N THE CUSTODY OE THE

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.

SHELF N°

24iT.ll

THE

Britiih Fruit - Gardener ;

AND

ART of PRUNING:

COMPRISING,,

The mofi: approved Methods of Planting
and Raising every ufeful Fruit-Tree
and Fru it-be aring-Shrub, whether for
Walls, Efpaliers, Standards, Half-Standards,
or Dwarfs :

The true fuccefsful Practice of Pruning,
Training, Grafting, Budding, &c»
jb as to render them abundantly fruitful :

AND

Full Directions concerning Soils, Situa-
tions, and' Exposures.

By JOHN ABERCROMBIE;

Of Tottenham-Court, Gardener:

author of

EVERY MAN his own GARDENER,

FirftpubHftied under the Name of Tho.MAWE.

LONDON:

Printed for Lockyer Davis, in Holbom;
MDCCLXXIX,

MRS

A-AriMfo

PREFACE.

NUMEROUS are the Treatifes
written on the prefent fubject;
few of them, however, have fairly reful-
ted from Praftice, and therefore it is little
to be wondered, that they have been
found erroneous and deficient, and liable
to miflead in the moft effential particu-*
lars.

The following iheets are intended to
exhibit the cultivation of fruit-trees on
an improved^ and, at the fame time, on
a concife plan, according to the true fuc-
cefsful practice of our moft eminent Gar-
deners, in raifing and forwarding every
fpecies of Wall-Trees, Efpaliers, and
Standards, to their full perfection of
bearing.

With

< H )

With regard to the Method puriiica^
it may be allowable to obferve, that the
directions, concerning the rcfpe&ive ar>
ticles3 are not confufedly fcattered up and
down, in difiant parts of the work, nor
are the operations belonging to ONE,con^
founded with thofe of another : in this
Manual the reader will find every Fruit-
tree feparately and compleately treated of,
as to its Botanic Clafs and Genus, its
Growth,ModeofBearing,Flowers3Fruit,
and time of Ripening ; its method of
Propagation by Grafting, Budding, Lay-
ers, Cuttings, Suckers > or Seeds; and the
different Stocks fuitable to the particular
nature of the Tree, with regard to
Grafting and Budding. All which arc
pointed out u ider the'name of that Fruit-
tree" to which they respectively belong*

As

( m }

As. Wall, and Efpalier Trees requk^
Angular care in the different operatio&i
of Pruning and Training, both in StiEft*
rnerand in Winter, thefe works arehel$
explained with refpedr. to the different
ilages of growth^ and order of bearing*

Concerning common Standards^ fchi
deader will alfo find ample direftidM I
thefe do not require, indeed, like Wall*
trees, a general pruning; a ftridl attention^
however, as well to their early growth^
as to their advanced ftate, being iieeefr
fary, they were not to be omitted.

The favourable reception of a former*
Work has encouraged it's author to fub*

* Every Man bis own Gardener, feven fidi'tioris frf
which have been printed. — This Work, from a dif-
fidence in the writer, was firft publifhed as the pro-
«lu6tion of •« Thomas Mawe, Gardener to his Grate
the Duke of Leeds, and other Gardeners;'' it wat

mil

( ?v )

tint to the lovers of Gardening, this his
Practice in the Culture of Fruit-trees,
Indeed, even after fome of the meets
were printed off, his idea, of it's bulk had
not extended beyond the limits of a pam-
phlet : he was not aware, that by print-
ing merely from Pra&ice, before he had
planned his Treatife in Manufcript, he
was liable (as it has now happened) to
encreafe his Pamphlet to a Volume.

He has only to hope, as general utility
was his firfl motive to both thefe publi-
cations, that he mall not be accufed of
preflimption, if he flatters himfelf that his
labours in both will be equally acceptable*

toowever entirely written by the author of the fol-
lowing fheets : whofe claim has fmce been, in fome
rneafure, aiTerted,by fubjoining to theTitle-page of the
latter Editions, the name of John Abercrombie,
t» the more popular one of Mr, Mawe*

C ON-

CONTENTS.

Almond Tree — Page i

Apple Tree — — l9

Apricot Tree — — 5°

Berberry Tree — — 89

Bullace Tree — — 97

Cherry Tree — — I07

ChelnutTree — — ll9

Currant Tree — — 124

Elder-berry Tree • — — *3*

Fig Tree — — *44

Goofeberry Bum — — l5$
Grape Vine. See Vine.

Hazel, and Filbert Nut — 17*

Medlar Tree — — J79

Mulberry Tree — — 186

Nectarine Tree — — *94

Peach Tree — — *°3

Pear Tree — — - 22°

Plum Tree rrr — - 24°

Quince Tree — 254

Kafpberry Shrub — — 260

Service Berry Tree — — 272

Sorb Tree — — 278

Vine, or Grape Vine — — a84

Walnuts - — — 3o8

Method

CONTENTS,

Page
Mithod of Grafting and Budding 332
SiHiaUQns, Expofures, and Soils 334,
M^hod of Planting — -^- 340
ft^K&ion of Blotfbms,and Thinning
y^ung Wall Fruit — — 344

Speedily will be pullijhcdy
THE

Gardners Pocket Di&iormry-

IN A

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

O V

All Tf$®%» Shrubs, KeFbs, Flowers, ancj Fruits 3
\Vit&. ^iv Ufes, Propagation, and Culture, in the
Briti-^ Gardens and Plantations, Green -Houfes and

Hcf-Souies ,

Alphai*A^a% digefted, and divided Into the following Heads. 5.

I. Rarely Trees and Shrubs,
II. Herbaceous Plants,
III. Green-Houfe Plants,
1Y-. Hot.Houfe Plants..

T[h,e Whole comprehending-
The €^«eral Practice of Gardening, and forming a
DaisX Remembrancer to Gardeners, Nurfery-men,
Jr^ifts, Seedfmen, and all Promoters of Horti-
cult*^?. r, agreeable to the Lina:an Syftem, withthe
Lari? ?a.4 £ngli{h Names,

THE

ALMOND TREE.

nr^HE Almond is eminent both as a
fruit tree, and for ornamenting
the ihrubbery, &c. early in fpring,
when in full bloom ; and is the original
of the ancient genus Amygdalus^ which,
by the botanic characters of the flowers,
comprehends alfo the Peach and Nec-
tarine, as fpecies and varieties of the
fame family or genus; all of which
belong alfo to the clafs and order, Ico-
fandria monogyniay u e. flowers contain-
ing twenty or moreflamina and one ftyle*

B The

( 2 )

The botanifts admit but of one real
fpecies of the common Almond Tree^
which they term

Amygdalus communis, common Al-
mond; and is botanically defcribed,
Amygdalus with fpear-Jhaped [awed leaves,
having glands at the bafe : and with flowers
moftly in fairs, fitting clofe to the branches,
fucceedcd by large ovalx downy, tough fruit,
containing eatable kernels, comprehend-
ing feveral eminent varieties, diftin-
guilhed by the following names and pro-
perties, viz.

i Common Almond with a bitter ker-
nel.

2 Sweet-kernelled Almond.

3 Sweet Jordan Almond, large and

fuperior in goodnefs.

4 Tender

( 3 )

4 Tender-melled Almond.

5 Hard-fhelled Almond.

The fruit, in general, of the Almond
tree is valued only for the kernel in-
clofed in its centre in a flone or nut,
it being the only edible part ; and is
by many greatly efteemed as a choice
defert fruit to eat, as well as for various
domeftic purpofea.

Confideredas a fruit tree, the Almond,
in all its varieties, deferves a place in al«
mod every garden, to encreafe the vari-
ety of eatable fruits, efpecially as ftand-
ard and half flandard trees, in which
they will alfo adorn the premifes very
confpicuoufly in fpring, during their
general bloom, and fupply us with an-
nual crops of fruit without trouble ;
ripening in September,

B 2 The

( 4 )

The trees generally affiime but a mo-
derate growth, obtaining from fifteen
to twenty feet ftature, dividing regu-
larly into many branches, and emitting
numerous ftraight fhoots annually ; the
whole forming a large full head, adorned
with long fpear-fhaped leaves, and paler
red flowers, having five petals, produ-
cing flowers and fruit, moflly on young
wood of a year or two old, immediately
from the eyes of the fhoot.

They flower early in Spring, before
the leaves; arifing in a vaflprofufion all
along the young branches at almoft
every eye, fucceeded by large oval
downy fruit, confifting of a thick tough
pulp, including an oblong nut or flone,
containing one kernel, which is the Air

mo ad,

( 5 )

mond, and the only efculent part, as
before obferved; the whole arriving
to maturity in September; the outer
tough cover fplits open, and difcharges
the Hone, with the kerne! therein, which
is fit both for immediate eating, and to
be kept for future ufe.

The trees are all hardy enough to fuc-
ceed in any common foil of our gardens,
in almoft any fituation and expofure ;
and in favourable fprings, when their
early blofTom is not deftroyed by f'roft,
they generally produce abundant crops
of fruit. However, when defigned as
fruit trees, they mould generally be in-
dulged with a fheltered funny fituation.

They are employed principally as
flandards and half ftandards, trained
with ftraight Angle ftems, fix or feven

feet

C 6 )

feet high for full ftandards, and four or
five for half-ftandards, branching out at
thefe refpe&ive heights, all around into
regular heads, planted at twenty or
thirty feet diftance, and fuffered to ex-
tend every way nearly according to their
natural order of growth ; though, for va-
riety fometimes a few trees are cultivated,
as dwarfs, for walls and efpaliers, and
trained in the order of wall trees, &c.
nearly as directed for Peaches and Nec-
tarines, and in which they often furnifh
larger and forwarder fruit than on
ftandards*

Obferving, that as this tree bears
principally on the young wood, we, in
performing the occafional primings, mult
carefully prefer.ve a general fupply ot
each year's ihoots as fuccemon bearers ;
as in peaches, 6cc "The

( 7 )

The Method of Propagating them, both as
: Standards and Dwarfs.

The method of propagating Almond
Trees, is both by fowing the ftones of
the fruit, and by inoculating buds of
the approved forts upon Hocks of the
Plum, Peach, or Almond; but as the
feedlings generally vary to different forts,
the budding or inoculation is the only
method by which we can continue the
varieties permanent with certainty ; and
they alfo fooner attain a fruitful Hate.

Take, however, both the methods of
railing them, as follow :

By Seed. Procure a quantity of

the ftones of the belt Almonds that are
well ripened in Autumn, and either pro-
ceed to fow them in October or No-
vember, if quite dry ground, or pre-
fer ve

( 8 )

ferve them in fand, in the dry, till Fe-
bruary, preparing for their reception a
fpot of any good light ground, and drill
in the ftones two inches deep, in rows a
foot afunder ; and when the young
plants are a year or two old, plant them
out in Autumn or Spring, with the fpade
ordibble,innurfery lines, a yard diftance,
and half that diftance in each row.
Train thofe defigned for ftandards, with
tall fingle ftems, from five to feven or
eight feet high, by pruning off all fide
{hoots to the height intended ; then juft
top them with your knife at the proper
height, either as full or half ftandards,
to force out a fet of branches more regu-
larly in the part required to give the
head its firft regular form ; afterwards
let them branch out in their own way,
and form a full head. But if any are

intended

C 9 )

intended to form dwarfs for walls, &c
they maybe topped in their minor growth
within a foot of the ground, to obtain
branches below to cover the wall and
efpalier regularly from the bottom, and
.rained as hereafter directed.

But when any of thefe feedling Al-
monds are intended as flocks in which
to bud any of the approved varieties,
they mufl not be topped or headed, but
trained ftraight up till after the budding
is performed.

By Budding or Inoculation.-- — The
propagation of Almonds by budding is
effected by introducing buds of the ap-
proved varieties into Plum, Peach, or
Almond Hocks, raifed fromthe ftones of
the fruit, as directed above in raiimg the
feedling Almonds, and planted out in
C nurfery-

( io )

nurfery-rows a yardafunder, in order to
be trained to the proper fizes for the re-
ception of the buds.

If for flandards, may either ufe low
flocks of two or three feet in height, in
order for the" bud to be inferted near the
ground, and the firft fhoot trained up
for a flem ; or the flocks may be previ-
oufly run up to Hems the proper height,
from five to fix or feven feet, to receive
the bud near the top, at the height
proper to form the firft branches of the
head— But

When defigned as wall or efpalier
trees, flocks of two or three feet flems
are fufficient, as the budding muft be
performed within half a foot of the
ground.

Thus*

( »« )

Thus, the flocks being ready, the
budding is performed in July, in the
ufual method (fee Budding) and in the
Spring following the buds moot forth,
each one ftrong ihoot attaining two or
three feet in length by Autumn, and
commences the new tree.

Then the firft moot from the budding
is to be managed, as the cafe requires, to
give the trees their firft proper form*
If fuch ftandards that are budded low in
theftock,thefirftiliootmuftberunftraight
up to form a ftem of proper height ; but
if the ftandards are budded at top of the
ftock, and this forms the ftem, the faid
firft fhoots fhould, generally, either the
fame Summer in June, or in March fol-
lowing, be headed down to fix or eight
inches ; as alfo thofe of the dwarf trees,

C2 tO

C « )

fo force out from the lower eyes a Hip-
ply of three four or more new moots
near the top of the Hem, to commence
the head in its firft regular formation.
After this,generally permit the ftandards
to branch in their natural way ; and let
the dwarfs have their branches trained
horizontally to flakes, while in the nurf-
tijyi, afterwards to the wall or efpalier.

The trees thus raifed, mould, when
from one or two to five or fix years old,,
have their final tranfplantation into the
garden or orchard, &c.

Plant 'big, and general Culture.

As to planting, the proper feafon for

this is any time from the end of October

till March, in open weather; having

the trees dug up carefully in the nurfery

with.

C 13 )

with all the roots poffible, and of which
prune off only broken parts, and any
ill-placed rambling moots of the head ;
then opening capacious pits for their
reception, twenty or thirty feet diftance
for the ftandards, and fifteen or eighteen
for the wall and efpalier trees, plant
them with due care, and a pot of water
given to each tree will fettle the earth
properly, and promote their rooting.
See Planting.

Then with refpedt to the general cul-
ture in the Garden, &c. obferve as fol-
lows :

Firfl, in regard to the ftandards ; they
having had their firfl moots mortened
in the nurfery as directed, and thereby-
obtained

C 14 )

obtained feveral well-placed brandies
near the top of the flem, to adorn the
head with a regular fhape, mould now
fuffer the whole to branch out freely
every way, and only jufl reform with
your knife any very irregular-placed
branch, and long rambler, or thin out
cccaflonal crowded wood, leaving always
the general fupply of regular branches
entire, and fuffered to moot according
to nature.

Next, with regard to the wall and
cfpalier Almonds; they having their firft
ilioots from the budding headed down
in the Spring, as already directed, and
having obtained three, four, or more re-
gular branches near the bottom, train
them horizontally to the wall, equally

to

( ** )

to the right and left, at full length all
Summer ; and in Winter or Spring fol-
lowing may prune them to ten or twelve
inches, to promote a farther neceflary
fupply of fix, eight, or more, regular
branches below, training them as above,
after which they need not be pruned fo
ihort, but continue encreafing the num-
ber of horizontals every year, trained
five or fix inches diflance, till they cover
the affigned fpace of walling and efpalier
in a regular expanfion.

And, as the trees thus trained will
throw out numerous ufelefs fhoots every
Summer, they will accordingly require
a general pruning and training every
Summer and Winter, in common with
other wall and efpalier trees ; in order,

both

( i6 )

hoth. to retrench clofe the fuperfluous
young wood, all fore-right, and other
irregular {hoots of each year, that cannot
be trained in. Therefore, going over
the trees timeouily every Summer, rub
or prune off clofe all the above evidently
ufelefs growths ; fele&ing at the fame
time a fufficient general fupply of the
regular fide moots for fucceffion bearers,
and trained at full length till Winter t
Then in Winter pruning, chufing a
full fupply of the bed fituated of the
laft Summer moots in every part, let all
the others that are not wanted be cut
away quite clofe : likewife, at this prun-
ing, cut out part of all the old horizon-
tals or former bearers, down to the beft
placed young moots they fupport ; and
the general fupply of young wood, now

retained*

( i7 )

retained at four or five inches diflance,
fhould generally in this, the Winter
pruning, be moftly fhortened, more or
lefs ; the fmaller moots to, eight or ten
inches, and the ftronger ones to twelve,
fifteen or eighteen inches, or two feet
long, or more, according to their
ftrength, to promote their producing
more certainly a requifite fupply of
lateral moots next Summer from the
lower eyes, properly fituated to train
in for fucceffion bearers, as in the
Apricot, Peach, and other trees, that
bear principally on the young wood,
( See peaches^ &c. )

Then, as foon as ever a tree is thus
Winter-pruned, let the whole be di-
rectly nailed regularly to the wall, or
D tied

( i8 )

tied to the efpalier, ranging the bran-
ches horizontally, and equally to both
fides, as befon 9 £>ir, five, or fix inches
afunder, no where eroding, but all laid
parallel or befideone another, at thefe
difta&ees, and fattened along as (frail
and neat as pofiibe.

APPLE-

( 19 )

APPLE-TREE.

HP HE Apple is juftly efteemed the
J belt fruit-tree in the world, for
the great value of its mod excellent
fruit, for numerous important domeftic
ufes all the year round, and compre-
hends varieties without end, all the off-
fpring of one original fpecies, which by
the botanifts is retained as a fpecies of
Pyrus, or Pear-tree, their mode of
bearing, and botanic characters of the
flowers, &c. being exactly fimilar; and
although the fruit differs in external
form, yet they perfectly convfpond in-
ternally; but the Apple, however, was
long confidered as a diftindt family, or
D 2 genus,

( 20 )

genus, under the title of Mains 7 till,
by the laws of modern botany, it was
ranged as a fpecies only of the genus
Pyrus aforefaid •, and they both belong
to the clafs and order Icofandria Penta-
gynia, i. e. flowers having twenty or
more (lamina, and five ftyles.

There is only one real fpecies of the
common Apple tree, comprehending
many varieties, and is by the botanifts
entitled,

Pyrus Mains, i. e. the Apple Tree,
and is botanicaiiy .defcribed— Pyrus,
with oval f awed leaves, and the flowers
produced in clofe-fmkg umbels, luc-
ceeded by large round and oblpngifh
fruit, concave at the bale 5 this being

C 2' )

the fpecific diftincYion of the Apple-
tree. It comprifes numerous varieties,
differing both in the fize of the trees in
their general growth, as well as in the
ftrength of the fhoots, fize and colour
of the leaves ; but more confpicuoufly
in the fize, fhape, colour, qualities,
and times of ripening of the fruit; the
varieties of which, no doubt, amount
to fome hundreds.

However, in refpect to the fruit, we
fhall exhibit a catalogue of only the
principal well-approved forts, and fuch
that are known and readily obtained in
all the public nurferies, by the names
annexed in the following lift, which
exhibits alfo their time of ripening.

Jen-

( » )

Jenneting, or June-eating Apple,

July.
Co d l i n . 7#/y //// O <£/.
Margaret Apple. Augujt.
Quince Apple. September.
Kentish Codlin, forg*. ^f#g\ and Sept,
Summer P e a r m a i n . Aug. and Sept.
Scarlet Pearmain. Aug. and Sept.
Golden Rennet. Sept. and Oft, &V,
Golden Russet. Sept. and Off. &c.
Summer Remeourge, Aug. a nd Sept.
Summer C a l vi l le . Aug. and Sept.
Red Autumn Calville. Sept. and Off.
Wh i te A utumn C a l v i lle. Sept. & Off.
G o L d e n P i p p i n . Sept. Off. and Win t er.
Aromatic Pippin. Offcber, &c.
White Rennet. October, &c.
Loan's Fe arm a in. Sept. and Off,,
R oval P e a r m a i n . Sept, and Off,

Violet

( n )

Violet Apple. 051. and Whiter.
Nonpareil. Ocl. Nov. Winter, &c.
Large Nonpareil. Off. and Nov*
Royal Russet. October till Spring.
Rennet Grise. 05fcber a nd Winter.*
Monstrous Rennet. 051. Nov. &c.
Wh eeler's Russet. 051. and Winter.
Kentish Pippin. O5lober9 £fr.
Courpendu, or Hanging Body. Sep-
tember, 05fcber, &c.
Holland Pippin. 051 Nov &c.
K i r t o n Pippin. Sept , and 051.
Winter Greening. 051. and Winter.
Anise j^ppue. Sept. Otlcber, &x.
Orange Pippin. Sept. 051. &c.
Winter Pearmain. O5?ober5 6?r.
Pile's Russet. Otlober till. Spring.
Stone Pippin. 051. and Nov. till Summer
Embroidered Apple. O51-ober9 &c.

Grey

( *4 )

Grey Leadington. Sept. Oft. csV.

Leather-coat Russet. Oclober and

Winter.
None-such. September, Oftober, &c.

Winter Queening. Oft. Nov. &c.

Po m m e d ' A p i . Sept. Oft. and Winter.

Cat's Head. September and Oftober.

White Costin. September and Oftober^

Lemon Pippin. Oftober ; csV.

To the above varieties may alio be
added the Wilding, or Crab- Apple, and
the Paradife, or Dwarf- Apple, — But

The Crab Apple, fnppoied the origi-
nal, or parent fpecies of the whole,
is valued only principally to raife for
flocks, on which to ingraft the culti-
vated apples •, and for the fruit, to
make verjuice,

And

C *5 )

And the Paradije Jpple, which is of
very dwarfifh growth, is chiefly ufed
only for flocks to graft upon, to form
very low dwarf trees, as we (hall have
occafion to mention.

Thus we may obferve, by the forego-
ing lift, the varieties of Apples are very-
great; and there are ftill a much
greater variety than here mentioned*
but thofe are the belt we can recom-
mend ; and of which, about fifteen or
twenty different forts, that follow one
another fucceffively in perfection, may
be fufficient to furnifh a fupply the year
round ; however, where there is full
fcope of ground, a perfon may indulge
his fancy with a more confiderable vari-
ety, choofing a proper collection both of
E Summer

( 26 )

Summer and Winter kinds, but moil
of the latter, for general ufe ; the trees
of all which may be had at the public
mirferies, in the greateft perfection-,
both ftandards, and efpaliers, &c. and
may be all eafily raifed by grafting, as
hereafter directed*

The Apple tree grows twenty feet
high, or more, with a large fpreading
head, and produces its flowers and fruit
upon fpurs, fhort robufl moots, half an
inch or an inch long, ifTuing from the
branches of from two or three, to many
years old, appearing firft towards the
upper parts ; fo the branches mud ne-
ver be fhortened in the general courfe
of pruning.

The trees are very hardy, fucceed In

any *

( *7 )

any common foil of a garden or orchard,
or in any fituation where it is not very
wet, which we mould abandon, for they
do not profper in low wet ground •, ge-
nerally allotting them an open expofurea
free to the fun and air.

They fucceed both as flandard trees,
half-ftandards, and in efpaliers -, but we
rarely indulge them with a wall, as they
ripen their fruit abundantly well without
that afliftance. In efpaliers, however,
we mould generally allot a good collec-
tion of the beft Eating Apples, as in
that order of training they commonly
attain fuperior perfection, in regard to
fize and beauty, than on common
flandard trees ; but all the forts alfo ac-
quire perfect maturity on ftandards ;
E & and(

( 23 )

and it is the common full ftandard trees,
that furnifh us with the principal fup-
ply of all fort^ of Apples for general ufe,
being planted in ranges in the garden
or orchard, thirty or forty feet diftance,
and permitted to branch out every way
according to nature ; and the efpalier
trees, planted twenty feet diftance,
with their branches ranged horizontally
to the trellis, always at full length, be-
caufe fhortening thofe trees would cut
away the very firft bearing parts, and re~
tard their bearing, efpecially as they begin
bearing firft towards the ends of the
branches.

The full ftandards are trained with
tall upright Hems, fix or feven feQt
high, before permitted to branch out

to

( *9 )

to form the head, and are the proper
trees for general culture as ftandards.
And half ftandards are trained with
flems only three, four, or five feet high,
then fufFered to branch out at that
height, and form the head.

But dwarf trees for efpaliers, &c. are
trained with low Items, only ten or
twelve inches high, in order that they
may form branches near the ground,
to cover the whole efpalier from the
bottom to top.

And dwarf ftandards are alfo trained
with low ftems, only a foot or two high,
for fmall gardens, and by way of va-
riety. '

Method

( 3° )

Method of Propagation.

With regard to the method of propa-
gating Apple-trees, all the different vari-
eties having'been firfl obtained accident-
ally from feed, and as they rarely come
to the fame forts again by that method of
propagation, the approved forts thereof
are propagated, and continued perma-
nent, only by grafting fhoots of them
into any kind of the common Apple, or
Crab; flocks raifed from the kernels of
the fruit, for all common flandards and
efpalier trees; alio, cccafionally, upon
Codlin flocks, raifed from fuckers, cut-
ings, and layers, to form moderate
flandards, eipaliers, and dwarf fland-
ards; and on Paradife flocks to have very

dwarf

( 3* )

dwarf trees, to accommodate fmafi
gardens, and for curiofity.

All flocks, raifed from any kind of
cultivated Apples, are called free
flocks, to diftinguifh them from crab
frocks, and from the dwarf flocks of
the Codiin and Paradife Apple.

Having obferved thus far, let the fup-
ply of common ftocks for general graft-
ing, for common flandards and efpalier
trees, be raifed from the kernels of any
fort of Apples or crabs, aforefaid, fowed
in Autumn, Winter, or Spring, in
beds of light earth, drilled or bedded
in an inch deep \ (fee Stocks) they will
come up in the Spring j and in Au-
tumn, or Spring following, phnt out

the

C 32 )

the flrongefl in nurfery rows, a yard
afunder ; here trained three or four
years, or till feven feet high for full, and
four or five for half flandards, and for
efpaliers and other dwarf trees, two or
three feet high is fufficient; though
fometimes flandards are alfo grafted on
low flocks near the ground, and the
firft moot from the graft trained up the
proper height for a ftero.

The grafting is performed in March,
by whip-grafting for fmall flocks, and
cleft-grafting for larger; cutting the
grafts from trees noted for bearing the
beft fruit, and proceed to ingraft them
in the ufual method; {fee Grafting)
previoufly heading the flocks; the
(landards, at from four to five or fix fc^t

height,

( 33 )
-height, and efpaliers and other dwarfs
within fix or eight inches of the ground;
fo inferring the graft at top, one in
each (lock, they will all moot forth the
fame year, each three, four or more
moots effecting the nrft formation of
the head, which you will form for the
purpofes intended, whether they remain
in the nurfery, or tranfplanted into the
.garden at a year old.

Such, for example, the ftandards, if
furnimed with -four or more regular
fhoots in the head, they may either
have the faid firft moots remain entire,
if you would have them form a more
erect and lofty head ; or, if the pre*
fent firft-fhoots are not fufficient to give
the head its proper form, may fhorten
F them

C 34 )
them in Spring following to five or fix.
eyes, to fprce out more branches the
enfuing Summer, near the top or the
ftem, if you defign them to form a
lower, more full, and wide fpreading
head-, after this, however, permit the
whole to branch out every way at full
length, and they will thus form a bear-
ing ftate in two or three years.

And as to theefpaliers and dwarf (land-
ards, it is generally advifableto iliorten
all rhe fir ft (hoots from the graft, in
M ircri following, to five or fix inches, to
obtain a good fupply of lower branches
in Summer, to form the head more full
and regular, quite from the bottom;
afterwards trained generally all at full
length. Thofe of the cfpalier trees

ranged

( 35 )

ranged equally to both fides horizontally
to (takes, difplacing any fore-right, irre-
gular moots that cannot be trained in
with regularity : and the regular trained
branches being continued always at full
lengthy they in two or three years emit
many fruit fpurs, and commence
bearers. See their General Culture.

Thus the young trees, both ftandards
and efpaliers, when from one or two to
three or four years old, are proper for
final tranfplantation into the garden or
orchard, &c. as below*

Planting them in the garden, &V.

