarmouth Beach by Mr.
Hooker, in the fpring of 1808, attached to a piece of deal, differs fo ex-
traordinarily from the common appearance of C. area, that except under a
microfcope nobody would fufpecl them of being the fame. It grew in a
very large tuft, and its filaments were remarkably foft, tender, ilippery
and gloffy, fo as to float with the flighteft agitation of the water and adhere
clofely to paper and glafs in drying.
33.* Melagonium. C. filis fimplicibus, rigidis, ftridlis, craffis, prafinis ; articu-
lis diametro fub-triplo longioribus. T. B.

C. Melagonium. Weber and MoHR. Reife (lurch Schweden, p. 194,
t. 3. f. 2. a. 6. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 254.

In the Sea, near Newton Nottage, Glamorgan ; Mr. Tcung. Near
Bantry, not common ; Mifs Hutchins. Once found on the fliore near
Swanfea.

The mode of growth, color and habit of this plant, which was firft dis-
covered on the coafl; of Sweden by Meffrs. Weber and Mphr, are precifely
fimilar to thofe of C. area, from which it differs in the fomewhat greater
thicknefs of its filaments, and greater length of its joints. It was C. mela-
gonium of which fome years ago I found a fingle filament on the fhore near
Swanfea, and which I then confidered as a variety of C. area, and as fuch
it is mentioned in my defcription of that fpecies. The drawing at T. B.
was made by Mr. Hooker from a dried fpecimen, and reprefents the plant
of its natural fize, and alfo when magnified 3.

49

**' conjugate, f

34. nitin'a. C. fills fimplicibus, demum conjugates, atro viridibus, fplendenter
lubricis ; granulis in fpiras plures, ardlas, difpofitis ; articulis diametrum
longitudine fub-xquantibus. T. 4. f. C.

C. nhida. Fl. Dan. t. 819, and C.jugalis, t. 883.

Conjugata princeps. Vaucher. Hijf.des Con/, d'eau douce, p. 64. t. 4.

35. dtcimina. C. falls fimplicibus, demum conjugates viridibus, fplendenter
lubricis; granulis in fpiras duas laxas difpofitis; articulis diametro fex-
duplo longioribus.

C. decimina. MuLLER in Nova Acla Petrop. III. p. 94. t. 2.

C. nltida. T. 4. f. A.B. and C.jugalis, T. 5.

C.fftiformis (3. Roth. Cat. Bot. and FL Germ.

It will be immediately perceived that the fpecific characters which fepa-
rate this fpecies from the foregoing, lie in the different lengths of their
joints, the very diffirnilar arrangement of their fpires, and the dark almoft
black green of the one contrafted with the paler hue of the other. In both
thefe fpecies, Mr. Turner and myfelf have obferved that the granules are
fometimes found, either from peculiarity of fituation or from difeafe, fcat-
tered irregularly all over the joints, inftead of prefcrving their natural
fpiral difpofition ; and in fome individuals there are no traces of thefe what-
ever, though at the fame time there is no appearance of their ever having
been conjugated.

36. longata. C. filis fimplicibus, demum conjugatis, flavo-virentibus, lubricis;
granulis in fpiram unicam laxam difpofitis ; articulis diametro quadruple
longioribus.

■)• In this divifion are comprifed the Conferva; referred by Vaucher to his genus Crmjugata, a par-
ticularly natural and interefting family, which I have described in my Introduction, p. 17. I am
forry that I cannot follow this excellent Botanift in adopting all the fpecies which he has defcribed,
but I have been led by my own obfervations to divide C. nitida, C. tfiiralit, and C.bijuinctata each into
two feparate fpecies, in doing which I hope I have been correct, though I am far from feeling cer-
tain on the fu'.ijuct.

50

C.longata. Vaucheu. Hi/!, des Conf. d'cau douce, p. 71. t. 6. f. 1.
A part of the filaments reprefented in T. 3. f. A. belongs to this, and a
part to the following fpecies. The fpires are fometimes though rarely,
double, but even in this ftate it may be diftinguiihed from C decimlna by
its more flender filaments and fomewhat fliorter joints. I have never feen
a fpecimen of C. inflata of Englifh Botany, but am led by the defcription
and figure to fufpecl that it is not diftincT: from this fpecies.
37. fpiralis. C. filis fimplicibus, demum conjugatis, flavo-virentibus; granulis
in fpiram unicam compadtam difpofitis j articulis diametro fub-duplo lon-
gioribus. T. 3. f. C. and T. C.

C. porticalh. Vaucher. Hi/1, des Conf. p. 66. t. 5. f. I. (exc. Syn.

Mulleri.)
Since the Introduction was printed, a curious fpecimen of this fpecies
has been gathered by Mr. E. Home, at Clapham, and examined by Mr.
Woods, who gives the following account of it. " The plant is a pale
dirty green nearly without glofs, about the ufual fize of C. fpiralis ; when
magnified, the length of the joints is feen to be about equal to their width
or a little more, and the fpiral tube is in moft parts nearly obliterated, but
the chief Angularity of this plant is in the connecting procefies which are
uniformly at the ends, inflead of as ufual in the middle of the joints ; and
each of which appears to unite with the procefs of the next joint of the
fame filament. No indication of the conjugation of two filaments is to be
obferved ; the dark globules appear only where the two joints are thus con-
nected, and the adjacent one is uniformly empty.
38. bipunHata. C. filis fimplicibus, demum conjugatis, viridi flavefcentibus,
lubricis ; articulis bipunctatis, diametro fub-fefqui longioribus. T. 2.

VAUCHER.
Mr. Hooker informs me that he has lately found this fpecies, with the
joints feparated like thofe of C. focculofi, and that, when fcparated, the
joints became rounded at the corners, and the internal maffes completely

51

fpherical. Soon after my defcription of this fpecies went to prefs, Mr.
Woods difcovered it with the filaments conjugated.

39. decuffata. C. filis fimplicibus, demum conjugatis, lutefcemibus, lubricis ;
articulis bipuncTiatis diametro fub-triplo longioribus.

C. decujfata. Vaucher. Hifi. des Conf. p. 76. t. 7. f. 3.

This fpecies is found in the fame fituations and is clofely allied with C.
bipunclata, but may be diflinguifhed by its more (lender filaments, the
fmaller fize of the fpots, and the greater length of its joints.

40. genuflexa. C. filis fimplicibus, demum hie illic genuflexis, conjugatifque,
fragilibu?, flavefcentibus lubricis ; granulis in lineas horizontales coarcer-
vatis. T. 6. and T. C.

The feed defcribed in my Introduction, is reprefented in Plate C. mag-
nified 1.

*** anajlomofantet.

41. reticulata. C. filis anaftomofantibus, reticulatis, in maculas fub penta-
gonas coadunatis. T. 97.

C. articulis folutis.

42. diJJiUens. C. filis fimplicibus, ftrittis, fragilibus, lecte viridibus ; dillepi-
mentis plerumque folutis ; articulis diametro dimidio brevifiribus. T. 63.

43. peElinalis. C. filis fimplicibus, ftri£Hs fragilibus, compreffis cinereis,
plerumque acuminatis ; diffepimentis fcepe folutis ; articulis diametro triplo
brevioribus, medio pellucidis. T. 24.

Drs. Mohr and Weber, in their German tranflations of this work, exprefs
their opinion very decidedly in favor of uniting C. peSinalis and C. Jloccu-
kfa, but I muft confefs I have feen nothing to induce me to depart from
my former fentiments that they are quite diftinct.

This and the following fpecies of the fame divifion belong to the genu*
Diatoma of Decan lolle, and are by means of C. diJJiUens united to the
other Confervas.

G 2

52

44-* teniccformis. C. fills fimplicibus, compreflis, dilute viridibus ; difiepi-
mentis folutis ; articulis diametro dimidio breviorlbus, obfolete variegatis,
demum refra£lis.

C. tenixformis. Eng. Bot. t. 1 883.

On Conferva fuco'ides in the Sea at Beachy Head. Mr: Borrer.
45.* Jlriatula. C. filis fimplicibus, compreflis dilute viridibus; diffepimentis
alternatim folutis -, articulis diametro vix brevioribus, tranfverfim flriatis.

C.JlriatuIa. Eng. Bot. t. 1 928.

On Fuci and Ccnfervje in the Sea at Cromer ; Mr. Hooker. At Brighton,
Mr. Borrer.
46.* Biddulphiana. C. filis fimplicibus, comprefTis, longitudinaliter flriatis,
viridibus ; diffepimentis folutis ; articulis quadratis, tranfverfim fafciatis,
fub-alternatim refradlis.

C. Biddulphiana. Eng. Bot. t. 1762.

On Marine Algx at Southampton. Mifs Biddulph.

This plant, which as well as the two former and C. obliquata, is here
introduced upon the authority of Englifh Botany, appears to be as Dr.
Smith obferves, really an extraordinary production, but it feems fcarcely
podible that all the figures in that plate mould belong to the fame plant,
or if they do, does it not lead to a fufpicion that the fpecies of this family
have been unneceffarily multiplied by authors ?
47. jlocctilofa. C. filis fub-fimplicibus, compreflis, fafcia longitudinali per-
curfis, cinereis ; diffepimentis iblutis ; articulis quadratis, tranfverfim flri-
atis, alternatim refraclis. T. 28.
48.* obliquata. C. filis ramofis, comprefTis, flexuofis, fufco albidis ; diffepi-
mentis folutis ; articulis quadratis, obliquis, tranfverfim fafciatis, maculatis,
alternatim refra£lisi

C. obliquata. Eng. Bot. t. 1 889.

On Fuci and Confervre in the Sea. Mifs Biddulph.

53

C. articulata. fills fetaceh.

a. ave?iia,

* Jimplices.

4.9. flaccn. C. fills fimplicibus, tenuibus, flaccidis, lceti viridibus ; diflepi-

mentis pellucidis ; articulis diametro paullo brevioribus. T. 49.

C. penicilliformis. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 271 ?

50. Youngana. C. fills fimplicibus, coefpitofis, flaccidis, obtufis, Icete viridi-
bus ; articulis utrinque contraGis longitudine diametrum sequantibus.
T. 102.

C. ifogctia. Eng. Bot. t. 1930.

51. curta. C. fills fimplicibus fafciculatis, fub-cartilagineis, abbreviatis,
utrinque alternatis, fufco-olivaceis ; difiepimentis pellucidis; articulis
diametro fub-longioribus. T. 76.

52.* fiaccida. C. filis fimplicibus, fafciculatis, abbreviatis, flaccidis, bafi Iati-
oribus apicem verfus attenuatis olivaceo viridibus ; articulis inferioribus
diametro dimidio brevioribus, ultimis jequantibus. T. C.
On Fucus fibrofus on Santon Sands, Devon. Mlfs Hill.
This fpecies appears to have been gathered only by Mifs Hill, who
communicated it to Mr. Turner. It grows in fmall tufts about half an
inch long, and may be diftinguifhed from C. curta by its flaccid nature,
and from C. fucicola, as well as all its other congeners, by the rather abrupt
manner in which the joints of the upper part of the filament increafe in
length to double that of the lower part. Its fubftance is fomewhat gelati-
nous, and in drying it adheres, though not very firmly, to either Glafs or
Paper. In the drawing at Plate C, for which I am indebted to Mr.
Hooker, the plant is reprefented of the natural fize, and when magnified
with power 3, the upper and lower part of the filament are alfo feparately
reprefented, magnified 2.

53. fucicola. C. filis fimplicibus, fafciculatis, breviufculis, obtufis, ferrugi-
neis ; diflepimentis pellucidis ; articulis diametro duplo-longioribus. T. 66.

54

c4- cornea. C. fills fimplicibus, tenuibus, abbreviate, carneis ; articulis
torofis, diametro fub-triplo longiovibus ; fucco in globulum folitarium con-
geflo. T. 84.

55. tricetorum. C. fills fimplicibus, procumbentibus, implexis, fufco-violaceis ;
articulis diametro duplo longioribus, demum fub-ovalibus. T. I.

Dr. Roth in the laft volume of his CatakSia Bolanica, has defcribed this
fpecies as branched, but I have never feen it fo.

56. fufco-purpurea. C. fills fimplicibus, aetate incequaliter torofis, fufco-pur-
pureis ; articulis diametro dimidio brevioribus, demum ferie globulorum
cinftis. T. 92.

57.* atro-purpurea. C. fills fimplicibus, retate insequaliter torofis, atro pur-
puras ; articulis diametro dimidio brevioribus, demum ferie duplici globu-
lorum cinftis. T. 103.

Since the publication of this plant, fpecimens have been found on the '
Coast of Cornwall by Mr. W. Raflileigh, and communicated by him to
Mr. Turner.

#*

rami.

if*-

53. fenejlralis. C. filis ramofiffimis, repentibus, minutiffimis, centrifugis,
albidis ; raniis plerumque divaricatis ; diffepimentis fub-obfoletis. T. 94.
59.* nivea. C. filis ramofis, tenuiffimis, rigidiufculis, niveis; ramis in ver-
ticello confertis ; articulis diametrum longitudine fub-xquantibus. T. C.
ByJJus lanuginosa. Will an, Gbf. on Sulphureous Waters, p. 10.
In Sulphur Springs. At Croft, Yorkfhire, and Dinfdale, Durham ;
Dr. Willan. At Middleton One Row, near Darlington •, Mr. Backhoufe.
Although I have not feen any other fpecimens of C. nivea, than thole
which I received from Darlington, yet from Dr. Willan's defcription there
can be no doubt that it is the plant which he has defcribed. Dr. Willan.
fays it is a remarkable circumftance that this fpecies is found below the
fpringj no further than the water retains the fenfib':e fulphureous qualities,
as if the hepatic gas was necefiary to its production and nourifhment.

55

It grows on roots and other fubftances, which it covers with white fila-
ments two or three lines in length, and fo extremely flender, that under
the higheft power of my microfcope, their thicknefs fcarcely appears equal
to that of horfe-hair. Some of the filaments are fimple, but mofl of them
are Angularly befet towards the middle with a whirl-like clufter of very
numerous fimple branches refembling proliferous (hoots. Diflepiments-
with a very high power are clearly difcernable, and they divide the fila-
ments into joints, the length and thicknefs of which are about equal.
The drawing at table C, for which I am indebted to my friend Jofeph
Woods, reprefents the plant of the natural fize and when magnified 2. A
fragment is alfo added (on a rather larger fcale than it appeared with the,
higheft power) to fhew the joints.

60. ochracea. C. fills ramofiflimis, tenuiffimis, perfragilibus, denfiihme com-
pacts, gelatinam ochraceam tamen in floccos fecedentem conftituentibus,
diffepimentis fub-obfoletis. T, 62.

61. laflea. C. filis ramofis in maflam informem gelatinofam confertis, hyalinis,
fordide lafteis ; ramis e quovis diffepimento ; articulis longifiimis. T. 79.

62. typhloderma, C. filis fub-ramofis in pelliculam olivaceam denfiffime im-
plexis; articulis longitudine diametrum xquantibus.- T. 83.

63. fanguined. C. filis ramofis in pelliculam gelatinofam fanguineam, den-
fiffime implexis ; ramis divaricatis 5 articulis diametro fefquilongioribus.

Mr. Young difcovered the prefent fpecies, forming a denfely matted
membrane on the furface of fome Ifinglafs fize, in which he had put a
quantity of patent yellow to diffolve, but we have fince repeatedly en-
deavored to produce it in the fame manner without fuccefs. Its dark
crimfon color is of itfelf fufficient to diftinguifh it from its congeners.

64. pallida. C. filis dichotomis, curvato-flexuofis, faftigiatis, in pelliculam
gelatinofa-coriaceam implexis, pallide ochraceis ; dichotomarum anguiis
rotundatis; articulis longiffimis. T. 78.

53

65.* arachnoidea. C. fills ramofis, tenuibus, in membranam aracbnoideam laxe

implicatis, pallide flavefcentibus ; ramis fparfis, remotis, fimplicibus ; arti-

culis longitudine variantibus, diametrum fub-quadruplo fuperantibus. T. C.

On decayed Trees in the Wood at Croftwick near Norwich. Mr.

Hooker.

I cannot find that this fpecies has been noticed either as a Conferva or
ByfTus, in which latter genus it would have been mofl probably arranged
by the older authors. It forms a fine fpider-like web on decaying wood of
a light yellow color. The filaments are branched, extremely flender,
flaccid, and looiely entangled : the branches are fimple, remote and difpofed
without apparent order : the difl'epiments are of a dark color, and divide
the filaments into joints, whofe length, though variable, is molt ufually
about four times greater than the diameter. I am not aware of its having
been found by any other Botanift than Mr. Hooker, and to him I am
indebted for the drawing of plate C, which reprefents the plant of its
natural fize, and alfo when magnified with powers 2 and £ of his micro-
fcope.

66. rub'tginoja. C. filis ramofifTimis, rigidis, erectiufculis, rubiginofis ; in maf-
fam fub-folidam implexis ; articulis diametro fub-quadruplo longioribus.
T. 68.

67. phofphorea. C. filis ramofis, adfeendentibus, breviffimis, in cruftam uni-
formem denfiffime implexis, violaceis •, articulis diametro fub-fefqui lon-
gioribus. T. 88.

68. purpurea. C. filis dichotomis ccefpitofis, implexis, minutiffimis, fafli-
giatis, purpurcis ; dichotomis approximatis ; articulis diametro fub-duplo
longioribus. T. 43.

69.* lichenlcola. C. filis ramofis ccefpitofis, abbrev'utis, aureis, ficcitate demum
cinereis ; ramis longis alternis ; articulis torofis, diametro fub-duplo lon-
gioribus.

C. lichenicola. Bug. Bot. t. 1 609.

51

On Lichens. In the New Foreft ; Mr. Lyell. About Belfafi ; Mr.
Tanplcton. In Houghton and St. Leonard's Foreft, Sufiex ; Mr. Barter.

This fpecies is nearly related to C. aurea, from which fome of the fila-
ments feem fcarcely to differ, except in their Fmaller fise.

70. attrea. C. filis ramofis ccefpi;ofis, abbreviatis, auveis ficcitate ilcmura
cinereis ; ramis longis patentibus rigidiufculis, fub-incurvis ; articulis cy-
lindraceis, diametro fefquilongioribus. T. 35 and T. C.

Since the publication of my defcription of C. aurea I have difc.vered it
with capfules, which are reprefented in the fupplementary Plate C. mag-
nified 1. C. Ulc'icola of Englifh Botany does not appear to me at all difdncr,
from this fpecies, and I have been favored by Mr. Temjdeton with fomc
fpecimens gathered on the trunks of Quercus Ilex, in Lord Dungannon's
Park, near Belvoir, in Ireland, with capfules prccifely refembling thofe of
C. aurea.

71.* oiivacea. C. filis ramofis, erectis, ccefpitolis, implexis, abbreviatis, rigidi-
ufculis, fufco olivaceis-, ramis fubfimplicibus, alternis, obtufis; articulis
longitudine diametrum requantibus. T. C.

-On Marine Rocks in Papa Weftra, Orknies. Air. Borrer and Mr. Hooker.
I am indebted to Mr. Borrer for fpecimens of this hitherto nond'efeript
fpecies, which, in company with Mr. Hooker, he difcovered during their
late tour through Scotland. The filaments of a brownifh olive color, are
not more than a quarter of an inch in length, and grow fo matted together
a6 to form a minute turf on the rocks. It may be diftinguifhed from C.
radicans, to which it feems mo ft nearly allied, by its different mode of
growth, fhorter filaments and longer joints. The drawing was made by
Mr. Hooker from a dried fpecimen, and reprefents a filament when mag-
nified with powers 3, 2 and 1 of his microfcope.

72.* radicans. C. filis ramofis hie illic radicantibus, ftriclis, rigidaifculis,
fufco olivaceis ; ramis fimplicibus, fparfis, eredis, obtufis, bafi attenuatis ;
articulis diametro fub-dimidio -brevioribus. T. C.

H

58

On fandy Banks among the Rocks in Bantry Bay ; Jtfifs Hutchins.
Rocks at Hartlepool; Mr. Backhoufc.

Mifs Hutchins firft difcovered this fpecies of Conferva in the neighbour-
hood of Bantry, and the prefent defcription is made from a drawing and
fpecimens which fhe fent to Mr. Turner. The filaments grow to the
length of about half an inch, and according to Mifs Hutchin's obfervations
throw out fibrous roots towards their bafe. The color is of a brownifh
olive : the branches, which are erect and difpofed without order, are uni-
formly fimple with obtufe apices. The joints are about equal to half of
the diameter. The fructification is in capfules which are moftly feffile,
numerous, and difpofed on the filaments without order. The fubftance is
rather ftiffand not in the leaft gelatinous, fo that in drying it adheres to
neither glafs nor paper. The drawing at plate C was made by Mifs
Hutchins from the recent plant, and reprefents it both of its natural fize
and when magnified 3, to which Mr. Hooker, from a dried fpecimen, has
added a piece of a filament magnified I.
73. Brownii. C. fills ramofis, dense ccefpitofis, rigidiufculis, abbreviatis, viridi-
bus ; ramis ramulifque fub-fecundis ; articulis apice plerumque incraffatis,
diamctro fub-quintuplo longioribus. T. D.
On Wet Rocks in a Cave near Dunrea, Ireland. Mr. Robert Brown.
This plant I introduce entirely on the authority of Mr. Brown, who con-
fiders it as a diftin£r. fpecies, and to whofe judgment in all matters relating
to Botany, the greateft deference is due. He alone has obferved it, and I
have a plcafure in publifiiing it with his name. The following defcription
was made by Mr. Brown from recent fpecimens. " In ccefpitibus denfis
nunc convexis nunc planiufculis latioribufque. Filamenta (quail fafcicu-
lata) erecla, ramofiflima, 1-! ad 2 lineas longa, craffiufcula, rigidula; ramis
fub-fecundis, dichotomi ; articulis multoties longioribus quam latis, pluri-
bus apicem verfus fenfim incraffatis, paucis cylindricis. Fru£iificatio nulla
vif.i." The ramifications and joints are fo nearly fimilar to thofe of C.

59

*gngropila that I apprehend it can only be diftinguifhed from that fpecics
by its very different mode of growth. For the drawing which reprefents
C. Broivuii of the natural fize, and when magnified 3 and I, I am iadebted
to the kindnefs of my friend Jofeph Woods.
74.* crjptartrn. C. fills dichotomo-rainofis, repentibus, viridibus', ramis di-
varicatis acuminatis, articulis diametro fub-triplo longioribus. T. D.

In Caves. North of Ireland ,- Mr. R. Brown. In the firft Cave on
the Cave Hill near Belfaft, growing among Hypmtm teneUum ; Mr.
Templelon. In Caves by the Sca-fule near Bantry; Mtfs Hutchlns.

Mr. R. Brown, who firft difcovered this plant feveral years ago, favored
me with a fpecimen under the prefent name. It is of about the fize of
C. velutina, but its mode of ramification is widely different. The mag-
nified drawing at plate C was made from a dried fpecimen by Mr. Hooker.

75. velutina. C. fills ramofis, repentibus, abbreviatis, pulvinatis, implexis,
Icete viridibus ; ramis eredlis obtufis ; articulis diametro multuplo longiori-
bus. T. 77.

76. umbrofa. C. filis ramofis repentibus, abbreviatis, fragilibus, nigro viridibus;
ramis curvis, fimplicibus, fub fecundis, obtufis, articulis cylindraceis in-
flatifquc longitudine variantibus. T. 61.

77. multicapfularh. C. filis ramofis, repentibus, nignvolivaceis ; ramis erectis,
fimpliciufculis, brevibus, apicem verfus incraffatis & capfuliferis ; capfulis
■congeftis, articulis longitudine variantibus. T. 71 and T. D.

At Plate D is reprefented an extraordinary appearance of this fpecies,
which I have obferved fince my defcription was publifhed in a fpecimen
gathered near Swanfea. The drawing was made by Mr. You^g.

78. pulveria. C. filis dichotomo-ramofis, repentibus, minutiffimis, apice cap-
fuliferis, xruginoiis ; diffepimentis fub-obfoletis, articulis diametro triplo
longioribus. T. D.

Byffus aruginofa. Fl. Ang. p. 605. Withering. IV. p. 143.
On the Stems of dead Fern ; Col. in D'dknius. On rotten Wood ;

h 2

60

Hud/on. On the Pillars of Roflyn Chapel near Edinburgh ; Dr. Smitfr.
On the Ruins of the Chapter Houfe at Margam, and the Walls of Oyfter-
mouth Caflle, Glamorgan ; Mr. Young.

This fpecics, for the difcovery of which I am indebted to Mr. Young, fo
nearly accords with the defcription in the Hiftoria Mufcorum, that I feel
no hefita ion in publifhing it as the Byjfus leruginofa of Hudfcn. It is an
extremely minute fpecies, of a bluifh green color, and rather powdery
appearance. When examined with the higheft powers of the microfcope,
the filaments are feen to be twice or thrice dichotomous, and diflepiments
may be here and there obferved, dividing them into joints, whofe length
is about equal to three times their diameter. Mr. Young remarked that
the branches are fometimes fingularly reflected. On the termination of
each branch there are generally two oval bodies of a dark green color,
which I fuppofe are either capfules or naked feeds, but they are fo minute
that it is impoffible to fpeak with any certainty of their nature, and it is
thefe which give the plant its powdery appearance.

The drawing at Plate D was made by Mr. Young, and reprefents the
plant both of its natural fize and when magnified with the higheft power
of a compound microfcope.

79. ebenca. C. fills ramofis, ereftis, abbreviatis, cartilagineis, nigris ; ramis.
ramulifque obtufis ; articulis diametrum longitudine xquantibus. T. 101.

80. atro-i'irens. C. filis ramofis, rigidiufculis, atro-virentibus ; ramis fub-
frcundis utrinque attenuatis'; articulis breviflimis tripun£latis. T. 25 and
T. D.

Lichen exllis. Auctorum.

The fructification- of this fpecies, which I difcovered on fome fpecimens
gathered near Be'ddgellart, is reprefented at plate D magnified 1.
81.* cccllata. C. filis ramofis, flaccidis, intra moniliformibus, fufcefcentibus ;
ramis fub-fecundis, remotis elongatis, fimplicibus; articulis diametro
tlimidio brevioribus, centra foepe notatis. T. D.

61

On a Bog on Town Hill Common, near Southampton. Jofeph Woods,
Junr. Efq.

I am obliged to Mr. Woods for the fketch and fpecimens from which I
have taken this defcription, and which are the only ones I have ever Teen
of this Angular fpecies. The filaments do not appear to pofTefs any real
difTepiments, but a chain of bead-like globofe veficles, confiderably nar-
rower than themfelves pafs through them, in the center of mo ft of which
another concentric veficle may be obferved. The filaments fometimes,
like thofe of C. atro vircns, are not of the fame thicknefs thoughout, and
with this fpecies C. octllata, though extremely different, feems to pofTefs
molt affinity. The color to the naked eye is brown, but under the micro-
fcope, when examined with a ftrong light, appears almoft of an orange hue.
The figure at plate D reprefents the plant as it appears when magnified
with powers 2 and I .

82. caflanea. C. fa 1 is ramofis, repentibus, pinnatis, acuminatis, caftaneis;
pinnis pinnulifque alternis, divaricatis ; articulis caulis longiffimis, pirmarum
brevioribus. T. 72.

Mr. Turner is of opinion that this is the C. mufcicola of the German
authors, but it does not well accord with the figure in Weber and Mohr's
Rafe (lurch Bchweden, or Dr. Roth's defcription in the Catale£la Botanica.

83. Achcirii. C. filis ramofis, ccefpitofis, rigidiufculis, fub-ere&is, fufco-oli-
vaceis; ramis brevibus, patentibus, apicibus obtufis •, articulis diametro fub-
duplo longioribus. T. Ho.

84. orthplrki. C. filis ramofis, ccefpitofis, pulvinatis, rigidiufculis, fragiiibus,
obtufis, caftaneis; ramis fub-alternis ; articulis diametro vix longioribus.
T. 89.

85. cbaljbea. C. filis ramofis, pulvinatis, faftigiatis, ftri&is, tenuibus, ereftis,
nigro-viridibus ; ramis fub-alternatim fecundis ; ramulis lateralibus, bre-
vifiimis, multifidis, capfuliferifque ; articulis diametro quintuplo longiori-
bus. T. 91.

62

C. ccrymbifera. Eng. Bot. t. 1996.

Since this plant was defcribcd in my work, Mr. Backhoufe has found
fome fpecimens of it near Darlington, as large as thofe fent by Dr. Roth
to Mr. Turner, and exactly agreeing with them, (as well as with thofe
from Mr. Borrer, excepting only in the greater length of their filaments).
Upon thefe the fructification was firft difcovered, which is fo remarkable
and lingular that Dr. Smith was milled by it to regard Mr. Bickhoufe's
plant as a new fpecies, and to publilh it as above quoted in Englifli
Botany.
S5. v'mipara. C. filis dichotomo ramoGs, flexuofis flavo virentibus ; ramis ad
diflepimcnta bubbiferi ; bulbis piliferis ; articulis diametro triplo longiori-
bus. T. 59.

C.fetlgera. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 2S3. t. S. f. 1.

Since I publiflied the defcription of this fpecies it has been found in the
neighbourhood of Darlington by Mr. Backhoufe.
87.* exigua. C. filis ramofiffimis, minutis, gelatinofis, viridibus; ramis con-
fertis ; ramulis elongatis apice pellucidis ; artic*ilis diametrum Iongitudine
fub-iequanribus. T. D.

In the Chalybeate Stream which runs through the Bog on Apfe Heath,
near Shanklin, Ifle of Wight. J. Woods, junr. Efq.

I received a fpecimen and drawing of this minute and beautiful fpecies
from my friend Mr. Woods, who informs me that its length is not greater
than three fifteenths of an inch. The length of the joints in the principal
branches fomewhat exceeds the diameter, but thofe of the ramuli are
fhorter. This fpecies feen-.s nearly related to the Rivularia.

88. protenfa. C. filis ramofis, lubricis, viridibus-, ramis diffufis, maxime elon-
gatis, apice pellucidis; articulis diametro fub-fefquilongioribus. T. 67.

89. lubrica. C. filis ramofiffimis, lubricis, viridibus ; ramulis fparfis, approxi-
mates, aculeiformibus -, art'eulis diametro faltem triplo longioribus. T. 57.

63

90. muiabilii, C. filis ramofiflimis, fubmoniliformibus, gelarinofis, viridibus;
ramulis fafciculatis, multifidis, penicilliformibus, apice protenfis ; articulis
diametro fefquilongioribus. T. 12.

91. gelntinofa. C. filis ramofiflimis, moniliformibus, gelatinofis, obfcure viridi-
bus ; ramulis fubverticillatis, multifidis, penicilliformibus ; articulis ramu-
lorum longitudine diametrum fub rcquantibus. T. 32.

Since I publifhed my defcription of this fpecies, I have difcovered the
blue variety in Llyn Cwellyn, and examined it carefully on the fpot with a
compound microfcope. The principal items were entirely deftitute of
whirls, but the ends precifdy refembled thofe of the plant in its common
(late, the color alone excepted. I am inclined to think that the fingular
appearance of this variety arifes from difeafe, probably occafioned by its
alpine fituation, and its growth in ftagnant water, but at all events it has
no claim whatever to be confidered a diftindr. fpecies.

92. atra. C. filis ramofiflimis, moniliformibus, fub-gelatinofis, atro-viridibus ;
ramulis fetaceis ; articulis diametro quintuplo longioribus, fuperne incraf-
fatis, verticillato-ciliatis. T. 1 1 and T. D.

Since the publication of this fpecies it has alfo been found at Bantry by
Mifs Hutchins, and near Cambridge by Mr. Relhan, who firft difcovered
the frudtification, which has been fubfequently found about Yarmouth by
Mr. Turner and Mr. Hooker. The fruit is large, globular, and fertile, of
a dark color, and fcattered plentifully over the frond, efpecially near tho
bafe, in which refpeft it differs from moft other Confervse. Although the
powers of my microfcope did not enable me fatisfadlorily to determine, yet
I have but little doubt that thefe capfules referable in their nature thofe of
C. gelati'cfa; they are reprefented in my fupplementary plate D magnified I.
93.* nigricans. C. filis dichotomis, rigidiufculis, viridi-nigricantibus ; ramis
longis, remotis, patentibus; articulis diametro quadruplo longioribus.
T.E.

C. nigricans. Roth. Cat. Bit. III. p. 277.

In a pond at Wimbledon, Surry. Mr. Dickfon.

Mr. Dickfon alone appears to have difcovered this fpccies in Britain, and

to him I am indebted for the fpecimens now before me, which having

been fent by Mr. Turner to Dr. Roth were returned with the name of C,

■nigricans. The filaments grow to the length of three or four inches, and

are irregularly divided by patent dichotonres. The joints, whofe length

is about four times greater than the diameter, are by Dr. Roth defcribed

" fpdrulis ubique fpavfr," and in the fpecimen now before me moil of

them are covered by dark colored fpots, which however feem rather to

proceed from decay or forhe extraneous matter attached to them. In

drying it will not in the leaft adhere to either Glafs or Paper. In Plate E

the plant is reprefented when magnified 4 and 2, and I am indebted to my

friend Mr. Hooker for the drawing, which was neceflarily made from a

fpecimen that had been previoufly dried.

94.. crifpata. C. fili3 ramofis, crifpatis, faturate viridibus -, ramis alternis,

remotiffimis ; articulis diametro multuplo longioribus, ficcitate alternatim

compreffis. T. 93.

95. penv.atula. C. fills ramofiffimis, fiavefcentibus ; ramis ramulifque crecto-

patentibus, fub-incurvis; articulis cylindraceis diametro fe-xtuplo longioribus.

C. pennatula. Fl. Dan. t. 945.

Ditches about Yarmouth.

Of this plant I have now no fpecimens, but a drawing made by rnyfelf
in 1802, from fome individuals gathered rear Yarmouth, fo exactly accords
with tire figure in the Flora Danica, that I am led to admit it as a Britifh
Conferva, though chiefly for the purpofe of directing the attention of
other Botanifts to the fubject, and without by any means pledging myfelf
for its being a diftinct fpecies.
96.* flavefcens. C. fills ramofifTimis, flexuofis flavo virentibus; ramis fub-
dichotomis; patento-horizontalibus ; ramulis lateralibus abbreviatis; articulis
cylindraceis diametro decuplo longioribus. T. E.

0

o

Cjtavefcem. Roth. Ca/. Bot. II. p. 224. III. p. 241. i7/. GVrm. III.
parf. 1. p. 511.

In the Ditches at Cley, Norfolk ; Mr. Hooker. In the New River at
Stoke Newington ; Mr. Woods.

This fpecies, though nearly allied to C. frafla, is diftinguifhab'e by its
more (lender filaments and by its longer joints. The drawing at plate D
was made by Mr. Hooker, and reprefents the plant magnified 3 and 2.

97. fraSla. C. filis ramofiflimis flexuofis viridibus ; ramis ramulifque divari-
catis fub-alternis ; articulis diametro quintuplo lorigioribus demum oblongis.
T. 14.

This is a very variable fpecies, fo much fo that in particular fituations
it approaches fo clofely both to the preceding and following one as to
require fometimes great care to diftinguifh them. It has been already
noticed in the Introduction that it is the C. vagabitnda of Hudfon.

98. flexuofa. C. filis dichotomo-ramofis, rigidiufculis, faturate viridibus; ramis
flexuofis; ramulis fub-fimplicibus, tenuiffimis, alternatim fecundis, patenti-
bus, articulis diametro duplo longioribus. T. 10.

99.* Hutchihjta. C. filis ramofiffimis, flexuofis, fub-cartilageneis, fragilibus,
glauco viridibus ; ramis ramulifque fparfis, ultimis fecundis adpreflis ; ar-
ticulis torolofis, diametro duplo longioribus. T. 109.

100. diffufa. C. filis dichotoma-ramofis, flexuofis, rigidis, viridibus; ramis
diffufis remotis ; ramulis brevibus approximatis, obtufis ; articulis cylin-
draceis, diametro quadruplo longioribus. T. 21.

101. rupeflris. C. filis ramofiffimis, flriclis, virgatis, fafciculatis, intense viridi-
bus ; ramis adpreflis, obtufis ; articulis cylindraceis, diametro fub-quadruplo
longioribus. T. 23.

102. glomerata. C. filis ramofiflimis, rigidiufculis, viridibus; ramis alternis ;
ramulis brevibus, fecundis, fub faftigiatis, penicilliformibus, obtufiufculis ;
articulis diametro quadruplo longioribus. T. 13.

66

103. /att-viretis. C. filis ramofiffimis, rigidiufculis, arcuatis, laete viridibus j
ramis approximates, acuminatis ; ramulis brevibus, alternatim fecundis;
articulis diametro fub-triplo longioribus. T. 48.
104.* albida. C. filis ramofiffimis, coacervatis, tenuibus, albo-virefcentibus ;
ramis fubquaternis approximatis -, ramulis horizontalibus, oppofitis, fiex-
uofis, ultimis fub-fecundis ; articulis diametro quadruplo longioribus. T. E.

C. albida. Fl. Aug. p. 595. Withering. IV. p. 131.

C. marina tomentofa, tenerior, is" albicans. Dill. Hi/l. Mtifc. p. 1 9.
t. 3. f. 12.

&. protenfa. Filis in longum protends ; ramulis patentibus, ftricris.

In the Sea at Cromer ; Mr. Turner. #. Coaft of Suffex ; Mr. Borrer.
In Bantry Bay, not uncommon during the months of June and July ;
Mifs Hut chins.

By means of a fragment of the Dillenian fpecimen No. 12, I have been
enabled to fatisfy myfelf that the prefent is the fame fpecies, and con-
fequently the C. albida of Hudfon. I have at prefent feen only two
dried fpecimens of this plant, the habit of which is fo remarkably thick
and cluftered that it is extremely difficult to extricate a fmall piece fo as
clearly to difcover the ramification. Its ftrongeft character feems to lie in
the oppofite and horizontal ramuli. The color is a pale waxy yellowifh
green, wholly devoid of glofs. The length of the filaments is about three
inches. The variety (3 is feven or eiylit inches long, and of a lefs bufliy
habit. Its ramuli are lefs regularly oppofire, and are (trait inftead of being
flexuofe. Mifs Hutchins fays that when frefh it is of a beautiful pale green
color. For the fketch at Plate E, which reprefent6 the ramuli magnified 2,
I am indebted to Mr. Hooker.

105. pellucida. C. filis ramofiffimis, ftrictis, rigidis, dilute viridibus ; ramis
plerumque ternis, obtufis ; articulis longiflimis. T. 90.

106. tcgagro-pila. C. filis ramofiffimis, viridibus, e centro progredientibus, et
globum conftituentibus; ramis ramuiifquc fub fecundis, obtufis; articulis
diametro quadruplo longioribus. T. 87.

67

io-.* arugir.ofa. C. filis ramofis, flexuofis, brevibus, seruginofis ; ramis fparfis,
patentibus, obtufis ; articulis diametro fub-fefquilongi'oribus. T. E.

C. aruginofa. Fl. ring. p. 595. With. IV. p. 131.

C. marina capillacca brcvis, vmdijjima mollh. Dill. Hi/I. Mufc. t. 4. f. 20.

On Fuci.

The (ketch of this Conferva reprefented in the fupplementary Plate E,
as alfo the above defcription, is taken from the original fpecimen in the
Dillenian Herbarium, and is publifhed becaufe I have feen no other Britifh
fpecimen that refembles it. I have neither gathered it myfelf, nor ever
feen it in any other collection. It is from half to three-quarters of an inch
in length. The drawing reprefents a filament magnified 1.
108.* arfla. C. filis ramofis, ftrictis, virgatis, cceruleo-viridibus ; ramis fub-
patentibus, ultimis fparfis adprelns ; articulis inferioribus, brevibus, fu-
perioribus, longilfimis. T. E.

In the Sea, Bantry Bay. Mifs Hutchins.

My friend Mr. Turner favored me with fpecimens of this fpecies,
which he received from Mifs Hutchins, to whom the botanical world is
indebted for its difcovery. It grows to the length of two or three inches,
and is of a light bluifh green color. The filaments are about twice divided :
the branches iflue at acute angles and at uncertain diftances from each
other ; they are moft commonly alternate but fometimes oppofite, and a
few of thofe near the root, in the fpecimen now before me, contrary to
their general character, are curled inwards in a remarkable manner. The
length of the joints varies ; in the lower part of the filament it fcarcely
exceeds the diameter, but becomes longer towards the fummit, and the
terminal joints are remarkably long. When dried, in which flate alone I
have hitherto had an opportunity of obferving it, it has a flaccid Ulva like
appearance. For the drawing at Plate E, I am indebted to Mr. Hooker :
the plant is reprefented magnified 4, and alfo the lower and upper end of a
filament, feparately, magnified 2.

68

109.* lanofa. C. filis ramofis, brevibus, tenuibus, luteo-virefcentibus ; ramis
fparfis; articulis inferioribus fub-duplo, ultimis multuplo diametro longiori-
bus. T. E.

C. lanofa. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 291.

S. Zojlera. Filis lxte viridibus, fplendentibus.

On Rocks and Algas in the Sea. Ntar Forres ; Mr. Brodie. At Cromer ;
Mr. Hooker. Anglefea ; Rev. H. Davies. At Brighton ; Air. Borrer.
At Ilfracombe ; Mifs Hill. Bantry Bay ; Mifs Hutchins. Between Dover
and the South Foreland. £. On Zofterx at Worthing; Mr. Borrer. On
Marine Algae, near Forres ; Mr. Brodie.

That this fpecies is the C. lanofa of Roth, I have been enabled to prove
by means of authentic fpecimens in Mr. Turner's extenfive Herbarium. I
difcovered it feveral years ago in the neighbourhood of Dover, and have
fince received fpecimens from feveral of my friends. The filaments are
moftly about four lines, and I believe they never exceed an inch in length.
The color is generally of a very dull yellowifh green, wholly deftitute of
glofs when dry. The joints vary in length, fome of thofe in the lower
part of the fiiament being about equal to, and others double the diameter,
but thofe at the terminations of the filaments are uniformly much longer
than any of thofe below them. Mr. Hooker in the fpecimens which he
gathered at Cromer, obferved two fmall dark colored fpots in many of the
joints, but this appearance they lofe in drying. The var. (6. was fent me
by Mr. Borrer, who found it on the Suffex coafl growing on Zoftera
marina, and I have alfo received it from Mr. Brodie : it is of a grafs-green
color and is glofTy, but though on this account widely different at firft
fight, it does not appear to be diftinft from the prefent fpecies. Mr. Turner
has received both of thefe from Mifs Hutchins as the fame. The drawing
at plate E was made by Mr. Flooker from a recent fpecimen, and reprefents
the plant magnified 3, and alfo feparatcly the upper and lower parts of a
filament magnified 1.

