UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES FUNGUa-FLOBA. BEITISH FUNG-US-FLOBA. A CLASSIFIED TEXT-BOOK OF MYCOLOGY. GEORGE MASSES, AUTHOR OF " PLANT LOT," " THB PLANT 1TOBLD," «TC. VOL. IV. LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN, AND NEW YOBK. 1895. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. CONTENTS. FACE ASCOMYCETES 1,2 GYMNOASCACEAE . . . . . . . . . .10 HYSTEBIACEAE 10, 21 DlSCOMYCETES 10, 46 -PYRENOMYCETES 10 TUBEBACEAE 10 Ascomyceae . .14 Gymnoasceae .......... 18 Phacidieae 47 Sticteae 76 Patellarieae 89 Dermateae 112 Bulgarieae 138 Ascoboleae 155 Pezizae 185 Helvelleae . . 455 473469 LIST OF FIGUKES. Abrothallus parmeliarum . .12 Acetabula vulgaris . . .290 Actidium hysteroides ... 22 Agyrium rufum .... 12 Ascobolus barbatus. . . .167 Ascobolus furfuraceus . . .162 Ascodesmis nigricans . . .12 Ascomyces aurea .... 12 Ascomyces deformans ... 12 Ascophanus minutissimus . . 156 Aulographum vagum ... 22 Barlaea Crouani . . . .290 Belonidium pullum. . . . 156 Biatorella connivens . . .12 Blityridium caliciiforme . . 91 Bulgariella pulla . . . .156 Celidium varians .... 12 Chlorosplenium aeruginosum. 156 Ciboria emergens . . . .156 Coccophacidium pini ... 91 Colpoma degenerans ... 22 Colpoma quercinum . . .12 Coryne atrovirens . . . .156 Cryptodiscus microstomus . . 91 Cryptomyces aureus ... 91 Crumenula ericae .... 91 Curreyella trachycarpa. . .156 Dasyscypha carinata . . . 156 Dasyscypha ciliaris . . . .156 Dasyscypha soppittii . . .156 Desmazierella acicola . . . 324 Dichaena faginea, var. capreae 22 Dichaena quercina .... 22 Durella connivens .... 12 Ephelina rhinanthus ... 22 Farlowia repanda .... 22 Geoglossum glutinosum . . 188 Geopyxis rapulum .... 290 Geopyxis coccinea .... 290 Gloniopsis curvata .... 22 Gymnoascus Beesii. ... 12 Gyromitra esculenta . . . 188 Gyromitra gigas .... 188 Helotium epiphyllum . . .290 Helotimn lechitbinum . . .290 Helotium moniliferum . . . 290 Helvella crispa 188 Helvella helvelloides . . .465 Heterosphaeria patella. . . 12 Humaria rutilans .... 406 Hysterium pulicare. ... 22 Hysterograpkium fraxini . . 22 Keithia tetraspora .... 12 Lachnea hemispherica . . .290 Lachnea scutellata .... 290 Lagerheima sphaerospora . . 91 Laquearia sphaeralis . . .12 Leotia lubrica 183 Leptoglossum microsporum . 188 Lophium mytillinum ... 22 j Masseea quisquilarum . . . 403 Mitrula paludosa .... 188 Melittosporium lichenicolum . 12 Melittosporium pteridinense . 12 Mollisia atrocinerea . . . 156 Mollisiella ilicincola . .222, 290 Morchella conica . . . .188 Morchella esculenta . . .188 Mytilidion laeyiusculum . . 22 Nemacyclus niveus. ... 12 Neottiellacorallina. . .290,373 Neottiella polytrichi . . .371 Ocellaria aurea 22 Ombrophila clavus .... 156 Mil LIST OF FIGURES. Orbilia auricolor . . . . l.*>6 Orbilia inflatula .... 156 Ostreion Americanum ... 22 Otidea neglecta 290 Patellaria clayispora ... 91 Patellaria lonicerae . . . . 91 Patinella macrospora . . .91 Peziza ochracea 188 Peziza vesiculosa . . . .290 Phacidium infestans ... 12 Phacidium striatum . . . 12 Phragmonaevia hysteroides . 91 Plectania melastoma . . . 290 Propolis faginea .... 22 Pseudographis pinicola . . 22 Pseudopeziza retrusa . . .156 Rhizina undulata . . . .188 Rhytisma punctatum . . .91 Ryparobius Cookei . . . .156 PACK Ryparobius Pelletieri . . .156 Saccobolus Kerverni . . .156 Schizothyrium ptarmicae . . 22 Schizoxylon Berkeleyanum . 22 Schweinitzia rufo-olivacea. . 494 Scleroderris Houghtoni . . 91 Scleroderris ribesia . 91 Sclerotinia bulborum . . 284 Scutularia citrina . . . 91 Spathtilariaflavida. . . 188 Stamnaria equeseti . . . 156 Stictis radiata . . . . 12 Tapesia caesia . . . . 156 Trochila craterium . . . 12 Trochila ilicis . . . . 12 Tympanis conspersa . . 91 Verpa digitaliformis . .188 Vibrissea truncorum . .188 Xylographa parallcla . . 22 FUNGUS-FLOBA. ASCOMYCETES. THE very large number of species of fungi included in the group known as the Ascomycetes, are characterised by having their spores produced in asci or mother-cells. In the great majority of species the asci are numerous, closely packed side by side, and form the disc or hymenium, seated on and protected by a structure called the ascophore, which is either parenchy- matous, that is, composed of a mass of more or less polygonal cells united to form a tissue, or consists of densely inter- woven, septate hyphae. In the Discomycetes, the ascophore has usually been described in British mycological works as the cup, a vessel to which, in many species, it bears a resem- blance; in other species, however, this term does not apply; whereas in the Hysteriaceae, the ascophore is never cup- shaped ; therefore the term ascophore is invariably used in the present work, as being universally correct, in the sense of being the structure containing the asci. In a few of the simplest genera, as Ascomyces and Ascodesmis, the asci either spring from the hyphae at intervals, or if clus- tered together are not enclosed in a protective covering. That portion of the ascophore situated immediately below the collection of asci forming the hymenium, is called the hypothecium, and the lateral portion of the ascophore up to the margin is the excipulum. In the Discomycetes, as already stated, the excipulum usually forms a more or less cup- shaped structure, whereas in the Hysteriaceae the excipulum is always laterally compressed, the lips, or the two compressed sides of the margin of the excipulum, being usually close VOL. IV. B 2 FUNGUS-FLORA. together, and leaving only a narrow slit or opening, through which the mature spores escape from the almost concealed disc. In some cases the base of the ascophore is narrowed "below and prolonged as a stem-like structure, when it is said to be stipitate; when the stem is entirely absent, it is sessile. When a sessile ascophore is seated quite on the surface of the substratum or matrix, the substance on which it is growing, it is superficial ; when more or less buried in the substratum, but with the upper surface exposed, it is innate; and when it originates entirely below the substratum or matrix, and bursts through during development, the ascophore is said to be erumpent. The texture of the ascophore varies consider- ably in different species; when rather thick, parenchyma- tous, and more or less brittle, it is described as fleshy ; carti- laginous, when composed of interwoven hyphae, rather flexible and tough ; in the Hysteriaceae the excipulum is usually carbonaceous, consisting of parenchymatons tissue, the exter- nal walls being rigid, blackish, and brittle, and breaking up into a carbonaceous mass when crushed. In Bulgaria and allied genera the asoophore is gelatinous when moist, becom- ing rigid and horny when dry. The texture and consistence of the ascophore are points of primary importance in the discrimination of species, and should always be noted. In numerous species the ascophore originates at once from delicate, colourless hyphae that are almost completely buried in the matrix ; in others, some of the hyphae come to the surface, and form a more or less dense felt or subiculum, from which numerous ascophores usually spring ; in a third type the hyphae form a dense parenchymatous cushion or stroma, from which the ascophores originate. Constituent parts of the ascophore. In several species it has been demonstrated that the hyphae forming the excipulum and basal portion are developed first, and the paraphyses, which also belong to this portion, are formed before the asci, the last-named being developed from per- fectly independent ascogenous liypliae that are not in organic continuity with the hyphae of the excipulum. During deve- lopment the two systems of hyphae become much inter- woven at the basal portion of the ascophore, and the growing ASCOMYCETES. 3 asci push up between the paraphyses. It is yet an open question as to whether this differentiation of hyphae is universal. Sexual reproduction is unknown in the Asco- mycetes. Secondary forms of reproduction. In addition to the formation of ascospores — spores formed in asci — other special- ised reproductive bodies, collectively known as cunidia, are present in some species, and usually precede the formation of ascospores. These conidia-producing structures are veiy variable in form in different species, and in some instances more than one form is contained in the life-cycle of a species. Many such conidial forms belonging to the Ascomycetes were at one time considered as distinct species, and found a place in the Hyphomycetes or the Melanconieae ; in fact it may be assumed, from analogy, that all the so-called species included in the two last-named groups are in reality only stages in the life-cycle of the higher fungi, and mostly belonging to the Ascomycetes. Asci. — The asci, or mother-cells of the spores, as already explained, are the specialised tips of ascogenous hyphae, and when fully formed vary in form in different species, being cylindrical ; clavate or club-shaped ; or more or less broadly obocate. The apex may be rounded without any contraction ; more or less narrowed ; or truncate, that is, more or less flat- tened. In some species the basal portion of the ascus below the spore-bearing portion is considerably narrowed and elon- gated, when it is said to be stipitate. When the spores are mature, they are ejected from the ascus, in some species with considerable force. At this stage the wall of the ascus and the protoplasm not used up in the formation of the spores absorb water and increase in size, especially near the apex, at which point the spores collect. When the wall of the ascus reaches the maximum of exten- sion it ruptures at the point of least resistance — the apex — the elastic wall of the ascus contracting at the same moment from below upwards, the contained spores, along with the water, being ejected in a mass. The empty ascus, still fixed at the base, then collapses. The apical portion of the wall of B 2 4 FUXGUS-FLOEA. the ascus, most capable of expansion, is frequently much thicker than the lower portion, and in many species assumes a clear blue colour when treated with a solution of iodine, a plug occupying the apex becoming darkest in colour. This iodine reaction is frequently included in the specific diagnosis by Eehm, in his work en the Discomycetes in Eabenhorst's "Kryptogamen- Flora." In some species the apex of the ascus is ruptured in an irregular manner, in others there is a long slit, while in others again, as in many of the Ascoboleae, the apex opens by a distinct circular lid that remains upraised and attached by one side after the spores have escaped. Boudier, a French Mycologist, has proposed a classification of the Discomycetes, based on the mode of opening of the apex of the ascus ; the arrangement, however, has not been adopted, as the character can only be distinctly observed in the fresh specimen. In some species, clouds of spores are given off at maturity ; this process is known as puffing, and is due to the simultaneous dehiscence of numerous asci. Shaking or breathing on the fungus causes this, which is considered by De Bary to be due to the sudden loss of water, the act being accelerated by whatever aids transpiration. No puffing is caused by shaking or otherwise if the fungus is shut up in a damp atmosphere. This, however, does not explain the matter entirely, as fungi will often puff after lying in a room for some hours, if moved. The phenomenon appears to depend on a difference of tension being brought about in the walls of the asci. In Ascobolm and allied genera the asci expand so much that they project far above the surface of the hymenium at maturity ; dehiscence takes place by the spores being ejected through a definite aperture formed by the opening of a circular lid at the apex, the ascus remaining fixed at the base, and not being ejected bodily, as is sometimes believed. After dehiscence the ascus shrivels and contracts. Spores. The ascus when quite young is filled with finely granular, vacuolated protoplasm, in which a single nucleus is imbedded ; as the ascus increases in size two nuclei are present, at a later stage four, and eventually eight nuclei can be seen ; these eight nuclei are the starting-points for the formation of the eight spores, which are formed ASCOMYCETES. 5 simultaneously, and grow to about double their original size. Eight is the most usual number of spores present in an ascus, in a few cases four only are present, in others more than eight, and then a multiple of that number, as sixteen, thirty- two, sixty-four ; when very numerous and minute, as in the species of Tromera, they are described as indefinite. The arrangement of .spores is generally constant in a given species ; unisereate, when the spores are arranged in a single row, and in such cases each spore when longer than broad, usually lies with its long axis more or less oblique to the long axis of the ascus : in such cases the spores are obliquely uniseriate ; biseriate when the spores are in two rows, usually somewhat irregularly placed ; inordinate, when the spores are grouped without order, often near the top of the ascus ; fasciculate, when very long spores are arranged in a parallel bundle. All spores are without colour at first, and many remain so when quite mature, and are then described as hyaline, or colourless. In others, again, the epispore becomes coloured at ruaturit}-. The epispore is always smooth and even at first, but in many species becomes variously ornamented during growth ; when covered with very minute projecting points it is said to be verruculose ; and when the warts are larger and fewer in number, it is warted or verrucose. In many species the surface of the spore becomes ornamented with numerous more or less regular polygonal pits or depres- sions, thus leaving a network of raised ridges ; such spores are said to be reticulated ; when the reticulations are very minute, they are liable to be mistaken for minute warts, unless carefully examined, and many such spores have been erroneously described as verruculose or rugulose. In most species of Ascobolus the spores at maturity are of a beautiful purple or rich brown colour, and marked with very slightly raised lines, often running more or less parallel to the long axis of the spore, and frequently anastomosing. In many spores the protoplasmic contents are coarsely granular, an appearance which has led to their being de- scribed as verruculose, even when the epispore is perfectly smooth ; to guard against such mistakes, it is necessary to pay attention to the outline of the spore, and not to the surface. Spores vary in form from perfectly globose or spherical, to filiform or needle-shaped ; in the latter case they are usually 6 FUNGUS-FLORA. almost as long as the ascus. Most of the terms used in describing spores are self-explanatory ; they are said to be cymbiform when the outline resembles the long section of a beat; sigmoid when an elongated spore has the ends bent very slightly in opposite directions, like the letter S very much straightened out. Spores are always continuous or 1-celled at first, and many remain persistently so ; others become divided into two or more cells by the formation of septa at right-angles to the long axis of the spore ; they are then described as septate, the numeral prefix indicating the number of septa present. In some works the number of cells is given instead of the number of septa ; there is of course always one more cell than septum present, hence a 1-septate spore would be a 2-celled spore ; spores are said to be muriform when septa are formed at right angles to each other, thus forming a paren- chymatous, many-celled spore. Some spores are furnished at maturity with a delicate, hyaline filament at one or both ends, such appendages are considered to serve the purpose of keeping the spores in their relative position in the ascus. The apex of the spore is the end nearest the apex of the ascus, the base consequently pointing to the base of the ascus ; this point can of course only be determined by seeing the spores in the ascue, and is of importance, as when the two ends of the spore are dissimilar in form, or when the septa are arranged in a different manner at the two ends of the spore. When spores are ejected from the ascus, it is assumed that they are quite mature, hence for purposes of measurement and description it is advisable to draw up a diagnosis from free or discharged spores whenever prac- ticable. The use of dilute potassic hydrate and solution of iodine, will aid greatly in forming a correct idea as to the detailed structure of spores. In many spores one or more oleaginous globules or guttulae are present; their presence is indicated by the term guttulate. These highly refractive globules are frequently called nuclei in old works, a structure with which they possess nothing in common. Paraphyses. In the majority of species the asci are accompanied by accessory organs called paraphyses ; these structures, which are usually blender — always sterile — hairs, ASCOMYCETES. 7 are terminal branches of hyphae forming the tissue of the ascophore, and quite distinct in origin from the asci, which are developed at a later stage than the paraphyses, and grow up between the latter. Paraphyses are of value in a specific diagnosis, and the following points should always be noted : presence or absence of septa ; form, as cylindrical, clavate, or lanceolate ; simple or branched; presence or absence of colour at the apex or tip, which may be straight, curved, or vari- ously curled or contorted ; in some species the paraphyses are agglutinated or held together by colourless or coloured niuei- lage ; finally, the paraphyses may be of equal length to the asci — the most usual condition — or longer. When the paraphyses are slender, the transverse septa are difficult to see when examined in water ; when any doubt as to their presence is entertained, in fact always when septa cannot be seen at first, the preparation should be treated with dilute potassic hydrate, which can be accomplished by allowing a drop of the solution to be drawn under the cover- glass, when if septa are present, they will show up clear and sharp. In other cases paraphyses are so very delicate that their presence is doubtful; in such cases a drop of iodine solution will be of service. Colour. Fatty matters are very general in fungi, and are often highly coloured; but it is not yet determined whether the fat is itself coloured, or only serves as a vehicle for the colouring matter. According to De Bary, such is the origin of the colours passing from yellow to brick-red in so many fungi, as Peziza aurantia, &c. The brilliant tints so common in the disc or hymenium of so many of the Discomycetes is entirely due to the presence of colouring matter in the tips of the paraphyses. The green colour present in some fungi, as Chlorosplenium aeruginosum, is not due to the presence of chlorophyll. Habitat. In collecting specimens, it is of great import- ance to note the habitat, which, within due limits, may be considered as part of the specific character; a species, fjr instance, that habitually grows on the ground is not likely to occur on naked wood ; neither is a species that is known to grow on wood likely to occur on herbaceous stems; in .8 FUNGUS-FLORA. this sense a knowledge of the habitat is one factor of value in discriminating between morphologically closely allied species. Examination. A few hints on the use of different re- agents for emphasizing doubtful points have already been given ; and remembering the numerous imperfect statements to be found in many books, respecting matters of microscopic detail, as the form and septation of paraphyses, septation of spores, and nature of ornamentation of the epispore, it may be repeated that the substitution of very dilute potassic hydrate for water will frequently reveal, clearly defined, septa that could not be seen, or at most vaguely, when examined in water. In the case of working with material that has been dried, the use of potassic hydrate is a neces- sity, the parts of the section, as hairs, paraphyses, spores, &c., expanding much better than when water alone is used, especially if the slide is heated over a spirit-lamp until the liquid just boils, the cover-glass being kept in position by a spring-clip. On the ether hand it is equally important not to abuse the use of potassic hydrate by using too strong a solution, or by prolonged boiling in this medium, otherwise the cell-walls become swollen, and an appearance is produced quite foreign to the specimen under normal conditions. It is possible to treat coarsely warted spores with potassic hydrate until the wall becomes so much swollen as to appear quite smooth, or in fact until it disappears altogether. When a section is very delicate and too transparent to show the details, a drop of dilute solution of iodine will make it stand out sharp and clear. When it is desired to make a thorough study of the mor- phology of a species, it should first be placed in alcohol, and allowed to remain for some days at least. By adopting this method the specimen is rendered firm, and the whole struc- ture at the same time made quite clear. When collecting, it is always advisable to carry a bottle containing methylated spirit, into which specimens intended for critical examina- tion can be placed. These can afterwards be placed in absolute alcohol, or will work quite well if only kept in methylated spirit, and in this medium they can be kept for any length of time — the longer the better — before being ASCOMYCETES. 9 used. A note of the colour should be made when fresh, as this disappears in most species when placed in spirit. Finally, make careful sketches — always drawn to the same scale — accompanied by notes, when examining a species, then the work will not have to be done over again ; always bearing in mind that notes and sketches made by yourself are more valuable than those made by any one else ; besides, no one can be considered to know a species thoroughly until it has been worked out by himself. Type specimens. In the case of the Basidiomveetes, excepting the Polyporeae, type specimens are of very little value, the information to be derived from a dried agaric or Clavaria being usually reduced to the form, size, and colour of the spore ; characters certainly not of primary value in a tpecific diagnosis in this group. In the Hysteriaceae and the Discomycetes the case is very diiferent; in the former a dried specimen, when properly soaked and examined, is quite as good as a fresh one, and even in the fleshy Discomycetes the same statement holds good, with the one exception of colour, which to some extent changes during drying ; hence all available types have been examined. It will probably be noted that the characters of many familiar species, as given in this book, differ more or less in matters of detail from those to be found in previous works ; this apparent discrepancy is explained by the fact that many of the types were described half a century ago, when microscopic details received very little attention ; and even in the case of more recent!}- described species, micro- scopic features, other than the spores, are often scanty. In those cases where no type specimen was accessible, the form considered as typical by common consent, and contained in some well-known exsiccati, is accepted, and such source is quoted. 10 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ord. ASCOMYCETES. Fain. Gymnoascaceae. Ascophore absent, hence the asci are naked. Fam. Hysteriaceae. Ascophore elongated, black, minute, dehiscing by an elon- gated narrow slit. Fam. Discomycetes. Ascophore more or less fleshy, often large, usually bright coloured ; disc or hymenium fully exposed at maturity. Fam. Pyrenomycetes. Ascophore small, globose or flask-shaped, dehiscing by a minute apical, rounded pore, or rarely by a slightly elon- gated slit, or indehiscent ; either solitary, or gregarious on a variously formed stroma. Fam. Tuberaceae. Subterranean ; ascophore irregularly globose, usually large, indehiscent. Fam. GYMNOASCACEAE. Baran. Ascophore spurious, excipulum entirely absent ; often effused and forming spots or patches ; sometimes byssoid ; rarely forming wart-like prominences ; asci more or less exposed, 1-4-8-many-spored, paraphyses very rare. GYMNOASCACEAE. ] 1 Gymnoascaceae, Baranetzky, Bot. Ztg., 1872, p. 158; emended by Saccardo, Syll. viii., p. 811. The leading characteristic of the present family consists in the entire absence of the excipulum, the asci being naked throughout their length, and from the first. Some of tho species are true parasites, causing peculiar malformations and distortions on living branches, leaves, fruit, &c., and known popularly as " birds' nests," " witches' brooms," " plum-pockets," &c. Others occur as saprophytes, under the form of minute cottony tufts, on the dung of various animals. Taken altogether the members of the present family illus- trate the Ascomycetes in their most reduced condition, nothing remaining but the ascus-bearing hyphae, no trace of perithecium or protective covering of any kind being present. An approach to this condition of things occurs in the Sticteae. Subfam. I. ASCOMYCEAE. Mass. Asci parallel, densely crowded, sessile or furnished with a basal or stem-cell. Parasitic on living plants. Subfam. II. GYMNOASCEAE. Baran. Asci scattered or clustered, not parallel ; more or less sur- rounded by a weft of hyphae. Saprophytes. ANALYSIS OF THE GENEEA. ASCOMYCEAE. Ascomyces. Parasitic on living plants. GYMNOASCEAE. Gyxnnoascus. Asci scattered, 8-spored. Ascodesmis. Asci parallel, crowded, 8-spored, para- physes present, also trace of ascophore. (Forms a transition to the Ascoboleae.} GYMNOASCACEAE. 13 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE GYMNOASCACEAE, &c. Fig. 1, Keitliia tetraspora, Sacc., fungus seen from above, after dehiscence ; slightly x ; — Fig. 2, ascus and paraphysis of same, highly x ; — Fig. 3, free spores of same; X 300; — Fig. 4, two plants of same on leaf of juniper; nat. size; — Fig. 5, Ascomyces aurea, Fries, showing a blister formed by the fungus on leaf of black poplar ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, section through one of the blisters, showing the asci of the Ascomyces, each with its basal cell, passing between the epidermal cells, a, of the host ; highly x ; — Fig. 7, free spores of same ; one is producing elliptical secondary spores by gemmation ; x 300 ; — Fig. 8, Ascomyces deformans, Fckl., section through portion of a blister on a peach leaf, formed by the fungus, show- ing the asci originating from a hypha running between the epidermis and the cuticle ; a portion of the vegetative hyphse of the fungus is seen running between the cells of the host ; highly x ; — Fig. 9, free spores of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 10, Coccomyces striatus, Phil, and Plow., fungus seen from above, after dehiscence; slightly x ; — Fig. 11, the same on a • fragment of dead bramble stem : uat. size ; — Fig. 12, ascus and paraphyses of same; highly x ;— Fig. 13, free spores of same; x 300;— Fig. 14, Celidium various, Arnold, several specimens growing as a parasite on the thallus of the lichen Lecanora glaucoma; nat. size; — Fig. 15, section through ascophore of same; slightly x ; — Fig. 16, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 17, free spores of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 18, Abrofhallus parmeliarium, Arn., ascophore viewed from above, parasitic on the thallus of the lichen Parmelia saxatilis; slightly x ; — Fig. 19, ascus and very much branched paraphyses of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 20, free spores of same ; x 300 ;— Fig. 21, Fhacidium infestans, Karsten, free spores ; x 300 ; — Fig. 22, Slictis radiata, Pers., several specimens ; nat. size ; — Fig. 23, one specimen of same ; rather highly X ; — Fig. 24, ascus and paraphyses of same; highly x : — Fig. 25, spore of same; x 300; — Fig. 26, spore of same; X 750; — Fig. 27, Nemacyclus niceus, Sacc., specimens on leaves of the Scotch fir; nat. size; — Fig. 28, on specimen of same : slightly X ; — Fig. 29, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 30, free spores of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 31, Melittosporium pteridinum, Sacc., ascus and paraphyses ; highly x ; Fig. 32, spore of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 33, Melittosporium lichenicolum, Mass., ascus and paraphyses ; X 300 ; — Fig. 34, Agyrium rufum, Fries, plants; slightly x ; — Fig. 35, ascus and paraphyses of same; X 300; — Fig. 36, Laquearia sphaeralis, Fr., plants ; nat. size ;— Fig. 37, section of an ascophore : slightly x ; — Fig. 38, ascus and paraphyses of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 39, Trochila craterium, Fr., portion of an ivy leaf with specimens : nat, size ; — Fig. 40, ascus and paraphyses; x 300; — Fig. 41, a single plant of same after dehiscence f slightly x ; — Fig. 42, Trochila ilicis, Crouan, portion of holly leaf with specimens ; nat. size ; — Fig. 43, ascus and paraphysis ; x 300 ; — Fig. 44, section through ascophore of same; slightly x ; — Fig. 45, Gymnoascus Eeesii, Baran., portion of a fertile hypha bearing asci ; x 300 ; — Fig. 46, Ascodesmis nigricans, Van Tieghem, portion of a tuft of asci and paraphyses ; X 300 ; — Fig. 47, Heterosphaeria patella, Grev., plants on a Flora, Disc., p. 147. The above description accords with specimens in Madam Libert's Plant. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. iii. n. 233 ; Phil, Elv. Brit., n. 100 ; and Fuckel, Fung. Ehen., n. 1841. On the under side of dry leaves of Carex Mrta, and C. ampullacea. Conidial stage. Conidia globose, hyaline, about 3 JJL •diameter, arranged in chains of 6-8 conidia, and not readily breaking up. These moniliform chains are densely packed side by side, and form patches indistinguishable from the ascigerous forms under a pocket lens. The two stages are mixed, in the specimens in Fuckel's Fung. Kehn., n. 1841, and in all probability Fuckel mistook the chains of conidia for spores in an ascus, as he describes what he considered to be the ascigerous condition, as, " asci linear, sporidia 6-8, globose, minute, hyaline." Phacidium clematidis. Phil., Grev., xvii. p. 46. Scattered or gregarious, erumpent, orbicular, minute, splitting the epidermis into unequal laciniae ; hymeuium pallid brown; asci clavate or clavate-fusiform ; spores 8, linear-acute, 5-6-guttulate, straight, 35 x 4 /j. ; paraphyses slenderly filiform. On dead branches of Clematis. Autumn. The cups are -§— £ of a line broad; asci 55-56 X 10 p.. The margin is cut into short, unequal lacinae, or sometimes only coarsely serrate. No specimen seen. TROCHILA. Fries, (figs. 39-44, p. 12.) Ascophore innate, thin, somewhat- coriaceous, covered at first by the epidermis which is at length either ruptured irregularly or splits in a circumscissile manner ; asci •elongate ; spores 8, 2-seriate, continuous, hyaline ; paraphyses present; hypothecium firm, blackish. Trochila, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 367 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 396 ; Sacc., Syll., v. 8, p. 728. TROCHILA. 61 Stegia, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 352 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 398 ; Sacc., Syll., 8, p. 733. I have followed Crouan (Flor. Finist., p. 44), in uniting Stegia with Trochila. The species in both genera are de- veloped beneath the epidermis, and the distinction between the two depended mainly on the way in which the fungus burst through — tearing the epidermis irregularly in TrocJtila, and lifting it up in an entire piece in Stegia. Trochila craterium. Fries, Summa. Veg. Scand., p. 367; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 396, pi. 12, f. 77 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2988. (figs. 39-41, p. 12.) Ascophore blackish, about ^- mm. across, becoming much collapsed, opening by an irregularly toothed orifice ; asci cylindrical, base attenuated, spores 8, irregularly biseriate, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, 7-9 x 4-5 p. ; paraphyses cylindrical, septate, apex clavate, tinged olive, rather stout. Gregarious. On the underside of dry ivy leaves. Pycnidia. Conidia colourless, continuous 8 X 5-6 /JL, borne on colourless, cylindrical basidia. 12—15 x 6 p.. ( = Myxosporium paradoxum, Fckl.) Trochila laurocerasi, Fries, Summa, Veg. Scand., ii. p. 367 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 397; Sacc., Syll., n. 2989. Ascophore orbicular, blackish, up to 1 ^mm. across, col lapsing, epidermis splitting into 3-4 acute teeth ; asci cylin- dric-clavate, spores 8, irregularly biseriate, smooth, hyaline, elliptic-oblong, ends rounded, 7-12 x 4-5 p.; paraphyses slender, septate. Gregarious, on the under side of fallen leaves of cherry laurel. Phillips says the disc is yellowish when moist. Trochila buxi. Capron, in Cke., Hdbk., p. 768 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 397 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2991. Ascophore minute, not more than ^ mm. across, very slightly raising the epidermis, which becomes ruptured into a minute toothed pore ; asci narrowly clavate, spores 8, irre- gularly biseriate, elliptical, ends rather acute, hyaline, smooth, 11-14 x 5 ft, ; paraphyses not seen. On the underside, fading or dead, of box leaves. 62 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Gregarious, very minute, the rupture of the epidermis reduced to a minute ragged pore. Spores larger than in any other British species. Drawn up from type in Herb. Kew. Trochila ilicis. Crouan, Flor. Finist., p. 44. (figs. 42-44, p. 12.) Ascophore formed below the epidermis, blackish with a pale ring-like margin, circular or irregular and slightly depressed, the epidermis finally falling away in a single piece. -J— 1 mm. diam. ; asci cylindric-clavate, base narrowed, spores "8, elliptical, ends obtuse, irregularly biseriate, smooth, colourless, continuous, 9-12 x 3 -5-4 -5 p, paraphyses slightly longer than the asci, cylindrical, apex slightly clavate. Stegia ilicis, Fries, Obs. Myc., ii. p. 352 ; Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 398, pi. 12, f. 78; Sacc., Syll., n. 3007. On fallen holly leaves, most frequently on the upper sur- face. Densely gregarious. COLPOMA. Wallr, (figs. 59-62, p. 12, and f. 51, p. 22.) Ascophore developing in the matrix, then erumpent, elon- gated, narrow, dehiscing by a slit running the entire length of the ascophore, gaping and exposing the whole of the disc ; blackish, soft and coriaceous ; asci clavate, rather narrowed at the apex, mostly narrowed downwards into a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores very long and slender, continuous or many-septate, hyaline, arranged in a parallel fascicle ; paraphyses slender, usually wavy at the apex. Colpoma, Wallroth, Crypt., ii. p. 422 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 765 ; Sacc., Syll., ii. p. 803. Clithris, Eehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 101. Distinguished by the narrow, elongated, wavy ascophores. Previously included in the Hysteriaceae, from which it has been removed on account of the widely exposed disc. Colpoma querciimm. Wallr., Flor. Crypt. Germ., ii. p. 423 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 765, fig. 361 ; Sacc., Syll., ii. n. 5851. (figs. 59-62, p. 12.) Gregarious, elongated, usually developing transversely to the long axis of the branch on which it is growing ; origi- COLPOMA. 63 nating below the bark and appearing at first as a long, straight, or curved, convex ridge, then rupturing the bark, which forms two irregularly torn, spurious lips; black at first, then gradually opening by an elongated slit, the lips often pale in colour ; lips at length widely open, exposing the pallid disc; up to 1*5 cm. long by 1*5—2 mm. wide, straight or curved ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, continued downwards into a long, slender pedicel, spores 8, arranged in a parallel fascicle, needle-shaped, as long as the swollen part of the ascus, about 95 x 1 ' 5 ju,, hyaline, at first multi- guttulate, then multi-septate; paraphyses filiform, equal, about I ' 5-2 p. thick, colourless, not thickened at the more or less curled apex, longer than the asci. Cliihris quercina, Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 102, figs. 1-5, p. 91. On small branches and twigs of oak. Distinguished by the large ascophores growing more or less transversely on the young branches, and looking like gaping cracks when expanded. Colpoma degenerans. Mass. (fig. 51, p. 22.) Gregarious, erumpent, the ruptured bark forming spurious lips, sessile, roundish then elongated, disc almost plane, blackish-brown or livid, soft, 1-3 x 1 mm.; asci clavate apex slightly narrowed, base attenuated into a long, slender pedicel, 8-spored; spores filiformly clavate, straight, hyaline, continuous, 85-95 X 2-5 //, arranged in a parallel fascicle; paraphyses slenderly cylindrical, about 2 p. thick, colour- less. Sporomega degenerans, Corda, Icon. Fung., v. p. 60 ; Sacc., Syll., ii. n. 5845. Hysterium degenerans, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 585. Cliihris degenerans. Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 104. On dead branches of Vaccinium. A variable species, but distinguished by the very slender, elongated, continuous spores, which, from a needle-like base become gradually thickened upwards, increasing about 3 /*, thick at the apex, thus resembling a very long, slender club. Ascophore usually more or less elongated, sometimes roundish, at first bordered with the upraised torn bark, proper margin almost obsolete; disc almost or quite plane, 64 FUNGUS-FLORA. livid, soon blackish-brown. On small twigs the ascophores are usually elongated in the direction of the long axis of the stem on which they are growing, but on thicker branches they are arranged at all angles. Specimen from Fries' Scler. Suec, n. 40, examined. XYLOGEAPHA. Fries, (figs. 42-44, p. 22.) Ascophore narrow and elongated, imperfectly mavginate, waxy ; disc widely exposed at maturity, thickish, brownish ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, continuous, hyaline, smooth, biseriate ; paraphyses present. Xylographa, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 197; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 664; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 153; Leighton, Lichen- Flora of Great Brit., p. 390. Xylographa parallela. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 197; Kehrn, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 153 ; Leighton, Lichen- Flora of Gt. Brit., p. 391. (figs. 42-44, p. 22.) Gregarious, sessile, innate, erumpent, elongatedj lying parallel between the fibres of the wood, blackish brown, in- ternally greyish, |-3 mm. long, disc closed at first, then open and plane or slightly convex ; asci clavate, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, ends obtuse, straight or very slightly curved, smooth, hyaline, continuous, with 1 large or 2 small guttulae; 11-16 X 6-7 /*, irregularly biseriate; paraphyses septate, gradually becoming thicker upwards, apex about 5 /u, thick, brown. Opegrapha parallela, Ach., Lich. Univ., p. 253. Stictis (Xylographa} parallela, Cke., Hdbk., p. 736. On weathered wood. Forming minute, black, parallel, straight or slightly [curved black streaks, nestling between the fibres of the wood. Far. pallens, Nyl., Lich. Scand., p. 230 ; Leighton, Lich.- Flora, p. 390. Ascophore becoming pale. On old wood. Specimen examined in Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 95. XYLOGKAPHA — PSEUDOGRAPHIS. 65 PSEUDOGEAPH1S. Nyl. (figs. 48-50, p. 22.) Erumpent, rounded or elongated, straight or curved; epithecium rather thick, rugulose, black, splitting into two lips that become widely separated and exposing the disc; asci cylindric-clavate, thick walled ; spores 8, elongated, 4-8-celled, and eventually becoming muriform, hyaline or yellowish, paraphyses present. Pseudogr aphis, Nylander, Herb. Mus. Fenn., p. 96; Sacc., SylL, ii. p. 769 ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 99. Separated from, the Hysteriaceae by the lips of the excipu- lum expanding widely at maturity, and exposing the greater portion of the disc. The substance also is not rigid and carbonaceous when moist, but rather soft and fleshy. Pseudographis pinicola. Kehm, Ascom., n. 24; Eehm, Krypt.-Plor., Disc., p. 99; Sacc., Syll., ii. n. 5733. (figs. 48-50, p. 22.) Mostly gregarious, rounded or elliptical, narrowed below or very shortly stipitate ; epithecium rather fleshy, rugulose, blackish brown ; margin incurved, rather irregularly torn or fimbriate ; disc exposed and pallid when moist ; 1-2^ mm. long, 1-1 1 mm. broad ; asci clavate, apex rather narrowed, attenuated below, often curved ; spores 8, irregularly bise- riate, elongated-elliptical, or more or less fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 3-5-7 -septate, often guttulate, 25-35 X 7-10 p., hyaline then yellowish; paraphyses numerous, fili- form, equal, branched above and often more or less flexuous, about 2 jjt. thick, colourless. Hysterium pinicola, Nyl., Pez. Fenn., p. 77. Triblidium pinicolum, Cooke, Grevillea, vol. ir. tab. 67, fig. 8. On bark of Pinus sylvestris. Specimen from Nylander examined ; also specimen in the Kew Herb, copy of Eehm's Ascom., n. 24. Pseudographis elatina. Nyl., Herb. Mus. Ferni., p. 96; Kehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 100; Sacc., Sylh, ii. n. 5732. Gregarious, erumpent, often deformed, curved, externally rugose, black; lips distant when moist, disc large, pallid- VOL. IV. F 66 FUNGUS-FLORA. reddish, then reddish black, 1-2 mm. broad ; asci cylindrical, apex narrowed ; spores 8, quite irregularly biseriate, oblong, ends obtuse, straight or very slightly curved, 2-4-8-Cblled, sometimes becoming muriform, often guttulate, 20—30 X 10-14 ju., hyaline then yellowish ; paraphyses filiform, about 2 p. thick, branched above, flexuous. Lecanora datina, Acharius, Lich. Univ., p. 387 ; Leighton, Brit. Lichen Flora, p. 223. On bark of fir, holly, &c. Distinguished from P. pinicola by the reddish disc, and more distinctly by the sporidia having very obtuse ends. Specimen determined by Nylander examined. OSTEOPA. Fries. Ascophore vertically immersed in the bark, rarely pene- trating the wood, broadly ovate, terminating upwards in a somewhat prominent papilla that bursts through the bark and dehisces by an elongated slit, lips thick and obtuse ; asci narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored, apex thickened; spores needle-shaped, multi-septate, colourless, almost as long as the ascus, arranged in a parallel fascicle; paraphyses very slender, straight, septate, branched above, colourless. Ostropa, Fries, Syst. Veg. Orb., p. 109; Kehm, Krypt.- Flora, Disc., p. 189 ; Sacc., Syll., ii. p. 804. Allied to Eobergea, but distinguished by the vertical ascophore and the ostiolum being elongated. Ostropa cinerea. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 401 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 188, figs. 1-5, p. 186; Sacc., Syll., ii. n. 4661. Scattered or gregarious, causing the branch to present a whitish bleached appearance at the parts attacked ; ascophore subglobose, base immersed, 1-2 mm. across, furnished at the apex with a papilla that projects through the bark and dehisces at the apex by a narrow slit about f mm. long, mouth at first hoary, grey, then naked, black, and somewhat shining; asci narrowly cylindrical, straight, 8-spored, apex thickened ; spores almost as long as the ascus, straight, arranged in a parallel fascicle, very slenderly needle-shaped, OSTEOPA— ROBERGEA. 67 multi-septate, hyaline, 150-180 X 1*5 //,; para physes filiform, about 1 • 5 //, thick, septate, branched at the apex, hyaline. Hysterium cinereum, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 99. On dry branches of ash, poplar, willow, hazel, &c. Specimen from Fries examined. EOBEEGEA. Desm. Ascophore immersed in the substratum, somewhat coria- ceous, flask-shaped, horizontal, reaching the surface by a more or less vertical, elongated neck, mouth minute, rounded, erumpent ; asci narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored, apex thickened; spores needle-shaped, many-septate, hyaline, nearly as long as the ascus, and arranged in a parallel fascicle ; paraphyses very slender and very straight, hyaline. Robergea, Desmaz., Crypt. France, exs., ser. i. n. 1526 ; Desm., Ann. Sci. Xat., ser. iii. 1847, vol. viii. p. 177; Sacc., Syll., ii. p. 806; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 189. Readily distinguished by the flask-shaped ascophore lying horizontally in the substance of the matrix, and reaching the surface by an elongated, ascending, narrow neck. Robergea unica. Desmaz., Crypt. France, ser. i. n. 1526 ; Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 177- 179; Sacc., Syll., ii. n. 5861; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 190. Gregarious ; ascophore flask-shaped, buried in the wood, horizontal, 2-2-5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, reaching the surface by means of a more or less vertical, elongated neck, which bursts through the bark, often forming an elongated slit, mouth of neck small, round, whitish, often surrounded by white meal ; asci very long, narrowly cylindrical, apex thickened ; spores needle-shaped, straight, many-septate, hyaline, 400-550 x 1-1 ' 5 /x., arranged in a parallel fascicle ; paraphyses filiform, simple, straight, about 1 /* thick, colourless. On dry branches of ash, poplar, hazel, &c. Specimen examined from Desmaziere's Crypt. France, exs., ser. i. n. 1526. p 2 68 FUNGUS-FLORA. LAQUEARIA. Fries, (figs. 36-38, p. 12.) Ascophore innate, flask-shaped, base plane, prolonged upwards into a short neck, which pierces the bark, composed of dark-coloured parenchymatous tissue ; asci clavate, spores 8, continuous, hyaline (paraphyses absent ?) Laquearia, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 366 ; Phil., Disc. Brit., p. 372 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 586. An imperfectly known genus. I have not seen a British specimen, and have drawn up the characters, generic and specific, from the specimen in Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., exs. n. 2066. I fail to find in the dry specimens that the hypothecium is absent; there appears to be a flask-shaped continuous excipulum perfectly flat at the base owing to being seated on the wood, which is not penetrated, the upper portion elongates into a short thick neck which pierces the bark. When the bark is removed the fungus is carried along with it. Laqueria sphaeralis. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 366 ; Phil. Brit. Disc., p. 372, pi. xi. f. 72 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2429. (figs. 36-38, p. 12.) Ascophore flask-shaped, mouth contracted, entire, blackish- brown, about ^ mm. diameter, asci somewhat clavate, small, spores 8, irregularly biseriate, elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 4 x 2 /A ; paraphyses very slender. On dry ash branches. Gregarious ; developed under the bark, which is pierced by the narrowed upper portion of the ascophore. SCHIZOXYLON. Persoon. (figs. 24-27, p. 22). Ascophore subimmersed, spherical at first, apex plane, black, then expanding and exposing the dingy disc ; often pale and furfuraceous or pulverulent outside ; asci cylindrical ; spores 8 filiform, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, elongated, becoming multi-septate and breaking up into joints at the septa ; paraphyses present. Schizoxylon, Persoon, Ann. Wett., i. (1810), p. 11 ; emended LAQUEAEIA— SCHIZOXYLOX. 69 by Tulasne, Carp., iii. p. 148 ; Sacc., SylL, viii. p. 697. (Not of Leighton, Fungus-Flora, p. 390). Cyclostoma, Crouan, Fl. Finist., p. 30. Schmitzomia, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 379. . Distinguished from other genera having very long, filiform, multi-septate spores by the spores readily breaking up into numerous "joints" at the septa, each "joint" being a cell of the compound or many-celled spore; and by the spherical ascophore having a small circular disc. Schizoxylon Berkeley anuxn. Fuckel, Syrnb. Hyc., p. 251 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2863. (figs. 24-27, p. 22.) Scattered or gregarious, ascophore • 5-1 mm. high and broad, erumpent, then subsuperficial, sessile on a broad base, orbicular at first then expanding and exposing the blackish- olive disc, -which is slightly pulverulent at first, margin scarcely projecting, quite entire; externally pale yellowish- green, then greyish or pallid, pulverulent; asci cylindrical, narrowed at the base ; spores 8, filiform, very slender, almost as long as the ascus, 140-150 x 1*5-2 -5 //,, septate, breaking up into cells at the septa, 6—10 x 1*5—2 /x, hyaline; paraphyses filiform, 1-5-2 p. thick, apex branched, olive- brown, longer than the asci. Stictis Berkeleyana, Dr. & Lev., Fl. Alg., t. 89, f. 8. Schmitzomia Berlceleyana, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 379. On dead stems of Artemisia vulgaris. On the continent and in Algeria this species occurs also on stems and dead branches of Epilobium, Oenothera, Genista, Lappa, Galium, Pulicaria, Lonicera, Eosa, Rubus, Populus, and Vitis. Specimen sent by Leveille to Berkeley examined. Schizoxylon sepiniolum. Pers., Ann. Wett., i. 1810, p. 11, t. 10, f. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2877. Ascophore sessile, about f mm. across, subglobose at first, closed, and wart-like, then becoming patellate, indistinctly crenulate at the margin, disc plane, blackish, at first with a grey bloom ; blackish-red inside ; asci narrowly clavate, attenuated into a slender stipitate base; spores 8, sub- hyaline, filiform, very slender, multi-septate, nearly as long as the ascus, breaking up into joints at the septa, each joint measuring about 4^ x 1 ' 5—2 /x. ; paraphyscs filiform, repeatedly branched in a furcate manner. 