As juft above obferved, Apple-trees

of from one or two to three or four

F 2 years

( 3* )
years- old from grafting, having formed
good heads, furnifhed with feveral orang-
eries, are more eligible than older tree*
for planting •, and the proper planting
feafon is any time from November till
March, in open weather.

At the proper time let the trees be
digged up in the nurfery, with all the
roots as entire as poffible, pruning off
only broken parts, and leave the head
wholly entire, except juft retrenching
any ill-placed moot, not confident with
the general form ; then plant them
according to 'the ufual method ; ( fee
Planting) the full ftandards thirty or
forty feet diftance, both in the garden
and orchard, the half ftandards not lefs
*hen twenty five feet afundeiv and the

efbaEer

( 37 )

eipaiier trees twenty feet diftance at
lead, with their branches ranging the
way of the efpaliers; but if grafted on
free or crab (locks, twenty five feet is
not too much ; and thofe upon codlin
flocks, not lefs than fixteen or eighteen
feet diftance ; but thofe that are on
paradife (locks, fifteen feet may be fuf-
ficient : the fame rules are to be ob-
ferved in planting dwarf flandards.

As foon as planted, let the high
ftandards be properly fupported with
flakes, and fallen the branches of the
efpalier trees along to the trellis or
flakes of the efpalier. (See Planting.)

General Culture of Pruning, t?c.

Firftin refpect to pruning of ftandard
Apples: they having formed heads fur-

nifhed

( 33 )

niftied with feveral regular branches^
extending each way, by the rules
obferved in their nurfery culture, fhould
generally proceed with the whole at full
length, branching out freely every way
around to their full extent, and form a
full fpreading head ; and thus they will
naturally emit numerous fruit fpurs all
along the fides of the branches as they
advance in length, and bear abundantly
without trouble of much pruning •, for
ftandards having full fcope to branch
out fully on all fides, require but only
a trifling pruning, probably once in
in feveral years, juft to retrench any
very ill-placed branch that grows auk-
wardly acrofs the others, &c. reduce
long ramblers and low ftragglers, or
occafionally to thin fuch as crowd or
confufe the head confiderably, and

cafual

C 39 )

cafual worn-out barren branches, and
all decayed wood, cutting clofe, either
to their origin, or down to fome
commodious lower (hoot or branch,
as it fhall feem convenient, and to cut
out alfo all fuckers or (hoots from the fide
of the ftem, or that rife m the middle
of the head. See Pruning Standards.

But as to the efpalier Apple trees, they
being limited to a certain fpace, both in
height and extent fideways, having their
branches trained at regular diftances, and
as they will annually produce many
more fhoors than are wanted, or can
be trained, confident with the general
regularity, they confequently require a
general pruning and training every
yean, to retrench the redundant and

irregular

( 40 )
irregular wood, and to train in occafi-
onal new fupplies where wanted.

In the infant Mate of efpalier trees,
our principal care is to procure a good
fpread of lower branches to furnifh a
proper bafis, as it were, to fupply others
regulary upward, to cover the efpalier
equally from bottom to top, with
bearers j which depends wholly on the
firft and fecond year's pruning, by
fhortening the firft fhoots more or lefs,
as directed in the nurfery ; fo that fup-
pofing the new planted trees are only
one year old from grafting, and their
firft fhoots or head entire, not being
fhortened in the nurfery as directed, it
muit now be done in the Spring, cut-
ting each fhoot to five or fix inches,

as

( 4* )
as direcled in the nurfery culture, to
obtain a more abundant and regular
fupply of branches below, confiding of
fix, eight, or more, ranging regularly
the way of the efpalier.

But, if the young trees were previ-
ouQy headed once or twice in the nur-
fery, as there advifed, and thereby fur-
nifhed a proper fupply of lower laterals,,
forming a regular fpread of eight or
more branches, near the bottom, as
aforefaid, we need not practice pruning
fhort hereafter, as having now obtained
a good foundation below* they will
generally afford a fufBcient fupply gra-
dually to fill the efpalier upward.

In this cafe it is advifable to train
G the

( 42 )

the whole now principally at full length s
horizontally along to the efpalier, for
bearers, ranging an equal number to
both fides, five or fix inches afunder,
tying the branches clofe to the trellis;
and, as they advance in growth, flill
continue them at full length j for fhor-
tening would retard their bearing ancl
force put ufelefs wood ; fo only fhor-
tenmg an occafional moot, where wood
is wanted to fill a vacancy, being either
pinched down to a few eyes early the
fame Summer, orcutfhortin Spring, to
force out three or four (hoots below.

In this manner continue increafing
the fupply of horizontals or bearers
annually upward, at the above diftance,
sne above another, till they by degrees

cover

C 43 )
rover the efpalier regularly to the top*
at the fame time being careful to re-
trench all fuperfluous and irregular wood
of each year, as directed bdow, taking
them off always quite clofe, fattening
the regular branches always flraight
and horizontally to the efpalier.

Thus, the branches being trained
always at full length, they will foon
all emit numerous fruit fpurs, and bear
plentifully, and will continue increafing
the fupply of fruit fpurs as they advance,
and the fame branches continue im-
proving in bearing for many years.

Their General Pruning in Efpaliers*

Remembering, as the fame branches
continue fruitful many years, no gene* '
G 2 ral

( 44 1

ral fupply of wood is wanted antftjafiyv
after the trees are fully trained, as m
Almonds, Peaches, and Nectarines,,
&c. whicl* bear only on young (hoots
of a year old, but only now and then
a fhoot retained here and there, as
hereafter explained.

Remark, likewife, in the general pru-
ning of thefe trees, never to fhorten the
branches, becaufe, as they bear nril1
towards the extreme parts, and encreafe
the number of fruit fpurs as they advance
In length, that, if fhoncned, would
cut away the very firft bearing parts,
and every fhortening would retard their
bearing two years, befides promoting
a great iuxuriancy, and in the places
where fruit fpurs would have likewife

appeared,

( 45 )

appeared, fend forth numerous ftrong
ufelefs wood, and no fruit,

Efpalier Apple trees in generalr 're-
quire pruning and training every Sum-*
mer and Winter to preferve the regular
form, &c. by retrenching the redun-
dant, and training in the proper growths.

The Summer pruning is requifite ia
order to reform the irregularities of the
fame year's growth, fo mould begin
to go over the trees in May, or early
in June, before the (hoots of the year
are much advanced, and carefully prune
out all the fore-right, and evidently
fnperabundant and unneceffary young
fhoots, retrenching them quite clofe 3
which, if begun early before the

fhoots

C 4$.. )
ihoots become woody, may be e^
feded with the thumb, otherwife muft
ufe the knife \ being careful to leave
the terminating fhoot of every horizon-
tal or bearer entire, where there is
room to extend them, and referve here
and there a well placed ftrong fhoot
towards the lower parts, at full length,
efpecially where there is any apparent
defedt or vacancy, or if none, it is
proper to leave fome good fide (hoots
in different parts, till Winter pruning,
in cafe of any unforefeen vacancy; and
if then not wanted, are eafily retrenched:
training at the prefent the whole re-
ferred fupply clofe to the efpalicr * and
continue them fo with the greateft re-
gularity all the Summer, by reviewing
them frequently during the Summer's

growth,

( 47 )

growth, to retrench all after-moots,
reform occafional irregularities, and
to train in the referred (hoots as they
advance in length.

It is highly advifable to begin the
Summer pruning, &c. of efpalier trees,
early in the feafon : as the work is then
not only more eafily performed with
expedition and truth, either by rub-
bing off the buds when quite young,
or by pruning with the knife the more
advanced (hoots, but ic alfo contri-
butes exceedingly to the profperity of
the fruit in general, as well as to the
beauty and regularity of the trees du-
ring their Summer's growth.

TJ>e Winter pruning may be per-
formed

( 48 )

formed any time from the fall of the
leaf, in November, until March, and
confifts of a general reform, where ne*
ceffary, both of pruning and training ;
previoufly remarking, as before obferv-
ed, that, as the fame bearing bran-
ches remain fruitful many years, they
muft be every where prefer ved while
they fupport a good bearing ftate j and
and only introduce a fupply of new
i>earers occafionally -, as below.

So that in the operation of Winter
pruning efpalier Apples, we mu ft exa-
mine both the general bearers, and the
occasional refer ve of the laft Summers
wood..; that if any worn-out, or naked
©Id wood, notfurnifhed good fruit-fpurs,
pccurs, now is the time to retrench it,
by pruning down to fome more eligible

lower

( 49 )
lower branch, or young fhoot, properly
fituated to fupply its place, or where
the general branches are too much
crowded, fhould alfo at this feafon
thin out the moll irregular^ and cut out
dead wood ; at the fame time, if there
are any vacancies, retain fome contigu-*
ous Cidc fhoots referved in Summer, to
fupply the deficiencies, or if any good
moot offers towards the bottom conti-
guous to very old branches, it may
be trained up between, 10 a bear-
ing ftate, to be ready when want-
ed •, all other young fhoots retained
laft Summer, not now wanted for &
fupply of wood, either to increafe the
requifite fpread of bearers, or to fill
any cafual vacant fpace, muft be
H cut

( 5° )
etit clean out clofe to their origii?,
leaving no flump, being careful, how-
ever, to preferve the terminating or
leading fhoot of every horizontal or bear-
er generally entire, and extended in
length as far as the allotted fpace will
admits

Like wife preferve with the greateft
Care all the fruit fpurs in every pait^
except any are become very old and
barren, or project too confiderably
fore- right, which retrench clofe ;

And all clufters of large ragged ufe-
lefs fpurs, formed by the remaining
Humps of fhortened moots, left by
injudicious pruning, fhould now be
pruned clofe off, leaving no Mump or

fpur

( 5' )
fput but the proper fruit fpuFS, naturally
produced j

For, in retrenching the fuperfluous
and bad wood, we mould alwayscut quite
clofe, leaving no flump, as is too com-
monly pra&ifed, whereby, they (hooting
out at every remaining eye next Sum-
mer, crowd the tree with innumerable
ufelefs branches, occafioning great
trouble to retrench them, which, by
unfkilful pruners, are (lumped off again
to an inch or two long, continuing
the fame practice from year to year,
forming, at laft, thofe large clufters of
unfightly ufelefs fpurs we often fee in
ill-managed efpalier trees,

H z After

( 5* )
After the general reform of Winter
pruning, let all the branches be rcgu*
larly ranged in their proper horizontal
pofition, at equal diftances, clofe to
the trellis of the efpalier, as ftraight as
poflible at their full length, if room
permits, tying them all in neatly with
flender ofier twigs, &c. See Efpalier
Trees*

Gathering the Apples, &V.

Apples arrive to perfection for ufe,
in different varieties, from Juiy or
Auguft, until the end of October or
beginning cf November: the Summer
and earlier Autumn kinds, attaining
maturity in Auguft and September, fie

for

( 53 )

for ufc, immediately off the tree, and
do not keep long, efpecially the ear-
lier kinds, but the Winter Apples,
which do not attain full growth till
Octooer, aforefaid, being then properly
gathered, keep good many months
and improve in perfection as they lie in
the fruitery.

But all the late Autumn and Winter
Apples, particularly, mould be permit-
ted to have their full growth on the
tree till October, fome to the beginning
and middle, others till towards the lat-
ter end of the month, if the weather

continues mild and dry.
i

To know when the Apples are arriv-
ed to maturity on the trees, mould try

if

C 54 )

if they quit their hold eafily on being
turned gently up •, or that they natu-
rally drop from the tree in any great
abundance *, or fome forts by changing
colour and emitting a fragrant fmeii; at
which tokens of perfection they mould
be gathered, both Summer and Winter
kinds.

They mould generally be gathered
in dry weather ; and all thofe intended
for long keeping fhould be gathered
carefully, by hand, without bruifing,
carrying them direclly into the fruit
room, &c. difpofed in heaps, each
fort feparately, to remain a week or
two to fweat and discharge the watery
juices-, then wiped dry, and put up in
the different divisions and fhelves of the

fruitery,

C 55 )

fruitery, and in boxes, or hampers, &c.
and then cover the whole clofely with
Clean dry ftraw, a foot thick, to exclude
the moid air as much as poflible, whereby
they will keep much longer in perfec-
tion.

Generally keep the door "and win«
dows clofely fliut, for the lefs the ex-
ternal air is admitted, the better the
Apples will keep.

The

C 5« }
The APRICOT TREE.

ry^HE Apricot is one of the mod ex-
-*■ cellent done fruits, a fpecies of
the Prunus, or Plum-tree, but formerly-
ranked as a diftincl: genus, by the title
of Armeniaca : however, the charadters
of its flowers and fruit, agreeing ex-
actly with the Prunus, the Botanifts
have ranged it as a fpecies of that genus,
and are both of the clafs and order Ico-
fandria Monogynia, flowers having many
ftamina and one ftyle."

There is but one fpecies of the Apri-
cot tree, comprifing eight or nine ex-
cellent

i 57 )

cetlent varieties of the fruit, and is
named by the Botaniits,

Prunus Armeniacay i. e. Armeniaca,
or the Apricot Tree, — fpecifically
defcribed Prunus with nearly heart-
Jhaped leaves and flowers -, having five pe-
tals, fitting almoft clofe to the branches^
fucceeded by large, roundilh, yellow,
pulpy fruit, including a ftone or nut, — -
and comprehends the following varie-
ties, ripening in fucceflive order, from
the beginning or middle of July? until
the end of Auguft,

Early White Masculine Apri-
cot. Middle of July*

Early Red Masculine Apricot^
Middle and end of July.

I Orange

C 58 )

Orange Apricot. Beginning end

middle of Auguft.
Algiers Apricot. Early in Auguft.
Roman Apricot. Beginning and middle,

of Auguft.
Turkey Apricot. Middle of Auguft.
Temple Apricot. Middle of Auguft.
Breda Apricot. Middle and end of

Auguft.
Brussels Apricot. Middle and end

cf Auguft.

The firft two forts are fmall fruit,
valued for their early pefecYion ; and the
fucceeding ones are a much larger,
handfome fruit, greatly fuperior in
flavour, and confequently more valuable
to cultivate for the main fupply •, gener-
ally planting all the forts againlt walls ;

though

C 59 )

though the two laft forts, which are the
lateft, but moil excellent Apricot?, firm
and rich flavoured, will alfo fucceed
in Efpaliers and detached ftandards*
however, all the forts are valuable
Summer fruit for different domeftic
ufes, viz. When young and green,
before the Hone grows hard, are mod
excellent for tarts, &c. when ripe and
gathered, whilft they remain firm, be-
fore they become foft and mealy, are
the fineft table fruits of the Seafon,
and when fully ripe, may be converted
to an excellent fweetmeat, being pre-
ferved in fugar.

The trees generally require training

as wall-trees, in this country, againft

a warm wall, in order both to protect

I 2 • their

C 60 )

their early tender bloiTont more effec-
tually from the attacks of the Spring'
frofts and cutting blafts, to enfure a
more certain ^ and plentiful crops of
fruit, and alfo to improve its growth,
and obtain it in the greateit perfect
tion.

Though fome of the late forts ftfC- ^
ceed tolerably well, trained in efpaliers,.
alfo in detached half and full ftand-
srds, as aforefaid.

The Apricot tree grows fifteen or
twenty feet high with a fpreadinghead,
ornamented' with large heart fhaped
leaves, and numerous reddifh flowers
of five petals; producing the flowers
and fruit principally upon the young

wood

( 6i )

wood of a year old, immediately from
the eyes of the fhoots, and often upon
fmall fpurs on the two or three years
wood; but moftly upon the young
fhoots of the former years growth, {o
that a general annual fupply of each
years fhoots mud be every where re-
ferved, as fucceflion bearing wood.

They bloflfom early in Spring, Fe-
bruary and March ; and the fruit fets
in great abundance in favourable
Springs : often affording plentiful fup-
ply for thinning off for tarts in May,
&c- and the remainder ripens in July
and A-uguft.

The trees are hardy enough •, but as
bloflbm and fet their fruit early

( 6* )
3n the Spring, often whilft fharp frofis
and cutting blaft prevail, they require
the indulgence of a warm Sunny fitua-
ation, and afliftance of a wall, to defend
the tender bloom and infant fruit as
much as pofiible from the rigours of
the weather ; fo that the trees for the
general fupply fhoula be planted againfb
a warm wall or ciofe paing fence, &c.
fome earlier kinds againft a fouch alptcl,
and others on weft and eaft expofures,
to effect a greater variation in the times
ripening of the fruit, as well as to
obtain it longer in perfection; and
thus we may employ all the forts, not
only as common dwarf wall trees,
planted fifteen or twenty feet diftance;
but alfo half ftandards planted between
them, trained alfo as wall trees to

make

( H )

make the mod of every part of the
walls, &C. as hereafter directed.

But, as before hinted, fome may
alfo be employed both as efpalier trees,
and as detached flandards in open ex-
pofures, to take their chance and en-
creafe the variety ; and for this pur-
pofe, the Breda and Brujfels Apricots^
not bloiToming fo early as the others,
are generally the mod fuccefsful, and
often ripen in good perfection, and
with peculiar richnefs of flavour.

All the varieties of this tree, fucceed
well in any common good foil of a
garden, or if of a moderate loamy tem-
perature, either wholly or part, may
prove an additional advantage ; howe-
ver

( *4 )

yer any common foil capable of pro-
ducing good crops of herbage, Sjc. is
eligible?

Method of Propagation^ &c»

The propagation of the Apricot
tree, being originally from the (tones
of the fruit, the approved varieties fo
obtained are encreafed, and continued
the fame by budding them upon any
kind of Plum flocks.

Raife the flocks for this purpofe,
from the (tones of any fort of plum,
fowed in Autumn too inches deep, and
when the feedling plants are a year old,
proceed to plant them out, previoufly
Shortening their down right tap

roots

( «5 )

roots, then plant them in rows a yard
afunder, and near half that diftance in
the lines ; and in two years3 when
about two or three feet high, they
will be proper to bud for common
dwaif wall or efpaliers trees ; but for
half and full ftandards, they may either
be run up to items from four or five,
to fix or ftven feet high, and budded
st top, or trained only the height as
for the dwarf trees, to be budded low,
and the firfi fnoot trained to a ftem the
above height.

Then the budding is to be perform-
ed in July or Auguft, procuring cut-
tings of the young moots of the
year, detatched from the befl bearing
trees, from which to take the buds :
K inferring

f 66 )

inferring one bud in each (lock within
half a foot of the bottom for common
wall or efpalier trees, and at three or
four feet for half, and fix for full fland-
ards, or as low in the flock as for the
dwarfs, and the firfl (hoot from the
bud trained up for a (tern, as we for-
merly ubfcrved -, and having thus per-
formed the budding, the buds remain-
ing dormant till the following Spring,
when having headed down the flocks a
little above the place of inoculation, each
bud will foon after pufh forth one
flrong fhoot growing a yard or more
long by the end of Summer, forming
the new trees with good large heads ;
then in the Autumn, Winter or Spring
following, the trees maybe tranfplanted
finally into the garden if required -, or

may

( 67 >

may remain in the nurfery and trained
for the purpofes intended.

Obferving, in either cafe, that in
March following, juft as the young
trees begin to pufh, the whole head
or firft main moot from the budding
mutt be ihortened or headed down clean
with the knife to fix or eight inches,
to provide feveral lateral moots below
the enfuing Summer, to form the head
regularly from the bottom, training
them horizontally at full lentgh till
Winter, (See their General Culture**)

Likewife, the firft head of the fcand-

ards, that were budded at the top of

the ftem, fhould alfo be headed down in

the above manner, to force out lower

K sl bran-

(63 )

brunches near the place of inoculation,
in order to form a more regular fpre act-
ing head*

i

But fuch ftandards that were budded
near the ground, muft have the firft
fhoot run up entire to a proper height
for a ftem, then cut over with the
knife, at the height required, to have
branches emitted to give the head its
firft form.

Whilft the young trees remain in the
nurfery5 thofe defigned for walls, both
dwarfs and half ftandards, fho-ild have
their branches trained accordingly, ei-
ther as they remain in the nurfery
lines, by being trained horizontally to
flakes, or being previoufly planted

again ft

( 6p )

againft reed hedges, walls, or any clofe
fence, training the branches thereto,
being careful to retrench all fore-right
fhoots, and very rank wood, by rubbing
them off early in Summer, and train in
all the regular branches at full length
till Winter pruning, when they mull be
fhortened more or lefs, as directed in
their General Culture.

For as Apricot trees bear principally
on the young wood, the fhortening
that of each year in Winter pruning
is necefTary, in order to force out a re-
gular fupply of fhoots more certainly
in the proper places, as fucceffion bear-
ers i for the fame fhoots both produce
fruit and fuccefllon wood at the fame
tiiiie,

Planting

( 7° )

Planting them in the Garden, &c*

When the young Apricot trees are
from one to three or four years old, they
are of a proper age for planting in the
Garden j though if only one year old,
with their firft heads from the Budding
entire, they are rather the mod eligible ;
but they may alfo be tranfplanted with
good fuccefs when fevernl years old, and
may be had in the nurferiesof fome years
training, and in a itate of bearing, which,
by the nurfery-men, are called trained
trees, and v/hich are eligible for perfons
who are in hafte to have their walls
covered as Toon as poflible with bearing
trees, as they bear the following feafon
after planting.

The

( 7* ;

The feafon for planting thefe trees Ira
general, is any time, in open weather,
from the end of October till Spring, as
for other hardy trees,

At the proper feafon, Having fixed on
their allotted fituations -, fome agairtft a
South wall, others on Weil and Eaft af-
pects, as we before noticed, proceed to
prepare and dig the borders y if for a
general plantation, cbferving, if a poor,
or very light, hungry foil, add a quan-
tity of good dung, to be trenched in,
or a fupply of frefh loam, or a compoPc
of any good earth and dung together,
the whole digged in one or two fpades
deep.

Then having digged up the trees care-
full v

( 72 )

fully in theNurfery, prune offonly any
broken or damaged parts of the root,
leaving their heads entire for the prefenr,
and proceed to plant them along the
wall, in the uiual method, not lefs than
fifteen or fixteen feet afunder ; but if
eighteen or twenty feet diftanee the bet-
ter, efpeci.lly if low walls, that in de-
fault of height they may have room to
extend the branches horizontally ; and
if tolerably high walls may plant a half-
flandard in each fpace between the
dwarfs, and trained like them alfo as
wall trees, that whilft the former occu-
py the lower parts, the ftandards cover
the upper part of the wall : as foon as
planted, throw down a pot of water to
each tree, if dry ground, efpecially in
Autumn or Spring planting, both to

fettle

( 73 )

fettle the earth about the roots, and to
facilitate their rooting afrefh, then nail
their heads to the wall, and manage
them in general as directed below. *

Efpalier Apricots mould be planted
at the fame diftances as directed above,
for thofe againft the walls.

And the ftandard Apricots mould be
allowed fome Iheltered, funny fituation
in the open borders, or quarters of the
kitchen garden, or in the compartments
of the pleafure ground, or on grafs
lawns, &c.

General Culture of Pruning and Train-
ing, &V.
The trees being planted where they

L are

( 74 )

are to remain, and if but one year old,,
-with their fir ft head from the budding
entire •, then, in March following, cue
them wholly down to five or fix eyes, as
directed in the nurfery, to promote fe-
veral lateral branches below, to form
the head regularly quite from the bot-
tom, as before mentioned ; but if they
were previoufly headed in the nurfery,
and obtained a proper fupply of bottom
branches to form the head regularly^,
they need not now be cut fo fhort, only
to eight, ten, or twelve inches, and
nailed regularly and horizontally to the
wall, about four or five inches afunder*

Then obferving in both cafes, that as

the trees thus (hortened will foon after

{hoot out ftrongly from all the remain-
ing

( 75 )

£ng eyes of each fhoot, fome regular,
and others irregular, v/e mud carefully
retain all the regular-placed fide (hoots,
and early in May or June rub off all
fore-right and other irregular wood, and
very rank luxuriant growths-, and, when
long enough, train in all the regular
ihoots clofe to the wall or efpalier at
full length all the Summer : and then
in the Winter pruning, any time from
November till Febuary, it is proper to
fhorten each of the laft Summer's fhoot$
to ten or twelve inches more or lefs,
according to their ftrength, leaving
the lowermoft (hoots rather the longefh,
then nail them along horizontally to
the wall, equally to the right and left
on both fides, five or fix inches dis-
tance 5 and thus each horizontal will
L 2 emit

C ?6 )

emit a farther fupply of branches the
following Summer, ftill being care-
ful to difplace fore-right and other irre-
gular wood, riling in front and back of
the branches, as foon in the feafon as
pofiible, and train the reft at full length
all Summer as before advifed, unlefs it
ihall feem eligible to flop or pinch
Ihort any particular (hoots in a vacant
part in May or early in June, to force
out a proper fupply of laterals the
fame year, to fill the vacancy as foon
as pofTible ; training them in at full
length, as directed for the others, till
"Winter pruning, when they mud be
fhortened and trained as before \ and
thus the trees will alTume a bearing
{late when two or three years old*

In

- ( 77 )

In this manner proceed increafingthe
number of regular-placed branches, an-
nually arranging equally both ways
nearly in a horizontal direction, four
or five inches afiunder one afcer ano-
ther, till by degrees they cover the
wall or efpalier regularly, from the very
bottom to top, conftantly retrenching all
fore- right, very luxurious, and fuper-
abundant fhoots ; both in Summer and
Winter pruning, cutting then quite
elofe : being at the fame time careful,
to retain every Summer a plentiful
fupply of the well- placed young wood
in every part for fucceflion bearers the
following year, trained moftly at full
length all Summer as aforefaid, and
in the Winter pruning, if too nume-
rous, thin gut the word placed of

the

( 78 )

the fuperabundancy % and (horten the
remaining regular (hoots, to from about
*ight, ten, or twelve inches to half
a yard or two feet long or more*
leaving the ftrong (hoots longed in
proportion : and then nail the whole
clofe and regular to the wall at the
above mentioned diftance. See their
General Pruning. "

Thus, it mud: be obferved, that as
we advifed the fuccefiion young wood
to be trained at full length all Sum-
mer till Winter pruning, and then
fhortened : the fnortening the (hoots
in the Winter pruning, ofthefeand
mod other trees which bear principally
on the young wood, is necefiary, in
order to promote lateral (hoots in Sum-

( 79 )

mer, from the lower eyes for next years
Bearers, which, if the fhoots were laid
in at full length, would arife only to-
wards the extreme parts, and leave the
tree naked of bearers below.

For the beii bearing fhoots rife prin-
cipally on the year old wood, that was
trained the Winter before; the fame
fhoots both produce the fruit and a
fupply of fucceffion wood for next years
bearers.

Their General Pruning, &c>

As Apricot trees, trained againft
wall, and efpaliers, annually fend
forth many fuperfiuous and irregular
&oots as well as ufeful wood, they

require

( 8o )

require a general Summer and Win-
ter pruning to retrench the ufelefs
grov th, and to train in the requifite
annual f jpply of regular young wood
for fucceffion bearers.

The futrirher pruning confifts in re-

nil ing the (hoots of the year only,

retr nching the bad and train in the

ihould be begun in May if

poffiblc, r while thefupcrabundant and

irregul; r hoots of the year are fo young

tender as to be readily difplaced with

hru nb, or at lead, before the fhoots

al advance any confiderable

] and caufe confufion and difbr-

< .eping in mind in this pruning,
always to referve an abundant fupply

< the fame years well-placed fide

fhoots

( Si )
ihoots in every parr, trebly more than
what may be apparently wanted, no:
lefs than two or three on each of the
prefent bearers or horizontals, trained
in laft Winter, in order to have plenty
to chufe from in the Winter pruning
for next years beaijng; but leave no
where more than one moot from the
fame eye •, thus obferving to retrench
only all the evidently fuperfiuous young
wood, ill-placed and very luxuriant
moots as foon as poflible, pruning them
all quite clofe, or in vacant parts, pinch
fome to a few eyes ; and having care-
fully retained plenty of the beft regular
fide (hoots in every part, and always
fome good fhoots advancing from below,
train the whole at full length till Winter

M pruning

o »

( s* )

pruning; being careful to review the
trees frequntly after this during the
growing feafon, Co retrench all after
fhoots, and reform cafual irregularities
and to continue the whole clofe and re-
gular to the wall all Summer.