GO

no. tomentofa. C. fills ramofiffimis, tenuibus, funis in formam denfiflime
contortis, fub-ferru.:ineis ; ramis divaricatis, ultimis fimplicibus; articulis
iliamctro quadruplo longioribus. T. 56.
III.* riparia. C. fiiis inferne fimpliciufculis, fupeme ramofis, longis tenui-
bus, implexis flavo-virentibus ; ramis remotis, divaricatis ; articulis diametro
fub duplo longioribus. T. E.

C. riparia. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 216.

Near Bantry ; Mifs Hutchins. In Salt pools by the Yare, near Yar-
mouth.

It is on the authority of authentic fpecimens in Mr. Turner's Herbarium,
which I have compared with thofe fent by Mifs Hutchins, that I publifh
this fpecies with the reference to Roth, upon whofe defcription I have
been under the neceffity of relying for a part of my own, the filaments
being fo long and entangled that in a dried fpecimen it is almoft impoflible
to feparate them. I have a (ketch which belongs to the fame fpecies, and
which I made from a plant that I difcovered in pools by the fide of the
Yare, near Yarmouth, in 1802. The filaments towards the root have but
few branches, but they are more numerous towards the fummits, and
always remarkably divaricated. The drawing at T. E. was made by Mr.
Hooker from a dried fpecimen, and reprefents, feparately, the ramification
and nature of the joints, magnified with powers 2 and 1 of his microfcope.
112.* ftlictdofa. C. fills ramofiifimis, tenuibus, fufco-flavefcentibus •, ramis
ramulifque fub alternis, acuminatis; articulis diametrum longitudine asquan-
tibus ; capfulis filiculiformibus. T. E.

Ccramium conftrvoides. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 151. t. 8. f. 3. III. p. 148.
Fl. Germ. III. pars f. p. 467.

Rocks in the Sea at Cromer and Haftings. W. J. Hooker, Efq.

Dr. Roth and my friend Mr. Hooker are of opinion that C.filiculofa is
fpecificr.Ily diftincl from C. Ihtoralis, to which I have thought it right to
accede, never having myfelf had the opportunity of comparing recent

70

ipecimens of the two plants together. The principal difference which I
can difcover, confifts in the lanceolate pods of the one, contracted with the
globular capfules of the other, but this however I can hardly admit to be a
fumcient indication of fpecific difference, fince the fame may be cbferved
between C. cocc'lnea and its variety, in C. arbufcula, and feveral other Con-
ferva, each of which fhould in that cafe be divided into two fpecies. The
drawing at Plate E was made by Mr. Hooker from the recent plant, and
reprefents the filaments magnified 3 and 1.

113. llttoralis. C. fills ramofiffimis, tenuibus, implexis, olivaceis ; ramis ramu-
liique fub-alternis, acuminatis ; articulis diametrum longitudine sequantibus •,
eapfulis' globofis. T. 31.

It appears from the third fafciculus of the Catalecta Botanica, that Dr.
Roth's Ceramiwn tomentofum belongs to the prefent fnecks, and is quite
different from C. tomentofa of Hudfon, to which I had erroneoudy referred
it. The latter is probably Co ami-am compaSium of Roth.

114. fcet'ula. C. fills ramofis, coadunatis, virgatis, apicibus liberis, olivaceis;
ramis confertis ; articulis diametro fefqui longioribus, granula elliptica
includentibus. T.

115.* paradoxa. C. lilis ramofis coadunatis, ter.uifiimis, lubricis, dilute viridi-
bus ; ramis longis fparfis, adpreffis •, articulis diametrum longitudine sequan-
tibus, granula fphierica includentibus. T. F.

In the Sea at Bangor ; Air. Tanplcton. Beach at Brighton ; Mr. Boner.
A fpecimen from Mr. Templeton in Mr. Turner's Herbarium, proves
that he was the firft difcoverer of this moft extraordinary fpecies. It has
alfo been gathered on the Suffex coaft by Mr. Borrer, and it is through his
affiftance that I am enabled to offer the following obfervations refpe£l:ing it.
It grows in clofe tufts four or five inches long ; the color of my dried
fpecimens is light green, but in the place of growth it is probably different,
as Mr. Borrer in thofe which he picked up on the beach at Brighton
obferved a purple tinge, and was thereby led to fufpect that they had fuf-

71

fered fome change in this refpedt. It is irregularly and repeatedly divided
with branches, which are moftly oppofite, but often alternate and not un-
frequently crowded together. The ultimate ramuli are very long. What
to the naked eye appears to be a (ingle filament, under the higher powers
of the microfcope, is feen to confift of many agglutinated, or adhering
clofely together in the fame manner as thofe of C.fcetida, with which I
apprehend this fpecies poffefles confiderable affinity. Each individual of
thefe extremely fiender filaments is feparately jointed. The length of the
joints is about equal to their diameter, and fo far as I am able to judge
from a dried fpecimen, they each include a globule, of the fame nature
with thofe of C. foetida. The fkelch at Plate F (made by Mr. Hooker
from a dried fpecimen magnified 4 and 2) will ferve to convey fome idea of
the plant, but I apprehend that it fuffers more than moll other fpecies in
drying, and it is principally from the obfervations of Mr. Borrer that this
deicription has been made.

116. nana. C. fills ramofis, minutiflimis, fufco viridibus ; ramis ramulifque
fub alternis acuminatis ; articulis diametro duplo longioribus. T. 30.

117. mhiutijjlma. C. fills fub-ramolis, rr.inutifiimis, hyalinis ; ramis fparfis,
furcatis, obtufiufculis ; difTepimentis obfoletis ; articulis longitudine varia-
bilibus. T. F.

On Conferva: in the Sea.

This fpecies, which has been obferved both by Mr. Borrer and myfelf
growing parafitically on feveral of the Marine Confervse, is fo extremely
minute as to be nearly imperceptible to the naked eye, and even the higheft
power of my microfcope is hardly fufficient to afcertam its nature. The
filaments are fometimes fimple, but have moil ufually two or three branches
which are frequently forked. Difiepiments may now and then be faintly
diftinguifned at uncertain diflances from each other, but with this ex-
ception no mark of internal organization or even color can be obferved.
For the drawing at Plate F, which reprefents the plant magnified 2 and I,
I am indebted to Mr. Woods.

72

n8. lanuginofa. C. fills fub-ramofis, minutiffimis, ferrugineis ; ramis fparfis,
obtufiufculis ; articulis medio pellucidis, diametro triplo longioribus. T. 45.

119.* pluma. C. fills repentibus, ramofis, minutis, intense rofeis ; ramis erectis
infra denudatis, fuperne pinnatis pirihis oppofitis, npproximatis ; articulis
diametro duplo longioribus. T. F.

On the ftalks of Fucus digitatus in Bantry Bay. M'fs Hutchins.
This beautiful fpecies, of which a drawing and fpecimens were commu-
nicated by Mifs Hutchins to Mr. Turner, may be readily diftinguifhed
from C. ripens and C. tenella, to which it is mod nearly allied, by having
the ere£r. branches thickly pinnated with oppofite ramuli towards their
apices. The capfules are globofe and moflly terminal. The drawing at
Plate F, for which I am indebted to Mr. Hooker, reprefents C. pluma of
the natural fize, and alfo when magnified 1 .

120. repens. C. filis repentibus, ramofis, implexis, minutis rufis ; ramis
erectis ; ramulis fub fecundis obtufis ; articulis diametro triplo longioribus.
T. 18.

My former reference to Dillenius is erroneous, as has been pointed out
by Mr. Turner in his remarks on the Dillenian Herbarium, Lin. Tranf.
VII. p. 106.

121. tenella. C. filis repentibus, ramofis, implexis, minutis dilute rofeis;
ramis ere&is, fimplicibus ; articulis longitudine variabilibus. T. F.

On the Shells of the large Scallop at Bantry. Mifs Hutchins.

The prefent is one of the numerous fpecies for the difcovery of which
the botanical world is indebted to Mifs Hutchins. The filaments are of
the fame fize and flrike root precifely in the fame manner as thofe of C.
repens, from which it differs in its lighter color, extremely flaccid nature,
more flender growth, and in having the ere£l branches undivided. The
drawing at Plate F was made by Mr. Hooker from a dried fpecimen, and
reprefents C. tenella both of the natural fize and when magnified 1.

73

122.* Davie/ti. C. filis ramofis, ereclis minutis, Iiberis fofeis; ramis fparfis

acuminatis ; articulis diametro triplo longioribus. T. F.

On Marine Algre; Rev. Hugh Davies. Baritry Bay; Mifs Hutchins.
At Brighton ; Mr Borrer.

I have a pleafure in naming this fpecies after my valuable friend, the
Re£ Hugh Davies, whofe intimate knowledge of many branches of Natural
Hiftory is well known, and to whofe liberality this work is greatly in-
debted. Its length rarely exceeds three or four lines, and it may be dif-
tinguifhed from its congeners by its unentangled growth, and far different
ramification. Mr. Borrer informs me that he has once difcovered it with
capfules, placed in rows along the upper fide of the ramuli. For the
drawing at Plate E. I am indebted to Mr. Hooker; it reprefents the plant
magnified 3, and a piece of the filament magnified 1.
123. Rothii. C. filis dichotomo-ramofis, ereftis, brevibus, dense cxfpitofis,
phceniciis; ramis ramulifque alternis ; articulis diametro fub-triplo longi-
oribus. T. 73.

Several years ago I received^ fpecimen of this plant from Mr. Robert
Brown, gathered by himfelf in the North of Ireland, and which he had
named C. phcenicia. It was not till after I had publifhed my defcription
of C. Rothii that I recognifed it as the fame fpecies, which I much regret,
as Mr. Brown certainly firft difcovered it in Britain. It has fince been
found by Mr. W. \V. Young, near Dunraven, in Glamorganshire, and by
Meffrs. Hooker and Borrer, on the Coaft of Durnefs, Sutherland.
124.* fioridula. C. filis ramofis, tenuibus, csefpitofis, implexis, dilutiffime
rofeis ; ramis fparfis, fimpliciufculis, remotis ; articulis diametro fub-triplo
longioribus. T. F.

Rocks on the Sea fhore. On the Galway Coaft ; Dr. Scott. On the
Antrim Coaft ; Mr. Mackay.

I received fpecimens of this fpecies from the late Dr. Scott, gathered on
the Galway coaft, where it covers the rocks on the Sea fhore. The fila-

K

ments are much finer than human hair, but their growth is fo entangled,
that in a dried fpecimen it is almoft impoffible to feparate them fo as to
nfcertain their length, which is I believe generally about half an inch ;
when frefh, according to Mr. Mackay's obfervations, they are of a fine
bloom color, but this they lofe in drying and then become of a reddifh dull
green. The fketch at Plate F was made by Mr. Hooker from a dried
fpecimen, and reprefents the filament magnified 3 and I.
125.* interrupta. C. filis ramofis, breviufculis, purpurafcentibus ; ramis ramu-
lifque alternis ; articulis furfum incraffatis, truncatis, diametro fub-quadruplo
longioribus.

C. interrupta. Eng.Bot. t. 1 83 8.

On Marine Conferva;. At Brighton ; Air. Borrer. In Bantry Bay ;
Mifi Hutcbhu.

The capfules of this fpecies are divided in a remarkable manner by a
tranfverfe pellucid line.

126. pcdicel'ata. C. filis dichotomo-ramofis rubris ; ramulis alternis multi-
fidis ; articulis furfum incraffatis, diametro fub-quintuplo longioribus.
T. 108.

127. fetacea. C. filis dichotomo-ramofis, virgatis, ftriclis, intense fplendideque
rofeis; ramis elongatis ; articulis fub cylindraceis diametro fub quintuplo
longioribus. T. 82.

128. corallina. C. filis dichotomis, lubricis, fplendide aureo-rubris •, articulis
furfum incraffatis, diametro quadruplo longioribus. T. 98.

Since I publifhed my defcription of C. corallina I have not feen any
recent fpecimens, but I have examined many in a dried ftate, and thefe
have led me more and more to fufpcct that my drawing, as well as former
obfervations refpe£Hng the fructification of this fpecies, are in at lead fome
degree inaccurate. It is impoffible to form any decided opinion from dried
fpecimens, but I am inclined to believe that the involucrum, till the feeds
have arrived at maturity, fo clofely and compactly envelop the internal

75

jelly, as to bear the refemblance as well as anfwer the purpofe of a capfule.
In fome fpecimens I have feen a ft ill ftronger refemblance of capfules, than
■what I have figured at D, but they were of a fmaller fize, and had evi-
dently not arrived at maturity, which having attained, they would I appre-
hend by an expanfion of the involucrum, have appeared as is reprefented
in Englifh Botany, with their internal jelly expofed without any covering.
129.* barbata. C. fills dichotomo-ramofis, kete fanguineis, apice fibrofis ;
fibris multifidis tenuiffimis ; articulis furfum incraffatis, diametro quintuplo
longioribus.

C. barbata. Eug. Bot. t. 1814.
On the Beach at Brighton. Mr. Borrer.

The feeds of this fpecies are imbedded in naked jelly, and guarded by
an involucrum inftead of a capfule.
130.* multifida. C. fills ramofis, rubris ; ramulis fub-ternatis, diftantibus,
brevibus, multifidis ; articulis diametro multuplo longioribus.
C. multifida. Eng.Bot. t. 1816. (excl. Syn.)

In the Sea. On the Devonfhirc Coaft ; Airs. Griffiths. On the Beach
at Brighton, and near Newhaven ; Mr. Borrer. In Bantry Bay ; Mifs
Hutchins.

Dr. Smith erroneoufly fuppofed this fpecies to be Hudfon's C. multifida,
forgetting that as well as C. imbricata it had been before proved to be C.
equifetifolia of Lightfoot. As however multifida has never been ufed as a
name for C. equifetifolia, there cannot I apprehend be any objection to its
being retained for the prefent fpecies. Mr. Borrer informs me that he has
difcovered a fructification on this fpecies, differing from the one reprefented
in Englifh Botany, and of the fame nature with that of C. barbata.
131. equifetifolia. C. filis ramofiffimis, craffis, rubris; ramis utrinque attenu-
atis, ramulis verticillatis, imbricatis, brevibus, multifidis, undique obfeffis ;
articulis diametro multuplo longioribus. T. 54.

The Rev. G. R. Leathes difcovered the fructification of this fpecies in a

K 2

76

fpecimen which he gathered in Auguft, 1807, on the beach at Yarmouth.
It is of the fame nature with that of C. barbata, confiding of feeds immerfed
in a pellucid jelly, and furrounded by numerous filaments which wholly
envelop it. It is fcattered over the fides of the branches, and has to the
naked eye the appearance of being only very young fhoots.

132. •vertkillata. C. falls dichotomo-ramofis, cartilagineis, craffis, fufco-oli-
vaceis ; ramulis verticillatis, incurvis, breviffimis, plerumque bifurcis, un-
dique obfeffis ; articulis diametro brevioribus. T. 55.

133. fponghfa. C. fills ramofis, cartilagineis, craffis, olivaceis, ramulis fim-
plicibus, breviffimis, undique iinbricatis ; articulis diametro fub-fefquilongi-
oribus. T. 42.

134. vit/ofci.f C. fills ramofis, flaccidis, craffis, elongatis, flavis ; ramis oppo-
fitis, remotis, ramulis minutis, pinnatis, fub-verticillatis, undique obfeffis ;
articulis diametro dimidio brevioribus. T. 37. and T. F.

In September, 1808, the Rev. G. R. Leathes found a fpecimen on the
Yarmouth Beach, on which Mr. Turner has favored me with the following
remarks. " The fibres grow as defcribed in the Britijlj Conferva, from
every 3d, 4th, or 5th dilTepiment, but rather in tufts than in whirls : they
are long, fometimes fimple, but moftly three or four times dichotomous,
with acute angles ; towards their bafes grow on them fhort oblong dark-
brown bodies (whether feeds or capfules it is impoffible from their minute-
nefs to determine) cluftered and feffile, but from the collapfing of the
juices, often looking pedunculate. The filaments are fo obfoletely jointed
that it is difficult to fay, if they are fo in reality or not, though they look

I I have received fpecimens of Fucus acuhatus and Fucu: ligulatus from Mr. Backhoufe, which are
covered with fhort ramuli of the fame nature and appearance with thole of C. mllasa. In the former
I found to my great furprize that the aculei are regularly jointed, and that the main filaments,
efpecially towards their extremities, have a fimilarly jointed internal tube running longitudinally
through them, and occupying nearly half of their width. I was particularly (truck with the refem-
blance of the joints to thofe of C. •villosa, and they fully confirm Mr. Turner's opinion, that there
is a ftrong affinity between tbefe two plants.

77'

fo in drying." In dried fpecimens thefe bodies hardly appear to belong to
the fructification at all. For the drawing at Plate F, which reprefents the
fuppofed fructification highly magnified, I am indebted to Mr. Leathes.

135. fiuviatilis. C. filis ramofiffimis, cartilagineis, olivaceis ; ramis ramulifque
utrinque attenuatis ; difTepimentis verrucofis ; articulis utrinque dilatatis,
diametro fubquintuplo longioribus. T. 29.

For the fructification of this fpecies fee Introduction, p. 20.

136. *torulofa. C. filis fub-fimplicibus, nodofis, cartilagineis, bafi attenuatis,
apice fub incraflatis, olivaceis ; articulis utrinque contracts, diametro fub
triplo longioribus. T. F.

C. torulofa. Mohk. in Schrader's Journal for 1801, p. 324. t. 3. f. I. 2.
R.OTH. Cat. But. III. p. 250. Fl. Germ. III. pars I. p. 529.

C. Jluvlatis nodofa, Fucum ttmulans. Dill. Hijl. Mufc. p. 39. t. 7. f. 48.

In Mountain Streams. Near Ludlow ; Dllknius. Anglefea ; Rev. H.
Davies.

I am ftill fomewhat doubtful whether this fpecies fhould be confidered
as diflincTt from C.fuviatilis, but I have neverthelefs admitted it here as
fuch, in refpect to the opinion of the late Dr. Mohr and Dr. Roth, the
formsr of whom in the German tranflation of this work, fays, that he has
feen the two plants growing together, and is convinced they are perfectly
diftindt, to which I have thought it right to accede, never having myfelf
enjoyed an equally favorable opportunity for the examination of them. The
fructification is fimilar to that of C. fluviat'dh . For the drawing at Plate F,
I am indebted to Mr. Hooker, in which the joints are reprefented mag-
nified 5, with a tranfverfe fection of the filament to fhew the feeds magnified
2, and alfo the feeds feparated and magnified 1 .

137. ciliata. C. filis dichotomis, apice forcipatis rubris ; difTepimentis ver-
ticillatim ciliatis ; articulis medio pellucidis, diametro longitudinem vix
fuperantibus. T. 53.

78

1 3S. d'wpbana. C. fills ramofiffimis apice forcipatis, purpurafcentibus ; dif-
fepimentis obfoletis ; articulis utrinque torofis, medio pellucidis, diametro
fub longioribus. T. 38.

139. rubra. C. filis ramofiffimis rubris ; ramulis fetaceis, apice furcatis ;
articulis utrinque attenuatis, centrum verfus pellucidis, diametrum longi-
tudine fub sequantibus. T. 34.

In Mr. Turner's Herbarium there are bleached fpecimens of a light
draw color, gathered by Mrs. Griffith at Sidmouth, which differ fo much
from the common appearance of C. rubra, as to have induced both thefe
Botanifts to regard them as belonging to a feparate fpecies. They are
fcarcely two inches long, and comparatively thin : their fubftance is remark-
ably thick and cartilaginous, but the leading difference is in the joints,
each of which is marked in the center with a dark globular fpot, nearly
fimilar to thofe which may be often feen in C. polymorpba. The fructi-
fication confifts of feeds fcattered through the interior of the ultimate
ramuli, but thefe can by no means be confidered as an indication of fpe-
cific difference, fince they have been alfo obferved in many of the other
capfuliferous Conferva:. This remarkable appearance of C. rubra is re-
prefented at Plate F, magnified 5 and 3, from a fkctch with which Mr.
Hooker favored me.

140. tetragona. C. filis ramofiffimis rubris ; ramulis patento-horizontalibus,
bafi attenuatis, apice acuminatis, fafciculatis, brevibus ; articulis ovato-cylin-
draceis, diametro duplo longioribus. T. 65.

ill. tctrica. C. filis decompofito-pinnatis, fufco-rubris, luridis; pinnis pin-
nulifque altemis, extremis curvatis ; articulis diametro fub-triplo longiori-
bus •, capfulis folitariis, pedunculatis. T. 81.

Since the publication of this fpecies it has been found abundantly in
Bantry Bay, by Mil's Hutchins, and on the Dcvonfhire coaft by Mr. Griffiths
and Mifs Hill.

79

142. rofea. C. filis decompofito-pinnatis, tenuibus, rofeis ; pinnis pinnulifquc
altcrnis ; articulis diametro fub-triplo longioribus ; capfulis fecundis feflili-
bus. T. 17.

Dr. Roth confidcrs the plant which I have figured to be a variety of
Ceramium rofeum. Mr. Turner and Mr. Borrer are of opinion that the
plant which grows in the Yare, and which is that figured in Eng/i/b Botany
is a diftin£l fpecies, but I apprehend that every difference between them,
entirely arifes from the growth of the former in the fea, and of the latter
in a river, where the water at fome ftates of the tide, of courfe contains
a much lefs quantity of fait.
143.* Borreri. C. filis decompofito-pinnatis, tenuibus, rofeis; pinnis pinnu-
lifque alternis, flexuofis, ultimis faftigiatis ; articulis diametro fub-duplo
longioribus.

C. Borreri. Eng. Bot. t. 1 74 1.

Among the rejedtament of the Sea at Yarmouth. Mr. Borrer.

I have never feen any other than a dried fpecimen of this plant, and it is
therefore perhaps that I am inclined to doubt, whether it ought to be con-
sidered as more than a variety of C. rofea, which is a very variable fpecies.

144. Turneri. C. filis pinnatis, rofeis; pinnis oppofitis, fub fimplicibus ;
articulis diametro triplo longioribus. T.

145. plumula C. filis ramofis rofeis; ramis alternis pinnatis; pinnis oppofitis,
horizontaliter recurvis ; pinnulis fecundis ; articulis diametro fub triplo
longioribus. T. 50.

C. Turneri. Eng. Bot. t. 1 637.
146.* Mertenfii. C. filis ramofis, flavefcentibus ; ramis pinnatis ; pinnis fub-
oppofitis brevibus ; articulis diametro dimidio brevioribus.
C. Merlenjii. Eng. Bot. t. 999.

On the Beach at Yarmouth ; Mr. Wigg. In Bantry Bay; Mifs Hutchins.
Coail of Durham ; Mr. Backhoufe.

80

147** Hooker!. C. fills ramofifTimis, primariis incraffatis inarticulatifque,
pallide rufo fufcefceatibus ; ramulis confertls, abbreviatis, pinnatis, pinnulis
alternis articulatis; articulis diametro fefquilon^ioribus. T. 106.

148.* arbufcula. C. filis primariis incraffatis, inartieulatis, inferne der.uJatis,
fupernc ramoGflimis, rubris; ramulis confcrtis, fub verticillatis, abbreviatis,
multifidis, articulatis ; articulis longitudinc diametrum xquantibus. T. 85.
& T. G.

Since I publifhed my defcription of this fpecies, it has been found on
the fhores of Caitlmefs and Orkney by Mr. Borrer and Mr. Hooker. Two
kinds of fructification produced by this fpecies, from a drawing by Mr.
Hooker, are reprefented in Plate G magnified 1.

1 4.9. cocc'mea. C. filis ramofifTimis, primariis incraffatis, hirfutis, inarticu-
latifque, coccineis ; ramis alternatim decompofito-pinnatis ; pinnulis ultimis
multifido-fafciculatis, articulatis; articulis diametro fub brevioribus. T. 36.
& T. G.

P. tenuior. Filis tenuioribus.

The variety /3 has been fent to Mr. Turner from the fouthern coafls by
Mrs. Griffiths, and alfo from Ireland by Mr. Templeton and Mifs Hutchins.
It? fize is more flender than that of a, and its ramuli fhorter, and lefs
feathery. The moft remarkable diflerence however lies in the capfules,
which inftead of being ovate, are lanceolate, and produce two rows of
fmall globular feeds; they are feffile at the axillre of the ramuli. The
feeds of the ovate capfules, which in my T. 36 are reprefented globular,
fhould, according to Mr. Turner's obfervations, have been made pyrifonn.
The lanceolate capfules of the variety B are reprefented in my plate F,
from a highly magnified drawing by Mr. Hooker.

b. longitudinalitlr vinof*.
150. clongata. C. filis ramofifTimis, cartilagineis, craffis, reticulato-venofis,
purpureis ; ramis ramulifque elongatis, diffufis ; articulis diametro dimidio
brevioribus. T. 33.

81

Befides the fruaifieation reprefented in T. 33i the minute lanceolate
capfules alluded to in the defcription, are alfo reprefented in the fupple-
mentarj plate F, from a fketch by Mr. Hooker. Thefe pod-like proceffies,
in which the fuppofed feeds are lodged, at length grow into branches.
iji. fufca. C. fijis ramoGs, venofis, fufcis ; ramis diftantibus, fub-alternis ;
ramulis patentibus clavatis ; articulis medio tranfverfim fafciatis, diametro
duplo longioribus. T. oj.

152. .polymorpka. C. filis dichotomis, venofis, faftigiatis, cartilagineis, atro-
purpurafcentibus; articulis centro pundtatis, diametro fub-brevioribus.
T.44.

I53-* Broditi. C. filis ramofiffimis, venofis, purpureo-nigrefcentibus ; ramis
elongatis; ramulis fparfis, patentibus, multifidis, fafciculatis ; articulis
ramorum obfoletis, ramulorum diam3f ;o fub-longioribus. T.
X54- fucoldes. C. filis ramofiffimis, venofis, diffufis, fubcartilagineis ; fufco-
nigris; ramulis horizontals patentibus, dichotomis, ultimis incurvis,
acuminatifque ; articulis diametro fub-fefquilongioribus. T. 75.
*55- nigrefcem. C. filis ramofiffimis, venofis, ftridis, fub cartilagineis, fufco-
nigris; ramulis eredis dichotomis acuminatis; articulis diametro fub-fefqui-
longioribus.

C.mgrefcens. Eng. Bot. t. 1717. (exc. fyn.)

On the Beach at Yarmouth ; Mr. Turn,,: Coaft of Devonshire ; Mrs.
Griffiths. Brighton ; Mr. Barrer.

I have been induced here to admit this fpecies under the name of C.
mgrefcens in oppofition to the opinion of Sir Thomas Frankland, who has
fent me the following plant by that name, becaufe I find that this is the
plant fo called by moft Botanifts, and even as Mr. Turner afiures me, by
fome who were well acquainted with Hudfon. It fo ftrikingly refembles
Cfucoides in the fize and color of the filaments, that it is not without fome
hesitation that I publifh it as a feparate fpecies, but Mr. Turner who has
repeatedly examined recent fpecimens of the two plants together, is de-
it

82

cidedly of opinion that they are perfectly diftindt. It differs in having its
main filament of far greater thicknefs than the reft, and the whole of its
branches remarkably Itraight and erect, while the habit of the other is par-
ticularly bufhy. The outline too of the two fpecies is very diftimilar, that
of C. fitcoides being nearly orbicular, but that of C. nigrefcens narrowly
cuneiform .
156.* urceolata. C. filis ramofiflimis, venofis, diffufis, rufo-fufcis ; ramulis
patentibus, brevibus •, articulis caulis longis, ramulorum brevioribus. T. G.
C. nigrefcens. Fl. Aug. p. 602 ?

On Rocks and the larger Fuci in the Sea. On Items of F. digitate*,
and on Rocks oppofite the Bathing-houfe at Scarbro' ; Sir T. Frankland.
On ftems of F. digitatus in the Ifle of Wight ; Mr. Turner and Mr. Borrer.
Alfo on the fame Fucus on the Beach at Brighton -, Mr. Borrer. Near
Forres ; Mr. Brodie. Devonfhire Coaft ; Mifs Hill.

For fpecimens of this plant I have to exprefs my obligations to Sir
Thomas Frankland, who, as mentioned under the preceding fpecies, fent
it to me by the name of C. nigrefcens of Hudfon. Mr. Turner informs
me that he has feen it in fome Herbaria marked by Mr. Lightfoot, " C.
urceolata, M. S." an appellation peculiarly appropriate, as the capfules differ
in their fhape from thofe of every other Conferva, and approach, efpecially
when dried, thofe of Splachnum urceolatum or ampullaccum. It moft com-
monly grows parafitically on the larger Fuci, and as remarked by Mifs
Hill, looks then at firft fight like red wool. Its color in that itate is a fine
rich brown red, which would hardly be fuppofed from the dull black that
it affumes in drying. The veins or tubes which compofe the filament are
fewer than thofe of C. fucoides and bear more refemblance to thofe of C.
Jlricla. The joints towards the root are long, but become gradually fhorter
as they approach the ultimate ramult, in which their length fcarcely exceeds
the diameter. The drawing at Plate G was made by Mr. Hooker from a

83

fpccimen which had been dried, and reprefents the end of a filament mag-
nified 4, and alfo feparately the upper and lower joints magnified i.

157.* patens. C. fills ramofis, venofis, fub-diffufis, rofeis ; ramis ramulifque
fparfis, patentiufculis -, articulis diametro fub-duplo longioribus.

On Fucus digitatus, in the Sea, near Bantry ; Mifs Hutcbins. At Scaton,
Devon ; Mrs. Griffiths.

This fpecies, for a fpecimen of which I am indebted to Mr. Turner, is
nearly allied to C.Jlrifia, but the habit of the two plants is very different.
It is of about the fame fize, but may be diftingui filed by its more diffufe
growth, by its different ramification, and numerous {hort lateral ramuli.
The length of the joints in both fpecies is fubje£t to fome variation, but
thofe of C. patens are comparatively fhorter. Many of the ultimate ramuli
in the fpecimen now before me are fwollen, and in thefe red globules may
be obferved, fimilar to thofe which in feveral of the other marine algte are
called feeds ; but with all due deference to the opinion of my friend Mr.
Turner, I mull confefs that I ftill feel myfelf very doubtful of their real
nature. The (ketch at Plate G was made from a dried fpecimen by Mr.
Hooker, and reprefents different parts of C. pate/is magnified with powers
5, 3, and 1 of his microfcope.

158. Jlrifla. C. fills ramofis, venofis, itri£Us, faftigiatis, tenuibus, phceniciis;
ramis dichotomis ere&iufculis ; articulis diametro fub-triplo longioribus.
T. 40.

P. diffufa. Filis diffufis.

The plant which I have here arranged as a variety of C. flriSla, was
gathered in the neighbourhood of Bantry by Mifs Hutchins, and in her
opinion is a diftinft fpecies. There is indeed at firft fight a ftriking difference
between them, but this gradually vanifhes when the two plants are compared.
It differs in its mode of growth, which is much more bufliy, and in its
general outline, which is more orbicular. The common appearance of C.
Jiricfa retains its gloffy red when dried, but the color of this variety then

L 2

84

turns to a dull dirty brown. In their ftru&ure when examined with a
microfcope they however exactly agree, as well as in the fruit, which has
been difcovered in the former fubfequently to its publication in this work,
and confifts of fmall ovate dark red capfules, feffile, or nearly fo on the
upper branches.
159.* fibrata. C. filis ramofis, venofis, rubicundis ; ramis dichotomis ; ramulis
fub-fafciculatis, apice fibris pellucidis obfellis ; articulis caulis longis, ramu-
lorum diametrum longitudine tequantibus. T. G.

On Marine Algx, near Forres ; Mr. Brodie. At Cawfie, Murrayfhire ;
Mr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer.

The filaments, which grow to the length of about two inches, are
branched with repeated dichotomies, and ftrongly marked with longitudi-
nal veins. Their fummits are fringed with numerous, long, extremely
flender, dichotomous, tranfparent fibres, of which from their extreme
tenuity, it is almoft impoffible, efpecially in a dried fpecimen, to afcertain
the ftru&ure, but they, I think undoubtedly are of the fame nature with
thofe of C. barbata. Befides an appearance of capfules in the dried fpeci-
mens now before me, I alfo obferve feveral mafles of loofe jelly, imbedding
numerous pyriform feeds, and furrounded by a few fhort fegments re-
fembling an involucrum. I at firft fuppofed that the fructification is nearly
of the fame nature with that of C. corallina, and that the appearance of
capfules is occafioned by the involucrum being compactly clofed over the
jelly to protect the yet unripe feeds, but Mr. Borrer fays, " When I
examined it frefh with Mr. Hooker, at Brodie, we faw the capfules as we
thought them, fplitting at the apex (I think into four fegments) but it
never {truck me that they were any thing analogous to the involucrum of
C. Corallina." In another fpecimen now before me there are no capfules,
but many of the joints are fvvollen, and each of thefe includes a dark
colored globule, fimilar to thofe obfervable in many other Confervx. At

85

Plate G, from a flcetch by Mr. Hooker, a branch of C.fibrata is reprefented
magnified 3, and alfo the joints of the ftem magnified 2.
160.* denudata. C. filis ramofiffimis, venofis, diffufis, fufcefcentibus ; ramis
fpariis, divaricatis, elongatis, remotis; articulis diametro fub-fefquilongiori-
bus. T. G.

In the Sea at Southampton ; Mi/s Biddulph.

Mr. Borrer favored me with fpecimens of this fpecies, which he received
from Mr. Sovverby, but they are fo imperfect at the apices, that without
his affiftance I fhould not have ventured to publilh it. The color is brown,
and Mr Boner's larked fpecimen is about four inches in length. The
filaments are repeatedly branched : the branches iffue almoft at right angles
and are placed without order, but ufually at confiderable diftances from
each other, and Mr. Borrer in a letter fays, " Mr. Sowerby told me that
the points of all the ramuli were very long and (lender when the fpecimens
were recent, and fell off when they were put into frefh water." The
length of the joints js nearly the fame throughout the plant, and is about
half greater than the diameter. The capfules have not been difcovered.
I am indebted to Mr. Woods for the flcetch at Plate G, which reprefents
the ramification of the natural fize, and the joints when magnified 3.
161.* badia. C. filis ramofis, venofis, ftriclis, rubro-nigrefcentibus •, ramis
elongatis ; ramulis abbreviatis, remotis, fub-fimplicibus ; articulis diame-
trum fefquilongioribus. T. G.

On the Beach at Haftings ; JV. Borrer, junr. Efq.

Mr. Borrer who has examined this plant whilft recent, confiders it as a
diftinct fpecies, and fo far as can be judged from a dried and fomewhat
imperfe£t fpecimen, I entirely coincide with his opinion. He thinks that
it is intermediate between C. nigra and C. urceolaia, from both of which
among other things it may be at once diftinguifhed by its joints, which are
nearly of the fame length in every part of the filament, and in that refpecl
approaches more to C.fucoides. For the fketch in Plate G, I am indebted

8G

to Mr. Woods ; it reprefents a filament of the natural fize, and alfo tha
joints of the ftem and a ramulus magnified 3.
162. nigra. C. fif Is ramofis, venofis, rubro-nigrefcentibus ; ramis elongatis;
ramulis abbreviatis, remotis, multi.idis, fub-penicilliformibus •, articulis
caulis longis, ramulorum triplo brevioribus.

C. nigra. Fl. Aug. p. 595. Withering. IV. p. 131.

C. airo-rubcfcens. T. 70.

It is already mentioned in the Introduction that the fpecies which I pub-
lished with the name of atro-rubeffcens is Hudfon's C. nigra.
163.* Jibrillofa. C. filis ramofiflimis, venofis, rubris ; ramis ramulifque fpirfis,
ultimis brevibus, multifidis, apicibus protenfis, fibrilliformibus ; articulis
inferioribus longis, fummis abbreviatis. T. G.

In the Sea. On the Beach at Brighton and Shoreham ; Mr. Borrer.
At Seaton ; Mrs. Griffiths. Eantry Bay ; Miffs Hutchiiis.

The neareft affinity of this fpecies is with C. b^ffffohles, from which it
may however be readily diftinguiihed by its more diffufe and irregular
ramifications. The ultimate ramuli are tufted as in that fpecies, but they
are lefs numerous, by far more flender, and more repeatedly dichotomous.
Mr. Borrer who has attentively ftudied tins plant whilft frefh from its
place of growth, in which ftate alone thefe flender ultimate ramuli can be
examined with much advantage, informs me, " that they are not compofed,
like the other parts of the plant, of feveral parallel tubes, but are fimply
tubular, and fpurioufly jointed (uiriculis matrkelibusj, the length of the
joints many times exceeding the diameter." Mr. Borrer alio fays, but
which I have not myfelf obferved, that fimilar fibres occafionally occur in
other fpecies of this feclion which are ufually without them, and therefore
queries whether they may not pofiToly be a paraGtical production. The
capfulcs rcfemble thofe of C. b\£Vnlcs, except that they are m itly r.iifed on
fhort fruit (talks. For the flcetch of this fpecies at pl.:te G, I am indebted
to- Mr. Hooker; it reprefents a branch magnified .;, and alfo the joints c,
the lower part of the filament magnified 3.

87

164. byfliidit. C. fills decoinpofito-pinnatis, venofis, flaccidis, rubris ; pinnis
pinnulifque alternis, ultimis perbrevibus, multifidis, penicilliformibus ;
articulis inferiovibus longis, fummis abbreviatis. T. 58.
165.* parnftica. C. fi lis bipinnatis, venofis, rigidiufculis, fufco-rubris ; pinnis
pinnulifque alternis ; articulis diametro fub-brevioribus.

C. paralitica. El. Aug. t. 604. With. IV. p. 142. Eng. Bot. t. 1429.
On Fuci. Coaft of Yorkfhire, Cornwall, and Dorfetfhire ; Hud/on.
At Scarboro'j Sir T. Franhland, Bart. Bantry Bay ; Mifs Hutchins.

166. pennata. C. fills pinnatis, venofis, rigidiufculis, olivaceis ; pinnis fub-
oppofitis elongatis, approximatis, ftri&is, fpinoeformibus ; articulis longi-
tudine diametrum fub-xquantibus. T. 86.

Adr. Borrer has gathered at Beachy Head an unufually large variety of
this fpecies, with oblong pedicellated capfules.

167. fcoparia. C. fills ramofis, venofis, rigidis, olivaceis ; ramis alternis, fub-
bipinnatis, confertis ; pinnulis brevibus, alternis, acuminatis; articulis
longitudine diametrum fub-xquantibus. T. 52.

B

'wm'M'S1

V *n/t v '/ (f c / /< V / V '// ///

','/.

.

CONFERVA ERICETORUM.

C. filamentis fimplicibus tcnuibus, denfiiTime implexis : diffepimentis
paulum contracts, articulis longiufculis.

C. ericetorum. Roth Fl. Germanica III. p. 507. Cat. Bot. II. p. 206.
On moift Heaths about London and Yarmouth, &c.

THE learned and indefatigable Dr. Roth, of Vegefack, near Bremen, was die
fir(l botanift who ever defcribed this beautiful little Conferva, which he publifhed
in his valuable Flora Germanica, and Catalecla Botanica; two works to which I
{hall have frequent occafion to refer in the courfe of the prefent undertaking. —
My friend D. Turner added it to the Britifh Flora, having found it growing
abundantly on the bare parts of turfy heaths near Yarmouth, and compared it with
fpecimens fent him by its firft difcoverer.

Its extremely flender fimple filaments, of a dull purple colour, from half an
inch to an inch in length, grow matted together in fuch a manner that they form
a denfe coat on the furface of the ground; and from their adhering fo clofely to it,
as well as from the fimilarity of their tint, are hardly diftinguifhable from the foil
itfelf, except by one much in the habit of obferving thefe plants. This is moft
probably the reafon why it fo long efcaped notice, for it is common on all
the moift headis I have examined, and I cannot doubt its being equally abundant
in fimilar places throughout England. Some other fpecies of Conferva delight in
fuch fituations; but from diefe, the colour of the prefent plant is quite fufHcient to
diftinguifli it. In Dr. Roth's figure above referred to, dre interior fubftance is re-
prefented as having divided and collapfed towards each diflepiment, whereas in
all the fpecimens which I have examined, the contrary has occured; and, as in
many other Confervae, it has formed an opake cylinder in the middle of each joint.

A. Filaments magnified 3.

B. Piece of ditto magnified 1.

B

flafr 9

lOUttOHfffiOfioasa

■>

f r///, ;'/',{ /////{ ;/c/,//a

'/////.

.

CONFERVA BIPUNCTATA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus lutefcemibus lubricis, articulis brevibus cylin-

dricis, bipunctatis.

C. bipun&ata. Roth Cat. Bot. II. p. 204.

C. ftellina. Muller in Nova A£te. Pet. III.

In Pools and Ditches; about London and Yarmouth, frequent.

THERE is reafon to believe that this fpecies, though not hitherto defcribed by
any Britifh author, is fufficiently common, particularly in the ftagnant pools on
heaths, either floating in thick manes on the furface, or loofe and ftraggling at
the bottom of the water. The firft fpecimens I received of it, gathered in Britain,
were from my friend D. Turner •, whofe fuccefs in his refearches into almofr.
every branch of Cryptogamia is too well known to need repetition here. Muller,
who defcribed and figured it as above quoted, feems to be the earlieft author
by whom it was noticed; though, from his work being incorporated in the tranf-
aclions of the Peterfburg fociety, the plant was but little known to botanifts till
publifhed by Dr. Roth as a new fpecies in the 2nd vol. of his Catale&a Botanies.
I have adopted the name afligned to it by the latter botanift, not only on the fcorc
of its fuperior excellence, but alfo, becaufe the appellation given to it by Muller
is apt to miflead ; being applicable only in a flate verging upon decay. The dots
then aflume a ftellated appearance, as fhown in the fhorter filament of the
figure A. in which the plant appears but flightly magnified. From C. fpiralis it
may generally be known by its larger fize, more yellow and lefs glofly hue ; from
C. genuflexa I believe always by the former of thefe circumftances, as well as
by its being deftitute of the broken appearance, which is a finking eharatteriftic
of that plant It is however difficult to diftinguifh thefe fpecies with certainty,
unaffifted by a micro fcope; though with its aid, this may be immediately re-
cognifed by the fhortnefs of its joints, and by their containing each two dark fpots,

frequently fumifhed with a green longitudinal ftreak running through them.—
The form of thefe fpots is in general almoft elliptical, but fometimes tends to glo-
bular; and, as above mentioned, they take in their latter ftage a fingular ftellated
appearance : the fpace alfo that they occupy in the joints is far from certain, for
fometimes they fdl nearly the whole, and at others only a fmall portion of them.