70 FUNGUS-FLOKA. On old weathered wood of oak, pine, &c. Distinguished at once from S. Berkeley anum by the absence of the yellowish furfuraceous exterior. BHYTISMA. Fries, (figs. 1-3, p. 91). Ascophores crowded on a thin, broadly effused, black, crust-like stroma; elongated, often more or less wavy, finally gaping and exposing the pale disc ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores elongated, slender, hyaline, continuous, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus ; paraphyses slender, often curved at the tip. Conidia usually produced. Bhytisma, Fries, Yet. Akad. Handl. (1819), p. 104; Cke., Hdbk., p. 755; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 82; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 752. The species commence as parasites on living leaves, forming conspicuous pitch-black patches, often of consider- able size. Conidia are formed during the autumn or winter, and ascospores the following spring, after the leaves are partly decayed. Rhytisma acerinum. Fr., Syst. Myc., ii. p. 569; Cke., Hdbk., p. 756; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 82; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3083. Stroma forming slightly raised, irregularly circular, black patches on the upper surface of living leaves, 1-2 cm. across; ascophores gregarious on the stroma, elongated, wavy, gaping at maturity and exposing the pale disc ; stroma blackish ; hypothecium hyaline ; excipulum paren- chymatous, cells minute, olive-brown; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle, needle-shaped, apex obtuse, base pointed, hyaline, guttu- late, often slightly curved, 60-80 x 1-5-2-5 p. ; paraphyses slender, equal, about 1-5 p thick, curled or wavy at the apex, hyaline. Xyloma acerinum, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 104. Spermogonia. Spermatia cylindrical, ends obtuse, straight or curved, hyaline, 6-9 X 1. Melasmia acerinum, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iii., vol. v., p. 276. KHYTISMA. 71 On living leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus and A. campestre ; also on other species of Acer in other countries. The black patches appear on the leaves during summer, and in the autumn spermatia are developed in those same conceptacles that become ascophores and contain asci the following spring, when the leaf is partly decayed and has been lying on the ground throughout the winter. Specimen in Kew Herbarium, named by Persoon, examined, also specimen in Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 207. Rhytisma punctatum. Fr., Vet. Akad. Handl., 1819, p. 104; Cke., Hdbk., p. 756; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 83; Sacc., Syll, viii., n. 3084. (figs. 1-3, p. 91.) Ascophores gregarious on a roundish, yellow spot on the leaf 1—1 '5 cm. across, crowded, rarely more or less confluent, black, circular or elongated and often curved, 1-1^ mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cells minute, .olive; at length splitting lengthwise or in a radiate manner, and exposing the greyish disc; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores needle-shaped, apex blunt, base pointed, straight, continuous, guttulate, hyaline, arranged . iu a straight, parallel fascicle, 35-40 x I' 5-2 p; paraphyses slender, colourless, about 1 p. thick. Xyloma punctatum, Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung., p.. 104. Spermogonia. Spermatia cylindrical, straight, hyaline, 5-6 X 1-5 /*. On living leaves of Acer campestre and Acer pseudoplatanus ; also on other species of Acer in other countries. The spermatia are formed during the autumn, the asci appearing in the same cavities the following spring on the dead leaves. Readily distinguished by the stroma being broken up into numei'vjus minute portions, crowded together on a yellowish patch. Specimens examined : Kehm, Ascom., i3.66 (ascigeroua form) ; Sydow, Myc. March., n. 351 (Spermpgonia,). Rhytisma salicinum. Fr., Vet. Akad. Handl., 1819, p. 104; Cke., Hdbk., p. 755, fig. 357; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 84, figs. 1-7, p. 65; Sacc., Syll., viii. ^n. 3085. Stroma forming circular or irregular thickish, shining 72 FUNGUS-FLOKA. black patches 4-5 min. thick and %-2 cm. across on the tipper surface of the leaves of the host plant, internally •white; ascophores roundish or elongated, at length splitting and exposing the yellowish disc ; epithecium parenchy- matous, cells minute, densely packed, dark olive; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores needle-shaped, pointed at both ends, curved, continuous, guttulate, hyaline, 65-95 X 1*5—2*5 ft; paraphyses slender, apex wavy, hyaline or with a brown tinge. Xyloma salicinum, Pers., Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 5, t. ii. fig. 4. Xyloma umbonatum, Hoppe, Wahl. Flor. Lapp., p. 324. Spermogonia. Spermatia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, continuous, 5-6 //. long. Melasmia salicinum, Lev., Sel. Fung. Corp., iii. p. 119. On the upper surface of the leaves of various species of willow. The spermatia are produced in the autumn, and the asci appear in the same conceptacles the following spring on the fallen leaves. Specimens examined from Fries' Scler. Suec., nos. 134 and 208, and Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 461. Rhytisma andromedae. Fr., Syst., Myc., ii. p. 567 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 755 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 85 ; Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 3087. Stroma externally shining black, forming irregular patches, or frequently covering the entire upper surface of the leaf; internally white, and composed of stout, thick- walled interwoven hyphae ; ascophores elongated, often wavy, at length gaping and exposing the pale disc ; asci clavate, pointed above, 8-spored, spores long and narrowly clavate, apex obtuse, lower half tapering and pointed, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, continuous, guttulate, 50-60 X 5-7 ft, irregularly fasciculate ; paraphyses slender, about 2 ft, thick, apex curled, hyaline. Xyloma andromedae, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 104. On the upper surface of living leaves of Andromeda polifolia. No secondary form of fruit is known, and the ascospores are matured in spring on the fallen, decaying leaves. CEYPTOMYCES. 73 Readily distinguished by the narrowly clavate spores and by the host. Specimens examined in Scler. Suec., 133, and Rehm, Asc., n. 468. Doubtful species. Rhytisma urticae. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 570 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 756; Rehm, Krypt. Fl., p. 86; Sacc., Syll., n. 3092. Stroma forming an effused shining black crust of variable form, and often quite encircling the stem, 1—6 cm. long; internally grey, and composed of interwoven hyphae ; ascophores gregarious or somewhat scattered, slightly elevated, elongated up to 1*5 mm., splitting and exposing the grey disc ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseviate, cylindrical, both ends rather obtuse, hyaline, continuous, straight or very slightly curved ; 15-30 X 4-5 p; paraphyses slender, hyaline. Xyloma urticae, Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ., p. 209. On decaying nettle stems. Rehm says in his diagnosis of the present species, " spores l(-2?) celled." I have not met with septate spores in the specimens contained in any of the exsiccati quoted by him, and I have carefully examined each one. According to Fuckel — Syrnb. Myc., Suppl. ii., p. 52 — the stylospores of the present species are elongated, both ends narrowed, often crooked, continuous, 24 x 5-6 /x., and are mature in February and March. Differs from the typical structure of the genus in the biseriate spores. Specimen examined from Cooke's Fung., Brit, exs., n. 392. CRYPTOMYCES. Greville. (figs. 4-6, p. 91.) Ascophores innate, gregarious, springing from a broadly effused white stroma, depressed, covered with the bark of the host, which remains connate with the black, parenchy- matous excipulum, the whole forming broadly extending, blistered or bullate, black, carbonaceous patches, finally 74 FUNGUS-FLOKA. cracking in irregular lines and exposing the disc; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, 1-seriate ; paraphyses present. Cryptomyces, Greville, Scot. Crypt. Flor., vol. iv. pi. 206 ; emended by Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 106 ; Sacc,, Syll., viii. p. 707. Bhytisma, of many authors. The present species is separated from Bhytisma on account of the very different spores and the depressed ascophores being immersed in the substance of a broadly extending, white stroma, formed of very densely and compactly inter- woven hyphae. Cryptomyces aureus. Mass. (figs. 4-6, p. 91.) Forming blistered patches 1—10 cm. long on living branches, at first blackish-brown with a somewhat broad, yellow margin, then becoming entirely shining black and carbonaceous; superficial portion or excipulum with a dense olive-green, parenchymatous cortex, consisting of minute, polygonal cells; stroma and hypothecium. pure white, composed of densely interwoven hyphae ; asci cylin- drical, base rather abruptly narrowed, apex rounded, 8- spored ; spores 1-seriate, continuous, smooth, elliptical or sometimes broadest slightly above the middle, ends rounded, straight, when young furnished with an external thin gelatinous coating, hyaline then with a yellow tinge, con- tents granular, 20—25 x 10—12 p,; paraphyses slender, septate, apex clavate and tinged brown. Sphaeria aurea, Sow., Eng. Fung., pi. 356. Bhytisma maximum, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 566; Cke., Hdbk., p. 755 ; Tulasne, Sel. Fung. Carp., iii. pi. xvi. figs. 9-15. Cryptomyces Wauchii, Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., vol. iv. pi. 206. Cryptomyces maximus, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 107, figs. 1-5, p. 92; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2891. On living branches of willow. Saccardo says also on Cornus. Eeadily recognised by the large black blistered patches having a well-defined, usually lobed margin. At maturity the outer stroma separates from the matrix at the margin, becomes revolute, and finally falls away. EPHELINA. 75 Tulasne describes the occurrence of minute, ovate, con- tinuous, hyaline spermatia about 5 x p-, borne on slender, hyaline sterigmata, and produced in specialised conceptacles in the stroma. Plowright describes similar bodies, and says they are formed in the ascophores previous to the formation of asci. The last-named author describes — Grev., vol. iv. p. 28, pi. 53, figs. 1-9 — what he considers to be other secondary forms of fruit. A Fusarium which oozes out upon the surface of the stroma in little pink masses ; the spores are curved, obscurely 3-septate at maturity. Secondly, minute perithecia with a minute, black, shining ostiole, seated on the stroma, and containing oblong, smooth, usually 3-septate, brown spores; the spores have occasionally 4 transverse and 1 vertical septum. Specimens examined from Cooke, Fung. Brit., exs., n. 670 ; and Fries, Scler. Suec., n. 250; also Sowerby's specimens figured in English Fungi, pi. 356, as Spliaeria aurea. EPHELINA. Sacc. (figs. 28-30, p. 22.) Ascophore at first tuberculose then splitting and exposing the disc, somewhat coriaceous, small, gregarious, sessile, springing from a blackish, parenchymatous, effused stroma ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores continuous, hyaline ; paraphyses slender. Ephelina, Sacc., Syll., vol. viii. p. 585. Ephelis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 358 (not of Fries nor Sacc.) The ascophores spring from a distinctly parenchymatous stroma, and amongst British genera the present genus is most closely allied to Ehytisma. Ephelina radicalis. Mass. (figs. 28-30, p. 22.) Ascophore J— 1 mm. across, tuberculose then expanding, rough and blackish externally, disc greyish, sessile, grega- rious on a blackish, distinctly parenchymatous stroina ; asci narrowly cylindrical, spores 8, obliquely 1 -seriate, slightly but distinctly clavate, smooth, hyaline, 10 X 4-5 ^; para- physes slender, slightly thickened at the apex. Ephelina rhinanthi, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2424. Ephelis rhinanthi, Phil., Brit. Disc., 358 (1887). Rhytisma radicalis, Cke., Grev., viii. p. 9 (1879). 76 FUNGUS-FLORA. Forming elongated, blackish, gouty swellings on basal part of stem or root of living plants of Itliinanthus crista-galli. A true parasite, attacking the host during the summer and perfecting its fruit during the winter or early spring, according to Mr. Taylor, who first detected it and sent specimens to Dr. Cooke. Dr. Cooke finds stylospores early in the season, fusiform, acute, 3-septate, 70 X 5 p. Fam. II. STICTEAE. The species are invariably minute and the ascophore always deeply immersed in the matrix, at first urceolate or cup-shaped, afterwards expanding. The excipulum, when present, is very thin and delicate, usually snow-white and minutely mealy, due to the presence of minute particles of oxalate of lime. The excipulum is at first continuous above, and after its rupture frequently becomes reflexed and forms an entire or toothed white margin surrounding the circular, elliptical, or irregularly angular, depressed disc. In some species the excipulum is almost obsolete, and the border of the disc, if present, is formed by the matrix. The disc is waxy in consistence, usually clear-coloured, white, yellow, or a tinge of pink being the predominating colours. Hypothecium always very thin. Agreeing with Thacidieae in being immersed in the matrix, but distinguished by being waxy and not coriaceous, and in the clear light colour of every part. All the specimens are saprophytes, growing on dead wood, bark, dry leaves, &c. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores very long and slender, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus. Stictis. Disc circular or elliptical, with a distinct white margin^ Nemacyclus. Disc elongated and narrow, bounded by two lips. STICTIS. 77 B. Spores 2-seriate, continuous. Propolis. Disc elliptical or angular, whitish. Ocellaria. Erumpent; disc circular, coloured. C. Spores 2-seriate, septate. Phragmonaevia. Disc exposed by a long slit. Cryptodiscus. Disc irregularly circular. D. Spores muriform. Melittosporium. STICTIS. Persoon. (figs. 22-26, p. 12.) . Ascophore immersed, closed above at first by the excipuluni, which eventually ruptures and becomes reflexed, forming a more or less regular, white margin ; disc depressed, waxy, circular or elliptical, clear-coloured, usually yellowish ; asci elongated, 8-spored; spores very long and slender — needle- shaped — becoming septate, not breaking up at the septa, hyaline, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus; paraphyses present. Stictis, Persoon, Obs., ii. p. 73 (in part). Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 681. Schmitzomia, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 63, (in part). The genus as here understood, is marked by the upper portion of the excipulum forming a white margin round the circular or elliptical disc, and the needle-shaped, septate spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus. Stictis radiata. Pers., Obs. Myc., ii. p. 73; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 176; Sacc., Syll., 2795. (figs. 22-26, p. 13.) Scattered or gregarious, deeply immersed, closed at first, then opening above, and forming a reflexed, rather broad white border, split at various points ; disc circular, pink or 78 FUNGUS-FLORA. yellow, |-| mm. across; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, needle-shaped, multi-septate, hyaline, 150-175 X 2 /A; paraphyses slender, hyaline. Lycoperdon radiatum, Linn., sp. pi., ii. p. 1645. Schmitzomia radiata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 380. On wood, twigs, &c. Characterised by the broad, white, radiately split margin, and the flesh-coloured or dingy orange disc. Specimens examined in Berk., Brit., Fung., n. 79; and Eehm, ^ scorn., n. 122. Stictis arundinacea. Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 336; Sacc., Syll., n. 2833. Scattered, immersed, usually orbicular, at first closed then rupturing and forming a narrow, almost or quite entire, snow-white, pruinose margin; disc somewhat depressed, greyish or whitish, up to | mm. across; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores needle-shaped, hyaline, multi-septate, ar- ranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, 125—150 x 1*5 2/x; paraphyses numerous, filiform, not incrassated at the apex, about 1 p. thick, hyaline. Schmitzomia arundinacea, Phil., Brit. Di*c., p. 380. Stictis graminum, Desrn., Crypt. :Fr., exs., n. 1071; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 386. Stictis luzulae, Lib., PL Crypt. Ardu., n. 132. On the sheaths of various grasses and sedges. Authentic specimen from Persoon examined ; also specimen in Desm., Cry pt. - France, exs., n. 1071; and Libert, Plant. Cr. Ard. n. 1 32. Var. junci. Karat., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 238 ; Phil., Grev., vol. xviii. p. 84. Scattered, covered at first, then erumpent and somewhat prominent, cup-shaped, with an almost entire, snow-white, minutely mealy margin; disc pale orange, or rosy, up to ^ mm. across ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores needle- shaped, arranged in a parallel fascicle in. the ascus, hyaline, multi-septate 110-130 x 1-1*5 /x; paraphyses numerous, filiform, hyaline. On culms of Juncus effusm and J. conglotneratus. Specimen in Karst., Fung. Fenn., n. 931, examined. NEMACYCLUS. 79 Stictis atro-alba. Sacc., SylL, n. 2189. Scattered, immersed, orbicular, about J mm. across, at first closed then opening and forming a recurved, narrow, white, almost entire margin that soon breaks away; disc depressed, dark grey or blackish; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored; spores needle-shaped, apparently permanently continuous, hyaline, arranged in a fascicle, 90-110 X 1*5 /*; parapbyses equal throughout, 1 • 5 p. thick, hyaline. Schmitzomia atro-alba, Phil, and Plow., Brit. Disc., p. 379, pi. xi. fig. 74. On clematis branches. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. The dark hymenium, narrow, white border, and needle- shaped spores characterise the present species. Stictis annulata. Cke. and Phil., Grev., vol. ix. p. 8 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2801. Scattered or gregarious, deeply immersed, at first closed then opening and exposing the ochraceous, waxy disc; margin white, narrow, usually quite entire ; circular, |-| mm. across ; asci narrowly cylindrical, apex thick-walled, slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores needle-shaped, both ends pointed, nearly as long as the ascus, hyaline, multi-septate, 120-130 X 1 ' 5—2 //,, arranged in a parallel fascicle, rather wavy ; paraphyses numerous, filiform, equal, about 1'5 p. thick, hyaline. Schmitzomia annulata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 379. On branches of honeysuckle. Type specimen examined. A very neat species, readily distinguished by having the snow-white, reflexed narrow margin quite entire and looking like a white ring surrounding the deeply immersed, ochraceous disc. NEMACYCLUS. Fckl. (figs. 27-30, p. 12.) Ascophore immersed, elliptic- oblong ; disc plane or some- what concave, waxy, pallid, exposed by the formation of an elongated slit in the epidermis which forms two spurious lips, proper margin rudimentary; asci clavate, 8-spored; SO FUNGUS-FLORA. spores long and slender, hyaline or only slightly tinged with yellow, continuous or septate, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus ; paraphyses branched above. Nemacydus, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., Append, ii. p. 49; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 701. Stictis, Propolis, and Schmitzomia, of authors. Allied to Stictis, but distinguished by the elongated splitting of the epidermis into two lips, and the rudimentary proper margin. Nemacydus niveus. Sacc., Consp. Disc., p. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2878; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 173, figs. 1-5, 125. (figs. 27-30, p. 12.) Scattered, immersed, erumpent; covered at first by the whitened epidermis, which splits longitudinally and forms two spurious lips that soon disappear; disc pallid, elliptical or elliptic-oblong, up to £ mm. long ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex rather narrowed, 8-spored; spores long and narrow, worm-shaped, both ends rather blunt, continuous, usually 4-guttulate, slightly curved, hyaline 75-85 X 3 /x, arranged in a parallel, slightly curved fascicle in the ascus ; paraphyses very slender, slightly longer than the asci, septate, branched and tinged yellow at the tips. Stictis nivea, Pers., Myc. Eur., iii. p. 339. Schmitzomia nitca, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 381. Specimen named by Persoon examined. On fallen leaves of various conifers. Conidial phase. Discs superficial scattered, soft when moist, resembling the ascophores in form and colour; horny and brownish when dry ; conidia filiform, generally nearly straight, ends pointed, continuous, hyaline, 60 x "5-1 /u,. PEOPOLIS. Fries, (figs. 52-56, p. 22.) Ascophore immersed in the matrix, closed at first then opening, the rudimentary excipulum not forming a distinct margin; disc roundish or elliptical, almost plane, light- coloured ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores elongated, ends obtuse, hyaline, continuous, 2-seriate ; paraphyses present, septate, tips usually branched. PROPOLIS. 81 Propolis, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 372; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 148 ; Sacc., Syll., viii., p. 648 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 373 (in part). Somewhat superficially resembling Stictis and Nemacyclus ; differing from both in the 2-seriate spores. Propolis faginea. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 244; Eehm., Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 149; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2662. (figs. 52-56, p. 22.) Mostly gregarious, immersed, rounded or more frequently oblong, straight or somewhat curved, with a spurious torn margin, disc mostly milk-whito, sometimes with a tinge of red, blue, or yellow, finally brownish and farinose, 1-4 mm. long ; asci broadly clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores cylindrical, ends obtuse, slightly curved, with 2 or more guttulae, smooth, hyaline, continuous, 21-30 x 7-9 p. ; paraphyses filiform, septate, about 2' 5 /A thick, branched above and tinged yellowish. Propolis versico'lor, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 372; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 376, pi. ix. fig. 73 (paraphyses un- branched. Propolis rhodoleuca, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 375. Propolis rosae, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 254; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 377. On wood, branches, chips, &c. Specimens examined from Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., n. 1276 and 1109; Cke., Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 463. Propolis rhodoleuca. Fries, Snmma Veg. Scand., p. 372; Eehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 151. Scattered or gregarious, variable in form, roundish, elliptical, or angular, up to 2| mm. long; disc plane, whitish, tinged with red ; becoming slightly pruinose ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, mostly straight, smooth, hyaline, with 1 or more guttulae, 10-15 x 5-6 //. ; paraphyses very slender, septate, branched above and yellowish. Stictis strobilina, Desrnaz., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1842, p. 52. Propolis rhodoleuca, var. stroUlina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 375. On scales of the cones of Scotch fir. Closely allied to P. faginea, from which it is distinguished more especially by growing on cones. 82 FUNGUS-FLORA. OCELLABIA. Tulasne. (figs. 34, 35, p. 22.) Ascophore with or without a distinct margin, emmpent, surrounded by a torn edge formed by the bark of the host .plant, when a true margin is present it is more or less connate with the spurious bark margin ; disc almost plane, clear - coloure d ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores elongated, straight or slightly curved, biseriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous; paraphyses usually thickened and coloured above. Ocellaria, Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp., iii. p. 129 ; Eehrn., Krypt.- Flor., Disc., p. 133 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 564. Propolis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 373. Stictis, of some old authors. Growing on branches covered with bark, or on wood. Distinguished by the spurious, irregular margin formed by .the torn and raised bark, surrounding the ascophore ; when a true raised margin is present, it is within, and closely applied to the spurious margin ; sometimes the latter falls away, leaving the true margin only, when the. fungus superficially resembles a Stictis, but is distinguished by the very diiferent, shorter and thicker spores. * Spores elliptical. Ocellaria aurea. Tnl., Sel. Fung. Carp., iii. p. 129; Eehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 134; Sacc., Syll., 2690. (figs. 34, 35, p. 22.) Scattered, gregarious, or sometimes confluent, circular or oblong, J— 1 •; mm. across, globoso-depressed, erumpent, sur- rounded by the torn bark, which forms a fringe, disc plane, patelliform, golden-yellow then brownish, soft at first, then firm ; asci cylindric-clavate, thick-walled, apex obtuse, 8-spored; spores biseriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, straight or very slightly curved, continuous, hyaline, smooth, with 1-2 large or several small guttulae, 20-30 X 10-12 p. ; paraphyses filiform, septate, thickened at the summit, often curved, yellow. Peziza ocellata, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 667. Sticlis lecanora, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 193. OCELLAEIA. 83 Propolis lecanora, De Not., Propost. Ketif. Discom., p. 10 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 374. On- dry branches of various species of willow and poplar. There appears to be some uncertainty about the secondary form of fruit of the present species ; possibly there may be two forms, or again, the bodies supposed. to be pycnidia may be parasitic. According to Tulasne the pycnidia are elongated, colour- less, 2-4-celled, 30-50 X l-l| /». Phillips gives the following : — Pycnidia intermixed with the above, occupying the sides or summit of the same stroma, disc-shaped ; stylospores oblong or oblong-elliptic, straight or slightly curved, issuing through the narrowly perforated epidermis ; sterigmata branched, rather stout. Ocellaria succinea. Mass. (n. ep.) Erumpent, usually in groups of three or four, somewhat turbinate, disc plane or very slightly convex, surrounded by a delicate, entire margin which is at first connate with the spurious bark margin, eventually becoming free ; entirely pale amber-colour and almost translucent when moist, ^— j mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells 6—8 p. diam. ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel long ai.d slender, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, nar- rowly elliptical, 14—16 x 6 ft; paraphyses numerous, fili- form, apex not thickened, 1*5 /* thick, agglutinated together with hyaline mucus. On beech bark. Distinguished from all other species by the small elliptical spores and pale amber colour. Ocellaria pyri. Mass. Gregarious and usually in confluent groups of 2-3, erum- pent, orbicular, fleshy, black with a purple tinge ; disc plane or concave, margin irregular, up to 1 mm. across ; excipulum composed of parallel, smoky-brown hyphae; asci clavate, apex rounded, base elongated and narrowed, 8-spored ; spores uniseriate or sometimes 2-seriate at the apex, continuous, sometimes 1-2-guttulate, hyaline, elliptical, smooth, 15-22 X 7-9 p, with a narrow hyaline border ; paraphyses very nume- rous, slender, rather wavy, sometimes branched, a little a 2 84 FUNGUS-FLORA. longer than the asci, tips not thickened but agglutinated together with clear violet mucus. Stictis lecanora (Schum.), var. pyri, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1624, t. 11, fig. 7. Propolis pyri, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 375. On bark of pear tree. Type specimen examined, also specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 148. A distinct species, characterised by the purple-black disc and purple mucilage at the tips of the paraphyses. Hypo™ thecium pale brown. Phillips says the spores are "slightly tinted brown." I have not observed this coloration in the specimens examined, nevertheless this may be the condition at maturity. The present species departs from the usual type in having an obscure disc, yet it agrees with the genus in all essential morphological points. ** Spores fusiform. Ocellaria punctiformis. Sacc., Syll., n. 2700. Gregarious, immersed, urceolate, mostly orbicular, margin more or less irregularly torn, raised, up to ^ mm. across, hymenium dingy reddish-brown (when dry and old) ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex obtuse, 8-spored; spores narrowly fusiform, hyaline, continuous, 7-9 x 2 /*; paraphyses slender, tips clavate. Stictis punctiformis, Pers., Syn., p. 674 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 386. On dead willow wood. Specimen in Herb. Kew, named by Persoon, examined. Gregarious, disc depressed and surrounded by a raised margin, formed in the first instance by the excipulum proper to which the bark is connate ; very frequently the bark falls away, leaving only the proper margin of the fungus, which then resembles a Stictis, from which the present differs in the short spores. Ocellaria chrysophaea. Quel. Scattered, erumpent, orbicular ; hymenium concave, reddish; border rather thickened, golden-yellow ; asci cylindraceo-cla- PHKAGMONAEVIA. 85 rate or cylindrical ; spores 8, fusiform, continuous, 9-11 x 2 /A ; paraphyses filiform, slender, sometimes branched in the upper part, and slightly thickened at the apices. Peziza chrysophaea, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 674 ; Pers., Icon. Pict., p. 17, t. 8, f. 1-2. Stictis chrysophaea, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 335 ; Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 996, t. 16, fig. 19; Cke., Hdbk., n. 2226. On wych-elm. About \— f of a line broad. The above is the description and synonymy of what Phillips — Brit. Disc., p. 377, under the name of Propolis chrysophaea (Pers.) — considers to be the Peziza chrysopliea, Pers. ; Quelet, however, has described a somewhat different species, which he also considers to answer to Persoon's fungus, as follows. . Ocellaria chrysophaea, Quelet, Enchirid. Fung., p. 332 ; Sacc., Syll., 2602 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 135. Peridium orbicular, lenticular then urceolate, margin erect, golden , hymenium red ; spores ellipsoid-oblong, yellowish. On Abies. Specimen accepted by Phillips as the present species, examined. PHKAGMONAEVIA. Kehm. (figs. 11, 12, p. 91.) Ascophore innate, covered at first, then exposed by the rupture of the epidermis, either radiate and often forming four teeth, or by a simple elongated slit, excipulum forming a delicate margin ; disc clear-coloured ; asci clavate, apex often narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, narrow and elon- gated, hyaline, at first continuous and guttulate, then 1-3-septate ; paraphyses present. Phragmonaevia, Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 160; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 674. Stictis, of authors. Distinguished at once by the 2-seriate septate spores. Phragmonaevia hysterioides. Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 162 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2771. (figs. 11, 12, p. 91.) Gregarious, arranged more or less in lines, the long axis of 86 FUNGUS-FLOKA. the fungus parallel to that of the leaf on which it is growing ; covered at first, then exposed by the longitudinal splitting of the epidermis ; excipulum composed of parallel, thin, smoky- olive hyphae, and forming a narrow, 2-lipped border, disc waxy, buff then brownish, 1 mm. or more long; asci cylin- dric-clavate, apex conspicuously narrowed, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, straight or slightly curved, at first continuous and 4-guttulate, then 3-septate, 16-26 X 4-5 p; paraphyses numerous, hyaline, 2 • 5-3 p. thick, very slightly thickened at the apex, and passing gradually into the hyphae of the excipulum. Stictis hysterioides, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. ii. vol. xix. p. 365 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 384. On dry leaves of Carex paludosa and other sedges. Specimen examined in Desm., Crypt. France, ser. i. n. 1317. CEYPTODISCUS. Corda. (figs. 13, 14, p. 91.) Ascophore immersed, sometimes at length more or less emergent; disc waxy, nearly plane, irregularly circular, thickish, indistinctly marginate, pale-coloured, excipulum rudimentary ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores elongated, 2-more-septate, hyaline, irregularly 2-seriate; paraphyses slender. Cryptodiscus, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 37 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 669. Superficially resembling Stictis and Propolis; differing from both in the 2-5-septate spores. Cryptodiscus pallidus. Corda, Icon., ii. p. 37, t. xv, f. 129 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2746. Gregarious, immersed, 2-3 sometimes more or less con-; fluent, pallid, often dingy ochraceous when dry, circular or elliptic-oblong, up to f mm. across ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, oblong- fusoid or with an indi- cation of being clavate, hyaline, smooth, becoming 3-5-sep- tate, 12-17 X 4-6 /* ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, adherent at the tips. CEYPTODISCUS. ^7; Stictia pallida, Pers., Obs., ii. p. 74, t. 6, f. 7 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 383. On decorticated wood. Specimen examined in Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 275. Disc most frequently elliptic-oblong, whitish or tinged with red or ochraceous, proper margin almost obsolete, but bounded by the slightly raised wood of the matrix, which is whitish just surrounding the disc. Cryptodiscus microstomus. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2758.,. (figs. 13, 14, p. 91.) Sparsely scattered, minute, immersed then becoming rather prominent; margin dark brown, disc circular or broadly elliptical, ochraceous ; about ^ mm. across ; asci clavate," 8-spored; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly cylindric- fusiforrn, smooth, hyaline, 3-septate, 14-16x3 /A;, para-, physes filiform, hyaline, apex not thickened, sometimes slightly branched. Stictis microstoma, Carm., in Engl. Fl., vol. v. p. 213 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 383. On wood. Type specimen examined. Scattered, at first nearly white, with a minute orifice, round which it gradually assumes a darker hue, and at length, under a high magnifier, appears, when moist, of a subolivaceous black, resembling a minute Sphaeria. (Berk.) Cryptodiscus angulosus. Karst., Eev., p. 166 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2757. Gregarious, immersed in the parenchyma of the bark, at first covered then seated upon the epidermis; disc angular or rarely nearly circular, thin, at first with a bluish tinge, then dingy greenish-grey, pruinose, usually surrounded by about 4 obtusely triangular teeth, up to 1 rnm. across ; asci elon- gato-clavate, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, elongated, slightly curved, hyaline with a tinge of yellowish-green, 3-septate, 16-23 x 3-4 p.; paraphyses not very distinct. Propolis angulosa, Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 244; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 378. . On willow branches (Salix capraea). FUNGUS-FLORA. MELITTOSPOEIUM. Corda. (figs. 31-33, p. 12.) Ascospore somewhat fleshy or waxy, immersed then erumpent, plane, round or oblong, shortly and irregularly marginate; asci cylindric-clavate ; spores 1 or more in an ascus, longish, hyaline or pale olive brown, muriform, paren- chymatous, many-celled; paraphyses slender, septate. Melittosporium, Corda, Icon. Fung., ii. p. 38 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 704. Stictia, Cke., Hdbk., p. 735; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 382. Readily distinguished by the parenchymatous, muriform, many-celled spores. Melittosporium lichenicolum. Mass. (fig. 33, p. 12.) Ascophore immersed at first in the substance of the host, erumpent, becoming expanded and quite plane, with a slightly raised, minutely torn margin, which like the flat disc is blackish ; asci elliptic-clavate, almost sessile, base rather broad ; spores four in an ascus, broadly elliptical, 5-septate and muriform, pale olive-brown, 30-35 x 12-14 //. ; para- physes numerous, filiform, tip slightly thickened, colourless. Stictis lichenicola, Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1836, v. p. 281, tab. xiii. f. 3; Phil., Brit. Disc., f. 382; Cke., Hdbk., p. 735. Urceolaria scruposa, var. parasitica, Sommf., Suppl. Fl. Lapp., 1826, p. 100. Parasitic on the thallus of Cladonia pyxidata and also on other species of the same genus. Superficially resembling a minute Patellaria when fully expanded. This species is by some authors considered as a lichen — Rehm, Krypt.-F]., Disc., p. 173 — but I think it is a genuine fungus ; the disc when young is covered with a layer of amorphous particles of oxalate of lime, as in so many of the Sticteae. Melittosporium pteridinum. Sacc., Syll., n. 2890. (figs. 31,32, p. 12.) Scattered, slightly immersed, circular or elongated, irre- gular in outline, open; disc pallid brown, not deeply de- MELITTOSPOKIUM. 89 pressed ; asci broadly clavate, apex rather acute ; spores 8, irregularly biseriate, clavate or clavate- fusiform, 6-7 -sep- tate, becoming muriform, hyaline, 28-44 X 5-9 /x ; para- physes filiform, adherent. Stictis pteridina, Phil. & Buck., in Bucknall's Fung. Bristol, pt. vi. p. 5, t. 1, fig. 6 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 384. On bracken stem. Fam. III. PATELLARIEAE. Ascophore minute, superficial at maturity, sessile, usually discoid, with a blunt margin or immarginate, glabrous, blackish, rarely clear-coloured, rather horny when dry ; asci 2-4-6-8-spored ; spores hyaline or coloured, continuous or 1-many-septate ; paraphyses present. The present family is intermediate between Phacidieae and Dermateae, differing from the former in being more superficial at maturity and also in being patellate or discoid. From the latter in being glabrous, usually blackish, and not of a tough, corky consistency. The genera Celidium and Abrothallus are parasitic on lichens and hepatics ; the remainder are saprophytic, growing on wood, bark, &c. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores continuous. * Spores hyaline. Patinella. Ascus containing 8 spores. Biatorella. Ascus containing innumerable, very minute spores. ** Spores brown. Lagerheima. Patellea. B. Spores \-septate. * Spores "hyaline. 90, FUNGUS-FLORA. ** Spores brown. Abrothallus. Parasitic on lichens. Karschia. Not parasitic on lichens. G. Spores 2— many-septate. * Spores Jit/aline. Patellaria. Ascophore discoid, plane; spores narrowly elliptical or fusoid. Heterosphaeria. Ascophore subglobose ; spores elliptic- oblong. Scutularia. Spores very long and slender, needle- shaped. Celidium. Parasitic on lichens. D. Spores muriform. Blitrydium. FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE PATELLARIEAE, &c. Fig. 1, Elnjtisma punctatum, Fries, on leaf of sycamore, nat. size ; — Fig. 2, ascus and paraphyses of same; highly x ; — Fig. 3, spores of same; X 300; — Fig. 4, Cryptomyces aureus, Mass., small specimen on willow branch, nat. size; — Fig. 5, sports of same; x 300; — Fig. 6, conidia of same; x 300; — Fig. 7, Coccopltacidium pint, Rehm; nat. size; — Fig. 8, sections of same in various stages of development ; — Fig. 9, ascus and paraphyses of same; — Fig. 10, spore of same; X 300; — Fig, 11, Phrag- monaevia hysterioides, Rehm ; nat. size; — Fig. 12, ascus and paraphyses of same; x 300; — Fig. 13, Cryptodiscus microstomus, Sacc. ; niit. size; — Fig. 14, ascus and paraphyses of same; x 300; — Fig. 15, Patellaria clavispora, B. & Br. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 1G, same ; mag. ; — Fig. 17, sections of same ; x ; — Fig. 18, portion of exterior and margin of excipulum of same; — Fig. 19, ascus and parapliyses of same; highly x; — Fig. 20, spores of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 21, Scutularia citrina, Sacc. ; nat. size; — Fig. 22, same ; x ; Fig. 23, section of same ; x ; Fig. 24, excipulum and margin of same in section ; x ; — Fig. 25, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ;— Fig. 26, spore of same ; x 300 ;— Fig. 27, Patellaria loni- cerae, Phil., spore ; X 300 — Fig. 28, Scleroderris Houghtoni, Sacc. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 29, section of stroma with ascophores of same ; x ; — Fig. 30, uscus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 31, spores of same ; 92 FUNGUS-FLOKA. PATINELLA. Sacc. (figs. 32-35, p. 91.) Ascophore minute, sessile, scutellate or applanate, circular, or irregular, rarely elongated, furnished with a parenchy- matous excipuluin which forms a delicate margin ; black or dark-coloured ; asci clavate, apex rounded and thick- walled, 8-spored ; spores elongated, hyaline, continuous, not guttulate, irregularly 2-seriate; paraphyses septate, apex coloured. Patinella, Sacc., Grevillea, vol. iv. p. 22 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 769 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 310. Patellaria, of many authors. The hyaline, continuous, biseriate spores and patellate ascophore characterise the present genus. Patinella rubro-tingens. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3182. Usually densely crowded and forming long narrow blackish streaks 2-3 cm. long, rarely scattered towards the ends of the groups ; ascophore circular or usually irregular from mutual pressure, sessile, rather fleshy, at first closed, then gradually expanding, black, minutely wrinkled outside, otherwise glabrous ; margin with a reddish tinge, irregular, remaining slightly incurved, 1-1 '5 mm. diameter; ex- cipulum compact, grumous, indistinctly pavenchymatous ; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, narrowly X 300 ; — Fig. 32, Patinella macrospora, Mass. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 33, sections of same; X ; — Fig. 34, structure of margin of excipulum of same ; x ; — Fig. 35, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 36, Blityridium caliciiforme, De Not., abcophore ; x ;— Fig. 37, spore of same ; X 300 ;— Fig. 38, Patellea pallida, Mass., portion of excipulum; highly X ; — Fig. 39, ascus and paraphyses of same; X 300; — Fig. 40, Crumenula ericae, Phil. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 41, section of same ; X ; — Fig. 42. ascus and para- physis of same ; highly X ;— Fig. 43, spores of same ; x 300 ;— Fig. 44, conidia of same ; X 300 ;— Fig. 45, Tympanis comperm, Fr., ; nat. size ;— Fig. 46, section of a group of ascophores of same, springing from a stroma, and accompanied by two pycnidia, marked x ; x ; — Fig. 47, ascus and paraphysis of same; X 300; — Fig. 48, Scleroderris ribesia, Karsten ; nat. size ; — Fig. 49, group of ascophores of same ; X ; — Fig. 50, spores of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 51, Lagerheima sphaerospora, Sacc. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 52, section of same ; X ; — Fig. 53, ascus and paraphysis of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 54, spores of same ; x 300. PATINELLA. 93 fusiform, or almost cylindrical, continuous, hyaline, smooth, 3-4-guttulate, 10-14 x 1 '5-2 p. ; paraphyses numerous, slender, equal, about 1 • 5 p thick, tips not thickened, often wavy, and sometimes branched. PateUarta rubro-tingens, B. & Br., in herb. ; PhiL, Brit. Disc., p. 367. On decorticated oak wood. Type specimen examined. Patinella macrospora. Mass., Grev., vol. xxii. p. 44. (figs. 33-35, p. 91.) Ascophore 1-1 • 5 mm. across, sessile and broadly adnate, margin slightly raised at first, often becoming quite plane with age, blackish, somewhat coriaceous ; marginal cells of the excipulum small, erect, parallel, crowded, septate, slightly clavate, dark olive-green ; asci cylindrical, narrowed downwards below the spore-bearing portion into an oblique pedicel ; spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, broadly elliptical, ends rather acute, hyaline, continuous, usually 1-guttulate, 11-12x6-7 p.; paraphyses numerous, cylindrical, not thickened at the apex, septate 1 • 5—2 p. thick, colourless. On rotten wood. Gregarious ; apparently distinct from all previously described species, the large acute pointed spores being the most pronounced character. Patinella flexella. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3160; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 313. Ascophore superficial or seated in cracks in the matrix, sessile, oblong or variously angular, often compressed, margin thin, more or less incurved, black ; up to f mm. long ; excipulum indistinctly parenchymatous, cells minute, dark-coloured ; asci clavate, apex rounded, wall thick, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, elliptic- oblong, ends obtuse, continuous, straight, rarely very slightly bent, smooth, 6-10 X 3-4 p. ; paraphyses septate, about 2 p. thick, branched, rather thickened and brown at the tip ; hypothecium dark brown. Patellaria flexella, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 362. On decorticated wood, especially coniferous. Specimen examined in Rehm's Ascom., n. 164. 94 FUNGUS-FLORA. Patinella olivacea. Sacc., Syll., viii. n! 3167. Gregarious, sessile, applanate, at first circular and with a distinct, entire, tumid margin of a greenish-yellow colour; disc even, dingy olive-green then blackish ; during growth the outline often becomes more or less irregular and lobed ; externally blackish, rugulose; excipulum parenchymatous, cells large, very irregular in form, dark, towards the exterior forming parallel, densely packed, cylindric-clavate, 3-4-septate, obtuse hairs, 30-50 X 8-10 ju. ; numerous stout, septate, coloured hyphae are given off from the cells of the excipulum near its base ; a dingy purple-red colouring matter is liberated from the tissue of the excipulum when treated with dilute potassic hydrate ; asci narrowly cylin- drical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, elliptic-oblong or sometimes with a tendency to become clavate, continuous (perhaps becoming 1-septate), smooth, 2-guttulate, with an olive or bluish-green tinge, 9-12 x 4-5 p.; paraphyses filiform, septate, often forked near the base, 1 • 5-2 p thick, apex clavate, colourless. Peziza olivacea, Batsch, Elench., Fung. p. 127. Patinella olivacea, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3167. Patellaria olivacea, Phil., Brit., Disc., p. 361. Rhizina nigro-olivacea, Currey, Linu. Trans., xxiv. p. 494, t. 51, f. 10-12. Patellaria violacea, B. & Br., Fungi of Ceylon, n. 906, in Linn. Soc. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 108. Patinella violacea, Sacc., Syll., n. 3164. Patellaria hirneola, B. & Br., Fungi of Ceylon, n. 965, in Linn. Soc. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 108. Patinella Tiirneola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3168. Patellaria applanata, B. & Br., Fungi of Ceylon, n. 967, in Linn. Soc. Journ., xiv. p. 108. Patinella applanata, Sacc., Syll., n. 3169. On old wood. I should consider the spores to be hyaline under normal conditions, the bluish or purplish tinge being a stain derived from the colouring matter present in the excipulum ; the asci are sometimes also stained. Spores constantly con- tinuous in every specimen examined. The type specimen of every species given as a synonym has been examined. BIATORELLA. 95 In Eehm's Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 341, what the author considers to be this species, is called Karschia olivacea, Eehm, and placed among doubtful species ; the description given by Eehm agrees with the above, except that the spores are said to be 2-celled, and this may possibly be their ultimate condition. BIATOEELLA. De Not. (figs. 5(3-58, p. 12.) Ascophores mostly scattered, sessile, or rather narrowed at the base at first ; disc often rather depressed at first, and more or less marginate, then plane or slightly convex ; usually clear-coloured, rarely blackish, waxy ; asci clavate or cylin- dric-clavate, apex rounded and thick-walled, and containing numerous minute spores ; spores globose or rather elongated, continuous, hyaline or with a yellow tinge; paraphyses generally branched, septate, spreading at the apex, scarcely coloured ; hypothecium thick, rarely coloured. Biatorella, De Notaris, Giorn. Bot. Ital., vol. i. p. 192; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 303. Tromera, Massal., Flora, 1858, p. 507; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 469 (in part). Lecidea, Leighton, Brit. Lichen-Flora, p. 240. Distinguished by the minute, discoid, waxy ascophores, and the asci containing numerous minute spores. Has been considered by many authors as belonging to the lichens, hence the literature is mostly contained in works on lichen- ology. Biatorella resinae. Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich., p. 191 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 306 (not of Leighton, Lich.-FL, p. 383). (figs. 56-58, p. 12.) Ascophores gregarious, narrowed at the base, then sessile ; disc depressed at first, and slightly margined, then plane or convex ; reddish-brown or orange colour, waxy and firm ; asci clavate, apex rounded, the upper portion of the wall thick, containing innumerable minute spores ; spores globose, continuous, with a slight yellow tinge, about 3 /* broad ; paraphyses very numerous, about 1 • 5 //, thick, septate, not agglutinated together, forked above, the apex very slightly 96 FUNGUS-FLOKA. thickened and yellowish-brown ; hypothecium thick, very pale yellow. Peziza resinae, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 149. Tromera resinae, Korb., Par., p. 453. On resin on the trunk, also on the bark, of Scotch fir and spruce. Authentic specimen from TMudd's collection examined; also the specimen (Peziza resinae, Fr.) in Fries' " Scler. Suec.," n. 334. Biatorella pinicola. Th. Fries, Lich. Arct., p. 200; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 303. Usually rather crowded, rather narrowed below at first, then sessile on a broad base, the disc becoming slightly convex and marginate, waxy, brownish, often blackish when dry, up to \ mm. across; asci broadly clavate, containing numerous spores, wall thick ; spores clavato-globose, hyaline, continuous, about 3 /A broad; paraphyses agglutinated together, branched, septate, brownish at the tip ; hypothecium almost colourless. Lecidea tantilla, Leighton, Lichen-Flora, p. 382. On pine bark, old palings, &c. An examination of the specimen in Leighton's herbarium, now at Kew, enabled the above synonym to be given. [Lecidea resinae, Leighton, Lichen-Flora of Gt. Brit., p. 383 (not of Fries). Bistora elegans, Zwackh, Lich., exs., n. 344. Biatoridium monasteriense, Lahm, Korber, Par. Lich., p. 172. This species, which was confounded by Leighton with Peziza resinae, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p, 149; Lecidia resinae, Fries, Obs., i. p. 180, is a true lichen.] LAGERHEIMA. Sacc. (figs. 51-54, p. 91.) Ascophore minute, sessile, patellate, marginate ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores 1-2-seriate, globose or elliptical, continuous, brown, smooth ; paraphyses present. Lagerheima, Sacc., Syll., vol. x. p. 55. Patellaria, Phil., Grev., vol. xviii. p. 85. Distinguished by the continuous, coloured spores. LAGERHEIMA — PATELLEA. 97 Lagerheixna sphaerospora, Sacc., Syll., x. n. 4671. (figs. 51-54, p. 91.) Scattered or crowded, applanate, indistinctly marginate, thin, circular or slightly elongated, 1-2 mm. across ; ex- cipulum consisting of interwoven hyphae of a dingy olive colour ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed, 8- spored; spores uniseriate, typically broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth, continuous, clear brown, sometimes 1-guttu- late, 9-12 x 7-8 /JL ; paraphyses numerous, filiform. Patellaria sphaerospora, B. & C., in Cooke's Disc. U. States, p. 26 (name only) ; Phil., Grev., xviii. p. 85. On decaying wood. Type specimen examined. In many asci the spores are all alike in form, as described above ; in others, again, some of the spores are normal, others globose, angularly globose or piriform. PATELLEA. Fries, (figs. 38, 39, p. 91.) Ascophore erumpent, soon quite superficial, sessile, circular, patellate, coriaceous, contracting more or less when dry, blackish ; asci oylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores elliptic- oblong, hyaline, 1-septate ; paraphyses present. Patellea, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 149, emended by Saccardo in Consp. Gen. Disc., p. 67 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 783. Patellaria, of authors. Distinguished by the 1-septate, hyaline spores. Patellea pallida. Mass. (figs. 38-39, p. 91.) Gregarious, sessile, pallid, discoid, plane, more or less contracted and concave when dry, |-f mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells 8-11 /t diameter, running out into parallel septate hyphae at the margin, these become thinner inwards and gradually pass into typical paraphyses ; brown, septate hyphae spring from the basal cells of the excipulum, and attach the fungus to its matrix; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores narrowly cylindrical, ends rather narrowed, often slightly curved, hyaline, for a long time continuous, then 1-septate, 12-14 x 2-3 p, ; paraphyses cylindrical, about 2 p thick, hyaline. 98 FUNGUS-FLORA. Patellaria pallida, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1831 (1879), p. 212; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 362. Pat inella pallida, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3163. On smooth bark. Type specimen examined. Somewhat contorted, translucent, pale amber or horn- colour when dry. The spores appear to remain continuous for a long time, but distinctly 1-septate spores were seen in asci. ABEOTHALLUS. Do Not. (emended.) (figs. 18-20, p. 12.) Parasitic on lichens or hepatics ; ascophore innate, erum- pent, disc naked from the first, becoming convex ; excipulum incomplete or entirely absent ; asci clavate, 8-spored, sessile or nearly so; spores 1-septate, brown; paraphyses numerous, longer than the asci, adhering together. Abrothallus, De Notaris, Giorn. Bot. Ital., ii. p. 192 (1846); Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 739. Lecidea, Leighton, Lichen-Flora of Gt. Brit., p. 240. Allied to Celidium, from which genus it is readily distin- guished by the coloured spores. Abrothallus parmeliarum, Arnold, Flora, 1874, p. 102; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3032. (figs. 18-20, p. 12.) Ascophore erumpent, blackish-brown, very convex, almost hemispherical in section, disc minutely rugulose, rather shining, immarginate, excipulum absent ; asci clavate, almost sessile ; spores 8, irregularly biseriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 1-septate, very slightly constricted at the septum, there is sometimes a very slight tendency on the part of the upper cell to become a little broader than the lower one, 14-18 X 4-6 p.; paraphyses very numerous, standing above the asci, agglutinated together, septate, 3-4 /A thick at the slightly thickened, olive-brown apex. Lecidea parmeliarum, Leight., Lich. Fl., p. 386. Parasitic on the thallus of various species of Parmelia. Specimen in Herb., Kew, determined by Nylander, exa- mined. ABKOTHALLUS — KARSCHIA. 99 KAESCHIA. Korber. Ascophore sessile, superficial, more or less applanate, at first marginate then becoming almost or quite plane and without a margin ; blackish ; excipulum parenchymatous ; waxy, rather horny when dry ; asci clavate, 8-spored, wall thick at the apex; spores smooth, brown, 1 -septate ; paraphyses sep- tate, apex thickened and coloured; hypothecium thick, mostly coloured. Karschia, Korber, Parerg. Lich., p. 459 ; Rehrn, Krypt.- Flora, Disc., p. 345; Sacc., Svll., viii. p. 779. Patellaria, Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 360. Karschia lignyota. Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 3200 ; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 346, fig. 1-5, p. 299. Ascophores mostly scattered, sessile, circular, at first closed, then expanding and marginate, finally almost or quite plane and without a raised margin ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells small, olive-green ; blackish-olive then almost or quite black; waxy, horny when dry; up to 1 mm. across; asci clavate, apex rounded and with the wall thickened, 8-spored ; spores elliptic-oblong, smooth, brown, 1-septate, the upper cell slightly wider than the lower one, slightly constricted at the septum, 9-12 x 4-5 fi; paraphyses septate, branched, slightly thickened, and brown at the apex; hypothecium pin kish-brown . Patellaria lignyota, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 150; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 360. Patellaria Strickeri, Sacc., Fung. Ital., f. 1411. Karschia nigricans, Eehm, Asc., n. 21. Arihonia melaspermella, Nyl., Flora, 1865, p. 605; Leighton, Brit. Lich.-Flora, p. 416. On old decorticated wood. Specimen from Fries examined. Karschia Bloxami. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3208. Ascophore sessile, fixed by a- point, applanate, about |- mm. across, gregarious, at first with a very delicate margin^ then plane or convex and immarginate, black ; excipulum paren- chymatous, cells small, blackish-olive with a tinge of red H 2 100 FUNGUS-FLOKA. near the margin ; asci narrowly clavate, apex slightly nar- rowed and thickened, 8-spored ; spores elliptical or fusoid, smooth, brown, 1-septate, 10-15 X 5-7 /*, irregularly bise- riate; paraphyses filiform, septate, tips thickened, brown, and agglutinated together, not longer than the asci; hypo- thecium brown. Patellaria Bloxami, Berk., in Herb.; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 361. On rotten wood. Type specimen, now in Herb., Kew, examined. Distinguished from K. lignyota by the narrower, cylindric- clavate ascus, and by the two cells of the spore being of equal size. The spores are sometimes almost elliptic-oblong, at others widest at the central septum, which is not constricted, and tapering to the two ends, giving a fusoid shape. PATELLARIA. Wahlenb. (figs. 52-55, p. 12.) Ascophore almost superficial, discoid and nearly plane at maturity, blackish, somewhat coriaceous, margin not promi- nent ; cortical cells olive or sooty -brown ; asci cylindric- clavate, 8-spored ; spores elongated, elliptical or fusoid, hya- line, 2-m any-septate ; paraphyses present. Patellaria, Wahl., Fl. Suec., n. 988 ; emended in Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 786 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., in part. Distinguished by the elongated, hyaline, 2-many-septate spores. The genus has been divided into two artificial sections depending on the number of septa present in the spores, but it must be borne in mind that the septa do not develop simultaneously, hence a species in which the spores are more than 3-septate at maturity may only present 1 or 3 septa in the immature condition. * Spores 3-septate when mature. a atro-vinosa. Bloxam, MS., . 155, t. 25, fig. 31 ; Phil., Brit lad.). Gregarious or crowded, chcular or somewhat irregular, Patellaria atro-vinosa. Bloxam, MS., Currey, Linn. Trans., xxiv. p. 155, t. 25, fig. 31 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 369 (not Berk. & Bad.). PATELLAEIA. 101 applanate, £-f mm. across, disc piano, blackish-brown, the slightly upraised margin with a reddish-brown or vinous tinge ; asci cylindric-clavate, narrow and elongated, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly cylindric-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline with a tinge of green, 3-septate, 1 7-20 x 4 ^ ; paraphyses slender, about 1 • 5 p thick, hyaline, sometimes branched. J)urella atro-vinosa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3259. On bark. Type specimen examined. The disc is sometimes dark brown, margin lighter brown, with or without a vinous tinge. The spores may perhaps become 5-septate at maturity. Patellaria maura. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 368. Ascophores sessile, scattered, at first globose, becoming patellate, fuliginous-black; margin raised, crenulate or torn, about 1 mm. across ; asci cylindric-clavate, attenuated to a narrow base, 8-spored ; spores narrowly elongate-fusiform or subcylindrical, straight or curved, 30-38 x 5-6 p; para- physes filiform, tips hooked or curled. Peziza (Mollisia) maura, Phil. & Plow., Grevillea, vol. iv. p. 122, pi. 62, f. 3. Lecanidion maurum, Sacc., Syll., n. 3270. On dead wood. From the figure given in " Grevillea " we learn that the spores are irregularly biseriate and multi-guttulate ; also that the cortex of the excipulum is parenchymatous. The spores are presumably colourless, although we are not told so, and may possibly become septate, otherwise the species cannot be included in Patellaria. Patellaria proxima. B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 965; Ser. iii. vol. vii. p. 12, tab. xvi. fig. 18 (1861); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 363. Sessile, gregarious, orbicular, plane or very slightly convex ; black, disc often a tinge of olive or brown when moist, up to f mm. across; excipulum consisting of in- distinct, more or less parallel, dingy olive hyphae ; asci elavate, apex rounded, attenuated into a slender pedicel, 8-Bpored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, narrowly elliptic- 102 F.UNGUS-FLOBA. oblong, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, for a long time 3-septate, then sometimes becoming 4-5-septate, smooth, 18-24x5-7/i; paraphyses very numerous, very slender, rather wavy, more or less agglutenated together at the slightly thickened, coloured tips ; hypothecium pale brown. Lecanidion proximum, Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 3261. On old weathered oak wood. Type specimen examined. Patellaria clavispora. B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 774; Ser. ii. vol. xiii. p. 19 (1854); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 366, pi. xi. fig. 70. (figs. 15-20, p. 91.) Gregarious, bursting through the bark when present, at first subglobose, then expanding and becoming marginate, rather fleshy, contracting and slightly concave when dry, pitch-brown, glabrous, 1—1 • 5 mm. across ; excipulum con- sisting of interwoven hyphae which become clavate, septate, brown, and arranged more or less parallel at the surface and margin ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores biseriate upwards, in 1 row below, narrowly clavate, apex rounded, base tapering and acute, straight or very slightly curved, hyaline or with a tinge of green, 3-5-septate, with an indication of a constriction at the septa when mature, 30-36 X 5—6 p.; paraphyses numerous, slender, tips clavate or irregularly nodulose, septate, brown, adhering, sometimes branched. Durella clavispora, Sacc., Syll., n. 3257. On branches of privet, ash, &c. Type specimen examined. Eeadily distinguished under the microscope, by the clavate, septate spores, and paraphyses with brown, thickened tips. Patellaria macrospora. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 334. Usually gregarious, often on a pale crust- like patch, clavate and closed at first, then expanding and becoming nearly plane, black, margin greyish, up to £ mm. across; excipulum composed of parallel, thin, brown hyphae radially arranged; asci clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly fusiform, often with the widest PATELLAKIA. 103 part above the middle, and the apex "blunt, straight or slightly curved, at first continuous and 2-6-guttulate, then 3-5-eeptate, 15-21 X 3-4 p.; paraphyses slender, septate, branched above, tips 3-4 /x, across, olive-brown. Durella macrospora, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 281, tab. vi. fig. 24. Durella compressa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3242. On dead wood, oak, &c. Specimen examined from Fuckel's Fung. Khen., n. 1165; and Phillips' Elv. Brit., n. 131. Saccardo is probably correct in considering the present species to be the satne as P. compressa. Patellaria compressa. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 364. Scattered or gregarious, on a pale spot, sessile, innate, irregularly elliptical or roundish, with a delicate upraised margin, saucer-shaped when expanded, up to 1 mm. across, blackish-brown, compressed and shell-shaped when dry; asci clavate, rounded above, wall thick, 8-spored; spores elliptic or more or less fusiform, ends obtuse, 3-5-septate, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, 18—21 x 4— 5 /A; para- physes forked, septate, brownish at the apex; hypothecium yellowish. Peziza compressa, Pers., Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 34. Durella compressa. Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp., iii. t. 22, figs. 8-14; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 287, figs. 1-4, p. 282 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3242. On dead wood. Phillips gives the spores as 8-11 x 3'5 /x, which is smaller than I have seen in the many specimens examined. Stylospores sometimes present at the tips of the paraphyses, and resembling the ascospores in form and size. Patellaria connivens. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 366; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 365. (figs. 52-55, p. 12.) Gregarious, innate, seated on a white or greenish spot, sessile, rounded or elongated, up to \ mm. long, blackish- red, saucer-shaped when expanded, compressed and irregular when dry, excipulum thin, parenchymatous, cells small, irregularly polygonal ; asci clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored, elliptic-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, at first 6-8- 104 FUNGUS-FLORA. gnttulate, then more or less distinctly 3-7-septate, hyaline, 21-27 x 5-6 /A; parapbyses branched, very slender, apex yellowish ; hypothecium thin, almost colourless. Peziza connivens, Fr., Syst. Myc., ii. p. 151. Durella connivens, Rehm, 26tb. Ber. d. Natur. Yer. Augsb., p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3244. On branches of oak and beech, also on wood. Patellaria lonicerae. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 364. (fig. 27, p. 91.) Gregarious, sessile, entirely blackish, somewhat hemi- spherical then expanding, but the margin remaining more or less incurved, glabrous, up to £ mm. across ; excipulum con- sisting of irregularly parallel, brown, septate hyphae ; asci broadly clavate, usually curved, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly cylindric-fusiform, hyaline, at first rnany- guttulate, finally 7-septate, often very slightly curved, 30-42 x 4-7 /A; paraphyses numerous, filiform, about 1*5 /x thick, sometimes branched, lips not thickened, hyaline. Lecanidion lonicerae, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3267. On dead honeysuckle stem. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. Patellaria atrata. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 160 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 3C6; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 334, figs. 1-6, p. 295. Usually gregarious, black, sessile, at first clavate and closed, then expanding and becoming plane or slightly convex, marginate, orbicular or somewhat elongated, up to Ij mm. across, subcoriaceous ; excipulum consisting of parallel, septate, olive-brown hyphae ; asci clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored, wall thick ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elongated and narrowly clavate, or fusiform with the widest part above the middle and the apex blunt, often very slightly bent, hyaline, many-guttulate, then 7-11-septate, 35—45 x 8— 10 p.; paraphyses numerous, cylindrical, septate, blanched above, the tips clavate or sometimes nodulose, olive-green, 4-5 p. thick, agglutinated together. Lichen atratus, Hedwig, Spec. Muse. Frond., ii. p. 61, t. 21, fig. A. Lecanidion atratum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3261. PATELLABIA. 105 On decorticated wood, old sacking, &c., and according to Rehm, on stems of Lappa and Centaurea. Specimen examined from Kehm's Ascom., n. 574, and Phillips' Elv. Brit., n. 90. The specimen in the Kew copy of Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 336, labelled " Patellaria atrata /3, Fr.," is Biatorella resinae, Mndd. ** Spores more than 3-septate when mature. Patellaria atro-alba. Cooke, Hdbk., n. 2168; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 369. Gregarious or scattered, about f mm. across, concave then plane and applanate, orbicular, externally and the margin black, disc white ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irre- gularly 2-seriate, hyaline, 5-7-septate, narrowly elliptic-fusi- form, straight, 27-33 x 5 //. ; paraphyses slender, hyaline. Lecanidion atro-album, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3275. On decorticated branches. Type specimen examined. A very distinct and remarkable species, possessing all the morphological features of a typical Patellaria, but unique in the white disc. Patellaria subtecta. Cke., in Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 365. Scattered or gregarious, at first almost conical, then clavate, finally expanding and becoming discoid, about ^ mm. across, black; substance soft, collapsing when dry; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5-8 ft diameter, olive; paraphyses broadly clavate, often curved more or less, apex rounded, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical or narrowly elliptic-oblong, hyaline, smooth, 2-4-guttulate, ultimately 3-septate, 20-25 X 5-6 /t ; paraphyses numerous, slender, branched above and agglu- tinated together with olive mucilage ; excipulum thin, colourless. Lecanidion subtectum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3268. On inner bark of Cistus laurifolius. Type specimens examined. Cooke says, " Stylospores in the same hymenium, elongated, cylindrical, 5-8-guttulate, curved, on short sporophores seated amongst the asci, 30-50 x 5 ft." 106 FUNGUS-FLORA. Patellaria crataegi. Phil., Grev., vol. xvii. p. 46; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3276. " Caespitose or scattered, ewimpent, subglobose then patel- late, fixed by a central point, orbicular or the distinct margin sometimes more or less wavy, 1—1 • 5 mm. across ; disc black, externally blackish-brown ; excipulum white, composed of radiating, parallel, closely packed hyphae that become thick- ened, septate, and dark olive towards the surface ; asci nar- rowly clavate, apex narrowed, base contracted into a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores narrowly fusoid, the broadest part sometimes above the middle, multi-guttulate, then 3-5-sep- tate, hyaline, 35-60 x 4-5-6 //.; paraphyses slender and hyaline below, becoming, wider, septate, often more or less swollen at the septa, and brownish olive at the tips ; passing gradually into the structure of the excipulum. On twigs of hawthorn and blackthorn. The specimens on which Phillips founded the species do not appear to have been quite mature. In a batch forwarded to Kew for identification by Lars Eomell, from Sweden, some of the ascophores are exactly in the condition described by Phillips, while others show the spores 3-5-septate. Phillips describes the spores as " faintly coloured," this was not observed. Patellaria minutissima. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 362. Gregarious or scattered, about ^ mm. across, sessile, ex- panded when moist, compressed and somewhat contracted in the matrix when dry; margin entire, incurved; disc sooty- brown, externally blackish-brown ; asci clavate or cylindric- clavate, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, hyaline, 2-3-guttulate, at length 3-septate, 6 x 3' p,-; paraphyses filiform, slightly thickened at the bent tips. Lecanidion minutissimum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3278. On decayed wood. Patellaria lecideola. Karst., Myc. Fenn., p. 234, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 364 ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 330. Gregarious on a greyish spot, almost clavate and closed at first, then expanding, sessile, concave, horny, externally blackish-brown, disc black up to % mm. diameter; excipulum PATELLAKIA. 107 composed of very long, narrow, olive-brown cells radially arranged ; paraphyses narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, becoming 3-septate, hyaline, 12—18 X 4—5 p.; paraphyses slender, about 1J p. thick, hyaline, suddenly becoming pear- shaped and brown at the apex; hypothecium colourless. Peziza lecideola, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 151. Durella lecideola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3246. On dead wood of poplar and birch. Specimen examined from KlotKSch, Herb. Myc., ed. nov. Rabenh., n. 217. The present species is almost intermediate between Durella and Patellaria ; agreeing with the former in the thin, colour- less hypothecium ; with the latter in the firm excipulum not being truly parenchymatous. Patellaria hyperici. Phil., Grevillea, x. p. 69 ; Brit. Disc., p. 363. Gregarious or sometimes confluent and irregular in out- line, very minute, sessile and sinuate at first, then somewhat superficial, discoid, very thin, immarginato when moist, somewhat concave and marginate when dry, glabrous, black- ish-brown, up to £ mm. across ; excipulum minutely paren- chymatous ; asci clavate, narrowed below into a slender pedicel, 8-spored; spores elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, hya- line, 3-septate, straight or very slightly curved, 17-20 X 5-7 p. ; irregularly 2-seriate ; paraphyses numerous, filiform, about 2 /A thick, hyaline, apex very slightly or not at all thickened Lecanidion hyperici, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3288. On dead stems of Hypericum. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 191, examined. Cups 100 to 300 fi. broad, at first sinuate, then emerging. The sporidia of this species germinate freely within the ascus, thrusting the germ-tubes through the walls of the ascus ; the free sporidia often present a germ-tube twice their length while yet in the hymenium. (Phil.) \_It will be observed that the species, unfortunately, have not been arranged under the two sections depending on the number of septa.] 108 FUNGUS-FLORA. HETEROSPHAERIA. Grev. (figs. 47-51, p. 12.) Ascophore erumpent, "becoming superficial, globose but depressed above ; at first closed above by a thin membrane and slightly umbilicate, then expanding and exposing the disc, margin ragged, coriaceous, dark-coloured ; asci elon- gated, spores 8, septate at maturity, hyaline; paraphyses slender. Pycnidia are present in some species. Heterospliaeria, Greville, Scot. Crypt. Fl., p. 103, pi. 103; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 371, pi. xi. f. 71 ; Sacc., Syll., 8, p. 775. Not closely allied to any other British genus. The spores remain for a long time continuous, but become 3-septate •when quite mature. Heterosphaeria patella. Grev., Scot. Or. Fl., p. 103, pi. 103; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 371, pi. xi. f. 71 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 3187. (figs. 47-51, p. 12.) Scattered, erumpent becoming superficial, subgloboso and depressed above, sessile, umbilicate then expanding, the margin torn and sometimes finely striate, olive then blackish, coriaceous ; disc pale ; \— §• mm. across ; asci cylindric-cla- vate, spores 8, irregularly biseriate, elliptic-oblong, smooth, hyaline, often very slightly curved, continuous for a long time, then 1-3 septate, 14-16 x 4 /*; paraphyses filiform, apex fusiformly incrassated. Pycnidia. Resembling the ascophore, stylospores slenderly fusiform, both ends acute, hyaline, about 26 X 3 /u., sterig- mata short, filiform, usually branched. On dead herbaceous stems, more especially umbellifers. Phillips says that asci and stylospores are sometimes asso- ciated on the same disc, and it is very probable that the asci always follow the stylospores. SCUTULARIA. Karsten. (figs. 21-26, p. 91.) Ascophore erumpent, soon becoming quite superficial, orbi- cular, patellate, sessile, somewhat coriaceous or horny, mar- gin entire or ragged; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores elon- gated, very slender, multi-guttulate or multi-septate ; hya- line or with a slight tinge of colour ; paraphyses present. HETEROSPHAEHIA — SCUTULARIA. 109 Scutularia, Karsten, Eev., p. 153 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 807. Sphaeropezizella, Karst., Rev., p. 157. Patellaria, of many authors. Distinguished by the long, slender, guttulate or septate spores. Scutularia citrina. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3317. (figs. 21-26, p. 91.) Ascophore sessile, plane, rather fleshy, smooth and even, circular disc lemon-colour, externally paler, |-| mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells 9-12 p. diameter; asci nar- rowly cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel often crooked, 8-spored ; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, needle-shaped, ends pointed, multi-septate, 80-100 x 1 ' 5-2 p. ; paraphyses very slender, hyaline. Patellaria citrina, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 583 ; Ser. ii. vol. vii. p. 17 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 370. Ascobolus citrinus, Cheval., Fl. En. Par., i. t. 31. On rose twigs lying in a running stream. Berkeley's specimen examined. Our plant answers exactly in oiitward appearance to that of Chevallier, having a broad, flat, yellow hymenium, with a pale border. The asci are clavate, and contain long filiform sporidia. We suspect these are what Chevallier calls asci, considering the included granules as sporidia. (B. & Br.) Scutularia vermifera. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3310. Scattered, sessile, cupulate then patellate, black, glabrous, margin entire, about £ mm. broad ; aeci broadly clavate, 8-spored ; spores narrowly cylindrical, worm-like, multi-gut- tulate, 30-35 x 3 p ; paraphyses slenderly filiform, abundant, branched. Patellaria vermifera, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 369. On dead branches of decorticated holly. Specimen not examined. Scutularia littoralis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3311. Scattered or crowded, |-| mm. across; externally black and granular, disc fuliginous-brown, concave, margin in- curved, serrated ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores linear-fusiform, 3-6-guttulate, straight or slightly curved, 25 x 2 p. ; paraphyses filiform, slender. 110 FUNGUS-FLORA. Peziza (Mollisia) litoralis, Phil. & Plow., Grevillea, vol. iv. p. 121, pi." 62, fig. 4. Patellaria litoralis, Brit. Disc., p. 368. On dead wood washed up from a lock. Not examined. CELIDIUM. Tul. (emended.) (figs. 14-17, p. 12.) Ascophore parasitic on the thallus or apothecia of lichens ; innate, erumpent, plane or becoming convex, blackish; excipulum incomplete or absent ; asci clavate, sessile, wall often thickened at the apex, 6-8-spored ; spores 3-septate, hyaline ; paraphyses numerous, longer than the asci, more or less adhering to each other. Celidium, Tulasne, Mem. p. 121 (1852); Sacc., Syll, viii. p. 742. Arthonia, Leight., Lichen Fl. p. 414 (in part). Lecidea, Leighton, Lich. Fl., p. 240 (in part). The members of the present genus have until recently been considered as belonging to the Lichenes (= Lichen- fungi) ; but as there is no trace of a thallus, the algal element (gonidia) is necessarily absent; the fungal part, having its mycelium ramifying in the living tissues of its host, and its reproductive portion formed at the surface, alone being present. Celidium varians. Arnold, Flora, 1862, p. 313; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3044. (figs. 47-51, p. 12.) Ascophore about 1 mm. across, dull black, more or less circular, plane then slightly convex, disc minutely rugulose, scattered or confluent ; epithecium blackish green, internally brownish ; asci obovate, base broad, sessile, wall very much thickened at the apex, 8-spored ; spores in 2-3 irregular rows or altogether inordinate, oblong or oblong-clavate, ends obtuse, hyaline, 3-soptate at maturity, often for a long time 1— 2-septate, 12—17 X 5—7 //.; paraphyses numerous, longer than the asci, septate, somewhat clavate and blackish olive above, agglutinated together, 3-4 p thick above. Lichen varians, Dav., Trans. Linn. Soc., ii. p. 284 (1793). Arthonia varians, Leighton, Lichen Flora, p. 426. CELIDIUM — BLITRYDIUM. Ill Parasitic on the apothecia, rarely on the thallus of Lecanora glaucoma, where it forms minute black points. Specimen in Larbal., Lich. exs., n. 155, examined. BLITRYDIUM. De Not. (figs. 36, 37, p. 91.) Ascophore coriaceous-fleshy, orbicular, base narrowed, at first closed and inflated, then splitting above somewhat irregularly, or becoming patellate with an almost entire margin; asci cylindrical, 2-4-8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, broadly elliptical, murifona, hyaline or tinged with colour ; paraph"}- ses present. Blitrydium, De Notaris, Disc., p. 20; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 802. Tryblidium, Rebent., Neom., p. 388 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 757. Readily distinguished by the very large, muriform spores. Blitrydium caliciiforme. De Not., Disc. p. 20 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3293. (figs. 36, 37, p. 91.) Scattered or gregarious, depresso-globose, closed at first, then opening by an irregular stellate rupture of the upper part of the excipulum ; disc concave, pallid with a pinkish tinge, grey or blackish when dry; externally blackish- brown, minutely rugulose or verrucose, 1 • 5-2 • 5 mm. across ; excipulum indistinctly parenchymatous, cells minute, brownish; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed, 2-4-spored ; spores 1-seriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, with a tinge of greenish-yellow, muriform, cells small, numerous, cuboid, 35-55 x 17-21 /*; paraphyses numerous, about 2 p. thick, tips slightly or not at all thickened, sometimes branched, tinged yellow. Triblidium caliciiforme, Reb., Neom. p. 388 ; Gooke, Hdbk., p. 757, fig. 358. On branches of lime and oak, and on bark. The ascophore bursts through a crack in the bark, but when adult and expanded appears to be quite superficial ; base narrowed. Hypothecium thick. Blitrydium melaxanthum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3307. Scattered, sessile, globose at first, then expanding and becoming flat ; disc pale dingy yellow ; externally blackish- olive, margin rather fleshy, rugulose, incurved at opposite 112 FUNGUS-FLORA. sides when dry and forming a narrow central slit, about 1 mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells minute, brownish ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, at first 3-septate, then with a few vertical or oblique septa becoming muriform, furnished with a narrow hyaline border, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, 21—26 x 10—12 /z ; paraphyses very numerous, slender, about 1*5 /t thick, hyaline, held together by mucus. Patellaria melaxantha, Fries, Summa. Yeg. Scand., p. 366 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 370. On dry wood, pine bark, &c. Specimen in Eabh., Herb. Myc., ed. ii., n. 709, examined. Fam. IV. DERMATEAE. Ascophores erumpent, sessile or narrowed to a veiy short stem-like base, usually caespitose and springing in numbers from a common stroma ; corky or coriaceous ; blackish or brown, often scurfy or mealy on the outside; asci 4-8-spored, or in some genera containing numerous very minute con- tinuous spores; when 8 in number in an ascus the spores are continuous, or 1 -many-septate ; paraphyses present. Pycnidia and spermagonia are present in some genera. The plants in this order are characterised by their firm texture and dark colour, varying from rhubarb-brown to umber-brown and black ; they are nearly all erumpent, and the majority caespitose and united at the base, as if arising from a common stroma. (Phillips.) ANALYSIS OF THE GENEEA. A. Spores hyaline. Cenangium. Spores elliptical, continuous. Scleroderris. Spores elliptical, 1-2-seriate, 3-many- septate. Tympanis. Spores minute, innumerable. Crumenula. Spores very long, needle-shaped, in a parallel fascicle. CENAXGIUM. 113 B. Spores coloured. Schweinitzia. Spores continuous. Phaeangella. Spores 1-septate (hyaline in one species). CENANGIUM. Fries. Ascophores erumpent, becoming superficial, often caes- pitose and springing from a common stroma ; at first closed then becoming urceolate or patellate, coriaceous or somewhat horny, usually scurfy or mealy outside, blackish or brown ; asci 4-8-spored; spores elongated, continuous, hyaline; paraphyses present. Pycnidia or spermagonia present in some species. Cenangium, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 180 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 34-i ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 556. Dermatea, Fries, Summa Veg., p. 362 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 550 ; Phil., Brit. Disc, (in part). Pezicula, Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 310 (in part). Distinguished by the crowded ascophores, which are frequently scurfy or mealy outside, and the hyaline continuous spores. * Growing on Angiosperms. Cenangium furfuraceum. De Notaris, Disc., p. 30 ; Rehrn, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 219 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2331. Caespitose or solitary, erumpent, sessile and attached by a narrowed base, rather dry and leathery, at first closed then expanding; margin remaining more or less incurved, entire, disc cinnamon, externally densely covered with rust-coloured scurf or meal; size very variable, |-1| cm. across; hypothecium and excipulum consisting of thick-walled, hyaline, intricately interwoven hyphae, passing into paren- chyma at the cortex, which runs out into irregular clusters of thick-walled, brown, subglobose cells, 10-13 p diameter, forming the scurfy exterior ; asci clavate, apex rather narrowed, running down into a long, slender pedicel, 8- spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, con- tinuous, cylindric-oblong, ends obtuse, usually slightly VOL. rv. i 114 FUNGUS-FLOE A. curved, 2-4-guttulate, 6-12 x 2 • 5-3 p. ; paraphyses numerous, slightly thickened and brown at the tip. Peziza furfuracea, Eoth, Catal. Bot., p. 257, t. 9, fig. 3. Dermatea furfuracea, Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., p. 362. Encoelia furfuracea, Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 218; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 337. On alder, hazel, &c. Varying greatly in size from 1-J lines to -J- an inch broad. Caespitose or solitary, erumpent, variously deformed by pressure, coated with a pale rusty ineal ; hymenium cinna- mon. (Phil.) Specimen examined from Cooke's Fung. Brit., exs. n. 453. Cenangium Bloxami. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2343. Gregarious or often caespitose, saucer-shaped, narrowed to a short, stem-like base, margin slightly wavy, coriaceous, |-1 cm. across; excipulum internally consisting of inter- woven hyphae, becoming parenchymatous at the periphery, purple brown ; disc brownish, externally blackish-brown and minutely verrucose or scurfy; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, usually 1-2-guttulate, 4-6 x 2*5 /x; paraphyses filiform, not thickened upwards, ad- herent. Encoelia Bloxami, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 338. On dead wood. Fusiform, 1 - septate stylospores, hyaline at first then tinged brown, 20—24 X 4—5 /n, are very abundant on the disc along with the asci, and ai-e borne singly at the apex of slender filaments resembling the ordinary paraphyses in length and thickness. The colours given above are derived from dried specimens, and may require modification when the living condition is observed. Type specimen examined. Cenangium populneum. Eehm, Krypt. -Flora, Disc., p. 220, figs. 2-5, p. 215 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2333. Caespitose, rarely solitary, erumpent, sessile and attached by a narrowed point, thin and leathery ; closed when young, then expanding, margin usually somewhat wavy, incurved, especially when dry, often irregular from mutual pressure ; CENANGIUM. 115 disc dark brown, often paler with age, externally blackish somewhat wrinkled and minutely scurfy or mealy, £-1 cm. across ; hypothecium and excipulum composed of hyaline, densely interwoven hyphae, passing into parenchyma at the cortex, which runs out into irregular groups of thick- walled, brown, almost globose cells 6-8 p. diameter and forming the scurfy exterior ; asci cylinclric-clavate, slenderly stipitate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuotis, cylindric-obiong, ends obtuse, straight or slightly curved, 14 x 3-5-4 p.; paraphjses numerous, septate, tip slightly thickened and brownish. Peziza populnea, Pers., Teut. Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 35 (1797). Peziza fascicularis, Alb. and Schw., Consp. Fung. Nisk., p. 315, t. 12, fig. 2 (1805). Encoclia fascicularis, Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 217; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 336. On dead branches of poplar, ash, willow, &c. Distinguished from C. furfuracea by the thinner hyphae of the excipulum, smaller cells of the cortex forming the external scurf, larger spores, and blackish exterior of the ascophore. Cups about 4 lines broad. Caespitose, 6 to 12 united, but sometimes solitary, thin, submembranaceous, hemispherical, but compressed, and margin sinuate; externally blackish, coated with a fugacious meal. (Phil.) Specimens examined from Cooke's Fung. Brit., exs., n. 478, and Eehm's Ascom., n. 301. Cenangium pulveraceum. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 181 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 347 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 228 ; Sacc., Syll, viii. n. 2293. Erumpent, caespitose or sometimes gregarious, but distinct from each other, subglobose and closed at first, becoming hemispherical, margin incurved and closed when dry, disc pale yellow, externally blackish, but densely covered with white or greyish meal, narrowed below into a short, stem- like, hard base, which is blackish within, up to 1 mm. across ; excipulum brownish, consisting of densely interwoven hyphae ; asci clavate, pedicel slender, 8-spored ; spores irre- gularly 2-seriate above, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, hyaline, i 2 116 FUNGUS-FLOE A. smooth, continuous, straight, 5-9 X 2-2-5 yu,; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened and almost colourless at the tip. Peziza pulveracea, A. & S., Consp. Fung. Nisk., p. 342, t. 8, fig. 2. On bark of holly, birch, beech, sloe, &c. Specimen in Vize, Micro-Fung. Brit., n. 387, examined. Cenangium amoenum. Mass. Ascophores sometimes caespitose, sometimes circinate, arising from a blackish stroma, subglobose and closed at first, then expanding and becoming obconic and truncate ; disc •Orbicular, nearly plane, immarginate ; fleshy, glabrous, .shining golden yellow, 1—1 '5 mm. across; asci elongated •cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, elliptic-oblong, hyaline, continuous, usually slightly curved, 16-19 x 5-6 p.. Dermatea amoena, Tul., Bot. Ztg., 1853, p. 54; Phil., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 94. Pezicula amoena, Tul., Carpol., iii. p. 184, pi. 21, figs. 1-9; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2022 (in note). On dead oak branches. Autumn. Cups not exceeding | a line, bursting forth in masses from the dry bark in autumn and winter. Spermatia naked, i.e., not inclosed in spermogonia, evanescent; they are straight •or curved and continuous, 3|— 4 rarely 6 //, long. Stylospores or conidia are produced in little unequal locula within the stroma, escaping through narrow chinks. They are narrowly oblong, sometimes claviform, continuous, 192-225 p. long, 4—5 or sometimes 6-7 p broad. (Phillips.) Cenangium cerasi. Mass. In groups of 2—4 or solitary, erumpent, sessile, at first globose, closed, and reddish-brown, expanding and becoming plane with a slightly raised, often wavy margin, disc blackish-brown, 2-4 mm. across ; externally blackish, wrinkled, more or less mealy ; hypothecium and excipulum yellowish, consisting of rather thick, intricately interwoven liyphae, passing at the extreme surface into a pseudoparen- chymatous cortex of small, dark brown cells; asci clavate, thick-walled, . 6-8 - spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, smooth, hyaline, cylindric-fusiform, ends obtuse, often 1-2- CENANGIUM. 117 guttulate, at length 1-septate, sometimes tinged brown at maturity, 15-20 X 4-5 p.; paraphyses septate, becoming gra- dually thicker upwards, tip yellowish-brown, 5—6 p. thick. Dermatea cerasi, De Notaris, Disc., p. 18 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 341; Sacc., Syll., viii. 2268; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 247. Peziza cerasi, Pers., Teut. Meth. Disp. Fung., p. 35. Pycnidia. Mixed with the ascophores or separate, conical, leathery, externally scurfy, dehiscing by a minute apical pore ; stylospores hyaline, cylindric-fusiform, wavy, up to 50 ^ long, apical on slender sterigmata. Micropera drupacearum, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., iii. vol. v. p. 283. Spermogonia. Smaller than the pycnidia ; spermatia filiform, curved, 13-16 p.; sterigmata very slender, short, branched. Sphaeria dubia, Pers., Ic. Pict., iv. p. 4, pi. 20, t 1. On dry branches of bird cherry (Cerasus avium). Specimen named by Persoon examined ; also specimens from Cooke, Fung. Brit., exs., ed. ii., n. 659, and Kehm, Ascom., n. 421. Cenangium dryinum. Mass. Usually caespitose in small clusters, or in lines, rarely solitary, erumpent, sessile and fixed by a small central point, subglobose and closed at first, then becoming plane or slightly convex, marginate or not, yellowish-red, dingy ochraceous when dry, about 1 mm. across, externally, and the disc very minutely pulverulent ; excipulum composed of parallel septate hyphae, these become free from each other, broader, and more closely septate at the periphery, yellowish ; asci clavate, pedicel rather long and narrowed, thick walled, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, elliptic-oblong, usually slightly curved, hyaline, contents often granular, continuous, 25-30 x 7-9 p. ; paraphyses slender, tips clavate or capitate, up to 6-7 p. across, yellow-brown, septate ; hypothecium yellow. Dermatia dryina, Cke., Grev., vii. p. 62 (name only) ; in Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 340. Pezicula dryina, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1302. On oak bark. 118 FUNGUS-FLORA. Type specimen examined. The present species possesses so many points in common with. Scleroderris rubi, that I am by no means certain that it may not eventually prove to be a stage of the last named. The spores, certainly, so far as I have observed, are perma- nently continuous, but further observations may modify character. In Cooke's diagnosis the measurement given for the spores is too large. The distinguishing points of the present species, as at present understood and contrasted with S. rubi, are : caespi- tose habit, slightly larger spores, less orange in colour, and growing on oak bark. Cenangium umbrinum. Mass. Gaespitose, erumpent, turbinate and closed at first, soon expanding; disc nearly plane, umber, nearly black when dry; externally tawny then cinnamon, minutely scurfy, margin often more or less wavy, 1-2 mm. across ; asci, cylindrical, 8-spored; spores elliptical, 1-guttulate at first, smooth, continuous, hyaline at first, then faintly tinged brown, 15-16 X 7 ft; paraphyses linear. Dermatea umbrina, Cke. & Mass., Grev., vol. xxi. p. 72. On dead branches of Ulex. Described from type. Cenangium leoninum. Cke. & Mass., Grev., vol. xxi. p. 72. Caespitose, stipitate, at first turbinate and closed, then expanding, the pale, chestnut-brown disc becoming almost or quite plane, with a distinct upraised margin, which is strongly incurved when dry, up to 4 mm. across, external surface golden-yellow to tawny-orange, radiately rugulose and minutely velvety ; excipulum composed of slender, hyaline hyphae much interwoven, and ending at the surface in inflated, hyaline, 1-2-septato hairs, 15-20 X 4-5 p., these form the velvety surface ; stem 10-15 mm. long, stout at the base, yellow and velvety, often branched, each branch ending in an ascophore ; asci cylindrical, stipitate, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, 2-guttulato, hyaline, continuous, 9-10 x 4/i ; paraphyses filiform. On hard decorticated wood. Described from type specimen. CENANGIUM. 119 :* Growing on Gymnosperms. Cenangium abietis. Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 227 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2312. Caespitose, erumpent, sessile but attached by a narrowed base, at first nearly globose and closed, then turbinate, finally expanding, but the margin remaining incurved, irre- gular from lateral pressure, incurved and closed when dry, coriaceo-membranaceous, 2—4 mm. across ; disc yellowish or olive-brown, externally wrinkled and at first covered with a reddish brown powder; hypothecium and excipulum tinged brown, formed of densely interwoven hyphae, which pass into a very compact, dark brown parenchymatous cortex of small thick-walled cells ; asci clavate, shortly stipitate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, or sometimes almost 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptic-fusi- form, 10-12 x 5-7 fjt., often with granular contents ; para- physes rather longer than the asci, slender, tip thickened up to 4-5 //,, brownish. Peziza abietis, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 671 (1801). Cenangium ferruginosum. Fries, Vet. Akad. Handb., p. 361 (1818) ; Phil., Brit., Disc., p. 346. Spermogonia. Perithecia gregarious, erumpent, minute substipitate, orbicular, plane or umbilicate, black, at first closed then opening with a torn margin ; sporules ovate- oblong, continuous, hyaline, 8 x 4 p. Dothichiza ferruginosa, Sacc., Syll., iii. 3557. On fallen branches of Scotch fir and other species of Pinus. Distinguished from allied species by habitat and also by the broad spores. Specimens examined from Cooke, Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 195 ; Eehm, Ascom. n. 578 ; Fries, Scler. Suec., n 292, and Holl, Schmidt, and Kunze, Deutschl. Schwamme, n. cl. Cenangium nectrioid.es. Mass. Gregarious or caespitose, erumpent, sessile, at first sub- globose then plane, orbiculate, reddish-brown; disc at first bright orange-red, becoming pale tan colour; asci cylin- draceo-clavate; spores 8, oblong-elliptic or oblong, rounded at the ends, witli one or two large guttulae, straight or 120 FUNGUS-FLORA. slightly bent, 20-25 x 7 p; paraphyses filiform, slender, branched. Dermatea nectrioides, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 340. Pezicula nectrioides, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1301. On cones of Pinus sylvestris. Ascophores 300-500 p. broad, issuing singly or in groups of two or three through an elongated slit in the epidermis, which is usually black on the margin. They are at first globose, bright orange-red, shining, hardly to be distin- guished from a Nectria ; at a later stage the disc becomes plane or convex, and pale tan colour. (Phillips.) Unknown to me. Cenangium acicolum. Eehm., Kypt. -Flora, Disc., p. 228 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2314. Gregarious, erumpent, at first clavate or top-shaped and closed then expanding; disc almost plane at maturity, yellowish brown, externally the same colour, the delicate margin somewhat paler ; narrowed at the base into a very short, thick, stem-like base, 1—3 mm. broad, coriaceous, becoming contorted and minutely scurfy outside when dry; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, straight, not guttulate, 12-14 X 3 • 5-4 • 5 p. ; paraphyses slende r, the yellow-brown tips clavate, 4-5 p. thick. Cenangium ferruginosum, var. acicolum, Fuckel, Symb. Myc.r p. 269. On fallen leaves of Scotch fir. Specimen in Fckl., Fung. Ehen., n. 1123, examined. SCLEEODEREIS. Fries, (figs. 28-31 and 48-50, p. 91.) Ascophores erumpent, then superficial, often caespitose and springing from a common stroma, coriaceous or horny, brown or blackish, rarely bright-coloured, often more or less mealy or scurfy externally; at first closed then expanding and becoming patellate, margin often miuutely irregular; asci 8-spored ; spores elongated, becoming 3-many-septate, hyaline, rarely tinged with colour at maturity ; paraphyses present. SCLERODERRIS. 121 Scleroderris, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 178; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 594. Cerangium and Dermatea (in part) of some authors. The 3-many-septate, hyaline spores stamp the present genus. * Growing on Angiosperms. Scleroderris ribesia. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 215 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 209 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2456. (figs. 48-50, p. 91.) Erumpent ; ascophores 4-12, crowded on a common stroraa, turbinate, stem-like base more or less developed, at first closed then expanded, but the minutely ragged margin persistently incurved, externally blackish-brown, margin minutely striately wrinkled, glabrous, coriaceous ; excipulum composed of parallel, septate, brown hyphae that pass into a very narrow parenchymatous cortex ; disc yellowish brown or greyish ; 2-4 mm. across, 1-2 mm. high ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores very narrowly clavate, apex rounded, base sharp, straight many-guttulate then 3-5- septate, hyaline 25-40 x 3-4 //., irregularly 2-seriate ; para- physes filiform, hyaline. Cenangium ribis, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 179; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 349. Peziza ribesia, Pers., Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 35. On twigs of red and black currant. Specimen examined in Fries, Scler., Suec., n. 31. Also Eehm, Ascom., n. 422, and Vize, Micro-Fung. Brit. n. 485. Pycnidia either separate or springing from the ascophores, subglobose, brown, glabrous, greyish and wrinkled when dry; substance of excipulum minutely parenchymatous; conidia elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, hyaline, usually 2— guttulate, 6-11 yu,; conidiophores subulate, about 3 //, long. Sphaeria ribesia, Link, Hdbk. iii. p. 76. Fuckelia ribis, 13ourd., Diss. Myc., iv. p. 135. Scleroderris seriata. Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 211; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2548. Ascophores erumpent in narrow, black lines 1—2 cm. long, bursting through the bark at right angles to the long axis 122 FUNGUS-FLORA. of the branch, springing from a common, thin, blackish, stroma, globose, rather depressed above, narrowed below into a very short, stem-like base, at length opening and becoming almost plane, usually more or less marginate, horny, blackish-brown, glabrous, up to 1 mm. high and broad ; excipulum brownish, composed of densely interwoven hyphae, passing into a very compact, blackish cortex ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, contracted below into a long, slender pedicel, 8-spored, spores hyaline, continuous, multi-guttulate, narrowly fusiform, ends pointed, usually curved, 40-50 x 3-3-5 p; paraphyses slender sometimes branched, not thickened at the tip. Cenangium seriatum, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p: 185; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 348. Spermogonia and Pycnidia occur along with the ascigerous form, and are usually more numerous. Spermogonia. Subglobose, depressed above and opening by a minute pore ; spermatia very narrowly lanceolate, ends acute, 14-15 p. long. Pycnidia. Minute, conical, slender, blackish, furnished with an apical pore ; stylospores hyaline, linear-lanceolate, ends pointed, curved, about 30 /A long. On Setula alba. Kehm says also on Sorbus aria. Specimens examined in Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 161, and Eoum., Fung. Sel. Gal., n. 336. The spores appear to be somewhat variable in size; Kehm says 35-45 x 3—4 /*.. This is the same as Tulasnes' measure- ments in Sel. Fung. Carp., iii. p. 160; Phillips says " pseudo- multi-septate, 55-85 X 2-3 p." Scleroderris frangulae. Mass. Erumpent, scattered or arranged in lines and springing from a thin, yellowish stroma, turbinate, truncate above, narrowed into a very short, stout, stem-like base, disc plane, dark brown, blackish when dry, externally blackish, sub- coriaceous, |-1| mm. across; excipulum pseudoparenchy- matous, pale brown, cortex composed of parallel rows of brown, septate hyphae ; asci clavate, narrowed below into a slender pedicel, wall thick, 4 less frequently 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, smooth, at first continuous and 1-guttulate, finally 3-4-septate, pale SCLERODERRIS. 123 brown at maturity; 15-21 x 6-8 p; paraphyses septate, often branched above, tips thickened, brown. Peziza frangulac, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 324. Tympanis frangulae, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 174; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 351. Dermatella frangulae, Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 209 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. D. 2021. On branches of EJiamnus frangula. Specimen in Cooke's Fung. Brit., n. 310, examined. According to Fuckel — Symb. Myc., p. 279, tab. iv. fig. 46 — the spores are muriform and brown at maturity. Pycnidia. Intermixed with the ascophores, conico-globose, with a minute pore at the apex ; stylospores elongate-ovate, straight or slightly curved, continuous, hyaline, 25 X 6*5 //,. Sphaeronema versiforme, A. & S., Consp. Fung. Nisk., p. 52, pi. ix. fig. 3. Scleroderris rubi. Mass. Gregarious, erumpent, sessile but attached by a narrow central point, at first subglobose and closed, soon expanding and becoming patellate, plane or slightly convex, often more or less marginate, 1-1 • 5 mm. across, entirely orange-brown and minutely pulverulent; excipulum dingy orange, con- sisting of parallel rows of septate hyphae that become clavate, septate, and free from each other at the circum- ference, the terminal subglobose cells are sometimes studded with minute particles of lime; asci clavate or sometimes cylindrical, and narrowed abruptly into a short pedicel, wall thick, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptic-oblong or fusoid, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, often guttu- late and with granular contents, smooth, for a long time continuous, finally 3-septate, 18—25 x 6—7 /j. ; paraphyses filiform, septate, tips clavate, coloured orange-brown, up to 6 p. thick ; gradually passing into the structure of the excipulum ; hypothecium yellow. Patellaria rubi, Libert, PI. Crypt. Arduen., Fasc. iii. n. 231 (1834). Peziza rhabarbarina, Berk., Eiig. Flora, vol. v. p. 197 (1836). Dermatea rubi, Eehm, Krypt.-Fl., Disc., p. 258. Dermatea rhabarbarina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 343. 124 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Pezicula rhabarbarina, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1295. On dead branches of bramble and dog-rose. Specimens examined in Libert's Crypt. Ard., Fasc. iii. n. 231; Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 271 ; and Cooke, Fung. Brit , ed. ii., n. 656. The ultimate cells of the hyphae of the excipulum soon break away and remain as glistening meal ; the pulverulent appearance of the disc is due to the detached subglobose cells forming the tips of the paraphyses, which become free very readily, but remain on the disc. The spores remain continuous for a long time, and as a rule I find only this condition of things, yet I have, at the same time, certainly seen 3-septate spores, and they may probably become more than 3-septate. Scleroderris Houghtoni. Mass. (figs. 28-31, p. 91.) Solitary, more frequently caespitose, erumpent ; ascophores at first globose, then turbinate, base often combined into a common stroma, dirty yellow, becoming brown ; disc plane or convex, immarginate, pruiuose ; asci broadly clavate ; spores 8, oblong-elliptic, often unequal-sided, greenish- hyaline, 3-guttulate, becoming 2-3-pseudo-septate, 27 x 6-9 /*; paraphyses filiform, branched. Dermatea Houghtoni, Phil., Grev., vi. p. 24; Brit. Disc., p. 342. Dermatella Houghtoni, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2032. On dead branches of Portugal laurel. The cups break through transverse slits in the bark, forming elongated groups, arising from a common stroma ; within they are cinnamon-yellow. (Phillips.) Scleroderris fuliginosa. Karst, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 216 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 210, figs. 3-7, p. 201 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2459. Erumpent, caespitose or gregarious, grouped into broadly effused blackish patches, sessile but narrowed below into a stout stem-like base, springing from a thin, blackish stroma which spreads under the cuticle, at first obovate and closed at the slightly depressed summit, then opening by a small, torn mouth; disc greyish-white, externally blackish, naked, SCLERODERRIS. 125 thin and coriaceous, §-H mm. across; cortex composed of •parallel, septate, dark brown hyphae radiating from base to margin ; asci cylindric-clavate, narrow, rounded above, 8- : spored ; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, linear- fusiform, both ends pointed, straight or slightly curved, ! becoming 5-7-septate, 60-70 X 2-5-3-5 p.; paraphyses i slender, hyaline, sometimes branched, tip not thickened. Cenangium fuliginosum, Fries, Elench. Fung., ii. p. 23 ; Phil, Brit. Disc., p. 348. Pycnidia. Accompanying the ascophores, globose, smooth, j blackish, opening by a pure at the summit; stylospores I narrowly fusiform or falciform, hyaline, straight or curved, I 3-septate, 20-30 X 2-5/x. Pilidium carbonaceum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 442. On willow branches. Specimen in Mong. & Nest., Stirp. Crypt., n. 889, examined. Scleroderris majuscula. Cke. & Mass., Grev., vol. xxi. p. 73. Erumpent then superficial, stipitate, large, scattered, 1 tough, turbinate and closed, then expanding and becoming I almost plane, margin slightly incurved, becoming strongly contracted and rigid when dry, 5-7 mm. across ; disc dark purple-brown, externally clove-brown, glabrous but wrinkled when dry; stem about 2 mm. long, slender, expanding upwards into the ascophore ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, ends narrowed, hyaline, 3-septate, 15 X 7 /A; I paraphyses filiform. On oak bark. Described from type. Scleroderris pseudoplatani. Mass. Caespitose, erumpent, sessile or substipitate ; disc at first convex then a little depressed, hoary-white, becoming at times pale yellowish brown ; asci broadly clavate ; spores 8, biseriate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, with 3 guttulae, at length 3-septate, 15-17 X 5-7 p.; paraphyses clavate at the summits. Dermatea pseudoplatani, Phil., Grev., vol. xvii. p. 45 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2274. 126 FUNGUS-FLOEA. On "bark of Acer pseudoplatanus. October. The cups are ^— J line broad, rarely single, erumpent, and remarkable for their hoary whiteness. (Phillips.) Unknown to me. Scleroderris cinnamomea. Mass. Solitary or caespitose, sessile or substipitate, disc plane or convex, cinnamon-yellow, a little pulverulent beneath ; asci clavate; spores 8, oblong, rounded at the ends, unequal- sided, 2- to 3-guttulate, at length 1- to 3-pseudo-septate, 20-30 x 8-10 p. ; paraphyses filiform, slender. Dermatea cinnamomea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 342, pi. x. fig. 65. On maple bark. A somewhat uncertain species, of which I have not seen a specimen. In the above description from Phillips, the spores are said to be "pseudo-septate," whereas in the figure in Brit. Disc., pi. x. fig. 65, some of the spores are distinctly and strongly 3-septate. Phillips considers this to be the Peziza cinnamomea, D. C., Flor. Fr., p. 13. Kehrn, on the other hand, quotes Phillips's species under Dermatea alni, Eehm, with a query. Saccardo — Syll., viii. n. 1294, — on the other hand, quotes the plant of Phillips under Pezicula cinnamomea, Sacc., which in turn is considered as being identical with Peziza cinnamomea, D. C. ** Growing on Gymnosperms. Scleroderris amphibola. Gillet, Disc. Fr., p. 198; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2465. Erumpent, soon quite superficial; usually scattered and solitary, rarely in small groups; sessile, attached by a central point, at first closed and subglobose, then expanding and becoming concave, finally plane or slightly convex, immarginate, black, slightly rugulose ; excipulum formed of parallel, septate, olive hyphae, that become darker in colour and parenchymatous at the surface ; asci clavate, apex rounded, wall thick upwards, narrowed and usually bent at the base, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, or sometimes 1-seriate, narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, 3-5-septate, 16-22 X 3-3 '5 p.; paraphyses a little SCLEKODERKIS. 127 longer than the asci, slender, apex thickened and olive, sometimes branched, very numerous. Phragmophora amphibola, Massal., Framm., p. 13. Tympanis amphibola, Karsten, Symb. Myc., p. 252; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 352. On bark of Scotch fir. Specimens examined from Karsten, Fung. Fenn., n. 840, and Saccardo, Myc. Yen., n. 1388. According to Phillips the spermogonia are scattered, convex or subconical, minute; spermatia oblong, simple, 3-5 x 1-1 ' 5 /*. Scleroderris livida. Mass. Gregarious or confluent, hemispherical then almost plane, slightly narrowed to a very short stem-like base, or almost sessile, but attached by a central point only, up to 1 mm. across, disc yellowish-olive, with a buff tinge when dry, margin and externally pale, very minutely scurfy ; excipuluin densely parenchymatous ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, attemiated below into a longish, slender pedicel, thick-walled, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate above, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, at first 4- guttulate, then 3-septate, straight or very slightly curved, 24-30 X 5-6 /x,; paraphyses numerous, slender, somewhat irregularly curved, often with short branchlets, in other instances all simple and equal. Patellaria livida, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 775 (1854). Patellaria comtipata, Cke., Hdbk., n. 2176. Dermatea linda, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 340. Durella livida, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3260. Dermatolla livida, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2027. On bark of firs. Type specimen examined. Scleroderris fagi. Mass. Erumpent, the orbicular or elliptic groups 1 to 8 lines across, splitting the epidermis ; ascophores plane or slightly convex, mostly immarginate, when moist orange-yellow, when dry ferruginous-yellow, pruinose, densely crowded on an evident stroma ; stem when present stout, continuous with the stroma ; asci broadly clavate ; spores 8, elliptic or 128 FUNGUS-FLORA. oblong-elliptic, filled with coarsely grained protoplasm, sometimes becoming muriform, 18-23 x 9-12 p.; paraphyses slenderly filiform, abundant. Stylospores oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 10-20 x 7-9 /u, produced on the surface of the stroma in tufts between the ascophores or clavate sporophores. Dermatea fagi, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 344. Dermatella (Dermina) fagi, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2033. On Fagus sylvatica. The ascophores are -£-| a line broad. The conidia are produced in such quantity as to form a pale stratum visible under a pocket lens. (Phillips.) If the spores are truly muriform at maturity, the present species would form the type of a new genus, which, following custom, would be called Dermina, the name used by Saccardo for the subgenus of Dermatella having the spores muriform. Phillips speaks of the spores, "sometimes becoming muriform," but nothing is said about transverse septation, which usually precedes the muriform arrangement. TYMPANIS. Tode. (figs. 45-47, p. 91.) Ascophores erumpent, becoming superficial, usually in dense clusters and originating from a common stroma, at first closed then expanding, the disc becoming almost or quite plane, somewhat horny, blackish or brown, sometimes powdered with meal outside ; excipulum formed of densely interwoven hyphae ; asci cylindric-clavate, wall thick, spores hyaline, continuous, very minute, innumerable, in some species eight large spores are present along with the minute ones ; paraphyses present. Tympanis, Tode, Fungi Meckl., i. p. 23 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 351 ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 264; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 578. Growing on branches, bark, &c., usually on living trees. Eeadily distinguished by the innumerable, minute spores contained in the thick-walled ascus. Tympanis conspersa. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 175. (figs. 45-47, p. 91.) Erumpent, 20-40 ascophores densely crowded and origi- TYMPAXIS. 129 nating from a common stroma, at first closed then ex- panding and exposing the somewhat depressed disc, which is more or less distinctly marginate ; disc circular or irregular from nmtual pressure, entirely black, the margin at first powdered with a very little white bloom, which disappears early, not exceeding ^ mm. across, almost sessile or sub- etipitate or turbinate ; excipulum rather corky, composed of very compactly interwoven brown hyphae; asci cylindric- clavate, apex rounded, wall thick, spores innumerable, very minute, continuous, 1-2 x *5 p., with a yellow tinge in the mass; paraphyses numerous, hyaline, about 1*5 /x thick, apex not thickened ; hypothecium brown. On living bark of birch and poplar. Specimen in Fries' Scler. Succ., n. 12 ; accepted as type. Spermogonia in minute, black, conical conceptacles, usually mixed with the ascophores; spermatia very minute, cylin- drical, 2^ X -5 fj., hyaline, continuous. The present as defined above is the species of Fries, and issued by him in his Scler. Suec., n. 12 ; Scler. Suec., n. 171, is also the same species. In some of the asci when young, 8 spores are seen, as figured by Phillips in Brit. Disc., pi. xi. fig. 67. The constant features of the present species are, the minute, densely crowded, black ascophores, with only a minute sprinkling of white bloom, or naked from the first, at all events very soon naked ; paraphyses entirely colour- less, not thickened at the tips. Far. mail, Eehm, Ascorn., n. 722. Ascophores 4-10 seated on a common stroma, disc black, |— 1 • 5 mm. across, the prominent margin remaining perma- nently powdered with whitish bloom ; paraphyses slender, tips thickened up to 5 /x, brownish. Tympanis conspersa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 354 ; pi. xi. fig. 67 ; Rehrn, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 264 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2399. Peziza aucupariae, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 327. Tympanis aucupariae, Wallr., Flor. O. Germ., ii. p. 427 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 354 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2400. On bark of apple, hawthorn, mountain ash, and other rosaceous plants. Eehm says this species also occurs on Populus iremula in Germany. This variety is also represented in Eab.-Wint., Fung. Eur., n. 3366. VOL. IV. K 130 FUNGUS-FLORA. Tympanis fraxini, Fr., Syst. Myc., ii. p. 174; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 355 ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 266 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2408. Erumpent in small clusters, sometimes solitary, at first clavate and closed, then expanding and becoming turbinate, disc plane, black, shining, margin sometimes slightly wavy, about 1 mm. high and wide, rather horny; excipulum dark brown, parenchyniatous, cells minute, indistinct ; asci cylin- dric-clavate, apex rounded, wall thick, spores innumerable, with a faint yellow tinge in the mass, continuous, about 2*5 X 1—5 //,; paraphyses numerous, longer than the asci, very slender and hyaline below, branched, coloured olive- brown, septate, and thickened at the tip to 6 /*, agglutinated together; hypothecium dark brown. Peziza fraxini, Schweinitz, Syn. Fung. Carol. Sup-, in Act. Soc. Nat. Lips., i. p. 129. On branches of Fraxinus excelsior, and other species of ash. Specimen from Schweinitz, in Herb. Berk., Kew, examined. The swollen tips of the paraphyses readily break away, and in this condition are described by Phillips. Tympanis alnea, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 174; Phil. Brit. Disc., p. 355 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 268 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2415. Erumpent, caespitose in clusters of 3-15 ascophores spring- ing from a common stroma ; at first clavate and closed, then expanding and becoming almost plane, somewhat marginate, narrowed to a very short, stem-like base, blackish-brown, somewhat horny, up to f mm. broad; hypothecium and ex-, cipulum yellowish brown, formed of interwoven hyphae, cortex pseudo-parenchymatous, cells small, dark brown; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed into a short slender .pedicel, wall thick, spores innumerable, minute, smooth, con- tinuous, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, hyaline but with a tinge of greenish-yellow in the mass, 2 • 5-3 x 1-1 * 5 ^ ; paraphyses numerous, slender, septate, apex thickened, brownish. Peziza alnea, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 673. On alder. Spermogoma intermixed with the above, subconical or TYMPANIS. 131 oblong-ovate, opening by a minute pore. Spermatia ex- tremely minute, borne on slender, branched sporophores. (Phil.) Specimen in Bab., Fung. Eur., n. 719, examined. Tympanis ligustri, Tul., Scl. Fung. Carp., iii. p. 154; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 353 ; Kehrn, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 271 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2406. Erumpent, ascophores solitary or sometimes in clusters of 2—3 ; at first closed then expanded and marginate, narrowed below into a very short, stem-like base, blackish, glabrous, somewhat gelatinous then horny, i-f mm. across ; hypothe- cium and excipulum brownish, formed of interwoven hyphae, cortex xlense, dark brown; asci cylindric-clavate, wall thick, spores innumerable, continuous, subglobose, 2-5 x 2 ^, hya- line but with a yellowish green tinge in the mass ; para- physes slender, septate, tip brown and thickened up to 5/x. On privet. Specimen in Cke., Brit. Fung., exs., ed. ii., n. 461, exa- mined. Stylospores (conidia?) diplodia-form, borne on filiform sporophores, intermixed with the asci and paraphyses. (Phillips.) Tympanis pinastri, Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp., vol. iii. p. 151, tab. xix. figs. 10-12; Kehrn, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 272. Erumpent, ascophore solitary or in clusters springing from a common stroma, at first closed, then becoming plane and with a more or less prominent margin, black and shining, horny when dry, i— 1 mm. across ; asci cylindric clavate, thick- walled, spores innumerable, minute, continuous, cylin- drical, straight, 2-5 x 1 p-, hyaline but with a tinge of .yel- lowish green in the mass ; paraphyses slender, septate, thickened at the brown tip. Cenangium laricinum, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 270.' Tympanis laricina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 353 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2418. Pycnidia. Subglobose, black, with an apical pore ; sper- matia long and very slender, curved, escaping in a yellow, gelatinous mass. 132 FUNGUS-FLORA. On larch bark. Saccardo considers that Tulasne's fungus is not identical with that of Fuckel. CEUMENULA. De Not. (figs. 40-44, p. 91.) Ascophores erumpent, soon "becoming quite superficial, globose, mouth circular, margin entire or torn, quite closed when dry; excipulum coriaceous, composed of septate parallel hyphae adhering laterally to form a pseudo-parenchymatous tissue ; asci subcylindrical, 8-spored ; spores long and very slender, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus; para- Crumenula, De Notaris, Prop, di Eett. dei Discom., p. 9; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 356. Godronia, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 237; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 601. Distinguished by the subsessile globose ascophores having a small, circular mouth, which contracts and becomes com- pletely closed when dry ; and the filiform spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus. Growing on the branches of shrubs. Crumenula ericae. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 357. (figs. 40-44, p. 91.) Ascophores scattered, erumpent, subglobose, furnished at the base with a very short, thick stem, which is sunk in the matrix, mouth closed when dry, rather coriaceous ; disc pale, blackish-brown and rugulose outside, glabrous, about 1 mm. broad and 1 • 5 high ; excipulum formed of parallel, septate, brown hyphae, combined laterally to form a parenchymatous tissue; asci cylindrical, base narrowed, apex rounded and thick- walled ; 8-spored; spores needle-shaped, straight or very slightly curved, continuous, 85-90 x 1'5 p, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, hyaline ; paraphyses about 1 • 5 /x, thick, apex not thickened, hyaline. Cenangium ericae, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 188. Godronia ericae, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 240 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2484. On dead branches of Calluna vulgaris. CKUMENULA. 133 Pycnidia mixed with, and similar to the ascophores; conidia cylindrical, ends sometimes rather narrowed, strongly curved, hyaline, at length 1-septate, 14-16 X 2yn; conidio- phores subulate, simple, 10-6 p, long. Specimen examined in Elv. Brit., exs., n. 194. Crumenula urceoliformis. Karsten, Myc. Fen., p. 213; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 356, pi. xi. fig. 68. Ascophores scattered, erumpent, at first clavate then globose and with a very short, thick stem completely sunk in the matrix ; mouth small, closed when dry ; disc pale grey; externally blackish, at first with a delicate brown scurf, then naked and vertically furrowed; about 1 mm. across; excipulum formed of parallel, septate, coloured hyphae ; asci subcylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed, 8-spored ; spores needle-shaped, continuous, hyaline, straight, 65-70 x 2 yu, ; paraphyses filiform, often forked but not thickened at the tips. Godronia urceoliformis, Karst., Rev., p. 144 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2486. On stems of Vaccinium vitis idaea and V. uliginosum, Pycnidia mixed with, and similar externally to the ascophores ; conidia cylindric-oblong, ends narrowed, hyaline, 1-septate, slightly curved or straight. Doubtful species. Crumenula callunigena. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., p. 212 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 356. Ascophores solitary, subglobose, subsessile, mouth small, up to f mm. across; disc pale, externally blackish-brown, naked, somewhat stria te; stem very short and thick, springing from a radiating weft of dark brown, interwoven hyphae, 4-5 // thick ; asci cylindrical, narrowed to a slender pedicel, apex somewhat narrowed, 8-spored ; spores needle- shaped, ends narrowed, straight, hyaline, continuous at first, then 3-septate, 40-60 X 2-5 p., irregularly 2-seriate ; para- physes crowded, slightly and irregularly thickened at the tip. Peziza callunigena, Karsten, Mon. Pez., 171. 134 FUXGUS-FLOBA. Godronia callunigena, Karsten, Rev., p. 144 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2485. On branches of Calluna vulgaris. Differs from C. ericae in the shorter, thicker spores, and in the ascophores springing from a subiculum. I have found this abundantly on decaying branches of Calluna vulgaris, and the cups are invariably seated on a blackish-brown tapesium, reminding one of Tapesia rosea (Pers.), to which it bears some resemblance (Phillips). Karsten does not mention the presence of a subiculum, whereas this is a constant feature in the British species, which is supposed by Phillips to be identical with that of Karsten ; not having seen specimens from either source, I am unable to form an opinion ; the biseriate spores do not coincide with the generic character ; and the British species, from every point, requires careful examination. Crumenula ledi. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., p. 214; Phillips, Brit. Disc., d. 357. Scattered, superficial, at first clavate and closed, finally opening with a broad mouth, externally rugulose, blackish with a sprinkling of greenish powder, up to | mm. across ; asci sub-cylindrical ; spores not yet seen ; paraphyses numerous, filiform. Peziza ledi, Alb. & Schwein., Consp. Fung. Kisk., p. 343. Godronia ledi, Karsten, Rev. Mon., p. 144; Eehm, Krypt. Flora, Disc., p. 239 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2497. On Arbutus uva-ursi. Sessile, globose-hemispherical ; externally rugose, brown- ish-black ; mouth especially shining, greenish ; covered with a compact powder ; disc dingy. (Phillips.) An imperfectly known species ; in Germany, Switzerland, and Finland, this species is found on Lcdum palustre, but the spores have never been seen. SCHWEIXITZIA. Mass. Ascophores gregarious, but distinct, erumpent, soon be- coming superficial, sessile, coriaceous, dark -coloured, exter- nally minutely pulverulent under a lens, due to the cells of SCHWEINITZIA. 135 the excipulum running out into densely packed, septate hairs, many of which end in a large coloured cell ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, smooth, continuous, elliptical, coloured ; paraphyses slender, thickened upwards. Distinguished by the large coloured cells terminating the external hairs of the excipuluin, and the 1-seriate, con- tinuous coloured spores. Schweinitzia phaeospora. Mass. Scattered, erumpent, then superficial, sub-sessile, margin at first incurved, then expanding and becoming almost plane when moist, up to 1 mm. across, every part pale brown ; rather fleshy, excipulum parenchymatous, cells small, and running out at the margin into densely crowded, parallel, clavate, septate, brown hairs, 6—8 ft thick at the apex, externally scurfy, due to the presence of numerous large, subglobose, brown cells, up to 30 yu. diameter, that spring from, the external cells of the excipulum ; asci narrowly clavate, apex rounded; base narrowed into a pedicel, 8- spored; spores obliquely uniseriate, broadly elliptical, smooth, continuous, clear brown at maturity, 10-12 X 8-9/x,; paraphyses numerous, linear, apex broadly clavato and brown, 6-8 /x, passing by degrees into the marginal cells of the epithecium. Cenangium phaeosponim, Cke., Grev., xii. p. 44 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 346 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2354. On sycamore bark. Type specimen examined. Schweinitzia rufo-olivacea. Mass. Ascophore sessile, hemispherical then almost or quite plane, discoid, l|-2 mm. across, fleshy, firm ; externally dingy red, minutely downy and pulverulent, due to the presence of numerous hairs of 3-5 cells each, mixed with large, olive, vesicular, terminal cells springing from the cells of the excipulum ; these vesicular olive cells also occur in the substance of the hypothecium ; disc plane at maturity, dark olive-green, becoming blackish with age; asci sub- cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely uniseriate, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, pale olive-brown when mature, smooth, continuous, often 2-guttulate, 10-15 x 7-8 p.; 136 FUNGUS-FLORA. paraphyses numerous, slender, cylindrical, apex slightly thickened and olive-brown. Peziza rufo-olivacea, A.. & S., Consp., p. 320, t. 11, fig. 4; Cke., Hdbk., n. 2046. Lachnella rufo-olivacea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 275, pi. 8, fig. 49; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1639. Lachnella fraxinicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 275; Sacc., Syll., n. Peziza fraxinicola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1160, t. 4, fig. 21. On dead branches of rose, bramble, as-h, privet, elder, &c. Scattered ; rarely aggregated in groups of 2-3 specimens ;. recognised by the olive-green, discoid, circular disc. The inflated, brownish-olive, subglobose or pyriform cells, up to 40 p. in length, present in the substance of hypothecium and projecting from the external cells of the epithecium, are very characteristic. In rare instances I have seen the large vesicular bodies in chains of 2-3 cells. When old the contents of the spores are sometimes divided into two equal portions by a central clear line — spuriously 2-celled — but a transverse septum is not formed. The spores are tinged olive-brown when mature. I have examined the type specimen of Laclinella fraxinicola (B. & Br.), Phil., and find it to be in every respect identical with the present species. PHAEANGELLA. Mass. Ascophore erumpent, soon superficial, closed at firsf, then expanding and becoming cup-shaped and finally patellate, coriaceous, contracting and becoming contorted when dry ; externally furfuraceous ; asci 4-8-1 6-spored; spores elon- gated, 1-septate, coloured (or in some species hyaline) ; paraphyses present. Phaeangella, Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 592 (as a section of Cenangella). Distinguished by the usually coloured, 1-septate spores. Phaeangella ulicis. Mass. Caespitose or scattered, turbinate and substipitate at first, PHAEANGELLA. 137 then expanding, up to 1*5 mm. across ; excipulum composed internally of interwoven hyphae, which towards the periphery become parenchymatous and grouped in irregular cell-groups forming the scurfy exterior, substance brown ; disc dark brown, externally paler, ground-coffee colour, scurfy ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, sometimes irregularly 2-seriate above, narrowly elliptic- oblong, smooth, 1-septate, finally brown, 10-12 x 4-5 p.; paraphyses numerous, slender, tips slightly thickened, brownish. Dermatea ulicis, Cooke, Grev., iii. p. 186 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 339. Cenangella (Phaeangella') ulicis, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2450. On dead branches of furze ( UlexJ. Type specimen examined. Phaeangella subnitida. Mass. Erumpent, gregarious, up to 1 mm. broad, turbinate then flattened, disc marginate and depressed at first, then plane or convex, blackish brown, externally naked ; excipu- lum parenchymatous, cells small ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly elliptic-oblong, almost sausage-shaped, usually slightly curved, smooth, guttulate, hyaline, then with a brown tinge, 12-16 x 4 /x, for a long time continuous then 1-septate ; paraphyses very numerous, filiform, septate, about 2 p thick, apex not incrassated. Cenangium subnitidum. Cke. & Phil., Grev., vol. iii. p. 186 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 347; Sacc., Syll., n. 2310. On dead fallen branches of alder. Usually densely gregarious. Pycnidia. Scattered or solitary, mixed with the ascophores, conical or hemispherical ; stylospores filiform, tips acute, hyaline, curved, 10-15 x 1*5 p. Type specimen examined. Phaeangella prunastri. Mass. Erumpent, caespitose, springing from a common stroma, at first closed and subcylindrical, then expanding, the disc becoming plane or slightly concave, more or less distinctly marginate, blackish, narrowed below into a stem-like base, up to 1 mm., high and broad ; excipulum brownish, formed of densely intertwisted hyphae ; asci clavate, slightly nar- 138 FUNGUS-FLORA. rowed at the tip, pedicel slender, wall rather thick, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, elliptic oblong, ends obtuse, hyaline, smooth, 1-septate, 10-15 x 3-5-4 p; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened and brownish at the tips, ad- hering together. Dermatea prunastri, Fries, Sunama Veg. Scand., p. 362; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 261. Cenangium prunastri. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 190; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 345 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2290. On branches of sloe. Pycnidia. Perithecia spurious, emmpent, 3 mm. high, conico-cylindrical, very fragile, powdery, blackish-brown, terminated by a minute grey globule ; spores narrowly fusoid, curved, hyaline, 1-septate, 15 x l'5-2 p.. Sphaeronema spurium, Sacc., Syll., iii. n. 1106. Specimen in Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 112, examined. Fam. V. BULGARIEAE. Ascophore erumpent or superficial, sessile, base sometimes narrowed and stem-like, discoid and applanate, turbinate, or clavate ; glabrous, gelatinous or waxy-gelatinous when grow- ing, rigid and horny when dry ; excipulum parenchymatous, or composed of interwoven hyphae ; asci cylindrical or rarely many-spored ; spores continuous or septate, hyaline or coloured ; paraphyses present. The more or less gelatinous consistency of the excipulum is the most pronounced feature of the present order; when dry it is horny and rigid, becoming again gelatinous when soaked in water. In the larger species, as Bulgaria, the* asco- phore is blackish, in the smaller species usually clear-co- loured, orange, red, &c. The asci do not project above the level of the disc, as in the Ascoboleae. All the species grow on wood, herbaceous stems, or leaves, as saprophytes. BULGAKIA. 139 ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores coloured. Bulgaria. Disc expanding gradually, at length plane and the ascophore turbinate ; spores usually only 4 in an ascus. Bulgariella. Disc expanded from the first ; ascophore patellate ; spores 8 in an ascus. B. Spores colourless. * Spores continuous. Ombrophila. Ascophore stipitate or narrowed into a stem-like base ; excipulum composed of interwoven hyphae. Orbilia. Ascophore sessile, attached by a central point, soon plane ; excipulum truly parencnymatous. Agyrium. Ascophore sessile, remaining convex. ** Spores septate. Calloria. Spores 1 -septate. Coryne. Spores 2-many-septate. BULGAEIA. Fries (emended). Ascophore more or less gelatinous, erurnpent, at first closed, the disc gradually expanding and becoming plane, narrowed below into a short, thick, stem-like base, black or umber-brown, flesh dark ; asci narrowly clavate, stipitate, 4-S-spored ; spores 1-seriate, continuous, brown ; paraphyses slender, the thickened tips bent or curled. Bulgaria, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 166; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 636; also of Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 314, in part. Distinguished by the large, turbinate, fleshy-gelatinous, 140 FUNGUS-FLORA. blackish ascophore ; the narrow, long and slenderly stipitate asci, and the brown, continuous, oblique spores, four of which are only usually present in an ascus. Bulgaria polymorpha. Wettstein, Zool.-Bot. Verh., 1886, p. 595; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 495, figs. 1-5. p. 472. Ascophores gregarious or caespitose, erumpent, at first more or less clavate, closed, rusty-brown, and scurfy, the disc gradually expanding and becoming plane or slightly convex, black and shining, externally umber-brown, wrinkled and scurfy, turbinate and narrowed into a short, stout, stem-like base, which is mostly buried in the substance of the host, 1-4 cm. across, and the same in height ; gelatinous, flesh brown ; asci cylindric-clavate, narrowed below into a long, slender base, usually only containing four perfectly developed spores ; spores 1-seriate, continuous, elliptical, usually slightly curved, 1-2-guttulate, brown at maturity, 10-14 x 5-6 ft; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened, brownish, and more or less curved at the tips. Peziza polymorpha, Oeder, Flor. Dan., t. 464 (1768). Peziza inquinans, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 631 (1801). Bulgaria inquinans, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 314, pi. x., fig. 59 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2625. On dead trunks of trees, especially beech. The fungus bursts through the bark under the form of small rusty-brown, scurfy knobs, which gradually expand at the apex until a plane, black, shining disc is formed. Sub- stance soft and tough, cutting almost like india-rubber. According to Fuckel — Symb. Myc., p. 286 — Trcmella foliacea (Ulocolla foliaceae, Bref., Brit. Fung.-Flora, vol. i. p. 60), is the conidial condition of the present species. BULGAKIELLA. Karsten. (figs. 8-10, p. 156.) Ascophore subgelatinous, sessile, discoid, attached by a central point, glabrous, disc plane or convex, open from the earliest stage; black; excipulum composed of interwoven hyphae; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, ellip- tical, coloured ; paraphyses present. iiULGAEIELLA — OMBKOPHILA. 141 Bulgariella, Karsten, Rev. Mon., p. 139 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 638. Bulgaria of authors. Distinguished from Bulgaria by the disc being open and plane from the earliest stage of development, and not ex- panding gradually. Bulgariella pulla. Karsten, Rev., p. 142; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2632. (figs. 8-10, p. 156.) Subgelatinous, sessile, patellate, black, with a tinge of olive, scattered or aggregated in more or less crowded lines, circular when isolated, often irregular from lateral pressure when crowded, 1—2 mm. across, glabrous, blackish inside ; asci cylindrical, with a slender pedicel, 8-spored; spores ob- liquely 1-seriate, continuous, smooth, olive then brown, usually elliptical, ends rather acute, but varying to almost globose, 10-15 X 7—9 fj. ; paraphyses slender, rather wavy, usually containing a single row of blackish granules at the slightly thickened tips. Bulgaria pulla, Fries, Summa Yeg. Scand., p. 358 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 315. Patellaria pulla, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 160. On rotten wood. Resembling a black Patellaria in appearance, but distin- guished by the gelatinous substance. The blackish granules in the paraphyses become purple when treated with potassic hydrate. OMBROPHILA. Fries, (figs. 13, 14, p. 156.) Ascophore gelatinous when moist, rigid and horny when dry, more or less stipitate ; disc plane or convex, rarely con- cave ; excipiilum composed of interwoven hyphae ; asci cy- lindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical or elliptic- fusoid ; paraphyses present. Ombrophila, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 357 ; Phil., Brit. Disc, (in part). Peziza and Bulgaria of some authors. Saprophytic. Distinguished among genera with hyaline, continuous spores, by the stipitate, gelatinous ascophore. 142 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Ombrophila clavis. Cke., Grev., viii. p. 84; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 324, pi. x. fig. 62 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2531 ; Kehm, Disc., p. 478. (figs. 13, 14, p. 156.) Crowded, gregarious, or scattered, somewhat gelatinous, "but rather firm when moist, very variable in form, obconic or pileate and distinctly stipitate, disc plane or convex, stem slender or stout, from |-1 cm. across, entirely pallid or with a more or less decided purple or lilac tinge ; excipulum com- posed of rather loosely interwoven hyphae ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores] obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, ellip- tical, ends in some cases obtuse, at others narrowed and almost fusiform, 10-16 x 4-5 /x ; paraphyses septate, slightly thickened at the tips ; hypothecium formed of thin, densely interwoven hyphae. Peziza clavus, A. & S., Comp., p. 306, t. xi. f. 5. On twigs, leaves, &c., in wet places. Specimens determined by Berkeley examined, also Kab.- Wint., Fung. Eur., n. 3771. Very variable in form and size, stem sometimes almost absent, sometimes short and stout, and in rarer cases 1-2 cm. long, and very slender; ascophores sometimes irregularly nodulose, at others symmetrical and almost plane, and alto- gether resembling a flat-headed nail. Distinguished from small specimens of Hclotium, &c., by being gelatinous when moist, and by the structure of the excipulum. Ombrophila helotioides. Phil., Grcv., vol. xvi. p. 94 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2544. Stipitate, solitary or caespitose, capitulate, pallid, glabrous, subgelatinous ; disc convex, margin thin, undulating ; stem cylindrical, a little flexuous ; asci cyliiidraceo-clavate; spores 8, narrowly fusiform, straight, or slightly bent, 5- guttulate, 20-26 X 2-3 -5 /A; paraphyses filiform, hardly thickened at the apices. On dead stems of Equisetum in water. Autumn. Cup 1—2 lines broad, the whole plant 2-4 lines high, stem \ line thick. It differs from 0. clavus in the spores (Phillips). Unknown to me. Ombropliila rudis. Phil., Brit. Ditc., p. 322; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2537. OKBILJA. 113 Subgelatinous when moist ; usually tufted, more or less top-shaped, the narrowed base of variable length, when elongated often lacunose or wrinkled ; disc almost plane, or unevenly depressed, wrinkled, yellow-brown with a tinge of purple, 3-1 1-, cm. high; excipulum composed of interwoven hyphae which are septate and often constricted at the septa, looking like a string of sausages ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, tapering into a long, slender pedicel ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, 8-10 x 4 /*; para- physes very slender, tips scarcely thickened. Peziza rudis, Berk., Proc. Xat. Hist. Soc. Berwick, p. 190. On gravel and peat. Type specimen examined. The stem tapers to the base, and is often crooked, margin of ascophore wavy. Colour paler and spores rather smaller than in 0. sarcoides. Ombrophila brunnea. Phil., Grev., viii. p. Brit. Disc., p. 323; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2551. Gelatinous when moist ; crowded, sessile or narrowed to a more or less evident stem-like base, hemispherical at first, then expanding and often becoming wavy, yellowish-brown, glabrous, |-1 cm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical celfs polygonal, 25-30 p diameter ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, often 2-guttulate and with the contents granular, elliptical, 18-21 x 7-8 fji ; paraphyses septate, clavate and adhering at the tips ; hypothecium minutely parenchymatous. On dead herbaceous sterns in damp places. Authentic specimens from Phillips examined. OEBILIA. Fries, (figs. 48-51, p. 156.) Ascophore somewhat gelatinous when moist, horny and pellucid when dry ; sessile, attached by a central point, small, at first subglobose, soon becoming plane or slightly concave, superficial, clear coloured, usually red, yellow, or white ; excipulum and hypothecium truly parenchymatous, cortical cells large, polygonal; asci cylindric-clavate, 8- spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, varying from 144 FUNGUS-FLORA. being almost globose to linear and elongated ; paraphyses present. Orbilia, Fries, Summa Veg., p. 357 ; Succ., Syll., viii. p. 621. Calloria, Phil., Brit. Disc, (in part). Superficially closely resembling Calloria, but separated by the continuous spores. * Deep red or flesh-colour. Orbilia Scotica. Mass., Grev., vol. xxii. p. 99. Gregarious, at first subglobose and closed, then expanding and becoming almost plane, with a slight central depression, margin entire, 'glabrous, thin, almost translucent when moist, irregularly contracted when dry, deep rose-red, sessile and attached by a central point, up to f mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5—7 p. diameter ; hypothecium tinged red ; asci clavate, apex rounded, base slender and usually crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, 1-seriate below, hyaline continuous, elliptic- oblong, ends obtuse, 4 x 1 /*; paraphyses about 1 p. thick, tips subglobose. On rotten wood. The type specimen is in Herb. Berk., Kew, under the name of Peziza vinosa ( = Calloria vinosa), from which it differs in the very much smaller, differently shaped spores, although superficially the two species closely resemble each other. Most nearly allied to Orbilia coccinella, Karst. ; differing in the narrower spores and the much smaller cells of the excipulum. Orbilia coccinella. Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 98; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 453 ; Sacc,, Syll., viii. n. 2586. Gregarious or often crowded and confluent, thus becoming irregular ; sessile, fixed by a central point, thin and subge- latinous, shrinking when dry, blood-red or deep orange-red, pellucid and crimson when dry, 1-2 mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 15-22 //. diameter ; asci narrowly clavate, pedicel slender and often crooked, 8-spored; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, egg- OEB1LIA. 145 shaped or elliptical, 3-4 x 2 //,, 1-seriate ; paraphyses slender, knobbed at the tip. Pcziza coccinella, Sommerf., Suppl. Flor. Lap., p. 276. Calloria coccinella, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 328. On dead wood and bark. Behni states that it also occurs on crustose lichens and on species of Polyporus. Specimen in Rehm's Ascom., n. 71 A, B, examined. Distinguished from 0. leucostigma by the deep red colour of the ascophore, and the broader spores. Orbilia rubella. Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 102; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 458 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2561. Gregarious, thin, subgelatinous, sessile, at first subglobose and close, then becoming almost or quite plane ; margin wavy, very minutely velvety, deep red, somewhat contracted and irregular when dry, 1-1^ mm. across ; excipulum paren- chymatous, cortical cells irregular, 8-10 ^ diameter, running out into obtuse, thin-walled hyphae at the margin, 30-40 x 5—6 p. ; these hyphae are sometimes slightly curved and thickened at the tip, and give the velvety appearance to the margin; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate or 2-seriate above, hyaline, continuous, very slender, apex rounded, base acute, 8-12 x 1 /*; paraphyses slender, tip not thickened. Peziza rubella, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 365. Calloria rubella, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 334. On bark and wood. Specimen examined in Karsten's Fung. Fenn., n. 834. Orbilia vinosa. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 101 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 457 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2562. Usually scattered, sessile, attached by a central point, at first closed, soon opening and becoming applanate, plane or very slightly concave, thin and subgelatinous, pale vinous red or flesh colour, not changing much in form, or colour when dry, |-1 mm. across ; excipulum minutely parenchy- matous, cells of cortex polygonal or irregular, 5-8 p. diameter ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, very narrowly fusiform, widest part usually above the middle, ends acute, straight or curved, 14-17 x 2 p.; paraphyses very slender, sometimes branched, more or less thickened at the tip, hyaline. VOL. IV. L 146 FUNGUS-FLORA. Peziza vinosa, Alb. & Schw., Corup. Fung. Nisk., p. 308. Calloria vinosa, Phil., Brit, pise., p. 333, pi. x., fig. 63. On dead wood, bark, branches, &c. Specimen in Rehm's Asconi. n. 17, examined. Distinguished by the pale red wine-colour of the ascophore, the very slender, long, fusiform spores, and the small size of the cells of the excipulum and cortex. Orbilia rubicola. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2565. Gregarious, sessile, applanate, reddish flesh-colour, gla- brous; margin prominent, rather obtuse; asci clavate ; spores 8, fusiform, 9-11 X I/A; paraphyses slenderly filiform. Colloria rulicola, Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 331. On Rubus caesius. Cups ^-f of a line broad. This is very similar to Peziza vinosa, but differs in the spores. (Cke. & Phil.) No specimen examined. * Whitish, yellou', or orange. Orbilia flexuosa. Crossland, Grev., v. 22, p. 41. Ascophore 1-2 mm. across, sessile, concave then more or '• less plane ; margin slightly raised, usually more or less lobed and flexuous, sometimes even, composed of narrowly clavate, parallel, closely septate hyphae ; every part at first pale then reddish amber, glabrous ; cells of excipulum small ; asci cylindrical, narrowed towards the base ; spores 8, uniseriate, elliptic-fusiform, usually bi-guttulate, smooth, hyaline, 8-10 X 4-5 yu,; paraphyses numerous, filiform, very slightly or not at all thickened at the apex, which is tinged orange. Gregarious ; on decaying bark. Almost horny when dry; sometimes plane and the margin even ; some specimens become almost black when old and dry. Orbilia lasia. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2574. Ascophore erumpent, sessile, at first closed and globose, then expanding and becoming saucer-shaped, margin irregu- larly fimbriate, pale, tlie remainder orange, 1-2 mm. across, fleshy, somewhat gelatinous when moist ; excipulum paren- chymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, becoming long and ORBILIA. 147 narrow near the margin, and finally running out into thin- walled, septate, hyaline hairs, 25-50 x 5-6 p., which form the irregular margin ; many of the external cells of the excipulum also run out into short, obtuse hairs; asci nar- rowly clavate, pedicel long, slender, crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, cylindric-fusiform, 12-15 X 2-2-5 p.; paraphyses about 1 //, thick, tip fusiform, apex acute, the thickened apical portion 10-12 x 4-5 p., sometimes with a median septum, hj'aline. Peziza lasia, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1391, ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 347, t. viii., fig. 10 (1873). Calloria lasia, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 327. On bark and wood of elm. Type specimen examined, also specimens in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 117. and Rabenh., Fung. Eur., nov. ed., n. 1515. A well-marked species, characterised by the large lance- shaped or fusiform tips of the paraphyses, which are acute at the apex. The amount of down on the exterior of the excipulum varies considerably ; sometimes it surrounds the base of the ascophore, as in 0. auricolor. Orbilia leucostigma. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 357 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2591. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, fixed by a central point, at first closed then expanding and becoming more or less plane, often with a central dimple ; thin, whitisu, and translucent when moist, becoming slightly raised and incurved at the margin, rigid and yellowish when dry, ^—1 mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells subquadrate, slightly elongated radially, becoming smaller towards the entire margin ; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, 3-4 x 1 ' 5 p., 1-seriate ; paraphyses very slender, tip abruptly almost globose, 3—4 p broad. Peziza leucostiyma, Fries, Obs. Myc., i. p. 165. Calloria leucostigma, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 330. On dead wood and bark. Specimen determined by Berkeley examined. When examined under a pocket-lens resembles 0. inflatula and 0. luteo-rubella ; differs from the former in the knobbed paraphyses, and from the latter in the smaller spores. L 2 1 43 FUNGUS-FLORA. Far. xanthostigma, Rehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 455. Differs from the typical form only in being yellow, some- times also with a tinge of red when fresh. Peziza xanthostigma, Fries, Obs. Myc., i. p. 1 66. Orbilia xanthostigma, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 357 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2592. Calloria xanthostigma, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 329. On dead wood. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit, n. 130, examined. Scarcely worthy of being considered a true variety, transi- tions as to colour being not unknown. Rehm says the sporea are clavate-elliptic. Orbilia Leightoni. Sacc., Syll , viii. n. 2600. Scattered, minute, sessile, hemispherical, then slightly concave ; margin incurved ; exterior glabrous, very pale yellow; hymeuium same colour; asci clavate ; spores 8, oblong-elliptic, 8 x 3 /* ; paraphyses slenderly filiform. Calloria Leightoni, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 329. On Polyporus. Cups i-1 line broad. The colour varies from white to- very pafe yellow; sometimes diaphanous. The spores ara considerably larger than Peziza epipora, Xyl. (Phil.) Unknown to me. Orbilia auricolor. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2575. (figs. 45-47, p. 156.) Gregarious or sometimes confluent, sessile, subgelatinous, closed at first and almost globose, then becoming plane with a blunt, glabrous, upraised margin, surrounded by a delicate- web of hyaline, septate, branched hyphae, which spring from the basal cortical cells, clear orange, 5— 1-J- mm. across ; dingy orange, but almost unchanged in form when dry; hypothecium and excipulum truly parenchymatous, cells large, cortical cells irregular in form and size, Tip to 20 p across, becoming smaller towards the entire margin ; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, straight, 5-6 x 1'5 p; paraphyses numerous, cylindrical, 2-5 p. thick, slightly flattened and broadened like the head of a nail at the extreme tip. Peziza auricolor, Bloxam, MS., in B. «fc] Br., notices of ORBILIA. 149 British Fungi, n. 1068, in Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xv. p. 16 (1865). Calloria auricolor, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 334. On dead bark and wood. Type specimen examined. Distinguished by the ascophore being seated upon a white mycelium. Orbilia luteo-rubella. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., p. 101 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2573; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 455. Scattered, sessile, fixed by a central point, closed at first then becoming almost or quite plane, thin, subgelatinous, reddish- or brownish-yellow, when dry the colour is dingy yellowish-red, slightly depressed but the margin not raised nor incurved, |— li mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal or subcircular, 15-22 //. diameter; •asci narrowly clavate, pedicel slender, often crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, hyaline, continuous, fusi- form, ends acute, straight, 6-10 x 1 *5 /x; paraphyses slender, knobbed at the tip, which is 4-5 ^ across. Peziza luteo-rubella, Nylander, Fez. Fenn., p. 55. Calloria luteo-rubella, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 333. On dead bark, wood ; also on dead Polyporus. Specimen in Karsten, Fung. Fenn., n. 727 examined ; also Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 185. Differs from 0. leucostigma, its nearest ally, in the longer, fusiform spores. Orbilia inflatula. Karst,, Myc. Fenn., p. 100 ; Sacc., Syll., 11. 2583. (figs. 48-51, p. 156.) Cups gregarious, substance thin, translucent, watery, whitish with a tinge of yellowish green, slightly depressed or almost plane, sessile or sometimes produced into a very short stem-like base furnished with white down, 1— 1*5 mm. across, when dry the margin is raised and angularly con- tracted, ochraceous or with a reddish tinge ; asci cylindric- iclavate, obtuse, spores 8, irregularly biseriate, filiform, 0-10 x "5 p. ; paraphyses absent. Peziza inflatula, Karst., Moil. Pez., p. 175. Calloria inflatula, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 335. ISO FUXGUS-FLOilA. On rotten wood, branches, inside bark, &c. Distinguished from allies by absences of paraphyses, and in the margin ascending and becoming angularly contracted when dry. AGYEIUM. Fries, (figs. 34-35, p. 12.) Ascophore erumpent, roundish or elongated, sessile, convex, iminarginate, excipulum almost absent; somewhat gelatinous when moist, hard or horny when dry, smooth, even ; asci clavate, spores 8, continuous, hyaline; paraphyses present; hypothecium colourless. Agyrium, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 231 ; Sacc., Syll., vol. viii. E, 634 ; Eehm, Kiypt. Flor., Discom., p. 450 ; Leighton, ich.-Flora of Gt. Brit., p. 392 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 733. The present genus is placed by Kehm in the Uulgariaceae, on account of being more or less gelatinous when moist. Leighton and some other lichenologists consider it as being a lichen, probably influenced by respect for tradition, as there is no trace of a thallus, hence gonidia, the one and only distinctive feature of lichen-fungi, are entirely absent. Agyrium rufum. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 231 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2615; Leight, Lich.-Flora, p. 392; Cke., Hdbk., p. 733. (figs. 34, 35, p. 12.) Ascophoro roundish or elongated, ?,-! mm. long, erumpent, sessile ; very convex, almost hemispherical, rather gelatinous, and reddish-brown when moist, becoming more or less collapsed at the centre and horny when dry, excipulum obsolete ; asci clavate ; spores 8, biseriate, elliptical, hyaline, continuous, smooth, usually 1-guttulate, 10-15 x 0-8 p.; paraphyses branched, septate, apices slightly thickened and brown, agglutinated together, a little longer than the ascijj hypothecium colourless. On old weathered wood. Eesembling some minute Tiibercularla in habit. Smooth, oven, often surrounded at the base by a narrow white zone. \ Var. pallens, Fries, I.e., p. 232 ; convex and pallid when moist, yellowish when dry; often stated on a whitish spot. Specimen in Fries' " Scleromycetes Succiae," Exsicc., n. 280, examined. CALLOEIA. 151 CALLOEIA. Fries. Ascophore somewhat gelatinous when moist, horny and more or less pellucid when dry, small, subglobose at first, soon becoming plane, sessile and fixed by a central point, superficial or erumpent and becoming superficial, glabrous, bright coloured ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, elongated, 1-septate ; paraphyses present. Calloria, Fries, Summa Veg., p. 359 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. G39 ; Phil., Brit. Disc, in part. Superficially resembling Orbilia, but distinguished by the septate spores. Calloria fusarioides. Fries, Summa Veg. Scaud., p. 359; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 331; Kehrn, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 463, figs. 1-3, p. 448 ; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 2634. Gregarious or sometimes confluent and forming irregular patches, sessile, developing beneath the epidermis, which is finally ruptured, at first globose and closed, then expanding and becoming slightly concave or almost plane, glabrous, orange-red, subgelatinous when moist, £-l£ mm. across; excipulum delicately and minutely parenchymatous, the cells becoming narrow and elongated to form the margin ; asci clavate, apex rounded, base slender, usually crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, nar- rowly elliptic-oblong, at first continuous then 1-septate, sometimes becoming 3-septate, 10-15 x 3-3- 5 /j.; paraphyses numerous, hyaline, 2 //, thick, tip slightly thickened. Peziza fusarioides, Berk., Mag. Zool. & Bot., vol. i. p. 46, t. ii. fig. 4 (1837). On dead nettle stems. Conidial form. Gregarious, irregularly circular, becoming- collapsed in the centre, bright orange-red ; conidiophores repeatedly forked, elongated ; conidia terminal on the branchlets, cylindrical, 8-12 x 1*5 //,, continuous, hyaline. Cylindrocolla urticae, Bonorden, Hdbk., p. 149 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 3190; Brit. Fung.-Flora, iii. p. 472, fig. 25, p. 442. On dead nettle stems. Superficially resembling the ascigerous stage; subgelati- nous when moist. Type specimen examined ; also Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 67 ; 152 FUNGUS-FLOE A. Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 343, & ed. ii. n. 381 ; Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 82 ; Rehm, Ascom., n. 72. Calloria cornea. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 332; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2639. Gregarious, sessile, at first globose or slightly narrowed at the base and closed, then expanding and becoming only slightly concave or sometimes plane, margin very minutely irregular, at first pale horn-colour, becoming rich yellow- brown with age, blackish and horny when dry, J,— ;V mm. across ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 6-8 //. diameter ; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel stout, often bent, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, hyaline, smooth, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, ends rather acute, usually slightly bent, 1 -septate at maturity, 14—15 x 3-3-5 p.; paraphyses numerous, often branched, tips clavate, yellow-brown, more or less agglutinated together. Peziza cornea, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 578, vol. vii. p. 16. On dead stalks of Carex paniculata. Type specimen examined. Calloria coniicola. Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 333 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2637. Gregarious or crowded, very minute, sessile, subgelatinous, globose and closed at first, then expanding, the entire margin remaining slightly upraised, flesh-red or orange-red, about 4; mm. across; more or less closed or contracted when dry; excipulum parenchymatous, cells small, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 6—9 //. diameter ; asci cylindric- clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel stout, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 2-seriate, smooth hyaline, for a long time con- tinuous, finally 1 -septate, narrowly elliptical, ends acute, often slightly curved, 12-14 x 2-5 p.; paraphyses hyaline, cylindrical, about 2 fj, thick, not thickened at the tip. On the dead stem of hemlock (Conium maculatum), Type specimen examined. A minute species, gregarious or often densely crowded, nestling in the fine striae of the dead stem of hemlock, probably also on other nmbellifers. Spores large for the size of the plant. CORYNE. 153 CORYNE. Tul. (figs. 4-7, p. 156.) Ascophore fleshy-gelatinous, sessile or narrowed below into a short, stern-like base, globose at first then becoming turbinate, disc plane or sometimes slightly convex ; glabrous ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8 spored ; spores hyaline, at length 2-many-septate ; paraphyses present. Coryne, Tulasne, Carp., iii. p. 190; emended by Saccardo in Consp. Gen. Disc., p. 10 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 641. Ombrophila, Phil., Brit. Disc, in part. Distinguished from Ombrophila, its nearest ally, by the septate spores. Coryne urnalis. Sacc., Fung. Yen., ser. iv., n. 69 ; Sacc. Syll., viii. n. 2648. Clustered, sessile or contracted into a short stem-like base, when moist subgelatinous, but firm, margin at first incurved, then expanded and wavy, the disc becoming plane, often wrinkled from the base on the outside, 4-1^ cm. across; entirely flesh-red, sometimes with a tinge of purple ; hypo- thecium composed of colourless, densely interwoven hyphae, which pass abruptly into a broad, coloured, cortical zone of parenchyma, cells polygonal, 8-10 //. diameter ; asci narrowly cylindrical with a long, narrow pedicel, tip somewhat truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 2-seriate above, nar- rowly elliptic fusoid, hyaline, contents granular, for a long time continuous, then 3-5 septate, 25-30 x 6-7 /j. ; para- physes slender, tips slightly thickened ; hypothecium of thin, densely interwoven hyphae. Bulgaria urnalis, Nyl., Obs., p. 73 (in note). Ombropliila urnalis, Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 87. Ombrophila purpurea, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 284; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 324. Coryne sarcoides, Tul., var. urnalis, Rehm, Kr.-FL, Disc., p. 490. On rotten trunks, stumps, &c. Specimens examined in Cooke's Fung. Brit., ed. ii. n. 685, and in Johs. Kunze, Fung. Sel., Exs., n. 193. Superficially resembling C. sarcoides, but distinguished by the larger spores. 154 FUNGUS-FLOE A. Coryne atrovirens. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2645; Eehm, Krypt. -Flora, Disc., p. 485. (figs. 4-7, p. 156.) Crowded or scattered, somewhat gelatinous but firm, at first globose and closed, then expanded and more or less plane, sessile or with a very short, thick stem, ^-2 mm. across, dingy green, blackish and horny when dry; asci cylindric-clavate, apex rounded and thick-walled, 8-spored; spores irregularly biseriate above, or sometimes almost 1 -seriate, long and narrowly cylindrical or cylindric-fusoid, ends rather blunt, straight or rarely slightly curved, 3-5- septate, smooth, hyaline, 15-21 X 4-5 ft; paraphyses nume- rous, very slender, branched, tips slightly thickened and greenish, rather longer than the asci ; hypothecium greenish yellow. Peziza atrovirens, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 635. Ombrophila atrovirens, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 325. Conidial stage. Minute, subgelatinous, pulvinate, dingy green, conidiophores very crowded, filiform, branched, bearing hyaline, continuous conidia, 1-i- x ^ p- at the tips of the branches. On rotting wood, branches, &c., in damp places. Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 141, and Rehni, Ascom., n. 618. Small, discoid, looking like the apothecia of some Lecidea, distinctly gelatinous when moist. In some specimens the asci are clavate, wall very thick at the apex, and entii'ely filled with minute hyaline, continuous spores li x 1 /*, thus agreeing with the asci in the genus Tijmpanis ; at a later stage the eight spores, as described above, appear in the asci containing the minute spores. This condition of things is shown in the specimens in both exsiccati quoted above. In other cases the minute spores appear to be absent, or their presence may depend on relative age. The matter requires to be worked out from living material. ASCOBOLEAE. 155 Farn. VI. ASCOBOLEAE. Ascopbore sessile, sometimes narrowed to a very short stem-like base, fleshy or subgelatinous; disc plane or convex, and rough with the projecting tips of the asci at maturity ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells large, irregularly polygonal ; asci usually broadly clavate, dehiscing by an apical operculum, 8-many-spored ; spores continuous, elon- gated, rarely globose, hyaline or coloured; paraphyses present. For the most part growing on old dung of animals in shady places ; sometimes on earth or decaying vegetable matter. The soft, fleshy, subgelatinous texture ; the papillate hy- menium, arising from the protruding asci, which are always broadly clavate : or the growth of nearly all species on the dung of animals, are ready characters by which to distin- guish the plants of this order from Pezizae. They rarely exceed 2 lines in breadth, the majority being much less. (Phillips.) The members of the present group rank among the most beautiful and interesting of the Discomycetes, and at the same time it is certain that they are rnoi'e imperfectly known than those of any other family. The reason of this is on account of the extreme delicacy and minuteness of most species, many being practically nothing more than a semi- liquid point of jelly in consistency, and unless all the details are drawn up from the living specimen the diagnosis is certain to be more or less imperfect. To those who have the opportunity, the present group offers an opportunity for adding vastly to our knowledge of these beautiful organisms. Boudier's beautifully illustrated monograph of the Ascoboleae would be indispensable in contemplating a serious and detailed study of the group. ASCOBOLEAE. 157 FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE ASCOBOLEAE, &c. Fig. 1, Dasyscypha ciliaris, Sacc., plants x ; — Fig. 2, section of portion of ascophore of same; X 300; — Fig. 3, Curreyella trachycarpa, Mass., ascus and paraphysis ; X 300 ; — Fig. 4, Coryne atrovirens, Sacc., group of plants ; nat. size ;— Fig. 5, ascus and paraphysis ; highly x ;— Fig. 6 spores of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 7, branched conidiophore with conidia from conidial stage of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 8, Bulgariella pulla, Fries plants ; nat. size ; — Fig. 9, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x — Fig. 10, spores of same; X 300; — Fig. 11, Saccobolus Kerverni, Boud. ascus and paraphysis ; X 300 ; — Fig. 12, Dasyscypha Soppittii, Mass., ascus and paraphyses ; x 300 ; — Fig. 13, Ombrophila clavus, Phil. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 14, ascus and paraphyses of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 15, Stamnaria equiseti, Sacc., plants on dead stem of Equisetum ; nat. size ; — Fig. 1 6, plant of same ; x ;— Fig. 17, spores of same ; x 300 ;— Fig. 18, Molluia atrocinerea, , Phil. ; nut. size; — Fig. 19, portion of excipulum and margin of same; highly x ; — Fig. 20, two plants of same; x ; — Fig. 21, section of same ; X ; Fig. 22, ascus of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 23, spores of same ; X 300 ;— Fig. 24, Dasyscypha carinata, C. & M. ; nat. size ;— Fig. 25, the same ; x ; — Fig. 26, Phiaha emergens, Mass. ; nat. size ; — Eig. 27, same ; x ; — Fig. 28, section of same ; x ; — Fig. 29, ascus and paraphysis of same ; x 300 ;— Fig. 30, Eelonidium pullum, Phil. & Keith, specimens on sheath of grass; nat. size; — Fig. 31, portion of cortex and margin of same, outside surface view ; highly x ; — Fig. 32, ascus and paraphysis of same; highly x ; — Fig. 33, spores of same; x 300; — Fig. 34, Eyparobius Cookei, Boudier, asci and paraphysis ; x 300 ; — Fig. 35, apex of ascus, showing dehiscence by the opening of a circular lid; X 300; — Fig. 36, Ascophanus minutissimus, Boud.; nat. size; — Fig. 37, ascus and paraphyses of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 38, Eyparobius Pelletieri, Sacc., ascus and paraphysis ; highly x ; — Fig. 39, Tapesia caesia, Fckl., portion of a broadly effused subiculum with numerous ascophores ; nat. size ; — Fig. 40, ascus and paraphysis of same ; x 300 : — Fig. 41, Chloro- splonium aeruginosum, Tul. ; nat. size; — Fig. 42, spores; of same; x 300 ; — Fig. 43, Pseudopeziza retrusa, Mass., two ascophores bursting through the substance of a pine leaf ; X ; — Fig. 44, ascus of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 45, Orbilia auricolor, Sacc. ; nat. size ; — Fig. 46, same, showing the white hyphae surrounding the base of the ascophore; x ; — Fig. 47, ascus and paraphyses of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 48, Orbilia inflatula, Karst., two ascophores ; x ; — Fig. 49, an ascophore of the same, in the dry state ; X ;— Fig. 50, section of same ; x ;— Fig. 51, ascus of same : x 300. (Fig. 41, at bottom of plate, should be fig. 39.) 158 FUNGUS-FLORA. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores coloured. Ascobolus. Spores free in the ascus. Saccobolus. Spores contained within a special membrane in the ascus. B. Spores hyaline. * Spores globose. Cubonia. ** Spores elliptical. Ascophanus. ASCIIS 8-spored. Ryparobius. ASCIIS 1 G-man y-spored. ASCOBOLUS. Pers. (emended). Ascophore sessile or narrowed below into a very short stem-like base, usually gregarious, rather fleshy, soft, and translucent when fresh, closed at first, then expanding, the disc becoming plane or slightly convex, at length studded with the tips of the projecting asci ; excipulum parenchy- matous, cells of cortex polygonal, large, glabrous or asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical, continuous, at first hyaline, then purple, finally brown, epi- spore usually rugulose at maturity ; paraphyses present. Ascobolus, Persoon, in Gmel., Syst., p. 1401 (in part) ; Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 286 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 514. Most of the species grow on dung ; a few grow on the ground, on charcoal, &c. Distinguished by the 8 elliptical, coloured spores being free in the ascus. It must be remembered that the spores are in all the species, hyaline and smooth when young. ASCOBOLUS. 159 * Externally glabrous. Ascobolus denudatus. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 1 54 ; Bond., Ascob., p. 26, t. 5, fig. 3 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 287 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2164. Ascophores gregarious, narrowed below into a short, stein- like base, disc closed at first, afterwards becoming plane, externally smooth, altogether dull yellowish green, becoming- brownish and irregularly contracted when dry, 1—2 mm. across; hypotheciuni consisting of minute, very delicate parenchymatous tissue, excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells 18-25 p. diameter ; asci large, clavate, slenderly stipitate, 8-spored; spores at first 1-seriate, then becoming more or less irregularly 2-seriate above, elliptical, at first hyaline, then violet, finally brown, marked with very delicate, more or less anastomosing lines, 15—18 x 7—8 /x; paraphyses very slender, septate, sometimes branched. On naked ground and on pine saw-dust. Specimens in Sydow's Myc. March., n. 786, and Eehm's Ascom., n. 823, examined. Ascobolus asininus. Cke. & Mass., Grev., vol. xxi., p. 72. Scattered or gregarious, hemispherical or subdepressed, watery, fleshy, at first umbilicate, then open, with a thick margin, indistinctly rugulose, pale olive-green or amber, or a combination of both colours, 1—2 mm. across ; hypotheciuni and excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells large, poly- gonal or nearly spherical ; asci broadly clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical, ends obtuse, 40—45 x 21-23 p, at first hyaline, then reddish-brown, epispore thick, finally cracked into subhexagonal, minute areolae ; para- physes very long, slender, wavy, septate, hyaline, much longer than the asci. On asses' clung. Type specimen examined. • Somewhat gelatinous and translucent when growing. Distinguished by the large spores and pale colour of the ascophore. Ascobolus vinosus. Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 209 ; Phil, Brit. Disc., p. 288 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2147. 160 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ascophores scattered, sessile, at first globose then expand- ing, the disc becoming slightly concave, margin minutely crenulate, externally glabrous, dull purple, 1—2 mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells large, polygonal, tinged purple ; asci clavate, base narrowed into a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical, at first hyaline, then purple, finally brown, epispore with more or less longitudinal, anastomosing wrinkles, 21—23 x 10-12 /*, ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, septate, slightly longer than the asci, involved in mucus. On rabbit dung. Also said to have been met with on cow-dung. Type specimen examined. Ascobolus glaber. Pers. Obs., i. p. 34, t. 4, fig. 7; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 288 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2144. Ascophores crowded or rarely scattered, sessile, but more or less narrowed towards the base and of a pyriform or obconic form, disc becoming plane or even slightly convex ; glabrous and almost translucent when fresh, up to 1 mm. across, usually tawny-brown, but sometimes whitish, or with a reddish-purple tinge ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal, 18-25 p. diameter; asci broadly clavate, base rather stout, crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical, ends obtuse, hyaline then deep violet, more or less longitudinally wrinkled, the wrinkles running into each other, 25-28 x 12-14 /x; paraphyses septate, rather stout, hyaline, tips not thickened, longer than the asci. On dung of cow, horse, rabbit, &c. Specimen in Phillips' Elv. Brit., n. 96, examined. Ascophores about |-| line broad; they are decidedly pyriform when removed from the matrix. The convex disc is covered with black papillae, which are the summits of the asci, containing the black spores. (Phil.) Ascobolus aerugineus. Fr., Obs., ii. p. 310; Boud. Ascob., p. 32, pi. 7, fig. 72 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 287. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, globose or subcylindrical and closed when young, then expanding until the disc is almost or quite plane, and somewhat marginate, and studded with black points, externally glabrous ; yellowish green, ASCOBOLUS. 161 then olive, somewhat pellucid, becoming blackish olive when old and dry, -|— 1 mm. across, excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells, polygonal, large ; asci clavate, narrowed below into a slender pedicel, 8-spored; spores at first almost 1-seriate, then irregularly 2-seriate, rather narrowly elliptical, violet then violet-brown or altogether brown, epi spore with irregularly anastomosing wrinkles, 16-18 x 7-8 //,; para- phj-ses septate, becoming slightly and gradually thickened upwards, hyaline, involved in pale yellow-green mucus. On horse and cow dung. Specimens in Rab.-Klotzsch, Herb. Myc., n. 107, examined. Ascobolus marginatus. Mass. Grev., vol. xxi. p. 100. Ascophore sessile, at first almost globose, then becoming narrowed at the base, apex truncate, disc at length quite plane, bounded by a slightly raised, blunt margin, soft and pellucid, almost hyaline or with a slight tinge of olive, quite glabrous ; |-1 mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells almost regularly hexagonal, 10-16 p. diameter; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel short, slendei-, 8-spored, slightly projecting above the surface of the disc at maturity, spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical, ends rather acute, continuous, epispore persistently smooth, pale rosy-violet, then purple-brown, 15—16 x 6—7 p.; paraphyses hyaline, septate, about 2 //, thick, apex not thickened ; hypotheciuin minutely parenchymatous. On dung of ass. Distinguished by the small size of the spores and by the epispore remaining perfectly smooth, and without marks or lines at maturity. * Externally scurfy or granulated. Ascobolus furfuraceus. Pers., Tent. Meth., p. 25; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 290 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2143. Ascophore 1-4 mm. across, globose then expanded, the disc becoming plane then convex, pale yellowish green when moist, the margin externally furfuraceous or scurfv, the disc becoming studded with black points due to the dark-coloured spores in the projecting asci; when old the disc becomes blackish-brown and often depressed, the pale granular margin 1G2 FUXGUS-FLORA. erect; asci cylindrical at first and the 8 spores obliquely uniseriate, finally the ascus elongates and becomes clavate upwards and the spores irregularly aggregated near the apex : Ascobolus furfuraceus, Pers. — Fig. 1, plants, nat. size ; — Fig. 2, plants, slightly X ; — Fig. 3, section of young plant ; — Fig. 4, section of mature plant, showing the projecting nsci ; — Fig. 5, structure of excipulum : X 400 ; — Fig. G, portion of disc, showing a young ascus with 1-seriate. colourless spores, and a mature ascus projecting above the level of the disc, and containing coloured spores aggregated near its apex; also paraphyscs ; X 400 ; — Fig. 7, free spores at different ages ; X 400. spores elliptical, hyaline and smooth at first, then with longi- tudinal anastomosing delicate wrinkles, passing from lilac tn rough purple to purple-brown at maturity, 20-27 X 10-11 //. : ASCOBOLUS. 163 paraphyses numerous, about 2 p. thick, septate, very variable, clavate or cylindrical at the apex, sometimes inflated below the summit, colourless, but involved upwards in a sulphur- coloured mucilage. Peziza stercoraria, Bull., Champ. Fr., t. 376 and 438 ; Sow., Brit. Fung., tab. xviii. On cow and horse dung, crowded in patches or scattered. Saccardo states that this species is also met with rarely on dung of deer and cat, also on human dung. The present very common species illustrates very clearly some of the peculiarities of the genus Ascobolus. Examina- tion with a good pocket-lens shows, in a mature specimen, the asci containing their dark-coloured spores, projecting above the surface of the hymenium. If a thin section of an ascophore in this stage is placed under the microscope, some quite young asci cylindrical in outline, with the apex yet below the level of the hymenium, and containing perfectly colourless, smooth spores, usually arranged in a single row, will be seen ; other asci will probably be present whose apex has just reached the level of the surface of the hy- meniuin or disc, the upper portion of the asci wider and altogether more clavate than in the younger example pre- viously mentioned, the spores will now be more or less tinged with violet, and present darker streaks extending from end to end, and running into each other ; finally some asci will be seen whose apex stands very much above the level of the hymenium or disc, the projecting portion being broadly club-shaped, and the violet-brown spores irregularly huddled together in this upper swollen portion. If this large projecting ascus is traced downwards, it will be seen that the very much narrowed base is still attached to the hypothecium, the ascus does not become free at the base, but remains fixed, the increase in size being due to expan- sion by the accumulation of water, and is concerned with the dispersion of the spores, and after dehiscence the ascus contracts below the level of the hymenium. It would probably be noticed when examining the hyme- nium with a pocket-lens that all the projecting asci were strongly bent in the same direction. This is due to the action of light, the asci being positively heliotropic. This can readily be demonstrated by growing the fungus under M 2 164 FUNGUS-FLORA. two sots of conditions ; one exposed to a strong side light, the other in darkness; in the former, all the projecting asci would bend strongly towards the light ; in the latter, the asci would stand erect, and would also be retarded for some hours in their appearance. The relation between light and the devolopment of asci is not fully understood, and offers a promising field for those who have time and opportunity to investigate the phenomenon. Ascobolus viridulus. Phil. & Plow., Grev., vol. viii. p. 103 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 291 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2133. Scattered, sessile, hemispherical, concave then expanded, submarginate, thick, pale yellowish-green, coarsely granu- lated ; asci clavate, spores 8, elliptical, violet, becoming brown, rugose-striate, 13 x 6 /A; paraphyses rather stout, distinctly septate, clavate at the apices, enveloped in a pale green mucus. On rejectamenta of birds (pigeons?). Spring. Ascophores \— f line broad. This has much the outward character of A. furfuraceus in a young state, but the spores are very much smaller. Not examined. Ascobolus crenulatus. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 77 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 292 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2136. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then expanding, the disc becoming almost plane, yellowish green, outside distinctly scurfy, margin minutely crenulate, 1-1 £ mm. across, excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells 10-12 fj. diameter; asci narrowly clavate, base narrowed into a pedicel, 8-spored ; spores remaining irregularly 1 -senate at maturity, elliptical, becoming violet-brown, delicately striate, 14-15 x 0-8 /A; paraphyses septate, hyaline, slender, not thickened at the tip. On grouse dung. Said to have also been found on cow. dung. The principal features of the present species are, the small ascophores with a crenulate margin ; narrow asci, and the small spores remaining more or less 1-seriate at maturity. Specimen in Karsten's Fung. Fenn., n. 763, examined. Ascobolus Crouani. Bond., Ascob., p. 20, pi. 5, fig. 2; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2165. ASCOBOLUS. 165 Ascophores gregarious, sessile, at first subglobose then ex- panding, base somewhat narrowed, margin and exterior scurfy, yellowish-green, disc shining, 1-2 mm. across, be- coming brownish when dry and old ; hypotheciun?. nnd excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly poly- gonal, 6-10 p. diameter, running out in irregular clusters to form the scurfy exterior; asci clavate, attenuated below into a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, becoming at last irregularly crowded near the apex of the ascus, rather broadly elliptical, hyaline, then violet, at length brown, epispore with numerous delicate, anastomosing cracks, 14-17 X 8-10 p.; paraphyses very slender, septate, equal or slightly clavate at the tips, involved in pale yellow mucus. Among rotten leaves and on rotten wood. Distinguished from A. denudatus by the scurfy exterior of the ascophore. Ascobolus viridis. Currey, Linn. Trans., xxiv. p. 154, 1863; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 289, pi. 9, fig. 54; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2155 (not of Boudier). Gregarious, sessile, at first closed then expanding and becoming plane or only very slightly concave, at times irre- gular in outline, dark dingy olive- or yellowish-green, externally rather coarsely scurfy, 3-6 mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells 12-18 p. diameter ; asci large, clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, with a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptic-fusiform, ends rather pointed, epispore with anastomosing wrinkles,- be- coming deep, clear purple, 26-30 x 11-13 p. ; paraphyses numerous, septate, rather- stout, slightly thickened at the tip, enveloped in pale yellow-green mucus. On naked ground in damp places. The coarsely scurfy exterior of the large ascophore, the large, fusiform spores, and habitat stamp the present species. Type specimen examined. Ascobolus atro-fuscus. Phil. & Plow., Grev., vol. xi. p. 186, t. 24, fig. 1 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 291; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2160. Ascophores crowded or scattered, sessile, closed at first, then expanding and becoming concave, finally plane ; 166 FUNGUS-FLORA. margin minutely crenulate, externally scurfy, entirely blackish-brown, 2—4 mm. diameter ; excipulum parenchyma- tous, cortical cells, 20—30 p. diameter, brown ; asci clavate, tapering into a long, slender, often curved pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, hyaline, then violet, at length brown, epispore smooth at first, then becoming broken up into fragments surrounded by hyaline fissures, giving the spore the appearance of being finely verrucose, 20-22 x 12-14 p.; paraphyses slender, septate, not much thickened at the tip, slightly longer than the asci. Ascobolus viridis, Boudier, Ascob., p. 27, pi. v. fig. 4 (not of Currey). Ascobolus carbonicola, Boudier, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1887, p. 310. On the ground where charcoal has been burnt. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. •* Externally pilose. Ascobolus barbatus. Mass. & Crossl., Grev., vol. xxi. p. 99, with fig. Ascophore up to 1 mm. diameter, gregarious or crowded, hemispherical at first, then almost or quite plane ; excipulum parenchyrnatous ; cells irregularly polygonal, large; disc varying from deep orange-red to bright crimson ; externally yellowish, pilose, hairs brown, thick- walled, septate, conical, pointed, smooth, 80-L30 x 10-12 p., largest and most abun- dant near the margin; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, nar- rowed at the base to a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth and hyaline for a long time, then the epispore becomes violet and finally violet-brown, and marked with delicate anastomosing lines. 16-18 x 9 p.; paraphyses straight, septate, the upper half gradually increasing in thickness, tips about 5 p. broad, orange. A remarkable species, intermediate between Ascobolus and Lachnca, agreeing with the former in having the epispore violet, then brownish, and minutely more or less longitu- dinally rugulose at maturity, the asci, however, so far as I ASCOBOLUS. 167 have observed, do not project beyond the surface of the disc at maturity ; the large-celled parenchymatous excipulum also agrees with Ascobolus. In the early stage, while the spores r i Ascobolus larlxttus, Mass. & Crossl. Fig. 1, group of fungi, nat. size; — Fis^s. 2, 3, entire fungus and section; x 75; — Fig. 4, cells of ex- cipulum ; — Fig. 5, ascus with spores and paraphyses ; — Fig. 6, spores in various stages of development ; — Fig. 7, marginal hairs ; — Figs. 4-7 X 500. are yet hyaline, the fungus would pass for a species of Laclmea. Mostly closely allied to Ascobolus brunneus, Cke., but clearly distinguished by the narrowly cylindrical asci, and 1-seriate, smaller spores. 168 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ascobolus immersus. Pers., Obs., i. p. 35, t. 4, f. 7 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 292 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. D. 2171. Gregarious or scattered, eruinpent, somewhat immersed in the matrix at maturity, closed at first, then expanding and becoming almost plane above, narrowed towards the base, soft and somewhat watery, i— f mm. across, yellowish-green or amber-colour ; externally minutely hairy, hairs scattered or fasciculate, wall rather thick, conical, aseptate, almost colourless, 30-50 X 6-8 /*, but variable in size ; excipulum parenchymatous ; cortical cells irregularly polygonal, yellow- ish, 10—14 p. diameter; asci projecting strongly at maturity, 6-10 in number, very large, wall thin, broadly clavate, apex rounded, rather abruptly narrowed into a short, stout pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptic- oblong, ends rounded, smooth, continuous, cell-wall 3—4 p, thick; epispore for a long time hyaline, then lilac, finally brown, sometimes more or less longitudinally cracked and showing delicate white streaks, 60-70 x 35-45 p.; para- physes about 3 p. thick, septate, hyaline, tips not thickened, longer than the asci, surrounded by yellow mucilage. Ascobolus gigasporus, De Notaris, Disc., p. 360. On dung of horse, cow, sheep, goat, goose, &c. Specimens in Cooke, Fung. Brit., Exs., n. 397, and Eehm, Ascom., n. 102A, examined. Somewhat variable in external appearance, and in the extent to which it is immersed in the matrix, but readily distinguished by the very large asci and spores. Ascobolus brunneus. Cooke, Fung. Brit., Exs., n. 286 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 292; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2173 (not of Bondier). Scattered, sessile, subglobose and closed, then expanding and becoming plane or slightly depressed, pale ochraceous or amber-colour, ^— §• mm. across ; externally, especially near the margin, sparingly furnished with hyaline or very slightly coloured aseptate, thick-walled, sharp-pointed hairs, tapering gradually from the usually more or less swollen base, 75— 130 x 6— 10 ft; excipulum parenchymatous; cortical cells irregularly polygonal, yellowish, 8-15 p. diameter; asci broadly cylindric-clavate, apex rounded, abruptly narrowed into a short, slender, curved pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregu- SACCOBOLUS. 