The Winter pruning of Apricots, con-
fining of general regulation among both
the young and the old branches, may be
performed any time from the end of
October or November, until February
or beginning of March, before the blof-
fom buds are too muchadvanced; previ-
oufly unnailing mod of the principal
branches and (hoots, that vou may more
readily examine the work, and haveliber-
ty to ufe your knife properly, as well as
have an opportunity of training the

branches.

( 83 )

branches, agreeable to the regulation of
the general pruning.

Then proceeding to the. pruning, ex-
amine the general fupply of young wood
of Lift Summer, felecting a fufRciency
of the mod promifing and regular-pla-
ced of them in every parr, for next rum-
mer's bearers ; one or two, at leaft, on
each, retaining the horizontals trained in
laft Winter, and cut out clofe all the
fiiDerfluous ones before defcribed, and
all imall twigs, likewife part of mod of
the former year's bearers, and any very
naked branches, unfurnifned with young
wood, pruning them down to fonie eli-
gible lateral branch, or young moots,
to make room to train the requifite fup-
ply of young wood with due regularity,
cutting oiT clofe any lateral twigs arif-

i 34 >

ing on the felected young {hoots, whichr
as you go on, muft be moftly fhorten-
ed, more or lefs, for the reafons before
explained, and as below,

For example, the fmaller Ihoots cut
to fix, eight, or ten inches in length,
the middling growths to a foot or fifteen
inches, and the ftrongeft fhoots to half
a yard or two feet long •, for the ftrong
or vigorous fnoots muft not be cut fhort,
which would force out luxurious barren
wood -, being careful in fhortening not
to cut below all the fruit- buds, diflin-
guifhed by their turgid, fwelling ap-
pearance, from the wood buds, which
are long and thin, cutting generally ei^
ther juft above a wood bud aforefaid, cr
to a double fruit bud, on twin bloflbm,

in

( 85 )

in order to obtain a leading (hoot be-
tween, at the extremity next Summer,
to draw nourilhment to the fruit more
effectually.

As you alfo proceed in the pruning,
be careful to preferve all the eligible
fmall fruit-fpars aforementioned, riling
on the two or three year's wood.

But cut out clofe all confiderable pro-
jecting old fpurs, all dead wood and old
flumps.

As foon as any tree is pruned, let it
be directly nailed again to the wall with
due regularity, arranging all the bran-
ches horizontally as before, four or five
inches afunder, ftraight and clofe in the

neateft manner:

Protecting

( 85 )

Protecting the Bloffom, and thinning thf
Fruit.

As Apricot trees blofibm early in the
Spring, and are often attacked by cut-
ting froiis, and cold blafts, greatly in-
juring the embryo fruit, if not occafion-
ally fheltered, it is therefore advifeable
to afford the btft kinds againft walls
fome protection at that period, either
of garden mats nailed up before the trees
occafionally, or cuttings of any kind of
leafy ever -green -flock between the
branches, to remain till the fruit is
fairly fet, or -pad danger.

Sometimes Apricot trees fet more a-
bundant crops of fruit than they can

aourifbj

( 87 )

hourifh* in which cafe it is proper to
thin out the redundancy regularly, when
about the fize of fmall cnerries or goofe-
berries, leaving not more than two or
three on the fmaller moots, three or four
on the larger, and fo in proportion.

And thofe fruit thinned offmuft not
be thrown away, they being mod va-
luable as the nrft green fruit of the fea-
fon, for making tarts, &c.

Culture of the Standard Apricots.

As to ftandard Apricots, they, like
moil other ftandard fruit trees, want but
little attendance in refpect to pruning,
or any other culture, for after being
headed down the firft year, ^nd thereby

procu» A

( 83 )

procured a regular let of feveral branches
near the top of the item, to form a
freading head •, let them afterwards
generally branch out, and extend in
length every way, according to nature,
except juft reducing any long rambler,
very irregular, or crowded branches,
and dead wood, which may be perform-
ed any time in Winter, — leaving the
general regular branches and (hoots
wholly entire^ and they will naturally
afford plenty of young bearing wood, as
well as fruit fpurs, and in favourable
leafons will produce good crops of very
fine Apricots.

The

C 89 )
The BERBERRY TREE,

O R,

PEPPERIDGE BUSH.

THE Berberry is of the ihrub
kind, and held in efteem both
as a fruit fhrub for its berries, and as
an ornamental fhrub for adorning the
lhrubbery, is an inhabitant of many of
our woods and hedges, but has been
long admitted a refident of gardens, it
producing numerous bunches of beau-
tiful red berries, in much eftimation as
a domeftic fruit to pickle, &c. and ef-
fects a beautiful variety as they grow
on the trees, which belong to the bota-
N nic

( 9° )

nic clafs and order Hexandria Mom-
gyma> flowers having fix itamina and
one ftyle.

There is but one fpecies cultivated as
a fruit fhrub, and the Botanifts call it,

Berberis Vulgaris ^Common Berberry-
Tree defcribed, Berberis having each
flow er-Jlalkf ujl aining a rac emeus bunch of
flowers \ fucceeded by clutters offmall,
bright-red oblong berries, containing
two flony feeds, and comprifes the
following varieties ripe in Autumn, viz,

i. Common Red Berberry with flony
feeds.

2. Red Berberry without ftone.

3. White Berberry.

4. Black fweet. Berberry.

But

C 91 )

But the firft two varieties, being the
red fruited kinds, are the principal
forts for our purpofe, and the ftonelefs
fort is in mod efteem for general ufe,
particularly for pickling: the berries of
thefe two varieties being of a beautiful
red colour when fully ripe, and of an,
agreeable acid relifb, are in much efti-
mation as a choice and very wholfome
pickle : and the bunches of fruit are
in great demand as an ornamental gar-
nifti to difhes when ferved up to table,
fo that a few trees of -each of the red
forts mould be admitted into every
good garden, as ftandards, to produce
fruit for the above purpofes.

The Berberry ftirub is but of mo-
derate growth, rifing only about:
N 2 ten,

( 92 )

ten, or twelve feet high, armed with
thorns, and garnimed with fmall oval
leaves and loofe bunches of yellow
flowers of fix petals : producing the
flowers and; fruit on the fides of the
young branches.

All the varieties are very hardy, and
will profper any where in the garden^
or orchard, and Ihrubberry.

When defigned as fruit fhrubs, they
fhould be generally trained as half or
full ftandards, each with a fingle ftem,
four, five, or fix feet high, then en-,
couraged to branch out at that height,
and form a regular head : and being
arranged fingly in the garden or orchard
&c. fifteen or twenty feet afunder,

they

( 93 )

they will produce a plentiful crop of
ferries fit for ufe in September and Oc-
tober.

Method of Propagation, and Training*

They are propagated by fuckers,"
layers, and by feed, but the fuckers
and layers are the mod certain methods
to continue the varieties diftinct, and
more certainly the layers.

By suckers. The fhrubs fend up
fuckers abundantly from the root,
which dig up in Autumn, &c. with as
much roots as poffible, and plant them
in nurfery rows a yard afunder, and
trained with fingle (terns, pruning off
all fide fhoots till arrived to four, five,

ox

( 94 )

m fix feet height, then jnay either top
them with the knife to force out moots
near together at the top of the item,
to form a fpreading head, or permit
them to run up and afpire more in
height.

Br Layers. — Chufe the young bran-
ches of laft Summer, and in Autumn or
Winter, &c. lay them down in the
earth three inches deep with the tops
out in an creel: position -% and by next
Autumn they will be rooted, then cut
them from the parent plant, and fee
them out in rows, and managed as
the fuckers.

By Seed. Sow the ripe berries in
Autumn in drills an inch or more deep,

they

( 95 J

they will probably molt of them re-
main till the fecond Spring before they
come up, giving water in Summer,
and when the feedlings are a year old,
plant out the ftrongeft in nurfery rows
and train them for flandards, as above
adviied.

tfranfpl anting into the Garden \and Culture*

When'the Berberry-fhrub3 are four or
rive feet high or more, they may be
planted out finally any time from No-
vember till March *, fome in the garden,
others in the orchard, four or five yards
afunder -, fome alfo in the in rubbery,, &c«

As to culture, very little is wanted,
let them branch out freely at top nearly

in

( 9* )

in their own way, only cutting out cafual
rank moots, very irregular and crowding
branches, or reduce long ramblers, all
(hoots from the item, and fuckers from
the root, fuffering all the regular bran-
ches to remain entire, and they will
naturally form themfelves into plenti-
ful bearers.

Vie

C 97 )
The BULLACE-TREE,

O R

WILD PLUM.

THE Bullace-tree is a fpecies of the
Prunus or Plum-tree, grows wild
in our woods and hedges, but is often
admitted into curious orchards and
gardens as a fruit tree, to increafe the
the variety of late flone fruits for the
defert, &c. it producing a fmall (lone
fruit of the Plum kind, which, when
fully ripe, eats with an agreeable
acid flavour, and is accounted very
wholefome -9 and the tree being of the
Prunus tribe, it belongs to the Icofan-
O dria

( 9S )

dria monogynia\ flowers having twenty
or more {lamina and one ftyle.

There is but one fpecies of the Bul-
lace-tree, furnifhing fome varieties, and
its fpecific name is

Prunus infititia. The Bullace-
Tree. And is fpecifically defcribed.
Primus with fpinous branches, oval leaves,
hairy underneath, and with the flower-
flalks, &c. moftly in pairs ; fucceeded by
fmall round Plum-like fruit, confid-
ing of a foft four pulp -, including a
Hone in the centre ; and comprehend
the following varieties \ ripening in
October, viz:

I, Common

( 99 >

i. Common Black Bullace*

2. White Bullace,

3. Red Bullace,

This fruit being an inferior fort
of late Plum, of a fharp acid flavour,
merits culture for its late ripening,
after all the other forts, and if fully ripe,
eats with an agreeable tart relifh, afford-
ing a variety among other fruits, both,
as they grow on the trees, and in the
defert at tableland for making, tarts,
pies,&c» and for preferving, &x.

The Bullace Tree grows twelve or
fifteen feet high or more, having thorny
branches, oval leaves, and flowers with
five petals •, producing the flowers and
fruit, both from the eyes of the young
O 2 wood,

( ioo )

wood, and on fmall fpurs from the
fides and ends of the older branches.

They flower profufely in April and
May, and the fruit ripens the end of
September and in October.

The trees are exceedingly hardy, and
a few of each fort, propagated and
trained as ftandards, are worthy of cul-
ture 5 for the variety of thier fruit, dis-
tributed anywhere in the garden or or-
chard, either as full or half ftandards^
dwarf ftandards, &c.

'Meihcd of Propagating and Training.

This tree may be raifed abundantly
from the (tones of the fruit; but the
permanency of the different: varieties^,

( 101 )

Js continued only by grafting or budding
them upon any kind of Plum or Bul-
lace Stocks ; and by which they will alfo
bear iboner, and the fruit will be larger.

By Seed or (tones of the fruit, — Ha-
ving a quantity of the ripe Bullaces in
Autumn, fow the (tones of them in
beds of common earth, two inches deep,
and when the feedling plants are one
or two years old, plant them out in
lines two or three feet afunder, and
train each with a fingle Mem, three or
four feet for half, and fix for full ftand-
ards, then permitted to branch outintcf
full heads.

By Grafting and Budding, By
pitherof thefe two methods, any of the

varieties

C J 02 )

varieties may be continued diftinflr,
by inferring grafts, or buds of them
inro Plum or Bull ace Stocks, raifed
from the ftones of the fruit, as juft above
directed for the feedling Bullaces, and
planted out in nurfery lines a yard afun-
der, to be trained up to the proper
height either for half, or full flandards,
or dwarfs •, are thus to be grafted or
budded according to the general me-
thod, with grafts or buds of the dif-
ferent varieties, and afterwards trained
as other dandard trees, fuch as Applesa
Plums, &c. with "full branchy heads,
{See Apple Tree, C5Y.)

Planting and General Culture.

'When the trees, railed by any of the
sBove methods, have formed heads,

confuting

( i03 )
confiding of feveral branches, they arc
proper for final tranfplantation, where
they are to remain, planted any time
from November to March, eighteen or
twenty feet afunder.

And as to culture as fcandards, they
require very little, fufFering them ge-
nerally to branch in their own way of
growth, except cccafionally to reform
with your knife, &c. any crofs-placed
and very crowded branches, and all dead
wood. Permitting all the proper bran-
ches to extend in their own natural
manner, and they will afford abundant
annual crop of Bullaces.

the

( *o4 1
The CHERRY TREE,

THE Cherry Tree (Cera/us) is
famous for producing the ear-
lier!: ripe fruit, of any other kind of
fruit tree, attaining perfection at a fea-
fcfl when they prove exceedingly ac-
ceptable and refrefhing, both for the
defert and many culinary purpofes j is
by the modern Botanifts, confidered as
a fpecies of the Prunus or Plum-tree;
though was long diftinguifhed as a fe-
parate genus by the title r of Cera/us ;
and belongs to the clafs Ieofandria and
order Monogyniay flowers having twenty
cr more ftamina, and but one ftyle.

There are two fpecies of the Cherry
cultivated as fruit-trees, viz. Common

Cherry-

( 104 )

Cherry-tree, and the wild black and red
Cherry ; diftinguifhed by the Botanifts
as follow :

Prunus Cera/us, i. e. Cerasus, or
Common Cherry-tree, — defcribed
Prunus with oval-fpear-Jhaped fmooth
leaves : and with the flowers growing in
umbels fitting almoft clofe, — fucceeded
by clutters of large Cherries, having
a foft juicy acid pulp, with a ftone or nut
in the centre : and confifts of the fol-'
lowing varieties, ripening from May;
till Auguft, viz.

Kentish, or Common Cherry;
End of June and July.
Early May Cherry (Small.) May
and beginning of June,

P Com-

( *<>5 )

Common May Duke Cherrjv End

of May.> and in June,
Arch Duke Cherry, End of June

and July.,
.White Heart Cherry. June and

Red Heart Cherry. June and

July.
Bl a c k H e a r t Ch e r r y . End of June,

end in July.
Ameer Heart Cherry. July and

Augujf,
Bleeding Heart Cherry, Middle

or end of ' July.
Ox-Heart Cherry. Middle and end

*FT*fy-

Luke w a r d Cherry. End of July.

II E R T FOR D S HI R E H E A R T C H E R R Y*.

July and Augtift:

Harrison

( io6 )

Harrison Duke Cherry* July.
Car nat ion Cherry, End of July.
Crown Heart Cherry. July*
Morello Cherry. Augufi and Sep-
tember

The above catalogue comprifes thq
principal varieties of the common
Cherry, known and cultivated in the
public nurferies, by the names here
annexed % and of which, the befi:
bearers are, the Kentifh, all the Dukes,
the Lukeward, Hertford (hire and Mc-r
rello •, but mo-it of the Heart Cherries
being flrong growers, generally bear
more fparingly than the other varieties,,

Second Species,

2. Primus Avium, the Bird* s Cherry,

Qx Wi^d Cherry Tree, — Having

V 2 oval

( «07 )

cval fpear-Jhaped leaves, downy under*
veath, and with the flowers in clofe-Jitting
umbels ; fucceeded by fmall round
Cherries of a bitterifh flavour, com*
prehending the following varieties,
ripening in the end of July, and in
Auguft.

Common Small Black Wild

Cherry.
Cojloun, or Large Black. Wild

Cherry,
Small Red Wild Cherry,
Lahger Red Wild Cherry,

This fecond fpecies of Wild Cherry%
grows wild in woods, and hedges in Eng-
land,^, and is often admitted into gar-
dens and orchards, for the variety of its
fruit, which effefts an agreeable fuc-

ceflion i

( ioS )

cefiion ; and by many, much admired
for its peculiar bkteridi relifh : But
the Coroun being the largeft, and
fineft fruit, is fuperior for general cul-
ture.

The two fpecies of Cherry-trees
differ in growth and magnitude : The
common or garden Cherry, grows only
about fifteen or twenty feet high, and
the fecond forty or fifty, with a more
erect and lofty head -, adorned each
with fpear-fhaped leaves, and nume-
rous clufters of white, four-leaved flow,-
ers, in April and May, fucceeded by
the Cherries ripening, in the different
varieties, from May till Auguft, or
September.

Their mode of bearing is both on

the

( »c9 )

ytnmg year-d:- wood, iminedkteiy
from the eyes of the fhoots, and on the
vldcv branches, principally upon fhort
Jpurs Lftuing, fir ft -towards ihe extreme
part?, then gradually along the fides ;
the lame wood continuing: fruitful fe-
vera! years, onty wanting a renewal of
young occafionally, as any branch
becomes very old and barren -, nor
niuit the (hoots or branches be fnor-
tened in the courfe of pruning, as it
. id deftioy the firft bearing parts,
znd promote much lateral wood, and
km few fruit fours..

Though the early May, and the
Moreno Cherries particulaily, gene-,
rally bear the moil abundantly en the
young wood, and fhould always retain

a m

< no >

a more plentiful fupply of eaeh year*
[hoots, as iucceflion bearers.

Ail the forts of Cherry-trees (ucceed
equally well, trained both as w
elpaliers, and as full and half ftandards,
and occasionally as dwarf ftaridai
for variety, and for forcing -, and are
all very hardy, profper in any com-
mon fertile (oil, and open expofure, m
a garden, or orchard, czz. Plant the
wall and efpalief- trees fifteen or twei
and the (tandard thirty T.et diftance.

As the common Cherry-tree rrc
ces the largeft and Gneft fruit, we
ftould cultivate prin'j . tl the feveral
varieties thereof for the general top-
ply, both iOi wall, efpaiier, and firan-
ilatd trees: chafing: as wall and efpalier-

trees*

( tti )

trees, fome of the early May, but
more plentifully of the Dukes and other
large kinds •, fome for South walls, for
the early fupply in May and June,
others on Weft and Eaft walls for fuo
ceeding crops, and fome alfo on North
walls, to continue the fuccefiion- till Au-
guft and September ; but the Morello
is the mod commonly alTigned to the
northern afpe&s, though it highly de-
ferves a foutherly expofition to improve
its flavour; and for ftandards, may
plant any of the forts, though ihould
generally allot a good (hare of the Ken-
tilh, Dukes, Lukeward, and Hertford-
fhire Cherry, Black and White
Hearts, and fome Morello Cherries.

But

( "a )

feut the Wild Cherry in its different
varieties, mud not be omitted in the
collection , trained principally as ilan-
dards, in the garden and orchard;
but the fmall black and red kinds, are
alfo often planted, to adorn avenues
and parks, and arranged in hedge-
rows around the boundaries of fields,
&c;

Method of Propagation.

Cherry-trees are propagated by graf*
ting or budding moots and buds of
the defireable varieties upon flocks,
either of the Wild Cherry, as being the
hardieft and ftrongefl: grower, or on
any kind of Cherry (lock the moft
cafily obtained * raifed from the ftones

Q. of

( m )

of the Cherries, as directed for the
Apricot, &c.

Performing the grafting in Spring,
and the budding in Summer, near the
ground, f r wdl and other dwarf trees,
and at itveral feet height for ftand-
ards ; the grafts will (hoot the fame
year, and the buds in fpring following.,
each forming their firft heads by the
enfuing autumn, when the young trees
may either be tranfplanted into the
garden, or remain longer in the nur-
fery, training them, in either cafe, for
the pnrpofes intended, as directed for
the Almond?, Apples, and Apricots.

Final Plantings and Culture, 6fo

All fores of Cherry trees may be

planted where they are to remain,

either

( "4 )

either when only one year old, with
their firft heads entire, or from two or
three, ro five or fix years growth, any
time from November till March; pre-
"vioufly when digged up, prune away
broken parts of the root, and any ill.
placed moot of the head, leaving all
the reft entire •, then plant the wall and
efpalier-trees, fifteen or twenty feet
diftance, and the ftandards thirty, or
more, if for a full plantation. —

Then in refpect to general garden
culture, take the following hints— And

Firft of the wall and elpalier Cher-
ries,— that if new-planted, one year*
old trees, having thtir firft (hoots
entire, head them down in March
to a few eyes, to promote lower bran-
Q^2 ches;

C "5 )

ches •, but if headed in the nurfery,
and furnifhed with feveral branches
below, train them to the wall, &c.
mofily at full length, arranging hori-
zontally to both fides, four or five
inches afunder; and in Summer, may
pinch fhori young fhoots of the year,
to procure a further fupply of hori-
zontals \ and thus continue encreafing
the branches annually, to cover the
wall regularly upwards -f being care-
ful to rub or prune off all fore-rights,
and other irregular growths, and fuper-
abundant fhoots, training the 'regular
fupply (trait, and dole to the wall and
efpalier at the above diftances, al-
ways at full length, as far as they have
room : And they will thus naturally

emit

( ii6 ■)

emit numerous fruit fpurs, and bear
abundantly in two or three years.—

And, as to general pruning, &c. con-
tinue the fame branches as long as they
remain fruitful, pruned, as below, Sum-
mer and Winter. — Always commence
the Summer pruning in May or
June, to difplace all iVfelels growths
of the year, fuch as all fore-right grow-
ers, and all apparently fuperfluous of
unnecciTary (hoots, retaining a fupply
of well-placed lateral ones till Winter
pruning, training them in at full
length, — And in the Winter pruning,
examining the main branches or ge-
neral bearers, if any worn out, naked,
or dead ones appear, cut them out,
and retain young wood in their place;
at the fame time felecl occasional well-
placed

( "7 )

placed lad Summer's (hoots in vacan-
cies, advancing for bearers, and a
terminating one to each main ho-
rizontal, and cut out clofe all the
fuperabundancics, being careful to
preferve all the fruit fpurs in every partj
then as foon as pruned, nail in all the
branches regularly as before, four or
five inches afunder at full length, as
formerly advifed. —

Culture of ibe Standard-Cherries.

As to the -culture of the Standard
Cherry, that being trained to the pro-
per form in the nurfery, as direded for
Apples, &c. and thence planted out
fully where their heads have full fcope
to grow, they afterwards require very
little pruning, only occaiionally in

Winter,

( "8 )

Winter, to regulate any very crowded,'
and irregular branches, and cut out
dead and cankered wood ; but other-
wife permit the general branches to
proceed in their natural growth, as they
will Toon furnifh numerous fruit-buds
their whole length.

The

( "9 )
the CHESNUT - TREE.

THEChefnut (Caftanea) is a lofty
tree, a fpecies of the Fagus or
Beech, but formerly a diftincl genus
by the title of Cafianea% is of the nut-
bearing kind, and cultivated occafi-
onally as a Standard fruit-tree, for
variety in orchards, avenues, Parks,
Lawns, and out-grounds, &"c. belongs
to the clafs and order Monoecia Pcly-
andria> i. e. male and female flowers
on the fame plant, and the males having
many (lamina, and the females three
ft vies

There is but one fpecies of the Chef-
nut-Tree, called by the Botanifts,

Fagus

k iJ9 )

Fagus Caftanea^ i. e. Castanea, or
the Chesnut-Tree defcribed, Fagus*
with fpear-fhaped [awed leaves ^ naked
Underneath; and with flowess produced in
long Catkins, fucceeded by larg- prickly
capfules, containing two or more
huts, confiding of the following vari^
eties, ripening in September ; viz.

Manured, or large Spanish

Chesnut,
Wild or Smaller Chesnut.

The fruit of the Chefnur-tree, though
not fo valuable as many other lores,
forms a variety in Autumn, and Win-
ter; and is by many much efteemed
for roafting, in which it eats very ten-
der aRd palatable.

R The

( '20 )

The Chefnut-tree grows forty or
fifty feet high, branching widely round,
forming a regular head, ornamented
with large elegant lanceolate leave?,
and fmall flowers, without petals, col-
lected in amentums, or firings, at the
fides of the younger branches ; the fe-
males becoming large round prickly
Capfules, inclofing the chefnuts, ar-
riving to maturity in Autumn.

It is a hardy tree, grows freely irr
any common foil, and open expofure ;
and merits admittance in our fruit-tree
eol lection, ejpecially in extend vegrounds,
trained as full fiandards, to plant on
the boundaries of orchards, or in parks
and avenues, arranged in concert with
Walnuts, &c, thirty or forty fcct9 or

mof«

C I« )

more diftant — in which, when advan-
ced to a tolerable large growth, they
will bear abundance of Chefnuts, fome-
times little inferior to thofe we receive
annually from Spain and Portugal, &c.

Method of Propagation*

This tree may be railed abundantly
from the nuts, and occafionaily by graft-
ing, to continue the manured fort diftindt.

By the Nuts, — Procure a quantity
of well-ripened, plump, found chef-
nuts, Englifh or foreign growth, in
Autumn or Winter, from the Seedf-
men or Orange merchants, and p refer ve
them in fand till February, then plant-
ed in drills two or three inches dce\\
they will come up in fix or eight weeks;
& 2 and

( **» )

and wren one cr two years old, plartf
them our in nurfery rows, a yard afun?
der, and here train them with flrait
clean items, fix cr feven feet high for
fuii fhndards., pruning of all laterals
b> ow, and leave the leading (hoot
em re, permiting them to branch out
at the ab jve height, and form fuli heads,
only juft retrench any very irregular
or rambling growth at firft, to pre-
ftrve a little regularity.

By Grafting.^ — By this method of
propagation we can more certainly con-
tinue the manured, or large Chefnut
permanent, ingrafting moots thereof
intoChefnut-ftocks, raifed from the nuts
as above, and trained up to high ftandards,
as directed for the feedling Chefnuts.

When

( ^3 )

When the trees railed by either of the
above methods, are fix, feven, or eight
feet high, may plant them out finally,
where the y are to remain, in the places
and diiiances before-mentioned.

And as to future culture, let them
branch oui moftly in their own way,
except retrenching occafionally any very
profs-placed and rambling growths.

CURRANT-

( *H )

Tie CURRANT TREE.

TH E Currant Tree (Ribes) is of
the fhrub and berry-bearing kind,
and the mod valuable of our fruit-bear-
ing fhrubs, for the ufefulnefs of its fruit,
which proves cooling and refrefhing to
eat in the heat of Summer, and excel-
lent for various culinary purpofes ; and
by the rules of botany, comprehends the
Goofeberry as a fpecies of the fame
family (See Goofeberry,) and belongs to
the Clafs and order Pentandria Mcnogy-
ma, flowers having five flamina and
one ftyle.

There are two fpecies, and are de-
fcribed by the Botanifts, as below,

Ribu

Ribes Rubrum, Red Currant-Tree,
Having branches without thorns, and
plain flowers in Jmooth pendulous clufters :
Succeeded by hanging bunches of red
and white berries, in the different varie-
ties ; ripening in June and July, viz :

Common Red Currant
Large Dutch Currant
Long-Bunched Red Currant
Champagne Large Pale-Red Cur-
rant
White Currant
Large White Dutch Currant

Kibes Nigra, Black Currant-
Tree. — Having thomlefs branches, and
oblong flowers in hairy clujlers; Succeeded
by loofe bunches of larger black berries

of

( lift )

of a rank flavour, comprising but one
ufeful variety, ripening in July, viz.

Common Black Currant*

Tbefe fhrubs grow fix cr feven feet
high, dividing low into many branchesa
forming bufhy heads, adorned with tri-
lobated leave snu firings of final!
greenifh flowers, of Eve petals •, iuo
ceeded by the bunches of berries ; at-
taining perfection from June and July,
till September j and .heir order of
bearing is both on the young and old
wood; often immediately from the eves
of the young (hoots, but more plenti-
fully upon a fort of fpurs or fnags ari-
fing on the fides of the elder branches :
gnd the fame wood continues fruitful

feveral years.

The

( **7 )

The Red' and White Currants are
the mod eligible for general culture,
both as defert fruit to eat, and for
many ufeful domeftic purpofes j fo
that great plenty of the bufhes mould be
admitted into every garden.

But the Black Currant is more in
eftimation for medical ufes than for
eatings but is very wholefome, and
Ihould be admitted in the collection,
in moderate quantity.