Fig. D. reprefents what I fuppofe to be a variety of C. bipundtata, though it
may poffibly hereafter prove to be a diftinit fpecies ; I found it abundant on
Finchley Common, in March, 1802, in company with my friend J. Woods, jun.
and both from its brown colour and the fingular formation of its fpots, it differed
remarkably from the general appearance of the plant.

A. Filaments magnified 4.

B. & C. Ditto in different ftages 1.

V

Flak :)

7 ' / / /

CONFERVA SPIRALIS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus lubricis articulis cylindricis longiufculis, fruftifi-
cationum granulis fimpliciter fpiralibus.

C. fpiralis. Rot Cat. Bot. II. p. 202.

C. quinina. Muller in Acta. Nova. Pet. III.

In ftagnant Ditches and Pools ; about London and Yarmouth, common.

IT is not without confiderable hefitation that I have ventured upon introducing
tliis Conferva, as fpecifically diftinft from the following one, nor do I even
now look upon the cafe as altogether certain, though I confider that the regarding
them as different, in compliance with the opinions of Muller and Dr. Roth, is the
moft likely way to avoid future confufion.

C. fpiralis is frequently found mixed with C. nitida and C. bipun£tata ; from
which it is to be diftinguifhed by its much fmaller fize, and by the difpofition of its
granules in a fingle fpiral tube, refembling, as is obferved by Muller, a chain of
Roman Vs. That botanift appears to have been die firft who defcribed it in the ex-
cellent paper above quoted ; and of courfe I fhould have adopted his name, which,
though quaint, is veryexpreffive, had it not been more generally known by die equally
applicable one of Dr. Roth. Not only in its nature, but alfo in its colour, its mode
of growth, and the places which it inhabits, the affinity between this plant and C.
nitida is very great; as what is faid of the joints and granules of that fpecies is
equally applicable to this, I refer my reader to the remarks there given, and fliall
add nothing farther refpecling C. fpiralis, except a curious circumftance men-
tioned in the Catale£ta Botanica; which is, that if the water in which it is put be
ftrongly agitated, the granules loofe their fpiral form and become fcattered without
order through the joint. I have however repeated this experiment widiout fuccefs.

Since the defcription of C. fpiralis was written, and indeed the whole fafciculus
finifhed, I have had an opportunity of tracing its growth fatisfaftorily,* and of afcer-
taining that it is not C. nitida in a younger ft ate; but was furprized to find that in the
laft ftage of its exiftence, the filaments became connected in a manner precifely
refembling C. jugalis, which ftrengthens the fufpicion that that curious plant is
not a diftind fpecies, but only an appearance affirmed by C. nitida in certain filia-
tions, or at certain periods of its growth ; the fame circumftance will probably be
found in fome other fpecies of this Angular tribe.

A. C. fpiralis magnified I.

B. Ditto anaftomozing after the manner of C. jugalis, magnified i .

# May 2d, I found C. fpiralis growing abundantly in a pool near Yarmouth, in which I obferved
none when I examined it but a few days before; the filaments were then as reprefented in fig. 4.

May 6th, The plant occupied a larger fpace in the pool, but when magnified ftill appeared the fame.

May 10th, The plant was of a more dull colour and had loft fome of its lubricity, and when ex-
amined under a microfcope, many of the filaments were feen connected, as reprefented in fig. B. they
differed from C. jugalis only in the difpof.tion of the feeds, being fingly fpiral in their fmaller fize, and
in the oval manes not appearing fo denfe in thofe joints wherein the granules had collapfcd.

May . 3th, The whole was in a ftate of decay, but all the joints which ftill retained the fpiral dif-
pof.tion of the granules, had that difpofition only fingle ; and though I examined a great number of
filaments at each of the times above mentioned, 1 could not find one in which they were at all other-
wife. This fudden appearance and difappearance of the Conferva had been before obferved by my
friend D. Turner ; who, in the Introduction to his Synopfis, p. 19, obferves, that often when he has
known ditches filled with particular fpecie,, he has returned after a ihort time and found not even 1
veftige oftheinleft.

A

asimai

?I<tJr4

( Y '////'/ '// /////'/<(

CONFERVA NITIDA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus fplenclemer lubricis, articulis longiufculis cylin-

dricis fru&ificationum granulis duplicato-fpiralibus.
C. nitida. Fl. Dan. Tab. 819.

C. rivularis. B. Fl. Ang. 591. Fl. Scot. p. 976. With. IV. p. 128.
C. paluftris fenica, craflior & varie extenfa. Dill. Mufc. 3. t. 2. f. 2.

Byflus paluftris confervoides non ramofa viridis, filamentis craffioribus, fetas apri-
nas semulantibus. Mich. Gen. p. 210. t. 89. f. 6.

C. decimina. Muller in Nova Acta. Pet. III.

C. fetiformis. Roth Cat. Bot. Fafc. 1. p. 171. II. p. 203.

In Ditches and Pools ; about London and Yarmouth, common.

THIS curious vegetable, which diere is every reafon to believe is not un-
common in ditches and ftagnant waters throughout England, was near a century
ago regarded as a diftin£t fpecies by thofe botanifts, who at that time directed their
attention to this tribe; though from their imperfect acquaintance with the fubje£t,
they retted its claim to be confidered as fpecifically diftinct from C. rivularis,
only upon its fhorter thicker filaments, and the ftraggling mode of its growth: cir-
cumftances which, as the accurate Dillenius obferved, might be occafioned by the
diffimilar places which the two plants inhabit. Subfequent writers regarded them
merely as varieties, till the prefent was figured in die Petersburg Tranfa£tions and
the Flora Danica; and in the year 1797, Dr. Roth gave a complete account of it in
the firft volume of his Catalecta Botanica. It in general grows at the bottom of
the water in loofe irregular patches, not fufficiently matted to contain air bubbles,
nor fo much entangled as molt of its congeners : its threads extend to a foot or
more in length, and in thicknefs are about equal to the hair of the human head :
its colour, when viewed in its place of growth, is fo dark as often to appear almoft

black ; but in this refpect is liable to confiderable variation. From C. rivularis
it may at once be diftinguifhed, not only by its different mode of growth above
noticed, but equally by its gloffy hue and far greater lubricity; from bipunctata and
genuflexa by its darker colour; and from all thefe, by its curious internal ftruclure;
in which refpect however under the microfcope it approaches nearly to C. fpiralis,
but differs in its larger fize, and in its granules not being difpofed in a fingle fpiral
tube; to C. jugalis it is ftill more nearly allied, but has a lefs flaccid appearance to
the naked eye, and is eafily diftinguifhed when magnified, by its want of connecting
proceffes. It would be a fortunate circumftance for the arrangement of this tribe,
if more dependance could be placed on the relative proportions of the length and
thicknefs of the joints; but it frequently happens that the former is twice or thrice,
or even more, greater in fome fpecimens than in others. This circumftance may
account for the difference of the fpecific characters given to die prefent plant in the
Flora Danica, and Catale&a Botanica ; the former describing it ' articulis longis,'
the latter, ' brevibus.' I have frequently feen filaments in the fame fpecimens that
agreed with either; but have, confiftently with its moft general appearance, adopt-
ed a term between thefe two extremes. Muller's defcription, which is otherwife
both curious and accurate, is on this account not always applicable ; he fays that
every joint contains four Roman X's, and thence derives the name that he has given
it. The granules appear to be confined in fpiral tubes, and vary confiderably in
fize as well as in the difbnce of the tubes; being fome times much crowded,
and fometimes at a confiderable diftance from each other. In order to determine
with more certainty than was otherwife poffible the nature of thefe granules, my
friend D. Turner and I placed fome in a folar microfcope, and found them
perfectly pellucid, of a homogenous nature, with no appearance of their being
filled by any granular fubftance; which confirmed, in fome degree, an opinion be-
fore entertained, that thefe are not feed veffels, but the true fructification of the
plant.

A. B.C. C. nitida. magnified i.

/ /fVA £

( r

CONFERVA JUGALIS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus flaccidis, per paria fcepe conjugatis, fructificati-

onum granulis duplicato fpiralibus, in globulos demum congeflis.
C. jugalis. Flora Danica. Tab. 883.
C. fcalaris. Roth, Cat. Bot. II. p. 196.
Pools and Ditches ; near Yarmouth, Halfeworth, and other Places in Suffolk.

THIS plant, which in my opinion has a claim to be confidered one of the moft
beautiful and interefting of its tribe, was firft made known to the botanical world
by Muller, who gave a chara&eriftic figure of it in the Flora Danica, as above
quoted : it was afterwards found by Dr. Roth in the Dukedom of Bremen, and
was laft fpring added to the Britifh Flora by my friend Dawfon Turner, who de-
tected it growing in fhallow pools on Lound Heath, near Yarmouth ; fince which
time we have together met with it in odier places on die Northern part of Suffolk.
What moft ftrikingly diftinguifhes it at firft fight is, its flaccid appearance rather
refembling that of the narrow varieties of Ulva compreffa, and the feemingly great
fize of its filaments, arifing from their cohefion; by which, and their mode of
growth, which is loofely entangled, the naked eye may diftinguifh it from C. nitida,
wherewith, when magnified, it has a Angularly ftrong refemblance ; lb much fo, that
it may be doubted whether it is more than a variety of that plant: it agrees with it
in fize, in the general length of its joints, though I have not obferved them fo vari-
able in C. jugalis as in that fpecies, and in the fpiral difpofition of its feeds ; but
differs in the latter collapfing from age into oval, or fometimes globular maffes, and
alfo in the connecting proceffes which form its moft ftriking character. Thefe
are thrown out by many of the joints, and are extremely fhort tubes, by means
whereof moft of the filaments attach themfelves to each other, and thereby re-
ceive a ladder-like appearance, whence Dr. Roth derived the excellent name of
fcalaris ■, which, however, as the plant was previoufly known by the equally appli-

C

cable term of jugalis, I have declined adopting. In this refpe£t the prefent fpe-
cies approaches the nature of C. genuflexa ; but the yellower colour, fmaller fize,
and broken appearance of that fpecies, are fufficient for the naked eye; and when
magnified, its far different joints and mode of growth immediately diftinguifh it.
Long filaments are often found wholly unconnected with the reft, and fometimes
the uniting proceffes iffue only from one or two joints. I feel myfelf perfectly
unqualified to offer the flighted conjecture on the purpofes which the wifdom of
Providence has defigned to anfwer by this fingular union of the joints. Citizens
Charles and Romain Coquebert, in a paper they communicated to the Philomatic
Society of Paris, fuppofe that it is fubfervient to the fructification, ftating it to be
' the firfl inftance in the vegetable kingdom of a reproduction abfolutely analogous
to that we find in animals ;'* not only however may we obferve granules in every
refpect. fimilar in thofe joints which remain unconnected, but alfoin the filaments
which fometimes occur, in which not even the rudiment of a fingle connecting
procefs is difcernible. There is much curious matter concerning this Conferva
recorded in Dr. Roth's Catalefta Botanica, which I cannot but regret that the
limits of my prefent undertaking prevent my inferting ; I muft therefore refer my
readers to that work for farther information.

A. C. jugalis, magnified i.

B. Ditto, in a more advanced ftage, i.

* Philofophical Magazine, Vol. .3.

.'

TTate 6

/ / //

CONFERVA GENUFLEXA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus tenuiilimis fragilibus hie illic genuflexis conju-
gatifque ; articulis longiufculis cylindricis, granulis inlineas coacer-

vatis,

C. genuflexa. Roth, Cat. Bot. II. p. 199.

C. ferpentma. Muller in Nov. Ac3. Ac. Sclent. Imp. Petrop. III.

In Ditches and Pools ; about London and Yarmouth.

THE wonderful mode of growth, whence the preceding fpecies derives its
name, is remarkable alfo (though in a far lefs degree) i„ the prefent, which is
generally found floating in very thick manes on the furfaces of ditches and pools,
and may be diftinguifhed by its fhort filaments and pale yellow colour. When I
firft met with it in the vicinity of London, the threads were all fimple, nor were
there any fymptoms of their having a tendency to anaftomofe, but their extreme
bnttlenefs feemed to be their mod confpicuous character, as all of them had the
appearance of being more or lefs broken. Hence I concluded it to be the C fra-
gile of Dr. Roth's Cataletta, (II. p. 204.} and , m -^ tQ ^ ^.^
though, never having had an opportunity of examining any authentic fpecimens, I
have not ventured on quoting that as a fynonym. It was not till the middle
of April that I met with this fpecies in the ditches about Yarmouth, and difco-
vered it to be the real C. genuflexa, by comparing it with fpecimens from Prof;
Mcrtcus, in the extenfive herbarium of my friend D. Turner. The length of
the filaments does not appear to exceed an inch or two, though, from their brit-
tlenefs, it is impoffible to form an accurate judgment on the fubjeft : this mode
of anaftomofing is the fame as has been already dwelt upon in the account of C.
jugalis; but the conneding tubes are in general longer, and inftead of Mixing
from almoft every joint, they are placed at very uncertain diftances, and the fila-
ments are geniculate where they exift. C. genuflexa farther differs from jugalis

iii the threads not being regularly paired, but conneaing themfelves with any
other that is near them ; in this refpea, manifefljng a ftrong affinity to C. reticu-
lata.

In Plaiftow marines I found a number of apparently feedling plants, of which
I have added a fketch, growing on C. rivularis •, they feemed to adhere by a callus,
which is probably the cafe with the conferva in general. Among thefe vegetables
we mull confider the root as an organ of adhefion, not efiential to the growth of
the plant, as they continue to thrive when torn from it and floating on the furface
of the water, nourifhed probably by abforbents, placed either in fome particular
part, or generally covering the frond.

A. Seedlings of C. genuflexa growing on C. rivularis, magnified 3.

B. Filaments more advanced, 3*

C. Ditto anaftomozing, 3-

D. A fmall piece ditto, *•

/'/,,/, • *■

f 'c '////',

/'//

CONFERVA MURALIS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus tenuifiimis fafciatis rigidiufculis diffepimcntis
obfoletis ; articulis breviflimis.

On moid Walls, Stones, Thatch, &c.

IT can hardly fail to ftrike even the moft cafual obferver of plants, that the
green mattes obfervable on walls and ftones in damp fituations, mud owe their
origin to vegetable matter. Ulva crifpa is known often to occafion them, but ftill
more commonly do they proceed from the prefent plant ; the minutenefs of
which is fuch, that its having hitherto efcaped obfervation, is not wonderful, its
filaments being fo fine that the human eye can fcarcely diftinguifh them ; and
it is only by the afiiftance of the higheft powers of a compound microfcope that
we can form any juft idea of their nature. Its mode of growth is very denfely
matted, adhering clofely to the fubftance on which it grows, and infinuating itfelf
into every crevice : it is compofed of threads about an inch long, equal at each
extremity, varioufly twifted, and rather rigid; at lean: fo much fo, that when im-
merfed in water they do not follow the courfe of the current. Viewed with a
good glafs, the filaments are feen to be compofed of extremely fhort joints, in ge-
neral cylindrical, but fometimes affuming a globular appearance, interfered in an
irregular manner by fafcise : thefe I have obferved in fome others of this genus ;
they are feemingly of a diftincx nature from the diflepiments, being of a darker
colour and thicker fubftance ; but the moft remarkable difference confifts in
their having nothing of that curved appearance difcernible in the others, which
is occafioned by the cylindricity of the filaments. Some red ftrix, doubtlefs of
the fame nature, are reprefented in the figure of C. diftorta in the Flora Dan.
Tab. 920, to which this fpecies bears a considerable analogy; efpecially in the
remarkably abrupt manner in which fome of the joints appear altogether colour-
lefs, leaving thofe with which they are immediately conne&ed of their common

green hue. I have frequently obferved many fmall grains attached to the fila-
ments, but their minutenefs is fuch as renders it impoffible to determine whether
they are capfules, feeds, or only fome extraneous matter.

A. Filaments magnified, 3.

B. Small piece ditto, 2.

C. Ditto ditto, 1.

F7at<> 6\

B

' / V/'// V V / / c / '//// 7 V '/V > 'A /

CONFERVA CONFERVICOLA,

C. filamentis fimplicibus minutis, lub confertis acutis ; difTepimentis ob-

fcuris, articulis cylindricis longitudine inequalibus.
C. marina parafitica, tenuiflima & breviflima glauca. Dill Mufc. p. 552, t. 85, f.21.
In the Sea, adhering to Fuci & Confervse.

THIS delicate parafite is by no means unfrequently found, in the lateft months of
autumn, on Fucus purpurafcens, fubfufcus, Conferva elongata, rupeftris, and other
Confervse; attaching itfelf principally to the ends of the branches, and often entirely-
covering them. It may be readily diftinguifhed by its very fhort fimple (lender
filaments, rarely exceeding one-eighth of an inch in length, and their dark
glaucous colour. As well as in fome other of the fmaller unbranched fpecies of
this genus, the diffepiments are not placed in any regular order, but at various
diftances from each other'; and among them fafciae frequently appear, nearly fimilar
to thofe defcribed under the laft fpecies.

There can be no doubt of this being really the plant defigned by Dillenius, in
the place above quoted, and called by him « Conferva upon Conferva,' though Dr.
Roth, in the firft volume of his Catalefta, has referred that fynonym to his C.
mucor, which feems to be a different plant; and if we may judge from his ac-
count of it, may probably be fome not uncommon parafitic fpecies in decay.

A. C. confervicola natural fize, growing on Fucus purpurafcens.

B. Ditto, on C. rupeftris, magnified 3.

C. Small piece ditto, r.

Plate O.

*

imhh /ijjn n j, ii. ,i ...wf mmfmrn^mmfm

r///'/VV/ r/A

^ ///<t r/J

CONFERVA CAPILLARIS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus teretibus rigidiufculis crifpatis implicatis
fragilibus ; difiepimentis pellucidis ; articulis cylindricis brevibus ;
capfulis feffilibus.

C. capillars. Sp. PL p. 1636. Fl. Ang. p. 598. Fl.Scot.p. 988. With. IV. p. 135.

C. Linum. Fl. Dan. t. 771. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 174.

C. filamentis longis geniculars fimplicibus. Dill. Mufc. p. 25. t. 5. f. 25. A.

C. paluftris, five Filum marinum anglicum. Ray. Syn. p. 60. n. 16.

C. geniculata minima noftras. Morifon. Hift. Ox. p. 644. f. 15. t. 4. f. 4.

I11 the Ditches and ftagnant Pools of Salt Marfhes.

THIS fpecies, no uncommon inhabitant of ditches near the fea, may, at firft
fight, be diftinguifhed from all others by the thicknefs of its filaments, which in
fize are equal to large thread ; by their brittle and rigid nature when frefh ; by
their never adhering together, and by the remarkably curled and entangled mode
of its growth ; from which circumftance I have hitherto found it impoffible to
trace with fatisfaction either the root or apex of the plant, each end having an
equally truncated appearance. The filaments extend to the furprifing length of
three or four feet ; their colour is a pale yellowifti green ; the diffepiments are
quite pellucid, but unlefs carefully examined they appear darker than the joints,
there being a thin blackifh line on either fide of them : in many filaments they
are extremely apparent to the naked eye, and fome of them, even without the
aihftance of a glafs, may be feen to be fwelled and much blacker than the reft,
■which, in a fpecimen now before me, is the cafe in every fourth, but in fome
others I have not found them fo regular; this dark appearance, when highly mag-

D

nified, proves to be occafioned by fub-elliptical granules imbedded in the filament,
as is reprefented in the figure B. Some few are alio found fcattered in other parts
of the joints, and I never doubted that thefe formed the fructification, till on the
8th of May, 1 802, to our great fatisfaction, my friend D. Turner and myfelf
found the plant in the ditches about Yarmouth, copioufly producing feffile roundifh
pointed capfules, precifely refembling thofe of C. dichotoma, &c.

C. capillaris, after it has been but for a few minutes expofed to the air,
becomes perfectly flaccid, and when dried, the joints aflume a kind of irregular
alternately comprefled appearance, which induced Linnseus, who evidently had feen
only fpecimens in that ftate, fo to defcribe it ; but though he has in this inftance
been copied by Hudfon, Lightfoot, and many other authors, this appearance is
by no means fo conftant as to juftify the ftrefs he has laid upon it ; and hence Dr.
Roth, who found it apply better to the plant reprefented by Dillenius, t. 25. f. 5. B.
which he believes to be fpecifically different, applied the appellation capillaris to
that, and made the prefent a new fpecies, under the name of C. linum. From
the references neverthelefs in the Species plantarum, I have very little doubt of
ours being in reality what is there intended. I have fubjoined a mark of uncer-
tainty to Morifon's figure, becaufe he has drawn it as if it grew in the manner of
a Chara.

This fpecies is fometimes found in the pools near Yarmouth, rolled up into
balls by the action of the waves, fo as to refemble C. asgagropila. It differs from
moft others in not adhering to glafs or paper after it is dried ; nor does it, when
once it has from that caufe fuffered contraction, ever recover its natural form by
fubfequent immerfion.

A. C- capillaris of its natural fize.

B. Ditto, without capfules, magnified 2.

C. Ditto, with capfules, magnified 2.

TlaA /('

( ( ///< V / V / //t • l Yft '• W

CONFERVA FLEXUOSA.

C. filamentis dichotomis rigidiufculis ; ramis flexuofis ; ramulis fub-
fimplicibus tenuiffimis, alternatim fecundis patentibus, articulis
cylindricis, diflepimentis obfoletis.

C. flexuofa. Fl. Dan. Tab. 882.

In the Pools in Yarmouth Salt Marfhes.

THIS beautiful fpecies was added to our Britifii Flora by D. Turner, Efq. who
firft gathered it from among the rejectamenta of the fea atYarmouth, and afterwards
difcovered it growing abundantly near that town ; it has not hitherto been found
in any other part of England; but thefe plants have been fo little attended

to, that it may poffibly not be uncommon in fimilar fituations in this ifland.

The filaments grow in clofely entangled maffes at the bottom of the pools, and
extend to the length of from four to eight inches ; they are finer than the hair of
the human head; their mode of growth is remarkably flexuofe; their fubftance
rather rigid, and deftitute of all lubricity ; their colour in general a pale yellowifh
green about the apices, but fo dark as to be almoft black in the main fhoots ; they
are feldom more than once or twice divided, but are from bafe to fummit befet
with fpreading fimple ramuli, often half an inch long, alternately arranged on each
fide of the fhoots, and fo fine at their extremities as to be almoft .invifible. No
appearance of diffepiments can be detected without the ufe of the microfcope, and
even then they are very faint, and of a paler colour than the intervening joints. —
Some opake oval granules are frequently found fcattered on the branches, and the
ramuli appear to be filled with others which are lefs in fize and more pellucid; but
whether either of them are the fructification I cannot pofitively decide, though I
fufpe£t it is not the former, having found exadtly fimilar ones attached to other
fpecies. On this, as well as on many different Confervie, fmall pellucid tubes,
which I have reprefented on one of the branches, and which are fuppofed by Dv.

Roth to be a fpecies of Polypus, may frequently be feen adhering In an irregular
manner to its furface. The Conferva introduced by Dr. Roth in the fecond fafci-
cuius of his Catale&a under this name, is a very different plant, and appears to be
only a fmall variety of Ulva comprefia.

A. C. flexuofa, of its natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

PI

t

)'////';/,■/ <///</

///

,//■>'

.

CONFERVA ATRA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis moniliformibus fub-gelatinofis; ramulis fetaceis
articulis apicem verfus dilatatis ciliatis, ciliis verticillatis imbricatis.

C.atra. FI. Ang. p. 947. With. IV. p. ,34. Eng. Bot. t. 69o.

C. fontana, nodofa, lubrica, filamentis tenuiffimis nigris. Dill. Mufc. p. 39. t. 7.

In Rivulets and Springs; in a fmall Rivulet flowing into Gors Velen Lake, near
Llanfaethly, and in a Spring called Ffynnon bach y Lusg in Gors Bach, between
the Church and Trefadog, in the Ifle of Anglefea, Breve,: Near Martin in
Surrey, Hudson, Near Croydon, Dickson. At Lound, near Yarmouth, D.
Turner, Esq.

THIS rare and beautiful fpecies, though well reprefented by Dillenius and
defcnbed by Hudfon, appears to have been but imperfedly known to modern Bo-
tannls, tJI it was figured in Engliffi Botany from a fpecimen gathered in a rivulet at
Hopton near Yarmouth, by my friend Dawfon Turner, who favoured me with the
magmfied drawing, fig. 2, from the ddicate penc;, rf ^ ^^ ft ^^

perhaps, to be confidered one of the mofl rare of the Britiffi fpecies; its nature
and appearance being fuch, that it is hardly poffible to fuppofe it mould have been
often overbed nor does it feem to be known to D, Roth, or any foreign
otam*. The places of growth that it prefers, are limped rivulets, -where it is
ound rn.ed wuh C. gelatinofa, to which it has more affinity than to any other
known plant of the genus. Its colour, which in its earlieft fiage is , pale green
vanes mthe feveral periods of its growth through the different ffiades of green, tiU
at laft u becomes almoil black: on a clofe examination to the naked eye, it has the
appearance of a firing of minute beads, which when the plant is high, magnified
P-eS to be occasioned by each joint being thickened towards its aPex by whorls'

of very minute mealy fibres, having fomething like a jointed appearance, but fo
mi„ute as to make it almoft impoffible accurately to determine to nature-
There is no danger of its being confounded with any other fpeoes.

A. C. atra, of its natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, magnified I.

*±.

:':

V

FUe /:>.

( y ■

CONFERVA MUTABILIS.

C. filaraentis ramofiffirnis gelatinofis fub-moniliformibus ; ramulis peni-
cilliformibus, fetaceis, ramofis ; diffepimentis contracts, articulis
brevibus.

C. mutabilis. Roth Cat. Bot. I. p. 197.
C. gelatinofa, y. Fl. Ang. p. 598. With. IV. p. 135.

Conferva ' efpece non decrite.' Vaucher in Journal de Phyfique, LII. t. 3. f. 7.
C. ftagnalis, globulis virefcentibus mucofis. Dill. Mufc. p. 38. t. 7. f. 44.
In Ditches and Rivulets adhering to Sticks, Stones, or decaying Vegetable*;
about London and Yarmouth, common.

IT is fufficiently known that five of the Conferva? nodofaj, which Dillenius in
his Hill. Mufc. defcribed as diftinft, were afterwards united by Linnaeus in the
Spec. Plant, into a fingle fpecies, under the name of C. gelatinofa. Of thefe, the
firft, fecond, and fourth, though fubmitted to a microfcope, exhibit no farther
difference than that of colour. The fifth is C. atra, figured in the preceeding plate;
and the third, which is the plant now before me, even if but nightly magnified,
inftead of the fhort crowded verticillated ramuli., which occafion the charatteriftic
bead-like appearance of C. gelatinofa, arrefts the attention of the obferver by its
delicate pellucid almoft colourlefs fhoots, befet on each fide by a number of very
minute green tufts of ramuli, difpofed generally in oppofite directions. Dr. Roth
feems to have been the earlieft among modern botanifts who accurately afcertained
its nature, and he publiftied it with a well-defined character in the firft fafciculus
of his Cataletta Botanica, giving to it the name of mutabilis, on account of a very
fingular change that he obferved it undergo, in different periods of its exiftence. —
He has erred in referring, as a fynonym to Dillenius, ' C. fluviatilis fericea tenuis,'
t. 6. f. 34 ; but his miftake is by no means furprifing ; for that figure not badly
expreffes the general habit of the plant ; and the etching above referred to, which

from Dillenius's Hebarium, and original drawings in the collection of Sir Jofeph
Banks, is known to have been defigned for C. mutabilis, is very coarfely executed.
It was firft pointed out to me as a diftinct fpecies by my friend D. Turner, who
gathered it near Yarmouth •, and I have frnce found it in confiderable abundance
in moft of the pools and ditches about London. Its length varies from half an
inch to three inches, and its colour from a light to a dark green. The main (hoots
are nearly colourlefs, and formed of numerous fliort joints, contracted towards
each end, and containing in their middle a band of granules, which we muft fup-
pofe to be the fructification of the plant ; though from its near affinity to C. gela-
tinofa one would be rather difpofed to look for the fame fort of fruit as is found in
that fpecies. At their dlfiepiments, the ftems throw out fmall tufts of green ra-
muli, fcarcely equal to one-fourth of their thicknefs, and fo divided and fub-divided
into extremely minute expanding branches, as to give them a pencil-like appear-
ance ; in fome fpecimens they are of a compact oblong form, and in others more
lanceolate, with the extreme branches confiderably lengthened out.

For the drawing I am indebted to my friend Jofeph Woods, jun. F. L. S.

B reprefents a piece, which, though not fo beautiful as many that might have been
felected, we thought better calculated to give a clear idea of the plant.

A. C. mutabilis, natural fize.'

B. Ditto, magnified i.

•

PL

1

CONFERVA GLOMERATA.

C. filamentis ramoflffimis ; ramus alternisj ramulis fecundis, fafciculatis,
penicilliformibus ; diffepimemis pellucidis ; articulis cylindricis lon-
giufculis.

C. glomerata. S. Plant, p. 1637. Fl. Ang. p. 602. EL Scot. p. 993. With

IV. p. 140. Fl. Dan. t. 651. 2.
C. criftata. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 193. II. p. 220. Fl. Germ. III. p. JI2.

C. fontinalis ramofiffima glomeratlm congefta. Dill. Mufc. p. 28. t. 5. f. 31.
Ray. Syn. p. 59. n. 8.

C. viridis capillacea, breviorlbus fetis, ramofior f. Conferva minor ramofa.
- Morifon. Hill. Ox. III. p. 644. f. 15. t. 4. f. 2.
On Stones and Wood in clear Rivers and Streams.

THIS elegant fpecies delights in the pureft waters, and, as may be concluded
from its appearing in nearly every Flora, adorns molt of the limpid ftreams in
Europe.— The root is a fmall callus, whence arifes the principal ftem, varying from
two or three inches to a foot in length, and repeatedly divided and fubdivided; the
ultimate branches are alternate, and befet on the upper fide with a ramulus at the
end of nearly every joint, fo as to give them a bufh-like appearance, which is
highly charafteriftic of the plant. The fruftification has not yet been difcovered,
but I think there can be little doubt of its confifting in capfules nearly fimilar to'
thofe figured in the other fpecies. Linneus has erred in the fynonyms of this
plant in the Species Plantarum,he having there referred to « Dill. Mufc. 28. t. 5.
f. 32. and t. 5. f. 28 & 29.' though under C. vagabunda which immediately pre-
cedes it, he had before referred to t. 5. f. 32, and again to t. 5. f. 29, as his C.
rupeftris. He alfo fortunately gave as a fynonym of this plant Morifon's C.
viridis capillacea, &c. to which Dillenius refers, as his C. fontinalis ramofiffima

glomeratim congefta, t. 5. fig. 31. and which, with the former, are good repre-
fentations of this plant. Dr. Roth has united C. glomerata and C. sericea into
one fpecies under the name of C. criftata, and I have but little doubt that he has
confounded two fpecies, as an authentic fpecimen with which I was favored by
my friend Dawfon Turner, is certainly diftincl from glomerata, which he mud
have included in his defcription, by his referring to the excellent figure in the
Flora Danica.

Though liable to confiderable variations, as well in the length and thickilefs of
the filaments, as in their being fometimes more or lefs branched, yet it may be at
firfl fight diftinguifhed from other fpecies, by its beautiful green color, and cha-
racteriftic bufh-like ramuli. It is often much infefted with C. flocculofa, which
grows parafitically on it, and fometimes nearly covers it. It adheres to both glafs
and paper.

For the drawing I am indebted to my friend Jofeph Woods, jun. F. L. S.-
it well reprefents the plant in a rather advanced ftage of growth.

A. C. glomerata, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

P7ate //

' ^/////'/^ //'*

'r/cAt

CONFERVA FRACTA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis implexis ; ramis ramulisque divaricatis ; arti-
culis adultioribus oblongis junioribus cylindricis ; capfulis feflilibus
fub-rotundis.

C. frada. Fl. Dan. T. 946.

C. divaricata. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 179. t. 3. f. 1. Fl. Germ. III. p. 510.

In ftagnant Ditches and Pools.

THIS fpecies was firft defcribed and figured in the Flora Danica under the
name of C. fra£ta, and afterwards by Dr. Roth in his Catalecta Botanica, who
was not then aware of its having been pre-defcribed, under the name of C. divari-
cata : the former name appears to be molt eligible, not only on account of its
priority, but alfo becaufe it is peculiarly characteriftic. I firft detected it near
Yarmouth ; afterwards copioufly producing felfile capfules in Lock fields, near
London, and fince in many other places, and I think there is little doubt of its
being one of our molt common fpecies. It grows in denfely entangled maffes,
generally floating on the furface of ftagnant waters, and is of a dull dark green
color. The filaments vary in length from one to four inches, are equal in thick-
nefs to the human hair, rather rigid, and divided and fubdivided into branches in
an irregular manner : the branches are divaricate, molt commonly alternate, but
fometimes feveral together are difpofed on the fame fide : in length they differ
very much, fome being long, and others fo ihort, and apparently abruptly termi-
nated, as to give the plant a broken appearance, which is highly characteriftic,
and by which, and its divaricate ramifications, it may be diftinguifhed from its
congeners. The joints, which otherwife are cylindrical, frequently appear to be
fwelled, and aflume an oblong form. This appearance I have alfo obferved,
though far lefs frequently, in C. littoralis, rofea, and fome others, and I fuppofe that

it mud be attributed to age. It is often much infefled by polypi. Profeflbr
Mertens is of opinion that this is the plant intended by Dillenius, in his Hift.
Mufc. t. 3. f. 11. and named C. bullofa by fubfequent authors, but the fpecimen
in Dillenius's Herbarum is certainly another fpecies, and I feel no hefitation in
adopting D. Turner's opinion, that many of thofe plants which grow fufficiently
entangled together to retain bubbles of air, and are thereby floated on the furface
of the water, have been confounded together by all authors under that name, and
confequently that the Conferva; bullofte are a family, and not a fpecies of this tribe.

After being dried, the Conferva; bullofa: have been ufed as wadding for fluffing
garments, and wove into coarfe houfehold linen. Weis in his Plants Cryptoga-
mics Flora; Gottingenfis, page 23, relates that formerly the river Unftrut, after
inundating a large tract of country in Upper Saxony, on again retiring into its
proper channel, left a great quantity of C. bullofa, which, having been gathered
and dried by the inhabitants, was ufed by them for fluffing their garments, but
that it occafioned violent pains in their limbs. It is alfo ufed for making coarfe
paper.

A. C. fra£ta, magnified 3.

B. Ditto i>

A

////$" /o ■

r '///< v / (tz an y/s '/t '/////

CONFERVA DICHOTOMA.

C. filamentis, fafciculatis ftriclis faftigiatis dichotomis fub-articulatis, dif-
fepimentis obfoktis ; articulis longiffimis, capfulis ellipticis feffilibus.

C. dichotoma. Sp. PI. p. 1635. Fl. Aug. p. 593. Withering. IV. p. 129.

Eng. Bot. t. 932.
Ceramium dichotomam. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 153. Fl. Germ. III. p. 474.
C. dichotoma fetis porcinis (imilis. Dill. Mufc. p. 17. t. 3. f. 9.
C. Plinii, fetis porcinis fimilis. Ray. Syn. p. 58.
In Ditches, common.

THIS Conferva, in denfe maffes, occupies, and often nearly fills the ditches in
many parts of England, throughout the fpring and fummer months ; confpicuous
for its dark green color, matted appearance, and above all, its erecl: faftigiated
fummits, which, at firft fight, bear a ftrong refembknce to a parcel of hog's
briftles, to which they are aptly compared by Dillenius. The filaments are mem-
branaceous, tubular, filiform, in general about two feet long, and confiderably
thicker than horfe hair, always ftraight and fimple, or but once or twice divided,
till they arrive at a few inches from their apices, when they are branched
with repeated dichotomies, at uncertain but fhort diftances from each odier, the
angles of the divifions being every where acute. The fummits are blunt ; the
lengdi of the joints irregular, though always confiderable ; in a frefh ftate, their
beginning and termination can hardly be difcovered, but, after the plant is dried,
they appear (lightly contracted at each end. The capfules, which were firft dif-
covered by ProfefTor Mertens, of Bremen, are rather longer than the width of
the filaments, and fcattered without order about them, fometimes fingly, and
fometimes in clufters of five or fix together. A doubt is fuggefted in Englifh
Botany, whether thefe are true capfules, or only fome extraneous bodies; I have
however been enabled to decide that it is without foundation, and that the feed:

efcape, as I believe they do univerfally in thofe plants, which constitute the genus
ceramium of Roth through an aperture, which, when the feeds are matured, is
formed at their apices. They are found only in the fpring.

C. dichotoma grows about the bottom of ditches ; as it approaches decay, it
rifes to the top of the water, and there expofed to the fun and air lofes not only its
natural form, but alfo its color, turning to a pale yellowifh green, and, becoming
inflated with air, bubbles like many other frefh water fpecies. Few plants of this
tribe have been either longer or better known. When dried, it becomes rigid,
and adheres but very flightly to either glafs or paper.

A. C. dichotoma, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 2.

/%/, /6

B

<■ '//A V v ^ / // //////> /

CONFERVA FRIGIDA.

C. filamentis inarticulatis repentibus ramofis ; ramis fubdichotomis

alternis, exficcatione diflin&is ; capfulis feffilibus rotundis.

C. frigida. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 166. Fl. Germ. III. p. 491.

C. amphibia fibrillofa et fpongiofa. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 22. Tab. 4. f. 17. A.

C. terreftris exilis fibrillofa. Ray. Syn. p. 59. n. 7.

On the Ground in moifl fhady places.

THIS Conferva, not unfrequently found in turnip-fields during the winter and
early months of fpring, particularly in a northern expofure, and cold foil, had
been confidered by Dillenius and all other writers, as not fpecifically diftincl
from C. amphibia, till Dr. Roth feparated it in the firfl volume of his Catalecta
Botanica. His reafons for thus doing appear to me fo convincing, that, though
in all matters of this nature, I would with to proceed with die utmoft caution, I
have felt no repugnance in adopting them, and am convinced my reader will not
be difpleafed at my introducing them at foot in the words of their author.*
Dillenius, as well from his figure as defcription evidently knew both fpecies ;
though, not accuftoming himfelf to the ufe of a microfcope, he regarded them as
the fame. How far Hudfon, Lightfoot, and Withering were equally acquainted
with both, may perhaps admit of fome doubt : for my own part I mould be
inclined to think that they refer to this alone, but their defcriptions are of fuch a

* " Habitum enim fuum fub quavis conditione retinet et ramivel ramuli diftin<fH exficcatione nun-
quam coeunt in apices rigidiufculos, aculeos reftrentes, nee unquam in ahum excrefcunt, fed depreffi
lepent. Septentrionalem regionem et frigidam femper fpectat illamque tantum amat, madifa&ione
fpongise in modum aquam non imbibit, ut Conferva amphibia nee in majus volumen fefe expandit. Dif-
fert infupcr. l. ftratis filamentorum tenuioribus, laxe et inordinate expanfis et deprefSs : nee craflis,
fuperiore fuperficie quafi reticulatis et filamentorum ramulorumquc apicibus crefliufculis, z. Filamen-
tis rigidioribus, quad herbaceis, obfeuris, linea tantum longitudinali pellucida praeditis, cum ftriis
tranfverfa'ibus in cortice : nee membrana tenuiflima fub pellucida, tubulofa, finuosa et rugofa abfque
corticis evidentioris, quafi herbacei, veftigio compoiitis." Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 168.

nature that it is a matter of very little confequence. C. frigida covers the ground
generally in irregular patches two or three inches in diameter, of a rather pale
green color, very flightly adhering to the foil, and if examined while growing, is feen
to form feveral ftrata of loofe unconnected filaments. Its mode of ramification is
not altogether dichotomous, but it rather feems to throw out a feries of alternate
branches inning at acute angles with the ftem. The filaments are hardly fo large
as human hair; their length is probably about an inch, but this, from their
matted mode of growth, cannot certainly be detected ; they are very flaccid, and
when the plant is taken up, fall together, but are wholly deftitute of lubricity, fo
that after they are dried, they neither adhere to paper or glafs. In this (late they
turn to a pale yellowifh green. The capfules which D.Turner and myfelf firft found
in a field adjoining the ruins of Burgh Caftle, muft be confidered very rare, from
their having efcaped the notice of Dr. Roth, and his indefatigable friend Profeffor
Mertens •, they are but thinly fcattered over the filaments. Even under the
higheft powers of a microfcope the frond exhibits no appearance of any tendency to
articulation. Dr. Roth, in the fecond volume of his Cataletta, page 217, defcribes
a fpecies under the name of C. arenaria, which, at firft fight, he fays may be
taken for C. frigida. I have not at prefent feen this, though I hope hereafter to
be able to add it to the Britifh catalogue, having no doubt but that many more
Conferva: will be found growing on the ground which have at prefent efcaped
our notice.

A. C. frigida, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 1.

/■

t '

///v/v/ ;e.>,

n

7

CONFERVA ROSEA.

C. filamentis decompofito pinnatis tenuiflimis ; ramis ramulifque alter-
nis, approximatis ; diffepimentis contractis ; articulis oblongis, cap-
fulis fecundis fub-globofis.

Conferva rofea. Eng. Bot. t. 966.

Ceramium rofeam. Roth. Cat. Bot. II. p. 182.

On Planks and Fucus veficulofus in the River Yare, about Yarmouth Bridge,
and on Rocks in the Sea, near Swanfea.