169 larly 2-seriate, smooth, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends blunt, for a long time hyaline, then becoming brown, 20-25 X 12-14 fj.; paraphyses numerous, hyaline, septate, about 2 fj. thick, scarcely or not at all thickened at the tips. On cow dung. Type specimen examined. In Cooke's Fung. Brit., Exs.r n. 286, the present species is mixed with Ascophanus pilosus. Agreeing with Aseophanus pilosus in the colourless, aseptate, pointed hairs, but differing in the larger spores, which eventually become brown. Lachnea stercorea and L. copri- naria are at once distinguished by the external hairs being brown and septate. SACCOBOLUS. Boud. (fig. 11. p. 156.) Ascophore sessile, somewhat fleshy, minute, at first subglobose ; the disc expanding and becoming plane or slightly convex, at length studded with the tips of the projecting asci ; externally glabrous or pilose ; excipulum and cortex parenchymatous ; asci broadly clavate-oblong, apex rather truncate, base narrowed into a pedicel, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, at first hyaline, finally violet or violet- brown, epispore often minutely cracked, when mature aggregated in a cluster surrounded by a special membrane, and situated near the top of the ascus ; paraphyses present. Saccobolus, Boudier, Mem. Ascob., p. 38 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 293 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 524. Allied to Ascobolus in the coloured spores, but readily separated by having the spores enclosed in a special membrane within the ascus, and aggregated in a group at the apex of the ascus when mature. * Ascophore glabrous. Saccobolus obscurus. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 295; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2180. Densely crowded or scattered, sessile, at first globose, the disc gradually expanding and becoming plane or slightly convex, dingy brown, blackish when dry, from |— | mm. across, glabrous ; excipulum and cortex formed of small, 170 FUNGUS-FLORA. irregularly polygonal cells ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores broadly elliptical, sometimes the ends are obtuse, usually somewhat pointed, hyaline then violet, finally brown, epispore for a long time smooth, at length slightly granulated, 13-15 X 9-10 p., enclosed in a common sac within the ascus; paraphyses septate, only slightly thickened at the tip. Ascobolus (Saccobolus) obscurus, Cke., Grev., vol. iv. p. 112. On old sacking. Type specimen examined. A fine species, well marked by the broadly elliptical Saccobolus depauperatus. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 296 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2178. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, at first subglobose and closed, then expanding until quite plane, glabrous, pallid with a yellow tinge when young, then darker with a dull purple shade, blackish when old and dry, about £- mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells 10—15 /* diameter, irregularly polygonal ; asci clavate, apex obtuse and rounded, narrowed below into a stout pedicel, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, smooth, dingy violet then clear brown, epispore smooth, continuous, 12-14 x 7 /*, enclosed in a common membrane within the ascus ; paraphyses septate, hyaline, slightly thickened at the tip. Ascobolm depauperatus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1084, ser. iii., vol. xv. p. 19, pi. 14, fig. 6. On dung of sheep, horse, and deer. Type specimen examined, also specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 661. Saccobolus violascens. Boud., Mem. Ascob., p. 40, pi. 8, fig. 19 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 296 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2177. Ascophores scattered or gregarious, sessile, glabrous, shining, hemispherical then expanded, the disc becoming plane or slightly convex, rarely somewhat undulating, violet or greyish-violet, about 1 mm. across ; excipulum parenchy- matous ; asci broadly clavate, apex somewhat truncate, narrowed at the base into a short, slender, crooked pedicel, SACCOBOLUS. 171 8-spored ; spores aggregated into an oblong group and enclosed in a special membrane near the top of the ascus, elliptical, ends rather pointed, sometimes slightly oblique, hyaline at first then becoming blackish- violet and almost opaque by degrees, 15-16 x 8-9 p., epispore generally remaining smooth; paraphyses slender, hyaline, septate, sometimes branched from near the base, tips filiform, tinged with violet. On cow and rabbit dung. Distinguished by the smalt, somewhat fusiform spores, and the violet, pyriform tips of the paraphyses. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 48, examined. Saccobolus neglectus. Boudier, Ascob., p. 41, pi. 9, fig. 20 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 295 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2183. Ascophores gregarious, very minute, rarely exceeding .1 mm. diameter, sessile, globose at first, the disc becoming plane or convex, glabrous ; whitish at first, then tinged with grey or lilac, base remaining pale, disc often with a rufous or tawny shade, becoming papillose from the exserted tips of the asci ; cells of excipulum and cortex irregularly polygonal, rather large ; asci broadly clavate, narrowed to a short, stout, crooked pedicel, 8-spored, apex somewhat truncate; spores forming an oblong cluster contained in a special membrane near the apex of the ascus, elliptical, ends rather pointed, hyaline, then passing through violet to violet-brown and almost opaque, 17-20 X 8-9 //,, epispore usually remaining smooth; paraphyses slender, septate, hyaline, simple or branched, often from near the base, tips slightly clavate, enveloped in colourless mucus. On dung of sheep, cow, horse, ass, dog, &c. Somewhat resembling S. violascens, Boud., but distin- guished by the paraphyses being colourless. Saccobolus Kerverni. Boud., Mem. Ascob., p. 39. pi. 8, fig. 18; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 294; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2176. (fig. 11, p. 156). Ascophores scattered or crowded, sessile, hemispherical or sometimes slightly elongated vertically, closed at first, the disc becoming plane or slightly convex, fleshy, glabrous, golden-yellow or amber, shining, |-1 mm. diameter; 172 FUNGUS-FLORA. excipulum and cells of cortex parenchymatous ; asci rather large, cylindric-clavate, pedicel short, stout, 8-spored ; spores grouped in an oblong cluster near the apex of the ascus, enclosed in a common membrane within the ascus, elliptical or elliptic-fusiform, hyaline, then passing through violet to brown, epispore sometimes minutely cracked, 20—22 x 10—12 //. : paraphyses slender, septate, often branched from near the base, slightly clavate at the tips, enveloped in yellow mucus. Ascobolm Kerverni, Crouan, Ann. Sci. Xat., 1858, vol. x. pi. 13u, figs. 7-10. On old cow and horse dung. Readily distinguished by the yellow colour of the ascophore. Specimens examined from Cooke's Fung. Brit., ed. ii.T n. 399, and Rehm's Ascom., n. 166. '* AscopJiore minutely pilose. Saccobolus caesariatus. Renny, in Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 297; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2186. Minute, hemispherical, white, clothed with colourless, sep- tate, slender, flexuous hairs ; disc convex, papillate from the exserted asci; asci broadly clavate; spores elliptic, purple, smooth, enclosed in a common hyaline sac ; paraphyses filiform, rather stout, simple or branched. This is an exceedingly beautiful species, very minute, but, unfortunately, no dimensions are given, nor yet the habitat. It resembles a pure white, sessile Laclmella. (Phillips.) Unknown to me. CUBONIA. Sacc. Ascophore sessile, hemispherical, becoming obconic, disc at length plane and studded with the projecting points of the asci, externally smooth or pilose ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores globose, hyaline ; paraphyses present. Cubonia, Sacc., Syll., vol. viii. p. 527. CUBONIA— ASCOPHANUS. 173 Ascoplianm, Phil, Brit. Disc., p. 304. Distinguished at once by the globose spores. Cubonia Boudieri. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2188. Minute, sessile, hemispherical, glabrous, clear white ; disc plane, papillate ; asci broadly cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, globose, asperate, hyaline; paraphyses filiform, stout. Ascobolus Boudieri, Eenny in litt. cum icon. Ascophanus Boudieri, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 304. On rabbit dung. The above description is drawn up from a beautiful draw- ing sent me by Mr. Eenny, but I regret to say no indication of the magnifying power is given, so that I am unable to supply the measurements of the spores. (Phillips.) Unknown to me. ASCOPHANUS. Boudier. (figs. 36, 37, p. 156.) Ascophore somewhat fleshy, sessile, the disc becoming plane, externally glabrous or pilose; excipulum parenchy- matous, cortical cells polygonal, large ; asci broadly clavate, cj-lindric-clavate, or ovate, dehiscing by a convex operculum, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, free in the ascus, elongated ; paraphyses present. Ascophanus, Boudier, Ascob., p. 51 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 303 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 528. Distinguished by the asci containing 8 hyaline, free spores. * Ascopliore glabrous. Ascophanus microsporus. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 307 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2191. Gregarious or crowded, sometimes scattered, sessile, glabrous, globose at first, then expanding, the disc becoming plane or slightly convex and very minutely papillate, dirty white or dingy orange, usually with a tinge of olive ; excipulum minutely parenchymatous, cortical cells sub- quadrate and inclined to be arranged in radiating rows, 5-7 p. diameter ; asci clavate, narrowed into a slender, short, 174 FUNGUS-FLOKA. usually oblique pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elliptical, 7-8 x 3-5-4 /x; paraphyses slender, tips subglobose, pale olive-green, 5-6 //, thick. Ascobolus microsporus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1087, ser. iii. vol. xv. p. 19, pi. xvi. fig. 28. Ascophanus Coemansii, Boud., Ascob., p. 54, pi. x. fig. 30. On cow and sheep dung. Type specimen examined. Differs from A. granuliformis in the tinge of olive in the ascophore, and its generally duller colour, and in the smaller spores. Ascophanus granuliformis. Bond., Ascob., p. 55, t. x. f. 31; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 307; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2200. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, globose, then plane or convex, glabrous, pale ochraceous or sometimes almost straw- colour, -J— | mm. across; hypothecium and excipulum paren- chymatous, small-celled and delicate, cells of cortex polj-gonal, 12-18 /j. diameter; asci broadly clavate, pedicel slender, very short, often oblique, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, ends obtuse, hyaline, smooth, irregularly 2-seriate, 10—12 X 7-8 p.; para- physes rather stout, septate ; tips clavate or often knobbed, 6-7 p. thick, sometimes tinged with colour. Ascobolus granuliformis, Crouan, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. x. pi. 13, figs. 27-35 (1858). On cow dung, Specimen examined in Eehm's Asconi., n. 104. Ascophanus aurora. Boud., Mon. Ascob., p. 58, t. xi., fig. 36; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 308; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2193. Ascophores minute, scattered, sessile, quite glabrous, shining, at first globose then plane, convex when old, orange- red, conspicuously studded with crystalline points; asci small, clavate, narrowed at the base, 8— spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, elliptical, smooth (10 x 6'5/x, Phillips) ; paraphyses slender, septate, wimple or 2-3-furcate from near the base, usually curved at the tip, which is not thickened, reddish-orange, especially towards the Peziza aurora, Crouan, FJ. Finist., p. 53. ASCOPHANUS. 175 On horse and cow dung. No specimen seen by me. Keadily known by the orange-red colour and varnished aspect of the ascophore, which is due to the great amount of gelatine present. The paraphyses are very slender, and generally most deeply coloured at the base, from the accumulation of granules. The asci are relatively small, as are also the spores. (Boudier.) Saccardo — SylL, viii. p. 529 — says, under the present species, that in an Italian specimen the asci are cylindric- oblong, 80 x 16 p.; spores 2-seriate, oblong-ellipsoid, 1- guttulate, hyaline, 14-15 x 7-8 p.; paraphyses filiform, forked above. Ascopharms cinereus. Boud., Mon. Ascob., p. 59, t. xi., fig. 37 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 308 ; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 2204. Gregarious, sessile, fleshy and soft, disc becoming slightly concave or almost plane, pallid at first, then grey, finally often blackish, glabrous, sometimes irregular in form, up to 1 mm. across; hypothecium and excipulurn parenchymatoiis, cells irregularly polygonal, cortical cells largest and coloured; asci cylindric-clavate, narrowed into a slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate or towards maturity inclined to become irregularly 2-seriate above, elliptical, hyaline, smooth, 18-22 x 10-12 p.; paraphyses slender, septate, simple or sometimes forked low down, tips not thickened, slightly longer than the asci. Ascobolus cinereus, Crouan, Ann. Sc. Nat., vol. x. pi. 13D, figs. 17-20. On horse and cow dung. Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 470, examined. Boudier says that the epispore is granulated ; this feature I have not observed in Ream's specimens, neither in Currey's British specimens, yet such may probably be the condition presented by the spores at maturity. In some instances in Rehm's specimen, the free spores were slightly tinged with brown, and furnished with a small pale papilla or wart at each end. When young, the exterior of the ascophore is often minutely mealy or pruinose. 176 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ascophanus argenteus. Bond., Mem. Ascob., p. 5,~>, t. 11, fig. 32; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 306; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2159. Gregarious, minute, not exceeding ^ mm. across, sessile, disc almost plane and becoming narrowed downwards, glabrous, soft and translucent when moist, silvery white ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells polygonal, 7-1 Oyu. diameter, asci broadly clavate, slenderly but shortly stipitate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elliptical, hyaline, smooth, 11-12 X 6-7 fjL; paraphyses septate, hyaline, slender, clavate tit the tip. Ascobolus argenteus, Currey in Cooke's article on Ascobolus, in Journ. Bot., 1864, fig. 6. On cow dung. Type specimen examined. A very minute species, looking like pellucid silvery drops under a lens. Ascophanus ochraceus. Boud., Ascob., p. 57, t. 11, fig. 34; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 311 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2201. Somewhat gregarious or scattered, sessile, almost globose at first, disc becoming plane or convex, rather fleshy, glabrous, ochraceous, sometimes pale, about 1 mm. across ; cortical cells polygonal, 10-12 fi diameter; asci clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, narrowed into a somewhat slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, elliptical, 15-16 X 9 ft ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, septate, tips thickened and usually curved. Ascobolus ochraceous, Crouan, Flor. Finist., p. 57. On old cow dung, rare on sheep dung. Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 140. The specimen — in the Kew copy — in Cke., Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 559, called Ascophanus ochraceous, is typical Ascophanus yranuliformis. Superficially resembling A. granuliformis, but distinguished by the larger spores, and the paraphyses being curved at the tips. Ascophanus subfuscus. Boud., Ascob., p. 52, pi. 10, fig. 28 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 305 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2209. Crowded or more rarely scattered, sessile, hemispherical, ASCOPHANUS. 1 77 disc plane, rather fleshy, glabrous, brown, when dry blackish- brown, concave and with the margin irregularly incurveJ, about •£- mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells, like those of the cortex, small ; asci clavate, tapering uniformly from apex to base, 8-spored ; spores at first 1-seriate, becoming irregularly 2-seriate above, hyaline, smooth, elliptical, 9-10 X 4-5-5 /A; paraphyses septate, slender, clavate or piriform at the apex, which is tinged brown when living, 5—6 /A broad. On dung of cow and dog. Has also been found on human dung in Germany. Specimen examined in Cke., Fung. Brit., ed. ii. n. 657. Ascophanus consociatus. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 312; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2221. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, subglobose then expanding until the disc is almost plane, whitish, often with a tinge of yellow, externally granulated owing to the large, projecting, cortical cells, which vary from 15—20 /x diameter, about 1 mm. across ; excipulum parenchyrnatous ; asci broadly clavate, pedicel short, stout, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, broadly fusiform, contents granular, 11-12 X 7 /x, ; paraphyses septate, hyaline, very slightly thickened at the tips. Ascobolus consociatus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xv. p. 39, pi. 2, fig. 7. On decayed wood, on the remains of Sphaeria cupulifera. Type specimen examined. Ascophanus minutissimus. Boud., Ascob., p. 53, t. 10, f. 29; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 305; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2212. (figs. 36, 37, p. 156.) Very minute, hardly visible under a lens, always scattered, hemispherical, disc plane, brown or tawny, margin blackish ; asci broad, narrowed towards the base, 8-spored; spores smooth, hyaline, elliptical, ends rather pointed, 7 and 4 /*, irregularly 2-seriate ; paraphyses simple, septate, broadly pyriform and greenish-yellow at the tips. On dung of horses and sheep. Unknown to me. Somewhat resembling A. subfuscus, differing in the asco- VOL. IV. N 178 FUNGUS-FLORA. phores being scattered, the spores smaller, and the large, piriform tips of the paraphyses tinged greenish-yellow. Ascophanus carneus. Bond., Mem. Ascob., p. 250, pi. 12, fig. 38; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 309; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2216. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, usually surrounded at the base by delicate white hyphae, at first globose, then expand- ing until the disc is almost plane, immarginate, glabrous; colour variable, ranging through flesh-red, dingy orange, rosy, and salmon colour ; hypothecium and excipulum com- posed of almost spherical hyaline cells, ranging up to 20 //, diameter ; asci clavate, contracted below into a slender, usually curved pedicel, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, irregularly 2-seriate, continuous, smooth, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18-20 X 10-12 p; paraphyses septate, tips clavate, containing orange granules, 6 //. across. Ascobolus carneus, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 676. Ascophanus carneus, ft cuniculi, Bond., Mem, Ascob., p. 250, pi. 12, fig. 39; Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 309; Sacc., Syll., viii. 11. 2216. Ascophanus saccharinus, Boud., Mem. Ascob., p. 251, pi. 12, fig. 40 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2217. Ascophanus carneus, y saccharinus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 310. Ascobolus saccharinus, Berk, it Curr., in Berk., Outl. Fung., p. 374. On clung of cow and rabbit, also on old leather, cloth, rope, &c. Phillips states that he has seen this species on nettle stems. Specimen of Ascobolus carneus, named by Persoon, examined, also Berkeley's type of A. saccharinus. Specimens contained in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 197, Eehm, Ascom., n. 425, and Cke., Fung. Brit., ed. ii. n. 398, contain Ascoplianus carneus, as hero understood. Var. testaceus. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, at first globose, then expanding and becoming plane or slightly depressed, glabrous, 1-H rnm. across, brick-red to dingy orange; hypothecium and" exci- pulum parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal, 10—12 /x, diameter ; asci large, broadly clavate, narrowed into a some- ASCOPHANUS, 179 what slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, elliptical, for a long time smooth, then minutely granular, 17-18 x 9-10 p ; paraphyses septate, rather stout, tips clavate, 4—6 //, broad. Ascobolus testaceus, Moug., Wallr. Fl. Crypt., iv. p. 513. Ascophanus testaceus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 310, pi. 9, fig. 58; Sacc., Syll.,.viii. n. 2219. On old sacking, linen, also on rabbit and mouse dung. Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 98. ** Ascophorc pilose. Ascophanus equinus. Mass. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, turbinate, disc becoming plane or slightly convex, orange or tawny-orange, margin smooth and naked, externally sparsely clothed with thick- walled, pointed, aseptate hairs, which are more or less swollen near the base, hyaline or with a yellow tinge; 150-225 X 6-8 //,; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells large, polygonal, somewhat elongated ; asci narrowly cylin- drical ; curved, and with a slender pedicel when young, the spores at this period obliquely 1 -seriate, ascus afterwards broadly clavate, apex somewhat abruptly narrowed and truncate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18—22 x 11— 13 /A; paraphyses septate, about 2 /JL thick, scarcely or not at all thickened at the tip, often branched upwards, containing orange granules. Pcziza equina, Mull., Flor. Dan., tab. 979, fig. 3. Lasiobolus equinus, Karst., Eev., p. 122; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2224. Ascophanus pilosus, Boud., Ascob., p. 64, t. xii. figs. 42—44 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 312. Ascophanus pilosus, var. ciliatus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 312. On dung of horse, ass, cow, rabbit, &c. A very beautiful species ; ovate when young, the disc being entirely closed, and the external hairs pointing upwards in a close bundle; as the disc expands the hairs spread, and have only a slight upward direction. N 2 180 FUNGUS-FLORA. EYPAROBIUS. Bond, (emended.) (figs. 34, 35, p. 156.) Ascophore minute, sessile, at first subglobose, the disc expanding until plane or slightly convex, fleshy, glabrous or ciliated at the margin; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, large ; asci broadly cylindric- clavate, dehiscing by an apical operculum, protruding above the level of the disc at maturity, 1 G-many-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, elongated, in some species aggregated in a cluster near the top of the ascus before dehiscence ; para- physes present. Eyparobius, Bond., Ascob., p. 47 (in part); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 298 (in part) ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 539. Thecotheus, Bond., Ascob., p. 45 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 297. Ascozonus, Kenny. Distinguished at once by the asci containing 16 or more hyaline spores. * Spores not more than 32 in an ascus. Ryparobius Pelletieri, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 605 ; Syll., viii. n. 2243. (fig. 38, p. 156.) Ascophores scattered or gregarious, cylindrical or sub- globose at first, then expanding until the disc is quite plane, white, or with a very slight grey or rosy tinge, delicately pruinose on the outside, ^-1 mm. across ; excipulum paren- chymatous ; asci broadly cylindric-clavate, pedicel short, stout, often oblique, 32-spored, projecting prominently above the level of the disc ; spores elliptical, ends somewhat pointed, smooth, hyaline, wall rather thick, 26-32 x 14-16 p. ; paraphyses septate, hyaline, slender, often branched from near the base, tips only very slightly thickened, longer than the asci. Ascobolus Pelletieri, Crouan, Fl. Finist., p. 56. Thecotheus Pelletieri, Bond., Ascob., p. 46, t. 9, fig. 22 ,- Phil. Brit. Disc., p. 297, pi. ix., fig. 56. On dimg of horse, cow, sheep, and dog. Distinguished among species having more than 8 spores ia an ascus, by the large asci, which project for about half EYPAROBIUS. 181 their length above the level of the disc at maturity. The spores are surrounded by a layer of mucus when young. Ryparobius tenacellus. Phil., Grev., xix. p, 74; Sacc., Syll., Suppl., vol. x. n. 4592. Scattered; at first cylindrical, then hemispherical, iin- marginate, entirely white, about -J- mm. across, excipulum parenchymatous, external cells about 10 /x diameter; disc plane or slightly convex; asci broadly cylindric-clavate, 32-spored, dehiscing by a distinct annular apical lid ; spores smooth, continuous, elliptical, hyaline, 10—12 X 7—8 p. ; paraphyses rather stout, septate, 5-6 p. thick at the clavate tip, hyaline. On rabbit dung. This species approaches Ryparobius albidus, Boud., but has larger asci and spores, and is quite white. Ryparobius parvisporus. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 303 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2250. Very minute, fragile, somewhat more fleshy than other species, white and brilliant at first, then duller, with a faintly vinous tinge ; substance formed of bladdery polygonal cells, unequal in size, and often projecting in hair-like threads ; margin unevenly fringed with somewhat roughened subulate hairs, often in a partly double row ; disc at first flat, then filled with the prominent, broadly clavate asci ; spores 16-24, elliptic, hyaline, smooth; paraphyses filiform, stout, septate. Ascozonus parvisporus, Benny, Trans. Woolhope Club, 1873, p. 131, pi. 3, figs. 1-5 ; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 356, t, 156, tigs. 1-5. On rabbit dung. Autumn. Unknown to me. Ryparobius Crouani. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 300; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2246. Very minute, at first clear white, then whitish, fragile, sessile, hemispherical, glabrous, cortex formed of a single series of cells ; margin ciliated with a single series of rough, subacuminate hairs ; asci broadly clavate ; spores 32, oblong- fusiform, obtuse at the ends, hyaline, smooth ; paraphyses not seen. 182 FUNGUS-FLORA. Ascozonus Crouani, Renny, in Trans. Woolhope Club, 1873, p. 130, t. 3, figs. 6-10, and in Journ. Bot,, 1874, p. 356, i. 154, figs. 6-10. On rabbit dung. Ascophores y^, rarely y-J^ of an inch broad, formed of a single layer of subcubical cells, with a single row of sharp, pointed hairs, often roughened at their sides about -J to -J-.of the whole height ; disc plane, granulate ; asci narrower than usual; spores normally 32, oblong-fusiform. To be distin- guished from A. cunicularis by the shorter and tapering rough cilia, as well as by the thinness and transparency of the walls. (Renny.) _ No specimen seen by me. Ryparobius sexdecemsporus. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2241. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, subglobose, the disc ex- panding and becoming plane or slightly convex, glabrous, white, then tinged grey, finally yellowish, 1-1-5 mm. across, the hypothecium and excipulum are parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal, 14—16 p. diameter; asci broadly cylindric- clavate, rather abruptly narrowed at the base into a short, stout pedicel, 16-spored ; spores elliptical, ends, blunt, hyaline, 10-12 x 6 p.; paraphyses septate, hyaline, often branched, sometimes curved at the very slightly thickened tips. Ascobolus sexdecemsporus, Crouan, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1858, vol. x. p. 195, pi. 13 K, figs. 21-26. AscopTianus sexdecemsporus, Boud., Mem. Ascob., p. 57, pi. xi. fig. 35. On dung of cow and horse. Distinguished from R. Pclletieri by the very much smaller spores having the ends blunt and rounded. '* Spores more than 32 in an asciis. f Ascophorc glabrous. Ryparobius Cookei. Boud., Ascob., p. 48, pi. ix. fig. 24; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 299, pi. 9, fig. 57. (figs. 34, 35, p. 156.) KYPAROBIUS. 183 Crowded, often confluent and forming a continuous crust, hemispherical, glabrous, more or less tawny, the plane disc usually paler, up to 1 mm. across; excipulum parenchy- matou«, cortical cells polygonal, 12—15 /*. diameter; asci broadly cylindric-clavate, suddenly contracted into a very short, stout, usually oblique pedicel ; spores 48-64, hyaline, elliptical, smooth, 8-10 x 4-5 /*, aggregated in a cluster near the apex of the ascus at maturity ; paraphyses scanty, septate, hyaline, scarcely thickened at the tips. Eyparobius crustaceus, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2231. On dung of horse, cow, dog, rabbit, &c. Distinguished by the densely crowded habit of growth and the number of spores in the ascus, which is normally 64. Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 771, examined. Ryparobius dubius. Boud., Ascob., p. 240, pi. x., fig. 26; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 300; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2240. Scattered, very minute, scarcely visible under a lens, often immersed, globose, the disc expanding and becoming convex, pallid, pellucid, immarginate ; asci broadly ovate or oblong- ovate, very slightly or not at all narrowed at the base, spores numerous (probably 128), hyaline, smooth, elliptical, ends rather pointed (6 X 4 /x according to Eehm), aggregated in a cluster near the top of the ascus at maturity; para- physes absent or rare, short, hyaline, septate. On dung of horse, rabbit, and sheep. Unknown to me. Distinguished by the very small size of the ascophore, and the numerous small spores. * If Ascophore ciliated or pilose. Ryparobius argenteus. B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 347, pi. ix., fig. 11; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 301 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2248. Scattered, very minute, scarcely ^ mm. diameter, sessile, at first subglobose, then becoming plane, silvery white, margin fringed with delicate, thin-walled, pointed hairs, 50-65 x 5-6 p; excipulum parenchymatoTis ; asci short, broadly cylindric-clavate, pedicel short, stout, containing 184 FUNGUS-FLORA. 64 hyaline, smooth, fusiform spores, 17-18 x 5-6 /x, aggre- gated in a cluster near the top of the ascus at maturity ; paraphyses septate, hyaline, slender, often branched. Ascozonvs cunicularius, Kenny, Trans. Woolhope Clul>, 1873, p. 129, t. 1, fig. 1-4; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 355, figs. 1-4. On rabbit dung, for the most part attached to filaments of Mu cor. Type specimen examined. Keadily distinguished by the narrowly fusiform spores. Ryparobius subhirsutus. Phil., Brit., Disc., p. 302 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2245 Mimite, sessile, hemispherical, pure white, nearly trans- parent, dotted with short unequal hairs, which are mostly counate in pairs or threes ; margin ciliated ; disc flat, coarsely papillate ; asci very wide, oblong, narrowed at the base somewhat abruptly to a point; spores about 128 (not less), elliptic, hyaline, smooth, collected at length into an ovoid mass in the upper part of the ascus; paraphyses not seen. Ascozorius subJiirsutus, Kenny, Trans. Woolhope Club, 1873, p, 131, t. 2, figs. 4-7 ; Journ. Bot., 1874, p. 357, t. 155, figs. 4-7. On rabbit dung. No specimen seen. Ryparobius Woolhopensis. B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1395; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 302; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2247. Minute, scattered, at first pure white, then dingy, with a tltick stem-like base, which is tuberculate, covered with close-set hairs which fringe the margin, at length expand- ing, the hairs disappearing with age; substance of base vesicular; asci broadly clavate, sporidiferous cysts seated towards the apices; spores 64, broadly fusiform, hyaline, smooth, 17—18 x 5 p.; paraphyses filiform, stout, simple. Ascozonus Woolhopcnsis, Kenny, Trans. Woolhope Club, 1073, p. 130; Journ. Bot., 1874, p. 356 ; t. 153. On bird dung, mixed with filaments of Mucor, and mostly borne by them. ' Ascophores \ a line wide and high. Unknown to me. KYrAROBIUS. 185 Ryparobius Leveilleanus. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 301 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2249. Very minute, shortly stipitate, silvery white ; stem formed of rounded, prominent cells; body of ascophore of smaller, much flattened cells ; margin ciliated with a single row of short irregular hairs; disc papillate ; asci very broad, tapering below, with an umbonate operculum; spores 64-9G, oblong fusiform, obtuse at the ends, hyaline, smooth ; para- ph vses not seen. Ascozonus Leveilleanus, Renny, Trans. Woolhope Club, 1873, p. 130, figs. 1-5. Ascozonus Leveillei, Eenny, Journ. Bot., 1874, p. 350, pi. 154, figs. 1-5 On rabbit dung. Winter. Ascophores ^ to T^7 of an inch wide. (Renny.) Not examined. Fam. VII. PEZIZAE. The present group includes a large number of species, and as a whole is characterised by the superficial, sessile or often distinctly stipitate ascophore, fleshy or waxy consistency, soon decaying after maturity, and the fixed asci — not pro- jecting above the level of the disc at maturity. In the great majority of species the spores are hyaline, and most fre- quently continuous, although among the minute species septate spores occur. In the brittle species, which decay quickly after the spores are mature, the hypothecium and excipulum are truly parenchymatous, the cells being irregularly polygonal — mostly hexagonal — in outline, and frequently of large size. On the other hand, where the substance is somewhat leathery and persistent, as in some species of Otidea, the hypothecium and excipulum are formed of slender, intricately interwoven hyphae. The genus Pseudopeziza, included in the Pezizae on account of its close affinity with Mollisia, differing in fact only in being truly erumpent, is also closely allied to the genus PJiacidium, thus connecting the Pezizae with the Phacidieae. On the other hand, the genus Helvella connects the Helvelleae with the Pezizae. 186 FUNGUS-FLOKA As in all large natural groups, the genera converge and even overlap at various points, hence in almost every genus there are certain species that oscillate between two or more genera. For the same reason the grouping of the genera into sections is a difficult matter, and the following arrange- ment does not profess to be more than an endeavour to facilitate the recognition of genera and species ; the many- sided relationship between genera and species being reserved for a separate work, experience having shown the impos- sibility of accomplishing such an object in a work primarily devoted to the elucidation of species. Sect. I. GLABPATAE. Ascophore glabrous, mostly minute ; saprophytes or parasites, growing on plants. Sect. II. VESTITAE. Ascophore hirsute or pilose, or seated on a well developed subiculum ; saprophytes, growing on plants or on the ground. Sect. III. CAItNOSAE. Growing on the ground ; usually fleshy ; often large. Externally glabrous or scurfy — furfuraceous. Sometimes minutely silky or downy, but never truly pilose. PEZIZAE. 187 GLABKATAE. Pseudopeziza. Ascophore sessile, distinctly erumpent ; spores continuous or 1-septate. Mollisia. Ascophore sessile, superficial ; spores con- tinuous or 1-septate. Mollisiella. Spores globose; in other respects as in Mollisia. Belonidium. Ascophore sessile ; spores 3-many-septate. Pocillum. Ascophore minute ; cylindrical and narrowed at the base, but sessile. Stamnaria. Ascophore sessile or shortly stipitate. Growing on stems of species of Equisetum. Helotium. Ascophore firm and waxy, sessile or shortly stipitate, margin entire; stem usually not longer than diameter of disc. Cyathicula. Margin of ascophore more or less distinctly toothed, sessile or shortly stipitate; spores con- tinuous or septate. Ciboria. Ascophore seated on a long, slender stem, not springing from a sclerotium ; margin entire. Sclerotinia. Ascophore seated on a long, slender stem springing from a sclerotium. Chlorosplenium. Ascophore stipitate, typically coloured green, and staining the wood on which it grows of a green colour. PSEUDOPEZIZA. 189 PSEUDOPEZIZA. Fckl. (emended.) (figs. 43, 44, p. 156.) Parasites or saprophytes; ascophore erumpent, sessile, sometimes narrowed at the base, glabrous, minute ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal; asci narrowly clavate, apex usually narrowed, 4-8-spored ; spores smooth, hyaline, narrowly elliptical or fusiform, continuous or 1- septate; paraphyses present. Pseudopeziza, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 290; Sacc., Syll.r viii. p. 723 (both in part). Mollisia, Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 171 (in part.) Many of the species are true parasites, growing on living FIGUKES ILLUSTRATING THE SELVELLEAE, &c. Fig. 1, Morchella esculenta, Pers., entire fungus ; about ^ nat. size ; — Fig. 2, ascus and paraphysis of same ; highly X ; — Fig. 3, spores of same ; X 330; — Fig. 4, Rhizina undulata, Fries, entire fungus; about £ nat. size; — Fig. 5, section of same, showing the numerous rhizoids; about i nat. size ;— Fig. 6, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ;— Fig. 7, spores of same : x 300 ; — Fig. 8, Geoglossum glutinosum, Pers., entire fungus ; about 5 uat. size ; — Fig. 9, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly X ;— Fig. 10, spore of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 11, Leptoglossum microsporum, yacc., ascus and paraphysis ; highly x ; — Fig. 12, spores of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 13, Geoglossum viscosum, Pers., paraphyses highly x ; — Fig. 14, Gyromitra esculenta, Fries, entire fungus ; about £ nat. size ; — Fig. 15, spore of same; x 300; — Fig. 16, Gyromitra gigas, Cooke, spore; x 300 ; — Fig. 17, Helvetia crispa, Fries, entire fungus ; about J nat. size ; — Fig. 18, spores of same; x 300;— Fig. 19, Verpa digitaliformis, Pers., entire fungus, about §.nat. size — Fig. 20, section of pileus and upper part uf hollow stem of same ; about § nat. size; — Fig. 21, ascus and paraphysis of same ; highly X ; — Fig. 22, Spatlmlaria flavida, Pers., entire fungus ; about § nat. size ;— Fig. 23, free spore of same ; x 300 ;— Fig. 24, ascus and paraphyses of same; highly x ; — Fig. 25, Leotia lubrica, Pers., single plant ; about | nat. size ; — Fig. 26, section of pileus of same ; about § nat. size; — Fig. 27. ascus and paraphysis of same; x 300; — Fig. 28, free spores of same ; x 300 ; — Fig. 29, Mitrula paludosa, Fr., about § nat. size ; — Fig. 30, ascus and paraphyses of same ; X 300 ; — Fig. 31, Morcliella conica, Pers., var. deliciosa, Fr., fungus; about § nat. size:— Fig. 32, I 'ibrissea truncorum, Fries, group of plants ; nat. size ; — Fig. 33, section of pileus of same, showing the spores escaping; slightly x ; — Fig. 34, portion of a spore of same; x 750; — Fig. 35, ascus and paraphyses of same ; highly x ; — Fig. 36, Peziza ochracea, Boudier, two plants; nat. size ; — Fig. 37, ascus and paraphyses ; highly x . 190 FUNGUS-FLOEA. leaves ; others are saprophytes, and occur on fading leaves, dead or dying herbaceous stems, wood, &c. Closely allied to Mollisia, in fact to be distinguished only by being truly erumpent, a primitive habit from which those species at present constituting the genus Mollisia have emerged. Belonidium, another closely allied genus, diifers in the superficial ascophore and the 3— many-septate spores. Finally the present genus approaches Phacidium in having the ascophore at first immersed in the substratiim and •erurnpent, but differs in the ascophore protruding from the substratum, 'karid not remaining immersed at maturity. Coccomyces and Coccophacidium differ in having the spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus. * On leaves of Angiospcrms. Pseudopeziza trifolii. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 290; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2970. Epiphyllous, sessile, gregarious in small clusters on dark spots, erumpent and girt by the ruptured epidermis, soon .plane, dingy yellow, glabrous, about -^ mm. across; exci- pulum parenchymatous, margin somewhat irregular; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriatc or sometimes almost obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, elliptic-oblong or sometimes inclined to be broadest at the apex, usually 2-guttulate, 10-15 X 5-6 p.; paraphyses hyaline, rather stout, sometimes branched. Ascobolus trifolii, Biv. Beruk., Manip., p. 27, t. vi., fig. 5. Mollisia trifolii, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 199. On living clover leaves. The ascophores are situated on the under surface of the leaves, and resemble the pustules of a Puccinia in appearance, being surrounded by the ruptured epidermis. Specimens in Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 331, and ed. ii., n. 451, examined. Pseudopeziza typhae. Mass. Ascophores erumpent, sessile, scattered or gregarious, subglobose and closed, soon almost plane, blackish, soft, ^-| mm. across, glabrous ; hypothecium, passing into a parenchy- PSEUDOPEZIZA. 191 matous brown cortex, cells 6-8 p. diameter, running out at the margin into parallel, clavate, septate, brown hyphae ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly fusiform, distinctly 1-septate at maturity, straight, 10-14 x 2'5 //.; paraphyses hyaline, about 2 p. thick, slightly thickened at the tip. Peziza (Mollisia) typhae, Cke., Grev., i. p. 131. Mollisia ti/phae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 188; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1429. Mollisia epitypha, Eehm, Krypt. Fl. Disc., p. 532 ? On dead leaves of Typha. Externally resembling M. atrala, but known by the larger spores, which become distinctly 1-septate at maturity. The septa show up veiy clearly when the spores are treated with a solution of iodine. Type specimen examined, also Cke., Fung. Brit., n. 570, and Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 127. Pseudopeziza ranunculi. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2979. Gregarious on brown spois or scattered, hypophyllous, innate, erumpent, at first closed then expanding and becom- ing discoid, blackish, thin and soft, glabrous, about J,- mm. across, hypothecium composed of hyaline, aseptate, densely interwoven hyphae about 4 //, thick, these pass into a truly parenchymatous excipulum, cortical cells nearly similar in every part, irregularly polygonal, smoky olive, 8—10 f*. diameter ; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel short, rather stout, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, oblong-clavate, apex broadest, ends obtuse, for a long time continuous, then 1-septate, the septum placed below the middle of the spore, 15-16 x 6-7 ft; paraphyses hyaline, continuous, about 2 p. thick, apex thickened. Phlyctidium ranunculi, Wallr., Fl. Crypt., ii. p. 416. Mollisia ranunculi, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 200. Phacidium litigiosum, Eoberge, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1847, p. 181, t. 8. Fabraea litigiosa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3015. On fading leaves of Eanunculus repens, and other species. Specimens examined in Cke., Fung. Brit., Exs., ed. ii., n. 452, and Eehm's Ascom., n. 659. Saccardo makes two species, placed in widely separated 192 FUNGUS-FLORA. genera, of the present fungus, as shown in the synonymy. His Fabraea litigiosa is said to be distinguished by the 1- septate spores, and in the ascophores not being crowded on brown spots ; but Kehm, Ascom., 059, quoted by Saccardo under this form, has the ascophores densely crowded on brown patches, whereas in other exsiccati the ascophores are scattered, and the spores continuous. Pseudopeziza cerastiorum. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 291; Sacc.,.Syll., viii. n. 2976. Gregarious, epiphyllous, sessile, innate, erumpent, orbicular and plane, glabrous, firm, pale reddish-yellow, sometimes quite pale, up to 1 mm. across; excipuluni parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, smoky yellowish-olive, 7—9 p. diameter; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel short, stout, truncate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, straight, narrowly cylindric- oblong, ends obtuse, sometimes very slightly widest at the apex, often 2-guttulate, 9-12 x 3 //.; paraphyses slender, hyaline, continuous, slightly thickened at the tip. Peziza cerastiorum, Wallr., Cr. Fl. Germ., p. 465. Mollisia cerastiorum, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 199. On living or fading leaves of species of Cerastium. Specimen examined in Cke., Brit. Fung., n. 655. Pseudopeziza calthae. Mass. Gregarious on brown spots on the under surface of the leaf, innate then erumpent, usually surrounded by the torn epidermis, disc plane or convex, not distinctly marginate, pale brown or greyish, -J-J mm. across ; excipulum hyaline, very minutely parenchymatous ; asci broadly clavate, apex slightly narrowed, base rather stout, often rather deformed or irregular, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, narrowly elliptic-oblong, or slightly widest above the middle and with a clavate tendency, ends obtuse, often 2-guttulate, 15-20 x 6-8 fj.; paraphyses fili- form, hyaline, about 2 p. thick, apex not thickened, sometimes branched. Phacidium caltJiac, Phil., Grev., viii. p. 103; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 391 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2951. On fading leaves of Caltha palustris. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. TSEUDOPEZIZA. 193 Pseudopeziza medicaginis. Sacc., Fung. Ard.,n. 96 ; Syll., viii. n. 2971. Sessile, innate, erumpent, girt by the ruptured epidermis, seated on yellowish spots; soon becoming almost plane, yellowish-brown, thin and delicate, glabrous, about ^ mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous ; asci clavate, apex nar- rowed, stipitate, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, 8-11 X 4-5 p., straight; paraphyses hyaline, slender, slightly thick at the tips. Phacidium medicaginis, Libert, Crypt. Ard., exs., n. 176. On the upper surface of living or fading leaves of various species of Medicago. Saccardo says also on Trigonella. Closely allied to P. trifolia ; distinguished by the somewhat smaller spores, and different host plant. Specimens of this species are in the Kew herbarium, collected by Baxter, near Oxford, and by the Eev. J. E. Leefe at Audley End, Essex. Specimen in Libert's exs. n. 176, examined. Pseudopeziza radians. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2974. Erumpent and bordered by the torn epidermis, blackish and glabrous externally, concave then almost or quite plane, up to f mm. across, circular or slightly elongated, disk pallid or dingy; scattered, or more frequently gregarious and forming fine black, straight, radiating, or dendritic lines ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells small, externally brownish- olive ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex rather narrowed, often irregularly nodulose at or near the base, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, narrowly cylindric-clavate, or cylindrical and only very slightly wider near the apex, ends obtuse, hyaline, continuous, 8-10 p. long, 3-3 '5 p. across at the widest part: paraphyses rather stout, cylindrical, straight, about 3 p. thick. Phacidium radians, Eoberge, Ann. Sci. Kat., ser. ii., vol. xvii. p. 116 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 388. On both surfaces of living leaves of Campanula patula, C. rapunculus, and other species of Campanula. Specimen sent by Eoberge to Berkeley, examined, also specimen from Desm., Cr., Fr., ser. i., n. 1350. Pseudopeziza repanda. Sacc., Syll., n. 2983. Gregarious; innate, roundish, £-1 mm. broad, convex, dingy pale green, then blackish, splitting from the centre VOL. IV. 0 194 FUNGUS-FLORA. into 4-5 blunt teeth, disc dingy brown; asci cylindric- clavate; spores 8, irregularly biseriate, very narrowly clavate, ends obtuse, straight or vQTy slightly curved, con- tinuous, hyaline, usually with two large guttulae, 10-13 x 2 '5-3 /A : pnraphyses cylindrical, 3 /A thick, colourless. Phacidium repandum, Fries, Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 108; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 395. Pliacidium vernale, Fckl., Symb. Myc., pt. iv. b 262, tab. iv. f. 27. Phacidium autumnale, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 262, tab. iv. f. 26. Spermogonia, spermatia cylindrical, almost straight, colour- less, continuous, 6 x 1 ' 5 p.. Pliyllacliora punctiformis, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 219, Nachtr. ii. p. 52. On the under side of living leaves of Galium borcale, G. mollugo, Asperula odorata, &c., less frequent on the stem. It is suspected, but not definitely ascertained, that the following is the spermogonia condition of this species. Stroma occurring on both surfaces of the leaf, minute, somewhat circular in outline, i- mm. diameter, black, with many internal, minute conceptacles, furnished with slender brown hyphae at the base ; texture parenchymatous, sooty ; spermatia rod-shaped, 30-40 x 1 ' 5-2 /x,, ends rather obtuse, 5-6-guttulate, hyaline. PlacospJiaeria stellatarum, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 353; Sacc., Syll., vol. iii. n. 1437. On living leaves of Galium and Sherardia. Pseudopeziza alismatis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2986. Ascophores seated on brown discoloured spots, gregarious, at first closed and covered, orbicular, then bursting through th,e epidermis and opening with a lacerated thin margin, umber-brown when moist, black when dry; disc paler, plane, 100-300 /x. across; asci broadly clavate, 50—60 X 10 //,; spores 8, oblong, polari-guttulate, 10-14 x 3-4 p.