All the forts of Currant bullies are
trained both as common bufhy flan-
dards, with Hems a foot, or half a yard
high, branching out above into bulhy
heads, to arrange in the open quarters
of the kitchen garden for the general
S planta*

( 1*8 )

plantations ; and occafionally as fiat or
fanned ftandards to range efpalier-ways
in narrow borders, &c. likewife irt
fanned dwarfs againft walls and efpa-
liers, to obtain the fruit in greater per-
fection and earlier and later in the fea-
fon, by having them in different expo-
fitions.

Method of Propagating andfirft Training*

All the forts of Currant buflies arc
moil eafily and expeditioufly propaga-
ted in abundance, both by Suckers,
cuttings, and Layers, and raifed to &
bearing ftate in two years.

By Suckers— They fend up Suckers
abundantly from the root every Summer,

com-

C **9 )

commencing proper plants by Autumn'j
when, or in Winter or Spring, dig
them up with as much root as pofllble,
and prune off long, weak, or ^rock d
tops, to twelve, fifteen or eighteen
inches length ; then plant them in nur-
fery rows, or the tall ftrong Suckers
at once where they are to remain; train-
ing the Standard bufhes with fingle
ftems, by trimming off all lateral ihoots
a foot or half a yard high, then per*
mitted to branch out at top, and form
regular heads, keeping the branches
five or fix inches afunder, not fhor-
lening the moots, (excepting any long
rambler,)tillthehead is arrived to the in-
tended height; obferving, the heads may
either be permitted to grow convexly or
S 2 full

( i3<> )

full in the middle, or concave or hollow,
by pruning out$he central branches, fo
as to dilpofe the outward ones circularly
around at regular alliances.

Others may be encouraged to branch
out near the ground in order to be
trained in a fanned manner, both for
fanned ftandards, and for walls and
efpaliers, by cutting away all project-
ing moots, and retaining only fuch as
arrange the way of the row, efpalier*
ways*

By Cuttings — chufe cuttings of the
flrong young (hoots in Autumn, Winter
or Spring, from ten or twelve inches
to half a yard long or more, and plant
them with a dibble, in any fiiady border,

ia

( '3' )

in rows a foot afunder, each one third
into the ground, training them as di»
reds for the Suckers.

By Layers, — In Autumn or Winter
&c. lay down any of the lower bran-
ches, three inches deep in the earth, with
the tops out, they will root freely, and
in Autumn following plant them out
in rows, and managed as the Suckers.

Final Planting £SV.

Currant-trees from two, to three or
four feet high, having tolerable bran-
chy heads, are of a proper fize to plane
out for good ; performing it any time
from November till March* ,

Planting

C *** )

Planting the different ftandard bufhes,
-fome in Tingle ranges around the large
quarters of the kitchen garden, eight feet
in the row, others crofs ways; the fame
diitance, to divide large plats of ground
into breaks or compartments, thirty
or forty feet wide or more ; and may
likewife arrange fome in continued
plantations, fix feet in the rows, and
eight or ten between the ranges :

And for wall and efpaliers, plant 3.
few again (I fouth walls, &c, for early
Currants, and a larger fnpply on weft
and eafl expofures, and plenty on north
wall$„ for general later crops-, and fome
in efpaliers, Sec. arranging them ten feet
diftance, and their branches trained
either horizontally or afcending, as con*

venientv

( 133 )

venient, or as room permits, five or fix
inches afunder, moftly entire, till
extended to their limited bounds.

General Culture.

With regard to general culture, let
the common Standard Currants be ge*
nerally continued with fingle Items, by
clearing away all lateral (hoots below, and
fuckers from the roots ; and the head
kept regular, either convex or full in the
middle, or concave or hollow, as form-
erly explained, with the branches kept
five or fix inches diftance, retaining
the fame branches feveral years as bearers.

In Summer, if numerous moots arife,
may go over them with your knife, and

trim

( '34 )

trim out clofe the mod irregular and
crowding, to admit the Sun to the fruit;
referving a moderate fupply of regular
ones at full length till Winter.

And in Winter, the bufhes will re*
quire a more general regulation : that,
if the lad Summer's fhoots remain too
abundant, prune out clofe all the fuper-
fkous and irregular, referving only
fome oceafional regular fhoots, advan-
cing in cafual vacant parts below, or to
fupply the places of bad or dead wood,
and a terminating moot to every branch,
or when advanced too long, prune it
down to fuch a moot, or to a lower
branch, having one for i:s leader; like-
wife now retrench any cafual irregular
branch, worn out bearer, and decayed

wood 9

( '35 )

wood, long rambler, or very crowding
growths, primed either to their origin,
or down to any more eligible branch or
young (hoot; carefully preferving all
the natural fruit-fpurs and bear in g
fnags, and cutting our decayed ones :
and then, may either ihorten the upper
leading moots, more or lefs, to continue
the head of a moderate ftature, if
required, or permit them to remain
moftly entire, and afpire to their natural
height and extent, if not limited to
room.

Culture againft Walls and Efpaliers, &V.

As to the fanned Currants againft

walls and efpaliers, &c. continue the

branches trained four or five inches

T afunder,

( 136 )

afunder, either horizontally, or amend-
ing, as room admits, excended moftly
entire, till advanced to the extent of
their uimoft limits.

In Summer prune out all projecting
fore-right, very irregular, and fuperflu-
ous moots; and train in only fome
regular fide and main leading (hoots
entire, rill Winter.

Then, in Winter pruning, felecl: occa-
fionally fome well-placed young (hoots
in vacancies below, advancing to a
bearing (late, and, according as worn -out
or decayed branches occur, they (hould
.now be pruned down to fome lower
young wood : all young (hoots, not
how wanted, mult be cut out clofe,

pre-

( *37 )

preferving all the bearing fpurs, and cut-
ting out decayed flumps ; then either
training in the branches entire, where
there is room enough to extend them,
or in default thereof, fhortening the
fhoots, more or lels, as the Cafe requires;

Of the Fruit.

Topreferve Currants long in perfec-
tion : in July or Atiguft cover fome
of the bullies both in ftandards, and
againft walls, &c. with mats and
nets, to (hade them from the Sun, and
defend them from the birds, whereby a
fucceflion of good Currants may be
continued from June or July, until
October, both for the fruit ckfert, and
culinary preparations.

T 2 The

( i3« )

The ELDER-BERRY-TREE,

THE Elder-tree (Sambucus) is of
the berry - bea^.ng kind, and
merits a place in the fruit-tree collec-
tion, for the fake of the berries, for
making that excellent cordial liquor,
called Elder Wine, which is its chief
value as a fruit tree, the raw berries
being very unpalatable to eat -, and be-
longs to the Clafs and Order Fentandrla
Trigynia, Eowers with five ftamina and
three ftyles or fligmas.

There is but one fpecies of Eider
proper for the fruit-tree collection, viz.

Sambucus

( 139 )

Samhucus Nigra, Black or Common
Elder - Tree — Befcri Jed, Samhucus,
With a tree-like fiem, and cymofe, five-parted
urn, eh of flowers, fueceedtd by large
umbellate .dufters of black, and other
coloured berries, in the different varie-
ties, ripening in Autumn, viz.

Common Elack-Berried-Elder,
White-Berried -Elder.

The Elder-tree grows twenty or
thirty feet high, with a fpreading head,
garnifhed with winged leaves of two or
three pair of lobes, terminated by an
odd one, and large broad umbellate
clutters of imall- white, five-parted
flowers, in Summer, at the end of the

branches,

( l#> )

branches, fucceeded by large bunches of
fmall black berries, ripe in September.

It is the common black-berried
Elder we principally recommend as a
fruit-tree, for its berries to make wine,
and for which the trees demand a place
in our collection, trained generally as
common flandards, or fo:i*.eocca(ionally
in rough hedges; efpechily as they will
grow freely in any foil and fituation, in
out grounds ; fuch as the verges of or*-
chards, &c. hedge-rows, fides of banks,
or ditches of water, or any wafte pre-
mifes, obfcure corners, or moid filia-
tions •, either in detached ftandards, or
ia continued hedges ; and will produce
abundant crops of berries annually, well
worth our notice for thepurpofeaforefaid.

Method

( Hi )

Method of Propagation^ Wc<

This tree is eafily raifed from cuttings
of the young fhoots, and occafionally
by kcd»

By Curings, — In Autumn, Winter, or
Spring, cut off a quantity of the beft
ripened robuft moots of laft Summer,
in lengths from half a yard to five or fix
feet, and planted, either at once where
they are to remain, or in nurfery rows,
a yard afunder, introducing each cut-
ting near two thirds, or almoft halfway,
(the longer ones) into the ground, with a
long dibble, or with a (lake or iron crow
for the longer!: fets; and, as they advance
in growth, train thofe defigned for

ftandards

( H* )
ftandards with clean flngle ftems, five
or fix feet high, then let them branch
out with full heads •, and pcrn;k the
hedge plants to grow rough nearly from
the bottom, only trimming up the fides
lit Je, and rambling moots.

By Seed. — In Autumn procure a
quantity of the ripe berries, and low
them any where in chills an inch deep,
and when the plants are a year old,
plant them out, and train them as above.

Planting and Culture.

As we before obferved, may either
plant large cuttings at once where they
are to remain, or young trees previoufly

raifed,

( 143 )

raifed, as above in the nurfery^ from
four or five, to fix feet high.

Plant the ftandards fifteen or twenty
feet diftance ; fuffer them to branch out
above, and form full and fpreading
heads, according to their natural growth.

The hedge plants, defigned to form
a full hedge, chiefly for the berries,
may be arranged about a yard afunder ^
and, in their future growth, only trim
up the lower ftragglers on the fides, and
let them branch out freely above.

U Ths

( H4 )

The FIG-TREE,

THE Fig-tree (Ficus) is famed
for its Angularly rich and delici-
ous fruit : though, on account of its pe-
culiar lufcious flavour, it is not fo gene-
rally palated as many other forts;
however, being an eminently fine fruit,
the trees deferve culture in every good
garden, principally as wall trees, and
occafionally as efpaliers and ftandards;
of which there are many choice
varieties, originating from one main
fpecies, belonging to the clafs and order
Polygamia Polyoecia, i. e. flowers being
of different fexes, on the fame, and on
different plants.

There

( H5 )

There is only one fpecies of the cul-
tivated Fig, comprifing fcveral varieties*
viz.

Ficus Carica, LcCarica, or Common
Fig-Tree. — Having large palmated or
hand - Jhaped leaves^ and numerous
minute flowers, concealed within a ge-
neral cup or cover, becoming the
fruit, pear or top-fhaped, ripening in
Autumn, to different colours, in the
varieties; viz.

Early Long Blue or Purple Fig:

Beginning of Aaguft.
Large Blue Fig. Auguft and September.
Large Brown or Chesnut Fig.

Beginning of Auguft.
Early White Fig. July and Augufi.
U 2 Black

( 146 )

Black Ischia Fig. Middle of Auguft,
Small Brown Ischia Fig. Auguft

and September*
Green Ischia Fig. End of Auguft.
Large White Genoa Fig. Auguft.
Brown Malta Fig. Auguft and Sep-

tember*
Black Genoa Fig. Auguft*
Long Brown Naples Fig. Septenu

her.
Round Brown Naples Fig. End

of Auguft.
Brown Madonna or Brunswic Fig.

Auguft and September \

The pig-tree grows fifteen or twenty
feet high, making (hong fucculent
green fhoots, garnifhed with large
leaves, divided more or lefs into five

lobes 5

I i47 )

lobes •, producing the flowers and fruit
always on the young wood of the former
year's growth, arifing in Spring, immedi-
ately from the eyes of the (hoots, like
fmall buds, each forming a fort of gene-
ral cup to numerous fmall florets or
flowers within, gradually encreafing in
fize till Auguft and September, then
ripening with a fofc, tender, delicious
pulp 5 and as the trees bear only on the
young year old fhoots, a general annual
fupply thereof muft be retained in every
parr, as fucceflion bearers, and which, as
they be2r moftly towards the upper
parts, mull: not be fnortened.

The fruit buds arife, both in dip
Spring, on the former year's wood, and
jn Summer and Autumn on fhoots of

the

( 148 )
the year; but it is from the Spring
produ&ion we are to expect the main
crops ; for although thd Summer and
Autumn F^gs attain perfection as fe-
condary crops the fame year, in warm
countries abroad, they do not attain
maturity in England in the open air :
fo they fhould be generally rubbed off
as ufelefs the beginning of Winter.

The trees fucceed in any common
foil of a garden, but their tender fhoots
are liable to be killed in fevere Winters,
in open expofures;

They (hould therefore, generally be
cultivated principally as wall trees, in
a fheltered funny fituation, both to de-
fend the tender fhoots in Winter, and

promote

( H9 )

promote the ripening of the fruit in
greater perfe&ion ; allotting the princi-
pal part for fouth walls -, fome alfo on
weft and eaft walls, for fuccefTion crops,
planted twenty feet diftance, and their
branches arranged horizontally, fix or
eight inches afunder, retaining a full!
fupply of each year's moots, as before
noticed, for the main bearers, trained
always at full length.

They alfo often fucceed well in efpa^
liers, in a funny expofure, and bear
plentiful crops, managed as thofe
again ft walls.

Likewife as half and full ftandards,
planted in a Iheltered funny Tnuauon ; in
favourable warm dry fealbns they often

produce

( i5o )
produce tolerable crops of very good
Figs.

Method of Propagation &c*

The Fig is propagated by fuckers,
layers, and cuttings.

By Suckers. — Many fuckers arife
from the root, which, in Autumn or
Spring, dig up and plant, either the
ftrongeft at once, when they are to
remain, efpecially as wail and efpalier
trees, or in nurfery rows for training ;
obferving, in either cafe, to train them as
required ; if as dwarfs, for walls, &:c.
head them in Spring to eight or ten
inches, to obtain lateral branches; and
for ftandards, train them with ftems from

three

C 151 )

three to fix feet high, then top them,"
and let them branch out into full heads.

By Layers. — Chufe the lower pliable
young branches and fhoots in Autumn
or Spring, and lay them in the ground
five or fix inches deep, with the tops
out; they will be rooted, and fit to
plant off next Autumn: managing them
as the Suckers.

By Cuttings.— -Cut off a quantity of
the young robuft (hoots in Autumn or
Spring, from ten to fifteen inches long,
and plant them with their tops entire,
In a (hady border, in rows two feet
afunder, trained as the Suckers.

X Final

( 152 )

Final Planting.

As the Fig-Tree generally fucceeds

bed when planted out finally while

young, may plant as wall and efpalier

trees, either the Suckers, Layers, or

Cuttings, as loon as rooted, at once

where they are to remain, or fuch as

have been previously trained, two oe.

three years, and formed a head of

branches ; but for ftandards, Ihould

chufe for final planting fuch as are

trained with tall erect Items a proper

height, and have branched ©ut at top,

and formed heads.

Plant them in Autumn or Spring,
the wall and efpalier-trees twenty feet

diftance

( '53 )

diftance at leaft, for the branches, being
trained horizontally, will loon fill that
jpace ; and the ftandard trees fliould
alio be arranged twenty or thirty feet
afunder, efpeciaily the full ftandards.

General Culture.

Then as to culture of pruning and
training, obferve as below.

Firft, of the wall and efpalier trees;
thefe being furnifhed with a head of
lateral branches, obtained as directed
in their nurfery culture, let all the
branches be trained horizontally to the
wall, &c. ranging equally to both fides
at full length, fix or feven inches
afunder, continuing to encreafe the
the number of branches annually up-
X z ward,

( *54 )
ward, arranged at the above diftance ?
and, if wood is wanted, may either
prune fhort fome adjacent moot in
Spring, or pinch fhoots of the year, in
May or June, to force out laterals, but
otherwife generally train the whole
Supply of bearers always at full length.

Every Summer, about June, July, and
Auguft, go over the trees, both waH
and efpaliers5 and cut out only directly
fore-right, and other very irregular
fhoots of the year, or fuch as appear
abfolutely ufelefs, or cannot be trained
In, carefully referving all the regular
fide (hoots, and tacking them in ftrait
and clofe, at all their length, to admit
the fun and air to improve the fruit ;
leaving an abundant fupply to chuie
from in Winter pruning for next year's

bearers,

( *ss )

bearers, not Hiortening any during their
Summer's growth.

The Winter, or genera] pruning,
may be performed either in November
or Spring 5 though as the (hoots of
Fig-trees are very liable to fufrer by
fevere frofts, if left unpruned till
February or March, there will be a
greater chance out of the whole, to
have a fufficiency furvhe the rigours
of the Winter, to chufe from in Spring
pruning.

Then, in the operation of Winter pru-
ning, muft retrench old naked wood,
and retain a full fupply of young fhoots
for next year's bearers, obiervirg,
where old naked branches, unfurnifhed

with

( 156 )

with young wood, advance a corfidera-
b!e length, to prune them our either
wholly, or down to fome lateral fhoot$,
&c. to iupply the place : feltcting a
general referve of the bell -placed fhoots,
not only collaterals or fide fhoots, arifing
on all the main branches at eligible dis-
tances, advancing in progrcfiive order,
one after another, between the mother
horizontals, from the very bottom to
the extremities, but alfo a terminating
one to each branch, and as the foremoft
branches advance too long, the laterals
come up to fupply their places ; retaining
generally the mod robuft fhort-jointed
fhoots, rejecting very long, weak, and
ill-ripened ones; cutting out, as you
goon, all the Superabundant and uielefs
young growths quite clofe, together with

all

( 157 )
all dead wood, and part of any to$
long-advanced older branches, cut down
to a lower fhoot; prt-ferving the whole
fupply of bearers at full length ; th n
directly nail and tye rhem regularly to
the wall and efpalier, ft rait and clofe at
the aforementioned diitances.

As to the Standard Figs, let them
branch out freely at top, and only cut
outin Spring any very irregular growths,
and the ends of dead (hoots, leaving all
the others entire, permitting the whole
to branch out, and form a full head.

The

( 158 )

The GOOSEBERRY-BUSH.

TH E Goofeberry ( Grcjfularia ) is
ranged 4>y the Botanifts as a fpe-
cie of Rihes or Currant, according to
the agreement of their fructification or
parts of the flowers, and are alfo of the
Clafs and order, Pentandria Monogynia^
flowers having five {lamina and one
flyfc.

There are feveral fpocies of Goofe-
berries, comprifing many varieties;
and are diftinguifhed by the Botanifts
as follow :

Ribes GrcJp'Jaria, i, e. GroJJularia3 or
Common Gooseberry. Having prickly

creel

( *59 )

treft branches, and hairy berries.

Ribes reclinatum. Reclinated
Gooseberry-Bush. Having fomewhat
reclining branches, but moderately armed
with prickles.

Ribes Uva-Crifpa. — or (Uva-Crispa)
Smooth-Fruited -Gooseberry Bush,

Having ereel prickly branches, and finooth
berries.

Ribes Oxyacanhoides — H a w - Le Aved
Gooseberry -Bush. Having very
prickly branches, and large leaves.

Of the above fpecies there are many
different varieties of the fruit ; fome are
round, others oval, and of different co-
lours, as Red, Green, Yellow, White ;
fome hairy, and fome fmooth ; generally
known by the following names :

Y Red

( ifo )

Red Kinds,

Sm all EarlyBlack -red Gooseberry.
Hairy Red Gooseberry,
Smooth Red Gooseberry.
Damson, or dark Red Gooseberry,
Red Raspberry Gooseberry.
Great Mogul Tawney Gooseberry,

Green Kinds.,

Early Green hairy Gooseberry,
Smooth Green Gooseberry.
Green Gascoigne Gooseberry.
Green Raspberry Gooseberry,

Tellow Kinds.

Early Amber Gooseberry.
Great Oval Yellow Gooseberry.

Great

( i6i )

Great Round Ameer Gooseberry.
Hairy Amber Gooseberry.

White Kinds.

Common White or Crystal
Goosebery.
Great Crystal Gooseberry.
White Veined Gooseberry.

Different Colours.

Great Rumbullion Gooseber'ry.
Large Ironmonger Gooseberry.
Smooth Ironmonger Gooseberry.
Great Hairy Globe Gooseberry*

The bufhes grow fix or feven feet

high, branching out low into very bufay

heads, armed more or lefs with thorns,

Y 2 and

C *& )

and have trilobated leaves, and fmali
greenifh flowers at the fides of the
branches, fucceecled by [he berries, at-
taining a ui'eful ftate in May or June,
to ufe green for culinary purpofes, and
ripe for eating in June, July, and
Auguft.

They bear both on the young and old
wood, immediately from the eyes of the
young (hoots, and onfmall fpurs, arifing
on the two, or three, and many year old
branches.

As the Goofeberry is a very ufeful
Summer fruit, both when green for many
culinary purpofes, and when ripe very
palatable and wholefome to eat, every
good garden fhouid be well furnifhed

with

( f*S )

plenty of the bufhes, cultivated gene-
rally as bufhy ftandards, in the kitchen
garden, &c. both in fingle rows, and in
full plantations, from fix to eight or ten
feet diitance in each row •> trained com-
monly with fingle items a foot or more
high, branching out above with re-
gular heads, which mull be kept in
order by cutting out ill-placed and
crowding moots, retaining the general
regular branches, ftx or eight inches
afunder ; formed either with the heads
full in the middle, or concave, or hollow,
by retrenching the central moots, as ob-
ferved in the Currants ; leaving the
moots moftly entire, or but moderately
fhortened •> at lead till arrived to the in-
tended height. See their Arching and Cul-
ture.

Some

C 1*4 )

Some may alio be trained with fanned
heads, elpalier ways, and aifo to plant
againfl walls, &c, for early fruit.

Propagation and Training.

Goofeberries are expeditioully raifed
in abundance from fuckers and cuttings
and occafiohally by layers, to a bearing
flate in two years.

By Suckers. Abundance arife

annually from the roots of old trees,
which may be dug up in Winter or
Spring. Chufe the flrongeft, and prune
the crooked and weak tpps a little, then
plant them in nurfery rows for train-
ing-, or fome of the ftrongeft at once
where they are to remain -, and in their
future growth trim off all lower (hoots

from

( 1 65 )

from the Hem, and irregular ones in the
head, keeping the general branches fix or
eight inches afunder, as before obfcrved,
only fliortening long ftragglers, &:c. and
they will bear the fccond year.

By Cuttings. — Chufeflrong,frraight
young (hoots, of the upper branches, cut
off a foot or more Jong 5 plant them in
rows, in a fhady border, and they will rea-
dily grow ; training them as the fuckers.

By Layers.— Lay the lower branches,
almoft at any time, and any how, in the
earth; they will root freely, and be fit
to plant off in Autumn after \ training
them as above.

Final Planting and Culture.

Goofeberry bufhes, when advanced
two or three feet in height, with tolera-
ble

( 166 )

bie bufhy heads, may be planted out fi-
nally to remain, any time from October
till March,

Plant the main fupply in the large
quarters of the kitchen garden ; fome ar-
ranged in a fingle row, around the
verges or borders, eight or ten feet afun-
der, others in wide crofs rows, to divide the
ground, and fome in continued planta-
tions, fix or eight feet in the lines, with
an interval of ten feet between the rows,
as advifed for the Currants.

May likewife plant a few fanned trees
again ft warm walls, to produce fome
early fruit.

Then, as to future management, it is

nearly

( 1*7 )

nearly the fame as directed for Currants,
obferving alfo as below.

Keep the bdfnes always to one (ingle
ftem below, by clearing off all lower
(hoots, and flickers from the root. The
head fhould be kept open, and regular,
and the general branches continued about
fix or feven inches afunder, to have large
fruit ; and fhortened but little, or hardly
at all, in pruning, except very long ram-
blers, or low (hagglers ; retain the
fame branches as bearers, as long as they
fupport a good bearing ftate, becaufe
thofe of feveral years old bear abundantly
on fpurs j but according as they gradu-
ally become very old or worn out, and
produce but fmall fruit, fhould retain
ftrong young moots, advancing below,
to fupply their place, according to the
following rules of general pruning.

Z As

( i68 )

As thefe bufhes generally emit nume-
rous fhoots every Summer, you may, if
any are very crowded, in June or July,
prune out clofe fome of the moll irregular
and crowding, to open the head, for the
more free admifiion of the fun and air,
to promote the fiz« and goodnefs of the
fruit; retaining enough of the regular
(hoots entire to chufe from in Winter prun-
ing, if required. — And in Winter prun-
ing, proceed to prune out clofe all the
fuperabundant lateral fhoots of lad Sum-
mer, together with any very crowded,
irregular, older wood, and old worn-
out bearers j retaining young ones ad-
vancing- below in their room, and leav-
ing the general branches about fix or
eight inches diftance,atleaft, as before ob-
ferveds each terminating in a young

(hoot ..;

C 169 )

moot, either naturally ; or if any branches
are advanced too long or draggling,
prune them down to a lower (hoot for
a leader; preferving all the fmall lateral
fruit fpurs •, and let the 00 afional
fupply of young moots be but mo-
derately mortened •, principally only long
rambling growths, and very bending
and ftraggling moots, juft reduced to a
little regularity, as obferved for the Cur-
rants.— The bufhes will thus moot mo-
derately, and produce larger and finer
fruit in proportion.

For if Goofe berries are too generally
fhortened, it forces out numerous unne-
cessary, ufelefs moots, from all the lower
eyes, in Summer, forming the head a
perfect thicket, rendering the fruit fmall,
and occafioning much trouble of pruning
in Winter, Z 2 Never

( *7° )
Never prune them with garden (hears,,
as fometimes ignorahtly praflifed ; but
always with a knife : Likewife, always
keep the branches of the head thin, and
you will have large handfome berriesj
ripening with a good flavour.

FIL-

( i7» )

The HAZEL and FILBERT-
NUT-TREE, &c.

1

^HE Hazel (Ccrylus) comprifcs the
common Wood Nut, the Filbert,
Barcelona, Cob Nuts, &c. all varieties
of one fpecies, which merit culture in the
fruit collection, for the variety of their
fruit ; and belong to the clafs and order
Monoecia Polyandria, flowers male and
female on the fame tree ; the males hav-
ing numerous (lamina.

The Hazel confifts of one fpecies,
comprifing feveral varieties.

Ccrylus Avellana^ i. e. Avellana, or
Common Hazel-Nut-Tree, having
round leaves, with oval obtufe Jiipula, at

the

( fjz )

the bafe ; male flowers in long catkins,
and female flowers clofe to the branches,
fucceecled by the nuts, in large torn
cups, confiding of the following varie-
ties, ripe in Autumn ; viz.

Common Wood Nut, with white, and

with red fkinned kernels.
Large cluster Wood Nut,
Filbert Nut, with red kernels.
Filbert Nut, with white kernels.
Barcelona Nut,
Cob Nut, (very large).
Long Nut, (a curiofity).

The Hazel tree, and varieties, grow
from about twelve or fifteen, to twenty
feet high ; very branchy, almoft to the
bottom, having roundifh rough leaves,

and

( 173 )

and produces the flowers and fruit from
the fides of the branches, being male and
female, flowers feparate, without petals 5
the males in long yellowim amentums,
in Winter, and the females in clole-fit-
ting clutters, in the Spring, fucceeded
by the "clutters of Nuts, inclofed each in
its torn calix or cup, ripening in Au-
guft and September.

The Common Wood Nut Trees grow
in vail abundance in our woods and
hedges, and are fometimes admitted in
Gardens* &c. for variety.

But the other larger forts, being im-
proved varieties, are cultivated more a-
bundantly in gardens and orchards, but
the Filbert mod of all, for the goodnefs

of

( m )

of its kernel •, though the large Clu fief
and Barcelona Nuts are alio well worth
cultivating, and the Cob and Long Nut
as lingular varieties : but where there is
good fcope of ground it is worth atten-
tion to cultivate fome of each fort in
gardensvorchards, and fields, &c. as they
will fucceed almoft any where.

They may be employed both as full
and half ftandards ; planted either in con-
tinued ranges, fifteen or twenty feet a-
iunder, or dropped fingly in different
parts to effect variety, keeping them to
clean ftems, and let the heads branch in
their natural manner.

. Some may likexvife be arranged hedge

waySj

( i75 )
ways, five feet diftant in the row, and
fufFered to take their natural growth.