MY friend D. Turner has juftly remarked to me that " it may be confidered
a ftriking inftance, how little the genus Conferva has been attended to by botanifts,
that above twenty years age, Mr. Wigg gathered the prefent fpecies at Yarmouth,
and preferved fpecimens of it in his Herbarium, which was fo often vifited ; but
that till Mr. Sowerby found it there in 1797, and I, on fending a plant of it to
Dr. Roth, was informed of its being his Ceramium rofeum, no author of this
country ever noticed it." That fuch has been the cafe with many other fpecies,
I have already had occafion to mention in this work, and is by no means a matter
of aftonifhment, but the prefent confidered as to its beauty, can hardly fail of
attracting the mod indifferent obferver, and regarded as to its habit and mode of
growth is fo different from all the reft, that no botanift could ever confound it
with any common fpecies. The root of C. rofea is a fmall expanded difk, which
gives rife to feveral Items, from one and a half to three inches in length, pinnated
from their bafe with numerous alternate branches, which are again repeatedly
fubdivided in the fame manner, fo that as they approach the fummits, they have
a very cluftered appearance ; in their thickeft parts they are nearly as fine as the
hair of the human head, and fo extremely fine towards their apices, as to be
fcarcely vifible. From the great tenuity of the moots the fubftance of the whole
is peculiarly flaccid, on which account it is difficult to expand it properly, but the

ramuli, when floating in water, referable beautiful feathers. The joints arc
nearly oblong, and filled with a red fluid, which, after the plant has been
immerfed fometime in frefh water is given out, and ftains the paper in drying.
When perfeaiy frefh, the color of the whole is a rofy hue mixed with brown,
uniform throughout, except that the leading branches are darker than the reft.-
It is not till after it has been expofed to the air, or kept in frefh water, that the
joints become pellucid, as defcribed by Dr. Roth. The capfules are in general
very numerous, and arranged on the upper fides of the ramuli, nearly globofe,
very minute, and of the fame color as the frond : when dried, hardly any fpecies
adheres more firmly to paper or glafs.

A. C. rofea, natural fize.

B. branch of ditto, magnified 2.

C. (mall piece of ditto *'

A

/>/<,/<■/<?

C

CONFERVA REPENS.

C filamemis min„,is repe„,ib„s dense impkxU; ramis ramuIif(Iue fllb.

lecund,,, d.iTepimemis parnm comraftis ; anicufe cylindrici,.
C. marina p„ bre,,s »i1I„fa & cirrofa. Dill. Mult. p. jj. ,. „. f. 2, ,
In the Sea paraiuical on Fnci-A, Yarmouth and Deer.

a,,™! IT T rt " found not "nfaquen"y ™ "= «— —*■

attached o fucn, lombr.cah,, radia.n,, & „!fpns> & Co„fcm

grow, m fma„ clofeiv ma„ed p„ch«, and invc„s thc p,„B „„ ^ f _

ma vc,v pecmi,,ma„„,r, . „s w ^ „ „ ^ *

Wo„dS)J„„ ,owhom , am Mebtedforthc draw.np A & d_ J P

whreh „ made npnn . lar£er fcafc thm „

m order ,„ fcew more c,ea„v, ,ha„ fc o,„e„ife p.iHbie, its ,„Iy

He remarhed ma, me branches rife oniv from ,„„f, join,, „f ,„, '_ „em '„

»h,c mere . , radiCe, b„, ,ha, ,hey are never opponre, a„d ge„m,,y ™

oppo».e »,„m,,ies of * braneh. The ,e„s,h of ,he niamen.s feidomL
*« o f , in „,ck„rfs ,hey ^ ^^ M ^ ^ ^

The., whole ,e„gth ,s befe, .id, minm, tranche, W i„curve(J, .,„„„ ^
_d M to api„s> ^ ^ ^ _> en

■he nem, as „ „0« f„qne„tIy the „„,„„ ^ **

"her o„g> and „igh,,v conned a, ,„e diflepimen.s, which are pen T T
cdo, of *, w o,e „ . farugi„ons „d_ iK|ining afKr ^ J- T

itr ; g r firmi7' ,o teh sm- -d «- « h»« *» • — * < ™

o .he reference above cno.ed ,o Mem0, becaofe I have no, ve, feen hi, co
d»r green. Th„ crenmflance, however, does no, p,e,e„, my belie™,, tha, hr
had no, me name been p,evio„„y gire„ ,o . «re„, one bv fc Rolh, in ^

be impoffible to tdl what he meant by that name.

A. C. repens, natural fize, growing on Fucus lumbricalis.

B. Ditto - magnified 3.

C. Ditto *• . ,

D. Ditto, on a larger fcale than it appeared in the mtcrofcope.

PkteJQ

( ////'/'/// /////er///(r//<i

CONFERVA MYOCHROUS.

C. filamemis denfiffime implexis ramofis ; ramulis fnnplicibus (utyecundis

binis incurvis.

In Alpine Torrents at Beddgelert, and the lower regions of Snowdon. Dawfon
Turner, Efq.

FOR the following account of this fpecies, which I believe to be entirely dif-
tinct from every other heretofore defcribed, I am indebted to my friend D'awfon
Turner, through whofe indefatigable exertions it has been difcovcred, and to
whom I am alfo indebted for the drawings A and B.

" This Conferva, in the month of July laft, was extremely abundant in many
of the torrents that flowed from the immenfe mountains which furround the
beautiful vale of Beddgelert in Caernarvonfhire : it grew upon their rocky beds,
matting the ftones often, to a confiderable extent, with a velvety covering, three
or four lines in diameter, which, when taken out of the water, might aptly be
compared to the fkin of a moufe. Its color was a dark glofiy brown ; its fubftance
foft to the touch ; its filaments fo clofely matted together, as to form almoft an
infeparable mafs. Thofe which I was able to detach, were feldom more than
half an inch long, but I never was fortunate enough to find any with a root.
Examined under a microfcope, their color appeared a pale fubdiaphanous reddifli
brown, and there were in fome fpecimens, faint appearances of fepta, but they
were no where fo evident as to warrant the inferting them in the figure. The
mode of ramification in this plant is very Angular ; fome of the filaments being
apparently quite Ample, as in figures C & D. others twice or dirice trunked
with patent dichotomies, and, as in figure B. befet with pairs of fnnple incurved
acuminated ramuli, arranged almoft entirely on one fide. Thefe latter are fuffi-
cient at once to diftinguifh, and indeed die fize of its filaments, which are as fine
as the fineft woci, vill always keep it feparate from C. amphibia, die only fpecies

I know to which it bears any ftrong refemblance. Some parts of DiDenius'
defcription of his • Conferva mucofa confragofis rivulis inafcens' fo exatHy cor-
refpond with the prefent plant, th::t it may juftly be doubted, whether, when he
wrote his account of that fpecies, he did not blend two or three together : as,
however, Mr. Hudfon has referred that fynonym to a different plant, and all
fucceeding botanifts have followed him in fo doing, it is not worth difcufiing the
queftion."

A. C. myochrous, natural fize. ■

B. C. Ditto magnified 2.
D. Ditto 1.

Union i Printed by W. Phillips, George Yard, Lombard Street.

Ptate20.

A

B

r//fty/'a //////iv/

,) / /

CONFERVA LIMOSA.

C. filamcmis fimplicibus, tenuiffimis, brevibus, mucofis, denfiffime com-
paftis caeruleo-viridefcentibus lubricis ; diflepimentis indiflinclis. *

C. gelatinofa, omnium tenerrima & minima aquarum limo innafcens. Dill. Mufc.
p. 15. T. 2. f. 5. Ray, Syn. p. 477.

On the muddy edges of Rivers, Ditches and Ponds.

^ THOUGH hardly any Conferva is more abundant than the prefent, efpecially
In Spring and Autumn, it appears neverthelefs to have remained unarranged in
the fyftem, fince the days of Dillenius and Ray—It generally grows upon the
mud, left at the edges of pools or ditches, prefenting to the naked eye, except
immediately at the margin where it is fibrous, a widely expanded, thin, fhapelefs
gelatinous mafs, refembling a tremella, of a very dark and glofly hue ; fometimes
too it floats upon the furface of the water, and is confpicuous by its dark green
velvety appearance. In either cafe, the only mode to examine it is to carry it
home, without allowing it to dry, and put it in a pan of water, where, though
when firft immerfed, its filaments are fo thickly matted that they cannot be difen-
tangled, yet in the fpace of a night it will (hoot out an immenfe quantity of
threads, vifible to the naked eye only from their number. The aid of a rhicrp-
fcope is necefTary to obferve them properly, and, thus examined, d^ey prefent a
curious appearance, for their length is not more than half an inch; they are obtufe
at each end, and lie eroding each other without any apparent order-feme indeed
feem even to be wholly unconnefted with the reft. If the higheft power of a
good glafs be applied, they feem to be jointed in an irregular manner, but dais
apparent irregularity is probably occasioned by the want of fufficient magnifiers,
which, if we poffefled, I am of opinion we mould find that the length of the joints
is about equal to their breadth,as I have often faintly difcerned two or more con-
tiguous joints of thefe dimenfions. When the interior fubftance has collapfed

by drying, if carefully examined, their tubular ftruflure may be obferved. Ddle-
nlus's defcrlption is fb good, that I think it is impoffible to miftake him ; he has
publifhed no reprefentation of it, affigning as a reafon that fince its parts elude
the fight, it would be rafhnefs to attempt a figure. There is however a rough
pencilled fketch among the original drawings in the extenfive library, fo happdy
for fcience, belonging to Sir Jofeph Banks, which merely reprefents a number of
fibres lying together without any order.

The growth of this plant is aftonifhingly rapid, fo that I have obferved a very
fenfible difference in the length of its filaments in half an hour, and to this, and
their extreme minutenefs, which allows the flighted motion of the water, in winch
they are examined, to affed them, I attribute the motion obferved by M. Adan-
fon and defcribed in an excellent paper in the Hiftoire de T Academie Royale des
Sciences for i767) page 1S. Here M. Adanfon relates the following difcovery,
which, though I have not been fo fortunate as to fee the attual dmfion of the
filaments he mentions, feems, from many appearances I have obferved, extremely
probable, and highly defervbg of further attention: « Lorfque ces filets font par-
venus a leur dernier terme d'accroifement, qui excede rarement trois hgnes, alors
le dernier nceud, qui n'a guere qu'une demi-lignede long, s'en fepare et s'alonge;
fes deux bouts s'arrondifent, et il devient abfolument femblable a celui dont d
s'etoit fepare, et capable d'en produire a fon tour de nouveaux."

Dr Roth's Conferva velufma feems from his account* of it to refemble the
prefent fpecies both in fubftance and mode of growth, but fpecimens from h.m-
felf, and his deferring it ' filamentis ramofis' prove them to be different.

A. C. limofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified I.

♦Cat. Bot.I. p. l66-

r /„/,.>/

//./. //. / /I'/'//. f„„.- / MM.

remotis ;

CONFERVA DIFFUSA.

C. filamentis ramofis diffufis ; ramis fub-dichotomis flexuofis

ramulis brevibus approximatis apice obtufis ; diflepimentis pellucidis ;
articulis longiufculis.

Conferva difiufa. Roth, Cat. Bot. II. p. 207. t. 7.
On Rocks in the Sea near Swanfea.

Dr. ROTH, who firfl defcribed this fpecies, informs us that it was difcovered
growing on decaying wood and rocks at the Helder, by his indefatigable friend,
Profeflbr Mertens ; to whofe pencil we are indebted for the figure of it in the
fecond fafciculus of the Catalefta Botanica. It grows in loofely-entangled
bundles, varying from two to fix inches in length, of a pale-green color, and
more rigid nature than moft of its congeners ; fo that, when drawn out of the
water, its filaments do not collapfe. The root is a minute callus ; each filament
is in fize nearly equal to horfe hair; forked near its bafe, and afterwards repeat-
edly dichotomous, at remote, but irregular intervals, with alternate, flexuofe,
rigid branches, often entangled almoft as much as thofe of Fucus plicatus. The
ramuli are numerous, fhort, folitary, and fimple : fometimes placed alternately,
but more frequently two, three, or four on the fame fide, and uniformly blunt at
their apices : they originate at the diflepiments, which are pellucid. The joints
are long, and cylindrical while frefh ; but, in drying, generally contraft in a very
curious manner, as is reprefented in Cat. Bot. t. 7. C. & D.— In which alfo at B
a number of fmall appendages are introduced. There were many agreeing with
them in every thing but color on the plants I found at Swanfea, which proved
on examination to be feedlings of Conferva rubra ; a fpecies which, as well as
many Polypi, often infefts this plant. I can hardly take a better opportunity of

obferving, what I truft I may be allowed to obferve without fear of being con-
fidered guilty of detraction, that almoft all the plates of Confervas in the
Catale&a Botanica are copied from plants, either in a dry ftate, or which have
been dried. They are not therefore in general applicable to the fpecies examined
while recent. Many of the defcriptions labor under a fimilar difadvantage, from
the learned author's refiding at fo great a diftance from the fea. It was necef-
fary to mention this circumftance on my own account ; becaufe, had it not been
noticed, it muft have been thought that the figures in this work contradict thofe
of Dr. Roth, and, {till more, becaufe nothing would be more likely to miflead a
young botanift. The fructification of C. diffufa has not yet been difcovered ; it
adheres, when dried, very (lightly to paper, and not at all to glafs.

A. C. diffufa, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. Ditto, 2.

Plafr 22

V7/)V7'/V/ ///,///'/'//

CONFERVA DISTORTA.

C. filamentis ramofis articulatis fafciatis; ramis ramulifque diftortis j
duTepimentis obfoletis, articulis brevibus.

C. diftorta. Fl. Dan. t. 820.

In a boggy Pool on Sketty Burroughs near Swanfea.

ALTHOUGH, in the prefent ftate of our knowledge of Convervse, it is impof-
fible with certainty to fay which fpecies are moft rare, or which moll common,
I cannot but think that the prefent has a claim to be confidered as one of the
fcarceft of the tribe. Muller, whofe figure in the Flora Danica is excellent, was
the firft who noticed it ; and he appears to have found it only in one place, and
there but very fparingly.

I have a German fpecimen, through the kindnefs of my friend Dawfon
Turner, from Dr. Roth, under the apt name of Ceramium natans; and I
do not know that it has been found by any other botanift, till I fortunately met
with it in fmall quantity laft autumn in fome boggy pools on Sketty Burroughs
near Swanfea. It grows parafitically in fhort thick tufts on decaying grafs ;
attached to fmall pieces of which it frequently floats on the furface of the water.
The root I have not been able to difcover ; its filaments are generally about half
an inch in length, extremely flender, and of a beautiful dark green color, varying
to a lighter hue as they approach to decay. The branches are feldom numerous,
but have a very peculiar twill at their ramification, from which is derived the
fpecific name of the plant, and which is its greateft peculiarity. Muller, though
his figure abounds with tranfverfe lines, defcribes this fpecies ' filamentis inarti-
' culatis' and hence appears to have difcovered a difference between thefe lines

and true difleplments ; but although ' fafcise,' fimilar to thofe mentioned under
C. muralis, with which this fpecies has a ftrong affinity, frequently appear, diffe-
piments may alfo be difcovered ; and indeed I confider the remarkably abrupt
manner in which the juices are frequently feen to have collapfed in fome others
as well as the prefent fpecies, as a clear indication of their exiftence. To the
naked eye the fize of the filaments, their mode of growth, and color ; and,
under the microfcope, their Angular ramification, at once diftinguifh C. diftorta,
from all other fpecies. It adheres, when dried, to either glafs or paper.

A. C. diftorta, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, 1.

/#//, M

:c

r

// /

CONFERVA RUPESTRIS.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis fafciculatis ftriftis virgatis adpreffis, apice
truncatis : diffepimemis paruin comra&is, cryftallinis ; articulis
longis, cylindricis.

C. rupeftris. Sp. PI. p. 1637. Fl. Ang. p. 601. Fl. Scot. p. 994. With,
rV. p. 140. Fl. Dan. t. 948. Roth, Cat. Bot. II. p. 208. Fl. Germ. III.
pars 1. p. 516.

C. glauca. Roth, Cat. Bot. II. p. 208. t. 6.

C. marina trichodes ramofior. Dill. Hid. Mufc. p. 28. t. 5. f. 20.

C. marina trichodes f. mufcus marinus virens tenuifolius. Ray. Syn. p. 60.

On Rocks and Stones in the Sea, common.

THIS elegant fpecies, one of the moft common ornaments of our fhores
appears to have been longer and better known than moft of the Conferva;. Its
root, a fmall callus, gives rife to a number of dark green filaments, fomewhat
rigid to the touch, which are fo repeatedly branched, that each of them aflumes
a bufhy appearance; the mode of ramification is irregular, fome of the branches
being alternate, and fome oppofite ; while, towards the fummit, three or four are
frequently difpofed without interruption on the fame fide. — All of them areerefl,
and remarkable for their ftraitnefs, as well as for being placed very clofe to each
other : the ends are always blunt, and generally fo much fo as to have a truncated
appearance ; but in fome fpecimens, this is more ftrikingly the cafe than in others.
On this, and other fmall variations, to which this plant is liable, Dr. Roth,
who does not appear ever to have had an opportunity of examining it when
frefh, has founded another fpecies under the name of C. glauca, which, upon the

authority of fpecimens fcnt from Profeflbr Mertens to D, Turner, I have felt no
hefitation in uniting with the prefent, nor can I fee fufficient grounds to defcribe
them even as feparate varieties.

The diffepiments are a little contracted, and generally quite colourlefs j but,
before the plant is expofed to the air, or the juices at all collapfed, they on the
contrary appear darker than the other parts of the filaments, the joints are cylin-
drical, and of a deeper color towards their extremities ; their length, though fub-
je£t to fome variation, even in the fame branch, is feldom lefs than double their
width.

Dillenius's " Conferva fluviatilis trichodes, extremitatibus ramofis," which moft
authors have followed Hudfon in making a variety of this plant, appears to be a
diftincT: fpecies: — it is the Ceramium afperum of Dr. Roth. In drying C.
rupeftris retains its beautiful green color ; but the joints contract alternately in a
curious manner, as figured in the Catale&a Botanica : — it adheres to neither glafs
nor paper.

A. C. rupeftris, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, 1.

B

(

'///< / VV/ //( '< •// /*<!( '■ '

Tlafr J.I

/J // / / / ' /// /-.//. /.'

CONFERVA PECTINALIS.

C. filamentis, fimplicibus, pellucidis, fractis, acuminatis ; diflepimentis
fepe folutis ; articulis breviffimis medio cryftallino-pellucidis.

C. peainalis. Muller in Nov. Ad. Pet. III.

C. bronchialis. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 1 86. Fl. Germ. III. p. 520.

In rivers and ftagnant waters, adhering to decaying wood and vegetables.

MULLER, who firft found this Angular fpecies, and published an excellent
figure of it in the paper above referred to, obferves that it is abundant in the
ditches about Pyrmont. Dr. Roth alfo remarks that it is not rare in thofe near
Vegefack ; and though not one of our mod common fpecies, it frequently occurs
in fimilar fituations in many parts of this country, efpecially in tire neighbour-
hood of London, where it is very plentiful, and where, early in the fpring of
laft year, I firft found it in the company of my friend, Jofeph Woods, junr.

The filaments are of a dirty green colour ; feldom exceeding half an inch in
length, and to the unaffifted eye, refemble decayed vegetable matter. When
entire they gradually taper to a point, and, as Muller obferves, bear fome re-
femblance to the antennae of a lobfter, but I could never obferve the appear-
ance of cylindricity reprefented in the figure of it given by that botanift. The
diflepiments are very confpicuous, and at thefe the filaments frequently break ;
the parts remaining connected at only one extremity ; which, when it repeatedly
takes place, gives the plants fo much the appearance of flocculofa as to make it
fomewhat doubtful whether the fpecies are diftincT: : the joints are very fliort,
and appear coloured towards each end by a green fluid, which, foon after the
plant is taken from the water, and as it approaches to decay, collapfes, fome-
times forming into fmall globular manes, and fometimes difapnearing entirely.

C. pecYmalis may be readily diftliiguifhed from its Congeners by the remark-
able change it undergoes when dried ; it then turns to a greenifh afh-colour, and
fhines as if covered with gum-water. In that ftate it adheres firmly to either
glafs or paper.

A. C. peftinalis, magnified, 2.

B. Ditto, 1.

1

PUfr'&

tititmUiUiiH

'""•"m

6 '/// V 7 V / //// 'f /7/y //. /

/'//./. y /. //A/ ■//

CONFERVA ATRO-VIRENS.

C. filamentis rigidiufculis raraofis ; ramis divaricatis, fub - fecundis,
utrinque attenuatis, apicibus obtufiufculis ; diffepimentis pellucidis;
articulis breviilimis tripunctatis.

On the wet Rocks, forming the banks to the Dylais River, near Neath.

THIS lingular, and hitherto unobferved fpecies, abounds on the dripping
rocks which conftitute the banks of the River Dylais, near where it forms the
romantic cafcade, fo well known to thofe who have vifited the highly pidurefque
neighbourhood of Neath, in Glamorganfhire. It grows in thick bufhy tufts, of
a blackifh green color ; and from its rigid nature, is liable at firft fight to be
miftaken for one of the Mufci, with which it is not unfrequently mixed. The
root appears to be a very minute callus. The filaments, from a quarter to half
an inch in length, are divided into numerous branches, which are difpofed with-
out any apparent order, though feveral together are moftly on the fame fide of
the main Item, with which they form a very obtufe angle: they taper in fome
degree both towards their origin and apex, but terminate rather bluntly. The
diffepiments are pellucid : the joints very fhort, not much exceeding the diflepi-
ments in length, and as it appears under the microfcope, compofed of three
granules, which, not having been able to find any other, I conclude are the
fructification of the plant.

There is no danger of its being confounded with any other fpecies.
When dried its color becomes rather darker, and in that ftate it will not
adhere to glafs or paper.

A. C. atro-virens, natural fize.
B- Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto ,.

A

B

' t '//ft 7 7 '// /// >'/'// (7/ //, >

PlaU 2d

/.///. : //. ■ ///,;

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CONFERVA DECORTICANS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus, tenuifTimus, denfiffime contextis, cocruleo-
viridefcemibus ; diffepimeniis obfcuris ; articulis brevibus.

On damp walls and ftones not uncommon.

THIS fpecies, which appears hitherto to have efcaped obfervation, is by no
means unfrequent on walls and (tones much expofed to moiflure. I firft
detected it mixed with C. muralis, on the pump facing Stationer's Hall,
in London, and fince in firnilar fituations in feveral of the Weftern counties. It
grows in large glaucous patches, fo intimately woven as to peel off in flakes,
bearing a confiderable refemblance to a piece of filk or ribbon : its filaments,
which it is impoffible to difentangle fo as to afcertain their length, are extremely
flender, of a deep glaucous color, and fome of them are very (lender : diflepiments
xnay be obferved regularly difpofed at diftances about equal to the thieknefs of
the filament.

From C. muralis it differs in its much greater tenacity, and darker color j
from C. limofa in the former, and its far different mode of growth -, and from
both thefe, and indeed all others, it may be diftinguifhed by its forming patches
fo denfely matted as to peel off in thin ftrata, as is above defcribed.

The furface is in general very fmooth and glofly; but when the wall on which
it grows is occafionally wafhed by a ftronger dream of water than ufual, as
frequently happens at mills, its filaments are lengthened out, and the furface
afiumes a more fhaggy appearance.

In drying, it does not appear to fuffer any change, and adheres to both glafs
and paper.

A. C. decorticans, natural Cze.

B. Ditto, magnified, i.

Plai

(

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/■///</'/',/■ er///r /,/<< >

CONFERVA COMOIDES.

C. filamentis tenuibus, raraofis : ramis fparfis, remotiufculis, apice
acuminatis : diflepimentis parura contra&is, fere obfoletis.

On feveral of the marine algte and rocks in the fea at Swanfea.

THIS fpecies I believe to be extremely common on our mores, though it
appears hitherto to have been entirely overlooked, or perhaps confidered as the
feedling of C. littoralis, to which it bears fo great a refemblance that it is not
without hefitation I have ventured upon publifhing it as diftincT: ; though from
repeated obfervation I have found its chara&eriftic marks fo conftant, that, if
not fpecifically different, it muft at leaft be allowed to be a mod fingular
variety : and, in the prefent ftate of our knowledge of thefe plants, I conceive
nothing more can be expected from any author, nor indeed any thing be done
more favourable to the advancement of fcience, than, by giving faithful figures and
defcriptions of what we fee, to ftore up materials for future naturalifts to work
upon. The naked eye may readily diftinguifti the two plants, by the fmaller fize
of C. comoides, which feldom exceeds an inch in length, and its deeper color,
either of, or approaching to, a purple brown. Under the microfcope their diffe-
rent ftrudture is fuch, that I hope it will not be poffible to confound them.
The prefent fpecies grows on marine flones and algs, and frequently fo covers
the round pebbles which abound among the rocks with its flender hair-like tufts,
lying one over the other, as to give them a ftriking refemblance to the head of an
infant. The branches are rather irregular, and not fo numerous as in C.
littoralis ; but, as in that fpecies, they originate at very acute angles, and are
acuminate at their apices. The diffepiments being extremely faint, it is al-
moft impoflible to afcertain the fize of their joints, but their length always

appears much to exceed their width ; as, where contractions occur, which is
generally the only mark by which the diffepiments can be discovered, the fila-
ments gradually and nightly diminifh for a confiderable diftance towards them.
In drying, this plant changes to a greenifh grey color, and adheres both to glafs
and paper.

A. C. comoides, natural fize, growing on a pebble.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto Ditto 1.

A

Plab W

B

C

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CONFERVA FLOCCULOSA.

C. filamentis fub-fimplicibus compreffis, minutis ; difTepimentis folutis ;
articulis prifmaticis, alternatim refra&is.

C. flocculofa. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 192. t. 4. f. 4. & t. 5. f. 6. Fl. Germ. III.
pars 1. p. 523.

In Pools, Ditches, and Slow Streams, adhering to other Confervje, and to de-
caying vegetables.

THIS fingular plant was found for the firft time in Britain by my friend
Jofeph Woods, junr. and myfelf, growing on decaying vegetables in a pool on
Hampftead Heath, fince which time I have obfervcd it in various other places.
Its ftructure is fo extraordinary, that notwithftanding the figures and defcriptions
in the Catalecta Botanica, and my own repeated obfervations, I can hardly now
allow myfelf to affign it a place among the perfect productions of nature. I
think it beft however to fubmit a figure of it to the Botanical world, and fhall be
happy to abide by their decifion. At firft I confidered it as C. pedtinalis
broken to pieces, but a little obfervation rendered that idea inadmiflable. It cer-
tainly has very much the appearance of a broken plant ; but J. Woods, junr. has
obferved it in a date figured at C. in which the joints cannot be fo difpofed as to
make the two parts of the line, which one might otherwife imagine contiuued
originally the whole length of the plant, coincide.

It is a very final] fpecies, feldom exceeding one-fourth of an inch in length,
and varying in color from a pale to a greenifh brown. The filaments are rarely
branched ; their form is not eafily afcertained, but they have always appeared to
me to be very much comprefled ; and the joints, only adhering to one another by
fingle points, look like a firing of parallelograms united at the corners. Each
joint has a double line running through the middle of it, and fome very faint

tranfverfal bands frequently appear; in fome cafes however, as at B, &c. this
line is either entirely wanting, or has efcaped the power of my glafs.

C. flocculofa is fubject to fome variations, of which all that have hitherto
been obferved are noticed in the plate. A. reprefents the plant as it generally
appears, and indeed though I frequently examined, I faw it in no other ftate for
fome months, but on the 23d of May, 1802, my above mentioned friend found it
in the New River, as reprefented at B, and he afterwards obligingly communi-
cated a drawing of fome that he found varying ftill more from its general ap-
pearance, which is given at D. Its favourite fituation is on C. glomerata, which
about London is feldom to be met with without it.

It adheres well to either glafs or paper.

A. C. flocculofa, magnified 1.

B. C. D. Ditto, ditto 2,

Flak ?Q

B

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CONFERVA FLUVIATILIS.

C. filamentis ramofis rigidiufculis ; ramis ramulifque fubalternis utrinque
attenuatis j diflepimentis torofis, verrucofis ; articulis longis bifariam
dilatatis.

C. fluviatilis. Sp. Plant, p. 1635. Fl. Ang. p. 597. Scot. p. 985. With IV.
p. 134. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 201. Fl. Germ. III. pars 1. p. 528.

C. torulofa. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 202. Fl. Germ. III. pars 1. p. 529.

C. fluviatilis nodofa, fucum oemulans. Dill. Mufc. p. 37. t. 7. f. 4. 8.

C. fluviatilis lubrica, fetofa, equifeti facie. Dill. Mufc. p. 39. t. 7. f. 47.

In rapid and rocky ftreams, in Yorkfhire, Cumberland, and Weftmoreland,
Hudfon. Common in the Weftern counties of England and in Wales.

C. FLUVIATILIS abounds in mod of the rapid rivulets in Wales, and the
Weft of England, growing in large mafles, generally of a dull olive color, but fome-
times varying to a greenifh purple. The root is a fmall callus, common to feveral
filaments, which are fix or eight inches long, irregularly divided and fub-divided
into branches and ramuli attenuated at both ends. The principal branches are
about the thicknefs of common twine ; but the ultimate ramuli are often as fine
as the hair of the human head. Sometimes however its filaments are nearly fimple,
when they are {horter, thicker, and more rigid than thofe which are much
branched. In this ftate it is moft probably die C. fluviatilis nodofa, fucum smulans
of Dillenius, and the C. torulofa of Dr. Roth ; but, as I have obferved both ap-
pearances on filaments growing from one root, I cannot confider them as diftinft
fpecies. The difiepiments are fwollen, fo as to appear very evident to the naked
eye, and are generally befet with two, three, or fometimes four hairy tubercles,
which are perhaps in fome manner connected with the fructification, though
no feeds have hitherto been detected in them.

The joints are oblong, narrowed in the middle, and beautifully reticulated with
dark colored veins : their length is about equal to eight times their thicknefs.

Mr. Turner and Mr- Sowerby found near Penzance, a gigantic variety of this
plant, extending to two feet in length, and with the joints of its branches quite
obfolete.

In drying, the colour becomes darker, and it will adhere (lightly to paper, but
not at all to glafs.

The drawings of C. fluviatilis and gelatinofa, were executed by Wm- W.
Young, an ingenious artift at Swanfea.

A. C. fluviatilis, natural fize. »

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. Ditto, 2.

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CONFERVA NANA.

C. filamentis ramofis minutiffimis : ramis ramulifque fub-alternis acumi-
natis ; diffepimemis pellucidis ; articulis cylindricis.

In the Wye, near Llanydloes, in Montgomeryfhire, and near Swanfea.

THE bottom of the rocky channel of the Wye, near Llanydloes, was on the
9th of laft November covered with a foft down, which, on fubfequent exami-
nation, proved to be the remains of fome Conferva in decay ; moft probably the
Ceramium ceefpitofum of Roth, overgrown with the prefent extremely delicate
parafite. The minutenefs of the filaments, which, in length, feldom much
exceeded half a line, prevented me from afcertaining their nature fo fully as I
could have wifhed. Their color is pale brown, tinged with green, fubdiaphanous
under the microfcope. They appear to confift of a fimple ftem, befet at uncertain
diftances with alternate branches, which are again clothed with fliort, fimple,
folitary ramuli, placed at fmall diftances from each other, moft commonly alter-
nate, though fometimes two or more together are difpofed on the fame fide ; all of
them are finely acuminated : the difiepiments are very apparent, and divide the
filaments into joints, all of equal fize, of which the length is about double the
thicknefs. To the naked eye, this plant, like fome of the moft common fpecies,
appears, when taken from the water, like a mere mafs of decaying vegetable
matter ; its extreme minutenefs might fairly induce a fufpicion whether it is in
reality any thing more than the feedling of fome known Conferva ; and under
this idea I fhould have been unwilling to publifh it as a new one, but that its
ramification, and remarkably acuminated branches, render it quite unlike any
other, with which I am acquainted, except C. littoralis, which is one of our largeft
fpecies ; and which, it may therefore fairly be prefumed, would not be fo per-
fectly formed in fo very minute a ftate. It adheres to either glafs or paper.

A. C. nana, natural Cue.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, 2.

D. Ditto, i

PLztk 31

CONFERVA LITTORALIS.

Conferva filamentis ramofiiTimis tenuiffimis flexuofis dense implexis ;
ramis ratnulifquc acuminatis : diffepimentis obfcuris ; articulis cylin-
dricis brevibus.

C. littoralis. Sp. PI. p. 1634. Fl. Ang. p. 594. Fl. Scot. p. 979. With. IV.
p. 130. Cat. Bot. I. p. 152.

Conferva marina capillacea longa ramofiflima mollis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 25.
t. 4. f. 19.

On Rocks and Fuci in the Sea, common.

THIS fpecies abounds on all the coafts I have yet examined, growing either on
the rocks or larger fuci, particularly Fucus veficulofus. Its filaments, which are
peculiarly thin, form oblong fafciculi, of a dull olive-green color, occafionally
more or lefs tinged with yellow ; and varying in length from fix to nine inches :
they are much branched, and fo flender and flexible as to be affected by the
flighted motion of the water. Their fubftance is tender and foft, but ftill by no
means inclining to gelatinous. Their mode of growth is fo entangled, that it is
almoft impoffible to feparate them. In their native fituation they have a remark-
ably elegant appearance, being twifted together fo as to look like thick fhoots, the
edges of which are, from the young branches, feathered in a mod beautiful
manner. The branches are generally alternate, but fometimes oppofite, and iffue
from the Item at acute angles. They are always remarkable for their acuminated
apices, upon which, and the fhortnefs of the joints, the ftrongeft characters of
this plant depend. The diffepiments are nearly black, often appearing broken,
and dividing the filaments into fhort joints ; which, as in C. fra£ta and fome other
fpecies, are frequently fwollen, and then affume a darker color. Some fpecimens

T gathered laft fpring in the river Yare at Yarmouth, from which the drawing at
D was made, produced numerous globular capfules, fcattered irregularly on the
branches. In drying, the color of this plant becomes fomewhat darker, and it
adheres, though not very firmly, to both glafs and paper.

A. C. littoralis, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. Ditto ditto, 1.

D. Small piece of do. in fruit. 2>

FlaA'J'J

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CONFERVA GELATINOSA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis moniliformibus Iubricis ; ramulis tenuiflimus,
penicilliforraibus,fub.verticiUatis, ramoffimis fruftifcris; diiTepimentis
obfcurisj amculis breviufculis ; capfulis fub rotundis polyfpermis

C gelatinofa. Lin. Sp. Plant, p. ,635. Fl. Ang. p. 597. Fl. Scot. p. 935.
With. IV. p. 134. Eng. Bot. t. 689.

Chara batrachofperma. Weis Gott. p. 33. t. 1.

Chara gelatinofa. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 126.

Batrachofpermum mouiliforme. Roth. Fl. Germ. III. pars 1. p. 480. Cat
Bot. II. p, 187.

Conferva fontana nodofa, fpermatis ranarum inftar lubrica major and fufca.
Dill. Mufc. p. 36. t. 7. f. 42. Ray Syn. p. 62.

Common in clear dreams.

IN the defcription of C. mutabilis it is remarked, that two out of the five plants
which Linnaeus united under this name, are certainly diftincr, and that the re-
maining three exhibit little other difference than that of fize of color. Obfer-
vations fince made by D. Turner, Efq. and Jofeph Woods, junr. on the Herbari-
cum of Dillenius, prove that his No. 43, is marked only by its fmaller fi?e,
and hardly deferves to be confidered a variety, and fome fpecimens gathered laft
fummer by D. Turner, in Lyn Fynnon Velan, an Alpine Lake on Snowdon,
leave it very doubtful whether 4S is not really a diftinft fpecies, its (terns being
quite hard, and its monifiform appearance very faint ; fo that I think it belt to
defer mentioning it till it fhall fall more immediately under my own infpedion
in a recent ftate.

The root of this fpecies is a black callus, the fhoots are numerous, and when
taken from the water collapfe together, fo as to form a fhapelefs mafs, bearing a
ftriking refemblance to frog's fpawn, and fo flippery, that the fingers can with
difficulty hold it. It varies in length from one to fix inches, and in color, from
a dark purple to a blackifh or yellowifli green. When expanded in water the
filaments are feen to be repeatedly branched, the branches difpofed without any
regular order, and beaded in a very elegant manner. Under the microfcope
thefe beads appear to be formed by ramuli either oppofite or verticillate, re-
peatedly divided and fubdivided into extremely fhort and flender patent branch-
lets of nearly equal lengths •, among them, at, I believe, every feafon of the
year, fruftification may be found confiding of minute globular blackifh capfules,
which, when highly magnified, may be obferved to be compofed of an immenfe
number of grains. On this account principally Dr. Roth has made it a new
genus under the name of Batracho-fpermum, but, as already remarked in Englifh
Botany, the fruit of all the marine Conferva is a polyfpermous capfule. Weis,
as above quoted, has referred this plant to the Charse, a tiribe of plants moft
flrikingly conne&ed with the Confervje.

In drying, it changes but little, and will adhere firmly to either glafs or paper.

A. C. Gelatinofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.
C Ditto, ditto 1.

,%i

/'//// 7/ '// f'/s >//,/,//,/

CONFERVA ELONGATA.

C. filamentis ramofiflimis canilagineis ; ramis ramulifque elongatis,
diffufis, fetaceis, venofis ; difiepimentis obfcuris articulis breviffimis,
capfulis ovatis feffilibus.

C. elongata. Fl. Ang. p. 599. With. IV. p. 137.

Fucus diffufus. Fl. Ang. p. 589. Lin. Tranf. III. p. 197.

On Rocks in the Sea, common.

C. ELONGATA, which in fize exceeds every other Britifh Confervas, is ex-
tremely common on molt if not all our fliores, and I have frequently feen it adhering
to oyfters in the London markets. It has been often, and not uncommonly, called
the Lobfter-horn Conferva. Its root is an expanded callus ; the frond in general
folitary 5 the main ftem is as thick as common twine, and of a more cartilaginous
and firm texture than in any odier fpecies. The branches and ramuli are fetaceous,
long, diffufe, and elegantly veined ; under the higher powers of the microfcope
the veins prefent a very remarkable appearance, being filled with a fluid, which,
in drying, collapfes towards the middle, prccifely as reprefented in the magnified
filaments of Conferva glomerata (tab. 13.) ; and in them a few diflepiments may
be here and there obferved, dividing them at uncertain and irregular diftances.
The larger of thefe veins, or rather perhaps thole which are difpofed on the
furface, anaftomoze at the diflepiments, as if they were the origin of them, but a
little obfervation fhews that they are quite independent of each other. The difie-
piments are of a darker color than the reft of the filaments ; the joints are very
fhort, being feldom more in length than half their breadth. The capfules, found
in die Months of July and Auguft, are fcattered rather fparingly on the ultimate
branches ; they are ovate, fettle, and in nature exactly referable thcfe of C.

coccinea ; but befides them, C. elongata, in the etrly months of the fpring, as
mentioned in the Synopfis of Britifh Fuci, p. 355. is fometimes covered with
capfules fimilar to thofe of Fucus fubfufcus, with which plant and F. pinaftroides
it has, in point of general habit, fo ftrong a refemblance, that they cannot be
feparated without violence. Hudfon, by twice introducing this fpecies under
different names in the Flora Anglica, has been the caufe of great confufion.

hi drying, it affumes a darker color, and adheres very flightly to paper, and
not at all to glafs.

A. C. elongata, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Small piece of Ditto 1.

/'///. .-■//

r///r /'/'// ////'/>/

CONFERVA RUBRA.

C. fliamentis ramofiffimis ; ramulis fetaceis, apicibus furcatis ; diffepi-
mentis parum contractis ; articulis in medio pellucidis ; capfulis fub-
globofis lateralibus.

C. rubra. Fl. Ang. p. 600. With. IV. p. 138. Eng. Bot. t. 1166.
C. nodulofa. Fl. Scot. p. 944.

Ceramium virgatum. Roth, Cat. Bot. I. p. 148. t. 8. f. 1. (excl. fyn. Hudf.)
Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 461.

C. geniculata, ramofiflima lubrica longis fparfifve ramulis. Dill. Mufc. p. 35.
t. 6. f. 38. A. Raii Syn. p. 61.

On Rocks and Stones in the Sea, common.

IT is much to be regretted that Linnseus did not preferve fpecimens in his
Herbarium of the few Confervx which he has defcribed. From the fize and
beauty of the prefent fpecies, added to its great abundance on every fhore, it
appears almoft impoffible that it fhould have wholly efcaped his attention; but no
defcription or reference is to be found in his works, which at all correfpond with
it. The author who firfh gave it the trivial name by which it is now generally
known was Hudfon ; he refers to the number above quoted of the Hiftoria
Mufcorum, but Dillenius, as was conjectured in the Catale£ta Botanica, has
confounded two plants under that head ; the firft of which, as appears by the
Herbarium, is the prefent fpecies ; the latter, according to the obfervations of my
friends Dawfon Turner and Jofeph Woods, jun. is Fucus fubfufcus.

C. rubra often grows to the length of 18 or 20 inches, and varies from a dark
to a light red or purple color, which is very liable to bleach. The root is a fmall

callus, from which arife one or more filaments ahcut the fize of fewlng filk, and
repeatedly divided without any regular order, though moil frequently in a dicho-
tomous manner ; the ramuli are fetaceous ; the diffepiments of a dark red, and
moftly more or lefs contraded ; the joints beautifully reticulated, and pellucid
towards the center. The capfides are feffile and lateral, more round than thofe
of C. coccinea, but are precifely of the fame nature, as are alfo the feeds, except
that when they iffue from tire capfule, much lefs of the gelatinous pulp attends
them. Each capfule is fubtended generally by one, but fometimes, as in my
figure, by three fubulate ramuli, which I apprehend may be confidered as a
kind of calyx ; their nature I hope hereafter to be able further to elucidate.

It frequently happens that the joints in fome of the older fpecimens fwell, and
thereby affume a more beaded appearance than in their ufual flare. This has
been, though erroneoufly, as is fhewn under C. diaphana, regarded as the C.
nodulofa of Hudfon, and botanifts have puzzled themfelves in endeavouring to
find fpecific diftinaions between the fame plant in different ftages of growth.
Dr. Roth has erred in quoting as a fynonym of this fpecies, though with a mark
of doubt, the C. fucoides of the Flora Anglica, which is extremely diffirnilar.

It adheres but flightly to paper, and not at all to glafs.

A. C. rubra, natural fize.
F». Ditto magnified 3.

Piatt 3d

( /7///VVV/ //////>/

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CONFERVA AUREA.

C. filamentis ramofis aureis minutis ; ramis longis patentibus rigidiuf-

culis fub incurvis ; diffepimentis pellucidis ; articulis longiufculis.