-, paraphyses slenderly filiform. Mollisia (Pseudopeziza) alismatis, Phil. & Trail, Grev., vol. xvi. p. 93. On both sides of fading leaves of Alisma plantago. Sept., Oct. Not examined. PSEUDOPEZIZA. 195 Pseudopeziza petiolaris. Mass. Ascophore minute, developing under the epidermis, its presence indicated by a pale grey spot, then emerging through an elongated slit, or less frequently through a stellate rupture with 3-4 teeth ; often longish, marginate, yellowish-grey, soft, |— 1 mm. across ; asci clavate, small, 8-spored ; spores cylindric-clavate, obtuse, straight, con- tinuous, hyaline, smooth, biseriate, 6-9 x 1|-2| /*; para- physes filiform, septate, becoming gradually thicker upwards, 0 IJL thick at the apex, colourless. Peziza erumpens, Grev., Scot., Or. Fl., t. 99. Hysterium petiolare, Albert. & Schweinitz, Comp. Fung. Xisk., p. 59. Mollisia erumpens, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 197. Mollisia petiolaris, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1460. Trocliila petiolaris, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 132. On dead petioles of leaves of sycamore and horse chestnut Resembling a small Hysterium or Lophodcrmium to the raked eye. ** On herbaceous stems and culms of Angiosperms. Pseudopeziza artemisiae. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, erumpent, sessile, at first closed and turbinate, then expanding until almost plane, up to 1 mm. across ; disc pallid, externally dark brown, often with an olive tinge, margin pale; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, dark brown, 6-8 //, diameter, smaller and paler at the margin ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, base rather stout, 8-spored ; spores obliquety 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical, ends rather acute, straight or very slightly curved, 7-11 X 1 * 5-2 jj. ; paraphyses hyaline, about 3 p. thick at the slightly thickened tips. Peziza artemisiae, Lasch, in Eab., Herb. Myc., n. 335. Mollisia artemisiae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 188. Pyrenopeziza artemisiae, Rehm, Ascom., exs., n. 66 ; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 616 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1484. On dead stems of Artemisia vulgaris. Specimens examined in Rabenh., Herb. Myc., ed. ii. n. 623 (collected by Lasch) ; and Rehm, Ascom., n. 66. o 2 196 FUNGUS-FLOUA. Pseudopeziza paulula. Mass. Scattered or usually gregarious, erumpent, miuute, {-I mm. across, glabrous, closed at first, then expanding and concave ; disc pale, margin whitish, entire, externally blackish with an olive tinge, surrounded at the base, especially when young, by a narrow white zone of hyphae which spring from the basal cortical cells ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 7—10 /x diameter, arranged in a parallel series, and pale at the margin ; asci broadly elliptical, usually rather broadest near the base, apex rather narrowed, sessile or very nearly so, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriale, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptic- oblong, ends rather blunt, often 2-guttulate, 12—14 X 4-5 p; paraphyses slender, hyaline, almost cylindrical. Peziza paulula, Koberge, in Desm., Cr. Fr., ed. i. n. 2010. Mollisia paulula, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 18G; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1437. On dead culms of Juncus maritimus and other species. Specimen from Eoberge examined, also Desm., n. 2010. Pseudopeziza graminis. Mass. Erumpent, sessile, gregarious or scattered, emerging through a slit in the epidermis of the host-plant and becoming elliptical or circular, margin raised, whitish and minutely vil lose ; disc pale grey, externally greyish-brown, glabrous, often slightly wrinkled, about 1 mm. diameter; cortex parenchymatous, cells brownish below, polygonal, somewhat elongated from base to margin, becoming narrower upwards, and running out into distinct, pale, obtuse hyphae, 40-65 X 4-5 p., to form the pilose margin ; asci cylindric- clavate, apex narrowed, base stout, 8-spored ; spores irregu- larly 2-seriate, narrowly elliptic-oblong or slightly clavate, hyaline, continuous, 12-16 x 3-3 • 5 p.; paraphyses slender, hyaline, slightly thickened at the tip. Mollisia graminis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 185. Peziza graminis, Desm., Cr. Fr., ser. i. n. 1066. On dead grass stems. Specimen in Desiu., Cr. Fr., ser. i. n. 1066, examined. The specimen called Bclonium graminum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2034, considered to be the present species, differs in the 3-septate spores, septate paraphyses, &c. PSEUDOPEZIZA. 197 Pseudopeziza arenivaga. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, erumpent, soft, glabrous, at first globose, soon becoming plane, about 1 mm. across ; disc whitish, dark when dry, externally brown, margin entire ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, be- coming parallel at the margin, everywhere dark brown, 8—12 fjt. diameter; asci stout, cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, base usually abruptly contracted into a short, oblique pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends rather obtuse, straight or slightly curved, 14—16 x 5-6 /*; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tips slightly thickened. Peziza arenivaga, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1852. Mollisia arenivaga, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 186 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1423. On dead culms and leaves of Psamma arenaria. Specimen in Desm., Crypt. France, exs., ser. ii., n. 17, examined. Pseudopeziza euphorbiae. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, erumpent, at first globose and closed, then expanding, but the thickish margin generally remaining upturned ; disc whitish, externally dark brown, glabrous, about ^ mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, smoky olive, 6-0 //, diameter; asci clavate, apex rounded, rather abruptly narrowed into the pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregu- larly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, broadly elliptical, 8-9 x 6-7 p.; paraphyses hyaline, about 2-5 ^ thick, thickened at the tips. Peziza euphorbiae, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,n. 1829, p. 212 (1S79). Mollisia euphorbiae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 198. Patinella euphorbiae, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 3171. On stems of Euphorbia amygdaloides. Authentic specimen examined. This species is placed by Saccardo in the genus Patinellea, in Patellariaceae, but it is erumpent, and as remarked by Berkeley and Broome, " belongs clearly to the same section as P. cerastiorum." 198 FUNGUS-FLORA. Pseudopeziza simulata. Mass. Ascophore erurnpent, narrowly elliptical, about -| mm. long, the sides at first rolled in, leaving a narrow slit like some Hysterium, then expanding and forming an irregular margin, girt by the raised margin of the ruptured epidermis ; blackish olive externally, cells of the excipulum parenchy matous, rather small, external ones olive ; disc slightly concave, reddish-brown or greyish with an olive tinge ; asci cylindric-clavate, attenuate below ; spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, smooth, hyaline, slightly obovate, eguttulate, 9-10 x 4-5 /A; paraphyses numerous, filiform, H ft, thick, apex clavate, mostly longer than the asci. Phacidium simulatum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. iii. vol. vii., p. 13 (n. 967), T'l- xvi. f. 20; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 390 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 2943. On dead stems of Clinopodium. Dr. Quelet has found the same species in France on Lycopus curopaeus. Scattered ; narrowly elliptical, elongated in the direction of the long axis of the stem. The figure by Berkeley and Broome represents the disc as being circular, which js not the case ; the torn raised margin in the drawing represents the epidermis of the plant, and not the margin of the fungus. The type specimen examined. Pseudopeziza rubi. Mass. Gregarious, erumpent, then becoming almost superficial, surrounded by the torn epidermis, at first closed then be- coming almost plane, concave and marginate when dry, blackish, glabrous, soft when moist, becoming rather horny when dry, \-% mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 6-9 //. diameter, blackish- olive, running parallel towards the margin ; asci clavate, apex narrowed and the wall thickened, S-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly cylin- drical or with a slight tendency to become clavate, straight, 7-9 X 1-5-2 //,; paraphyses hyaline, slightly thickened at the apex, which is often inclined to be lanceolate. Exdpula rubi, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 190. Pyrenpeziza rubi, Rehrn., Krypt. -Flora, Disc., p. 611, figs. 1-5, p. 604; Sacc., Syll., n. 1489. TSEUDOPEZIZA. 199 Cenangium ruli, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 350? If the spore measurements given by Phillips are correct — 7-8 x 5 fj. — it is doubtful whether he had the right plant in view. On dead stems of various species of raspberry, bramble, &c. Specimen in Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 101, examined; also Cooke, Brit. Fung., exs., ed. ii., n. 196, and Rehm, Ascom., nos, 416 a— c. Pseudopeziza Browniana. Mass. Scattered, erumpent, broadly sessile, at first quite closed then expanding and becoming hemispherical, margin erect, irregularly fimbriate, whitish, incurved when dry, fleshy, 1 mm. across; externally pale ochraceous-brown, glabrous; disc concave, pallid ; excipulum parenchymatous, external cells polygonal, 9—12 diameter, rather thick walled, brown, limning out in irregular groups at the margin, and behind these groups, as viewed from the exterior, are short, septate, cylindrical, obtuse, tinted or hyaline hairs 30—50 x 4 /*,, springing from the inner layers of the excipulum; asci cylindric-clavate, apex rather narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly uniseriate, or sometimes more or less 2-seriate near the top of the ascus, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, the apex sometimes rounded, and then becoming elongated clavate, often very slightly curved, hyaline, for a long time continuous, then 2-guttulate, and finally 1— septate, smooth ; paraphyses numerous, filiform, apex clavate or fusiformly thickened, hyaline. Peziza Browniana, Bloxam, in B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1072 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 408. Mollisia? Browniana, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1355. On dead stems of Epilobium hirsutum. Type specimen examined. Pseudopeziza palustris. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, erumpeut, sessile, closed and globose at first, then expanding and becoming plane and discoid, margin sometimes wavy ; disc pallid or greyish, externally brownish, glabrous, |-f mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells towards the base irregularly polygonal, smoky-olive, 9-12 /x, diameter, becoming elongated and narrower upwards, running out at the margin into parallel, paler, obtuse, septate hyphae; brown septate 200 FUNGUS-FLORA. hyphae, about 4 p. thick, spring from the basal cells of the cortex, and are sometimes sufficiently numerous to form a moie or less evident, blackish tapesium; asci narrowly clavate, apex rather pointed, 8-spored, spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly cylindric-fusoid, or broadest near the apex and inclined to become clavate, often slightly curved, 7-10 x I '5-2 /z; paraphyses hyaline, septate, slender, sometimes forked. Peziza palustris, Eoberge, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1847, p. 187. Mollisia palustris, Karst., Myc. Fain., p. 195 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 189 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1431. Mollisia Curreiana, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 406. Mollisia Curreyana, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1439. Patellaria palustris, Currey, Linn. Trans., xxiv. p. 155, tab. 25. On dead stems and leaves of species of Juncus. Specimen sent by Roberge to Berkeley examined, also specimen in Desm., Cr. Fr., ser. i., n. 1543. Currey's type of Patellaria palustris, made into a new species — Mollisia Curreiana— by Phillips, proves on examina- tion to be identical with Peziza palustris of Roberge. Pseudopeziza sphaeroides. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, erumpent, sessile, at first globose and closed, then expanded, but the margin remaining erect, •\— i, mm. across ; disc watery-grey, every part blackish when dry; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, almost sessile, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, cylindrical, ends rather pointed, straight or very slightly curved, irregularly 2-seriate, 10-15 x 1'5; paraphyses hyaline, slender, tips slightly thickened. Peziza sphaeroides, Desm., Crypt. France, exs., n. 174. Mollisia spJiacroides, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 187. Pyrenopeziza spliaeroides, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1504. On dead stems of Lychnis dioica. Minute, scattered, generally seated on a cinereous stain on the stem. Specimens examined from Desm., Cr. Fr., n. 174; Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 577, and Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 34. Pseudopeziza foecunda. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, erumpent, sessile, globose at first, PSEUDOPEZIZA. 201 expanding and becoming concave, then plane, sooty-brown, the margin paler ; excipulum parenchj'matous, basal cortical cells irregularly polygonal, brown, 9-13 p. diameter, becom- ing smaller upwards, and running out at the margin into parallel rows of obtuse, pale, septate hyphae ; about ^ mm. diameter ; asci broadly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, almost sessile, 8-spored; spores hyaline, irregu- larly 2-seriate, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, 3-4-guttulate, finally 1-septate, 25-28 x 4-5 p; paraphyses hyaline, about 2 fj, thick, somewhat clavate. Peziza (Mollisia) foecunda, Phil., Grev., viii. p. 102. Mollisia foecunda, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 189. Pyrenopeziza foecunda, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1523. On dead stems of Eleocharis. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 184, examined. Pseudopeziza trifolii. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, erumpent, sessile, soon becoming plane, margin minutely fimbriate; dingy orange; about § mm. diameter; excipulum parenchymatous, cells small, becoming elongate and narrow upwards, and running out at the margin into hyphae of irregular lengths ; asci clavate, apex broadly rounded, becoming gradually contracted into a slender pedicel, curved, 4-spored; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, 1-seriate, straight, 1 1-14 x 6-7 /A; paraphyses hyaline, slender below, upper half gradually becoming clavate, 3—4 ju, thick at the top, often curved or hooked, rather longer than the asci, sometimes forked. Peziza (Mollisia') trifolii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 1623 (Feb., 1876.) Peziza (Mollisia) ulcerata, Phil. & Plow., Grev., vol. iv. p. 122, pi. 62, fig. v. (March, 1876.) Calloria ulcerata, Phil. & Plow., Brit. Disc., p. 330. Orbilia ulcerata, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2595. On dead stems of Aster trifolium. Minute, erumpent, surrounded by the blackened cuticle, which often splits into tooth-like laminae. Hymenium orange. Paraphyses flexuous, sometimes forked. (B. & Br.) Berkeley's type specimen examined, also Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 83. 202 FUNGUS-FLOKA. *** On branches of trees and sJirubs. Pseudopeziza albella. Mass. Erumpent, bursting through the bark in clusters of 4-6, rarely solitary, discoid and almost plane, but usually ir- regular, due to nmtual pressure, sometimes narrowed into a very short, stem-like base, glabrous, thin, whitish or with a tinge of yellow, about f mm. across; cortical cells very narrow and much elongated from base to margin ; asci narrowly clavate, pedicel slender, 8-spored ; spores ir- regularly 2— seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptic- oblong, 6-8 x 1 ' 5-2 fji ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, scarcely- thickened at the apex, sometimes forked. Peziza albella, Withering, Arr., iv. p. 350. Mollisia vulgaris, Gillet, Champ. Fr. Disc., p. 119 ; Phil., Crevillea, vol. xviii., p. 83. Pezizella vulgaris, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1154. Bursting through the bark on dry branches of hazel, sweet chestnut, &c. Allied in habit to P. benesueda. Specimen examined in Koum., Fung. Gall., n. 2819. Pseudopeziza ebuli. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, erumpent, globose and closed at first, then cup-shaped, finally almost plane and depressed, about ^ mm. across, disc greyish, externally glabrous, blackisn-grey, margin paler ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal, brown, becoming elongated and narrow upwards, and running out into short, pale, parallel hyphae at the margin ; altogether blackish when dry ; asci broadly cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, sessile on a broadish base, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, ir- regularly 2 -seriate, narrowly cylindric - fusoid or very slightly clavate, 9-12 x 2 /j. ; paraphyses .sub-cylindrical, hyaline, about 2 p, thick. Peziza atrata, var. f3 ebuli, Fries, Syst, Myc., ii. p. 148. Mollisia ebuli, Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 187. Pyrenopcziza ebuli, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1486. On Sambucus cbulus and stems of willow-herb. Specimen in Desm., Cr. Fr., ser. ii., n. 454, examined. PSEUDOPEZIZA. 203 Pseudopeziza benesueda. Mass. Ascophores erumpent, gregarious, or usually in clusters of 2—4 and much contorted from lateral pressure, sessile, at first closed, then expanding until the disc is plane, externally ?reyish or olive, disc pallid, glabrous, somewhat waxy, .,-H min. across ; hypothecium and excipulum parenchy- matous, hyaline, cortical cells olive-brown, 8—12 p. diameter; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, straight or slightly bent, 8—10 x 2—2 * 5 /A ; paraphyses straight, rather stout, septate, hyaline, apex slightly thickened. Peziza benesueda, Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1853, p. 169, pi. xv. figs. 8-9. Mollisia lenesueda, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 174 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Dist., p. 513, figs. 1-6, p. 505; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1381. On dead branches of alder. Tulasne has shown that in some ascophores the peripheral portion of the disc bears normal asci, whereas the central portion is mostly occupied by very slender, forked hyphae bearing delicate rod-like spermatia at the tips of the branches. Cups about |- a line broad. These burst out through the bark in little heaps, much crowded and deformed. The supposed spermatia are rarely to be met with. This is very near M. cinerea and M. fallax. (Phillips.) Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 175; Kehm, Ascom., 756. Pseudopeziza discolor. Mass. Erumpent, clustered in groups of 3-5, sessile, closed at first, then expanding, the disc becoming almost or quite plane and patellate, fixed by a central point, margin thin, sometimes wavy, contorted when dry, glabrous, disc honey- coloured, externally brown, 1-1 J mm. across; excipulum formed of interwoven, hyaline hyphae that gradually pass into a parenchymatous cortex of olive cells, 10—14 p, diameter; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel stout, often bent at the base, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly fusiform, straight, or rarely slightly bent, 10-12 x 2' 5 p; paraphyses straight, hyaline, 204 FUXGUS-FLOKA. about 2 fjL thick, apex slightly thickened, equal to the asoi in length. Patellaria discolor, Mont., Syll., p. 190. Mollisia discolor, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 175; Sacc., Syll.,viii. n. 1386. Niptera discolor, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 552. Niptera riccia, Sacc., Myc. Yen. Spec., p. 162, t. xvi. figs. 3-6. Mollisia riccia, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1395. Mollisia discolor, var. riccia, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 175. Specimen sent by Montague to Berkeley, and now in Kew Herbarium, examined ; also specimen of Niptera riccia from Saccardo. On branches of Cornus sanguinea, and on wood. Allied to P. benesueda, but readily separated by the structure of the excipulum. The margin is as much lobed in some of the specimens from Montagne, as in Saccardo's specimen. *** On Gymnosperms. Pseudopeziza retrusa. Mass. (figs. 43, 44, p. 156). Scattered, very minute, not more than ^ mm. across, erumpent, sessile, at first concealed by the epidermis, hemispherical and closed, then almost plane, straw-colour, glabrous, rather fleshy, soft ; excipiilurn parenchymatous, cortical cells 6-8 /* diameter ; asci clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, ends obtuse, straight, 16-18x5 /* ; paraphyses absent? Peziza retrusa, Phil. & Plow., Grev., iv. p. 122, t. 62, fig. 6. Calloria retrusa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 407. Orbilia retrusa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2597. On dead larch leaves. Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 126. When dry this is found with difficulty, being contracted and concealed under a kind of lid formed of the ruptured •epidermis, but when moist it is sufficiently conspicuous under a pocket-lens. (Phillips.) MOLLISIA. 205 MOLLISIA. Fries, (emended), (figs. 18-23, p. 156). Ascophore superficial, sessile, glabrous, minute ; cortex parenchymatous ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex usually nar- rowed, 4— 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elongated, narrowly elliptical or fusoid, smooth, hyaline, continuous oi- l-septate; paraphyses present. Mollisia, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 137; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 171 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 321 (all in part). Epiphytic ; growing on wood, herbaceous stems, leaves, fruits, &c. Most closely allied to Pseudopeziza, but distinguished by the ascophore being superficial and not truly erumpent, as in the last-named genus. Belonidium differs in the 3-many- septate spores. Humaria differs in having the ascophore fleshy, and in growing on the ground. * On wood, branches, or bark. Mollisia depressa. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, fixed by a central point, sessile, discoid, plane or slightly convex, margin scarcely raised, 3—4 mm. across ; disc umber-brown, margin paler, glabrous ; excipulum formed of septate, interwoven, hyaline hyphae, passing into true parenchymatous tissue at the cortex, cells mostly hexagonal, 14—20 fi across ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores 1 -seriate, hyaline, continuous, often 1-2-guttulate, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18-21 x 12-13 p.; paraphyses septate, clavate, 7-8 p. thick at the brownish tip. Peziza depressa, Phil., in Mycogr., fig. 392; Brit. Disc., p. 101. Humaria depressa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 578. On dead branches of willow on damp ground. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. Cup 1-2 lines broad. This adheres to the wood by a broadish base, and while moist the whole under side is pressed against the wood. The disc is convex ; the margin acute, and a little paler. (Phillips.) The dry specimens after soaking were whitish or pallid. 206 FUNGUS-FLORA. Mollisia aquosa. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 172; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1382. Scattered, sessile, at first globose and closed, then ex- panding until slightly concave or almost plane, glabrous ; disc pallid or pale grey, externally brown with an olive tinge, about ^ mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells brown, irregularly polygonal, 8-10 //, diameter; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, ends rather acute, 5-6 x 3—3*5 //,, 2-seriate, or almost 1-seriate; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tips not thickened. Peziza (Mollisia') aquosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1326, ser. iv., vol. vii. p. 18, t. xx., h'g. 19. Growing on Lasiosphaeria liirsuta, on willow branches. Allied to M. cinerea, but the ascophore is smaller, and the spores shorter and broader. Type specimen examined. Mollisia lignicola. Phil., Grev., xv. p. 113; Brit. Disc., p. 180; Eehm., Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 522. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, globose and closed at first, then expanding and becoming only very slightly concave, margin somewhat irregular; disc pallid, externally blackisli- brown, rough with minute points due to projecting groui s of cells, and vertically wrinkled, about % mm. across; exci- pulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, brown, 8-10 p. diameter, running out into parallel rows ( f .septate, obtuse hyphae at the margin; asci clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, narrowly cylindric-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, coi.- tinuous, 6-9 x 2-2-5 /*; paraphyses slender, hyaline, about 2 • 5 fj. thick at the tip. Pyrcnopeziza lignicola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1511. On old worked wood, decorticated trunks, &c. Type specimen examined. Mollisia mail. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 194. Gregarious, minute, nearly £ mm. across, sessile, closed and globose, then expanding, margin incurved when drv, yellowish -green or sometimes almo.st honey-colour, thin and rather watery; excipulum parenchymatous, cells long and MOLLISIA. 207 very Barrow, running out into parallel hyphae at the margin, the free portion of which measures about 25-30 x 3-4 p. ; asci clavate, apex rounded, sometimes curved, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, continuous, hyaline, straight or very slightly bent, 8-10 x 2-5-3 p.; paraphyses hyaline, cylindrical, slender. Pezizella mali, Eehm, 26 Ber. Naturh. Yer. Augsb., p. 112. Pseudohelotium mali, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 125G. On the inner surface of apple-tree bark ; also, according to Phillips, on dead holly bark. Specimen in Eehm, Ascom., n. 460, examined. Mollisia dentata. Gillet, Champ. France, Disc., p. 124. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, subglobose and closed at first, then becoming hemispherical, the slightly irregular margin remaining more or less erect, very thin, soft and watery, whitish, or with a yellow tinge, about \ mm. diameter; hypothecium and excipulum minutely parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, running out in irregular grotips to form the toothed border, and passing into parallel, obtuse hyphae at the margin 25-40 x 4-5 p., sometimes rough with minute particles of lime; asci clavate, pedicel long, slender, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores obliqiiely 1-seriate, or 2-seriate at the apex, hyaline, continuous, smooth, narrowly clavate, 8-10 X 3 //,; paraphyses nume- rous, very slender, sometimes branched, tips not thickened. Pezizia dentata, Pers., Icon, et Descr. Fung., p. 5, t. 1, figs. 6, 7. Niptera dentata, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 335. Cyathicula dentata, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1283. Pezizella dentata, Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 659. On rotten wood. Specimen in Fuckel's Fung, Ehen., n. 2379 examined. The species described by Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 334, as Calloria rubella, Pers., is certainly not the fungus intended by Persoon. The specimen accepted by Phillips is from " Herb. Berkeley," and the only specimen in Berkeley's herbarium under the name of Peziza dentata, Pers., is an im- perfectly developed Orbilia, probably 0. leucostigma. 208 FUNGUS-FLORA. Approaching the genus Cyathicula in the minutely dentate margin of the ascophore, but differing in the soft, watery substance of the ascophore, and in being sessile. ** On leaves, herbaceous stems, and culms. Mollisia atrocinerea. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 176; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 530; Sacc., Syll., n. 1334. (figs. 18-23, p. 156.) Scattered or gregarious, sessile on a broad base, very thin and soft, soon becoming quite plane and "with a very narrow, slightly raised, dark brown margin, which is often wavy ; excipulum smooth, dark olive brown, parenchymatous, cells oli\7e, irregularly polygonal, 6-9 p. diameter, becoming arranged in parallel, septate series and a little paler at the margin ; disc plane, pale pearly-grey when moist ; up to -J mm. across ; asci cylindric-clavate, base thickish, 8-spored ; spores biseriate, continuous, smooth, hyaline, straight or slightly curved, cylindrical or with a slight tendency to become clavate or fusiform, 6-8 x 1*5-2 p.; paraphyses cylindrical, hyaline, about 2 mm. thick. Peziza atrocinerea, Cooke, Brit. Fung., ser. i., exs., n. 382. Peziza atrata, var. polygoni, Cke., Brit. Fung. i. 284. On stems of Polygonum (Cooke's type) in Britain. Said to have occurred on Galium, Humex acetosa, Oenotltera biennis, Sium latifolium, Anthriscus sylveslris, Valeriana officinalis, Dipsacus, and Solidago on the continent. Type specimen examined. The present species appears to be identical with Mollisia polygoni, Rehrn, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 527. I can find no difference between Eehm, Ascom., nos. 70 a — c, and Cooke's type specimen. Mollisia atrata. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 200; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 181 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Fl., Disc., p. 529. Gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then cup- shaped, finally almost plane, about |- mm. across ; hymen ium whitish or pale-grey, externally gla*brous, often more or less distinctly vertically wrinkled, brown with an olive tinge or greyish, margin paler; excipulum parenchymatous, cells of cortex polygonal or almost circular near the base, 6-8 ft MOLLISIA. 209 diameter, becoming smaller upwards, and running out at the margin into very short, obtuse, septate, parallel, pale hyphae ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel short, stout 8-spored ; spores hyaline, very narrowly fusiform, subcylindrical, or with a tendency to become slightly clavate, irregularly 2- seriate, straight, 6-10 X l'5-2 p.; paraphyses hyaline, 2 p. thick at the tip. Peziza atrata, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 669. Mollisia atrata, vars. asparagi, oenanthes, and ulmariae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 182. On dead stems of herbaceous plants ; asparagus, dropwort (Oenanthe), willow-herb, evening primrose, ragwort, &c. Specimens examined in Moug. and Nestler, Stirp. Vog., n. 1190. Distinguished from M. mercurialis in the glabrous ascophore, and from M. cinerea in not growing on wood. Var. eupatoricola : Phil., Elv. Brit., exs., n. 179 (called Peziza atrata, forma eupatoricola). Spores straight or slightly curved, narrowly fusiform, sometimes becoming 1-septate, 10-18 X 2 p.; paraphyses hyaline, rather stout, slightly thickened upwards ; remainder as in typical form. On dead stems of Eupatoriwn cannabinum. Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 179. Mollisia mercurialis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1350 ; Rehm, Krypt. Flora, Disc., p. 528. Ascophores scattered or gregarious, sessile, closed and almost globose at first, then becoming saucer-shaped ; disc greyish, margin erect, whitish, minutely fimbriate, externally olive-brown or blackish, rough with minute raised points consisting of outgrowths of the cortical cells; ^-| mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregular, polygonal and sooty-olive near the base, 7—8 p. diameter, running out at the margin into free, septate, obtuse hyphae ofdiiferent lengths and forming the fimbriate margin ; asci clavate, apex rather narrowed, base stout, obliquely truncate, 8-rflpored ; spores hyaline, continuous, very narrowly fusiform or subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 2-seriate, 7-10 x 1*5 /A; paraphyses slender, hyaline, 3 p. thick at the broadened tip. VOL. iv. p 210 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Peziza mercurialis, Fckl., Fung. Rhen., n. 1593. Mollisia atrata, var. mercurialis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 183. On dead stems of mercury (Mercurialis pcrennis) Specimen examined in Fuckel's Fung. Rhen., n. 1503, and Phil., Elv. Brit, n. 1 80. Closely allied to M. atrata ; differing more especially in the margin and exterior of the ascophore, the structure of which leans towards Dasyscyplia. Mollisia teucrii. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 176. Gregarious or crowded and sometimes several specimens run into each other, sessile, translucent, white with a tinge of yellow or ochre, soon plane, the margin very delicately pruinose at first; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cell* almost colourless, polygonal and about 7 /x diameter near the base, becoming narrower upwards and running out into rows of parallel septate hyphae at the margin; },-! mm. across ; pale yellow and almost transparent when dry ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel short, slender, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline narrowly cylindrical, ends rather pointed, usually slightly curved, 8 x I '5-2 /JL; paraph} ses slender, hyaline, tips very slightly thickened. Niptera teucrii, Fckl., S.ymb. Myc., App., i. p. 47. Pseudohelotium teucrii, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1228. On dead stems of Teucrium scorodonia. The appearance of the fungus under a lens suggests the genus Calloria, and it becomes very thin, and almost trans- parent, retaining its pale colour when dry. The above description is drawn up from specimens in Fuckel's Fung. Rhen., n. 2378 — with which Rohm's Ascom. n. 757 is identical. 1 am not certain that Phillips had the right fungus in view ; his own remarks " when dry nearly black : asci with a subglobose base," do not agree with Fuckel's specimens. Unfortunately I cannot find ascophores in either of the two sets of Phil.'s Elv. Brit., n. 177, said to bo tho present species. Mollisia urticicola. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 177 ; Sacc. Syll., viii. n. 134]. Gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, final ly becoming almost plane, glabrous ; disc greyish or pale MOLLISIA. 211 brown, externally rufous-brown, about J mm. across ; exci- pulum parenchymatous, cortical colls pale olive, polygonal, and about 6-8 p. across near the base, becoming long and narrow upwards, and running out into free, parallel hyphae of various lengths to form the pale, irregular margin ; asci almost cylindrical, apex narrowed, base truncate, hardly narrowed, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, cylindric- fusoid, 7-8 X 1 f., irregularly 2-seriate, paraphyses very slender, hyaline. On dead nettle stems lying in very damp places. Specimen in Phillips' Elvell. Brit., exs., n. 177, examined. Mollisia effugiens. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 196. Scattered or gregarious, very minute, |— | mm. across, sessile, globose and closed at first then concave, finally almost plane, ivory-white, almost translucent ; margin white, minutely irregular ; externally slightly pruinose, thin and delicate ; excipulum delicately parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal and about 5 //, across near the base, becoming very narrow and elongated upwards, running into slender, parallel hyphae of various lengths at the margin ; asci cylindric- clavate, apex narrowed, base truncate, scarcely constricted, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly cylindric-fusiforin, straight or slightly bent, 8-12 X 1 ' 5-2 fji ; paraphyses hyaline ; about 2 p. thick, apex somewhat pointed. Peziza effugiens, Roberge, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1853, p. 19. Pseudolielotium effugiens, Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 1225. On dead stems of herbaceous plants, &c. Eoberge's speci- men is on dead stem of Clematis erecta. Distinguished from allied species by the somewhat stout, very straight paraphyses with pointed tips. The ascophores burst through the cuticle, but are not truly erumpent. Specimen from Eoberge, now in Herb. Berk., Kew, exa- mined, also Desm., Crypt. France, ser. ii., n. 16. Mollisia digitalina. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 190. Scattered or crowded, sessile, at first globose and closed, then expanding and becoming concave ; disc grey, externally quite glabrous, blackish, becoming pale towards the margin, about f p. mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells polygonal, dark brown, 7—9 //, diameter near the base, p 2 212 FUNGUS-FLOKA. becoming paler and smaller upwards, and ending in parallel, usually 1-septate, obtuse, pale hairs at the margin; asci cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, base stout, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, but sometimes inclined to be obtuse at one end, 5-8 x 1 '5 p. ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, very slightly thickened at the tips. Pyrenopeziza digitalina, Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 1477. On dead stems of foxglove. Specimen examined in Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 128 (called Peziza atrata, var. digitalind). Phillips in his description of this species — Brit. Disc., p. 190 — says it is externally squamulose, but I find his own .specimens to be perfectly glabrous. Var. Smyrnii. Phil. Phialea virgultorum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1100. On dead twigs and branches of various trees. Var. fructigenum. Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 783. Differs from the typical form in having a shorter and more slender stem, narrowed downwards, and with a minute white downiness at the base. Peziza fructigena, Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr., p. 236, tab. 228. Hymenoscyplia fructigcna, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 135. Phialea frucliyena, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1097. HELOTIUM. 247 On fallen acorns, beechmast, chestnuts, also on fir cones. The hyrnenium is usually white at first, afterwards it becomes yellow; the exterior dirty white; the stem is attenuated towards the base, not unfrequently minutely pubescent ; the spores vary from clavate to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with two guttulae, becoming uniseptate. (Phillips.) Specimens examined in Cooke, Fung. Brit., ed., ii. n. 392, and Eehm, Ascom. nos. 9 and 10. Helotium bolare. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, globose and closed when young, then expanding until quite plane, firm, rather fleshy, glabrous, margin minutely fimbriate, warm brown, outside ochraceous, with minute wrinkles radiating from the stem, 2-4 mm. across ; stem 3—5 mm. long, equal or slightly nar- rowed below, pale ochraceous, glabrous ; hyp ithecium and epithecium formed of slender, hyaline, interwoven hyphae, passing into a delicate, parenchymatous cortex, the cells narrow and much elongated in the direction from base to margin ; asci almost cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, at first continuous and 2-4-guttulate then becoming more or less distinctly many-septate, straight or slightly curved, narrowly elliptical, 16-18 X 8-9 p.; para- physes slender, thickened up to 3 p. at the yellowish tips. Peziza bolaris, Batsch, Elench., p. 221, t. 28, fig. 155. Ciborialolaris, FckL, Symb. Myc., p. 311. Hymenoscypha bolaris, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 124. On fallen branches. Allied to H. virgiiltorum, but distinguished by the broader spores. Helotium concolor. Mass. Scattered, stipitate, hemispherical, thin, firm, pallid or dirty white and pruinose externally ; disc pallid, brown ; margin minutely fimbriate, -\-l mm. across; stem about iV mm. high, rather stout ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, oblong or subfusiform, hyaline, continuous, 8-10 X 2-3 p.; paraphyses filiform, slender. Peziza concolor, Phil., Grev., viii. p. 102. Hymenoscypha concolor, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 139. Phialea concolor, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1063. 248 FUNGUS-FLORA. On hard decorticated wood. Unknown to me. Some additional details over those given by Phillips are derived from a sketch by the author. The cortex consists of parallel hyphae radiating from base to margin. The pruinose outside of the ascophore is due to the presence of white granules. Helotium Sowerbyi. Mass. Scattered, stipitate, closed and subglobcse at first, then expanding and becoming saucer-shaped or almost plane ; disc orange-red, externally pale and minutely pulverulent, 3-5 mm. across; stem 1-3 mm. long, pale, gradually ex- panding upwards into the ascophore ; hypothecium and excipulum hyaline, consisting entirely of interwoven hy- phae, which pass into a small-celled, parenchymatous cortex ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate upwards, or sometimes almost entirely obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, straight or very slightly curved, narrowly elliptic-oblong, ends rather obtuse, 8—12 X 4—5 p., eventually becoming 1-septate; para- physes slender, hyaline, only very slightly thickened at the tip. Peziza araneosa, Sowerby, Fungi, t. 365, fig. 5 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 55 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 92. Humana araneosa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 466. On wood and bark of willow, &c. ; often among moss. Sowerby's specimen now in Herb. Berk., Kew, examined. Sowerby 's fungus is a true Helotium, whereas Humaria araneosa, the species Sowerby supposed it might possibly be, is a true Humaria, growing on the ground, and not yet recorded for Britain. Helotium calyculus. Berk., Outl., p. 372. Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, at first closed, then ex- panding until slightly concave or quite plane, rather fleshy and firm ; disc clear yellowish brown, externally sometimes a little paler, glabrous, margin incurved when dry, 2-3 mm. broad; stem about 2 mm. long, rather stout, expanding upwards into the base of the ascophore, brown, glabrous; hypothecium and excipulum composed of slender, hyaline, intricately interwoven hyphae, passing into a parenchy- matous cortex of oblong cells elongated in the direction from HELOTIUM. 249 base to margin; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly nar- rowed, pedicel elongated and slender, 8-spored; spores irre- gularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, straight or very slightly bent, narrowly elliptic-oblong, or the apex obtuse and with a tendency to become clavate, 15-18 X 4-5 ft; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tips scarcely thickened. Peziza catyculus, Sowerby, Eng. Fungi, pi. 116. Hymenoscypha calyculus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 136. Phialea calyculus, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1106. On wood and branches. Sowerby's type specimen, figured in " English Fungi," pi. 116, examined. This specimen is now in the Berkeley Herbarium, Kew. Differs from H. virgultorum in the glabrous stem and the continuous spores. Helotium sublenticulare, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 355 ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 784; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 942. Scattered, stipitate, rather firm, at first closed and some- what clavate, then expanding until quite plane or slightly convex ; margin entire, often minutely upraised when ex- panded, disc varying from being almost white, through pale yellow to pale rusty, externally pale and smooth, when dry the disc is yellowish or brownish, 1—5 mm. across ; stem • 5—3 mm. long, and up to 1 mm. thick ; hypothecium formed of hyaline, interwoven hyphae running out into a pseudo- parenchymatous cortex ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate or some- times almost obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, straight or slightly bent, at first continuous and 2-4-guttulate, ultimately 1-septate, 15-20 X 4-5 p. ; paraphyses hyaline, about 2 //, thick, scarcely at all thickened at the tip. On bark of birch, also on stumps. Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 654, examined. Somewhat resembling H. ferrugineum, but distinguished by the larger spores. Helotium moniliferum. Mass. (figs. 36-39, p. 290.) Ascopbores scattered or somewhat clustered, sometimes 2-3 united at the base; stipitate, seated among Bispora 250 FUNGUS-FLORA. monilioides ; disc closed at first then almost plane, marginate, rather fleshy and waxy, 1—2 rum. across, stem 1-2 mm. long, often slightly curved, everywhere smooth and pale ochraceeus, or the disc a little darker ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells small and much elongated in a direction parallel to the surface, running out at the margin into slender, parallel hyphae ; asci narrowly clavate, apex slightly narrowed and truncate, pedicel elongated, slender, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, or 2-seriate near the apex, hyaline, smooth, cylindric-fusiform, ends blunt, 2-guttulate then 1- septate, 11-13 x 4yu.; paraphyses hyaline, slender, slightly clavate. Hymenoscyplia monilifera, Phil., Brit. Disc , p. 130. Bisporella monilifera, Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1988. Conidial condition. Forming a thin, slightly powdery, blackish-brown effused layer ; hyphae or conidiophores short, somewhat conical ; conidia barrel-shaped, with 1 thick transverse septum, not constricted, 2-guttulate, sooty-brown, 20-22 x 6-7 p.. Bispora monilioides, Corda, Icon. Fung., i. p. 9, t. xii., f. 143 ; Fung. Flor., vol. iii., p. 389, fig. 37, on p. 358.- On hard wood, the cut ends of trunks and stumps, especially oak and beech. Fuckel founded a new genus — Bispora — from the present species, on account of its conidial form being what was previously known as Bispora monilioides. This name was changed by Saccardo to Bisporella, without any specific reason. The structure of the ascophore is in absolute agree- ment with that of Helotium, and it appears unnecessary to constitute a new genus on the strength of what is in reality only an assumed relationship between the ascigerous condition and Bispora. Helotium Carmichaelii. Mass. Scattered or caespitose, stipitate, concave then plane and slightly margined, eventually slightly concave and iruniar- ginate, up to I.1, mm. across; disc blackish-brown when dry; externally paler, glabrous ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregular, small, running out into densely packed, parallel, septate hyphae at the margin, stein l|-2 mm. long, slender, often slightly curved, brown, slightly thickened and HELOTIUM. 251 minutely downy at the very base; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, slenderly stipitate, 8- -spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, fusiform or thickened at the apex and becoming clavato-fusiforin, sometimes slightly curved, smooth, con- tinuous, hyaline, often guttulate, 24-2S x 5 JJL ; paraphyses numerous, filiform, apex slenderly clavate and brown. Hymenoscyplia Carmichaelii, Phil., Grev., v. 19, p. 106. Phialea Carmichaelii, Sacc., SylL, Suppl. x., n. 4499. On decayed wood. Type specimen examined. The colour given is that of the dried specimen, and may require modification when fresh material is examined. Helotium emergens. Mass. (figs. 26-29, p. 156.) Scattered or fasciculate, stipitate, hemispherical then expanding, becoming slightly funnel-shaped or almost plane, 1-5 mm. across; disc ochraceous, externally paler and glabrous; excipulum minutely parenchymatous, the cells running out at the margin into densely packed, parallel, septate, hyphae ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, base attenuated into a long, slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, bluntly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 10-14 x l'5-2 ju,; paraphyses filiform, about 1 • 5 /JL thick, hyaline. Hymenoscyplia emergens, Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 139. Phialea emergens, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1108. On branches, growing on the bark, or emerging through cracks. Type specimen examined. The colour is described from the dried specimen, and may not agree in all points with fresh specimens. Phillips says the specimens emerge from beneath the bark, and this is true of some individuals, but many others are seated on the bark, &c., lar away from cracks and chinks. Helotium aquaticum. Currey, Linn. Trans., vol. xxiv. p. 154, t. 25, fig. 19. Ascophore stipitate, very little broader than the apex of the slender stem, concave, becoming plane or convex, about 252 FUNGUS-FLORA. 