And, for variety, fome may be plant-
ed in efpaliers, efpecially the Filberts,
arranged fifteen feet afunder, with the
branches trained at full length, retaining
occafional lateral moots, advancing be-
low as fucceffion bearers. They are all
very hardy, and will fuccced in any com-
mon foil and expofure.

Method of Propagation and Training.

All the varieties of the Hazel-tree are
propagated both by planting the Nuts,
and by fuckers, layers, and grafting ;
but it is proper to remark, that as the
feedling-raifed plants are apt to vary, the
A a three

( i75 )

latter methods are the mod certain,
whereby to continue the improved vari**
eties diftindh

By the Nuts.- -Let a quantity of

the heft Nuts of the defired forts be pre-
served in fand till February, then fowed
hi drills two inches deep, and when the
plants are a year or two old, plant them
out in nurfery lines, training fome as
full, half, and dwarf flandards, with fix,
four, and two feet ftems \ then top them,
and permit them to branch out above,
and form heads j fome alfo as hedge
plants, branching out near the bottom^
but fanned up on the fides.

By Suckers.— The trees fend up a~
bundance from the root 5 which being

dug

t *77 )

dug up in Winter, or Spring, may ci-
ther plant the tlrongeft at once, to re-
main, efpecially if for hedge-rows, or
wholly in the nurfery way, to train for
the purpofes intended*

By Layers. — Any time from Au-
tumn till Spring, in open weather, have
recourfe to fome low branching trees,
chufing lbme of the lower pliable bran*
ches, furnifhed with plenty of young
fhoots : peg them down, and lay all the
young wood three or four inches deep,
with the tops out, which by next Au-
tumn will be rooted \ then plant them
out, and train them as the feedlings.

By Grafting. — This maybe prac-

tifed to continue and improve any parti-

A a 2 cular

( 173 )

cular fine variety, by inferring (hoots
thereof into any kind of Hazel flocks,
in the common method of grafting.

Planting and Culture.
When the trees are advanced from
about four to^five or fix feet high, they
may be planted out to remain ; arrang-
ing the ftandards, fome in full planta-
tions, others dropped fingly in borders,
fhrubbery clumps, or on the fides of
fhady walks, &c. and others in hedge-
rows, as aforefaid.

In Culture, keep the ftandards to
clean fingle flems, and let the heads
branch out in their own way, only re-
forming cafual long ramblers, or low
frragglers •,— And in the hedge plants, trim
up only low draggling branches, and let
them branch out above at fides and top.

The

( i79 )

The MEDLAR TREE.

THE Medlar Tree (Mefplhs) is An-
gular in its production of a large
apple and pear-fhaped brown fruit, not
eatable until it affumes a flate of decay;
for while it remains firm and found it is
exceedingly auftere •, but ripening in Au-
tumn, becomes foft and palatable in
Winter ; the tree belongs to the clafs
and order Icofandria pentandria : Twenty
or more ftamina, and five flyles, in each

flower.

There is but one fpecies of the com-
mon Medlar, which, by the Botanifts,
is called

Mefpilus Germamca}— Gzr max, or Com~

mon

( 1S0 )

fnon Medlar Tree ; defer ibed Medlar ', with
fmooth or thornlejs branches, fpear-Jhaped
leaves, downy underneath, and large foli-
tary, cr Jingle-placed, clofe-fitting flowers*
fucceeded by large, round, umbilicated,
brown, hard fruit, the flze of middling
apples, each containing five ftoney feeds,
ripening in October and November, but
not eatable till after being gathered and
lain fome time, when it becomes foft,
tender, and palatable, of a fharp, vinous
flavour, and compriies the following
principal varieties, viz.

Common Large German Medlar.
Nottingham, or Smaller Medlar,
Pear-shaped Italian Medlar.

The Medlar-Tree grows deformedly,
twelve er fifteen feet high, or more, or-
namented

( I«I )

{lamented -with large lanceolate leaves;
and produces its flowers and fruit fingly,
from the fides of the two or three, and
many year old branches, often upon fhort
fpurs •, the fame branches continue
bearing many years, and mould gene-
rally be permitted to run without fhort-
ening, except reducing cafual ilrag-
glers, &c.

This tree certainly merits admittance
in every collection, for the fmgularity
and variety of its fruit ; trained prin-
cipally asftandards and halfflandards, in
the garden and orchard, or in any out
grounds, for they will fucceed anywhere;
and fome alfo, occafionally, as Efpaliers,
in affemblage with quinces, apples, &c.
managed as for apples and pears.

Method

( I»2 )

Method of Propagation and Training.

The trees may -be raifed from feed ;
but by grafting and budding may pre-
ferve the varieties permanent, and raife
them fooner to a bearing ftate. Alfo by
layers.

By Seed.- Sow the kernels of the

fruit in a bed of light earth, an inch or
more deep, in November or Decembers
they will, probably, come up in Spring
following, and, when a year or two old,
plant them out in the nurfery way, and
train them with from four to five or fix
SQQt ftems, for half and full ftandards •, then
let Ehem branch out at top, and form heads ;
but thole defigned for efpaliers mould be
topped in their infancy to ten or twelve

inches^

( iS3 )

inches, to provide lower branches^ as di-
rected for Apples, &c.

By Grafting, &c— The improved
varieties may be grafted or budded,
either upon Medlar, Pear, Quince, or
White-thorn Stocks, raifed as above,
for the feedling Medlars, feveral feet high
for ftandards, and lower in proportion
for dwarfs ; then let them be grafted or
budded, and trained for the purpofes in-
tended, as directed for the Apple and
Pear tree.

By Layers. — In Autumn, Winter,
or Spring, lay the lower young branches
in the common way, which will be rooted
by Autumn following; then plant them
off, and train them as the feedlings.

B b Planting

( i»4 )

Planting and Culture.

When raifed to a due fize, plant the
flandards any where in the garden, or-
chard, fhrubbery, &c. twenty feet afun-
der, and fuffer them generally to grow
in their own way, only pruning occafion-
ally any very irregular^ rambling, and
draggling growths, as advifed for other
llandard fruit trees.

Plant the efpaliers fifteen or eighteen
feet afunder, training the branches hori-
zontally, five or fix inches diftance, moft-
ly at full length, to their allotted extent,
except in their firft training; when, if re-
quired, may prune fhort occafional young
flioots in Spring or Summer, to cncreafe
the number of branches to cover the ef-
palier regularly y obferving always to

give

( iS5 )

give them a Summer and Winters prun-
ing and training, exa&ly as directed for
Apples and Pears.

Of the Fruit.

The Medlars attain full growth on the
trees the end of O&ober, or beginning
of November, at which time let them
be gathered, and prepared to an edible
flate, by laying fome in moid bran*'
others in dry ftraw, and fome on the
fhelves of the fruitery, &c. thofe in the
bran will become foft and eatable in two
or three weeks, and the others will fuc-
ceed therru

Bba n$

( i86 )

The MULBERRY TREE.

THE Mulberry Tree (Moras) is in
high eftimation for its fine juicy
berries, very refrefhing to eat in the hot
weather of Autumn, as well as for fomc
culinary ufes, and makes a fine fyrup ;
it is likewife eminent for its leaves to
feed filk- worms, and belongs to the clafs
and order Monoecia tetrandria> i. e. male
and female flowers apart on the fame
tree, the males having four flamina.

There are feveral fpecies of Mulber-
ries; but there is only one fort com-
monly cultivated as a fruit tree in Eng-
land 3 viz.

Morns

( i»7 )

Morus Nigra* Black cr Com mow
Mulberry Tree, having large heart-
Jhaped rough leaves* and lmall male and
female flowers, without petals * the males
growing in amentums or firings,, and
the females in roundilh clofe heads,
which fncceed to an ovalilh, very fuccu-
lent, blackifh red berry, full of tube-
rances, each having one feed, and ripens
in Auguft and September ; comprehend-
ing two varieties, viz.

Common Black Mulberry.
Jagged-leaved Smaller Mulberry.

The following fpecies are alfo fome-
times cultivated for variety.

Morus Alba* White Mulberry."
Morus Rubra, Red Mulberry.

But

C 188 )

But the Common Black Mulberry h
the principal fort to cultivate for the ge-
neral fupply.

The Mulberry tree grows twenty feet
iiigh, or more, dividing low into a large
branchy, widely-fpreading, full head ;
it produces its flowers and fruit on the
young wood ; very fhort robuft moots of
the fame year arifing from the ends of
others produced the Summer before, to-
wards the upper parts of the year-old
branches \ in which cafe they muft ge-
nerally be permitted to remain entire,
as fhortening would cut away the fruit-
ful parts, and retard their bearing.

The trees are very hardy, and fncceed
in any common foil> trained both as com-
mon

( i»9 )

if. on ftandards, half ftandards, and
dwarfs j and likewife as wall and efpalier
trees.

But common ftandards is the nioM: gc-
neral mode of cultivating Mulberry trees*,
planted detached, either in the garden,
orchard, or on lawns, or on any plat of
grafs ground, in a warm, funny expofi-
tion •, though a few trees may be fuiH-
cient for private ufc, as fometimes one
or two large ones furnifh berries enough
to fupply a numerous family.

May alfo cultivate fome both as wall
and efpalier trees, for variety, and they
will produce larger, earlier, and richer
Savoured berries,

Meth$d

C '9° )

Method of Propagation and 'Training.

The Mulberry tree is propagated by
layers, cuttings, grafting, and occafion-
ally by feed.

By Layers. — Chufe the young bran-
ches in Autumn or Spring-, but unlefs
thev are fituated low, or that there are
ftools previoufly formed, by heading
down fome young trees near the ground,
to furnifh bottom moots, commodious
for laying, we mud ufe large pots, box-
es, or bafkets of earth, raifed upon {lands
near the branches ; laying the young
fhoots three inches deep, with their tops
out-, by next Autumn, being rooted, plant
themoffin nurfery-lines, and train them

with

C 191 )

with clean items, five or fix feet high,
for ftandards, or in proportion for half
ftandards, &x. but when defigned as
dwarfs for walls or efpaliers, they mould
be headed while young to ten or twelve
incheSvto obtain lower branches, as for-
merly obferved for other dwarf trees.

By Cuttings. — In Autumn or Spring
cut off a quantity of laft year's ftrong
moots, from eight or ten, to twelve
inches long, retaining their tops entire*
and plant them in a fhady border, to re*
main till Autumn or Spring following;
then, the plants being rooted, fet them
out in the nurfery, to be trained like the
layer-railed plants*

By Grafting.— This is fometimes

praclifed to continue and improve any

C c defirabie

( i92 )
deferable variety, by inferring flioots
thereof into flocks of the Mulberry kind.-

By Seed. — Sow them in March, on
a warm border, half an inch deep; and
when the plants are a year or two old,
bed them out in rows, and train them
as above.

Planting and Culture.
Plant the ftandard Mulberries in any dry,
flickered , fun nyexpofure, either together,
thirty feet diftance, or detached in diffe-
rent places ; and let them generally take
their natural growth, retrenching cafual
dead wood? or any very ill growing or
low ftraggling branch ; but never (horten
the fhoots, and they will then bear plen-
tiful crops of berries annually.

Plant the wall and efpalier Mulber-

( *93 )

ries, fifteen or twenty feet diftance, and
arrange their branches horizontally, five
orfix inches afunder, at full length, while
the trees are young, only (hortening occa-
fional middle (hoots in Spring or Summer,
to force out a farther fupply of wood, to
furnifh the wall and efpalier more effectu-
ally; encourage alfo a fuccefllon of regular
fide (hoots, gradually advancing in every
part, from the bottom upward, as bearers;
and as any very old, long-advanced, naked
branches appear, prune them down in
"Winter, and introduce lower, advancing
young wood in their flead ; training the
whole ftraight and clofe to the wall and
efpalier, at full length, becaufe (horten-
ing the ends cuts away the only fruitful
parts, as before remarked,

Cc z The

( i<?4 )

pe NECTARINE TREE.

THE Nectarine tree (Nuciperjtca)
ts of the family of Amygdalus^ or
Almond, and by the Botanifts is conft-
dered generally as a variety of the Peach,
as fome have affirmed to have feen Peaches
and Nectarines growing naturally on the
fame tree ■, and is of the clafs and order
Icofavdria monogynia^ twenty or more (la-
mina, and one ftyle, within the fame
flower.

The modern Botanifts give the Nec-
tarine no fpecific diftindlion, only as a
variety of the Peach, by the old name of
AT^/^r/?^5theNECTARiNETREE,whicli9
like the Peach? has fpear-Jhaped9 acutely-

I0'

( *95 )

fawed leaves^ .wi;hout -glands at the bafe,
which obiain in ihe r\>mond dofe-fitting*
folitary, or fingly-pLaed jlcr^ers, having^?
redJif/j peta j, iutcceded by a large,
round, hrrn, imooth fruit, having a nuc
or (tone in the centre ; and confifts of
feveral valuable va.ieues, ripening in Aur
gull and Scpcemoer to a reddifh and yel-
low colour i y\z*

Fairchild's Early Nectarine. Mid-

die of /iaguft*
Elrouge Nectarine* End of Auguft.
Yiolet Nectarine. Middle of Auguft.
Newingtqn Nectarine. Beginning of

September.
Temple Nectarine. Middle of September.
JRed Roman Nectarine. Middle of

geptemberx

Murry

( '9* )

Murry Nectarine. Beginning and mid*
die of September.

Brug noNj or Italian Nectarine, Sep-
tember*

Scarlet Nectarine. Beginning and
Middle of September,

Tawney Nectarine. September.

Golden Nectarine. Middle or End of
September*

Virmash, or Peterborough Necta^
rine. Oflober.

All the varieties of Nectarines have a
fmooth rind, and firm rich pulp, which
in fome adheres to the ftone, and in others
it feparates.

The Nectarine tree grows in every refpect
like the Peach, not diftinguifhable one

fr®ny

( 197 )

from the other but by the fruit j it rifes
fifteen feet high or more, making long
green (hoots, garniihed with long, nar-
row, fpear-fhaped leaves, and produces
its flowers and fruit alfo on the young
fhoots of a year old, immediately from
the eyes of the fhoots ; and, as the fame
fhoots generally bear but one year, ex-
cept on cafual fpurs, a general fup-
ply of new ones of each year is requifice
in every part of the tree, annually, as
fuccefiion bearers, and which, in their
training as wall trees, mould be retained
at full length all Summer, and com-
monly pruned more or lefs in Winter,
to promote a more certain fuccefiion of
new bearers from the lower eyes, as ex-
plained for Apricots and Peaches.

But

( 193 )
But although the Nectarine and Peach
trees dlfcover not the leaft difference in
their general growth, vet there is a very ob*
vious diftin&ion in their fruit ; the Nec-
tarine having a fmooth hard rind, while
that of the Peach is downy and foft.

As the Ne&arine tree blooms early in
Spring, previous to the expanfion of the
leaves,and before the weather lets in warm,
and, the young embryo fruit being ten-
der, liable to ruffe r by the feverity of the
cold, (hould therefore, like the Apricot
and Peach, be allowed a warm, funny,
cxpofurv, againfi South, and Weft, and
Eaft walls, &c. traintd both as common
dwarf wall trees, for the general fupply,
and as half iftanda/ds between the dwarfs,
as obferved for Apricots, &c.

It-

( l99 )

Ic is a hardy tree in refpedt to growth,
and fucceeds in any good garden earth.

Method of Propagation and Training*

The Nectarine is propagated always
by budding the approved varieties oa
Plum flocks, and occafionally on Al-
mond, Peach, and Apricots ; but princi-
pally on plums, as being the hardieft and
moftfuccefsful (locks for the general fup-
ply, railed from the (lones of the fruit,
as directed in the culture of Almonds and
Apricots, to a proper fize to bud for
dwarfs and half-ftandards, performing
the budding alfo as diredted for thofe
trees, Peaches, &c.

The buds mooting forth in Spring

following, and forming each one flrong

D d fhoot,

( zco ;
moot, three or four feet long, by the
end of Summer, the trees will then have
formed their firft head as Ne&arine trees,
proper either for final tranfplantation
into the garden, againft South walls,
and fome on Weft and Eaft expofures,
as before obferved, arranged fifteen or
twenty feet diftance ; or may remain
longer in the nurfery, trained in a fanned
manner againft any kind of clofe fence,
reed hedges, or to flakes, &c. till wanted*

But obferving the firft head muft be
cut down in March to fix or eight inches,
to force out four or more laterals below,
in Summer, to give the tree its firft
fpreading form for the wall, training
the (hoots horizontally to the wall &c.
at full length, all Summer, till
Winter or Spring -, then prune each to

eight

( ^oi )
tight or ten inches, to gain a farther fup-
ply of branches, and thus continue en-
creafing their number annually, by fhort-
ening the moots more or lefs, both in
Winter or Spring pruning, and by pinch-
ing moots of the year in Summer, as ob-
ferved for Apricots and Peaches.

But as to the general culture of the full
trained Nectarine trees, you mud, as in
Peaches, preferve a general fupply of the
bed placed young wood of each Sum-
mer as bearers, the future year, training
them at full length all Summer, cutting
out all foreright and luxuriant wood ; and
in Winter feledting plenty of the bed-pla-
ced, lad Summer fhoots, in every part,quite
from the bottom upward, at regulardidan-
ces cut out the irregular and fuperabun-
_D d z dant

( 2Q2 )

dant ones, together with part of the old
bearers, down to the young wood5 and
fhorten the fupply of new fhoots from
ilx or eight, to fifteen or eighteen inches,
according totheii ftrength -, then nail the
whole regularly to the wall, five or fix
inches diilance.

Obferve exactly the fame culture as
for Peaches.

n*

( 2°3 )

The PEACH TREE.

T

^HE Peach tree, (Per/tea) a fpecies
of the Amygdalus, or Almond,
produces the mod valuable of our (lone
fruits, furpaffing mod others in their
vaft variety, beauty, richnefs of flavour,
and long duration in perfection, they
continuing in eating from July till No-
vember, in the different varieties, wherey
the trees demand ourprincipalcare,as the
choiceft of wall trees, planted againft the
befl .ioutherly expofures ; and belongs
to the clafs and order lcofandria monogy*
niay as the Almond.

There is but one fpecies of the Peach
tree, and which being confidered by the

Botanift*

( 204 )

Botanifts as a fpecies of the Almond,
(Amjgdalus) they call it,

Amygdalus Per/tea^ — Persic a, or the
Peach Tree, having fpear-J/japed, Jbarp-
ly -Jawed leaves, without glands at the bafe,
(as m the Almond) and folitary, or fin-
gly-placed flowers of five petals, fuc-
ceeded by a large, round, downy fruit,
confifling of a delicious, juicy pulp, with
a nut or done in the centre, containing
one kernel ; and comprifes many emi-
nent varieties, ripening from July till
October, in the different forts ; which
are diftinguifhed by the following names;

EARLYNuTAiEGPEACH(veryfmall).3Wy.
Early Anne Peach (fmall). Beginning
or middle of Auguft.

Small

( 205 )

Small Mignon P 'each. Middle of Augufi.

Early Purple Peach. 'Toward the
'middle of Augufi.

White Magdalen Peach. Middlz of
Augufi.

Red Magdalen Peach. End of Augufi,

Gx^eatMignonPeach. Middle of Augufi.

Early Newington Peach. Augufi.

Old Newington Peach. Middle of Sep-
t ember.

Chancellor Peach. End of Augufi.

Late Purple Peach" Middle of Sep-
tember.

Montauban Peach. End of Augufi.

NqblessePeach. Beginning 'of September.

Belle Garde Peach. Beginning and
middle of September.

Belle Chevreuse Peach. Augufi.

Yei*

( 206 )

Yellow Alberge Peach. Middle and

end of Augiifi.
La Teton de Venus Peach. Middle

and end of September.
Pe risque Peach. End of September*

and early in Oflober,
Rambouillet Peach. End of September.
Bo ur d i ne Peach. Beginning and middle

of September.
Nivette Peach, Middle and end of Sep-
tember*
Ro ssana Peach. Beginning and middle

of September.
S i on Peach. End of September.
Admirable Peach. Middle and end of

September.
Royal Peach. End of September.
Violet Peach. Middle of September.
Portugal Peach.

Royal

( 207 )

Royal George Peach. Early in Sep-
tember,

Catharine Peach, (very large and
be hi r ful). Oftober.

B l o o -d y P £ a c h . Middle and endofOfteber.

Cambray Peach. Qfiober.

Nar bonne Peach. Ocfcher.

Monstrous Pavie of Pomponne, (ex-
ceeding large,. End ofOftcber.

The Peach tree grows fifteen feet higb>
or more, but is commonly trained as a
wall tree; emitting numerous long,fmooth
green (hoots, ornamented with long,
ipear-Ihaped. iawed, fmooth leaves ; and
produce their flowers and fruit along the
fides of the young wood of the former
Summer, immediately from .the eyes of
the fhoots, which always produce at the
E e fame

( 20S )

fame time, both a crop of fruit, and a
fupply of new moots for next year's bear-
ers ; for the fame wood rarely bears
much fruit but once, except fometimes
on fome cafual fmall fpurs3 arifing on
the two-years wood •, but muft depend
always on the laft year's (hoots for the
main crop of fruit •, a general annual fup-
ply of which muft be retained in every
part of the wall trees, as fucceflion bear-
ers, at full length, all Summer, and fhort-
ened in Winter pruning, to encourage
fuccefiion bearers from the lower eyes,
which would otherwife arife moftly to-
wards the extremities, and leave the bot-
tom naked ; for, as in the Apricot, the
general fupply of the immediate bearing
fhoots rife principally only from the year
old wood, produced the Summer before.

Peaches

( 2o9 )

Peaches jhould be trained principally
as wall trees, for as they blofTom, and let
their fruit early in Spring, in cold wea-
ther, and their young infant fruit being
of a tender nature, they feldom bear well,
or ripen the fruit in due perfection in the
open ground, onefpaliers and ftandards;
fo lhould plant them mofily againft the
beft South walls, and occafionally oa
Weft and Eaft walls, forfucccfiional fruit.

Generally have the main plantation
compofed principally of the common
dwarf wall trees, with low (terns, branch-
ing out nearthe ground, planted at fifteen
or twenty feet diftance, with the branches
arranged horizontally, four or five inches
afunder.

Others may be employed occafionally,

as quarter, half, and full ftandard wall

E e 2 trees^

( 210 )

trees, formed with fanned, fpreadtng
heads, and planed between the dwarfs,
agahift high walls, in order to occ py
the upper parts, w hile the common dwarf
trees are advancing brlow.

A few trees may alfo be planted in ef-
palicrs, and asdet?.ched half ftandards/m
the open ground, for variety, t© take
their chance.

The Peach tree profpers in any good
garden earth ; but if of a rich loamy tem-
perature it may prove an additional ad-
vantage.-— See Planting.

Propagation and 'Training.

The Peach, in all its varieties, is prcn

pagated, and each fort continued perma-
nent^

( 211 )

pent, by budding them upon Plum
flocks, or occafionaily on Peach, Al-
jnond, and Apricot flocks.

But for the main fupply prefer chiefly
plum frocks, as the moft hardy and dura-
ble -, railed cither from Suckers arifing
from pium tree roots, or from the flones
of the fruit, as directed for Almonds;
which being planted in nurfery lines, will
in two years be of due fize to bud in July
or Auguft, within half 4 foot of the bot-
tom, for common dwarf wall trees, bu£
for half flandards, &c. muft be run up
three or four years, with tall Items, then
budded, at from three or four, to five
or fix feet high •, inierting generally but
one bud in each flock.

Then

( 2'2 )

Then, in Spring following, the buds
will advance, each wirh one ftrong fhoot,
attaining three or four feet in length by
next Autumn, forming the new tree,
which may then, if required, be planted
in the garden, finally to remain.

In March following, when the head,
or iiril fhoots are about a year old, let
them be headed down to a few eyes, to
gain four, five, fix, or more laterals, be-
low, in Summer, to form the head,
training them horizontally to the right
and left, in a fanned manner. — See I be
General Culture.

Planting and Culture.

Peach trees may be planted any time
in open weather, from October till March,

and

( "3 )

and may either plant thofe of only one
year old, with the firft head entire, o*
fuch as have been headed and trained in
the nurfery, or that have arrived to a
bearing (late, thereby furnifhing your
wall at once with immediate bearers *9
having the trees digged up with their full
roots i prune off only broken ones, and
reduce very long ftragglers, leaving the
head entire at prefent, then plant them
eighteen or ^twenty feet diftance, as be-
fore mentioned, and tack their heads to
the wall.

Then, in regard to general culture,
it confitts in giving them eligible prun-
ing and training every Summer and Win-
ter, of which take the following obfer-
vations.

The

( 214 )

The firft pr mng confifts, as we be-
fore hinted, in having the firft {hoots,
or head, produced immediately fn,m the
budding, headed down when a year old,
in March, to a few eves, if not done
in the nurfery, as directed in their
nurfery culture, to procure feveral
lateral branches, proceeding immediate-
ly nea* the head of the item, trained at
full length all Summer, and in Winter
or Spring following, (horten alfo all theie
fecond Ihoots, gene rally from about eight
to ten or twelve inches, leaving the lower
ones thelongeftjand pinch youngom-sof
the year, in Summer, in order to gain an-
nually a farther requifrte fupply of lower
branches, togivethe head a good fpread-
ing form, advancing regularly quite
from the bottom upward, with the
branches arranged horizontally, equally

to

( **5 )

to both fides, four or five inches diftancej,
atfull length all Summer, fhortened more
orlefs always in winter pruning, according
to their ftrength, as hereafter exhibited.

Then, with refpect to the general Sum*
mer and Winter pruning, obferve as beg.
low.

Every Summer, in May, June, and
July, go over the trees to regulate the
young growth of the year, by rubbing
or pruning off all the fore-right buds or
flioots, with other ill-placed growths,
and very luxuriant or rank wood, both to
admit the free air, and the benefit of the
fun to the fruit, as well astodifburthen the
trees of unneceffaryand ufelefs moots j re-
taining a plentiful fupply of all the young,
F f mode-

( ai6 )

moderately-flrong regular fide {hoots, for
next year's bearers, clearing offall others
that are too numerous or unnecefifary ;
and train in the referved fupply of regu-
lar wood dofe to the wall, at full length,
till Winter pruning.

And, in Winter pruning, we muft
keep in view a general referve oPthe bed
well-placed, lad Summer's fhoots, for
the enfuing year's bearers, in every parr,
from the bottom to the extremities, at
regular diftances, generally retaining one
at leaft, on every one of the lafl year's
horizontals, or fometimes two, or more,
in wide or vacant fpaces, as the cafe re-
quires ;chufwg always the moftpromifing
and beft-placed, and retrenching clofe all
the fuperfluous, or too abundant ones,

very

( 217 )

very rank, and all ill-placed ihoots, and
very weak twigs, with part of mod of
the lad year's bearers, and old horizon*
talsj pruned down to the firftbeft (hoots
they fupport, together with any old, long,
naked branches, unfurnifhed with young
wood, cut either entirely out, or down
to any good lateral fhoot, or eligible
young branch, furni/hed therewich ; cut
our, likewife, all dead wood and old
flumps ; thus clearing out all ufelefs and
bad growths, to make proper room to
train the neceflary fupply of young bear-
ers,which,as you goon, mould generally be
(hortened, more or lefs, as directed below.

Likewife cut offall fmall lateral twigs,
arifing on the fides of the main (hoots,
retained for bearers.

But any fmall fruit fpurs arifmg on

C «8 )

the two years wood, may be preferved^
as they often afford good peaches.

As you proceed in this general Win-
ter-pruning, fhorcen mod of the referved
fupply of young bearing wood, that they
may produce fuccefiion-bearing moots
from the bwer eyes -9 otherwife will fur-
nidi them only towards the top, and leave
the bottom naked, beingcarefuljhowever,
to prune them according to their ftrength,
the moderate ones to eight, ten, or twelve
inches, the flronger ones to twelve or
fifteen, and the firongeft prune from
about fifteen or eighteen inches, to two
feet long-, and very flrong luxuriant
fhoots of a generally vigorous -mooting
tree, may be left ftill longer in pro-
portion, becaufe, if vigorous ihoots are

cut

( 219 )

cut fhorr, it promotes a ftill more luxu>
riant growth, without fruitfulnefs.