Byffus aurea. Sp. Plant, p. ,638. Fl. Ang. p. 606. Fl. Scot. p. 1002. With. IV.
p. 144. Eng. Bot. t. 212.

Byffus petrsea crocea glomcrulis lanuginofis. Dill. Mufc. p. 8. t. 1. f. 16.
Byffus aureus Derbienfis humifufus. Raii Syn. p. 56.

In moift places, generally in a lime-Rone foil, frequently growing on Mufci :
not very common.

WHATEVER claim the plants generally known by die name of Byffi have to
be confidered a feparate genus, the prefent fpecies cannot juftly be ranked among
them. Byffi are defined by Linnxus and fubfequent botanifts as confifting of
fimple down or powder. Dr. Roth confiders them as folid fubltances with the
feeds fcattered on the outfide, but this plant fo little correfponds with either, and
has fo ftrikingly the itrufture of a Conferva, that I am furprized it has not been
already referred to that tribe, inftead of being carried, as it has been by Dr.
Acharius, to the Lichens, with which it has little affinity.

C. aurea occurs, though but rarely, in damp fituations on calcareous rocks, and
in chalk pits, frequently forming irregular cufhion-like tufts on fome of the
mufci ; and when it grows in large patches, bears a finking refemblance, as
Dr. Smith obferves, to a piece of orange-coloured cloth or velvet, and is a very
confpicuous and beautiful object. Even without the aid of a microfcope, the
filaments may be feen to be much branched ; the branches are long, difpofed
without any regular order, patent, moflly fomewhat incurved, and divided into

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CONFERVA VILLOSA.

C. filamentis ramofis ; ramis ramulifque oppofitis diftahtibus; arti&ilis

breviffimis ; diffepimentis obfcuris villofis.
C. villofa. Fl. Ang. p. 603. With. IV. p. 141. Eng. Bot. t. 546.
On fubmarine Rocks and Stones. In Cornwall, Hudson. At Yarmoudi, Dawson
Turner, Esq. On the Rocks at the Mumbles, near Swanfea.

C. VILLOSA appears to have been firft obferved by the indefatigable author of
the Flora Anglica, and may be reckoned among the mod unfrequent of this tribe,
being found but in few parts of the kingdom, and not having been noticed by
any foreign writer. Its growth teems to be very rapid, and its duration fhort, as
it has, I believe, never been found but in the months of July and Auguft.

The whole plant is of a greenifh yellow color, and of a cartilaginous nature,
but becomes foft and very flaccid foon after it is gathered. The root is a fmall
callus. The item varies from fix inches to three feet or more in length ; is con-
fiderably thicker than horfe hair, and feldom more than thrice divided. The
branches are diftant, moftly oppofite, and undivided when not more than two
inches in length ; the hairs, which conftitute the leading fpecific charader, are
difpofed in whirls on about every 4th or 5th joint, and moftly fubdivided in a
fimilar manner, giving the plant a remarkably hairy appearance, as if befet with
fome minute parafite ; thefe hairs are extremely flender, and fo liable to be broken
off", that it is almoft impoffible to find a fpecimen in which they are nearly all
perfect. The diffepiments are difpofed at equal and very fhort diftances from
each other ; they are not readily difcoverable except in the verticillated hairs, to
which when the juices have collapfed, as is moft commonly the cafe, they give a
very beautiful appearance.

In drying, its color becomes more green, and it adherea to both glafs and paper.

A. C. villofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 2.

Plate 30

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CONFERVA COCCINEA.

C. filamentis fub-cartilagtneis ramofiflimis, hirfutis ; ramis decompofito-
pinnatis; pinnis alternis; pinnulis ultimis fafciculatis pennicilliformi-
bus ; diflfepimentis obfcuris ; articulis brevibus ; capfulis ovatis.

C. coccinea. Fl. Ang. p. 603. With. IV. p. 140. Eng. Bot. t. 1055.

C. plumofa. Ellis in Philofophical TranfacVions LVII. p. 425. t. 18. f. c. c.

d.,D. Fl. Scot. p. 996.
Ceramium hirfutum. Roth, Cat. Bot. II. p. 169. t. 4.
Mufcus marinus purpureus parvus, foliis oblongis mille-folii fere divifura. Raii

Hill. p. 79. n. 25.
On Rocks and Stones in the Sea, common.

FEW marine produ&ions exceed the prefent fpecies in beauty or frequent occur-
rence, and none meets with more general admiration, or is more frequently gathered
and ufed in ornamental devices by the female vifitors on our fhores. The root
Is a fmall callus, the frond folitary, the main ftem nearly as thick as common
twine, moftly of a darker red than the branches, and of a more uneven and
hairy furface. The primary fhoots are difpofed without any regular order, of
unequal lengths, and beautifully winged with alternate branches, which are
pinnated with others, alfo alternate, and again divided into ramuli, ifluing fo
nearly togedicr as to give them a pencil-like appearance. The diffepiments can
fcarcely be perceived in the main ftem or primary branches, but are very apparent
in the lefler ones, and divide them into fhort pellucid joints. The capfules,
which are fettle and of an oblong ovate form, appear in the Spring, in the earlieft
parts of which they are of a light red, becoming gradually darker, and in May

the Internal ftrufture, as reprefented at C. may be obferved ; the capfule, which
is rather thick, contains a number of dark red feeds, immerfed in a clear gelatinous
pulp, part of which iflues with them, when ripe, through an aperture, formed
by the burfting of the apex of the capfule. Not having been able to obferve the
dioecious fructification mentioned by Lightfoot, I am inclined to think that the
plants which he fuppofed to be male and female, differed only in age. In June
the capfulcs have generally fhed their feeds, and during that month this plant is
found lying in great abundance on the more; this circumftance may probably be
accounted for by reusing that the roots inftead of inhering into the fubftances
to which they adhere for the purpofe of abforbing nourifhment, merely grafp the
rocks for the fake of fupport, and it feems probable that when they have frudified,
and their vigor begins to decline, they are no longer able to maintain their grafp,
and therefore inftead of decaying on their native fpot, as is the cafe with land
plants, eafily yield to the preffure of the tide, and are warned away to rot, or offer
their fervices to man on the fhore. Several obfervations I made at Dover tend
to ftrengthen this pofition, which ferves alfo to account for the fudden difappear-
ance of the marine alg3e mentioned in the Introduaion to the Synopfis of the
Britifh Fuci, and confirmed by the experience of my friend the Rev. J. Lyons
and numerous other marine botanifts.

For reafons given in my friend D. Turner's Synopfis above mentioned, p. 295.
Ray's Synopfis cannot be here referred to. In drying, this plant undergoes but
little change ; it adheres to paper, but not at all to glafs.

A. C. coccinea, natural fize.

B. ditto magnified 3.

C. ditto ditto 2.

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CONFERVA DIAPHANA.

C. filamentis ramofiflimis ; ramulis apice forcipatis ; diffepimentis
obfoletis ; arriculis utrinque torofis, medio pellucidis; capfulis fub-
globofis lateralibus.

C. diaphana. Fl. Dan. t. 951. Fl. Scot. p. 996. With. IV. p. 139. Fl.
Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 525. Cat. Bot. II, p. 226.

C. nodulofa. Fl. Ang. p. 600.

C. marina nodofa lubrica, ramofiffima, et elegantifTima rubens. Dill. Mule.
p. 35. t. 6. f. 38. A. Raii Syn. p. 62. t. 2. f. 3.

Rocks, Stones, and Fuci, in the Sea, frequent.

THIS Species, which is not an uncommon ornament of nearly every fhore,
is in beauty furpaffed by few, prefenting to the naked eye the appearance of a
feries of fmall beads alternately colored and pellucid. It varies from 2 to 6 inches
in length, and in color through all the intermediate gradations between a reddifh
brown and dark purple. The root, as in moft other marine fpecies, is a fmall
callus, from which feveral bufhy filaments proceed ; thefe are repeatedly
branched ; the branches difperfed without any regular order, but moft frequently
dichotomous, and fubdivided into ramuli, which are forked at the apices ; the
forks approaching each other in a forceps-like manner, though not fo ftrikingly
as in C. ciliata. The diffepiments are obfolete, but the joints are fwollen at each
end, and of a deep red color, occafioned by reticulated veins, fimilar to thofe
which cover the whole joint of C. rubra, but which, in this fpecies, leave the
middle perfectly colorlefs and tranfparent. The capfules are nearly round,
lateral, feffile, and often furrounded by 4 or 5 fhort incurved ramuli.

The following argument, ufed by my friend Dawfon Turner, to prove that
C. nodulofa of the Flora Anglica fliould be made a fynonym of this fpecies,
appears to me fo conclufive, that I have adopted it without hefitation. " It
has been fuppofed that Mr. Lightfoot was the firft botanical author who
noticed this fpecies. A fuppofition that feems juftified from his making no
reference to Dillenius, and from his C. diaphana being introduced as a new
plant in the Appendix to the Flora Anglica. This idea is however very erro-
neous, for from the Dillenian Herbarium, in which good fpecimens are preferved,
it is clear that this is the No. 40 of the Hiftoria Mufcorum, and confequcntly the
C. nodulofa of Hudfon, by the admiflion of which, a great deal of confufion,
with refpe£t to references, is done away, and a plant that has always been
confidered one of the moft doubtful among botanifts is clearly eftablifhed." The
fpecimen correfponding with No. 4 1 , to which Hudfon refers as his C. purpu-
rafcens, is a fmall variety of this fpecies, but Hudfon's defcription is fo fhort that
it will equally apply to many other fpecies.

It adheres but flightly to either glafs or paper.

A. C. diaphana, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 2.

Plate 30

CONFERVA RIVULARIS.

C. filamenris fimplicibus, atro-viridibus, tenuibus, langiiEnais denfij
compa&is, plerumque contortis ; articulis breviufculi .

C. rivularis. S. Plant, p. 1633. Fl. Ang. p. 591. Fl. Scot. p. 975. With IV.
p. 127.

G. compacla. Roth. Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 497. Cat. Bot. I. p. 170.

C. fluviatilis fericea, vulgaris & fluitans. Dili. Muf. p. 12. t. 2. f. 1.

C. Plinii. Ray Syn. p. 58.

In flow dreams and ditches — common.

AT a time when fo much doubt prevails among Botanifts, on what DiHenius
intended by his C. fluviatilis fericea vulgaris & fluitans, which all other authors
have referred to as their C. rivularis, it is with fome hefitation that I venture to
publifh the prefent plant as that fpecies. The following reafons, however, appear
to me fufliciently ftrong fully to juftify this fhep. — Firft. It is certain that the
plant intended by DiHenius is fome very common unbranched fpecies, which
grows to a remarkably great length, and has a filky appearance. In thefe par-
ticulars the prefent fpecies moll: ftrikingly correfponds, which is not the cafe with
any other plant. — Secondly. In the Dillenian Herbarium, which I have recently
examined, the plant immediately referred to as his ' t. 2. f. I.' is a fpecimen of
C. fpiralis, which from his defcription he appears to have confounded with it,
attributing the difference of its appearance to its growth in ftagnant water.*
There is alfo a fpecimen of the plant here figured, under the name of C. madraf-
patana ; and among the fynonyms and remarks on his C. fluviatilis fericea vulgaris
& fluitans, we find the following : " Conf. madarafpatana, Allocopafhy Malaba-

* " In aquls vero ftagnantibus, quas quandoque intrat, brevior eft & lati expanfa cernitnr."
Dill. Mule. p. 1 2.

rorum, Pluk, Almath. p. 63, quam meolim in ipfius Herbario ficco vidifle meminij
& cujus fpecimen etiam habeo, non differt a vulgari hac."

I mult allow that there are alio two fpecimens of the prefent plant in the
Herbarium, under the name of C. paluftris bombycina, to which fubfequcnt
authors have referred as their C. bullofa ; but neither Dillenius's figure or
defcription of that fpecies agree at all with this plant, and this inaccuracy is by
no means furprifing when we refleft that Dillenius did not ufe a microfcope, and
that his C. paluftris bombvcina contains all thofe Conferva:, which generate and
retain among their filaments a fufficiency of air to raife them up, and enable
them to float on the furface of the water, as is frequently the cafe with the
prefent fpecies.

C. rivularis grows in very compact filky (lender raafles, of a dark green color,
frequently carried out to the length of two or three feet, and twifted by the
action of the ftream. The filaments are fimple and (lender, of a uniform color,
and divided into fhort joints, which fometimes appear filled with granules, that
moft probably are the fructification of the plant, no other having been difcovered.

In very fhady clear dreams I have feveral times found a plant approaching the
prefent fpecies in many particulars, but difFering in being furniihed with numerous
fhort fpine-like branches, three or four of which moftly iilue from the fame
diflepiment, and fome being ere£t, and fome reflected, prefent a curious appear-
ance. Dr. Roth, and Profeflbr Mertens, in a letter to my friend Dawfon Turner,
cxprefs their opinion that it is but a variety of this fpecies ; but the above-men-
tioned, and fome other more trifling differences, are fo ftriking, that with great
deference to their experience in this tribe, I conceive that publifhing them as
diftincvt will be the moft certain way to avoid all future confufion.

The ancients attributed to it the power of uniting fractured bones, by binding
it on the fracture, and keeping it conftantly moiftened with water. See Plin.
Hift.Nat. Book 27 Chap. 9.

It adheres firmly to either glafs or paper.

A. C. rivularis, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

A

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CONFERVA STRICTA.

C. filamentis fub dichotomis fafciculatis venofis ; articulis Ioncis
On rocks in the i'^a at Dover and Swanfea.

THE firft time I found this fpecies was on the rocks near Archliff Fort,
Dover, in 1799, but it had for many years before been gathered by M. Wigg,
on the coaft at Yarmouth, whence a fpecimen of it was communicated by
D. Turner to his learned friend Profeflbr Mertens, who gave it the name of
C. ftricta. It grows in thick bundles, feldom more than three inches in length,
of a dull crimfon color. Many filaments rife from the fame root, in thicknefs
about equal to the hair of the human head, and repeatedly divided and fubdivided
into branches and ramuli, for the mod part alternate. Under the higher powers
of the microfcope, the filaments appear as if compofed of a number of longi-
tudinal cylindric tubes, divided by dark diffepiments at equal diftances, and at
the fame part of the filament, and appearances make it highly probable that the
filaments in this and fome other marine fpecies have no general diflepiment, but
that the tranfverfe line agreeing at firft fight with thofe of C. glomcrata, is in
fact an aggregation of the diffepiments of the before-mentioned cylindric tubes ;
and the tubes, efpecially in the young and ultimate ramuli, are more or lefs fpiral.
The joints in length are about equal to thrice their thicknefs. There is no danger
of confounding this with any other fpecies ; it approaches neareft to C. fetacea,
but its more brilliant color, larger fize, and far longer joints, at once diftinguifh
that fpecies.

In drying its color undergoes no change. It adheres firmly to paper, and
flightly to glafs.

A. C. ilricta, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

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CONFERVA AMPHIBIA.

C. filamentis fub-aniculatis, ramofis denfiffime implexis ; ramis patenribus
remotis ; ramulis exficcatione coeumibus in aculeos ; diflepimentis
parum contractis, capfulis fcffilibus, fub ellipticis.

C. amphibia. Sp. PI. p. 1634. Fl. Aug. p. 954. Fl. Scot. p. 979. Withering,
IV. p. 129. Roth, Fl. Germ. III. p. 1. n. 7. Cat. Bot. I. p. 16. II. p. 192.

C. amphibia fibrillofa & fpongiofa. Dill. Hilt. Muic. p. 22. t.4. fig. 17. B & C>

0. ramis elongatis.

C. furcata £. Fl. Ang. p. 592. "Withering, IV. p. 128.

Ceramium ccefpitofum. Roth. Fl. Germ. III. p. 1. p. 475. Cat. Bot. I. p. 154.
II. p. 186.

Conferva paluftris filamentis brevioribus & craffioribus. Dill. Mufc. p. 17. t. 3.
f. 10.

C. paluftris fub hirfuta filamentis brevioribus & craffioribus. Ray. Syn. p. 447.

In fmall pools and mallow waters. &. in ftreams and deep waters.

AMONG flowering plants we find feveral inftances of ftriking varieties pro-
duced by the more or lefs watery fituation in which individuals chance to grow,
and perhaps no Botanift would acknowledge the two moit oppofite varieties of
Myofotis fcorpioides, or Lotus corniculatus, to be the fame fpecies, without
an opportunity of tracing them through their feveral gradations. The fame may
be faid of the prefent plant, which has hitherto formed two fpecies, and it is
only after a careful examination that I have here arranged them as one.

On the edges of ditches, and in fimilar fituations, it frequently occurs in
manes, fo denfely matted as to hold water like a fponge, with its furface befet
by ere£r. branches, which give it a very briftly appearance. In this ftate it is well
known to Botanifts as the C. amphibia of all modern authors. Its hue is a bright
green, becoming afh-colored with age. The root I have not been able to dif-

Plate

A

B

C

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CONFERVA SPONGIOSA.

C. filameniis ramofis ; ramulis breviffimis fimplicibus undique Htibricatis;

articulis brevibus ; capfulis oblongis pediccllatis.

C. fpongiofa. Fl. Ang. p. ^96. Fl. Scot. p. 983. With. IV. p. 132. Roth, hi
Schrader's Journal, part II. 1800.

Fucus hirfutus. Lin. Mant. p. 134.

F. teretifolius fpongiofus pilofiflimus. Ray Syn. p. 46.

Mufeus marinus hirfutus; flagellis longis ramofis fub viridibus. Hift. Ox. III.
p. 690. Se£t. 15. 1. 9. f. 6.

Rocks in the fea, not uncommon.

C. fpongiofa is not uncommon on our fhores, and is particularly abundant on
the rocks at Cromer, Ilfracombe. and Swanfea. It feldom exceeds three inches
in length, and varies from a very dark to a lighter olive color. The root is a
callus, from which feveral irregularly branched Items arife ; the Items and
branches are clofely imbricated with fhort, fimple, rigid, hair-like ramuli, difpofed
without any apparent order. In thefe ramuli fliort joints are readily difcoverable
with the afliftance of a microfcope. The capfules are fmaller, and placed on
longer footftalks than in any fpecies heretofore defcribed : they generally abound
on the ramuli, and are frequently, though not conftantly, oppofite. The feeds
ire discharged as defcribed under C. coccinea.

Relying on the rough and fpongy appearance of the prefent fpecies, and C.
verticillata, Hudfon feems to have had no idea of feparating them, and we are
•indebted to the learned author of the Flora Scotica for firlt afcertaining their

difference. In the former the hair-like ramuli are limple, ftrait, and difpofed
without order ; in the latter forked, incurved, .and regularly verticillatc.

In drying it changes to a darker color, and adheres to neither glafs or paper.

A. C. fpongiofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. One of the ramuli of ditto, magnified 1.

Plate

A

e

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CONFERVA PURPUREA.

C. filamentis dichotomis flexilibus minutis ; dichotomiis approximatis ;
diffepimentis obfcuris ; articulis longiufculis.

Byflus purpurea. Fl. Scot. p. roco. Eng. Bet. t. 192. With III. p. 144.
Byffus rubra. Fl. Ang. p. 605.

On rocks and ftones, efpecially fuch as are near the Sea. Upon the bafe of the
Abbot Mackinnons Tomb, in the ruined Abbey of Y. Columb-kill, Lightfoot.
Near Aber, in Anglefea, Rev. Hugh Davies. In the Cavern under the
Light-houfe on the Mumble rocks, and other fimilar places near Swanfea.

THE ftructure of the prefent fpecies agrees fo fully with that of C. aurea,
that the reafons already given for the introduction of the one among the Conferva
apply equally to the other, and need not therefore be here repeated.

Few of the minute productions of nature have a more elegant effect than
C. purpurea. At the end of die cave above mentioned, it fo entirely clothes
fome large rocks that they appear as if covered with the moft beautiful crimfon
or purple velvet •, indeed the Similarity of appearance between this plant and
velvet is wonderfully ftrikincr, and far more fo than in C. aurea, which may
rather be faid to refemble orange-colored or fcarlet plufh.

C. purpurea confifts of extremely fhort flexile filaments, fo denfely matted as
to form an uniform mafs, refembling the crufl of a lichen. The color varies from
a purplifh crimfon to a darkifh purple. Under the microfcope the filaments arc
feen to be repeatedly dichotomous at fhort intervals, with dark colored diffepi-
ments, dividing them into joints, whofe length confibcrably exceeds their diick-
nefs. I have not been able to find any fructification.

In dying it becomes crifp, and of a darker color than when frefh, and will
not adhere to either glafs or paper.

A. C. purpurea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

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CONFERVA POLYMORPHA.

C. filamentis dichotomis faftigiatis fub-cartilagineis, articulis brevibus,
capfulis in ramulis fuperioribus, ovatis, feffilibus.

C. poiymorpha. Sp. PI. p. 1636. Fl. Ang. p. 599. Fl. Scot. p. 989. With
III. p. 138. Ellis in Phil. Tranf. LVII. p. 425. t. i3.

Ceramium faftigiatum. Roth. Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 463. Cat. Bot. II.
p. 175.

Conferva marina geniculata nigra palmata. Dill. Mufc. p. 32. t. 6. f. 35.

Conferva marina geniculata ramofiflima lubrica, brevibus & palmatim congeftis
ramulis. Ray Syn. p. 61.

In the Sea, on Fucus nodofus, common.

NO Conferva is more common or has been longer or better underftood than
C. poiymorpha. It grows parafitically on fome of the larger Fuci, but moft
commonly on Fucus nodofus, forming thick tufts, about two or three inches in
length. The color when young is a dark purple, but changes with age, or when
dry, to black. The root is a callus, which is fo fmall, and in color fo precifely
refembles the Fuci to which it adheres, that it is difficult to diftinguifh it. It
appears to me to throw out extremely fhort creepers, the ends of which adhering
to the rocks, become other Calli, and thus fupply the bundles of filaments which
always occur in this fpecies. Two or more fubcartilaginous filaments, of the
thicknefs of horfe hair, generally rife from the fame root ; the ftems are repeatedly
dichotomous, with rather acute angles, which caufes the bundled appearance of

the branches. The dilTepiments are black •, the joints fliort, and a black i'pot
may frequently be obferved in the middle, occafioned by a partial collapfe of the
juices. The capfules are difpofed on the fides of the ultimate branches ; before
they burll they are ovate, but afterwards contract towards their apices. In their
younger ftate, Ellis appears to have miftaken them for male flowers.

In drying it undergoes no change, and adheres but (lightly to either glafs or
paper.

A. C. polymorpha, growing on F. nodofus, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 2.

Plate

A-

B

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CONFERVA LANUGINOSA.

C. filamentis fub-fimplicibus minutiilimis, ferrugineis ; articulis longiuf-
culis, medio-pellucidis ; capfulis feffilibus fecundis.

In the Sea, adhering to other Confervce. At Swanfea, common.

THE filaments of C. rubra and fome other fpecies of Confervas often aflume
a ragged appearance as if in decay : and it was with equal pleafure and furprize
that I found this appearance occafioned by the prefent elegant parafite which is
fo extremely minute that the higheft power of the microfcope is hardly fuflicient
to afcertain its ftructure. The filaments are fometimes fimple and fometimes
branched, but I have never been able to find more than two branches on the
fame filament : the capfules are round and fefhle, and when two or more appear
together, as is frequently the cafe, diey are always difpofed on the fame fide of
the filament.

It differs from C. cirrofa, for which alone it might be miftaken, in its much
fmaller fize, ferrugineous colour, and pellucid joints. In fize it agrees with C.
nana, but differs in almofr. every other refpect : lanuginofa is moreover a marine,
nana a frefh water fpecies.

In drying it adheres to either glafs or paper.

A. C. lanuginofa, growing on C. rubra, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified i.

:OJ// 4 / - '// /?•/■ /n ■

CONFERVA TORTUOSA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus rigidiufculis implicatis tenuibus; diffepimentis
pellucidis ; articulis cylindraceis longiufculis.

In Salt Pools by the River Yarc near Yarmouth, and on Rocks in the Sea about
Swansea.

THE prefent plant fo nearly refembles C. capillaris in miniature, and fo well
agrees with the moft linking chancers of that ifpecies, that although it always
appeared to me to be diftinft, I hefitated on publifhing it as fuch till this opinion
was confirmed by that of my friend Mr. Turner, and by Dr. Roth, and Profeffor
Mertens. I firft found it in a Pool by the banks of the Yare, where C. capillaris
alfo grew, and fince on the rocks, and among the rejeftamenta of the Sea at
Swanfea. The filaments are as fine as the hair of the human head : their growth
is curled and entangled as in C. capillaris, but not brittle or fo rigid as in that
fpecies : it differs alfo in the joints which are nearly twice as long 5 nor have I
ever obferved the fwelling of the dilTepiments already mentioned in the defcription
of that plant.

When taken out of the water and expofed to air it becomes flaccid, and adheres
but nightly to either glafs or paper.

A. C. tortuofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 1.

...*v":.;^r

CONFERVA LUCENS.

C. filamentis flmplicibus tenuibus glaucis lubricis; articulis breviufculis ;
granulis in fafciis coacervatis.

On Rocks and Stones in clear rapid Rivulets. Frequent in Monmouthfhire.
Jof. Woods, jun. Alfo in Ghmorganlhire.

THIS elegant fpecies is found not unfrequently in the clear rapid rivulets
of Glamorganshire, and most probably of other mountainous Counties ; but
does not often occur in a perfect ftate, the ends being extremely liable to be
broken off, and the plant otherwife injured by the a&ion of the current againft the
rocky and pebbly bottoms on which it grows, efpecially when the ftreams are
fwoln and flow with more than ufual rapidity.

The filaments are fimple and flender, and taper towards the ends, in length
feldom exceeding three inches. The joints are fhort and almofl pellucid near
the diffepiments with a band-like aggregation of granules in the middle. When
gathered and placed in ftagnant water the filaments greatly refemble those of C.
fpiralis, but their different places and modes of growth will readily diftinguifh the
two plants when growing. C. rivularis may at once be known from C. lucens
by its darker colour, far greater length, and twilled growth.

In drying it adheres to either glafs or paper.

A. C. lucens, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto Ditto I.

CONFERVA L^TE VIRENS.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis rigidiufculis arcuatis; ramulis alternatim
fecundis; diffepimcntis pellucidis; articulis longis.

Rocks, Fuci, and Corallines in the Sea. About Swanfea, freq

uent.

THIS fpecies is extremely common on the mores of many parts of South
Wales, but has not to my knowledge been obferved elfewhere. It grows indif-
ferently on ftones, fuci, and corallines, and often nearly fills the bafons among the
rocks, where it may at once be diftinguifhed from its congeners by its light green
color and bufhy mode of growth. Its root, a small callus, gives rife to one, two,
or more filaments which are from three to fix inches in length and irregularly
branched; the branches are difpofed without much apparent order, fometimes
dichotomous, or alternate, though not unfrequently three or four iffue fucceflively
from the fame fide, they are much curved, and therein this fpecies differs ftrik-
ingly from C. rupeftris, the branches of which are remarkable for their ftraitnefs:
many together of the ultimate branches are arranged alternately on each fide of
the (hoot, and thefe are again beset with ramuli difpofed in the fame order, of
which one iffues from the end of nearly every joint. The diffepiments are pellucid
and divide the filaments into joints whofe length varies very much in the fame
fpecimen, but is always greateft in the principal filament and leaft in the ramuli.
No fructification has been yet observed.

In drying, it preferves its colour, and adheres flightly to paper, but not to glafs.

A. C. lxte virens, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 2.

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CONFERVA FLACCA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus tenuiffimis minutisflaccidis; diflepimemis pcllu-
cidis; articulis breviffimis.

In the Sea, adhering to Fuci and Conferva;.

THIS delicate parafite has at prefent been only obferved in the neighbourhood
of Swanfea, but is mod probably not uncommon elfewhere : it is found on Con-
ferva, on the fmaller Fuci, and alfo fometimes on the fides of boats or other wood
expofed to the fea water. It grows in loofe patches of a green colour, generally
about half or three fourths of an inch in length. The filaments are almoft
univerfally, if not always, fimple : among a great number which I have examined
only one could be found with any appearance of ramification, and in this it is very
possible I may have been deceived, as I could never find another. The diflepi-
ments are pellucid : the joints in length but little more than half their thicknefs.
No fructification has been difcovered. There is no chance of its being confounded
with any other fpecies with which I am acquainted : the much greater length of
its filaments, and different mode of growth, will, at once, diftinguifh it from C.
confervicola.

In drying it adheres firmly to glafs and paper.

A. C. flacca, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified i.

k

CONFERVA PLUMULA.

C. filamentis ramofiflimis ; ramis alternis pinnatis ; pinnis oppoluis ;
ramulis ultimis secundis ; articulis longiusculis; capfulis brevius pe-
dicillatis.

C. plumula. Ellis in Phil. Trans. LVII. p. 426.

In the fea, adhering to Confervas. At Brighton, Ellis. In Cafwell Bay near
Swanfea, during the fummer months.

ELLIS gave an excellent drawing of this beautiful fpecies to the Royal Society,
in the year 1768, which was publifhed by them in the 57th Volume of their
Tranfactions ; but fince that time no Botanift appears to have noticed it, and it
remained a defideratum till I met with it on the beach at Swanfea, in Auguft.
1802.

The plant is of a light red colour, and from the finenefs of its filaments, has,
when lying on the fhore, the appearance of an Ulva in decay. The root I have
not been able to obferve, but we may fairly conclude, from analogy, that it it j
minute callus. The whole frond is pellucid, with dark diflepiments: the branches
are pinnate, with oppofite pinnse bearing fmaller branches, arranged on one fide
only : the length of the joints varies very confiderably, and is not unfrequently
twice as great as in the annexed drawing. The capfules arc very numerous,
placed on fhort fruit ftalks, arranged like the ultimate branches on which they
grow ; and, as in all other fpecies allied to this, difcharging their feeds by an
orifice at the top. At C, I have given a fketch of four cluftered together,
which may occafionally be feen, but appears to be a lufus naturae.

A. C. plumula, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto Ditto 1.

,•••- ..•••■-•'

CONFERVA PUNCTALIS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus lubricis tenuiffimis ; dinepimentis obfcuris,
articulis brcviufculis cylindricis, fuccus in globulos folitarios dcmum
congeflus.

C. pun£hlis, Muller in Nova Acta, Pet. III.

In Ditches and Pools not unfrequent.

PERHAPS no Botanift examining this fpecies in its younger (late only would
allow it to be the C. punotalis of Muller, nor till it has arrived at its maturity,
when the green matter of the joints collapfes into a feries of globules ; then,
under any other than the higheft powers of the microfcope, the diflepiments by
their extreme thinnefs entirely elude the clofeft obfervation, and die plant accords
well with Muller's defcription, " filamentis inarticulatis, fimplicibus, ferie punfto-
fum longitudinali."

C. pundtalis is frequently met with in Pools and Ditches, as well on Heaths as
in Marfhes. The colour of its filaments varies from a pale bright green to a
yellowifh green ; their length is from one to two inches ; but what will at once
diftinguifh this plant from all its congeners is their extreme tenuity, which is
fuch that when fmgle they can hardly be diftinguifhed by the naked eye : in this
refpecT: C. punclalis refembles C. muralis, but die different color, place and
mode of growth, and far different ftrudture when examined with a glafs, preclude
the poflibility of its being confounded with that fpecies. The diflepiments from
their tenuity are obfervable only when a ftrong magnifying power is applied ;
they divide the filaments into joints, whofe length is about equal to dieir thick-
nefs. Whilft the plant is young, thefe joints are nearly of a uniform greenifh
color, but with age the green matter of each joint collapfes into a globule, and
7

occafions the aforementioned bead-like appearance ; whether this is the fructifi-
cation future obfervation muft determine ; no other has been difcovered.

When dried it fhines like C. pectinalis, and adheres firmly to both glafs and
paper.

A. C. pundalis, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

A

( /7//V/W/ Mv/ie7/trr

CONFERVA SCOPARIA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis rigidis, ramis fafciculatis, ramulis alternis
acuminatis, diflepimentis obfcuris, articulis brevibus.

C. fcoparia. Sp. Plant, p. 1635. Fl. Ang. p. 595. Fl. Scot. p. 981. With.
IV. p. 131.

C. marina pennata. Dill. Mufc. p. 24. t. 4. f. 23.

Fucus fcoparia s. Pennachio marino. Bauhin pin. p. 366. Hiit. III. 800.

On Rocks and Corallines in the Sea, not uncommon.

THE above references fufficiently prove that C. fcoparia is one of the few Cou-
fervoe which have been long known and well afcertained by Botanifts ; indeed it
is fo far from uncommon, is fo obvioufly different from every other fpecies, and
with its cluftered branches often bears fo ftriking a refemblance to a painter's
brufh or pencil, that it is almofl impoffible it fhould have been otherwife.

This fpecies when young is of a brownifti olive, changing with age to a ruflet
brown. From a fmall callus one or more Items arife, varying in length from two
to fix, and Mr. Lightfoot fays to nine inches. The branches are numerous,
alternate ; the upper ones often fo much longer and more cluftered than the
lower, as to give them a brufh-like appearance ; they are every where befet with
alternate fpine-like ramuli, which are highly characteristic of the fpecies. The
diffepiments are of a darker colour than the reft of the filament, and divide it
into joints, whofe length about equals their thicknefs. No fructification has been
difcovered. Its texture is remarkably like that of many Corallines, fo that doubts
have arifen in the minds of feveral Botanifts how far it really belongs to the
vegetable kingdom. Naked fpecimens of this plant are not unfrequently miftaken

7

for Conferva pennata, which however is a very different fpecies, feldom exceeding
two inches, and formed of extremely thin, moftly undivided filaments.

C. fcoparia in drying will not adhere, or but very flightly, to either glafs or
paper.

A. C. fcoparia, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

Plat

B

v

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( ' ///- /'/-a & //<-f /u

CONFERVA CILIATA.

C filamcntis dichotomis apice forcipatis ; dilTepimentis verticillatim
ciliatis articulis utrinque obfcuris medio pdlucidis, capfulis fob-
globofis lateralibus.

C. ciliata. Ellis in Phil. Tranf. LVII. p. 425. t. l8. f. h. H. H. Ang. p ^
Fl. Scot. p. 998. With. IV. p. 1 3 7.

C. pilofa. Roth. Cat. Bot. II. p. 225. t. 5. f. 2.

Rocks, Stones, and Fuci in die Sea, not unfrequent.

THIS highly elegant Conferva, though fufficiently common on moft of our
fhores does not appear to have been noticed by Linnsus, Ray, or by any author
till Ellis publifhed an excellent figure of it in the 57th vol. of the Philofophical
Tranfaftions. It grows in bufhy mafles, feldom exceeding two inches in length,
and varying in color from a bright to a purplifh red. The root appears to be a
fmall Callus, from which feldom more than one Item arifes, but I have fometimes
obferved a connecting filament between thefe Calli, which whether it mould be
confidered as a creeping ftem or root I am at a lofs to decide, not having been
able to feparate it from the fubftance on which it grows. The filaments are
branched; the branches repeatedly dichotomous, remarkably incurved at their
extremities in a forceps-like manner. The difTepiments are obfolete, but the
joints at each end are generally more or lefs fwollen, and of a reddilh color,
occafioned by reticulated veins, which as in C. diaphana leave the middle of the
joint perfedly colourlefs and tranfparent ; what however ftrikingly diflinguifh
this from that fpecies are whirls of pellucid fpines which encircle each diflepiment,
and give this plant a beautiful appearance under the microfcope. The capfulcs
7

are roundifli, lateral, nearly feffile, and moftly accompanied by three or four fhort
incurved ramuli.

It adheres (lightly to paper, but fcarcely at all to glafs.

A. C. ciliata, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

LPi >/// />VW '/■////. j/ //////,

tS7

CONFERVA EQUISETIFOLIA.

C. filamentis ramoffifimis ; ramis acuminatis elongatis fubfimplicibus ;■
ramulis verticillatis brevibus dichotomis articulis ramulorum longis.

C. equifetifolia. Fl. Scot. p. 984. With. IV. p. 133.

C. multifida. Fl. Ang. p. 596. With. IV. p. 132.

C. imbricata. Fl. Ang. p. 603. Roth, Cat. Bot. I. p. 189 ?

C. verticillata. Roth in Schrader's Journal, III. p. 332 ? Schmidel Iter. t. 2.

Mufcus marinus hirfutus, flagellis longuribus rarius divifus ruber. Hid. Ox. III.-
p. 650. f. 15. t. 9. f. 7.

On Rocks and Stones in the Sea, not unfrequent.

C. Verticillata and C. Spongiofa, already figured in this work, are very nearly
allied to the prefent fpecies ; its red clay color and acuminated branches, with
the conftantly dichotomous ramuli, and their long joints, will however readily
diftinguifh it.

It is occafionally found on moft of the Britifh Coafts, generally more or lefs
covered with other Conferva; growing parafitically on it. The length is from
five to eight inches, the thicknefs nearly that of a crow's quill, and the color a
dull red; the ftem folitary and repeatedly branched; the branches are fubulate
and vary much in their difpofition ; in fome fpecimens they are numerous, fhort,
and branched, in others long and nearly fimple : in the fame plant they vary
alfo, as, though their difpofition is moflly alternate ; feveral together not infre-
quently iffue from the fame fide of die ftem. The ftem and branches are every
where clothed with a profufion of ramuli iffuing in whirls from the end of each
joint, which being longer than the joints are tiled on each other and give the
plant a very rough and fpongy appearance. In the ftem and branches the joints

7

are cylindrical and fhort, but in the whirled ramuli the length is generally four
or five times greater than the thicknefs, and they are flightly contracted at the
lower and thickened at the upper end. On the older branches, particularly about
the root, they are frequently fwollen, and aflume more or lefs of a globular
appearance, in the fame manner but more ftrikingly fo than in C. littoralis.
The fructification has not yet been difcovered.

The figure given by Schmidel of this plant in his journey, above quoted, is fo
excellent, that it is hardly poflible it ihould be miftaken ; but though Dr. Roth
vefers to this figure, and even fays that his fpecimen comes from Schmidel's her-
barium, yet as he defcribes the whirled branches as constantly fimple, I have
thought it right to quote him with a mark of doubt. I have referred C. multifida
of Hudfon, as well as his C. imbricata, to this fpecies, on the authority of an
authentic fpecimen communicated by the Rev. Dr. Goodenough to D. Turner.

In drying the juices collapfe into a red parenchymous line, and it adheres to
neither glafs nor paper.

A. C. equifetifioli, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 6,

C. One of the whirled ramuli, ditto 2.

I'Utte So.

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CONFERVA VERTICILLATA.

C. filamentis cartilagines fubdichotomis ; ramulis ad diffepimenta ver-
ticillatis breviffimis incurvatis plerumq. bifurcis ; articulis brevibus*.

C. verthillata. Fl. Scot, p. 984. With. IV. p. 1^3.

C. myriophyllum. Roth in Schrader's Journal, III. p. 335.

On Rocks and Stones the Sea, not unfrequent.

C. Verticillata is extremely plentiful in the pools left by the tide about Dover,
and is more or lefs frequently met with on moft of our coafts. It is generally
from four to five inches in length, and of a dull olive color: the root is a callus
from which feveral irregularly branched filaments arife : the ftem and branches
are of a horny nature, and every where befet with clofe whirls of rigid incurved,
hair-like ramuli, which are moftly forked but fometimes fimple, and though
fhort yet twice as long as the joints of the ftem. In thefe ramuli fhort joints are
faintly obfervable with a microfcope, very nearly refembling thofe of C. fpongiofa,
to which this plant is clofely allied, but from which it may in general be at once
diftinguifhed by its forked, incured and regularly verticillate ramuli ; but fpeci-
mens fometimes occur fo intermediate that it is not eafy to determine to which
they belong. The fructification has not been difcovered, but is moft probably
fimilar to that of C. fpongiofa.

It has already been remarked in the defcription of C. fpongiofa, that the
prefent plant was confounded by Hudfon with that fpecies, and we are indebted
to Lightfoot for having firft feparated them. Roth, in the firft volume of his
Catalacta Botanica, and in Schrader's Journal, has followed Schmidel, and
defcribed C. equifetifolia under the name of C. verticillata, though he has erred
in alcribing to it fimple ramuli.

In dying it will not adhere to glafs or paper.

A. C. vevticillata, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto ditto I.

CONFERVA TOMENTOSA.

C. filamentis ramoiiflimis tenuiffimis deniilfime implexis ramis divaricatis
ultimis fimplicibus articulis longis.

C. tomentofa". Fl. Ang. p. 594. Fl. Scot. p. 982. With. IV. p. 130.

C. ceramium tomentofum 0. Roth. Cat. Bot. II. p. 181. Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1.
p. 470.

Conferva marina tomentofa, minus tenerea et ferruginea. Ray, Syn. p. 59.
Dill. Mufc. p. 19. t. 3. f. 13.

In the Sea frequent, generally growing on Fucus veficulofus.

ALTHOUGH, according to the remarks of my friend Dawfon Turner in the
feventh volume of the Linnean Tranfaclions, the fpecimen preferved in the
Dillenian Herbarium as Conferva marina, tomentofa, CSV. is only a bad fpecimen
of C. littoralis, yet the defcription in the Hiftoria Mufcorum, and alfo the original
drawing in Sir Jofeph Banks's Library, feem to prove that Hudfon was correct
in referring that fynonyma to the prefent fpecies.

The color of C. tomentofa is a pale greenifh or ruffet brown, remarkably
deftitute of glofs, efpecially when dried : the length generally from three to five
inches. Its filaments are repeatedly branched, fo extremely flender as to hardly be
difcernible without a microfcope, and fo entangled and twifted together in rope-like
coils as to make it abfolutely impoffible to feparate without breaking them. The
branches iffue nearly at right angles ; about the root they are rather numerous,
but lefs fo towards the end, and the terminal ones are long and fimple ; the length
of the joints is at lead three times as great as their thicknefs ; they are perfectly
cylindrical, and when examined under a glafs generally appear quite colourlefs,

7

but the diflepiments are dark brown. Dr. Roth defcribes the fruit of the plant
as confiding of fcattered globular feffile capfules, but thefe I have not feen myfelf,
nor am I aware that they have been found in England. How far that learned
author is right in making Co/if. albida Huds. a variety of C. tomentofa, is what I
have yet no means of determining. The neareft affinity of the prefent fpecies is
C. littoralh, with which it is fo frequently confounded, that though by no means
an uncommon fpecies, it is one of thofe which are leafl accurately known to
Britifh botanifts, it may however at once be diftinguifhed from that plant by its
paler color, its diffimilar mode of growth, its different ramification, and long
joints.

In dying it retains its color, and adheres though not firmly to both glafs and
paper : the filaments in this ftate are ftill more clofely matted than when frefli,
fo that the plant has the appearance of being nearly allied to C. fpongiofa, or by
a young botanift may even be miftaken for that fpecies.

A. C. tomentofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 4.

C. Ditto Ditto i.

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CONFERVA LUBRICA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis tenuibus longiffimis fplendenter Iubricis ramis
aculeiformibus articulis breviufculis.

In clear Rivulets on Stones and Wood. At Lounde, near Yarmouth ; and on
Sketty Burrows, near Swanfea.

THIS elegant Conferva, which I firft found fparlngly in a rivulet at LouijJ,
near Yarmouth, where my friend D. Turner and myfelf have fince repeatedly
looked for it in vain, abounds in a clear ftream on Sketty Burrows, near Swanfea.
I cannot find that it has been heretofore defcribed, and there is no other fpecies
to which it can be referred, or with which it can poflibly be confounded.

It grows on wood or ftones in large gelatinous mafles, frequently frcm fix
inches to near a foot in length. The color is green with a flight tinge of blue ;
the filaments are very much branched ; the branches difpofed without any appa-
rent order, but uniformly ifluing at an acute angle with the item. The ultimate
ramuli are numerous, moftly fhort, thornlike, and difpofed alfo without order,
being fometimes alternate and three or more not unfrequently iflue together
from the fame joint. The joints are fhort, and when the juices have collapfed,
as is generally more or lefs the cafe, they give the plant a very beautiful appear-
ance under the microfcope. The fructification has not been difcovered.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. lubrica, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3,

C. Ditto, ditto 1-

'/-/// r/y rr ''///•"

CONFERVA BYSSOIDES.

C. filamentis decompofito-pinnatis ; ramis ramulifq ; altemis, extremis
perbrevibus, fubfafciculatis ; diffepimentis ex venarum anaitomo-
fibus ; articulis longiufculis, capfulis ovatis feflilibus.

C. byffoides. Eng. Bot. p. 547-

Fucus byffoides. Goodenough and Woodward, in Linn. Trans. III. p. 229.

On Rocks, Stones, and Fuci in the Sea, common.

THE prefent fpecies was firft defcribed by Dr. Goodenough and Mr. Wood-
ward, under the name of Fucus byffoides, in the Tranfaaions of the Linnean
Society. It was not however without confiderable hefitation that they thus
arranged it with the Fuci ; and Dr. Smith foon after in Englifh Botany, removed
it to the Confervx, to which it properly belongs, as its congeners are at prefent
all placed in this genus, and among them are feveral whofe diffepiments have
an equally fmall appearance of being formed by 'annular ftriaures.'

C. byffoides is extremely common on moil of our fhores •, it grows in large
maffes, varying in length from three to ten inches, and in color from a reddifh-
brown to a light or purplifh red. The root is a minute callus. The filaments
are triply or quadruply pinnated, extremely flaccid, flexuofe, pellucid and beauti-
fully ftriated by longitudinal veins, each of which arching over at or near the
fame place appears to form the diffepiment. The branches and ramuli are all
alternate ; the primary branches long, the extreme ones very fhort, and fub-
fafciculate ; giving the plant throughout a Angularly tufted appearance. The
joints are rather long; capfules ovate, feffile, moftly axillary, reticulate, and
precifely of the fame nature as thofe of C. coccinea.

In drying the color becomes a dark dull brown, foon changing almoft to black,
and it adheres, though but nightly, to either Glafs or Paper.

A. C. byflbides, natural fize.

B. ditto, magnified 2.

C. Capfule of ditto ditto \.

ri/it< .5.0.

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CONFERVA VIVIPARA.

C. filamentis dichotomo-ramofis, ramis flcxuofis ad diffepimenta bulbi-
feris, bulbis piliferis, articulis longis, capfulis lateralibus feflilibus.

In boggy rivulets, growing on (tones and mofs, &c. near Yarmouth. Dawfon
Turner, Efq. Near Cadoxton juxta Neath, Glamorganfliire. TK IV. Young.
On a heath about a mile weft of Five Lanes, between Launcefton and Bodmin,
Cornwall.

THIS moft interesting fpecies I received at the latter end of May, 1802,
from my friend Dawfon Turner, who firft difcovered it, in the neighbourhood of
Yarmouth, fince which it has been once found, though in fmall quantities, near
Neath ; and in September laft I was fo fortunate as to meet with it on a boggy
heath in Cornwall, where in feveral rivulets it almoft clothed large maffes of
Sphagnum latifolium. Mr. Turner has alfo received it under the name of
C. pumilio, from Profeflbr Mertens, who gathered it near Bremen.

It grows on various fubftances, in fmall, delicate, bufhy tufts, never I
believe exceeding half-an-inch, while its ufual length is not more than two lines.
The color is a yellowifh green, afluming a browner tinge with age. The Item
is irregularly dichotomous, and flexuous, as alfo are the branches, and under the
microfcope they have rather a woody appearance. The length of the joints
is about five times greater than their thicknefs. The fructification is in feffile
capfules, at the end of the joints. At moft of the diflepiments where there are
no capfules, a fmall bulb or bud is obfervable, from which proceeds a very
long, unbranched, extremely (lender, colorlefs filament, fimilar to the hairs of the
Rivulanse, and jointed, but with joints far longer than thofe of any other part of
the plant. Thefe fmall bulbs ifiue only from the ends of fuch joints as produce
no capfules, and they appear to me precifely to correfpond in nature with the
viviparous bulbs in feveral phcenogamous plants, and their long filaments have

greatly the appearance of being occafioned by the premature vegetation of their
germs.

For the magnified drawing I am indebted to my friend Jofeph Woods, jun. Efq.

In drying it changes to more of a dull afh-color, and adheres to both glafs
and paper.

A. C. vivipara, growing on Sphagnum latifolium, natural fize.

B. ditto, magnified 2.

C. ditto, ditto 1.

' /y

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tuda

CONFERVA SORDIDA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus tenuibus, diffepimentis annularibus, articulis
Iongiufculis pellucidis.

C. fordida. Roth, Cat. Bot. I. p. 1 77. t. 2. f. 4. Fl. Germ. III. part. 1 . p. 504.
In Ponds, Pools, and Ditches frequent.

SOME time fince I fent fpecimens of this plant marked C. fordida, together
with the magnified drawing reprefented at B to Dr. Roth, requefting his opinion,
and he favored me with the following remark : " Omni modo convenit cum
mea Conferva fordida ; at genicula parum contra&a in meis fpeciminibus, quod
forfan ab aetatis diverfitate dependet."

C. fordida in pools where the water has long remained without much motion,
forms round the grafs or reed on which it grows a femi-tranfparent cloud-like
mafs, of a yellowifh green color, but this readily yields to a fmall current, and
the plant then floats in denfer mafles on the furface. When the water has been
turbid, thefe mafles become mottled by the finer parts of the decayed vegetable
matter and mud which lodges on them, and they then aflume a dirty appearance.
The filaments are very long, but it is difficult to afcertain the precife length
from their entangled mode of growth ; they are fimple and extremely (lender ;
the diflepiments from the cylindricity and tranfparency of the filament appear
like rings, and in fact thefe rings only are apparent, and it is only from analogy
that I have fuppofed a diflepiment to exift, and from the probability that it may
be tranfparent in common with the other parts of the filament. The length of
the joints is moftly about equal to four times their diameter ; they are frequently
perfectly colorlefs under the higher powers of the microfcope, but a flight tinge
of green is then obfervable in young and perfect fpecimens. No fructification
has been discovered .

From C. rivularis and C. genuflexa in a young ftate with which alone of the
fpecies heretofore defcribed there is any danger of confounding it, it may be dil-
tinguifhed by its lighter color and pellucid joints. From the former it alfo differs
in its mode and place of growth, its longer joints, and in the greater tenuity of
its filaments, and from the latter in its much greater length.

In drying C. fordida adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. fordida, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

CONFERVA UMBROSA.

C. filamentis ramofis repemibus fragilibus brevibus-obtufis, ramis cur-
vatis limplicibus fubfecundis articulis longis cylindraceis inflatifquc.

C. umbrofa, Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 191. t. 4. f. 3. Fl. Germ. III. part. 1. p. 521.
C. Arenaria. Roth. Cat. Bot. II. p. 217.?
On Boggy Ground near Swanfea.

THERE is every reafon to believe that the prefent fpecies is lufliciently com-
mon in certain fituations, though I am not aware of its having been noticed in
Britain, till I lately detected it on part of a bog, the furface of which had been
recently burnt, adjoining Singleton Wood, near Swanfea : probably however it
has been often patted by as a variety of C. frigida, to which, till placed under a
microfcope, it bears a great refemblance, but may be diftinguifhed by its growing
in fmaller patches, and by its darker color. It was firft difcovered by Dr. Roth,
who figured and defcribed it in the firft Fafciculus of his Catale&a Botanica,
under the name of C. umbrofa, and who, in the fecond Fafciculus, has given
another fpecies, under the name of C. arenaria, which I apprehend is only a
variety of the fame, as I have feen the joints fhort and inflated in one branch,
whilft in another on the fame plant they were cylindrical, and in length fully
equal to fix times their diameter.

The filaments are creeping, and fo remarkably fragile, that it is difficult to
afcertain their length, which I believe never exceeds and feldom attains to half
an inch. There are generally four or five branches which are' limple, and mod
frequently difpofed on the fame fide of the ftein, but fometimes alternately ;
the apices are every where blunt : the diffepiments are more or lefs contracted
and divide the filaments into joints, which vary greatly in fhape and length,

8

as before obferved ; and that which forms the apex of the branch is often of
a darker color than the others. The fructification has not been difcovered.

In drying it adheres to glafs, and affiimes though in a much lefs degree, fome-
what of that mining appearance which is fo ftriking in C. pe&inalis.

A. C. umbrofa, natural fize.

B. ditto, magnified 3.

C. ditto, ditto 1.

CONFERVA OCHRACEA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis tenuiffimis, perfragilibus denfiffime compa&is,
gelatinam ochraceara tamen in floccos fecedentem conftituentibus.

C. ochracea. Roth, Cat. Bot. I. p. 165. t. 5. f. 2. Fl. Germ. p. 494.
In Pools and Ditches, common.

THIS fingular fpecies is far from uncommon in Pools and Ditches, morr
efpecially in boggy fituations, and often nearly fills them with large gelatinous
and varioufly undulated maffes, differing in fhape according to the rapidity or
flownefs of the current. The color often varies in the fame mafs through every
poffible fhade of a dull yellow, and Dr. Roth obferves that it frequently tinges
ftagnant waters as if they were mixed with milk, and attributes this appearance
to the tranfparency of the filaments, but as it is only obfervable on the furfacc
of the maffes and where the filaments are much expofed to the fun, I mould
rather conceive it to arife from their having been bleached by its act ion.

C. ochracea is fo extremely fragile that the flighted touch or even any con-
siderable agitation of the water breaks the filaments into a thoufand pieces, which
are fo light as to remain fufpended in the water whilft the leaft agitation con-
tinues, and then fubfide to the bottom in the form of an ochraceous powder. In
this ftate only the plant can be examined, and prefents under the microfcope a
multitude of fragments fo fmall that it is impoffible to afcertain the original
length of the filaments, and fo extremely flender that under the higheft microfcopic
power their thicknefs hardly appears equal to that of human hair of its natural
fize. Two or more branches are frequently obfervable on the fame fragment.
They are diffufe, moftly inflected, and difpofed without any apparent order.
Diffepiments may occafionally be faintly diftinguifhed, but from the extreme
tenuity of the filaments, not fo as to afcertain the length or nature of the joints*.

8

further than that they are perfeaiy cylindrical. No fructification has been
difcovered.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. ochracea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

Plate 64.

A

'Y>///f//Y/ /y'///y//YYYYJ

■

CONFERVA FONTINALIS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus cylindricis, truncatis, atro-virentibus, fafciatis ;
diffepimcntis obfcuris, articulis breviffimis.

C. fontinalis. Sp. Plant, p. 1633. Fl. Ang. p. 592. Fl. Scot. p. 976. With.
IV. p. 128. Fl. Dan. t. 651. f. 3. Roth, Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 593-
Cat. Bot. II. p. 191.

Conferva minima biffi facie. Dill. Mufc. p. 14. t. 12. f. 3.

Conferva fontalis fufca omnium minima mollis. Ray Syn. p. 58.

In Rivers, Pools, Ditches, Sec. common.

IN Dillenius's Herbarium the fpecimen correfponding with t. 2. f. 3. is entirely
deflroyed by age, which perhaps renders it impoffible pofitively to afcertain the
plant he intended, but his defcription in the Hiftoria Mufcorum fo ftrikingly
correfponds with every appearance of the prefent plant, that I feel no hefitation
in publifhing it as that fpecies. From fpring to autumn it abounds in cifterns,
ditches, pools, rivers, and in fhort in waters of almoft every defcription, generally
floating in irregular mafles on their furface- I gathered it lately in the King's
Bath at Bath, where the temperature is 112 degrees, and it feemed not at all
afFe£t.ed by the heat. In aerated waters, as Dillenius remarks, the furface of the
mafs aflumes an ochery color ; in ditches and ftagnant water it is frequently
covered with decayed vegetable matter, in which it appears to delight, and I have
found it in a rapid part of the River Lea, where its color was of a very dark
and bluifh green, and as it floated on the furface I at firft miftook it for C.
diftorta, for which, as Dr. Roth obferves, it is very liable in this ftate to be mif-
9

taken, especially by tliofe who have only feen the figure of that plant in the Flora
Danica. It often may be found on pieces of decaying wood, &c. but I much
doubt its at all adhering to them, as it does not appear to poflefs any root ; it
confifls merely of a filament equally"obtufe at both ends, and divided regularly by
difTepiments at very fhort distances from each other.

Dillenius's C. gelatinofa, omnium tenerrima, &c. * publifhed in the fecond
Fafciculus of this work under the name of C. limofa, I am inclined to fufpeft
is only the prefent fpecies in a younger ftate, and that when covered with water
that plant in time rifes to the furface and aflumes the appearances here defcribed,
the principal difference is in the fize and color; in C. fontinalis the filaments
are much larger, the color browner and not glofTy as in C. limofa ; the joints
alfo are far more diftindi and more regularly difpofed. It is nearly allied to C.
decorticans, but differs materially in fize, in color, and in its much fhorter
joints, nor does it ever form the denfely matted patches, which give a ftriking
character to that fpecies.

The growth of C. fontinalis is aftonifhingly rapid, and M. Adanfon's obfer-
vations, from which I have given an extract in the defcription of C. limofa,
apply equally to this and that plant.

When dried it alters its appearance but little, and adheres firmly to either
Glafs or Paper.

A. C. fontinalis, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified I.

» Hift. Mu'c. p. 15. t. ». f.j.

////;

■// tetmi

CONFERVA TETRAGONA.

C. filamentis ramofrffimis ramulis fafciculatis brevibus fimpliciufculis ;
articulis ovato-cylindraceis, capfulis feflilibus fub globofis.

C. tetragon a. With. V. p. 405.

In the Sea, parafitical on the Fuci. At the Bill of Portland, Col. Velley. In
Cafwell and Llanglan Bays, near Swanfea. Shore at Weymouth, D. Turner.

THIS elegant Conferva was difcovered by Col. Velley and Mr. Stackhoufe at
the Bill of Portland, and by them communicated to Dr. Withering, who firft
publifhed a defcription of it in an Appendix to the third edition of his arrange-
ment of Britifh plants.

C. tetragona is a fpecies by no means found either generally or in abundance ;
it grows parafitically on the larger Fuci in fhrubby tufts, of a light purplilh red
color, feldom exceeding two inches in length. The root is a callus, common to
many ftraight and undivided Items, befet with branches, not difpofed as in C.
plumula on two oppofite fides only, but proceeding indifcriminately from every
part of it ; nearefl; the root Ihort, thence gradually increafing in length to the
center, and again decreafing towards the fummit, fo that the general outline is
irregularly ovate ; they are again divided nearly in a fimilar manner and are
befet with numerous cluftered fpine-like ramuli, extremely Ihort and for the
moft part fimple, compofed of joints fomewhat refembling thofe of Fucus
articulatus, the ultimate one terminated by an acute point. The fructification
confifts of fmall globular feffile capfules arranged on the upper fide of the
armuli.

In drying it becomes darker, and adheres both to Glafs and Paper.

A. C. tetragona, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

/////'///•

fu&c&za.

CONFERVA FUCICOLA.

C. filamentis coefpitofis fimplicibus, obtufis ; diffepimcntis pellucidis
parum contraftis; articulis Iongiufculis.

C. fucicola. Velley's Marine Plants, pi. 4. With. IV. p. 1-6.

In the Sea ; parafitical on Fucus nodofus & veficulofus, not uncommon.

MY friend Col. Velley firft difcovered the prefent fpecies, and gave a correct
reprefentation and defcription of it among the colored figures of Marine plants
with which he has favored the public. It is I believe far from uncommon on
any of our fhores, generally growing on thick tufts on Fucus veficulofus, and
fometimes, but much lefs frequently, on F. nodofus. Col. Velley jufty remarks
that it does not feem to pofTefs that indifference with refpect to places of growth
which is ufual in Marine plants, as it has never been detected on rocks, {hells,
or other extraneous bodies either by him or myfelf. An immenfe number of
filaments generally grow together, thickly cluftered at the root, but while in the
water diverging in a circular direction, and varying from four or fix lines to an
inch in length : they are always unbranched and obtufe at the apices. The
color is of a dirty yellow or brown, fomewhat glofly when dried, and when
viewed with a microfcope the whole filament exhibits a confiderable degree of
tranfparency. The diflepiments are nearly colorlefs and flightly contracted ; the
joints are in length about equal to twice their thicknefs and are filled with minute
granules, which may probably prove to be the fructification as no other has been
difcovered.

In drying this plant adheres, though not very firmly, to either Glafs or Paper j
its fubftance inclines to gelatinous.

A. C. fucicola, natural fize, growing on a piece of Fucus veficulofus.

B. Ditto, magnified I.

=»M

COFERVA PROTENSA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis, ramis diiTufis, maxime clongatis, apicibus
pellucidis articulis longiufculis.

In Rivulets and Springs growing on Stones, Wood, Reeds, and other aquatic
vegetables ; frequent about Swanfea.

THE prefent fpecies, though hitherto it has remained unnoticed, occurs in
nearly every brook and rivulet about Swanfea, growing on ftones, fticks, grafTes,
reeds, and other aquatic plants : I have alfo met with it about Dover, and have
no doubt it is by no means unfrequent in fuch fituations. The color is a light
green ; the filaments vary from two lines to half, and fometimes to three fourths
of an inch in length, and are much branched. The branches are numerous, dif-
fufe, and towards the apices fo lengthened out and pellucid that the termination
of them is not eafily difcovered. The joints are of uncertain length, and are
fhorteft in the ftem and longeft in the pellucid ends of the branches ; with age
they not unfrequently become inflated, and the juices in drying often collapfe fo
as to form two opake longitudinal lines parallel to each other, and leaving the
remainder of the joints pellucid. The fru&ification has not been difcovered.

The Plant in drying adheres to either glafs or paper.

A. C. protenfa, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

tZ /7//,/<M//< .

CONFERVA RUBIGINOSA.

C. filamentis ramofiffimis rigidis ereftiufculis, ramis floruofis patentibus
in maflam fub-folidam rubiginofam implexis-articulis longis.

On Rotten Wood.

FOR the prefent fpecies I have in vain fought through the Genus Byflus in
moft of thofe authors who have defcribed that branch of Cryptogamia in which
I conceive it moft probable that it would from its nature have been arranged.
I therefore conclude that it has hitherto efcaped notice, and I have decided on
giving it a place in this work from not being able to find any character which
can diftinguifh it from the Confervx. Indeed it appears to me, as far as my
obfervations have hitherto gone, that the fame may be faid of all the Byffi
filamentofae.

C. rubiginofa grows on decayed wood in places where the light is nearly
excluded, and forms irregular patches moftly about an eighth of an inch in thick-
nefs, and of a rufty brown color entirely deftitute of glofs. The primary fila-
ments I have little doubt are repent, but fo mixed with the mould arifing from
the decayed wood on which they grow, and afterwards fo denfely matted and
entangled together that it is impoflible to feparate without tearing them, or to
afcertain the nature of the ramification of the plant except towards the fummits.
On examining a fedion of the mafs it appears that from the creeping filaments
rife upright ones which grow twifted together, and throwing out in every direc-
tion and without any regular order, patent flexuofe branches, every where of
equal thicknefs, which are again entangled and matted fo as to form nearly a
folid fubftance. Under the higheft powers of the microfcope, diflepiments are

9

obfervable, which divide the filaments into joints in length about equal to four
times their thicknefs. I have not been able to difcover the fructification.

In drying it does not adhere firmly to either Glafs or Paper.

A. C. rubiginofa, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

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^/////' / 7 '/•/ S///J////

CONFERVA DISSILIENS.

C. filamentis fimplicibus ftricVis fragilibus, diffepimentis p mim contracts
plerumque folutis, articulis brcvibus, in medio aigro-punftatis.

On Reeds and other aquatic vegetables b a Ditch on Cromlyn Bog, near Swanfea.

THIS fpecies, which has not I believe been heretofore defcribed, was firft
dilcovered by my friend and drafifman, W.W.Young, in the place above referred
to, where it grows in great abundance on reeds and other aquatic plants. The
manner of its growth is not fo much entangled as in moft of its congeners ; its
color is a dark green ; the filaments are remarkably ftraight and fragile ; in length
they are moftly from three to fix inches, and in thicknefs lefs than that of human
hair. The difTepiments are flightly contracted, and at thefe the filaments break,
and the parts often remain connected at one extremity in the fame manner as in
C. peftinalis ; the joints are in length about half equal to their thicknefs and on
each fide, both towards the diflepiment and edge, are of a light green, whilft
the middle is of a darker color, fometimes approaching to black, and this dark
part at length becomes nearly round, and moft pellucid at the center.

C. difliliens appears to be a link in the chain of fubmerfed alga:, tending to
conned C. peftinalis with C. nitida, rivukris, lucens and their congeners, from
which it before feemed to be widely feparated. The prefent plant nearly
approaches the nature and appearance of the latter in many refpecis, whiift it
claims an affinity with the former by its fhort joints, and the manner in which
the filaments break at the difTepiments.

In drying it adheres very firmly to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. frangensj natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

Flate 70.

B

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CONFERVA ATRO-RUBESCENS.

C. filamentis ramofis ftriatis, ramis eiongatis fub-alternis,ramufis brevibus
fubulatis fafciculatis ; capfulis ovatis pedunculatis.

In the Sea, adhering to Rocks, Stones and Shells.

THE prefent fpecies appears to be far from uncommon on any of our fhores,
and is occalionally found in large quantities in the bafins left by the tide. The
length extends from four to fix or even nine inches , the color varies from a
light purple to a duiky red, and becomes black with age, or by expofure to the
air, as well as by drying ; the root is a minute callus ; the ftem folitary, of the
thicknefs of imall thread, repeated. y branched ; the branches long, for the mod
part alternate, and irregularly befct with awl-fhaped ramuli one or two lines in
length, feveral of which are difpofed near each other fo as to give them a fafci-
culated appearance. The whole fiiament under the microfcope is ftriated in a
beautiful manner by longitudinal veins, which arch over at or near the difTepi-
ments, and at firft fight appear to form them ; thefe veins are always in fome
degree fpiral : the joints in the principal branches are in length frequently more
than double their thicknefs, but in the ramuli the length and thicknefs are about
equal ; the capfules are ovate, and either lateral, on fhort fruit ftalks, or terminal
at the end of the fmaller branches ; other globular fubftances, imbedded in the
joints, are alfo obfervable bearing a {hiking refemblance to the fuppofed fruit
which conftitutes the variety /3 of Fucus coccineus, mentioned in the Synopfis of
Britifh Fuci, and which, in my opinion, is occafioned by a collapfion of the
juices.*

» I may take this opportunity to obferve, that I have found the glohular capfules and this fuppofed
fructification on the fame Frond of Fucus Coccineus.

10

This plant fo thoroughly agrees with the defcription of Hudfon's C. nigrefcens
in the Flora Anglica, that it is with fome hesitation I publifii it under another
name, but my friend Dawfon Turner informs me there are authentic fpecimens
of that plant extant, which prove the prefent to be an entirely diftinft fpeci?s.

The fubftance is ftiff and rather rigid : in drying, the color becomes darkey
and the plant adheres to paper, though but very flightly to glafs.

A. C. rubro-ater, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 2.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

^ W f^'

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CONFERVA MULTICAPSULARIS.

C. filamentis minutis repentibus olivaceis, ramis erectis fimpliciufculis
brevibus, apicem verfus incraffatiset capfuliferis ; capfiilis congeflis
fphxricis.

On clayey banks in high and expofed fituations about Swanfea.

FOR the difcovery of this Angular Conferva I am indebted to my friend
William Wefton Young, who found it growing on feveral parts of the Town-
hill, near Swanfea: we have fince detected it together in other places in the
neighbourhood. It grows on dry clayey banks, in expofed fituations, forming
fmall irregular patches, which bear a confiderable refemblance to fome of the
lichens. The color is a dark olive, often approaching to black, and forms a
pleafing contraft with the light green of C. velutina, among which it is frequently
found; the filaments are repent, thickly entangled, and very minute, fo that it
is impoffible to afcertain their length ; they throw out a number of fucker-like
branches, from which numerous fliort upright branches arife, for the moft part
fimple, but fometimes once or twice branched ; thefe are thickeft towards their
apices, and are thus frequently divided into two or more fliort palmated fegments,
on each of which a capfule is placed. The joints are very long in the creeping
(terns ; they vary in the upright branches, being lhorteft at the bafe and longeft
towards the fummit. When the juices from age have collapfed, or been dried
up, the joints appear colorlefs, and filled with minute, ovate, pellucid granules,
which I have alfo obferved in others of the fpecies that grow out of water. The
capfules are difpofed at the end of the upright fhoots without any difcernible
crder: fometimes they are folitary, fometimes in clutters, and, not unfrequently,
two or three may be I'een apparently iffuing from each other ; in moft of them a
10

tranfverfe line is obfervable, at which the capfule divides when at maturity, and
the feeds efcaj? e at the orifice.

In drying it adheres, though not very firmly, to either glafs or paper.

A. C. multicapfularis, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 2.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

Platr 72.

/

ft 'Y/,)/f /;/,//■ .

■.'iSati.

CONFERVA CASTANEA.

C. filamentis repentibus ramofis fub-bipinnatis imbricatis iraplexis,
pinnis pinnulifque alternis divaricatis, articulis longis.

On hedge banks in a lane on a high hill between the Gower and Lougher
Roads, about four miles from Swanfea.

THIS Angular fpecies is found in great abundance on the fhady fide of a lane
near Swanfea, and I am not aware of its having been elfewhere met with. It
covers fticks, ftones, and earth, forming loofe patches of a brown-chefimt color.
The Item is creeping, and throws off feveral bipinnated decumbent branches,
about a quarter or half an inch in length, which moftly grow over and become
entangled with each other; the pinme and pinnulx are regularly alternate,
variously curved, and iffue at or nearly at right angles with the ftem and branches.
The diflepiments are almoft black : in the principal branches the joints are very
long, but they gradually become fhorter towards the ends of the ramuu No
fructification has been difcovered.

In drying, the joints alternately collapfe, fo as to give the plant a fingularly
beaded appearance ; it adheres but Hightly to either giafs or paper.

A. C. caftanea, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

10

v /■-/// /(/rf--/f/r.j .

-■

CONFERVA FUCOIDES.

C. filamentis fub-cartilagineis ramoiiilimis ; ramulis dichccoinLs, difiepi-
mentis ex venarum anaflomofibus, articulis breviufculis ftriatis, cap-
fulis ovatis fub-feffilibus.

C. fucoides. FI. Aug. p. 603. With. IV. p. 141.

Ceramium violaceum. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 150. HI. p. 151. Fl. Germ. II!.
pars. 1. p. 462.

On Rocks and Stones in the Sea frequent.

AMONG the Confervas few are fo little known as the black marine fpecies,
which may be principally attributed to the fhortnefs of Hudfon's defcriptions, to
his not having had any figures to which he could refer, and to the unfortunate
deftruclion of his Herbarium. The difficulty in the prefent fpecies has been
removed by the kindnefs of my friends the Rev. Hugh Davies and Archibald
Menzies, who, from among fome authentic fpecimens which they fortunately
poffefs, have obligingly fpared me two pieces marked ' C. fucoides' exactly
correfponding with the plant here figured, as indeed does the defcription in the
Flora Anglica with fome of the numerous appearances which it affumes in
different fituations and periods of its growth.

C. fucoides varies from two or three inches to a foot in length; its mode of
growth is remarkably thick and bufhy ; the color in the young plant is of a
reddifh-brown, becoming darker, and almoft black with age ; the root is a callus
common to two or three irregular branched Items ; the Item and main branches
when the plant has arrived at maturity are in a confiderable degree tough and
hornv ; towards the ends they are repeatedly dichotomou? ; the diffepiments, as

10

in C. byffoides, appear to be formed by the arching over of the veins or nerves
which are very obvious in the joints ; the length of the joints varies ; in the ftem
and principal branches it is three times their diameter, to which, in the ultimate
ramuli, it is hardly more than equal; the capfules are ovate, either terminal or
lateral ; they are moftly feffile, but very fhort fruit-ftalks are fometimes obfer-
vable.

In drying it adheres but flightly to either glafs or paper.

A. i. 2. C. fucoides, natural fize.

3. An old fpecimen of the fame, natural fize.

B. C. fucoides, magnified 4.

C. Utimate Ramuli with Capfules, magnified 1.

, „ - —

' -vy/zW/v/ /■'•////'

CONFERVA ROTHII,

C. filamentis cre<ftis dichotomls bneyibus denfiffime csefpitofjs pbaeni-
ciis j ramis altcrnis, ariiculis breviufeulis.

C. Rothii. Turton's Syftem of Nature, VI. p. 1806.

C. violacea. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 190, t. 4. f. 1. III. p. 224. Fl. Germ. III.
pars. 1. p. 525.

On a Rock by the Sea-fhore on the N. E. Coaft of Anglefea, between Trofy-
marian and Penmain Park. — Rev. Hugh Davits.

I RECEIVED fpecimens of the prefent beautiful fpecies from my friend the
Rev. Hugh Davies, who firft noticed it in Britain. He informs me, that it
grows on a tophus, formed by the conftant dripping of frefh water from an
impending rock on the north-eafb fide of Anglefea, between Trofymarian and
Penmain Park, which is wafhed by the fea at fpring-tides, and in rough weadier.
It appears to have been firft difcovered by Dr. Roth, on the piles placed on the
fhore, near Eckwarden, in the Duchy of Oldenburg. He defcribed it under the
name of C. violacea in his Cataledta Botanica, but as Hudfon, in the Flora
Anglica, had previoufly taken up a very different plant under that denomination,
I have followed Dr. Turton, who, in his Syftem of Nature, has altered its name
to that of C. Rothii, in honor of its firft difcoverer.

C. Rothii grows in patches of various fizes, generally, according to Dr. Roth,
affecting an oblong form. The color is a bright red, fometimes tending to brown,
and changing, when dried, to a beautiful Ihining crimfon ; the filaments are very
(lender, frequently not more than three lines, and, I believe, never exceeding an
inch in length •, they are erect, denfely matted together, and much branched ; the

10

branches dichotomous, alternate, and mod numerous towards the apices ; the
joints are cylindrical, and their length is about equal to twice their thicknefs ;
the interftices pellucid. No fructification has been difcovered. The Rev.
Hugh Davies informs me that he has found this plant both in fpring and autumn,
but that the color is mod brilliant in the latter feafon.

C. Rothii has a confiderable affinity to C. fetacea and C. ftri&a, but to the
naked eye its much fmaller fize, and, when magnified, the fhortnefs of its joints
will readily diftinguifh it from both thefe fpecies

In drying it adheres to either glafs or*paper.

A. C. Rothii, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

( f///rV/ Yl /■'.)/' rt/il

CONFERVA VESICATA.

C. filamentis ramofis fub-articulatis, rigidis, veficulis innatis folitariis
ellipticis, filamento latioribus, capfulis fubdidymis pyriformibus, bre-
viter pcdunculatis.

C. veficata. Muller in Nov. Adl. Pet. III.
C. burfata ? Muller in Nov. Aft. Pet. III.

In Fifh Ponds at Knowle Park, and in a Stone Trough at the three mile ftone on
the Pensford Road, near Briflol. W. IV. Young.

MY Friend W. W. Young brought me the prefent interefting fpecies from
the neighbourhood of Briftol, and it fo ftrikingly agrees with Muller's figure and
defcription, as to leave no doubt of its being his C. veficata. It grows in large
bufhy maffes at the bottom of the water. The filaments are fo exceffively brittle
that it is almoft impoffible to afcertain their length. They are cylindrical, every
where Huffed with minute granules which iffue from them when broken, and
very rough to the touch ; the branches are few, difpofed at a great diftance from
each other, and generally from an obtufe angle with the Mem. The ftems and
branches at irregular intervals are frequently fwollen into bladder-like veficles,
four or five times broader than the filaments, and bearing a confiderable refem-
blance to thofe of Fucus nodofus. I obferved one of their veficles at the termi-
nation of a fmall branch, as is reprefented in the figure, but, as Muller obfervcs,
I believe thefe very rarely occur. The diffepiments appear very irregularly, though
always at a great diftance from each other, and towards them the joints are
contracted at both ends ; the capfules are pear-fhaped, lateral, on fhort footftalks,
and delicately reticulated with nerves ; they are generally difpofed in pairs ;

10

thefe capfules frequently occur on branches where no veficles are difcernible, and
the plant then confiderably refembles C. burfata of Muller, which my friend D.
Turner and myfelf found many years ago near Yarmouth, and which pofiibly
may not be a ditlin£t fpecies.

C. feficata agrees fo nearly in the nature of the filament, in its ramifications ar.d
joints with C. amphibia in an old ftate, that I think it rather doubtful whether
future obfervations may not prove it to be only a variety of that plant. Its
brittlenefs, and rigidity, and under the microfcope its fingular veficles will, how-
ever, readily diftinguim it, and I have therefore thought it beft, and the moft
certain way of avoiding future confufion, to follow Muller, and publifh it as ,a
feparate fpecies.

In drying it adheres very flightly to either glafs or paper.

A. C. veficata, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 4.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

L onA'-ri/ti rur/a

CONFERVA CURTA.

C. filamemis coefpitofis fimplicibus, fub-canilagineis, ereclis brevibus
utrinque attenuatis ; difiepimentis pellucidis parum contraftis ; ar-

ticulis breviufculis.

In the Sea, parafitical on Fuci, not unfrequent at Swanfea.

THIS fmall fpecies, though it does not appear to have been heretofore noticed,
is frequently to be met with on the more at Swanfea, and I have reafon to
believe that it is far from rare in other parts of the kingdom. It grows para-
firically on Fuci, and forms roundifh tufts fo fhort and Miff that they may be
readily paffed over as the remaining flumps of a parafite, the greater part of
whofe filaments have been beaten off by the a£Hon of the waves. The color is
a brownifh olive ; the length, I believe, is feldom more than three or four lines.
The filaments are fimple ; towards the root they are very {lender, but become
thicker as they approach the middle, and then again taper flightly towards their
apices, which are rounded off and blunt. The diffepiments are pellucid, and
divide the filament into joints, whofe length does not much exceed their thick-
nefs. No fructification has been difcovered.

C. curta differs from C. fucicola, with which alone it can be at all confounded
in the fubftance and color of the filaments : in the former they are rather of a
homey nature and of an olive-brown color ; the latter are remarkably flaccid and
the color is more of a muddy yellow ; the length and fhape of the filaments are
alfo materially different.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. curta, natural fize.

B Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

11

^f

f,

//-

CONFERVA VELUTINA.

C. filamentis repentibus ramofis implcxis, ramis ercctis fub-fecundis,
curvatis, obtufis, articulis longis.

C. velutina. Eng. Bot. t. 1556.

C. varia. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 301 ?

ByfTus velutina. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1638. Fl. Aug. p. 605. Fl. Scot. p. ioo>.
With. IV. p. 144. Weis Crpy. p. 12. Roth. Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 562.

ByfTus tenerrima viridis, velutum referens. Dill. Mufc. p. 7. t. r. f. 14. Rar.
Syn. p. 36.

ByfTus terreftris viridis herbacea & molliflima, filamentis ramofis et non ramofis.
Mich. Gen. p. 211. t. 89. f. 5.

On the ground in inoift and fhady places.

C. VELUTINA grows mod frequently on moifl fhady banks, and I believe is
not uncommon in fuch fituations during the winter months and in the early part of
fpring. It covers the ground with denfely matted patches, of a light or yellowifh
green color, and frequently four or five inches in diameter. The filaments
extend to a great length, throwing out roots below and branches from the upper
fide ; thefe branches are fhort, erect and matted together, fo as to bear a fancied
refemblance to the pile of velvet from which the plant has derived its fpecific
name. The branches are again twice or thrice divided with ramuli, for the moft
part difpofed on the fame fide of the branch, but fometimes alternately ; they
are more or lefs curved and blunt at the apices. In the repent ftem and principal
branches the diffepiments are hardly difcernable ; the joints vary in length from
twice to fix or eight times their thicknefs. Michseli's figure affords good reafon

£1

for believing that the fructification refembles that of my* C. frigida figured at
Plate 1 6, but I have not been able to difcover it.

C. umbrofa of Roth, figured at Plate 61 of this work, differs from C. velutina
in its much darker color and more brittle nature. I however ftrongly fufv/ccl:
that it is a variety only of this fpecies occafioned by its growth in a colder and
boggy foil. The Conferva introduced by Dr. Roth ia his Catalecta and Flor.j
Germanica under this name, is an entirely different fpecies, and is the C. violacea
of Hudfon and C. confragofa of the Flora Scotica.

In drying C. velutina adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. Co velutina, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified i.

* I may take this opportunity to obferve that the plant which I have figured under that name is not
the C. frigida of Roth. Drs. Mohr and Weber, in their German edition of this work, firft corrected
the error, and their correction is confirmed by the 3d vol. of the Catalecta Botanica lately publifhed.
The fpecies which I erroneoufly figured under that name is there defcribed with the name of
Ceramium Dillwynii.

CONFERVA PALLIDA.

C. filamentis dichotomis, curvato-flexuofis, faftigiatis dichotomiarun,
angulis rotundis, articulis longiffimis.
On Yellow Ochre in Ifinglafs fis

lze.

MY friend W. W. Young, having let fome yellow ochre remain about a fort-
night m a pot of ifinglafs fize, found the furface of the ochre nearly covered by
the prefent minute and interefting Conferva.

The color is of a light yellowilh brown : the filaments are confiderably finer
than the fmalleft human hair, and are matted together into denfe leathery mafles
generally about an inch in length and of the thicknefs of a (hilling; they are
much branched with repeated dichotomies of which the angles are uniformly
rounded ; the branches are angularly flexuofe and curved all nearly of tire fame
length, and blunt and of a lighter color at the fummits : the length of the joints
is irregular, in the ultimate branches they are equal to eight or ten times the
diameter, and in the main branches are generally much longer. I have not been
able to difcover any frudification.

It appears from the defcription in the Catalefta Botanica to be nearly allied to
Roth's Conferva faftigiata, but in that fpecies the angle of the dichotomy is faid
to be acute, and the joints very fhort and fomewhat beaded.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. pallida, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

H

VU /ffr/r,

rrf

CONFERVA LACTEA.

C. fibmentis ramofiiTimis, gelatinofis, lubricis ; ramis virgatis alternis c
quovis diflepimento ; diflcpimentis contraftis ; articulis longiffimis,
hyalinis.

C. lacfea. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. 216. III. p. 292.

C. pufilla. Fl. Germ. III. pars. 1. p. 524.

In Ditches and Rivulets, growing on Stones, Wood, decaying vegetables, &c.

I HAVE found the prefent fpecies in feveral places in Walthamftow and its
neighbourhood, as alfo about Swanfea, and I am inclined to think it is by no
means unfrequent during the winter months. It grows on various fubftances at
the bottom of ditches and rivulets, in gelatinous flippery maffes, of a dirty white
color, and varying from half an inch to three or four inches in length. The
filaments are regularly branched at each difTepiment ; the branches are alternate
and fo cluftered as to give them a brufh-like appearance. The diflepiments are
of a dulky color, and divide the filaments into joints, whofe length is various
but never lefs than at leaft ten times their thicknefs, and they are flightly con-
tracted and rounded at each end. Under the microfcope they appear perfectly
colorlefs, and this and their remarkable tranfparency will readily diftinguifh C.
lattea from every other fpecies with which I am acquainted. No fructification
has been difcovered.

In drying it adheres firmly to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. laftea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 1.

II

CONFERVA ^EREA.

C. filamcntis Gmplicibus rigidiufculis ftriftis ; diffepimentis byalinis con-

traftis, articulis oblongis brevibus.

On Stones in the Sea at Cromer, D. Turner. At the entrance of Laugharne
Harbor; at Ifmael's Ferry, and other parts of the Carmarthenfhire Coafl,
JV. W. Young. About Swanfea.

THIS fpeeies, which hitherto appears to have efcap.ed the obfervation of any
author, was, above four years ago, fent by Dr. Gogclenough to D. Turner, under
the name of C. JErea, and has fince been found by my friend W. W. Young on
feveral parts of the Coaft of Carmarthenfhire -, nor is it by any means unfrequent
on the Chore about Swanfea. Several filaments iflue from the fame root; they
vary considerably in fize. At the beginning of the winter before laft I found
one nearly of the thicknefs of a crow quill, but they arc mod generally about
equal to large thread. They are invariably fimple : their length is from fix to
fifteen inches; the color a dark or bluifh green; they are brittle and rigid like
C. capillaris, but not at al! curled or entangled as in that fpeeies ; the filaments
contraaed at the diflepiments, which are remarkably pellucid and colorlefs ; the
length of the joints is lefs than their diameter, and two together often appear,
whofe united length is precifely the fame as that of one of the others, as if they
had originally formed only a fingle joint ; they are rounded at each end, which
gives the filament its beaded appearance. No fructification has been difcovered.

When dried the filament affumes a more cylindrical form, and under the
higher powers of the microfcope longitudinal fibres are obfervable. It adheres
but ilightly to cither glafs or paper.