Obferve, likewife, in fhortening the
bearing fhoots, not to cut below all the
blofTom buds, but generally cut to a
wood bud, or twin bloflbm, as explained
in the Apricot,

As foon as a tree is thus Winter pruned,
let it be directly nailed regularly to the
wall, ranging the branches and flioot$
equally to both fides, (trait and clofe,
four or five inches afunder.

%k$

( 220 )

the PEAR TREE.

THE Pear tree (Pyrus) is the ori-
ginal fpecies of the genus Pyrus^
which comprehends alfo the Apple (Ma-
lui)> and the Quince (Cydoma), as fpecies
cf the fame genus, each of which, how-
ever, is treated of feparately under its
proper head, and, like the apple, is re-
markable for the comprehenfive variety
pf its fruit, which may be divided into
three orderSa viz. Summer, Autumnal,
and Winter Pears, all the offspring of
one common fpecies, belonging to the
clafe and order Icofandria Pentagyni a Joting
twenty or more ftamina and five ftyles in
flower.

There

( 22I )

There being but one real fpecies of
the Pear tree, and being the original of
the genus Pyrus aforefaid, the botanifts
call it,

Pyrus communis^ Common Pear Tree,'
having oval ferrated leaves, and corymb ous
clufiers of flowers on long peduncles, com-
pofed of fivewhite petals, with a germen
underneath, becoming a pyramidal fruit,
moftly extended at the bafe, and com-
prehend numerous varieties, ripening in
fucceffiye order, from July till O&ober,
viz.

Summer Peats.

Summer Pears comprehend the early
varieties, that ripen for eating immedi-
ately off the tree, attaining perfection in

the

( 111 )

the different forts, from July till Sep-
tember, and will not keep longj fome
only a few days after they are fully ripe,
others not above a week or fortnight, viz.

Little Yellow Musk Pear. July.

Green Chissel Pear. Middle and end
of July.
1 Catharine Pear. End of July and be-
ginning of Augujt.

Red Muscadelle Pear. End of July
and beginning of Auguft.

Jargonelle Pear, (large and fine).
Middle of Auguft.

Cuisse Madame, or Windsor Pear,
(large and beautiful). Middle and end
of Auguft.

Early Russelet Pear. Middle of Au-
guft.

Great

( 223 )

Great Blanquette Pear. Middle of

Auguft.
Little Blanquette Pear. Middle

or end of Auguft.
Musk Robine Pear. End of Auguft.
August Muscat Pear. End of Auguft:
Orange Musk Pear. End of Auguft*
Perfumed Pear. End of Auguft.
Red Orange Pear. End of Auguft.
Summer Bon Chretien. Beginning of

September.
Summer Berg a mot Pear. Middle of

September.
Orange Summer Bergamot. End of

September.
Rose Water Pear. Middle of September.
Salviati Pear; September.
Crawford Pear^ September.
Green Musk Pear. September.

G g Long

( 224 )

Long-stalkedBlanquette.5^^^

Pear Piper. September.

Pt- James's Pear. September*

Lemon Pear. September.

Red Admirable, (large). September.

Autumn Fears.

Comprehend a lift of choice easing
Pears, that attain perfection for e-jiing
from about the end of September, or be-
ginning of October, till November and
December, and are moftly of ahandlome
fize, and fome fine and large.

Autumn Bergamot. End of September

and beginning of October.
Brown Beurre Pear, (very fine). Be*

ginning of Oftcber.
"White Beurre. Beginning or middle of

Offcber, till November,

( 225 )

Red Beurre, Beginning or middle of 0c*

tober.
Swiss Berg a mot. End of September.
Great Russelet. End of September.
Monsieur John. End of Oclober, till

December*
Swan's Egg. End of ' Oclober, and No*

vember-*
Cresane Pear j (large and fine). End

ofOclcber till December.
Muscat Fleury Pear. Ofiober till

December.
Rousseline Pear. End of Oft ober till

November.
Marquis's Pear*
Autumn Verte Lgngue, Oclober till

December.
Grey Good-Wife. End of October, No-
vember, &c,

G g % Beurre

( 225 )

Beurre Berg a mot. Ofiober9 Novem*

her, £^c.
French Bergamot. Oftober, Novem*

her, £s?f.
Pound Pear, (very large) End of Qfto-

her, November, fcfr.
Green Sugar Pear. End of Oftober

and November.

Winter Pears.

Under this head is comprifed a valua-
ble collection of the fined and richeft
eating Pears, with fome that are eminent
for baking, and other culinary purpofes;
attaining full growth on the trees towards
the middle and end of October, but not
maturity for eating, till after being ga-
thered and laid fome confiderable time

in

( i>7 )

in the houfe •, fome, probably, three,
four, or fix weeks, others two, three, or?
four months •, ripening as they lie, in
fucceflive order, from November till
Spring and Summer following, in the
different varieties, as below.

Winter Beurre. December and Ja-
nuary, &c.

Wi nter Berg a mo t . November till Ja-
nuary, £s?r.

St. Germain Pear, (large and Hne)»
December till Spring,

ColmarPear. December tilljaiviary^f c.

Vergouleuse Pear. December and Ja-
nuary, &fi

HollandBergamot. January till April.

Winter Russelet. January, Febru-
ary, fifrv

Spa i

( 228 )

Spanish Bon Chretien. December \ J a*

nuary, &c.
Winter Bon Chretien. February and

March, till May.
Chaumonteljle Pear. December till

March, &c.
Winter Verte Longue. December*

January, &c.
Ma rtinSec Pear. November I ill J a -

nuary.
Dauphin e Pear. End of November*

December, and January.
Martin Sire. December and January.
St. Martial P*ar. January or Fe-
bruary, till May, &V.
German Muscat. January or Fcbru-

ary, till April or May.
Winter Thorn; December till Febm*

&ry, &V.

Easts*

( 229 )

£aster Bergamot. January or Febru*

ary, till April or May.
Good Lewis. December, 13c.
.AmbrettePear. December and January^
Easter St. Germain. February till

April, ifc.
St. Austin. December till February.

The following are very large, hard
Pears, in eflimation chiefly for baking,
and oiher culinary purpofes.

Union, or Uvedale's St. Germain.

November till May.

Black Pear of Worcester, (remark-
able large) November till March or Aprih

Cadillac. December till April or May.

Pouble Fleur. January till May.

The Pear tree grows thirty feet high,

or

( *3° )

fcr more, branching in fome forts ere&ly,
in others more fpreading and extended •,
and produces its Mowers and fruit upon
fpurs or fluds, emitted numeroufly from
the fides and ends of the branches, of
from three or four, to many years old;
the fame branches and fpurs continuing
improving in fruitfulnefs many years j
the branches encreafing the number or
fruit fpurs annually, as they advance in
length 5 arifing firft towards the extreme
parts, then, by degrees, laterally, all
along the fides ; which (hews, that the
the branches mud not be fhortened in
their general growth, becaufe it would
both cut away the firft fruitful parts and
force out immenfe quantities of ufelefs
lateral wood moots, inftead of fruit
fpurs, and retard their bearing.

All

( *5*! )

All the varieties of Pear trees are cuU
tivated fuccefsfully, both as common
high ftandards, and half ftandards ; and
as wall andefpalier trees for the choicer
forts*

But may plant a larger fhare of com-
mon detached ftandards, for the main
fupply, in the open quarters of the gar-
den, orchard, &c. arranged thirty or
forty feet diftance ; the heads permitted
to branch out freely to their full extent,
without fhortening the branches, and
they will naturally furnifh bearing fpurs
abundantly.

Should allot, principally, the prime
forts of Pears for walls and efpaliers, in
order to forward and improve the fize,
H h beauty,

( *32 )

beauty, and flavour of their refpective
fruits > for example :

Have a few trees of the beft Summer
Pears ; a more plentiful fupply of the
fined Autumn kinds ; together with a
principal fhare of the choiceft Winter va-
rieties 5 plant fome againft South*
Eaft, or Weft, orEaft walls, and others
in well-expofed, funny efpaliers; or fome
of the Summer, and forward Autumn
kinds, on North walls ; but allow the
Winter Pears principally a good funny
expofure ; arranging the whole twenty
Feet diftance, at leaft \ but if twenty-five
or thirty feet, they will in the end prove
abundantly more fruitful, by having full
fcope to extend the branches horizon-
tally, fix inches afuader, without fhort-

-pning.

( 233 )
fening, and they will emit fruit fpurs along
their fides the whole length.

May alfo train fome as half and full
flandard wall trees, formed with tall
flems, and fanned heads, to plant againft
high walls or buildings, or between the
common dwarf wall trees.

However, in default of fufficient wall
and efpalier room, may cultivate any of
the forts as common ftandard trees, in
the open ground. All the Summer and
Autumn Pears will ripen abundantly
well •, and moil of the Winter kinds alfo
often attain tolerable perfection on ftan-
dards.

The Pear-tree is very hardy, fucceeds
in any good fertile foil capable of yield-
Pi h 2 ing

( 234 )

ing eligible crops of kitchen herbage*
grafs, or corn, &c. as remarked of other
fruit trees.

Propagation and draining.
All the varieties of Pears are propaga-
ted and continued diftinct by grafting,
and budding them upon any kind of
feedling Pear flocks, and occafionally
on Quinces, to form more dwarf or mo-
derate growers ; for low walls and efpa-
liers,&c. may chiefly rife flocks of any of
the Pear kind for the general fupply,
raifed and planted in nnrfery rows, as di-
rected for Apples, to be trained to a proper
fizeto graft or bud, atfixfeet high for full,
and lower in proportion for half and quar-
ter flandards, and within a foot of the bot-
tom for dwarf, wall, and efpalier trees -, in-
fertinggenerallybiUonegraft,&c.ineach

flock;

C 235 )

ftock;and when they have lhot,and formed
their firft heads of one Summer's growth,
they may either be planted out in Autumn,
&c. to remain, if required, or may be
previoufly trained in the nurfery.

Obferving, the ftandards may either
have the firft moots only, cut oer in
March to a few eyes, to obtain laterals
for forming a more full and low-fpread-
ing head, or permitted to run and form
a more erecl and lofty handfome growth.

Bat the wall and efpalier young trees
mould generally have the firft head prun-
ed down low, at a year old, in Spring,
to gain a fuller fupply of lower horizon-
tals, regularly from the bottom ; and, if
necefiary, fomeof themiddle-moftofthefe
fecond moots may alfo either be j- inched

fhort

c a* )

fnort the fame year, early in June,or pru-
ned down in Spring following, to promote
more fpeedily and effectually a farther
fuppl cf branches to furnifli the wall,
&c. regularly upward. Observing to
rub off eariy in Summer all foreright
/hoots, and train in the regular fide ones ho-
rizontally, at full length, five or fix inches
afunder : continue alfo> after this, to train
mod of the future requifite fnpply of ho-
ri2on:als always entire, a: the fame dis-
tance, to form bearing branches^ which
in thofc trees mult not be fhortened.

Thus the young Pear trees, raifed and

trained as above, continuing their general

branches entire, they, both ftanciards and

wall trees, &c. will begin to emit fiuds or

fpurs for bearing, when from two or

three to four or five years old.

Planting

( 237 )

Planting and General Culture*

Pear trees, of from one or two to five or
fix years oM, having formed heads, are
proper for rinal rranfpkntation, in Au-
tumn, Winter, or Spring -, planting them
in the common method ; [See Planting.]
the ftandards thirty or forty feet :iifb.nce?
as aforefaid, and the wall and efp a -s
not Ids than twenty •, fupporting the tall

flandards erect with flakes till rooted a-
frefli, and training the branches of the
dwarfs horizontally to the wall and efpalter.

Then, as to future culture of pruning,
&c. the flandards require but little ^ but
the wall and efpalier trees require it an-
nually, in Summer and Winter.

Let the flandards extend freely above;
pnly prune put any y^ry irregular, or

croiUno;

( *3§ )

eroding and crowding branches, and
dead wood, permitting the general regu-
lar branches to advance according to their
natural growth.

But the wall and efpalier Pears having
their branches conftantly arranged hori^
zomally, five or fix inches afunder, re-
tain the fa trie branches many years as
bearers, at full length, as far as the al-
lotted fpace will admit, and as they will
annually produce many ufelefs (hoots,
they muft be pruned every Summer and
"Winter.— Early every Summer go over
the trees, and rub off all fore-right, and
evidently too abundant and very rank
moots of the year, and train in only the
main leading flioots and the beft regular
f^le ones entire, to chufe from in Win-
ter pruning, if wanted. — —In Winter

pruning, performed from November till

Spring,

( *39 )

Spring, that retaining the fame bearing
branches five or fix inches diftance, exa*
mine if any cafually aiTume a decayed, or
bad unfruitful growth, or are too crowd-
ed, or have advanced beyond their limi-
ted bounds, and prune them down to
fome lower bearer, if convenient ; or oc-
cafionally retain regular youna moots of
laft Summer, advancing from below, at
full length, to fupply vacancies ; and
retain always the terminating or leading
moots to each horizontal entire, where
room enough ^ cutting out all the fuper-
fluous, lateral young wood not now
wanted, clofe to the main branches, leav-
ing no flump, but carefully prefcrving
all the proper natural fruit fpurs ; and cut
out clofe, old and dead fnags j [See Ap-
fie tree'] then directly nail or tye in the
general branches flrait and clofe to the

wall, &x. at regular diftances.

I i The

( 240 )

He PLUM T R E E;

THE Plum tree (Prunus)^ furniflies
a large collection of different va-
rieties of its fruit, and is the original fpe-
cies of ;he family of Prunus, which com-
plies the Apricot, B llace, Cherry, &c.
as fpecies of the fame genus, agreeable
to the bo anic characters of the flowers
and fruit; and belongs to the clafs and
order Icofandria Monogynia^ flowers con-
taining twenty (lamina and one flyle.

There is but one fpecies of common
Plum tree, which is called

Prunus Dcmeftica \ i. e. Houshold or
Common cultivated Plum: having
oval, fpear-Jhapzd leaves, and the peduncles

er

( 241 )

wfootftalks cf the flowers > for the moft part
Jingly, fupporting white flowers of five
petals, fucceeded by the plums, which
are round or oblongifh, with a ftone in
the centre ; and are of many different
forms, fize<?, colours,- and qualities, in
the numerous varieties; confirming of
whites, blacks, yellows, reds, blues,
and greens \ ripening from July till the
end of September, or beginning or mid-
dle of October, and of whi> h there are
varieties without end. But the moft
noted and approved forts are known by
the following names :

Early White, orPRiMORDiAN Plum.

Middle or end of July.

Early Black Damask. End of July.

Little Black Damask. Beginning of

Auguft*

Ii 2 Orleans

( 242 )

Orleans Plum, (red). End of Augufi

and September*
Queen Claude, (green). September.
Little Queen Claude, (yellowilh)*

September*
Great Damask Violet. Augufi*
Green Gage Plum, (very fine), Augufi

and September.
Blue Gage, September.
White Perdrigon. End of Augufi and

September.
Blue Perdrigon. End of Augufi :, &c*
Black Perdrigon. End of Augufi , or

beginning cf September*
Drap d'Or,of Cloth of Gold., (bright

yellow). Beginuingor middle of September*
l^ocuzCovRnON, (red), End of Aug?fi>&c0
"White Bonum MAGNUMjOrEGcPLUM,
wy large), September.

Red*

( 243 )

Red B ')num Magnum, or Great Impe-
rial Plum, (very large). September*

Fothe ring ham Plum, { large dark-red).
Beginning or middle of September.

Brignole Plum, (yellowifh).&pta»for.

Wentworth Plum, (yellowifh). Sept*

St. Catharine Plum, fyellowiQi am-
ber ). End of September.

Royal Red Plum. End of Atiguft and
September.

Cheston Plum, (blackifti). Middle of
September.

Mirabelle Plum, (greenifh-yellow)v
End of Augufti &c.

Imper atrice, or Empress Plum, ^dark
red J. End of September , and beginning
of ORober.

Apricot Plum, (large yellow), Be-
ginning and middle of September.

Inferior

( M4 )

Inferior Sorts.

Pear PLUM,(whirifh yellow). September.

Little Green Damask. Middle or end
cf September.

Muscle Plum, , d.-rk red).

St. Julian Plum, fdark violet). End
cf September, &c.

Damascene Plum, (dark blue). Sep-
tember and Oftober.

Cherry Plum, (fmall redj. Valued
chiefly as a curiofty9 but as it hlojfoms
early is often cut off by the cold.

The Plum tree grows fifteen or twenty
feet high, branching with a moJ.rate-
fpreading head, garnifhed with oval,
fpear-fhaped leaves, and produces its
flowers and fruit both on the young wood,
from the eyes of thefhoots, and on (purs

arifing

( HS )
srifing on the fides and ends of the bran-
ches, of from two or three, to many years
old i as in the Cherry, Pear, &c. the
fame branches continuing fruitful, and
multiplying the bearing fpurs many
year", as they advance in length ♦, and
only require renewing with young wood
occafionally, as any old bearer cafually
becomes unfruitful or decayed ; being
generally ail permitted to extend in
length, as fhortening both deftroys the
firft fruitful parts, promotes a great lux-
uriancy of ufelefs wood from the lateral
buds, and prevents their forming fruit-
fpurs.

This determines that we muft not
fhorten the branches of plums in theifi
general growth •, befides too much ufe of

the

( 24$ )

the knife on thofe trees occaHons the
branches to gum and decay.

The trees bear fuccefsfully in any or-
der of training, either full or halt ftan-
dards, &c. and as wall and eipalier trees j
the flandards planted twenty-five or
thirty feet diftance, permuting them
to branch out freely, at full length,
and form a full fpreading head, pruning
only any very irregular, rambling, or
rampant growths; and the wall and eipa-
lier trees arranged eighteen or twenty
ieet afundtr, with the branches trained
down horizontally, five or fix inches dif-
tance, without fhortening, but extended
as far as room will permit, efpecially all
thofe defigned as bearers, and they will
emit fruit fpurs all along their fides.

It

( *47 )

It is proper to have both a good fhare
of common ftandards in the garden and
orchard for the general fupply j felecting
the beft forts for walls and efpiliers, in
different expofurcs, which will furnifli
larger, earlier, and later fruit, and of an
improved flavour.

They will all fuccccd in any common
foil of a garden, orchard, &c. See Planting

Method of Propagation and fir ft draining.
Plum trees, in all their varieties, are
propagated, and continued always of the
fame forts, by grafting or budding them
upon any kind of plum flocks, raifed
either from fuckers of the root, or from
the ftones of the plums, fowed in Au-
tumn, two inches deepj and when a
K k year

( 243 )

year old, planted out in rows a yard dif-
tance, to have from two or three, to four
or five years growth ; then graft or bud
them with the proper forts, from four to
fix feet high, for half and full ftandards,
and within a foot of the ground for
wall and efpalier dwarfs, &c.

When the firft fhoots, from grafting,
&c. are a year old, cut them down in
March to a few eyes, to procure lower
branches in order to give the head its
firft requifite form, as in other fruit trees.

Afterwards let the flandards remain
entire, and branch out each way : but
the dwarfs for walls andefpaliersmay have
fome of the fucceeding (hoots fhortened
occafionally, either in Spring, or young
ones of the year pinched in Summer, to

procure

( 249 )
procure a farther iupply of collaterals to
cover the wall and efpalier regularly up-
ward, with bearers, training them at full
length.

Final Planting and General Culture.

Plum trees may be planted where they
are to remain, when from one or t\vo3
to feveral years old, in Autumn, Winter*
or Spring, with their heads moftly entire*
except cutting out any very irregular
growtii ; arranging the ftandards twenty**
live or thirty feet diitance, and the wall
and efpalier trees eighteen or twenty.

And as to general culture, obftrv's
nearly the following directions.

The ftandards ftiaald be permitted to

branch out frcciy.above, and form regu-

K k 2 lar

( 250 )

hr full heads, with the branches extend-
ing at their full length, only retrenching
occafionally any very irregular and fu-
perabundant crowding growths, very
long ramblers, and dead wood ; with all
fuckers from the root and fiem, and ram-
pant moots in the middle of the head ;
permitting all the general regular bran-
ches to extend as nature directs, without
reducing their length ; and they will
foon be full of natural fruit fpurs.

As to the wall and efpalier plums,
they mud have their branches arranged
horizontally to the wall and efpalier, five
or fix inches diflance, without fhorten-
ing; and continue training, where ne-
ceflary, a farther fupply of new regular
fhoots of each future year, till they fur-
niih rhe whole allotted fpace of wallinpy

8cc.

( «S« )

&c. completely with bearers, generally
all extended entire ; for if plum branches
are fliortened it will retard their bearing,
and force out numerous rampant, ufe-
lefs, unfruitful fhoots, and no fruit
buds ; but being arranged at their natural
length, they fhoot moderately, and in
two or three years furnifh abundant bear-
ing fpurs ; the fame branches fhould be
continued many years as bearers, or as
long as they remain fruitful, and only
retain occafional new fupplies of young
wood, as any of the old cafually affume
a barren or decayed ftate.

But to preferve regularity and fruitful-
nefs in the wall and efpalier plums, they
mud be pruned every Summer and
Winter.

Go over the trees every Summer, in

June

C 252 )

June and July, and difplace all fore-right
young wood, evidently fuperfluous and
very rank fhoots, with other ufelefs
growths of the year, retaining only fome
of the regular, moderate-growing fide
fhoots, and main leaders, trained in at
full length for occafional fupplies in Win-
ter; continuing the whole clofe to the wall
to admit the Sun and free air to the fruit.

Then in Winter pruning, continuing
the fame bearers five or fix inches dif*
tance, obferve if any difcover a bad
growth, or worn-our, naked, un-
fruitful fUte, which may now be
pruned or cut down to other more eligi-
ble wood, or to any contiguous young
fhoots •, retaining alfo regular fhoots of
lafl Summer, advancing below in vacan-
cies,

( *53 )
cies, if any; and all fuch moots that arc
not now wanted for the above purpofes,
fhould be cut out quite clofe, with all dead
wood •, preferving all the fhort natural
bearing fpurs on the fides of the bran-
ches, &c. but cut out too long,
fore-right, projecting ones, old ragged
fnags and (lumps *, flill retaining all the
branches at full length, and let them be
directly all trained in with due regularity
to the wall and efpalier.

'The

( 254 )

the QJJINCE TREE.

THE Quince tree (Cydonia), afpe-
cies of the family of Pyrus, or
Pear, but formerly conflkuted the genus
Cydonia, is famous for its large, beautiful,
golden-yellow fruit, of great fragrance,
which, though too hard and auflere to
eat raw, is excellent for various culinary
preparations * it therefore claims a place
in the general collection of fruit trees,
and is of the clafs Icofandria, and order
Pentagynia, as the Pear.

There is but one fpecies of the Quince,
comprehending a few varieties, and is
termed by the botanifts,

PyrusCydonia> — C y d o n i a ,or Qu i n c e
Tree s having entire or unfawed oval

leaves,

C *& )

leaves, hoary underneath, and whitijh* red
flowers placed finely, coropofed of five pe-
tals, twenty (lamina, and five ftyles*
fucceeded by large pyramidal and round
golden-yellow fruit, having a hard four
pulp, inclofing, generally, five hard ker-
nels or feeds, and confifts of the follow-
ing varieties, ripening in Autumn.

Pear-shaped Quince.
Apple-shaped Quince.
Portugal Quince, with a tender pulp.
Eatable Quince, having a tender
pulp ; fometimes eaten raw.

The Quince tree grows ten or twelve
feet high, branching low and flenderly,
within a moderate compafs, and produces
its Mowers and fruit fiftgly; fometimes
on fmall lateral faoots of the year, and
I , ! upon

C 256 )

upon fmall fpnrs from the fides of the
older branches, which mould generally
be permitted to extend in length, with-
out fhortening them by pruning.

Quinces are valued principally only
as a culinary fruit for flewing, baking,
making marmalade, and to enrich the
flavour of Apple-pies, tarts, &c as be-
ing of a very heightened fragrance when
fully ripe, but generally too hard and af-
tringent to eat raw, as before obferved.

A few trees mould be arranged in the
garden or orchard, chiefly as ftandards,
and fome alfo in efpaliers for variety •,
pla ted eighteen or twenty feet diftance ;
permitringtheftandardsrobranchout free-
ly around, and they will bear abundantly ;
and train the efpalier trees with their

branches

( 257 )

branches horizontally, at full length, fix
inches afunder j managed as for Apples
and Pears.

The trees are very hardy, and will
thrive almoft any where •, but they ge-
nerally affect a moift fituation, and are
.therefore often planted along ponds, and
ditch fides, in out grounds, &c.

Propagation and 'Training.

Thefe trees are expeditioufly raifed
from fuckers, cuttings, and layers, and
occafionally by grafting, &c.

By Suckers,.— Dig up the fuckers
from the roots of any old Quince trees,
in Autumn, Sec. plant them in nurfery-
rows, and train fome for flandards, with
four, five, or fix feet (lems 5 and others
L 1 a for

( *5« )

for dwarfs, headed down low to obtaia
lower branches.

By Cuttings. — Plant cuttings of the
young moots of the branches in Autumn
or Spring, in a (hady border -, they will
be well rooted by next Autumn •, then
plant them in open ground, to be trained
as the Suckers.

By Layers. — Lay any convenient
low-placed young branches in Autumn ;
they will root freely, fit to plant off next:
year, and managed as above.

By Grafting, &c. — Any particular
defirable variety may be grafted or bud-
ded, either upon common Quince or
Pear fh.cks, to continue and improve the
fort, and have the trees fooner raifed to 9

bearing flate*

Planting

( 259 )
Planting end Culture.

Plant the ftandards twenty feet dif-
tance in the garden or orchard, or along'
the fides of ditches, or pools of wafer,
&c. and let them branch into full heads,
only retrenching occafionaily very irre-
gular or ftraggling growths, and permit-
ting all the other general branches to re-
main entire.

Afid if any are defigned for efpaliers,
jet them fifteen or twenty feet afunder,
the branches arranged horizontally, ge-
nerally without ihortening, and managed
in general as ad vifed for Apples and Pears*

the

( 26o )

The RASPBERRY SHRUB.

THE Rafpberry (Rulus Idzus), is
an under- fhrubby plants four or
five feet high, a fpecics of the family of
RubuS) or bramble, and produces agree-
able eatable fruit of the baccaceous or
berry kind, in eftirnation both as a defert
fruit to eat raw, and for making tartsa
fauces, rafpberry jam, and other culina-
ry preparations, and therefore highly de-
mands culture m every garden : it be-
longs to the clafs and order Icofandria
folygynia, flowers having twenty or more
ftamina, and many ftyles.

There is but one fpecles of the com-
mon fruit-bearing Rafpberry, furnifhing
fiveral varieties, and according to the

botanifts

( 9$t )

botanifts bears the following name ancL
defcription.

Rubus Idee us , Common Raspberry
Plant; having prickly Jlalks, pinnated cr
winged, Jive and thrce-lobed^ rough leaves,
on channelled footftalks, and clufters of
white and purple flowers, of five petals,
with, numerous (lamina and ilyles, fuo
ceeded by round ifh red and white fofc
berries, compofed of many acini, and
confifts of the following varieties, ripen-
ing in July and Augufl, viz.

Common Red Raspberry. July and
Aii guft.

Common White Raspberry. July,&c.

Smooth-stalked Raspberry. Ju-
ly, GV,

( 26z )

Twice-bearing K ed Raspberry. 3^3
and again in September and Oclober.

Twice-bearing White Raspberry,
July and September, &c.

Of the ab we varieties we recommend the
firft two or three forts for general culture,
for the main fup;:ly, as being generally
the mod plentiful bearers •, but the twice-
bearing forts mould alio be admitted in
every collection, for they like wife bear
tolerable crops or good fruit ; and what
is remarkable, they produce two crops
every Summer ; the fir ft in July, and the
fecond in September, &c. often in tolerable
good perfection.