A. C. concatenata, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 2.
11

A

:

C c/'/r/'/yr /eAcca<

CONFERVA TETRICA.

C. fihmentis decompofito-pinnatis, pinnis piunulifque alternis, extremis
curvatis; articulis longiufculis, capfulis fub-folitariis globofis pedun-
culatis.

On Fuci and on Rocks in the Sea. Common about the Mumbles and in ether
parts of the Peninfula of Cower.

C. TETRICA is extremely plentiful in the pools left by the tide on the coafts
of the peninfula of Cower, where it grows either on the rocks or parafitically on
the larger fuci. The root is a fmall callus from which feveral ftems arife, form-
ing thick entangled bundles of a dull or brownifh red color, wholly devoid of
glofs, and frequently attaining the length of fix or eight inches. The principal
ftem in thicknefs is about equal to horfe hairs. The primary fhoots are difpofed
without much obfervable order and of unequal lengths ; they are winged with
alternate branches, which are again pinnated with others alfo regularly alternate,
and thefe are befet with fhort curved ramuli, of which the length is variable but
always fhort in comparifon with that of the other branches. The joints are
cylindrical ; their length in the principal branches is at leaft equal to thrice
their thicknefs, but it is much lefs in the fmaller ones. The capfules, of which
feldom more than one occurs on any of the ramuli, are globofe, and placed on a
fhort penduncle.

Although this plant fo ftrikingly differs in its greater fize and appearance in
almoft every refpe£f from C. rofea, yet it is not eafy to find a fpecific difference
when examined with the affiftance of a microfcope. The principal difference is
then obfervable in the ultimate ramuli and in the difpofition of the capfules ; the
former in C. rofea are of regular lengths and truly pinnated; in C. tetrica they
are again divided with fhort curved and fomewhat fpine-like ramuli. In C. rofea
ii

the capfulcs are numerous, fefitle, and regularly arranged on the upper fide only
of the pinnulse, but in this plant they are on {hort footftalks, and feldom more
than one is found on each ramulus, and that at or near its fummit. The joints
in the principal branches are alfo longer than C. rofea.

In drying C. tetrica does not adhere firmly to either Glafs or Paper.

A. C. tetrica, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

Plate 82.

/

CONFERVA SETACEA.

tu. filamentis sub-dichotomis, fafciculatis, ftrictis, virgatis, lubricis,
rami's articulisque cylindraceis longiiEmis ; fructu laterali peduncu-
late

C. fetacea. Fl. Ang. p. 599. "With. IV. p. 137. E. Bot. XXIV. p. 1689.

C. marina gelatinofa, corallinx inftar geniculata tenuior. Dill. mufc. p. 33.
t. 6. f. 37. Turn. Tr. of Linn. Soc. VII. p. 107.

Corallina confervoides gelatinofa rubens, ramulis et geniculis peranguftis, R.
Syn. p. 34.

On Rocks and Stones in the Sea, not unfrequent at the latter end of Summer
and beginning of Autumn,

C. SETACEA has been obferved on moft if not all of our flioreg, though in
fome it is much more plentiful than on others. Where it inhabits it is almoft
impoflible it mould be overlooked, as its rich color muft attract the notice even
of the moft incurious obferver. It conftantly grows in thick bundles, feldom
exceeding four or five inches in length. The root is a fmall callus and give*
rife to a number of rich crimfon filaments, generally more or lefs tinged with
purple; they are branched with repeated dichotomies, the angles whereof are
uniformly acute; the ultimate branches are long; the joints cylindrical; their
length, efpecially in the main^tem, generally eight or ten times their breadth,
and every where much longer than in any of its congeners. We are informed
in Withering, on the authority of Col. Velley, that the fructification is in globular

12

clufters on fhort lateral pedicles, but I* have never been fo fortunate as to meet
with it. Col. Velley adds that it is rarely found.

The only two fpecies which can poflibly be confounded with C. fetacea are
C. corallina and C. ftridta; from the former it differs in its more flender
filaments and cylindrical joints; while its much lefs numerous branches, far
longer joints, veinlefs filaments, fmaller fize, and brighter color, will readily
djftinguifh it from the latter.

When this plant is placed in frefh water, a fcarlet liquor oozes from the
joints; in drying it adheres to both glafs and paper. The colour is remarkably
fugitive; it changes from expofure to the air to a dirty orange.

A. C. fetacea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. Ditto, magnified 3.

D. Part of a fruit-bearing fpecimen, natural fize.

E. Portion magnified 2.

F. Seeds magnified 1.

* Since the above was written, Mr. W. J. Hooker has been fo kind as to favor me with a fkcuk
of the fruit of this plant from a fpecimen in my friend D. Turner's collection, communicated to
him by Mr. Templeton from the North of Ireland. There is fomething fo extraordinary and
anomalous in the fructification, that 1 am unable to compare it with that of any other fubmerfed
alga; the feeds are borne as Col. Velley defcribes them, but do not appear to be contained in a
tubercle, and have a pellucid limbus more ftriking than in any fucus I am acquainted with. Mr. H.
Davies has fuggc^ed that this plant, not C. rubra, as quoted by Hudfon, is the true C. flofculofa of
Ellis.

/

////<■/

CONFERVA TYPHLODERMA.

C. filamentis fub-ramofis, denfifllme implexis, diffepimentis obfcuris,
articulis brevibus.
In Water which contained a Solution of Gum Dragon.

THE prefent Conferva was difcovered by my friend William Wefton Young,
in a bottle containing a folution of gum dragon in water, the furface of which
it covered with a mafs of filaments fo denfely interwoven as to form a cartilagi-
nous film about two lines in thicknefs, and bearing a considerable refemblancc
to the fkin of a mole.

Their extreme tenuity and entangled growth makes it impoffible to afcer-
tain the length of the filaments, which are generally fimple, but a branch may
be here and there obferved-their color is a dull olive green. The diffepiments
are readily difcernable, and are of a darker color than the reft of the filaments,
which they divide into joints, whofe length is nearly but not quite equal to
their thicknefs. No fructification has been difcovered.

In drying it adheres firmly to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. typhloderma, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

12

Tlate 64

( r ///(/(

V/W ca/wa .

CONFERVA CARNEA.

C. filamemis fimplicibus casfpitofis, fub-nodofis, cameis; articulis bre-
■viufculis utrinque attenuatis; fuccus in globulos folitarios congefhis.

On Conferva in the River near Loughor, Glamorganfhire. IF. JF. Young.

IN September, 1805, Mr. Young brought me the prefent delicate fpecies from
the rocks in the Loughor river, where he gathered it, near to its confluence
with the fea. It grows on other conferva:, in loofe tufts, moftly from a quarter
to half an inch in length, and of a pale red or flefh color. The filaments are
Ample, and taper in fome degree both towards their root and apex, but terminate
rather bluntly. The diflepiments are of a dark color, and at regular diftances
from each other ; the length of the joints in fome filaments is about equal to
twice their diameter; and in others the length and diameter are nearly equal.
They are rounded off at both extremities, and moft fwollen towards the upper,
fo that when examined under the higher powers of the microfcope they bear
fome refemblance to thofe of Corallina officinalis. Among a number of young
and apparently vigorous fpecimens which Mr. Young examined, while they were
quite frelh, he could not find one joint through which the juices were entirely
difFufed, and of which the greater part was not colorlefs, fo as to induce him to
believe that the red globules, of which one appears in each joint, are not the
efFe£t of a collapfion of the juices from age or expofure to air, but natural to
the plant in its moft perfect ftate; in fome fpecimens however which I examined
when nearly frefh, I found that in the older filaments the red fpot was confider-
ably fmaller in proportion to the fize of the joint than in the younger ones, and
I therefore prefume that they proceed entirely from a collapfion of the juices,
which probably takes place in this more quickly than in moft other fpecies. L
have not been able to difcover the fructification.
12

There is no danger of its being confounded with any other fpecies.
In drying it adheres to both glafs and paper.

A. C. carnea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified I. ,

V

-s^-Vs?^'

r////- vff/ arvtvcuui .

CONFERVA ARBUSCULA.

C Bhmmti, primuB. i-afilh, inaniculaus, taferni denudaris, fu-
perne ramofiffimisi ramulU confer.!,, r„W.cffiatiS, abbreviaus-,
ramofe articulate; articulis cyliadraceis brcv.bus.
On fubmerfed calcareous Rock, near Ballyc.ftle, Nor.h of Ireland, Mr.

Brrwa. Bantry Bay, M|/i ButcKns.

AMONG .he various addito tt* have .f late y»r. been made .o .h. lift

k kk, „o fnecies more beautiful or intereftmg
of Bri.ifh Conferee, .bere » probably no fpec.es mo

*. .he pref..,., wllct was differed by Mr. Brown, fo long f.nee as
* habi... above men.ioned. I find „o .races of i. in ...e worbs of any
Wanica, wri.er upon .be genus, no, have . « me.wftb any pcc.men
befides.bofega.be.ed by Mr. Brown, (» whom I am mdeh.ed or .ha h
fig„«d) „ceP. a fingle one found by Mifs Hu.ch.ns, and preferred ,„
beau.iful collection of m, friend, Dr. Scott, of Dublm.

TV reo. of C. ,.b„fcu„ is, hhe .ha. of moft ..her fpecies, a fmall callous
d ifcfrom which .he filameu.s, as far as . hare fee,,, arife ,n genera, fingfr
The r heigh, is abou. .hree or four inches. The leading fhoo., or ™, (. >
l „fe L cprefhon, i, a, «* - P^hread. nor, *~ ^ .. *

^ — • - ■ - r ;r :z: r;:i ° ■::: : *::"

gradually ihorter, fo as to give the wh J ^ fimplc or

Thefe branches are, like the ftem, nak d ne* . to ^
again divided, clofely brfct towards the, ap.es wxth exoeme y

12

ramuli, difpofed in a fubverticillate manner, irregularly branched, and very
vifibly jointed, with cylindrical joints, of which the length is about equal to the
diameter. The colour of this fpecies when frefh appears to be a beautifully
deep-red brown; when dry it turns to a very dull brown, tinged with green,
wholly devoid of glofs; and the plant at firft fight more refembles a battered
fpecimen of C. fpongiofa infefted with fome minute parafite than any other
Conferva. It adheres either to paper or glafs.

The fpecific name of this plant was given by Mr. Brown, and is excellently
defcriptive of its mode of growth* and general habit, which are not unlike that
of many fpecimens of Hypnum alopecurum. T.

A. Conferva arbufcula, natural fize.

B. Summit of a branch, magnified 5.

C. Portion of ditto 4.

D. Ramulus 1.

X

v /

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CONFERVA PENNATA.

C. filamentis ramofis; ramis pinnatis; pinnulis fub-oppofitis fub-hori-
zontalibus, approximatis, ftric"tis, diffepiraentis abfcuris, articulis
brevibus, tuberculis feffilibus fphiericis.

C. pennata. Fl. Ang. p. 604. With. IV. p. 142.

C. marina pennata. Ray, Syn. p. 59.

In the Sea, on Rocks, Fuci and Corallines. Common in Ireland, Dr. Scott.
At Brighton, Mr. Borrer. Ifle of Wight, and Devonfhire and Cornifh Coaft,
not unfrequent, D. Turner. In Anglefea, Rev. Hugh Davies. About Scarbro'.
Travis. Near Forres in Elginshire, /. Brodie, Efq. On the Mumble Rocks
near Swanfea.

THE prefent fpecies, though far from uncommon, appears to have been re-
markably ill underftood in general, and confounded by mod Botanifts with fmall
varieties or broken pieces of Conferva fcoparia. Dr. Roth in the fecond Fafci-
culus of the Catalecta Botanica has referred it to his Ceranium pennatum, but
in the third Fafciculus he corrects this error, and carries it properly to his C.
cirrofa, with the defcription of which it does not however altogether accord.

C. pennata fometimes grows on rocks, but mod frequently on fuci or coral-
lines, in bufhy tufts varying from half an inch to two inches in length; the
color is olivaceous, becoming brown with age ; the ftems are twice or thrice
branched, but excepting the ultimate fcries the branches can hardly be called
pinnate; the pinna?, which are long and fomewhat thorn-like, iflue almoft at
right angles from the branches; their mod natural difpofition appears to be
oppofite, and in fome plants two of them regularly iffue from each alternate
joint, but in this refpecl they aro liable to great variation; the difTepiments arc

12

of a dark color, and divide the filaments into joints, whofe length does not
exceed their thicknefs. The fructification which is drawn at F. from a dried
fpecimen in the Herbarium of my friend D. Turner, confifts of globular feflile
capfules on the branches.

For fome time I had confidered the plant figured at C. as a diftindt fpecies,
and have diftributed a few fpecimens of it under the name of C. halecina. Iu
this opinion I was joined by my much lamented friend the late Col. Velley,
who had gathered it near Weymouth, but I have fince feen fome fpecimens in
which the branches from the fame root have fo materially varied in the difpofi-
tion of their ramuli, as to convince me that it is a mere variety of the prefent
fpecies. In this ftate it approaches fome of the varieties of C. littoralis, but
may be readily diftinguifhed by its divaricated ramuli and more rigid nature.
The fpecimen figured at B. was fent me by my highly refpecled friend James
Brodie, Efq. M.P. who gathered it near Forres in Elginfhire; where as alfo in
other parts of the North, the pinnas appear to be generally more regularly
difpofed, than in the Southern parts of Britain. In Ireland the plant attains a
larger fize than in England, as may be feen by the drawing at E. for which,
and for that at F. I am indebted to the pencil of W. I. Hooker, Efq. of
Norwich.

In drying it adheres, though not very firmly, to both glafs and paper.

A. C. pennata, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Variety of ditto 3.

D. C. pennata, 1.

E. Irifli fpecimen, natural fize.

F. Specimen in fruit, magnified 2.

^ TB

Tgao

CONFERVA ^EGAGROPILA.

C. filamentis ramofiflimis, e centra progredicntibus, globum conftitu-
entibus; ramis ramulifquc fubfccuudis Itri&is, obmfis ; auiculi;
longis, cylindraceis.

Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1637. Fl. Suec. p. 436. Fl. Ang. p. 604. With. IV. p. 142.
E. Bot. XX. p. 1377. Roth, Cat. Bot. I. p. i8t. II. p. 212. III. p. 244.
Roth, Fl. Germ. III. p. 517. Weber et Mohr Iter Suec. p. 71. t. 1. f. 7.

In Alpine lakes In North Wales, Rev. H. Daws. North of Scotland,
Mr. Brodie. Preftwick Car, Northumberland, Mr. Winch. Culmerp Pool,
and Whitemere, Shropfhire, Rev. Mr. Williams.

TPIE prefent fpecies, and Conferva Arbufcula, I faw fo little probability of
.being able to procure in a frefh (late, that I have ventured, with refpecl to them,
fo deviate from my original intention, by giving reprefentations of fpecimens that
had previoufly been dried; for which I truft I fhall not be blamed, as the Britifh
Catalogue can fcarcely boaft two more interefting individuals, or two without
which a work on the Genus would be lefs complete.

Conferva ^Fgagropila is a native of mountainous lakes in different parts of
Europe, having been found in Sweden, Norway, and both the North and South
of Germany. Dr. Roth has enumerated three varieties, of which I am not
aware that more than one has hitherto been met with in England. Its fize is
uncertain, varying from that of a pea to a large walnut. The filaments always
originate from a center, and extend with repeated ramifications to the extre-
mities, preferving an equal height, fo that the form of the whole plant is
conftantly globular, in which, as far as my knowledge extends, no other fpecies
12

of Conferva refembles it. No root, however, has yet been detected, nor any
folid body within the mafs, to which the filaments might originally have been
attached. The mode of ramification feems fomewhat uncertain, but the
branches and ramuli are principally difpofed on one fide; they are always
ftraight, and their apices are regularly obtufe. The length of the joints is
about equal to three times their diameter; in a recent ftate they are perfectly
cylindrical; but, when dried, the green matter collapfes as in moft others of
this tribe, and never afterwards recovers itfelf by immerfion. The colour of
this plant is a dark, but pleafant, green, deftitute of glofs. In drying it does
not in the lead adhere to either glafs or paper. It is fufficiently known that it
derives its fpecific name from its refemblance to die hairy balls found in the
ftomachs of goats. For the fpecimen here figured I am indebted to my ex-
cellent friend, Mr. Brodie.

Many Botanifts have been led into error refpecYmg C. ^Egagropila, from the
circumftance of fragments of C. capillaris being occafionally found rolled up by
the tide fo as greatly to refemble that fpecies at firft fight, though it can fcarcely
be neceffary to fay that the difference may immediately be detected on looking
more clofely at them. Of thefe I have feen vaft numbers at different times on
the fhores of the river at Yarmouth, but they are by no means of frequent occur-
rence. Is it poffible that C. ^Egagropila itfelf fhould derive its globular form
from a fimilar circumftance? T.

A. C. segagropila, natural fize.

B. A branch, magnified 4.

C. A portion of ditto 2.

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CONFERVA PHOSPHOREA.

C. filamcntis breviffimis ramofis, adfcendentibus, denfiffime in crnflam
uniformam implcxis, violaceis ; difTepimentis obfoluis, articulis
longiufculis.

000.

ByfTus phofphorea. Sp. PI. p. 1638. Fl. Ang. p. 605. Fl. Scot. p. 1
With. IV. p. 143. Fl. Germ.. 564.

Auriculatfa phofphorea. Sowerby's Englifli Fungi. III. f. 350.

ByfTus lanuginofa violacea lignis adnefcens. Ray. Syn. p. 56. Dill. Mufc. p. 54.
t. i.f. 6.

ByfTus purpurea dehcatifTima, arborum corticibus adnafcens, breviffimis & tenuif-
fimis filamentis. Mich. Gen. p. 211. t. 90. f. 3.

ByfTus ccerulea csefpitofa crifpa. Hall. Hift. p. 2102.

Fungus violaceus herpatis modo lignis irrepens. Ray. Hift. III. p. 23.

On decaying wood.

THE Byffi filamentofae, moft of which I have had an opportunity of examining,
fo nearly refemble each other in ftru£t,ure and mode of growth, that the fame
reafons for which aurea and purpurea were transferred to the Confervse, will
equally apply to them all, though probably to none lefs than to the prefent
fpecies, which it is not without confiderable reluctance that I atlmit among the
Confervae, regarding it as a plant with the true hiftory cf which we are at prefent
very little acquainted. Mr. Sowerby has clafTed it among the Auricularis, and
obferves that in its moft perfect ftate it feems to belong to that tribe, in which
opinion he may poffibly be correct, as I have myTelf feen fpecimens of which
the edges were of a pale ftraw color like many of thofe Fungi, and inclined to

»3-

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curl off the wood they grow upon. At the fame time as no author has noticed
it in the flate in which it is here reprefented, I feel a pleafure in probably contri-
buting to throw fome light upon it, and I leave it to future naturalifls to deter-
mine its place in the fyftcm.

I received the fpecimen from which the prefent drawing was made from my
friend T. W. Dyer, Efq. who gathered it in Somerfetihire. It grows on decay-
ing wood, in patches of various fizes, and of a beautiful and vivid violet color,
which is permanent many years after it has been dried. The filaments are fo
extremely fhort and much interwoven that the patches to the naked eye greatly
refemble the cruft of a lichen, but their filamentous nature is in mod fpecimens*
obfervable with the afliftance of a common glafs. The minutenefs is fuch that
it is impoflible to feparate them, fo as to afcertain the precife length or the
frequency of their ramifications, but I apprehend the former rarely exceeds half
a line, and that there are feldom more than one or two branches on each filament.
The diffepiments are by no means fo eafily difcerned, or fo regular as in C. pur-
purea, but are here and there obfervable, and divide the filaments into joints, of
which the length exceeds the diameter. No fructification has been difcovered.

A. C. phofphorea, on decaying wood, natural fize.

B. C. magnified i.

* I have examined fome fpecimens in which I could not detect them at all, and I therefore feel
feme doubt whether they may not be peculiar to a certain age or ftate of the plant.

Flat,

/ ■

'

CONFERVA ORTHOTRICHI.

C. filamentis ccefpitofis, pulvinatis, rigidiufculis, fragilibus, ramofis ;
ramis fub-alternis, obtufis ; articulis brcvibus, diametrum vix
fuperantibus.

C. mufcicola. E. B. XXIII. t. 1638.

On trees in the New Forest, Hampfhire, growing on Orthotrichum Jlrialutn .
C. Lyell, Efq.

THE name of C. mufcicola, given to this fpecies in Englifh Botany, having
been previoufly beftowed upon a very different plant in Dr. Weber and Dr.
Mohr's admirable Swedifh Tour,* and fubfequently in Dr. Roth's Catalecta
Botanica, I have been under the neceffity of adopting a new one, and have with
the concurrence of Dr. Smith, taken that of C. Orthotrichi, as the plant has at
prefent been found upon no other tribe of mofTes. For the fpecimen here
figured I am indebted to Mr. Sowerby, to whom it was fent by Mr. Lyell, the only
perfon who appears to have yet found it in England, except indeed, as I fufpect,
the curled appearance of Orthotrichutn Jlriatum, mentioned in the Mufcologia
Hibernica as the variety /3, fhould prove to be the beginning of it.

C. Orthotrichi grows in very thick entangled tufts on the upper branches of
mofTes, having its roots in the leaves and ftem, which it often fo completely
covers as to leave fcarcely any part of them vifible. It is of a rich chefnut color,
dull and without glofs when dry. The filaments are not above two or three
lines high, eredt, repeatedly branched ; the branches generally difpofed at fome

* Rcifc Jurch Scbioidtn, p. 60. t. I. f. 3. The Conferva here figured fo nearly refemMes the
C cajiama of this work, that I am apprehtnfive they are not diftind, and I am forry I wa« unac-
quaii.trd with Dr. Mohr's plant when I publilhed my own Before, however, I confider them a*
certainly the fame, I fliall hope for fpecimen! from that able botanift.

r3-

diftance from each other, in an irregularly alternate manner, fhort, blunt, fimple,
iiTuing from the ftem at obtufe angles, and pointing upwards. The joints
throughout the whole plant are uniform, their length fcarcely greater than their
breadth, and with fomewhat of a beaded appearance. Thefe circumftances will
be fufficient always to diftinguifh it from C. cajianea, t. 72, to which at firft
fight it bears a ftrong refemblance. Great care is neceffary not to confound
either of thefe plants with the radicles, which fhoot out of the ftems of moft
fpecies of mofles that grow in moifl places, and are particularly abundant on
Bartramla fontana & Bryum palujlre. C. Orthotrichi is alfo very nearly allied to
C. Acharii & C. rubicunda of Roth, the latter of which may probably be the
C. Uichola of Englifh Botany.

The texture of C. Orthotrichi is rigid and brittle ; and in drying it adheres
neither to glafs nor paper. T.

A. A ftem of Orthotrichum Jlriatum nearly covered with C. Orthotrichi,
natural fize.

B. Summit of ditto, magnified 6.

C. Leaf ditto 5.

D. Ditto ditto 4.

E. Q- Orthotrichi, feparate 1 .

(uff/aa

CONFERVA PELLUCIDA.

C. filamentis erectis, ftriflis, ramofiffimis; ramis plerumque tern is,
obtufis ; articulis cyliadraceis diametro quintuplo longioribus.

C.pdlucida. Fl. Ang. p. 601. "With. IV. p. 139. E. B. XXIV. f. 1716.
C. prolifera &. tenuior. Roth, Cat. Bot. III. p. 247.

On rocks, and (tones in the fea in Devonfhire, Cornwall, Suffex,and Kampfiiire.
Hud/on. On the beach at Yarmouth.

THIS Conferva, though faid by Hudfon to be a native of fo many counties,
does not feem by any means a common fpecies, and is certainly one of thofe
which are leaft underftood by modern botanifts. How far Dr. R.oth is right in
referring it as a variety to his Conferva prolifera is a point I can by no means
attempt to decide, as that plant is not a native of the Britifh mores, and every
perfon acquainted with this tribe muft be aware how impoffible it is to fpeak
with confidence from dried fpecimens. I rather incline, however, from their
different habits to think he is miftaken.

The root of C. pellucida is a fmall di(k, from which the filaments rife in general
Cngle ; fimple and naked at their bafe, but foon becoming branched, and after-
wards fo repeatedly divided, that the appearance of the plant towards the apices
is remarkably bufhy. Their length is fix or eight inches ; their texture fliff,
wiry, and elaftic when frefh, but foon turning flaccid ; their color a remarkably
pleafing, pale, fubdiaphanous green, which is permanent even after drying. The
branches are chiefly ternate, though fometimes oppofite, or even alternate •, very
ftraight ; between eredl and patent; the apices bluntifh. The length of the
joints is about five or fix times greater than their breadth ; they are either quite

»3-

cylindrical, or very (lightly incraftated upwards : the diflepiments are dark and
narrow in a recent ftate, but, as the plant decays, grow pellucid, from the
collapfing of the juices.

For the drawing of this plant, as well as of the following, C. Ortkotricbi, I am
indebted to my friend, W. J. Hooker, Efq.

In drying it does not adhere at all to glafs, and very (lightly to paper. T.

A. Conferva pellucida, natural fize.

B. A fmall branch, magnified 5.

C. A part of ditto 3.

$1,

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CONFERVA CHALYBEA.

C. filamentis pulvinatis, ramofis, tenuHErafe, ftriftis, creftis, faftigiatis ;
ramis fub-alternatim fecundis, adfcentibus, obtufis ; arrfcuiis cyliadra-
ceis, longis.

C. chalybea. Roth. Cat. Dot. III. p. 286. Tab. 8. f. 2.

On Flints in Winterboume Stream at Lewes, Sufl'ex. Wm. Barer, jun. Efq.

PROFESSOR Mertens firft discovered the prei'ent delicate fpecies in the
neighbourhood of Bremen, and communicated it to Dr. Roth, who has
publiihed it with a good figure in the third volume of his Catalecta Botanica.—
Mr. Borrer has fince added it to the Britifh Flora, having found it in Winter-
bourne Stream at Lewes, Suffex, and to him and Mr. Turner I am indebted for
the fpecimen here figured. It grows on flint-fines in little tufts about a quarter
of an inch in length, and of a blackifh-green color, glofly when dry. The
filaments, which are repeatedly branched, are ereQ, ftraight, of equal height,
and very flaccid and flender throughout. The branches are placed at uncertain,
generally confiderable, diftances from each other; and iflue from the ftem fo as
to form an obtuse angle, but immediately curve inwards, and then rife in a more
or lefs upright direftion ; their difpofition is far from regular, but they are
frequently difpofed on oppofite fides in alternate parcels of two or three. The
ramuli are always placed nearer to each other than the main branches, and I
have frequently obferved more than one proceeding from the top of the fame
joint ; they are blunt at their apices ; the difTepiments are readily obfervable with
a microfcope, and divide the filaments into perfeaiy cylindrical joints, of which
the length is generally from four to fix times greater than the diameter.

C. chalybea is mod nearly allied to C. vivipara, but the defection and figure
here given will fufficiently prove it diftinft.
13-

In drying it adheres to both glafs and paper, and more readily revives when
immerfed in water than mod other fpecies.

A. C. chalybea, growing on a flint, natural fize.

B. ditto magnified 3.

C. ditto ditto 1.

CONFERVA FUSCO-PURPUREA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus, tenuiffimis, re£tis, fub-fafcicuhtis, cerate inae-
qualiter torofis ; articulis brevibus utrinquc fub-pellucidis, demuni
ferie globulorum cin&is.

On lime-ftone rocks in the fea about high water mark in the neighbourhood cf
Dunraven Caftle. W. W. Toting.

FOR the difcovery of this Conferva I am indebted to my friend, W. W. Young,
who found it growing with C. Rothii and another fpecies not yet defcribed, on
the lime-ftone rocks, a little below high water mark, in the neighbourhood of
Dunraven. It may be worth remarking that thefe rocks which produce feveral
Conferva;, that we have not been able to find on the Mumbles or other lime-
ftone in the weftern parts of the County, are of a different fort of lime-ftone,
and of that kind which I am informed is ufually called liasjlone, and are fimilar
in quality to thofe of which large quantities are exported from Aberthoir, and ufed
for the fame purpofes as Dutch terrace. This and many other obfervations
which I have made ftrongly tend to confirm the opinion of my friend Dawfon
Turner,* that the roots of the marine Algse are not merely intended by nature
to fix them to their places of growth, but that they are alfo ufeful as organs of
nutrition, although the hardnefs of the fubftances on which many of thefe plants
grow has led many botanists to fuppofe the contrary.

Mr. Young informs me that C. fufco-purpurea frequently grows in very large
patches, fo as to cover the rocks for two or three fquare feet, and gives them a
very fhewy appearance with its glolTy hue and purple-brown color. The fila-
ments are quite fimple, ftraight, rather entangled in their growth, and in length

» SynopCs of Britiih Fuci. Intr. p. 16. & 23.

I believe feldom exceed an inch ; when young their thicknefs is regular, but
with age they fwell fo as in fome places to be twice as thick as in others. The
difTepiments are fo extremely (lender that they can only be obferved with the
higher powers of the microfcope. The joints are in length but about half equal
to their thicknefs ; they are nearly pellucid on each fide towards the difTepiments,
and when the plant is old the juices collapfe into globular granules, of which three
are ufually difpofed tranfverfely in each joint, though fometimes a fingle one
occupies the whole. C. fufco-purpurea approaches in many refpe£ts to C. Curta
and Roth's C. atro purpurea, but in the latter fpecies the juices are faid to collapfe
into a double row of granules, and the fize as well as the place and mode of growth
are very different, and from the former it is diftinguifhed by the color and texture
of the filaments, and ftill more effectually by the fhortnefs of the joints.

j twv umuh.iu.ij iinvi uiu uiuii, (.ui^viuaiiy uy L11C lliUllUwla I

In drying it adheres very firmly to both glafs and paper.

A. C. fufco-purpurea, natural fize.

B. filaments of ditto, magnified i .

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CONFERVA CRISPATA.

C. filamentis ramofis denfiffime implicatis, crifpatis ; ramis alternis remo-
tiffimis; articulis cylindraceis Iongitudine diametrum mulioties

fuperantibus, ficcitate alternatim compreffis.

C crifpata. Roth. Cat. Bot. I. p. I?8. III. p. 2?5. FIora Germanica. III.
pars. i. p. 508.

In ditches and pools, about Newton Nottage, Glamorganfhire. IF. IF. Young.
Alfo about London and Yarmouth.

I HAVE gathered C. crifpata in the neighbourhood of London and Yarmouth,
and Mr. Young has brought it from the vicinity of Newton Nottage, but I do
not think that it is of fuch frequent occurrence as mod of the other fpecies. It
generally grows in ftagnant water, and floats in large entangled maffes on the
furface. The filaments are of a dark green, wholly deftitute of glofs, and from
fix or eight inches to a foot in length ; they are repeatedly divided in a fomewhat
dichotomous manner by alternate branches, which are always difpofed at a great
diftance from each other; the joints are cylindrical, and in length many times
greater than the diameter. In the older plants, the fporangium, or internal tube,
which contains the granular fubftance, fuppofed by Dr. Roth to be the feeds,
frequently contract fpirally. This appearance is not however sufficiently general
to authorize its introduction into the fpecific character, as Dr. Roth has done in
the firft and fecond, but very properly omitted to do in the third fafciculus of
his highly interefting Catalefta Botanica. When dried the joints become
alternately comprefied.

The diffimilar mode of ramification, and length of the joints readily diftin-
guifh this fpecies from C. frada ; and from C. amphibia 13, to which it bears
moft refemblance, it may be at once known by its far different joints.

*3-

In drying it adheres, though not firmly, to either glass or paper.

A. C. crifpata, natural fize.

B. ditto magnified i.

r /?

CONFERVA FENESTRALIS.

C. filamentis repeinibus minutillimis, tenuiffimis, ramofis, centrifugis :
ramis plerumque divaricatis.

C. feneftralis, Roth, Fl. Germ. III. pars I. Cat. Bot. II. p. i6r. III.
p. 180.

On Glafs.

I OBSERVED that feveral of the pieces of glafs on which I preferve my Con-
ferva;, and which had lain in a damp place were covered over with a very minute
mucor-like down, which on examination in the microfcope I found to accord fo
nearly with the defcription of Roth's C. feneftralis, that I feel no hefitation in
publifhing it as that fpecies. The filaments are of a light grey, inclining to afli
color, and fo minute that the glafs on which it grows has rather the appear-
ance of being foiled than covered by vegetation ; it adheres to the dried con-
fervas, or fome minute fubftance which may moftly be obferved about the
roots ; from this as a centre numerous filaments iflue in all directions ; they
are ufually from about two to four lines in length, and when they meet with
any proper fubftance ftrike root, and throw out other filaments in the fame
way. The branches are numerous, and generally divaricate, but the mode of
ramification is very irregular, fome of the branches being alternate, fome op-
pofite, and three or four are not unfrequently difpofed without interruption
on the fame fide. Diflepiments may be occafionally diftinguifhed, dividing the
filaments into joints, of which the length is generally about thrice greater than
the diameter. The fructification is unknown, but may probably confift in
fome granules, which are often obfervable on the branches. In drying C.
feneftralis undergoes no change. The drawing was made with the higheft
power of a compound microfcope; the extremely fmall fize of the filaments
rendering the plant almoft invifible to the naked eye, and confequently pre-
cluding the poffibility of figuring it in its natural ftate.
14

Flat,

CONFERVA FUSCA.

C. filamentis ramofis venofis, ramis diftantibus fub-alteruis ; ram u lis
patentibus clavatis ; articulis breviufculis, medio fafciatis ; capfulis
fub-globofis.

C. fufca. Fl. Ang. p. 602. With. IV. p. 141.

On Rocks and Stones in the Sea. Anglefea. Rev. Hugh Davits. At Newton
Nottage, Glamorgar.fhire. W. W. Young. At the W orms Head, and other
places in the extremity of Gower.

I RECEIVED a fmall fpecimen of the plant here figured from my friend the
Rev. Hugh Davies as the C. fufca of the Flora Anglica, and I conceive that this
gentleman's well known accuracy, and former intimacy with Hudfon, will prove
my fufficient juftification for publifhing it as fuch, more efpecially as the
defcription in that "Work applies better to this than to any other fpecies with
which I am acquainted. I however confefs that in fo doing I feel fome hefi-
tation arifing from the uncertainty that muff attend the elucidation of Hudfon's
dark-colored marine fpecies, which has already been mentioned in the
defcription of C. fucoides.

C. fufca grows in tufts from three to five inches long, and varying in color
from a dull to a reddifh brown. The filaments are numerous from the fame
root, and generally repeatedly branched. The branches long, remote, mod
commonly alternate, and often befet with fhort club-fliaped ramuli, which
generally form a greater angle with the branches than is formed by the branches
with the ftem. Mr. Young brought me a few half grown fpecimens from
Newton, in which the branches were much lefs numerous than in thofe I
gathered in Gower, and I believe the plant is fubjed to confiderable variation in
14

this refpetl. The length of the joints but little exceeds their diameter; under
the microfcope they appear of a light brown with a tranfverfe band in the
middle, which nearly difappears when the juices have collapfed by drying. The
capfules are globofe, rather fmall for the fize of the plant, and are fometimes
raifed on fhort fruit ftalks.

In drying it does not adhere firmly to paper, and {till lefs fo to glafs.

A. C. fufca, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

Plate 96.

«tf»

C

'

(bcm/t

€t ///s /y/fv/f.j.

CONFERVA MIRABILIS.

C. filamentis fpurie-ramofis, cylindricis, ccEruleo-virefcentibus ; ramis c
coadunitis genuflexuris filamentorum ; articulis breviflimis.

On Stones, and the Stems of Hypnum rufcifolium in the Stream which runs
through the Wood at Penllergare, near Swanfea.

THOSE Species to which Vaucher has given the generic name of Ofcillatoria,
and which he has placed among the Tremellae, are arranged as Confervae by Dr.
Roth, and form the divifion ' fporangium annulis' in the Catalecla Botanica.
To this divifion the prefent plant belongs, but it does not appear to have been
heretofore defcribed, and it differs fo fingularly from all its congeners as to
induce me to give it the fpecific name of mirabilis. I discovered it intermixed
with C. decorticans in the above-mentioned dream, and alfo attached to the
ftems of Hypnum rufcifolium, but in fuch fmall quantity that although I have
repeatedly fearched for it, I have not been able to obtain more than five or fix
fpecimens.

C. mirabilis grows in fmall thickly entangled patches, of which the diameter
in the largeft of my fpecimens does not exceed half an inch. The color and
fize of the filaments, and the fize and nature of the joints entirely resemble thofe
of C. diftorta •, and it is only by their different modes of growth, or with a glafs
of fufficient power to difcover the fingular connection of its filaments, that it
can be readily diftinguifhed from this fpecies. The manner in which the
filaments anaflomoze is not fimilar to that of jugalis, and the other fpecies of
Vaucher's genus conjugata, as there is no appearance of the connecting tubes, fo
finking and Angular in thofe fpecies. It is remarkable for having altogether the
look of a branched plant, though at the fame time it is in reality completely fimple,
14

fuch an appeafance originating from the union of the ends of two of the fila-
ments, each of which becomes geniculate at the beginning of the connection,
and thefe ends are moft commonly nearly of the fame length. Other parts of
the filaments are alfo frequently and fometimes repeatedly connected with each
other, in the fame manner, and I have feen fome which at firft fight bore a
ftriking refemblance to a mefli of C. reticulata. I feel myfelf at a lofs even to
offer a conjecture on the nature of this fingular union of the filaments, and can
only remark that they do not appear to effect any alteration in the interior of the
joints, as is the cafe with C. jugalis, bipun£tata and their congeners. "When the
juices have a little collapfed by drying, the tubular ftructure may be readily
obferved.

C. mirabilis, in drying, adheres to both glafs and paper.

A. C. mirabilis, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Ditto ditto 1.

v

CONFERVA RETICULATA.

C. filamentis anaftomofantibus, reticularis in maculas fub pentagonas

coadunatis.

C. reticulata. Sp. PI. p. 1635. Fl. Ang. p. 596. With. IV. p. 132. Eng.

Bot. t. 1687. Ray Syn. p. 59. Dill. Mufc. p. 20. t. 4. f. 14. Hall. Hift.

p. 2119. Pluk.Phyt. t. 24. f. 2. Morrifon Hilt. Oxon. III. p. 644. Sec.

15. t. 4. f. 4-
Hydrodiaion majus. Roth. Cat. Bot. II. p. 238.
H. tenellum. Roth. Cat. Bot. II. p. 239.

H. utriculatum. Fl. Germ. HI. pars I. p. 531. Cat. Bot. III. p. 322.
H. pentagonum. Vaucher Conferves d'eau douce, p. 88. pi. 9.

In Ditches and Ponds, about Hounflow, Hud/on. In the Cam and Pool of the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge. Rdhan. Heigham, near Norwich, Mr. Pitch-
ford. In the Stream near Low Hall, Walthamftow. E. Forfler, jun. Ditches
at Woburn and Apfley. Dr. Abbot. Ditches at New Hall, near Kenneld,
Suffex. Mr. Borrer. Thorpe, near Norwich. Mr. S. Wilkin.

ON the fame morning I received frefh fpecimens of the prefent Gngular
fpecies from my friends the Rev. J. Davies and W. J. Hooker. The former
athered it in the Pool of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, and the latter lent it
z from the neighbourhood of Norwich, where it was gathered by Mr. S.
Wilkin. It floats in irregular mafTes on the furface of Ponds and Ditches, and
though it has been difcovered here and there in different parts of this kingdom
and of the Continent, yet its known loci natalcs are comparatively fo few that it
muft be reckoned among the rareft of the frefh water Conferva, as the fpecies

me

14

has been long well known to botanifts, and the fi.igulavity of its flruclure pre-
cludes the poflibiiity of its ever having been confounded with any other. The
whole plant forms an oblong net-like tube, varying from a few inches to a foot
in length, and from half an inch to two inches in diameter ; being all formed of
rnefhes which arc moft ufually pentagonal, but fome are compofed of four and
forr.e of fix fides. Each fide is formed by a fingle joint which branches in a
dichotomous and almoft divaricated manner at each end, fo that thefe branches
a (lift in forming other mefhes. The joints are cylindrical, and vary greatly in
the fame plant, fome being twice as large as others, and the breadth varies
proportionably from the fize of human to that of the thicker! horfe hair.
Reipetting the propagation of this fpecies I cannot do better than copy the
result of M. Vaucher's observations ; they are fo extremely curious and
interefting that I earn.-ftiy recommend them to the notice of fuch botauifts as
refide in the neighourhood in which the plant grows, and (hail only add that I
long hefitated to give them credit, but confefs that the few obfervations which
my opportunities have allowed me to make tend ftrongly to confirm them.

" Enfin, lc 24. Germinal j'arrivai a ce but tant define, et je vis d'un feul coup
d'ceil, tcute la reproduction de FhydrodiGye. Chacun des cinq filets qui
torment le pentagone commenca a se renfler legerement, fur tout a fes extrr-
mites. Enfuite il s'en fepara, non pas par une rupture proprement dite, mais
en fortant de l'interieur de la membrane dans laquelle il etait contenu, et qui
fans doute s'etait ouverte ; et apres cette fcparalion, il flotta dans 1'eau fous la
forme d'un baton cylindrique. Bicntot il s'aplatit, et eprouva un alteration que
je comparerai a celle qu'un commencement de fufion produit fur les metaux ;
ensuite il s'agrandit infenfiblement dans tous les fens, et les mailles dont la
reunion le conftituait s'etant ecartees les unes des autres, il devint lui meme un
nouveau refeau que Ton diftinguait au microfcope. Bientot ces mailles purent
etre obfervi.es a la vue fimple, et enfin chaque baton fut totalement change en
un refeau enticrement femblable a celui clout il faifait partie. Toutes ces tranf-
formations s'operercnt dans l'cfpace de quelques jours, et au bout de deux ou
Irois mois les jeunes refeaux avaient acquis toutes les dimenfions dont ils

ftaient fufceptibles. Ouoique jc n'eufle aucune Joutc fur cc mode de repro-
duction, je nVi pas laifle de le fuivrc pendant les deux annees qui fe font
ecoulees depuis ma premiere obfervation. J'ai done vu ces refeaux qui etaient
n'es dans l'an VIII. fe conferver pendant tout Pete fans reproductions nouvelles
et enfuite de developper au printemps de l'an IX, comme les autres s'etaient
developpes l'annee prece'dente, et au moment ou j'ecris (ire Floreal, an X,)
quoique le printemps ait ete extraordinairement fee, et que le folfe ou vit
l'hydrodictye foit entirement prive d'eau les filets que j'y ai recueilles, et que
j'ai rapportes chez moi ne font pas moins developpes comme les autres annees.
Voila done une exemple d'emboitement peut-etre plus remarquable que to«s
ceux qui, jufqu'a prefent ont ete obferves. En effet il n'est gueres permis de
mettre en doute que fi les cotes des mailles du refeau de l'annee precedente,
etaient les refeaux de cette annee, les cotes des mailles des refeaux actuels font
aufli les refeaux de l'annee prochaine, que chaque fibre de ces mailles est elle-
meme le refeau qui fe dtveloppera dans deux ans, et que chaque fibrille de la
fibre principale fera le refeau qui fe dcveloppera dans trois ans, etainfi de luite,
jufqu'a ce qu'il plaife a l'auteur de la nature de mettre fin a ce developpement
en detruifant refpece qui le prefente."

In drying, C. reticulata adheres, though not very firmly, to either glafs or
paper.

A. A. C. reticulata, natural fize.

B. A rnelh of ditto magnified 5.

C. A joint of ditto ditto I.

f

\

\

fa

I

..»■

Hi

■

Vft

I |

ftfi>

CONFERVA CORALLINA.

C. filamentis, ramofis, dichotomis, lubricis ; diffeminentis contracts,
articulis furi'um incraflatis, longis, fub-pyriformis ; fruftu involucro
polyphyllo fubtenfo.

C. corallina, Fl. Scot. p. 988. With. IV. p. 136. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 225.
Eng. Bot. t. 1815.

C. corallinoides, Sp. PL p. 1636. Fl. Ang. p. 598.

C. geniculata. Ellis i ] P ui. Tranf. LVH. p. 425 t. 18./. f. F.

C. marina gelarnofa, corallina; inflar geniculata craflior. Dill. Hid. Mufc.
p. 33. t. 6. f. 36.

Corallina confervoides gelatinofa alba, geniculis crafliufculis pellucidis. Dill, in
Ray. Syn. p. 34.

On rocks and (tones in the fea. At Cockbufli, Sufi'ox, and Ynys y Moch, near
Bangor, Diilcr.ius. Brighton, Ellis. Anglefea, Rev. H. Davis. Wey-
mouth, Mr. Stackhoufe. Hartley, Northumberland, Mr. Winch. Cowcs in
the Ifle of Wight.

THIS beautiful fpecies may be found on feveral parts of our coafts during the
fummer months, but is by no means of general growth. When not exp
in water it forms a gelatinous flippery mafs. The color when th lant is in
perfection is a bright tranfparent pink, not unmixed with fcarlet, hut wit)
or expofure to the fun becomes lighter, and often tinged with green. The
root is fibrous, and throws out many filaments, which are repeatedly divided
with regular dichotomies, and vary in length from three to fix inches. In pro-
portion to the length the filaments are thicker than in any of its congeners
with which I am acquainted, being about half a line in diameter. The joints,
14

as Dr. Smith obferves, are nearly pear-fhaped, being much fwollen towards the
apex, and about thrice as long as broad. Mr. Borrer, whofe opinion in all
matters relating to cryptogamcus plants is entitled to great deference, informs
me that the fructification " confifis of a mafs of feeds not enclofed in any
membranous capfule whatever, but immerfed in a jelly, fometimes forming a
whirl in the contractions of the filament, and fometimes a lateral knob in the
fame fituation."* The fpecimens which I gathered at Cowes produced an
abundance of both whirled and lateral fruit, but the refult of a long invefti-
gation which I gave them, differed widely from the foregoing. The lateral
.knobs appeared to be perfect capfules, round all of which a tranfparent limbus-
was readily obforvable, and I faw feeds efcape from the apex of one precifely
as in C. rubra, and the generality of the marine fpecies. In fome plants the
capfules feemed to be compofed of three or more cells, refembling thofe of
Euphorbia, and I thought I obferved fome of the whirls to be formed by a
number of fimilar cells difpofed round the diffephnent?, and thus forming a
kind of polylocular capfule. Though the fhape and appearance of thefe whirls
differed materially from each other, I never doubted that they were true cap-
fules till I received Mr. Borrer's letter ; and I am certain that a well defined
pellucid limbus furrounded all that I examined, though frequently the feeds and
mucus which had efcaped fo adhered to the outfide of the capfule as almoft to
cover it, and had I not been well acquainted with that gentleman's accuracy,
I fhould have imagined that this circumftance had deceived and induced him to
believe that no feed veffel exifted. The whirled and lateral fructification arc
fometimes, though not generally found on the fame plant, and both are always
fubtended by an involucrum of feveral obtufe, jointlefs, incurved leaves. This
production of different kinds of fruit is far from being confined to C. corallina.
I am informed that three have been difcovered on C. fetucea, which is nearly
allied to the prefent fpecies, and Mr. Borrer remarks, " I fhould not be fur-
prized by any variety of fructification in the marine algas, having myfelf found
4>n Fucus pinaftroides no lefs than four kinds." Refpecting the red granules

• See Ens;. Bot. t. 181ft

which I have above called feeds, he adds, " In fome fpecimens they were ova!,
and in appearance folid ; in others globofe, and fecmingly divided into direr,
and unlefs I am very much miflaken, each feed in either cafe had a pellucid
limbus." Mr. Hooker, who examined fome fpecimens which were nearly frefli,
could not difcover any limbus, and he is of opinion that the feeds (commonly
fo called) of both fuci and conferva?, which have a limbus, are in fact capfules.
I confefs that the microfcope I ufed in the Ifle of Wight, was neither fo good
or convenient as that which I commonly ufe, and therefore I much more doubt
my own correctnefs than Mr. Borrer's, more especially as he has had frequent
a-nd much better opportunities of ftudying this fpecies than myfelf. My obfef-
vations as before related afforded me no room to doubt, that the nature of both
the whirled and lateral fructification is fimilar to that of Roth's Ceramia ; but
if Mr. Borrer's obfervations and Mr. Hooker's ideas are correct, the fructifica-
tion confifts of minute capfules immerfed in a loofe tranfparent jelly, without
any cafe or covering.

In drying C. corallina lofes much of its color, and adheres firmly to either
glafs and paper.

A. C. corallina, natural fize.

B. D° with lateral fruit magnified 4.

C. D. D° d° 2.

E. whirled fruit d° 2.

N. B. C. D. and E. were completed from frefh fpecimens in the Ifle of

Wight.

•

CONFERVA VAGINATA.

C fiiamentis ramofis cylindricis geniculatis ccsruleo viridefcauibus,
ramis vaginato-fafciculatis, articulis breviilimis

Ofcillatoria vaginata. Vaucher Hiaoire des Confervcs d'eau douce. P. zoo.
tab. 15. f. 13.

C. velutina 8. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 200 ?

Frequent during the Winter months on damp foil, by the fides of paths, &c.
about Weft Town, Suffex. Mr. Borrer. On Earth in the Flower-pots in a
Green-houfe at Norwich. Mr. Hooker. On Rocks and Stones in the Stream
which runs through the Wood at Penllergare, near Swanfea.

I DISCOVERED thisfingular fpecies, growing mixed withC. decorticans,on
ftones which are occafionally overflowed by the ftream, and alfo entangled
among the filaments of C. fluviatilis, and the leaves of fontinalis antipyratica,
in the neighbourhood of Penllergare. My friends Mr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer
inform me, they alfo have found it in their refpedive neighbourhoods, but in
fituations fo diffimilar, that the plant feems to poflefs a perfed indifference with
refped to the foil or place in which it grows.

Though Vaucher in the drawing of this plant has not availed himfelf of the
higher powers of the microfcope, his figure and defcription are too clear to
admit any doubt of its being his Ofcillatoria vaginata. It may be well to remark
that this author has formed limofa, fontinalis, and their congeners with fliort
annular joints into a feparate genus, which he has placed among the Tremellx,
and given it the name of Ofcillatoria, from a fpontaneous motion that he fup-
pofes them to poffefs. Of the nature of this motion I have already hazarded an
opinion in the defcription of C. limofa, and these plants, both in ftrudure and

14

appearance, fo entirely accord with the Confervas, that I confefs myfelf fur-
prifed at their having been removed by that able author to the Tremellae, to
which they feem to bear a far lefs affinity. As Dr. Roth fays he could not
difcover any (heath in his variety of C. velutina, to which he refers Vaucher's
C. vaginata, I have thought it right to quote it as a fynonym with a mark of
doubt.

C. vaginata grows in fmall tufts, of which the diameter of the largeft that I
have gathered does not much exceed a quarter of an inch, and the greater part of
them are in fragments of a flill fmaller fize. The filaments are cylindrical, and
rcfemble thofe of C. limofa, -except that they are branched, and that they are
enclofed in bundles within a membranous fheath, which is fo peculiar to this
fpecies that it is alone fufficient to diftinguifh it from every other I am ac-
quainted with : thefe fheaths are themfelves branched or divided repeatedly into
fmaller ones, at irregular diftances of various Czes ; they are narrowed at their
origin, and become fwollen upwards, as the filaments increafe by branching, fo
as fometimes to refemble a feries of Cornucopia;. The ends of the filaments
which are of various lengths project beyond the ultimate divifion of the fheath,
and they are fometimes curioufly coiled round each other. It appears probable
that this fpecies is propagated by the feparation of the different divifions of the
fheath, each of which may thus form a diftincl: and perfect plant, and Vaucher
goes fo far as to fuppofe that every individual filament at length becomes an
envelope for other filaments which are generated within them.

In drying, C. vaginata adheres, though not firmly, to either glafs or paper, and
when dried, may be revived by immerfing it in water.

A. C. vaginata, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 3.

C. Piece of ditto, magnified 1.

X). Ditto, larger than it appeared in the microfcope.

-y/'

mA

f

CONFERVA TURNERI.

C. filameutis pinnatis fafciculatis ; primis oppoluis fub-fimplicibus ;
articulis longis diffepimentis pellucidis; capfulis in pinnis infra
medium fecundis, pedunculatis, globofis.

Ceramium Turneri. Roth. Cat. Bot. III. p. 128. Tab. 5.

On Fuci and Corallines in the Sea at Cromer. D. Turner, Efq.

THE prefent fpecies was firft difcovered fome years ago by my friend Mr.
Turner, and was communicated by him to Dr. Roth, who named it in honor
of its difcoverer, and published a defcrip'ion in the third Fafciculus of his
Catale<£ta Botanica, with a good drawing from the accurate pencil of Profeflbr
Mertens. The fpecies which has fubfequentiy been figured in Eiiglifh Botany
under the fame name, is the C. plumula of Ellis and of this work.

C. turneri is found in great abundance on fuci and corallines in the fea at
Cromer, during the fummer months, and from its elegant growth and delicate
rofe color, m^y be confidered one of the mod beautiful of the Conferva:. Its
habit is bufhy, forming thick tufts. The filaments rarely exceed an inch in
length, and arc undivided, but befet with oppofite and moftly fimple pinnae,
from four to fix lines long, between patent and horizontal, which are fuf-
ficient readily to diftinguifh this fpecies from C. rofea, to which in appearance
it is molt allied. The length of the joints is about thrice greater than their
diameter, and they are perfectly colorlefs at their diflepiments. The capfules
are numerous, globofe, moftly raifed on fhort footftalks, and arranged together
on the upper fide of the lower pinnae : though in general folitary, it occafionally
happens that two are fupported on the fame peduncle.
15

For the drawing I am obliged to my friend William Jackfon Hooker, Efq. to
whom for many other valuable communications this work is alfo greatly
indebted.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. turned, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 4.

C. Ditto, ditto 3.

D. Ditto, ditto 1.

nan

as

CONFERVA ATRO-PURPUREA.

C. filamentis fimplicibus, anate hie illic inaequaliter torofis, atro-pur-
pureis ; articulis diametro dimidio brevioribus, fmgulis feriem du-
pliciem globulorum includentibus.

C. atro-purpurea. Roth, Cat. Bot. III. p. 208. t. 6.

Bantry Bay, Ireland. Mifs Hut chins.

C. atro-purpurea was firft difcovered growing upon mill-wheels, in the vicinity
of Bremen, and communicated to Dr. Roth by Profeflbr Mertens. Mifs
Hutchins has lately gathered it in Bantry Bay, and from her, through the
medium of our mutual friend, Mr. Turner, I have received fpecimens of this,
as well as of feveral other fpecies at prefent undefcribed ; an account of which
I ihould have been happy to publifh, had they not fuffered too much change in
drying. The prefent is one of the few Confervse that may be reftored by
immerfion in water, and I have therefore ventured to make the annexed draw-
ing from a dried fpecimen.

The root is fibrous ; the filaments grow in fmall tufts, they are about two or
three inches in length, thinner than human hair, nearly ftraight, of a glofTy
hue, and dark purple color. As in C. fufco purpurea, when the plant is young
the filaments are mod probably of an uniform thicknefs, and they are fo de-
fcribed by Dr. Roth, but thofe now before me are in fome parts fwelled, and
much thicker than in others ; the difTepiments are narrow and pellucid ; the
joints are in length but about half equal to their diameter, and each contains
two rows of granules difpofed tranfverfely, which, like thofe of C. bipunctata,
occasionally take a (lellated appearance. A longitudinal pellucid line is obfervable
15

running through the middle of fome filaments, and In others the bands of gra.
nules are divided in like manner into three or four feparate compartments.

C atro-purpurea is very clofely allied with C. fufco-purpurea, but in that
fpecies there is only a fingle band of granules in each joint.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. atro-purpurea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 2.

C. Ditto, ditto i.

lOl

9

B

c

W///YVYV/ v/vv/- y/ .

^r^a?

J. Sinffkot

Pubhshcri / ■ ■ / W M,

CONFERVA EBENEA.

C. filamentis ramofis, ereftis, aaefpitofis, brevibus, rigidis, fub-car-
tilageneis ; ramis ramulifque obtufis 5 articulis diametrum longitudine
aequantibus ; diffepimentis contra&is.

Conferva nigra. Roth, Cat. Bot. III. p. 299.

Byffus nigra. Fl. Ang. p. 606. Fl. Scot. p. 1003. With. IV. p. 144-

Fl. Germ. III. parf 1. p. 567.
By Mils petrea nigerrima fibrofa. Dill. Hid. Mufc. p. 9. t. 1. f. 18.

Byffus minima faxatilis nigra ramofiffima, &c. Micheli. Gen. Plant, p. 212.
Tab. 90. f. 5. & Byffus cxfpitofa nigra, &c. p. 211. Tab. 90. f. 7. ejufd. lib.

Byffus nigra velutina. Hall. Hift. p. 2104.

On Rocks and Trees. Dillenius.—On Rocks in the Highlands. James BroJie,
Efq.—On the Stump of a Tree in Mackbeth's Wood, at Brodie, near Forres,
N. B. W. J. Hooker, Efq.— On Birch Trees, at Coftefy near Norwich. Mr.
S. Wilkins.

C. EBENEA, accompanied by the accurate drawing, which is reprefented
in the annexed plate, was obligingly communicated to me by my friend Kir.
Hooker, who, in company with Mr. Turner, gathered it near Forres, in Scot-
land. Authentic fpecimeos with which I have been favored by Sir Thomas
Frankland and the Rev. Hugh Davies, prove that Hudfon's Conferva nigra,
refpefting which I had previoufly been accuftomed to yield to the generally
received opinion of its being the fame as Fucus fruticulofus, is in reality the
C. atro rubefcens of this work. In confequence of this it became neceffary to
change the name given to the fpecies here figured by Dr. Roth, who in the
third Fafciculus of his Catalecla Botanica has, with great propriety, removed
the plant from the Byffi to the Confervx, but has retained the fpecific name of

15

the Flora Anglica, in the place of which I have adopted a nearly fimilar appeI,
lation, propofed by my friend Sir Thomas Frankland.

C. ebenea grows on rocks and trees in thick black tufts, together forming
patches of various fizes, but it is not by any means . common fpedes. M?
Turner tells me that at a little diftance the patches look like fmall fpots of foot
The filaments I believe never exceed three or four lines, and are moft frequently
considerably lefs than a line in length; their fubftance is Itiff, fomewhat horny
and their growth erect: they are about twice branched in a fub-dichotomous
manner, and the branches are irregularly befet with fimple patent ramuli with
obtufe apices. The diffepiments are opake, more or lefs contracted, and divide
the filaments into joints, of which the length about equals their thieknefs. No
fructification has been difcovered.

In drying it adheres but very /lightly to either Glafs or Paper.

A. C. ebenea, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

( f/f/r/ /v/ ///>// //r/////,'

CONFERVA YOUNGANA.

C. filamentis caefpitofis, fimplicibus, rigidiufculis, apicibus obtufis ;
diffepimentis contracts ; articulis breviufculis, aduhioribus fubno-
dofis ; fuccus in globulos folitarios demum congeftus.

On the Lime-Stone Rocks near Dunraven Caftle, Glamorganfliire. W. W.
Young. — On the Piles of the Jetty at Great Yarmouth, and Cromer, Norfolk.
W. J. Heeler, Efq.

THE prefent fpecies was firft difcovered by Mr. William Wefton Young,
A.L.S. in honor of whom I have named it, as a token of my private friendfhip,
and as a public acknowledgment of the ailiftance which this work has received
from his accurate pencil.

C. youngana grows very plentifully on the limeftone rocks about Dunraven,
frequently in fuch places as are never covered by the fea, and only warned by
the fpray at high water; and Mr. Young tells me that it never grows much
lower than high water mark, or where it is not left expofed to the air during
the greater part of the day. The fituations in which Meflrs. Turner and Hooker
have found it at Yarmouth and Cromer are in this refpeft fimilar. It forms
elegant little tufts, ufually about a quarter of an inch in leng;h, and of a dark
green color. The filaments are fimple, fomewhat rigid, obtufe at the apices,
and when the plant is at maturity they become contracted at each diffepiment.
The length of the joint varies confiderably in different filaments, being fome-
times only equal to and at others double the diameter. In the young plants
thefe joints are nearly of the fame color throughout, but with age they become
more pellucid towards the diffepiments, and at length the green matter collapfes
into a globule which fometimes difappears, and leaves the filaments perfectly
colorless.
15

In drying C, youngana adheres to Paper, but not at all firmly to Glafs,

A. C. youngana, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified i.

104-

/*"

a

~^

f

f c

cm/elf-a /V/v/v

■

■

CONFERVA FCETIDA.

C. filamentis ramofis, flaccidis, virgatis, coadunatis, apicibus liberis ;
ramis confertis fub-dichotomis ; diffepimentis obfoletis, articulis
longiufculis granula elliptica folitaria includcntibus.

Ulva foetida, Vaucher. Hiftoire des Conferves d'eau douce, p. 244. t. 17. f. 3.

Stagnant Pools in the Salt Marfhes at Cley, Norfolk •, Mr. Hooker. Bantry
Bay ; Mifs Hutchlns. Among the Rocks near low water mark, under the
Mumbles Light-Houfe, Glamorganfhire.

IN the early part of laft June I difcovered this curious production of nature,
growing under the Mumbles Light-Houfe, in a pool left by the tide, near low
water mark, where, had not the tide receded unufually low, it would not have
been expofed to view. This I at firft fuppofed to be its natural fituation, and
the caufe of its not having been previoufly difcovered, but I have fince learnt
that Mr. Hooker had gathered it two months before, in the fait marines above
mentioned, and had afcertained it to be the plant defcribed and figured by
Vaucher. C. fcetida, therefore, feems to poffefs an unufual indifference with
refpect to its place of growth, for, he fays, " Elle fe rencontre dans touts les
eaux fraiches et courantes des petits ruiffeaux." I have not ventured on intro-
ducing it as a vegetable without confiderable hefitation, on account of its ftrong
peculiar oily * fmell, refembling that of fome of the zoophites, but the eye,
even when affifted with the higheft powers of a microfcope, cannot difcover any

* The remark made by Vaucher upon the fmell of this plant, agrees almoft exactly with what 1
had obferved before I had any idea of my plant being the fame as his. He fays, " L'odeur qu'elle
repand est tres forte, et reffemble aui odeurs anima'.es et furtout a celle des corps qui commencent
a entrer en putrefaction."

'5

appearance at all fufficient to diftinguifii it from the tribe with which it is now
arranged.

C. fcctida grows in thick bufhy tufts, near two inches in length and of a dull
olive color. At firft fight it very much refembles C. littoralis, but when ex-
amined under a glafs it differs entirely from this and every other fpecics with
which I am acquainted. The root appears to be a very minute callus, from
which numerous fliort creepers are thrown out, but it is fo fmall as to be hardly
obfervable. The filaments are very flaccid, and peculiarly {lender in proportion
to their length ; they are twice or thrice branched in an irregularly dichotomous
manner, and in their adhefion to each other refemble thofe of C. vaginata, but
there is not any appearance of a fheath. The branches at their bafe, and fre-
quently through nearly their whole length are clofely united to the ftem, in the
fame manner as are the main filaments to each other, being feparated only at
the extremities, which gave caufe to Vaucher's making it a part of the fpecific
character, " extremitatibus multoties divifis". The length of the joints is nearly
double the diameter, each joint contains an egg-fhaped mafs, refembling thofe
°f C. jugalis, which, from analogy, I fuppofe are formed by a collapfion of
their juices, or internal granules, and are fomehow connected with the fruc-
tification, as fuppofed by Vaucher, but like him I have had no opportunity of
inveftigating the matter.

Villars's C. fcetida may poffibly be the fame plant as is here figured, but
neither from his defcription nor his figure is it poihble to decide upon the fub-
je£t, and I have therefore not quoted him.

This ipecies adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. fcetida, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 2.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

W5.

I It

\

I

/ ' r/yr/

//y/ /■/////?////

>/

CONFERVA BIPARTITA.

C. filamentis limplicibus, tenuibus, longiflimis, denfiffime compaftis, flavo
virentibus; articulis diametro fub triplo longioribus dtnium bipartilis.

In fmall Pools on the Cogs on Town Hi!i Common, near Southampton. Mr.
Woods.

In the Ditches between Pontardylais and the Sea, Carmarthenfhire.

THE prefent fpecies almofl fills the ditches in the marfhes between Pontardy-
lais and the fea, and I cannot find that it has been heretofore defcribed. It
floats on the furface of the water in large denfely matted, maffes, of a yellowifh
green color, and retains air bubbles in the fame manner as thofe fpecies which
were formerly confounded together under the name of C. bullofa. The fila-
ments are very long, unbranched, and in thicknefs rather exceed thofe of C.
vivularis. The length of the joints is ufually from three to four times their
diameter. At a certain age the interior of each joint feparates by a tranfverfe
divifion in the middle, into two veficles, which at length contract and become
rounded at the corners. In figure B, the filament marked No. I is in its youngeft
ftate : in the lower part of No. 2, the tranfverfe feparation of the joints has juft
commenced, and it is feen in the different ftages of advancement towards the
upper end of the fame filament and in No. 3. Thefe internal veficles when
thus contracted are fometimes difpofed, as is reprefented at No. 4, and it fre-
quently happens that the division has commenced at one fide of the filament and
not on the other. The plant figured at C grew in the fame place and manner
with the foregoing, and could only be diftin0uiihcd by the microfcope. I found
the filaments of both mixed with each other, and the joints of many were fo
intermediate as to prove that both belong to the fame fpecies.
15

C. bipartita may be diftinguifhed from C. fordida by the fmaller and remark-
ably pellucid filaments of the latter, as well as by their more fimple internal
ltru£lure. From C. rivularis it may be known by its different color and mode
of growth, and by its longer joints with two veficles in each. Both thefe
fpecies however vary, and occafionally approach each other in a furprifing manner,
and no other Confervas have ever puzzled me fo much. I have gathered C.
rivularis, in fome of the filaments of which there has been a pellucid line run-
ning longitudinally through them, as if they were about to feparate in that
direction. It alfo frequently happens that the coloring matter in the joints of
that fpecies is collapfed alternately on both fides of the filament, fo as to prefent
a curious zic-zac appearance, and I once faw the internal veficles of C. bipartita
arranged in the fame manner.

In drying it adheres, though not fo firmly as C. rivularis, to either Glafs or
Paper.

A. C. bipartita, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified I.

flat,

$<mA //■(/ -S4cAa.nl

CONFERVA ACHARII.

C. filamentis ramofis, csefpitofis, rigidiufculis, fub-ereais, fragilibus,
fufco-olivaceis; ramis brevibus, patentibus, apicibus obtufis j articu-
lis Iongiufculis.

C. Acharii. Weber & Mohr, reife durch Sehweden, p. 104. t. 1. f. 6. Roth.
Cat. Bot. III. p. 298.

Parmelia velutina. Acharius Methodus Lichenum. II. p. 24?.

On fhady Banks in the neighbourhood of Norwich, not uncommon. W. J.

Hooker, Efq.

WE are indebted to Mr. Hooker for the prefent addition to the Britifh Flora,
he having difcovered it growing plentifully among the mofs on fhady banks in
the neighbourhood of Norwich, and by comparing it with authentic fpecimens
proved that it is the C. Acharii of the above mentioned German authors. It
forms ftrata feveral inches in circumference of an olive brown color, by which it
may be at once diftinguifhed from C. velutina, which it moft refembles in its
mode and place of growth. The filaments grow nearly ere£r, and matted to-
gether ; their nature is rather brittle, and each has rarely more than one branch,
which is fhort, patent and very obtufe. The length of the joints is nearly
equal to double the diameter. The fructification has not been difcovered.

C. Acharii may be diftinguifhed from C. othotrichi by its far different color;
by its place and mode of growth ; by its filaments which are much lefs branched,
and by its fhorter joints.

In drying it adheres to neither Glafs or Paper.

A. C. Acharii, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.
16

J.

- - ~ *

■

CONFERVA HOOKERI.

C. filamentis primariis inarticulatis, ramulis pinnatis, tenuibus, flexuofis,
undique fparfis, pallide rubro - fufcefcentibus ; pinnulis alternis
articulatis ; articulis diametro fefquilongioribus.

On Rocks in the Sea at Cawfie, Murrayfhire ; Mr. Hooker and Mr. Barter.
Holyhead ; Rev. Hugh Davies. Bantry Bay ; Mi/s Hutchhu.

I HAVE been favored with a fpecimen of this plant gathered by the Rev.
Hugh Davies, and which was marked by Hudfon " C. albida." The fpecimen
in the Dillenian Herbarium according with Hudfon's reference is however very
different, and agrees better with both the name and defcription of that fpecies.

Mr. Hooker favored me with the prefent drawing from a fpecimen which lie
gathered during his late tour through Scotland, and I have a pleafure in em-
bracing the opportunity it affords me of thus acknowledging the great a (lift a nee
which I have received from him, by diftinguifhing it with his name.

C. Hooheri grows to the length of two or three inches, and whilft recent has a
remarkably gelatinous appearance. The color is a pale reddifh brown. The
principal ftems are entirely deftitute of difTepiments, and are of an unequal
thicknefs, fo that if examined feparately they might be miftaken for an Ulva :
they are however befet with pinnated, flexuofe, jointed ramuli, and which are
remarkably (lender in proportion to the thicknefs of the (lem : the pinnuhe are
alternate. The length of the joints is about half greater than the diameter.
The capfules are nearly globular and of the fame nature with those of C. rofea.
It is in fiae and mode of growth nearly allied to C. arbuaila, but differs in its
color, in being branched throughout its whole length, in having pinnated
inftead cf multifid ramuli, and in the (hape and difpofition of its capfules.

16

In drying it adheres firmly to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. Hookeri, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 2.

D. Ditto, ditto 1,

"///< v/y/ '/j/Y>/'//a'/

CONFERVA BRODLEI.

C. filamentis ramofiflimis venofis purpureo-nigrefcentibns ; ramis t
gatis, ramulis fparfis, patentibus, fafciculatis, mulrifidis ; articulis
ramorum obfoktis, ramulorum diametro fub-longioribus.

Rocks in the Sea. Near Forres ; James Brodie, E/q. Bantry Bay, Mifs Hut chins.
At Falmouth ; Mr. Turner. At Scaton, Devon -, Mr. Griffiths. Sometimes
thrown on the fhore at Dover.

OF this fpecies I fivft received fpecimens from Mr. Brodie, and have named
it after him as an acknowledgement of the kind attention with which he ha*
honored me, and of the affiftance which he has given to this work.

C. Brodisei is among the mod magnificent of the genus, often extending to a
foot and a half or two feet in length, and pufhing forth from a difcoid bale
feveral main filaments as thick as fmall twine and of a blackifh purple color.
Thefe are befet with fcattered branches of uncertain length, which arife in a
direaion between horizontal and patent : along the branches at irregular inter-
vals clutters of Mender ramuli are difpofed, from a quarter to half an inch long,
multifid in a fub dichotomous manner, and acuminated at their apices. The
whole of the branches and ramuli are of rich deep red-brown color when frefh,
but turn black on drying, and are always ftrongly marked with dark longitudinal
veins. The capfules are ovate, fefiile, and plentifully fcattered over the ultimate
ramuli, fometimes on their fides, and fometimes at the axilla: of the divifions.
Befides thefe C. Brodixi, in common with mod other of the marine fpecies,
prefents what is ufually confidered as another kind of fruaification, confiding of
fphxrical globules imbedded in the ultimate ramuli, but of their real nature I
confefs that I am unable to fatisfy myfelf.
16

The whole of the plant is remarkably thick and bufhy, and its mode of
growth flexuofe, by which, with its peculiar color, it may be readily known
from its congeners. Neither the main ftem or principal branches fhew any
appearance of diflepiments, but in the ramuli they are very ftriking, and divide
them into joints whofe length and diameter are nearly equal.

The drawing here represented was made by Mifs Hutchins from a frefh
plant, and by her communicated to my friend Mr. Turner.

In drying it adheres but very (lightly to Paper and not at all to Glafs.

A. C. Brodiwi, natural fize.

B. Ditto magnified 4.

C. Ditto ditto 3.

Flab.

/ I ///r/ / tZ ■ /////r/////-j//-r

■ ■

CONFERVA HUTCHINSI/E.

C. filamemis ramofiflimis, flexuofis, fub cartilagincis, fragilibus, glauco-
vindibus; ramis fparfis ; ramulis fub fecundis erectis, articulis toru-
lofis, diametro duplo logioribus.

In Bantry Bay, not rare. Mifs Hutchins.

I HAVE feen no fpecimen of this beautiful and ftriking fpecies befidcs what
I have received through the favor of my friend Mr. Turner from Mifs Hutchins,
by whofe name I have had a peculiar pleafure in calling it, as I know few, if
any Botanifts, whofe zeal and fuccefs in the purfuit of Natural Hiltory better
deferve fuch a compliment. I am alfo indebted to her for the drawing here
reprefented.

The color, according to Mifs Hutchins, is a beautiful glaucous green, with
changeable tints when freOi, and under the water appears almofl white. The
fubftance is rather ftiff and approaches to cartilaginous. The root is a largiih
difk; giving rife to numerous cluflered filaments from three to eight inches long,
fomewhat thicker than horfe hair, of equal fize from bafe to fummit, flexuofe,
Very much and irregularly branched; branches between erect and patent, loofely
befet with others difpofed in the fame irregular manner, and thefe again with
others ; the ultimate ones are lhort, moftly fimple, generally placed more on
one fide of the branch than on the other, and very flightly attenuated towards
the apices. The length of the joints is uncertain even upon the fame filament,
but is about twice greater than the width ; in the middle they are (lightly toru-
lofe. No fruit has yet been difcovered. It is however proper to obferve that
this defcription has been made with Mr. Turner's afliftance from dried fpeci-
mens, as I have not been able to obtain the plant in any other (late.

16

C. Hutchinfice approaches mod nearly to C. diffufa, from which it differs in
the greater fize of its filaments and in the much fhorter joints, which are not
■as in that fpecies regularly cylindrical but conftantly fwollen in the center. The
fame characters, and flill more its flexuofe mode of growth, diftinguifh it at firft
fight from C. rupeftris.

In drying it adheres flightly to either Gl.ifs or Paper.

A. C. Hutchinfiae, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

I

i f///' / v t? /" /-//'•' y/rf //?

CONFERVA PEDICELLATA.

C. filamentis dichotomo-ramofis, duTufis, rubris ; ramulls alternis,
multifidis, apicibus furcatis ; articulis furfum incrafTatis, diamctro
fub-quintuplo longioribus.

C. pedicellata. Eng. Bot. t. 1817. (male).

On the Beach at Selfey and Brighton ; Mr. Borrer. Bantry Bay ; Mifs Hutchins.

WE are indebted to Mr. Borrer for this elegant addition to the Britifli Flora,
he having firft difcovered it in Suffex, and I am not aware of its having been
iound by any other botanifl except Mifs Hutchins, to whom I am obliged,
through Mr. Turner, for the prefent drawing, made by herfclf from recent
fpecimens which fhe gathered on the fh©re at Bantry.

C. pedicellata grows about four inches in length, and is of a deep red in-
clining to rofe color. The filaments are repeatedly divided with rather dilTufo
and dichotomous branches : the ramuli are alternate, and fomewhat fafcicuhted
with forked apices ; in the fpecimens from Mifs Hutchins they are obtufe in
every part of the plant, and fo are the lower ones of thofe from Mr. Borrer, but
in thefe latter the uppermoft are elongated and gradually attenuated towards
their fummits. The length of the joints is rather variable, but moftly about
five times greater than the diameter, and excepting thofe which conftitute the
terminations of the ramuli, they are always thickeft at the apices. The capfules
are on fhort fruit ftalks, joined at the bafe, ovate, folitary, and mo ft frequently
placed in the upper forks of the ramuli.

In drying it adheres to both Glafs and Paper.

A. C. pedicellata, natural fize.

B. Ditto, magnified 3.

C. Ditto, ditto 1.

FINIS.

W. Phillips, Printer,
George Yard, Lombard Street, London.

C decorticauis

x*

C r cr

C majusrula

C »c

0. / //V//V//V./ /J.

Ill i

mm:

Cffff'fcrf Ti

a

Slip

r

V U A

V> * .

0

'

Mm

»*•

V

\

1

I

Y

V

a

I

i

i

1

^ •

>*J.

*

>

•'

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i

■ ■••

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< i

i

-

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*

I

INDEX.

The numbers in the firft column refer to the pages of the Introduction and
Synopfis ; in the fecond to the Plate and correfponding Defcription.

The names printed in italics are fynonyms.

Auricularia phofphorea ......

Batrachofpermum of Decandolk. . 30

of Roth 8

■ of Voucher . . .22

Batrachofptrmum moniliforme

Byflus 14

Byjfus trruginofa ........59

aurca. . ...

Ltnug'mofa 54

nigra

phofphorea

purpurea .............

fulphurea.. 14

Ceramium of Decandoile 29

of Roth 7

Ceramium cejphofum -

■ compaSum 70

confervoid.es ..... 69

dichotoma

Dillwynii 37

■ fojiigialum ...........

hufutum

nfeii m -

88

32

35

101
88
43

41

15

41
3G

17

Ceramium tow.entojum ...... 70

Turneri

veiutina

■ violaceum

Crmnranfia 30

Chara batrachofperma . .... . .

gelatinofa .

Conferva of Decandoile 30

of Roth 9

Acharii Gl

segagropila 60

serea IS

asruginofa 22. G7

albida 32. G6

alternata 43

amphibia 32 37

arachnoidea. 56

arbufcula 80

arifla G7

arenaria

atra 33. 63

atro-purpurea 54

atro-rubefans 80

108
77
75

32
32

09
87
80

II

85

01

I 1

103

70

M

INDEX.

Conferva atro-Y'rens 60

■ ■ — aurea 57

— badia 85

barbata . „ 75

■ Biddulphiana 52

■ bipartita 42

bipunftata 50

Borreri . .79

. Brodixi SI

bronchiahs ............

• — Brownii 58

bull/a 31

burfala

b) Abides 87

canaLicularh .........32

cancelled 32

capillaris 33. 47

capillaris ......46

cavnea.. 51

■ caftanea G 1

■ chalybea . .61

ciliata 33. 77

coccinea 80

- — — comoides 37

■ compaSa ..........

confervicola 39

— confragofa 38

corallina 33.74

■ corallinoidcs .

corymblfera - - 62

■ crifpa 46

■ oifpata. 64

i rjjlata

cryptarum 59

cm ta 53

13

35

105

107
24

74
58

84
72
91
53
36
27
39
8

98
98

93
13

Conferva Daviesii ....73

decimina , 49

decorticans -.38

decu/Tata 51

denudata 85

diapliana 78 38

dichotoma 31.36 15

diffufa 65

Dillwynii 37

■ difliliens ........ . 51 63

diftorta 41

di'varicaia ..... ......

ebenea ..60 101

elongata 33. SO

equifetifolia 75 51

ericetorum 51

exigna 62

fafciata 41

feneftralis 54

fibrata 84

— —— fibrillofa 86

flacca 53

flaccida 53

flavefcens .....64

flexuofa 65 10

flocculofa 52 28

floridula 73

— fluviatiHs 33. 77 29

f<ctiiculacca. ....32

foetida 70 101

fontinalis 31.38 64

frafta 65 11

frigida 37. 39 10

fucicola 53 CO

fucoides 34.81 75

INDEX.

Conferva fugaciffima 43

fulya — 34

fu rcata - . ..... 31

furcata /3

fufca 34. SI

■ fufco-purpurea — 5-4

gelatinofa 33. 63

gennuliita ....

genuflexa 51

glauca

glomerata .34. Gj

Hookeri 80

■ Hutchinfise 65

imbricata

implex a 46

inter! upta . .74

ifogona. . 53

jugalis 49

— — latfea 55

lanofa C8

lanuginofa 72

• lichcnioola 56

limofa . . . . i --3S

lineata 41

Linum

littoralis 32. 70

— Icete-virens CG

longata 49

lubrica --G2

. luccns ...41

majufcula 40

. Melagonium -.48

Mertenfii 79

minutiifima 71

mirabilis 40

41

95

92

32

98

6

23

13

106

109

54

5
79

45

20

9
31

4S

57
47

Conferva mucofa 46

nmlticapiiilaris 59

multifida .... .7.)

nail, ifida - 33

niuralis. 89

mvfiicola

mucabilis §3

myoclirorr 37

myriapbyllum

nana - 71

nigta ■'•-.' ■

'■•'.

Digcefcens 34. 81

mgrefcens . B5

nigricans ........ .(.

niuda

nivca.
nodulofa .

nodulofa. 33

nummuloides.. - 15

obliquata 52

ocellata 60

ochracea . 55

olivacea Yi

Orthotrichi '"•I

pallida 5-5

pararioxa 70

parafitica . ^7

patens S3

peilinalis 51

pediceJIata 74

pellucida 83. 66

peuData — ...-K7

psnnatula 64

phofphorea " <~i

71

51
7
K9
12
19
5
.: )

I ■

31
38

62

B9

78

2 1

.

90

85

88

M 2

INDEX.

Conferva pilofa ............

Plinii

Pluma 72

plumofa _

plumula ............79

poly morpha 33. 8 1

prolifera ..........

protenfa 62

pulveria 59

pun<fta!is. . .... ..45

pur pur aj "cent . ........33

purpurea 56

" pujilla

quinlna ............

radicans . ...57

repens 72

reticulata 33.51

— rigida -.32

riparia.. 69

rivularis. 31. 41

rivularis j3- . . . . 42

rofea 79

Rothil 73

rubiginofa 56

rubra 33. 78

ruja 37

rupeilris 34. 65

fanguinea 55

■ fcalaris

fcoparia.. 32. 87

fcopulorum 39

■ — ferkea .... ..34

ferpentina ... .

' fetacea 33. 74

' fel'feimit 40

53
39

36
50
44
90
67

51

43

79

3

18
97

39

17
73
68
34

23

5
52

6

82

4

Conferva Jetigcra 62

filiculofa 69

fordida 43

— — — fpiralis... 50

fpongiofa 33. 76

Jlellma

ftriatula 52

(trifla ,a 83

tenella 72

tenioeformis 52

■ — tetragona ......... 78

tetrica 78

tomentofa 32. 69

torttiofa 46

torulofa 77

tubulofa 33

Turneri... 79

Turneri .............79

— — typhloderma 55

uinbrof.i 59

~ urceolata ..82

vagabunda 33. 65

vaginata 40

<var':a .

velutina 59

verticillata 76

■verticillata ........

veficata 37

villofa 34. 76

violacea 31. 38

—— — •aiolacea ................

vivipara 62

Youngana.. 53

zonata... ....41

Conjugata 17

60

42
2

40

65

81
56

46

100

S3
61

99
77
77
55
54
74
37

73
59

102

INDEX.

Conji ;ata decuffata ....51

longaia 50

port kalis. - .....50

frince/>s 49

JtMna 52

Diatoma 29

Eftcfperma 15

Jiclofperma gevnnala ......... ..37

fcflilh 37

■ terrcfiris 37

Fucus of Decandolle . 29

of Roth 7

Fucus Ivjjiiides ............

*ifufi"

■ hirfutus

Hydrodidtyon of Decandolle .... 30

of Rotb 12

of Voucher 20

}Iy drodiHyon majus

pen'agonum .........

tencllum

58
33

42

97
97
97

Hydrodiflyon ulriculatum. ... 97

Lichen ex'dis . .. ........60

Linckia 13

Mcrtenfia 12

Noftoc 28

Ofcillatoria 25

Ofcillatoria vaginata. ..... .. 99

Parmelia velutina

Polyfperma ..20

Proliftra 23

Prolifera crifpa 46

'vficata .43

Rivularia of Decandolle ...29

of Roth 12

Trcmella of DecandolU ..... 14

of Voucher 25

Ulva of Decandolle 29

of Roth 12

Uhiafatida

Vaucheria, ...30

ERRATA.

Page S2, line 18, for T. 32 read T. 56.

37, 2, for T. 43 read T. 4 1 .

- 4I, 25, for hibrica read lucenj.

— : — 50, -= — 27, for Vaucher read Cjnj. itellina. Vauciier. Hut.
de: Conferees, p. 75. t, 7. f. 1.

61, 23, for T. 89 read T. 69T

79, 20, after T. add 100.

81, 13, after T. add 107.

The numbers to five Plates in the fifth Fafciculus, were omitted by the Engraver;
they fliould (land as follows.

C. ftri<!ta.

T.

40.

C- amphibia.

T.

41.

C. fpong'ofa.

T.

42.

C. purpurea.

T.

43.

C. polymurpha.

T.

44.

, , : ,