The Rafpberry plant grows four or
five feet high, anting with many (lender,
erect, prickly, and fmooth ilems, imme-
diately from the root, annually ; of an

under-

C 263 )

under-fhrubby herbaceous nature, as al-
though they become fomewhat ligneous
or woody; they are not durable, beingon-
ly annual, or, at molt, biennial; rifingfrom
the root one year, and the next emitting
many fmall lateral or fide moots, bear-
ing the fruit the fame Summer, then to-
tally die to the root in Winter following ;
fucceeded, however, always by a plen-
tiful fucceilion of young (terns from the
fame root or ftool in Summer, for next
year's bearing ; every winter the old de-
cayed items, which bore laft Summer,
are retrenched to the bottom, to give
place to the young fucceflional fupply,
which, at the fame time, are thinned to
from three or four, to five or fix of the
ftrongeft, on each main root or ftock,
and their weak tops generally pruned
M m down

( 264 )

down a foot, or more, if very long, to
render them more robufl, erect, and re-
gular, as well as to promote a more
plentiful fupply of collateral fhoots ia
Summer, for the immediate bearers.

For the flowers and fruit are always
produced on the (hoots of the year, emit-
ted from the fides of the main items, as
aforefaid, and at the axillas or angles,
formed by the Mem and collateral fhoots ;
gnerally terminatingthefhootsin clutters,
flowering in June ; and the fruit ripens
in July and Auguft.

They are very hardy plants, that pros-
per any where in a garden, or any open
ground ; planted generally in rows four
feet and an half diftance, and a yard in
the row y and fometimes alfo difpofed fin-

( 265 )

gly in borders, verging walks, and in
flirubbery compartments, &c. for vari-
ety ; generally permitted to advance with
feveral items from the fame root, in a
bufhy manner. — See the General Culture.

Sometimes, for variety, a few are
planted efpalier ways, and the (hoots ar-
ranged at full length to flakes,

A plantation of Rafpberries continue
bearing plenteoufly for feveral years, re-
newing their flems annually, as before
remarked \ though, I would obferve,
that a plantation of more than five or fix
years Handing, generally produces fmaller
fruit, and of an inferior quality to that
on younger plants ; it is therefore proper
to plant them afrefh in another plat of
ground every four, five, or fix years,
from young fuckers or items, as below.
M m z Method

( 266 )

Method of Propagation, Planting, and
Culture.

The propagation of Rafpberries is ef-
fected with facility and expedition by the
fuckers or ftems, arifing abundantly from
the root, annually in Summer, forming
proper plants for planting out in Autumn,
Winter, cr Spring following, and will
bear fruit the enfuing Summer.

The method is this:

Having, in Autumn or Winter, &c.
fixed on an open fpot cf good ground,
well dunged, and prepared by proper
digging, &c. then proceed to procure
the plants from a plantation of good well-
oearing Rafpberries, chufing a quan-
tity of the itrongeft outward young
fuckers, dug up with as many fibres as pof-
iible, pruning their long draggling roots,

and

( *«3 )

and any naked woody knobs, par: of the
old (lock, chat may adhere; preferving
any young advancing buds at foot of the
ftem, for future fh >ocs or fucceflion bear-
ers : and pruning the top of each plant to
about a yard long, ready for planting.

Then proceed to plant them by Tim
and fpade, in rows, South and North,
if convenient, for the greater advantage
of the fun ; placing them a yard diftant
in each row, and the rows a yard and
an half, or rive feet afunder, each plant
in an upright pofition : and if dry ground,
and late Spring planting, give each a
good watering, at bottom, to fettle the
earth, and forward their taking frefh
root.

Thus they will foon readily take root,

pro-

( 26S )

produce flioots at top, and bear fruit the
enluing Summer, as well as fend up each
feveral fuccclTion flemsfrom the bottom,
and form a full plantation for bearing
plentifully thQ fucceeding year.

Then, as to general culture, obferve
as follows :

In Summer, keep them clean from
weeds, by occafionally hoeing the ground
m dry weather, pulling up all widely-ftrag-
gling fuckers of the plants, arifing be-
tween the rows, &c. and referving a Ef-
ficiency of the firong moots about each
main flock or ftool for fuccefficn bearers,
to produce the next year's fruit.

Every Winter, any time from Novem-
ber till March, they mud have a general
c! re (Ting, which con H (Is in retrenching all
the ok! ftern.% or laft Summer's bearers, as

( 269 )

ufclefs, they not fumving the Win-
ter to bear again : feledting, at the
fame time, a fupply of the ftrongefi
young ftems on each root, to fur-
nifli next year's fruit, and thin out the
fuperabundancy : proceed therefore to
cut or break down all the old items clofe
to the ground ; and feletSr. from three
or four, to live or fix of the (Irongefr,
bed-placed, young moots on each flock \
cut out alfoall the others clofe to the bot-
tom, together with all flragglers between
the main plants, and let each of the reser-
ved (hoots have its weak or bending top
pruned, to render them more robuft and
flrong, to fupport their upright pofition
in Summer, as well as to encourage a
ftronger production of lateral twigs as
the immediate bearers, as before ex-
plained.

Though

{ 2-0 >

Thcaigb fometimes we fhorten the
ftemsbut moderately, or only juft down
to the bend or weak parr at top, and
fometimes not at all •, and if they are
long, and (land ftragglJnjgly wide, plait
them together by threes, &c. or in an
arched manner at top, and they will thus
fvrpport one another upright.

Bu for variety, may train fbme rows
to Hakes arranged efpaher ways, as be-
fore obiervedj laying the fhoots hori-
zontally, nearly at full length, fix or
eight inches lifunder, and they will thus
often produce larger fruit, earlier ripe^
and with an improved flavour.

As foon as the Rafpberries are Win-
•drefTed, clear off all the cuttings and rub-

bifh,

( iri )

feiih, and let the ground be digged one
fpaere deep; and as you proceed, dig up
all (traggling fuckers and roots not be-
longing to the main (tools.

A little rotten dung applied once in
two years between the rows, at Winter-
dreeing, and digged in, will prove be-
neficial in (lengthening the plants, as
well as improve and prolong their fruit-
ful (late, and promote the fize and qu^
lity of the fruit.

Nn fhi

^SERVICE BERRY
TREE;

Or, WILD SERVICE.

THE Service-berry tree, or Wild
Service (Crattfgus)^ grows, wild
in England, attaining a lofty ftature, and
is often introduced in gardens and or-
chards as a fruit tree, for the fake of its
berries, which grow in large brown bun-
ches ; and, when fully ripe and foft, in
Autumn, have an agreeable tartifh fla--
vour, and makes a variety among the
late fruits ; and is of the clafs and order
Icofandria Digynia, twenty or more {la-
mina and two ftyles, to each flower.

There

( 273 )
There is but one fpecies that claims
attention as a frait tree, and whicji the
botanifts entitle,

Crataegus Horminalis, — Eatable, or
Maple-leaved Wild Service — Hav-
ing heart-Jhaped, {even -angled leaves, with
the lower fegments fpreading a/under ; and
large bunches of white flowers, of five
roundifh petals, containing many (lami-
na, and two ftyies, fucceeded by clutters
of reddifh-brown berries, having two
hard feeds, ripening in Autumn, which,
after being gathered and lain till they
become foft, are palatable to eat.

This tree grows forty or fifty feet

high, with a large, branchy, fpreading

head, ornamented with large hean-form-

edj fept-angular leaves, hoary under*

N n a neath ;

( *74 )

neath ; and produces its bunches of
flowers and fruit on long foot-ftalks, to-
wards the upper part and ends of the
younger branches.

It grows wild in woods, in England,
&c. but merits cultivation in gardens
and orchards, as a fruit tree, trained
chiefly as full or half ftandards, arranged
in affemblage, or dropped fingly in fhrub-
beries, parks, or lawns, &c.

For variety, fome may alfo be
trained as dwarfs, arranged in efpa-
iiers, and managed as directed for Ap-
ples, Pears, &c. ^

Method of Propagation, &c.
It may be propagated by the feed or
brri es, by layers^ and grafting and
budding.

By

( 275 )

By Seed. — Sow the berries in Autumrt
or Winter, or early in Spring, in a bad
of light earth, in drills two inches deep ;
and as they will probably not all rife till
the fecond Spring, keep the bed clean
from weeds all Summer, &rc. and when the
plants are a year old, plant them out in
the nurfery, and train them wkh fingle
clean ftems, from four to fix or feven feet
high, for half and full ftandards j then
let them branch out above, and form
heads.

But if you defign any for dwarfs,
fhould head them when young, near the
ground, to gain lower branches, manag-
ing them as other dwarf fruit trees.

By Layers. — Where any of the trees
furnifh Jow branches, or have been head-
ed

( ^ )

eddownas (tools, toproducefliootsforlay-
erst near the ground, lay them in Autumn
In the ufual manner, and by next Autumn
they will be rooted, then plant them off,
arid train them as the feedlings, directed
above.

By Grafting, Sec. By this method

the trees will fooner arrive to a fruitful
flate, and may be performed upon feed^
Bng frocks" of their own kind, or haw-
thorn, or any fpecies of the Crataegus^ or
"Wild Service (locks, in the ufual method,
both for flandards and dwarfs^ as directs
td for Apples, &c.

Final Planting, &c.

When the tpees are from five or fix, to

feven or eight feet high, as flandards,

they may be planted v-jhtre they are to

remain^ in the order before obfervedj

and

( *77 )

and permitted generally to aflume their
own mode of growth, except reforming
any cafual irregularities, as in other flan-
dard fruit trees.

And fbr efpaliers, they being previa
ouQy trained with low ftems, branching
near the ground, may plant them eigh-
teen or twenty feet diftance, arranging
the branches horizontally, moftly at full
length, fix inches afunder, and managed
as for Medlars, Pears, &c.

tk

C M )
the SORB TREE,

Or CULTIVATED SERVICE

THE Sorb, or cultivated Service,
(Sorbus) is of a Separate family or
genus from the Wild Service, by having
three flyles and three feeds, the other
but two -, and the fruit is confiderably
larger, being the fize of little apples, but
alfo of the baccaceous or berry kind,
and fomewhat of the nature of Medlars*
in not being good to eat till itaflfumes a
Hate of decay, in Autumn, and belongs
to the clafs and order lcofandria trigynia,
i.e. twenty or more ftamina and three
ftyles in each flower.

There

( 279 )

There is but one fpeues meriting cul-
ture as a fruit tree, viz.

Sorbus Dome/tied) Houshold, or Cul-
tivated Service Tree. — Having pin-
nated or winged leaves, of many pair of
lobes, and an odd one ; hairy underneath^
and large bunches of whitifh flowers, of
five roundifh petals, fucceeded by Pear
and Apple-ihaped reddifh fruit, in clus-
ters, containing three or four feeds, and
confifts of the following varieties, ripen-
ing in Autumn.

Pear-shaped Service:
Apple-shaped Service.

The trees grow thirty or forty feet

high, adorned with winged leaves, and

produces the flowers and fruit at the ends

and fides of the younger branches, and

O o on

( iBo )

on lateral jfaoots or fpurs, generally in
bunches, flowering in May or June, the
fruit ripens in September, which being
then gathered, and depofited in the fruit^
ery a little time, to become mellow, they
will eat with an agreeable relim, effect-
ing a variety among the Autumn fruits.
A few trees of this fort, trained as full
or half ftandards, may be ranged in the
garden or orchard, or dropped fingly in
different compartments or' the fhrubbery,
&c. and may likewite, for variety, and
to improve the fruit, train fome in
efpahers, in concert with Medlars and
Quinces, &c.

Met bod of Propagation and Training*

It may be propagated by feed ; but to
continue the defirable varieties diftindt

and

( 2*1 )

snd permanent, they fhould be propa-
gated by grafting and budding.

By Seed.— Sow the feeds of the fruit
in Autumn, either in a wa-m border,
two inches deep, or in pots, to move un-
der fhelcer of a frame in frofty weather ;
but if plunged in a hot bed in Spring, it
will forward the germination of the feeds;
but thofe in the full ground will alfogrow,
though no.tfo forward as theothers-, plant
them out in Autumn or Spring fol-
lowing, in nurfery-rows ; and train the
principal part as half and full flanJards,
with from four to fix or feven feet items,
branclsing out at top, and forming
fprpading heads : fome may be trained
for efpaiiers, being headed near the
ground, at one or two years old, .to gain
O o 2 lower

( 2§2 )

lower branches, as directed for Almonds,
Apples, &c.

By Grafting and Budding. — The
approved varieties are with certainty con-
tinued by this method ; worked either
upon their own feedling frocks, raifedas
above, or upon Pear flocks, and trained
for the purpofes intended, ssdire£ied for
Apples and Pears.

Planting and Culture,

They may be planted as ftandards,
when about five, fix, or feven feet high,
having -formed proper heads, which per-
mit generally to take oearly their own
growth, like other common ftandards.

Or if you raife any dwarfs for efpaliers,
for variety, plant them eighteen or twen-
ty

C *83 )

ty feet afnnder, with their branches
ged fix inches diftance, retaining y<
laterals, occafionally coming up n
to fupply the places of old, worn-ou
too long advanced bearers, giving &
Summer and Winter drefiingj as for Ap-
ples and Pears, &c.

the

a*4 )

^ VINE;
Or, GRAPE VINE.

TH E Vine, (Fin's) claims prece-
dence if moft other fruit trees,
for the great and rich variety of its mod
excellent and valuable fruir, the Grape,
univerfally celebrated for its delicioufly
rich juice, fo eminent for making wine;
and is alfo a delicately fine eating fruit,
of the richeft flavour ; it is of the berry
kind, growing in large long clufters, and
comprehends numerous varieties, all the
progeny of one mother fpecies ; which
belongs ;o the elafs and order Pentandria
Monogynia, i. e, five (lamina and one ftyle
in each flower.

There

( 2*5 )

There are feveral fpecies of Vine ; but
the principal noted fort, valued for its
fruit, the botanids diitinguifh by the fol-
lowing name, &c.

Vith Vinifera\ the Vine, or Grape
Tree — Defcribtd, Viney with large angu-
lated9lobatedy finuated^ naked leaves , hav-
ing clalpers arifing oppofite rhe bafe of
the fo tflalks, and clufters of very fmail
greenifh flowers of five petals, rive fta-
mina, and one ftyle, fuccteded by large
long bunches of roundifh or oval ber-
ries, of different colours in the varieties,
ripening from July till October; fome
forts black, others white, red, &c. as
below.

The principal varieties are generally
known by the following names :

Black

( 286 )

Black JulyGrape. Beginning or -mid-
dle of ' Aagujl.

B l a c k S we et - W at e rGrape. Middle
or end of Auguft,

White Sweet- Water. Middle or end
cf Auguft.

Black Cluster Grape, having hoary,
whitifli leaves, and fhort compact clus-
ters of grapes. September.

Early White Muscadine* Early in
September.

White Muscadine Royal, or Chas-
selas Blanc. September and 0 Holer.

White le Cour Grape, or Musk
Chasselas. September.

Red Chasselas. September and Oftober.

Black Corinth, orCuRRANT Grape,
((mall). Augp.fi and September*

Black

( 287 )

Slack Burgundy Grape. September

and Qftober.
Red Hamburgh Grapi, (large). Oc*

tober.
Black Hamburgh Grape, (largej;

Oftober.
Black Frontinac Grape. EndofSep*

Umber and Oftober.*

The following,being moftly fine,large,
late ripening grapes, and fome of them
exceeding large bunches, unlefs the
Autumn feafon proves very warm and
dry, do not ripen freely in England,
and are therefore often planted againft
hot walls, hot-houfes, and forcing*
frames, &c to obtain them in the utmoft
perfection early in Autumn.

Red Frontinac, (large and rich). Sep-
tember and Oftober.

P p Grisly

( 288 )
Grisly Frontinac, (^large and fine).

Sep i ember and O Etcher.
White Frontinac, Jarge and rich).

September and OEiober.
"Wh'Te Muscat of Alexandria. End

of September and OEiober.
Red Alexandrian Muscat. End of

September and OEiober.
St. Peter's Grape, (black, and very

large berries and bunches). OEiober.
Tokay Grape, (white and very rich).

OEiober*
"White Syrian Grape, (exceeding

large cl utters. OEiober.
Red Raisin Grape. End of OEiober.
White Raisin Grape. Endof OEiober.
Claret Grape. OEiober.

Of the above varieties, mod of thefird

un

( 2*9 )

ten or twelve forts being trained againft
good funny walls and buildings, ripen
freely in all warm dry /Autumns, and
fometinvs in efpaliers, and m vineyards;
but the other fbrts do not always a tain
perfect maturity wichout art iicial heat,
as afo/efaid.

The Vine is a flexuofe and climbing
plant, unable to elevate itfelt erect with-
out fupport.

It grows with long, .flexible, woody
ftetns, many feet high, by fupporr,
making numerous moots, three or four
yards long, or more, in one Summer*
confining of many long joints, garnifhed
with large, angulared leaves, attended
by tendrils twining round any thing they
encounter ; and produces the flowers and
P p 2 fruit

( 290 )

fruit on the young fhoots 'of the fame
year, arifing in clutters from the buds of
the fhoots ; but from fuch (hoots only,
that arife immediately from [the former
year's wood, for Vines rarely produce
immediate-bearing moots from the old
branches or from any but the moots
produced the year before, fo that a ge-
neral fupply of every year's (hoots mud
be retained in every part, both in Sum-
mer, as the prefent bearers, and in Win-
ter drefling to furnifh the fucceflion bear-
ers next year, &c. trained moft'iy at full
length all Summer, and (hortened to a
few eyes always in Winter pruning :

For in Vines the fame individual
Ihoots never bear but once ; but the bear-
<ers of each year producing a fucceflion

of

( *9* )

of numerous .fhoots, each fucceeding
Spring and Summer, on thefe only the
fame year's fruit is always produced;
and in this manner the iuccefiion of bear-
ing wood is continued.

All the varieties of Vine require cul-
tivation moftly as wall trees, againft
warm foutherly walls, and occafio nafiy
in well-expfed efpaliers ; otherwiie the
Grapes will not attain due perfection ; fo
fhould generally allot the principal firp-
ply againfl good South walls, pales, or
buildings, open to the fun, and occa-
fionally on Eaft and Weft walls, in de-
fault of fufficient fcope of South afpecls.

For this purpofe they are coTimonly
trained with low Items, half a foot or a
foot high, branching out low, in order

to

( 2Q2 )

to orcup" the whole wall quite from the
bottom ; training tne b a-nches eicher
horizontally or erectly, as the fcope of
room, and heig't of the wall admits ;
ranging ihe main branches a foot or more
slender, and retaining lateral yjung
(hoots of each year between, advancing
behind one another from the bottom to
the extremities, as the principal bearers*
a nd a cording as the old branches ad-
van.e t >o long for the wall, they mud
be cut down tj lower (hoots in Winter,
an J the fur ply of fhoots then retained,
fhould b^ fhonened3 as directed in their
GtHtr-al Cuhure.

Some alio of the forward Vines maj
Itkewife be planted in efpaliers, as alfo in
the vire\ard way, arranged to (lakes;
aid in f tv<ura!'le leaf ns they will ripen
tolerably good crops of Grapes. ■ ■ St&
th^r Vineyard Cult ur-e*

( *93 )

But fometimts, in unfivourable wet
Summers and Autumns, Grapes ripea
buc indifferently, even againft the beft
walls, more efpecially the larger late
Grapes •, and ibmetin es not at all in bad
feafons, for which rearon, fo ne of the
choicer forward and late fo- ts are often
planted againft hot wails, or forcing
framts, furnifhed with ranges of flues
for fires, and defended with glafs frames
in front; or fometimes planted againft
the front or end walls of common hot-
houfes, and the branches intto luced, by
conducting them through fmall holes,
and trained up againft the iafifde piaffes
or walls, and thus obtain early Grapes
two or three months before the natural
feafon in the open ground ; and have the
late kinds ripened in the utmoft perfec-
tion.

This

( 294 )

This is well worth pra&ifing by every
one accommodated with the above con-
veniences, or if only with a common
Pine Apple itove.

Howeveiyt is alfo proper to plant fome>
both of early, middle, and late kinds,
againil common walls or pales, &c. in
the open ground, to take their chance ;
and if their branches are kept always thin,
and the fhoots trained in clofe all Sum-
mer to admit the foil fun, there will be
no fear of fuccefs in all favourable feafons*

Vines are very hardy in refpect to
growth, and fucceed in any good garden
earth ; but in dry, lighr, warm foils
they are more fuccefsful in ripening the
Grapes earlier, in due perfection, and
richnefs of flavour % fothatin foilsnaturally

ftrong,

( 295 )

flrong, or of a clayey moid temperature,
the border may be improved with light
dry materials, fuch as any light fandy or
floney earth, fea fand, road fluff, lime
rubbilh, coal a(hes, &x. worked both
in a ftratum at bottom, and blended
with the common earth of the border,
where the Vines are to be planted.

Method of Propagation and Training.

Vines are propagated principally by
layers and cuttings of the young wood
of one year old, and raifed to a flate of
bearing in two or three years; though
hyer-raifed plants often bear the enfuing
Summer.

By Layers: — In Autumn, Winter,

or Spring, chufe fome flrong lower

Q^q fhoQts,

( *9* )

fhoots,. or young branches furnifhetf
with fuch, and opening an aperture
in the ground, longitudinally, five
or fix in. hes deep, depofite the body
of the fhoot or branch therein, and pegg-
ing it firmly down, cover it with the
earth, and (horten the top fhoots to three
or four eyes j they will thus readily take
root below, and fhoot out at top in Sum-
mer; and in Autumn following they
may be planted out either to remain, or
in the nurfery till wanted.

Then, in Winter, they having made
fome flrong moots the preceeding Sum-
mer, let them be pruned to three, four*
or five eyes,, and trained to the wall, &c„
and as they will moot ftrongly in the
Summer following, from each remaining
eye, train the new fhoots moftly entire^

till

( 297 )
till next Winter, then prune and train
them as before, and they will bear the
fecond year. See the General Culture.

By Cuttings.— The young moots
of the former Summer are the only pro-
per parts for cuttings, pianred in Au-
tumn, or early in Springs chufing prin-
cipally the lower and middle parts of the
moots as the ftrongeft befl-ripened wood,
cut into lengths of about three joints:
and then planted either where they are
finally to remain, as obferved of the lay-
ers, in a fhady border, or in nurfery lines
a yard afunder, and a foot in the row ;
planting them almofl: down to the top,
leaving only one eye above ground, and
that almofl clofe to the fu face.

Keep them clean from weeds5 and
Q.q a give

( 298 )
give waterings in Summer, when they
will readily emit roots below, and moots
at top, which retain at full length till
Winter; then fhorten them to two or
three eyes, and manage them as directed
for the layer-raifed plants, and as in the
General Culture.

Final Planting in the Garden, &d

Vine plants, from one or two, to feve-
ral years growth, may be fuccefsfully
planted, though young plants are prefe-
rable to old, any time from November
till March, in open weather.

Let them be digged up with good
roots ; trim ofifonly ftraggling or broken
parts thereof, and prune the fhoots of the
head to about three eyes, if quite young

plants^

( *99 )

plants^ndtothreejfour^orfive^c.in old-
er Vines ; then plant them along the wall,
&c. in the common method of planting,
ten or fifteen feet diftance if for a full
plantation ; or if ftraitened for room may
plant fome in the vacant intervals, between
Peaches and Nectarines &c. giving them
a moderate watering to fettle the earth,
and promote their rooting ; then directly
fallen their moots to the wall or cfpalier,
ten or twelve inches afunder.

The General Culture, &c.

In the general culture of Vines, ob-
ferve they may be trained either hori-
zontally or upright, as the fpace of wall
admits-, and that inrefpect topruningand
training, as they fhoot numeroufly every
Summer, the general mother branches

fhbuld

( 3°° )

ihould be ranged ten or twelve inches dis-
tance, at lead, in order to have Efficient
room to train the requifite fupply of the im-
m diite- bearing fhoots of each Summer,
and other regular-placed ones, for next
year's bearers. — And as they every year
produce a more numerous fupply of
ilioots than can be trained or converted
to ufe, confiftent with regularity, they
accordingly require a regulation of prun-
ing and training every Summer and
Winter.

In Summer (hould go over the Vines
frequently to regulate the growths of
the year ; commencing the firft regula-
tion eariy in Miy,or as foon as the fruit-
fhoots difrover the fruit buds, and be-
fore the g neral fhoo'S run into confu-
fion, which would occafion much anxiety

and

( $** )

and perplexity to regulate, as well
as prove detrimental to the growth of
the Grapes, which fhould have every pof-
fible advantage of the fun, to accelerate
their perfection.

Therefore, in this feafon, (Summer)
begin early to rub off all the very weak,
ftraggling, evidently unfruitful, and
other ufelefs moots of the year, and par-
ticularly fuch as rife directly from the old
wood, unlefs required to fa; ply vacan-
cies, retaining all the good fruitful moots,
difcovering the bunches of flowers in in-
fancy, alfo a fufHcient fupply of other
well placed ftrong moots, to have plenty
tochufe from in Winter pruning, for next
year's mother-bearers ; at the fame time
difplacing all others that are obvioufly

fuperfluous

( 302 )
fuperfluous or unneceflary, and all frnall
laterals arifing on the fides of the referved
fupply, which, when long enough, train
in at full length ; or, in July, may top
the prefent fruit-moots, to throw a great-
er fupply of nutriment to the fruit; but
fhoots not furnifhed with Grapes may ge-
nerally be extended as far as you can,
for if fhortened too early in their growth,
they willforceout numerous ufelefs lateral
fhoots,crowding theVines,and prove hurt-
ful to the buds from which we are to expect
the next year's fruit moots-, fo mould
generally run them as far as they have
room, till Winter pruning.

After performing the general Summer
pruning, and drefling the Vines, we
fhould review them every week or fort-
night, to adjuft cafual irregularities, dis-
place

( 3°3 )
place all aftt r-Hioo.s, and to train the re-
gular fupply along clofe to the wall, &c.
as they advance in length, in order boh
to preferve the requifite uniformity, and
to admit more freely the necellary bene-
fit of the fun and air, to promote and
improve the growth of the fruit, which,
in this country, requires every pofiible
advantage, to forward and ripen it in
due perfection.

The Winter pruning may be per-
formed any time, from the fall of the
leaf till Spring, obferving we are now
to regulate both the young fupply of
future-bearing wood retained in Sum-
mer, as well as the old bearers, and long
naked branches, fome of which fliould
always be pruned away annually, in Win-
ter, down to lower branches, to make
R r room

( 3^4 )
room to train the young fuccefiion bear-
ing fhoots.

Therefore, felecllng a general fupply
of the moll eligibly- placed ftrong moots
of laft Summer, arifing principally on the
year-old wood, to retainfornextyear's mo-
ther bearers, advancing atproperdifrances
regularly from the bottom upward, be-
tween the older branches in fucceilive
order, one behind another; retaining ge-
nerally one on each former year's branch,
orfometimes two in widefpaces, ifnecef-
iary,and prune out all the fuperabundant
ones, with all weak and irregular fncots
quite clofe, together with part of the for-
mer bearers, pruned down to their refpec-
tive fuccefiional moots, now proper to
retain , as likewife long naked old bran-
ches,

( 3°5 )
ches, not furnifhed with young wood, or
that are advanced to the top of the wall,
cutting them down to the beft lateral
branches, or moots they fupporr, there-
by making room to train the general fup-
ply of young bearers ten or twelve in-
ches diflance, with one forming a lead-
er to each main branch, and fome al-
ways advancing from below : as yon pro-
ceed, let all the referved fupply of fhoots
be fhortened, from three or four, to fix
eyes or joints, or more, according to
their ftrength and fituation on the Vine ;
or if you want to run them along any-
vacant or high fpace, may be occasion-
ally left longer in proportion •, perform-
ing the fhortening juft above an eye,
with a Hoping cut upwards.

As foon as pruned, nail the whole cJofe
R r 2 to

( 3o6 )
to the wall, &c. either inclining hori-
zontally, or more afcending, as the fcope
of walling admits, arranging them ten
or twelve inches diftance, at lead, to al-
low full fcope to train the enfuing Sum-
mer's fnoots between.

Where any part of the bottom of the
wall is naked of bearing wood, or that
you would extend the Vines farther, may
lay down any convenient branches in the
earth, and they will root and fupply the
places required.

Of Efpalier Vines.

"When deilgned to have Vines in efpa-

liers, plant them in funny expofures,

and manage them as directed for the wall

Vines ; one mode of culture will fuit in

both kinds of training, or as below for

the Vineyard.

0/

( 3°7 )

Of the Vineyard Vines'.

Vineyards are plantations of Vines,
cultivated in the open ground, without
the afliftance of walls, or any oiher clofe
fences, but arranged in feveral parallel
rows, crofs-ways the ground, eigl t or
ten feet diftance, one row from the other,
and the branches of the Vines trained
along to flakes, ranging the way of the
rows, eipalier ways ; and are defigned
principally to produce large quantities
of Grapes for making Wine.

This is the common method abroad,
in the wine countries, of cultivating their
very extenfive plantation of Vines for af-
fording the general vintage of Grapes for
the purpofe of making wine as aforefaid*

It

( 3o8 )
lc has aifo been attempted in England,
in moderate plantations, but not with
fuch general fuccefs- as abroad, in warm
climates, our autumn feafons not proving
always favourable enough to ripen the
Grapes in any due perfection; it, howe-
ver, is worth the trial, as Vines will of-
ten bear abundantly in this order of train-
ing -, and we have alfo had them ripen
in tolerable good perfection, efpecially
when growing in a warm dry foil, and
(but hero expofure, open to the full fun.

Abroad they often plant their vine-
yards, on hilly, or on any elevated fi-
tuation where the foil is dry and warm,
and to obtain this they often plant on
Honey, rocky, chalky, or gravelly pla-
ces, that the warmth of the foil may con-
tribute

( 3Q9 )

tribute to forward the ripening and im-
proving the flavour of the Grapes •, and
fuch fituations and foils have a4fo been
employed in England for the fame pur*
pofe, with tolerable fuccefs.

However, they may be planted to
form Vineyards in any common dry foil,
not too clayey or wet, and that lies well
to the full fun, from rifing to fetting,
or on the fide of a moderate acclivity,
facing the South ; preparing the ground
by proper trenching, or deep ploughing,
&c.

The plants for this purpofe may either
be layers, railed as we before directed,
or cuttings, either planted at once to re-
main, as before explained in the garden
culture, or planted in the nurfery, and

trained

( 3X0 )

tr.ined a year or two; then tranfplanted
into the vineyard.

Obferving, however, in planting them
in the vineyard, to let them fix or eight
f et diftant in the row, with an interval
of ten (cQt between the ranges.

Obferve, likewifc, if at the time of
planting them they are furniihed with
one, two, or more (hoots •, let each
be pruned to about three buds or joints,
in length, and fallen them tofhort flakes
placed in the ground for that purpofe, as
below.

Then, as to their general future cul-
ture, the branches muft be conftantly
trained to flakes, arranged along each
row of Vine.', ab)Ut three feet high, at

firlt ; but as the Vines advance in age,

flrength,

( 3" )

ftrength, and number of branches, mnft
have higher and (leaner (takes ; training
the fhoots to the flakes with ofiertwigs,&c.

In Summer, when they (hoot forth,
clear off all fmall twigs arifing on the
main fhoots of the year, and other weak
ufelefs growths, training the main young
fhoots along to the flakes, at full length
all Summer: in Winter fhorten them
to three eyes, and when they fhoot again,
in Summer following, manage them as
before, continuing to encreafe the main
branches to fix or eight on each plant.

But when the Vines are three years
old, or more, having fix or eight prin-
cipal branches, and bear tolerably, may
top the young bearing fhoots of the
year, in June, to two or three joints a-
S f bove

( 312 )
bove the fruit, to forward and ftrengthen
its growth j clearing off all lateral twigs,
and ufelefs fuperfluous (hoots, and train-
ing the others clofe to the (lakes •, in Win-
ter pruning, felect fix, eight, or ten of
the flrongeft, bed-placed young (hoots of
lafc Summer on each plant, for next year's
bearing, pruning out the fuperabundancy,
as in the garden Vines, and fhoneningthe
refer ved (hoots % the ftrongeft ones cut
to four or five joints, and the weaker
prune to three eyes each > then faflen
them along regularly to the flakes, an
equal number to the right and lefr, ten
or twelve inches afunder ; thofe next the
ftem may be trained nearly upright, but
the lower (Loots mould be extended
more horizontally,

ILvcry Spring, after Winter pruning

and

( 3*3 )
and drefiing the Vines, the ground be-
tween the rows mould be neatly digged,
and about once in three or four years add
fome manure* either of good rotten dung,
or a comport of dung and frefh earth,
lime, &c. applying it at the above fea-
fon, digged in one fpade deep.

All Summer keep the ground very
clean from weeds, by frequently hoeing
it in dry weather, to preferve a clean dry
furface, in order both to admit the fun
freely to the ground, and to reflect its
heat more powerfully on the fruit, which
will contribute confiderably towards im-
proving its growth, and enriching its
flavour.

S f z The

( 3>4 )
The WALNUT TREE.

THE Walnut (Juglans), is one of
the largeft fruit trees of the nut-
bearing kind, and is worthy of culture
as common ftandards, in orchards, parks,
and any out grounds for the fake of its
fruit, which is valuable, both to ufe whole,
while young and green, as an excellent
pickle, and when ripe, to eat the kernels
raw; confiding of feveral varieties, all
feminals of one parent, which belongs
to the clafs and order Monoecia Potyan-
dria, i. e. male and female flowers apart,
the males having many ftamina.

The fpecies of Walnut commonly cul-
tivated as a fruit tree, is, according to
the botanifts,

( m ;

Juglans Regia, Common Walnut
Tree ; defcribed Juglans, with winged
leaves , of five or /even large oval% nearly-
equals fmooth lobes, and with fmall fix-
parted male flowers, in oblong, fcaley
catkins, and females in clofe-fitting clus-
ters, fucceeded by large, oval and roun-
dim green fruity each including one
large, oval, furrowed nut, containing a
fonr-parted, eatable kernel, ripening in
September and October, and compre*
hends the following varieties.

Early Oval Walnut.
Common Oval Walnut*
Round Walnut.
Large Walnut.
Largest French Walnut.
Large Double Walnut.
Late-ripe Walnut.

Tender-

( 3i5 )

Tender-shelled Walnut*
Hard-shelled Walnut.

The Walnut tree grows forty or fifty
feet high, branching out widely around,
garnifhed with large pinnated leaves, and
produces the flowers and fruit near the ends
of the former and fame year's moots, to-
wards the extreme parts of the branches,
growing generally in cluflers ; the flow-
ers appear in April and May, fucceeded
by the fruit in June and July, gradually
encreafing in growth till September, when
the WTalnuts begin to ripen ; and when
arrived to full perfection, the green outer
cover divides and difcharges the nut,
containing the eatable kernel.

As we above hinted, the fruit of the

Walnut tree is ufeful in two different

Rages of growth, viz.

When

C 3^7 )

When green, young, and tender, in
July and Auguft, about half or three
parts grown, is excellent for pickling,
ufing them whole, the outer cover, (hell
and kernel together, before the (hell be-
comes hard, when they make a very fine
high-rclifhed pickle for ufe the year
round.

And when fully ripe the latter end of
September, and in October, the kernels be-
ing of an agreeable bicterifh flavour, are
exceedingly palatable to ear, and conti-
nue in perfection fix weeks, or two
months, or may be kept double that
time in a dry room, clofely covered with
ftraw or dry (and.

So that the Walnut, confidered as a
fruit tree, highly deferves a place in the

collection.

( 3»8 )

colleclion, trained as common ftandards,
in orchards, parks, avenues, and the
borders of fields, or on any out parts,
either in continued ranges, forty or fifty
feetafunder, or more, where large quan-
tities of the fruit are required for any
public demand, or in detached ftandards,
fingly, here and there, or arranged on
the boundaries of orchards, &c. in af-
femblage with Chefnuts, where they will
alfo defend the interior more capital
fruits from the infults ofboifterouswinds,
in all of which they mould generally be em-
ployed as full ftandards, with fix or fcven
feet Items, and fuffered to branch out
above into fpreading heads, without
Jhortening the branches, as they bear al-
ways moftly towards the extremities,

Though

( 3*9 )

Though for private u&, a few trees are
fufficient, yet, where there is large fcope
of ground, I fhould advife having plenty
of i hem difpofcd in different Situations, as
they will nor only be profitable in their an-
nualcropsof fruit, which is always ready
fale in the markets, but will effect variety
and ornament in their growth; and when
arrived totimber prove valuable tor rr any
purpofes in the cabinet and joineiy bran-
ches.

It is a very hardy tree, and will fuc-
ceed in either low or high fitua'ions, and
almoft any foil, but is the moft profpe-
rous in loamy ground.

Propagation and Training.

This tree is raifcd mod commonly

from the nuts; though as the feedlings are

apt to degenerate or run to different foi r%

we cannot he certain of continuing the

varieties diiiindt.

T t How-

( 32<> )

However, mould be careful to pro-
vide a quantity of the bed, large, thin*
fhelled nuts, with well-flavoured kernels,
when thoroughly ripe, to preferve in dry
f$nd till February, then plant them in any
lightifh ground, in drills three inches
deep, and a foot afunder, and they will
come up in a month or two, and grow
half a foot high, or more, the fame yearj
and in the firfl or fecond Autumn or
Spring after, be lit to plant out ; previ-
Qufly, when taken up, fhorten the down-
ward top root, and plant them in nurfery
lines a yard diilance : here train them for
fullftandards, with fingle clean ftems, fix
feet high or more, then permit them to
branch out at that height, and form full,
heads, after which they may be planted
out Bnally to remain.

They rarely begin to bear till fever) or
.eight year's old, but not considerably till
they attain a large growth, 0

( S*i )

Final Planting, &c.

The planting of Walnut trees may be
performed when they are from fix to ten
or twelve feet high, though if not more
than fix or eight feet they may prove more
fuccefsful : the proper feafon is either at
ihe fall of the leaf, or the following
months, till March, taking them up with
good roots, of which trim offonly broken
parts, and leave the top entire, then
plant them where required, thirty or forty
i't^t diftance, and let each be flaked, to
prevent their being diflurbed by tem-
pefiuous winds.

As to culture, hardly any is required ;
let them generally branch out all around,
according to their natural growth, except
occafionally to lop any very irregular
bough, low (haggler, or very long ram-
bling branch.

When defigned to gather Walnuts to
pickle, July and Augufl is the time, be-

( 3^2 )

fore the fhell is hard -> chufing fuch that
are as free from (pecks as pofiible, and
gathering them carefully in a dry day, by
hand, without bruifing.

As to the ripe fruit, they are ready,
fome the latter end of September, others
not till October ; when thofe on fmall
trees may be eafily gathered by hand, as
wanted, but on trees with high, and widely-
extended heads, they are commonly beat
down with long poles ; and as the outer
hufk or cover generally adheres clofe,
they mould be gathered up in heaps, to
ferment and lweat a few days, when the
green covers will feparate from the nuts,
which being then cleaned from the rub-
bim, lay them up in a dry room, or iq
boxes or tubs of fand, for ufe.

GENE-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS:

Of Grafting and Budding*

THESE methods of Propagation
are effected by the infertion of
a young (hoot or bud of any deferable
variety, into the flock or flem of ano-
ther of the fame genus or family, or
at lead of one nearly related to it ;
and thefe uniting, fhoct forth into
branches ; forming the new tree of the
intended forr, producing fruit in all re-
fpecls like to that cf the parent one •, thus
our choice varieties of fruits are encreaf-
cd and continued.

The firft thing to be obferved refpects
the proper (locks. Apples fucceed only
upon Apple-docks ; Pear* upon Pear-
flocks, or occafionally on Quinces, as
being of the fame genus. ; fo of Plums

and

( 3H )

and Cherries, and moil other fruit trees
except in Peaches, Nectarines, and Al«*
monds, which, though of the genus A-
mygdalusy fucceed upon the Prunus or
Plun>iiock, which is of the fame clafs
and order, and the favourite fiock, in be-
ing more hardy and durable than thofe
of jheir own kind : Ic mufl likewife be
obferved, that though the feveral fpecies
of any genus will fucceed upon one ano-
ther, yet there are* particular forts in the
fame family more peculiarly adapted to
their own fpecies ; for in fiance, the Ap-
ple and Pear b.ing different fpecies of
the fame genus, will grow upon each
other, but not profperoufly : Plums and
Cherries may be produced one on the
other, but not near fo fuccefsfully a3
each on its own flock, and fo of many
others.

The

( 325 )

The methods of raifing the different
flocks are by feed .flickers,) ryers,and cue-
tings, but principally fiom the leec^, ker-
nels, or ft ones of the refpe&iire fruits,
fowed in Autumn or Spring, in beds of
light earth, one or two inches deep. At
a year old they are to be planted out in
nurfery-rows a yard afunder, where, in a
year or two after, many will be fit to
graft or bud to form tor dwarfs wail and
efpalier trees, and in three, four, or five
years f or ftandards,

Grafting and Budding are alfooccafion-
ally performed on trees which already bear
fruit, with defign either to change the
forts, or have two or more kinds of fruit
on the fame tree.

The months for Grafting are February

and

r 3*6 5

and March, beginning with the ear-
lier!: forts, and ending with the late-
mooting trees, fuch as Apples, &c. the
fhoots for dons or grafts to be collected
in February, before their buds ad-
vance too much. Thefe moots mould
be the production of the former Sum-
mer, moderately fbong, robuft., and
clean, tie diem in bundles, and place
th< ir lower ends in earth for ufe as they
are wanted.

The denominations of grafting com-
monly j-ract fed, are Whip-Grafting,
Clef r-Graf ing, and fome.imes Cown-
Grafting, bu< chiefly the Brit of thefe,
being the moil expeditious and fuccefs-
fill.

Whip-Gr f/mg is adapted to fmall
flocks, about half an inch thick, if the

ftock

( 3*7 )

flock and graft are nearly of a fize, the
grafting will fucceed the better. Cut off
the head of the flock, at the height in-
tended to form the flem, with a flope
near two inches long, make a thin (lit
downward, from the top of the flope,
about half an inch, then fhorten the cion
at top to five or fix eyes, and cut the
lower end Hoping ; make alfo a fmall
flit or tongue near the top of the floped
part, upwards, fo as to fir, being care-
ful, however, in tongueing the graft,
not to go too deep towards the back of
it ; apply the tongued part of the graft in
the flit of the flock even and clofe, bind
them with a ligature of bafs feveral times
round, and fecure the whole with a coat
of clay an inch thick, and an inch above
and below ; finifhing in a rounding form,
Uu fo

( 3* )

ib perfectly clofe, that neither fun, wind,
or wet may enter, which would render
the whole ineffectual.

Cleft- Grafting is performed by cleav-
ing the dock. It is generally intended
for large flocks, an inch or two diame-
ter, cutting off the head at the height you
defign the Item, doping one fide about
an inch in lengeh, and with a ftrong
knife, placed crofs-ways at the top of
the ilock and (loped part, cleave it for
the admiflion of the graft, wedging the
cleft open until the graft is inferted ;
•which is previoufly to be fhortened to
five or fix inches, and the lower end
Hoped on two fides near two inches long ;
one edge made thicker than the other,
and thereof the rind preferred entire,

then

C 329 )

tfeen introduce the graft into the back
of the ftock, with the thickeft edge
outwards, joining exactly rind to rind,
Carefully remove the wedge, that the
clefc may clofe upon the graft, and tye
the parts firmly together, and clay them,
as before dire&ed.

If two grafts are to be inferted, cut off
the head of the ftock horizontally, cleave
it right acrofs, and infert a graft on each
fide, tying and claying them as before
directed.

Crown-Grafting is performed occafi-
onally upon flocks which are too large
to cleave ; the head being fawed or cut
off horizontally, fcveral grafts are in-
ferted around the crown or top, betwixt
the rind and wood ; the grafts firft flo-
U u 2 ped

( 33° )

pcd off on one fide, forming a kind of
fhoulder at top, flit the rind, and fepa-
rate it from the wood with a wedge, and
introduce the grafts between, tie and
clay them, as before.

Grafts and (locks in general effeft
their jundlion in fix or eight weeks ; and
towards the end of May will begin to
lhoot, when the clay may be removed,
but the bandage muft remain three or
four weeks longer; if the clay in any in-
flance fhould crack or give way, im-
mediately remove it, and apply more.

Budding or Inoculation.

This is effected by introducing fmall
buds into the fide of the ftem or branch,
between the bark and the wood, on

young

( 33* )

young (locks about half an inch thick ;
in the next fpring to be headed down to
the budded part, when the bud will
begin to pulb, and make a moot, per-
haps half a yard, or a yard in length.

The bed feafon for budding is from
the middle of July to the middle of
Auguft, as the buds mould remain dor-
mant till the following fpring. If budded
in June, they are apt to pufh out weak
fhoots the fame year that will probably be
killed in theenfuing winter. The buds for
infertion are to be procured from young
fhoots of the fame year's growth : pro-
cure therefore a quantity of cuttings,
and take off their leaves to about a
quarter of an inch of the buds ; being
furnifhed with a proper budding knife,

and

t 23* )
and ftrong new bafs foakcd in water*
piepare the flock for the bud, at the
heigh' intended : on a fmooth fide of
the (lock cut the rind traniVerfely, quite
through to the wo ,d, and from the
rniddie of this make another cut down-
wards, an inch long, which, with the flat
handle of the knife, muft be opened on
each fide, feparating the bark from the
Wood, then cut off one of the buds, enter
the knife in the fhoot, half an inch below
the bud, cut a little into the wood, and
run it fianting half an inch or more
above, bringing it off with a fmall por-
tion of the wood adhering, which mud
be directly detached from the bud, cither
with the point of the knife or the thumb
and finger, obferving 'infrantly whether
the eye or gem of the bud remains. If a

fmall

( 333 )

fmall hole appears, it is bad, and another
bud muft be uf-d -/place it with the back
part between the lips, till you h:>ve expe-
ditiojfiy opened the bark on each fide of
the perpendicular cut in the ftock, clear
to the w.od; introduce ir at top, flip-
ping it down b tween the bark and wuod,
to the bottom, making the upper end
alio join with the horizontal cut at top;
let the parts be immediately tyed with
a ligature of freih tough bafs mat, bring-
ing it clofely round from bottom to top,
except juft over the eye of the bud, and
the bufinefs is finifhed, no claying being
wanted, as in grafting. In three or four
weeks the buds will unite with the flock,
and the parts begin to fwell, then loofen
the bandages. Juft before they begin
to Ihoot, which will not be till fpring,

let

( 334 )
let the head of each flock be cut oft
aflanting, a little above the bud, which
will foon pufh forth. In the Autumn
the trees may be tranfplanted into the
garden, or as directed in the refpe&ive
articles.

Obferve, that all moots arifing from
the ftock or flem, except the grafts or
buds themfelvcs, mull always be dis-
placed as foon as pofllble. Further par-*
ticulars will be found fully explained

under the proper articles.

Situation, Expofure^ and Soil.

CONCERNING the fituation eligi-
ble for Fruit Trees, it may be obferved,
that thriving trees and good fruit are
produced boih in high and low grounds,
e the foil is proper -9 too low a fitu-
ation,

( 335' )
ation however, is fubjedl to inundations^
or too copious moifture. Few fruit t?ees
are ever profperous for any continuance
in very low wet places •, however, in
xnoft titrations, whether higher, lower,
or moderately Hoping, if good foil and
not wet, mod forts of fruit tre.s may
be fuccelsfudy cultivated,

Sometimes a moderately low iitua ion,
not wet, may have the advantage, by
being more out of the power of cutting
blafts and tempeftuons winds. A gentle
flo e towards the fouch, or fouth-tafr. or
well, is a deiirable pofition. Where
the fiiuarion for an orchard can be fo
contrived as to have the fheher of an
adjacent foreft tree plantad n, at a litrie
northerly diflance, it will be an addi-
tional advan:age.

X x As

( 33* )

As to Expofure, this may be varied
in different trees. In wall- trees it may
be more efFe&u ally praftifed by planting
the more tender and choice forts againft
walls of a foutherly expofure. Walls of
an Eaft or Weft afpecl: are proper for fuc-
cefliunal crops of the fame forts, as well
for the more hardy and common wall-
fruit, northerly walls may continue hardy
fummer fruits, late in the feafon ; fuch
as cherries, plums, currants, &c.

Though an afpefl full to the fun is
always to be preferred, we may fee
fruit-trees in a profperous ftate in almofl:
all expofures, even fometimes full to the
North, the moil unfavourable of all.

With refpect to Soil, it may be alfo

obferved, that moft fort of fruit-trees

will profper in any common good foil,

* being

( 337 )

being one good fpade deep of fertile
mold ; but if two or three fpades deep,
the greater the advantage. In a loamy
foil, not too ftrong and clayey, moft
fruits are profperous \ but a moderately-
light fandy loam, of a pliable texture,
free and eafy to work at all feafons,
makes a defirable foil. The ftrongeft
loams, however, may be meliorated
with good dung, coal afhes, fandy earth,
and other light opening fubftances. In
gardens, not naturally of a loamy foil,
we fometimes, from a pafture, common,
or field, procure a fufficiency to prepare
the borders intended for wall trees, ei-
ther wholly, or parr, working it with
ftore of dung, and a portion of the na-
tural foil of the borders, one or two
fpades deep. But any good earth of
a blackifh, hazelly, or brown colour,
X x 2 mo-

( 338 )

moderately light, factv, and pliant, a
fpade or two detrp will oe founo lurrlci-
ently eligible for fruit-trees.-.- Strong,
ilubborn, rank clayey foils are bad, bat
may be improved by light open mix-
tures •, fuch as comports of iandy earths,
coal allies, plenty of rotten dung, &w\
at all opportunities.

A too light or fandy fo;l mull be fer-
tilized by plenty of good ding, and oc-
cafional applications of (trongfh earthy
compofts, and cold vvcttiih foils muft
alfo be occafionally mended with fight
warming ingredients, fuch as juft men-
tioned. But in low w.t foils the fituauons
for fruit trees mould either be raifed
proportionally with comports of dung
and earths worked up with the natural

foil, fuflkiera to have the roots diftant

from

( 339 )

from under-ground water, or there fhculd
be canals or drai is contrived to carry off
ihe redundant moid .re.

When the good foil of the garden is
naturally too (hallow, that is, Ids shana
fpacle dcLp, fome of the bad foil below
fhou'd be excavated a foot or more deep,
and a compofition of good earth and
dung brought in to fill up the place. Bat
in 'he open gro m .?, where ftandard fruit
trees are intended, and the foil requires
amendment, and i may be too expenfive
and troublefome ro make a general im-
provement, the addition of compeft,
from five to ten feet diameter, and one
deep, will be fufficient upon the fpot
where the tree \s to (land.

Thr borders for wall and eipalier trees
may be from about three or four to eight

feet

( 34° )
feet wide, according to the fize of the
garden •, but it is of much importance to
have wide borders, that the roots may
have fufRcient fcope to fpread.

Method of Planting Fruit Trees.

ONE general method ferves for all
the different forts of fruit trees.

In taking them up for planting, the
greater! precaution is neeefiary for ra:f-
Ing them with as large a fpread of roots
as poffible ; the root may require trim*-
ming, fo far as to retrench any maimed
or decayed parts, but retaining carefully
all the main horizontal ones, moftly at
full length, except jnft tipping off rfte
ends Hoping on the under fide, and re-
ducing any very long flragglers. With
regard to the head *, if a tree of only

one

( 34i )

one year old, having the fir ft (hoot from
the graft or budding entire, let the whole
re main at the time of pi an ting until March,
then headed down to a few eyes, as di-
rected in their different articles; if an
older tree,which has already been trained
in the nurfery, and has formed a head
of branches, prune out only any very ir-
regular fhoot or branch, not confident
with the general form of the head, and
reduce long ftragglers, but retain all the
regular branches entire, at lead for the
prefenc ; and thofe that are ufually (Short*
ened in the common courfe of pruning,
fuch as peaches, neclarines, &c. may
have it performed after they are plant-
ed, as ordered under their proper heads;
but apples, pears, 'plums, cherries, and
fuch other trees as are not generally

fhortcned

( 34^ )
fliorrened, fliould have a!! their regular
branches retained entire, la large trees,
wixh vcy full hea ■:;«, it may be proper
to reduce the long and crowding branch-
es, not only to eflfcri the head in force
proportion o the root, but that the
pow-r of the w"nd may be checked till
the tree is fir nly lo.ted a£refh.

The trees being r-ady, and the fpares
marhed (Kit for plant ng, proceed ro dig
a round ap rtu-r for each tree, capa-
cious enough to aditvit its full fpread of
roo;s ever)! way/ about One had deep,
fa as, \vh--n pl?.nt:d, the u pennoit ones
may b^ only from three to fix inches be-
low the f-rface ; then [lacing rfic tree in
the tniddie v/th its roots fpread around,
trim in the earth, the firiefi mold 6f.fr,

the red a* it comes to hand, breaking all

hrge

( 343 )
large clods, (baking the tree upward by
the flem, to make the earth fettle clofe
between the roots and fibres ; and when
the earth is all in, tread it gently firfl:
round the outfide to fettle the earth to
the extreme roots, then gradually to-
wards the (tern, to fix the plant in its
proper pofition, finifhing with a fmall
hollow at top for occafional waterings."
As foon as planted let wall and efpa-
lier trees be nailed and fattened to the
walls, &x. and the flandards, if tall
flems and largifh heads, fupported
with flout flakes to keep them fleady
till firmly rooted in their new quarters.
It may likewife be proper in winter*
planting, or late in fpring, to mulch the
furface of the ground about the tenderer
or choicer kinds, to the full width of the
hole the tree flands in, and about two

<*r three inches thick, which will be a
Y y defence

( 344 )

defence from winter froir, or drying
winds, till they have taken good root,
Likewife in dry light foils may give a pot
of water to fettle the earth, and prepare
the tree for rooting afrefh, particularly in
late fpring planting, repeating it occa-
fionally, but by no means water fo free-
ly as to render the earth miry, but mo-
derately moid, for, if continued too wet,
it will chill and rot the tender fibres.

Protecting the Blojfoms^ and thinning young
Wall Fruit.

PROTECTION of the BiofToms of
peach, nectarine, and apricot wall trees
in unfavourable fprlngs, is effected dif-
ferent ways, but the mod eligible is ei-
ther by mats, or cuttings of evergreens.
The mats are to be occafionally nailed

up before the trees, when there is an ap-
pearance

( 345 )

pearance of fharp frofty nights ; if the
froft continues long, and no fun, let them
remain up in the day alfo, but mud be
removed at every favourable appearance
of moderate weather. The cuttings of
evergreens, as being always furnimed
with leaves, are often uied ; ftick thefe
between the branches, fo as to cover
and afford fhelter to the blolloms and
infant fruir, and permit them to remain
conftantly night and day, till the fruit
is fairly fet, and fomewhat advanced in
growth; which of cen proves more effec-
tual than matting, and is attended with
confiderably lefs trouble.

Sometimes, in default of a fufficiency
of mats or evergreens, we ufe the cut-
tings of hornbeam, or the branches of
dried fern, either of which, retaining the
old leaves, and being (luck between the

branches, will affprd fhelter.

Thinning

( 345 )
Thinning young wall fruit is occafi-
cnally necefiary in favourable iprings,
when the tree fets more fruit than it can
afford room for, or than it is able to
bring to perfection, which is common
to apricots, peaches, and nectarines.
This work mould begin when the fruit
is not larger than the end of the finger,
be purfued with great care and regula-
rity, felecYing the largeft, moft promif-
ing, and beft placed fruit, to (land for
the crop, and thin out the worft -, leav-
ing the proper fruic in proportion to the
ftrength of the moots ; that is, one or
two on the weaker (hoots, three on the
middling, and not more than four or
five on the (Ironger (hoots, but no where
too clofe together.

FINIS.