1-1*5 mm. across, glabrous; stem 3-4 mm. long, filiform ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores mostly 1-seriate, hyaline, elliptical or sometimes inclined to be narrowly clavate, smooth, continuous, often 2-guttulate, 13-16 x 5 p.; paraphyses slender, scarcely thickened at the tip. Hymenoscypha aquatica, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 134. Phialea aquatica, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1105. On fragment of stick in water. Type specimen examined. The fruit is large for the size of the plant. I cannot remember the colour of the disc, having unfortunately omitted to make a note of it, and the specimens having been kept in spirits, have turned quite black. (Currey.) B. On stems of herbaceous plants. Helotium cyathoideum. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., p. 136. Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, at first closed and clavate or pear-shaped, then expanding, margin often incurved and minutely pubescent, otherwise glabrous, rather firm and tough, whitish when young then with a tinge of brown, J-| mm. across ; stem £— 1 mm. long, rather slender, pale, straight or slightly bent ; hypothecium and excipulum hyaline, cortex formed of parallel, septate hyphae radiating from stem to margin ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel short, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, continuous, sometimes guttulate, very narrowly cylindric-fusiform, 7-11 X 1-2 fj.; paraphyses scanty, rather stout, cylindrical, hyaline. Peziza cyathoidea, Bull., Champ. Fr., p. 250, t. 416, fig. 3. Hymenoscytha cyathoidea, Phil., Brit., p. 140, also vars. Solani and Epilobii, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 141 . Hymenoscypha urticae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 141. Hymenoscypha clavata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 141, Hymenoscypha cacaliae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 145. On dead herbaceous stems, &c. HELOTIUM. 258 Whatever claims the original forms, given as synonyms here, may have had as to specific individuality, an examina- tion of the exsiccati and authentic specimens on whose authority the so-called species have been added to the British list shows that all belong to one species. Extreme forms undoubtedly look dissimilar, but where the whole of the series of British forms can be examined, it is found impossible to discriminate the species as accepted by Phillips j the distinguishing characters being at most, trivial pocket- lens features. Distinguished by the slender spores, and the small cup- shaped, stalked ascophore, the margin of which is usually minutely pulverulent and striatulate when young. Helotium sublateritium. B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1488 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 161 ; Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 933. Scattered or gregarious, very shortly stipitate, soon becoming quite plane, or the extreme margin remaining upturned, glabrous, pale brick-red, 1-1 1 mm. diameter ; stem cylindrical, delicately covered with white down, then smooth ; hypothecium and excipulum consisting of hyaline, thin, intricately interwoven hyphae that run out into a small-celled cortical parenchyma; asci elongated, narrowly clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel long, slender, 8-spored ; spores smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptic- fusiform, straight or very slightly bent, irregularly 2-seriate above, 1 -seriate below, 24-26x5-6 p., sometimes 2-guttulate; paraphyses slender, hyaline, scarcely thickened at the tips. On dead stems of herbaceous plants. Type specimen examined. Distinguished by the plane, circular, pale brick-red disc, the paler, minutely wiinkled under surface, and the large spores. Helotium scutula. Karsten, Myc. Fenn., p. 110; Piehm, Krypt.-FL, p. 792, figs. 1-5, p. 771. Gregarious or crowded, stipitate, at first closed and roundish or funnel-shaped, soon becoming quite plane, firm, glabrous, yellow with a brick-red tinge, ^-3 mm. broad ; stem slender, equal, 1—5 mm, high, smooth, often reddish-brown at the base ; hypothecium and excipulum hyaline, composed entirely of interwoven hyphae, and passing into a yellowish 254 FUNGUS-FLORA. parenchymatous cortex, the cells of which are elongated in the direction from base to margin ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, often curved, 8-^pored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, 2-4-guttulate, at first con- tinuous, finally 1 or more septate, .straight or slightly curved, narrowly cylindric fusiform, or the apex blunt, thus forming a narrowly clavate spore, 18—28 x -4—5 p.; paraph vses septate, hyaline, sometimes forked, very slightly thickened at the tip. Peziza scutula, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 284. Hymenoscypha scutula, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 13G. Phialea scutula, Gillet, Disc. Fr., p. 108 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1009. On dead herbaceous stems. Distinguished from H. cyatlwideum by the larger spores, and from H. virgultorum by the slender, equal, glabrous stem. Found on the dead stems of many species of herbaceous plants, but the most typical form occurs on Artemisia vulgar is. Specimens examined in Eehm's Ascom., n. 56, and Eabenh., Fung. Eur., 2105. Forma fucata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 137. Ascophore subhemispherical ; margin incurved ; disc brownish yellow; externally whitish, stained irregularly with dirty yellow. On dead stems of Polygonum lying in water. Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 120. Forma lysimachiae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 137. On dead stems of Lysimackia vulgaris, Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 120A. Forma menthae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 137. Ascophore plane or convex; disc bright yellow; stem slender ; spores 14—20 X 3—5 //,, 2— 3-guttulate, often pseudo- uniseptate. Specimen in Elv. Brit., n. 188 (called Hdotium mcnthac), examined. Forma rudbeckiae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 138. Ascophore 1 line wide, stem about 1-1] lines high, cylindrical, expanding into the base of the cup ; spores 18-25 X 4-6 /*. On dead stems of Rudbeckia. HELOTIUM. 255 Not examined. The above varieties, established by Phillips, are in- distinguishable in the dry condition, and cannot be con- sidered more than mere forms, which depend to a very great extent on a knowledge of the host-plant for their identifica- tion. Numerous other forms of the present, and other species have been established by Continental mycologists, the prin- cipal feature in most instances being the host on which the fungus happens to be growing. This condition of things has been largely developed and expanded by those who have made it their business to issue dried specimens at so much per 100 specimens, the ultimate object being not so much in the interests of science as that of the individual. Helotium herbarum. Fries, Sunama Veg. Scand., p. 356; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 166; Rehrn., Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 778 ; Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 883. Gregarious, sessile, or with a very short stem, at first turbinate and closed, then expanding until plane or slightly convex, firm, glabrous, white, or the disc sometimes more or less yellow ; 1-3 mm. broad ; hypothecium and excipulum minutely parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly polygonal, o-7 fj. diameter ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel slender, 8-spored ; spores irregularly and obliquely 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, narrowly elliptical, ends rather blunt, usually slightly curved, often 3-4-guttulate, con- tinuous at first, then 1-septate, 10-16 X 2 -6-3 -5 p.; para- physes hyaline, slender, becoming thickened up to 3 /z broad at the tip. Peziza herbarum, Pers., Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 72. On stems of various herbaceous plants lying in damp places. Distinguished from allied white species by the large spores being 1-septate at maturity. Eehm says the spores become 2- rarely 4-septate. Specimens examined in Cooke, Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 391, and Eehm s Ascom., n. 12. Helotium repandum. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 161; Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 919. Ascophore shortly stipitate, plane, repand, thin, pale yellow, 256 FUNGUS-FLORA. margin sublobate ; stem very short, attenuated at the base ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, subcylindrical or oblong- elliptic, 7-10 x 2 p. ; paraphyses filiform, slender. On Spiraea ulmaria in damp places. Cup about |— J a line broad. Not examined. Helotium humuli. De Notaris, Comm., i. p. 379; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 167 ; Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 999. Scattered or gregarious, sessile or contracted into a very short stem-like base, at first subglobose then becoming slightly concave or plane, sometimes slightly marginate, firm, glabrous, pallid then yellowish, the disc often tinged with tan, up to 1 mm. across ; hypothecium and exoipulum parenchymatous ; asci clavate, apex narrowed when young, becoming broadly rounded at maturity, pedicel slender, usually crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, elliptical, ends narrowed, straight or curved 2-4- guttulate, rarely 1 -septate, straight, or slightly curved, 15-18 X 4/x; paraphyses hyaline, 2 p. thick, tips slightly thickened. Peziza humili, Lasch, in Rab., Herb. Myc., ed. i., n. 630. On dead hop stems. Allied to H. virgiiltorum, but distinguished by the sessile or subsessile ascophorcs. Specimens examined in Rehm, Ascom., n. 60, and Sac- cardo's Myc. Yen., n. 960. Helotium politum. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 155 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 870. Substipitate, plane or slightly concave, glabrous, white : margin even, obtuse; tho short stem gradually enlarged from the base upwards into the cup ; asci cylindraceo- clavate ; spores 8, elliptical, ends nearly pointed, 10-13 X 4-5 /*. On roots of some small plant under the surface of the soil in a plantation. November. Ascophore \— J of a line broad, the short stem tapering downwards to a point. When moist, shining. (Phil.) Unknown to me. HELOTIUM. 257 C. On leaves of Dicotyledons. Helotium epiphyllum. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 356; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 163; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 795, figs. 1-5, p. 771 ; Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 925. Scattered, almost sessile, at first closed, then expanding, and becoming plane or slightly convex, with a delicate margin, 1-4 mm. across; excipulum entirely composed of hyaline, septate, closely interwoven hyphae 5—6 p, thick ; smooth, pale ochraceous, disc often becoming rufescent with age; asci cylindric-clavate, tapering into a rather long, slender pedicel, 8-spored; spores usually irregularly 2-seriate above, 1-seriate below, hyaline, smooth, elliptic -oblong or fnsoid, ends obtuse, at first continuous and guttulate, ulti- mately 1-septate, straight or slightly curved, 14-20 x 4-5 ; paraphyses septate, about 2 p. thick, sometimes branched, tips tinged yellow. Peziza epiphylla, Pcrs., Tent. Disp. Fung., p. 72. On dead leaves of oak, beech, sweet chestnut, &c. Specimen in Rehm, Ascom., n. 11, examined. Helotium phyllophilum. Karst., Symb. Myc., p. 239 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 162 (not of Rehm, Kr.-FJ., Disc., p. 796). Scattered or gregarious, closed and broadly clavate at first, then expanding and becoming slightly convex, or sometimes quite plane or even slightly convex, up to 1 mm. across ; stem short, rather stout, up to 1 mm. long, often slightly curved, .sometimes almost absent; glabrous, hyaline white or with a tinge of yellow; excipulmn parenchymatous, the cells at the base minute, polygonal, 3—5 //, across, above arranged in a parallel series, very long and narrow, 10-18 x 3-4 p. finishing at the margin as free, distinct, curved and parallel hyphae of equal length ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, hyaline, cylindric- fusiform, straight or slightly curved, for a long time continuous, then 1-septate, 10-12 x 2'5 p,; paraphyses hyaline, about 2 p. thick, tips slightly thickened. Peziza phyllophila, Desm., Or. Fr., ser. i., n. 1159. Phialea phyllopliila, Gill., Disc. Fr., p. 105; Sacc., Syll., B. 1046. 2£8 FUNGUS-FLORA. On dead, fallen leaves of beech, maple, &c. The species is very minute, and attached to the veins on the underside of the leaf. Distinguished from allies by the very small, narrow cells of the excipulum. Specimen in Desm., Cr. Fr., ser. i., n. 1159, examined. Helotium phyllogenon. Eehm, Hedw., 1885, p. 14. Scattered, pear-shaped and closed at first, becoming gradually expanded and ultimately plane, disc yellow, ex- ternally almost white, |-li mm. across, stem slender, 1-1-5 mm. long; excipuluni parenchyrnatous, hyaline, cells usually hexagonal but very much elongated radially, so as to become almost oblong in form, 14-24 x 8-10 /u, each row terminating at the margin in a slender filament, 30-40 x 3-4 /A ; asci clavate, base stout, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, irregularly 2-seriate above, narrowly fusi- form, sometimes with the widest part near the apex, ends rather obtuse, usually 2-guttulate, then 1-septate, straight or slightly curved, 10-15 x 3-3 -5 p.; paraphyses hyaline, tips very slightly thickened, about 3 //.. Helotium phyllophilum, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 796. PMalea pnyilogena, Sacc., Syll., viii., n. 1136. On the veins of decaying poplar leaves. Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 768, examined. Quite distinct from H. phyllophilum in the longer, slender stem, and more especially in the very large cells of the excipulum. Helotium renisporum. Ellis, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist., March, 1875, p. 299. Scattered, stipitate, subglobose and closed at first, then expanding until saucer-shaped or almost plane, margin very minutely fimbriate, more or less contracted when dry, 2—4 mm. diameter, pale cinnamon or yellowish brown ; ex- ternally marked with delicate wrinkles radiating from the base ; stem 2-4 mm. long, slender, darkest near the base ; hypothecium tinged brown, and with the hyaline excipulum, composed of stout, much interwoven hyphae, cortex pseudo- parenchymatous, cells rather large, irregular, tinged brown ; asci cylindrical, apex thickened, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, continuous, 2-3-guttulate, elliptic oblong, slightly curved, HELOTIUM. 259 ends obtuse, 10—12 X 5—6 /i; paraphyses slender, hyaline •slightly clavate. Hymenoscypha renisporum, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 143. Ciboria renispora, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 841. Cibaria Sydowiana, Eehm, Hedw. 1885, p. 226 ; Krypt.- Flora, Disc., p. 758 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 840. On fallen and decaying oak leaves, especially on the petiole and veins. Specimens examined in Ellis, N. Amer. Fung., n. 2049, and Eehm, Ascom., n. 802. Helotium punctiforme. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 168. Scattered, sessile and attached by a central point, at first globose then almost or quite plane, margin often slightly wavy, thin, glabrous, whitish or yellowish, £— £ mm. across ;. excipulum consisting of very slender, interwoven hyphae, cortex parenchymatous, cells 5—6 p. diameter ; asci clavater apex narrowed, pedicel long, slender, 8-spored ; spores ob- liquely 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, linear-elliptical, 9-12 X 2 p; paraphyses slender, apex slightly thickened, hya- line. Peziza punctiformis, Grev., Scot. Crypt. Flora, p. 63, pi. 63. Pseudohelotium punctiforme, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1229? Pezizella punctiformis, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 664 ? On dead oak leaves. Species in Herb. Berk., Kew, accepted as typical. Helotium immutabile. Fckl., Symb. Myc., App. i.r p. 50 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 162 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 986. Epiphyllous, scattered, sessile or narrowed into a very short stem-like base, disc soon plane and discoid, circular or slightly wavy, margin acute, glabrous, pale yellow, remain- ing unchanged or with an amber tinge when dry, about 1 mm. acrobS, cortex composed of long, narrow cells arranged in parallel series from base to margin ; asci narrowly clavate, tapering gradually from apex to base, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, or irregularly 2-seriate upwards, hyaline, con- tinuous, narrowly elliptical, ends rather blunt, 10-12 x 3-4 p. ; paraphyses hyaline, almost cylindrical, about 2 ^ thick. S 2 260 FUNGUS-FLOEA. On dead leaves of Populus trcmula ; also on oak leaves, along with Helotium epiphyllum, in Kehm, Ascom., n. 152. Specimen examined in Tuckel's Fung. Khen., n. 2388. Allied to H. epiphyllum, but distinguished by the smaller obtusely pointed spores. Helotium albidum. Pat, Tab. Anal. Fung., 382; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 797. Gregarious or scattered, at fiist subglobose and closed, then becoming plane or slightly convex, margin entire, ivory- white, 1—2 mm. across; stem slender, up to 1 mm. long, sometimes brownish at the base ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells at base irregularly polygonal, those at the sides parallel and radially elongated, 10-16 x 6-8 /A; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored; spores smooth, hyaline, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-fusiform, usually slightly curved, continuous and 2-3-guttuiate, then ] -septate, 15-18 x 3-4 p., irregularly 2-seriate above; paraphyses hyaline, 3 //. across at the slightly thickened tip. Peziza albida, Eoberge, in Desm., Crypt. France, ser. i., n. 2004. Hymenoscypha albida, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 138. On petioles of fallen ash leaves. Specimen from Roberge, in Herb. Kew, examined ; Desm. 11. 2004 is identical. Far. aesculi, Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 138. Spores larger than in the typical form, 20-23 x 4-5 p., and more frequently clavate. On petiole of horse-chestnut leaf. Helotium ilicis. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 164; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 987. Ascophores scattered, sessile and fixed by a central point, at first subglobose and closed, then expanding and becoming plane or slightly convex, margin distinct, rather thick, often wavy, smooth, up to I mm. across ; hypothecium composed of densely inter woven" hyphae; base of excipulum minutely but distinctly parenchymatous, passing into parallel, closely packed narrow hyphae at the sides ; disc almost egg- yellow, margin paler ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel rather stout, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate above, fusiform, ends rather blunt, hyaline, 2-guttulate, finally HELOTIUM. 261 1 -septate, 6-10 X 2-5 //,; paraphyses hyaline, about 2 /t thick, tips not thickened. Helotium epiphyllum, var. ilicis, Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 134. On dead holly leaves. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 134. Becoming clingy uchraceous-orange when dry. D. On beech mast. Helotium fagineum. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 356; Phil, Brit. Disc., p. 159; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 777 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 852. Ascophores gregarious, shortly stipitate or sessile, sub- globose and closed at first, then becoming plane or even slightly convex, glabrous, firm, whitish or with a yellow tinge, 1-3 mm. broad; cortex parenchymatous, cells poly- gonal, 6—10 fj. diameter ; asci narrowly clavate, apex nar- rowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, usually 1-seriate below, smooth, hyaline, continuous, straight, often with two minute oil-globules, elliptic-oblong or widest near the apex and narrowly egg-shaped, ends obtuse, 10-12 x 4-5 p. ; paraphyses hyaline, slightly thickened upwards, Peziza faginea, Pers., Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 34. On fallen beech-mast. Specimen in Kehm's Ascom., n. 410, examined. Phialea fructigena differs from the present species in the longer, slender stem, and in the longer spores becoming 1 -septate at maturity. E. On fallen catkins. Helotium amenti. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 313. Ascophore scattered, stipitate, concave, then plane or slightly convex, thin but rather firm ; whitish, becoming dingy with age, glabrous, up to \ mm. across; cortex pa- renchymatous, cells narrow and much elongated in the direction from base to margin ; stem very short, expanding upwards into the ascophore ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate near the top of the ascus, 1-seriate below, hyaline, smooth, continuous, straight, elongated and nar- 262 FUNGUS-FLOEA. rowly egg-shaped, or narrowly piriform, 7-10 x 3-4 //. ; paraphyses hyaline, about 3 //. at the slightly thickened tips. Phialea amenti, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1060. Hymenoscypha amenti, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 143. On dead, fallen catkins of willow. In Germany this species also occurs on catkins of Populus tremula, and Sac- cardo says also on alder catkins. Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 123, and Rehm, Ascom., n. 57. Distinguished from allied species by the straight, nar- rowly egg-shaped spores. Helotium alniellum. Karst, Symb. Myc. Ferm., p. 239 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 155. In clusters of 2-5 or scattered, very shortly stipitate, at first turbinate and closed, then almost or quite plane, often irregular from mutual pressure, discoid when solitary, gla- brous, firm ; whitish, disc sometimes with a tinge of yel- low ; stem very short, slender, sometimes reduced to a central point; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly poly- gonal and 6-8 p across near the base, becoming long and very narrow towards the margin ; asci clavate, slightly nar- rowed at the tip, pedicel stout, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate or sometimes almost obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends rather blunt, straight, 6-10 X 2 • 5-3 //, ;. paraphyses slender, hyaline, slightly thickened upwards. Phialea alniella, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1059 ; Kehm, Krypt.- Flora, Disc., p. 721. On fallen catkins of Alnus glutinosus. Specimen in Eab., Fung. Eur., n. 1122, examined. Distinguished from H. amenti by the spores being elliptical, and not narrowly egg-shaped. F. On grasses or sedges. Helotium gramineum. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 155; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 952. Stipitate ; ascophore plane or convex, glabrous, pallid- ochraceous : stem short, rather stout, often slightly attenu- HELOTIUM. 263 ated in the centre, expanding into the base of the asco- phore ; asci subclavate ; spores 8, elliptical, 1-2-guttulate, 8-11 x 4-5 p; paraphyses slenderly filiform. On grass. Spring. Cups i-l| of a line broad, about the same high ; margin obtuse. ^(Phil.) Not examined. Helotium nitidulum. Mass. Scattered, stipitate, subglobose and closed, then becoming cup-shaped, often irregular and nearly plane, pale tan, rather firm, externally very delicately powdered with glistening meal, J-l mm. broad and high, stem short, equal, coloured like the ascophore; hypothecium and excipulum minutely parenchymatous, cortical cells small, irregularly hexagonal, elongated in the direction from stem to margin, almost hyaline ; asci small, narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, base short, stout, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, straight or slightly curved, narrowly elliptical, ends rather acute, 7-10 X 3 ft; paraphyses hyaline, slender, very slightly thickened at the tip. Peziza nitidula, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 570, ser. ii., vol. vii. p. 15. Hymenoscypha nitidula, Phil., Brit. Disc , p. 142. Phialea nitidula, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1115. On dead leaves of Aira caespitosa. Winter. A minute species, nestling in the furrows of the leaf, and characterised more especially by the delicate, glistening meal on the outside of the ascophore. Type specimen examined. Helotium flexuosum. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, subsessile or narrowed to a very short, central, stem-like base, closed at first but soon becom- ing quite plane, the margin often flexuous and the surface more or less undulated; disc dull orange-yellow or rarely clear deep yellow, under surface smooth, yellowish white, i— 1^ mm. across; excipulum and hypothecium hyaline, consisting of stout, closely interwoven hyphae, running out into a small-celled parenchymatous cortex; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 264 FUNGUS-FLORA. irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, straight or very slightly curved, 8-10 X 1*5 ft; paraphyses slender,, hyaline, very slightly incrassated at the tip. On the stems of grasses — Dactylu*, &c. — near the root. Distinguished from H. rhizophilum, with which it was mixed in the Kew herbarium, by the absence of a stemr undulating disc, and smooth exterior. Probably not un- common ; specimens are noted from Surrey and Norfolk. Helotium rhizophilum. Cke., Hdbk., n. 2155. Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, at first closed and pear- shaped, finally expanding until nearly or quite plane, margin even, entire ; disc clear deep yellow, externally pale, covered with a delicate, whitish down, 2—3 mm. across ; stem 4—7 mm. long, slightly narrowed at the base as a rule, pale and downy; asci narrowly clavate, apex slightly pointed, pedicel slender, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, cylindrical, straight, 12 x 2 /x; paraphyses hyaline, slender, not thickened upwards. Ciboria rhizophila, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 312. Hymenoscypha rhizophila, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 144. On rhizomes of various grasses. Specimen examined in Fckl., Fung. Ehen., n. 1598. Distinguished from allies by the bright yellow disc, minutely downy exterior and long stem, and habitat. Helotium eburneum. Gillet, Disc. Fr., p. 160. Scattered or gregarious, minute, ivory-white, almost globose and closed at first, then expanding, glabrous, margin minutely fimbriate, soft, about %—^ mm. across; stem short, slender, often more or less incurved ; cortex minutely parenchymatous, cells elongated in the direction from base to margin, and running out at the edge, into short, slender hyphae of irregular length; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly pointed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2 -seriate, hyaline, continuous, straight or slightly bent, narrowly cylindrical, 4-5 x 1 p. ; paraphyses tlender, cylindrical, hyaline. Peziza eburnea, Roberge, in Desm., Crypt. France, ed. i., n. 2004, and in Ann. Sci. Nat., 1851, p. 323. Hymenoscypha eburnea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 145. Phialea eburnea, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1065. HELOTIUM. 265 On leaves of grasses, as Holcus and Dactylis ; also on Carex pendula, Distinguished by the small si/e, ivory-white colour of every part, and the minute spores. G. On Gymnosperms. Helotium sulphuratum. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 161 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 917. Scattered or gregarious, shortly stipitate or sometimes ses- sile, at first subglobose and closed, then expanded and becoming slightly concave, margin more or less raised, entire, glabrous, firm, pale lemon-yellow, 1|-2| mm. across ; hypothecium composed of hyaline, slender, densely anastomosing hyphaer passing into a parenchymatous cortex, cells polygonal, 7-1 0//. diameter ; asci elongated, narrowly clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, mnltiguttulate, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, straight or very slightly curved, 15-21 x5 p.; paraphyses hyaline, slender, apex slightly thickened, 3-4 //, thick. Peziza sulphurata, Schum., Saell., p. 428. On dead, fallen pine leaves. Colour pale sulphur- or lemon-yellow ; stem sometimes quite distinct, but short, at others almost entirely absent. Helotium advenulum. Phil., Grev., vi. p. 24. Scattered or gregarious, minute, hemispherical, then concave or almost plane, white with a tinge of dingy yellowr about ^ mm. across, rather tough, glabrous; stem slender, often rather curved, glabrous, up to ^- mm. long ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregular, rather large ; asci clavate r apex rather abruptly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate upwards, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, continuous, 8-10 X 2-5-3 //. ~T paraphyses filiform, about 2 p thick, tip not thickened, hyaline. Hymenoscypha advenula, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 133. Phialea advenula, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1056. On fallen decaying larch leaves. Spring. Specimen in Phillips' Elv. Brit., n. 133, examined. 266 FUNGUS-FLORA. Helotium subtile. Fries, Obs. Myc., ii. p. 310. Usually gregarious, stipitate, closed at first, then expand- ing and becoming plane or slightly convex and concave underneath, up to 1 mm. across, white, glabrous; excipulum parenchymatous, cells very delicate and small, radially elongated ; stem cylindrical, slender, usually straight, up to 2 mm. long ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly fusiform, straight or very slightly curved, hyaline, continuous, smooth, 6-8 x 1 ' 5 ju, ; paraphyses slender, 1 • 5 p. thick, apex not thickened, hyaline. Peziza subtilis, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 157. Hymenoscypha subtilis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 132. Phialea subtilis, Gillet, Champ. Fr., Disc., p. 161 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1053. On decaying leaves of conifers. Autumn. Specimen in Eoum., Fung. Gall., Exs., 1056, and Fuckel, Fung. Khen., n. 1160, examined. Allied to P. advenula, but the ascophore is larger, and the asci and spores smaller ; the cells of the parenchyma are also much smaller in the present species. Helotium conigenum. Fries, Sunima Veg. Scand., p. 355; Phil., Disc., p. 167; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 898. Gregarious and often confluent, sessile or furnished with an exceedingly short stem-like base, closed at first, then expanding until plane or slightly convex, rather firm, gla- brous, ^— 1^ mm. across, pale yellow or pallid ; excipulum and hypothecium formed of slender, hyaline, interwoven hyphae, passing into a parenchymatous cortex, the cells running out at the margin into free hyphae, 20-30 x 4-5 p., hyaline, and having the tips slightly clavate ; asci narrowly clavate, the tip somewhat narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 3-seri- ate above, hyaline, continuous, often slightly bent, narrowly cylindric-fusiform, 6-8 x 1 * 5-2 //, ; paraphyses slender, hya- line, tip very slightly or not at all thickened. Peziza conigena, Pers., Syn., p. 634. On fallen fir cones, lying in damp spots. A distinct species, well marked by habitat and the small spores. H. virgultorum, var. conigenum also grows on the scales of ~cones, but is distinguished by the stipitate ascophore and the much larger spores. IIELOTIUM. 267 Helotium strobilinum. Mass. Ascopliore stipitate, gregarious, at first clavaie and closed, then expanding, the disc becoming almost or quite plane and surrounded by a very delicate margin which does not become much incurved when dry ; disc pallid, externally glabrous, somewhat shining, blackish-olive, becoming paler towards the margin, J-f mm. across, stem slender, blackish, about | mm. high ; "hypothecium and excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells coloured, very long and narrow, passing upwards into parallel, greyish hyphae ; asci narrowly clavate, apex contracted and thick- walled, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate upwards, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, 11-13 X 3—4 p, ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, slightly thickened at the tip. Peziza strobilina, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 125. Hymenoscypha strobilina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 133. On scales of fallen cones of fir. Disc at first urceolate, afterwards more expanded; the texture is tough, and when dry the plant is rigid and black. (Phil.). Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 40. H. On Cryptogams. Helotium marchantiae. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 356 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., 164 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1012. Scattered or solitary, sessile but attached by a narrowed base, fleshy, becoming almost plane, but more or less margi- nate, glabrous, sometimes w&vy at the margin ; pale yel- lowish-brown, disc usually darker when dry; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal and largest towards the outside where they measure 15—25 //. ; 1—1^ mm. diameter ; asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, tapered and often wavy at the base, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uni- seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptic-oblong, 12-1 5 X 3—4 p. ; paraphyses filiform, very slightly thickened upwards, hyaline, 3 p. thick. Peziza marchantiae, Berk., Engl. Fl., vol. v. p. 204. On fading Marchantia polymorpha. Type specimen examined. 268 FUNGUS-FLORA. Helotiuxn rhodoleucum. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 335. Scattered, stipitate, almost globose and closed at first, then becoming quite plane, thin and rather soft, glabrous, entirely pale rosy- white, i1,— 1^ mm. across ; stem 1-2 mm. long, slender, glabrous, composed of parallel, slender, septate hyphae, which expand at the apex and form the cortex of the ascophore ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, narrowly elliptical, ends slightly pointed, 10-14 x 3 '5-4 p.; paraphyses hyaline, slender, sometimes forked, tips scarcely or not at all thickened. Peziza rhodoleuca, Fries, Obs. Myc., ii. p. 306. Hymenoscypha rhodoleuca, Phil., Brit. Disc , p. 131. On dead Equisitum stems and other fragments of vegetation in damp places. When young the plant is closed and subglobose or pear- shaped, soon expanding and becoming plane or slightly convex. Distinguished by the pale, clear rosy - white colour. Specimens examined in Karsten's Fung. Fenn., n. 152, and Sydow, Myc., March., n. 1266. Helotium phascoides. Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 355 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 169 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 954. Ascophores gregarious, minute, waxy, shortly stipitate, turbinate and closed, then expanding until plane, glabrous, with a brick-red or vinous tinge all over (when dry), ^-f mm. broad and high; hypothecium and excipulum composed of stout, hyaline, interwoven hyphae ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex rounded, pedicel slender, often crooked, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, narrowly elliptic-oblong, ends somewhat pointed, straight or slightly curved, 10-12 x 4— O/A; paraphyses slender, li— 2 p. thick, apex not thickened. Peziza phascoides, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 138. On leaves of species of Phascum. Specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, accepted as typical. Keadily distinguished by the reddish colour of the ascophore and the peculiar habitat. HELOTIUM. 269 Helotium bryophylum. Mass. Stipitate, slender, at first concave, then convex, glabrous, yellowish ; stem long, slender, flexuose, slightly pubescent ; asci clavate; spores cylindrical, curved, 10 x 2 p; para- physes filiform, enlarged upwards, septate. Peziza bryopliila, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 119. Peziza pyxidata, Flora Dan., t. 1017, fig. 1. Phialea bryophila, Gill., Champ., p. 100. Hymenoscypha bryopltila, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 125. Amongst moss in mountain pastures. Autumn. Cup \ to 1J lines broad, 2| to 5 lines high. Scattered, lender, "nearly" white, becoming yellowish. (Phil.) Unknown to me. The whole of the above copied from Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 125. I. On dung. Helotium lacteum. Mass. Ascophores scattered, substance thin, almost translucent -when moist, obconic and closed at first, then expanding, finally slightly concave, plane, or with the margin drooping, glabrous, whitish or with a very faint yellow tinge, hypo- thecium and excipulum composed of slender, hyaline hyphae about 4 p. thick, these run more or less parallel near the surface, and pass into a parenchymatous cortex of small cells, elongated in the direction from base to margin ; asci cylindric-clavate, pedicel slender, short, 8-spored ; spoies elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 1-seriate or somewhat inclined to he 2-seriate sometimes near the top of the ascus, 9—10 x 4 • 5-5 fj. ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, very slightly thick- ened at the tips. Ascobolus (Ascophanus^) lacteus, Cke. & Phil., Grev., vol. v. p. 119. Ascophanus lacteus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 306. On cow dung. Type specimen examined, also specimen in Cooke's Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 660. The structure of the excipulum. also the thin substance of the ascophore prevent the present fungus from being retained in the Ascoboleae. 270 FUNGUS-FLORA. Doubtful species. Helotium fibuliforme. Berk., Outl., p. 371; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1032 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 156. Ascophore stipitate, convex, yellow, fleshy, rather firm ; dark brown beneath, as well as the short, thick, subvillose stem ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores oblong or fusiform, 2-guttulate, 9-12 X 2-4 /A. Helvella fibuliformis, Bolton, p. 176, t. 176. On sticks of elm in water ; also on ash in like situations. Ascophore H-3 lines broad, about 1\ lines high. The above is the description given by Phillips of what he considers to be the fungus Bolton had in view. Unknown to me. It consists of a little hard pileus, smooth, slippery, and of a yellow-ochre colour on the upper side. It is supported by a round stem, a line in length ; of a solid and firm consist- ence ; and together with the under side of the pileus, is of a dusky black. (Bolton.) Helotium subsessile. Schum., Saell., p. 415; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 158; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 875. Caespitose, very minute, pallid, pileus plane at first then slightly convex, disc pale umber; stem very short, apex dilated, base umber-bay. On fallen rotting twigs. Pileus not |- a line broad. Flesh brownish. The above is Schumacher's description of the species, which was afterwards figured by Hornernann in Flora Danica, pi. 1855, fig. 3 ; referred to Peziza helotioides, Fr., Syst. Myc., vol. iii. p. 135, and described as follows. " Small, pallid, plano-convex, disc pale umber, stem very short, base umber-bay. Berkeley and Broome met with a fungus growing on a dead branch which they referred to P. helotioides, Fr., as follows in Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 573, ser. ii., vol. vii. p. 15 : — Our plant agrees very well with that of Schumacher, who has alone described and figured the species. It is however of a dull ochre rather than umber ; the stem is very thick, obconical, and merely a prolongation of the pileus; the CYATHICULA. 271 hymenium convex, the asci clavate, and the sporidia oblong, sublanceolate, with two or more nuclei. (B. & Br.) Cooke — Hdbk., p. 714 — without seeing a specimen, drew up a diagnosis from the characters given by Schumacher and Berkeley and Broome. This description is reproduced with a slight modification in the arrangement of words by Phillips — Brit. Disc., p. 158 — to whom the fungus was unknown. Finally, Saccardo, to whom the fungus was also unknown, gives the substance of all previous writers in his diagnosis in Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 875. Unknown to me. Helotium tuba. Fries, Surnma Veg. Scand., p. 355. This beautiful little peziza adheres by a claw at the base io the putrid stems of decayed plants in moist places near rills of water. It is shaped like a trumpet in. miniature. The height about half an inch. The colour a bright pale yellow. (Bolton.) Peziza tuba, Bolton,, Hist. Fung., iii. t. 106, fig. 1. Hymenosc^Jpha tula, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 126. Pliialea tula, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1076. The above is all that is known respecting Bolton's P. tula, hence it is not likely to be recognised again with certainty. Excluded species. Helotium luccina, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 355 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 170 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 911. Whatever the species kept up by some Continental writers may be, it is quite certain that the British specimens considered as this species by Berkeley do not belong to the Discomycetes. Helotium sclerotioides, Berk., Outl., p. 371; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 171 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 960. Examination of the type specimen proves this to be a true sclerotium. CYATHICULA. De Notaris. Ascophore firm and somewhat waxy, sessile or shortly stipitate, glabrous with the exception of a single row of 272 FUNGUS-FLORA. teeth round the margin ; hypothecium and excipulum formed of intricately interwoven hyphae, cortex similar, the hyphae running out in a more or less parallel manner to form the marginal teeth ; asci 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elongated, continuous or septate ; paraphyses absent in some species. Cyathicula, De Not., Prof. Disc, in Comm., i. p. 381 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 304. Hymenoscypha, Phil., Brit. Disc, (in part). The distinctly toothed margin of the ascophore is the most eharacteristic feature of the present genus. The hypo- thecium, excipulum, and cortex being entirely composed of interwoven hyphae is also remarkable. In all probability the spores of G. coronata will prove to be septate when quite mature. C. dentata is not a typical species, and connects the present genus with Mollisia. Cyathicula coronata. De Notaris, Disc., p. 381 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1270. Scattered, stipitate, closed and subglobose at first; then expanding and becoming cup-shaped; glabrous except the margin, which is surrounded by 12-18 elongated, slender teeth, 25-40 p. long, 15-18 p. broad at the base and soon narrowing down to an elongated, bristle-like spine 8—12 p. broad, more or less incurved, and strongly so when dry; pallid or with a tinge of yellow, l|-3 mm. across, teeth sometimes whitish ; hypothecium and excipulum formed of continuous intricately interwoven hyaline hyphae, cortex similar, the hyphae running out to form the marginal teeth ; stem slender, 2-3 mm. long; asci elongated, narrowly cylindric-clavate, pedicel long and slender, 8-spored ; spores biseriate near the tip, uniseriate below, smooth, hyaline, con- tinuous, narrowly elliptical, ends acute, straight or slightly curved, 15-20 X 4 p.; paraphyses slender, hyaline, not thickened at the tip. Peziza coronata, Bull., Champ. Fr., p. 251, t. 416, f. 4. Peziza inflexa, Bolton, t. 106, fig. 2. Hymenoscyplia coronata, Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 127; pi. v. fig. 26. Hymenoscypha coronata, var. inflexa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 127. CYATHICULA. 273 On various kinds of dead herbaceous stems. Specimens examined in Cooke, Fung. Brit., exs., n. 379, and Fuck el's Fung. Rhen., n. 1183. Readily distinguished from C. peristomalis by the bristle - like marginal teeth, which are incurved when dry. Cyathicula petiolorum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1273. Ascophore stipitate, scattered or solitar}', closed at first, then concave, finally plane, margin minutely toothed, glabrous; disc yellowish brown or tawny, externally except the margin paler, 1-2 • 5 mm. across ; stem slender 2-6 mm. long, smooth ; hy pothecium tinged brown ; cortex composed of slightly wavy, septate hypliae that radiate from base to margin, where they become free, tinged brown, obtuse, or inclined to clavate, septate, and form the irregularly triangular marginal teeth ; asci subcylindrical, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores usually 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly cylindric- oblong or sausage-shaped, rather strongly curved, 16-18 X 4/x; paraphyses hyaline, about 2 p. thick, apex only very slightly thickened. Peziza petiolorum, Eoberge, in Desm., Crypt. France, ed. i., 1158. Hymenoscypha petiolorum, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 132. On petioles of fallen beech and oak leaves. The margin is furnished with minute, somewhat triangular teeth, easily overlooked in dried specimens. (Phil.} Specimen sent by Eoberge to Berkeley, and now in Herb. Kew., examined; also specimen in Desm., Cr. Fr., ed. i. n. 1158. Readily distinguished from C. coronata by the broadly triangular teeth, which are formed of rather stout, septate, more or less clavate hyphae. Cyathicula peristomalis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1284. Ascophores subcylindrical, base somewhat narrowed, solid, glabrous except the margin, which is surrounded by 10-18 spreading, white, acuminate teeth, 25-35 long, by 8-10 /JL broad at the base ; whitish, disc plane, about i mm. high by £ mm. broad ; hypotheciuin and excipulum composed of aseptate, hyaline hyphae very intricately interwoven, the cortex is similar, and the hyphae run out to form the marginal teeth ; asci fusoid, apex narrowed, widest portion sometime s VOL. IV. T 274 FUNG US-FLORA. above, sometimes below the middle, almost sessile, base- stout, 8-spored; spores obliquely 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, narrowly elliptical, ends rather acute, at first multi-guttulate, then very distinctly 3-septate, 24-27 x 4-5; paraphyses absent? Peziza (Mollisia) peristomalis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1169, ser. iii., vol. xviii. p. 12, pi. v. fig. 32. Mollisia peristomalis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 201, pi. vi. p. 37. On dead bark of holly. Type specimen examined. A most exquisite object under a moderate magnifier, re- sembling some Actinia in miniature (B. & Br.). Gregarious, subglobose and closed at first, then becoming elongated and more or less cylindrical, the base often slightly narrowed, but constantly sessile, apex truncate ; disc not de- pressed, surrounded by acute teeth resembling the peristome of a moss. Allied to Belonidium in the 3-septate spores, but the sum of characters point to the present genus. CIBOEIA. Fuckel. Ascophore supported on a long, slender, often more or less flexuous stem, usually some tint of brown, margin entire ; glabrous ; hypothecium tinged brown, and along with the excipulum, formed of densely interlacing hyphae ; asci nar- rowly cylindrical, elongated, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, or septate, elliptical ; paraphyses present. Ciboria, Fuckel, Syrnb. Myc., p. 311 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 201 both in part only). Hymen oscypha, Phil., Brit. Disc. Closely allied to Sclerotinia, and differing mainly in not springing from a sclerotium. Also closely related to Helotium, but separated by the longer stem, brownish hypothecium, and larger size of the entire fungus. Ciboria ochroleuca. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, pliant and leathery when fresh, hard when dry, at first subglobose and closed, then funnel-shaped, finally expanding, glabrous, often wrinkled from base to margin on the outside, especially when CIBORIA. 275 dry, reddish brown or yellow-brown, 2 mm. to 1 cm. across, stem 1-3 cni. high, usually straight, rather slender, blackish brown ; hypothecium brown, and like the hyaline excipulum formed of sparsely septate, branched, intricately interwoven hyphae, cortex pareiichymatous, cells brown ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, or imperfectly 2-seriate above, hyaline, smooth, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, straight or slightly curved, at first continuous and with several large oil-globules, then 1-many-septate, 1 5-20 x 5-6 p, ; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened and often brownish at the tip. Peziza ochroleuca,, Bolton, Hist. Fung. Halifax, p. 105 J pi. 105 (1789). Peziza firma, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 658 (1801). Hymenoscypha firma, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 123. Ciboria firma, Sacc., Syll,, viii. n. 829. On decaying oak branches. Specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, examined. Bol ton's name — quoted by Persooon — is restored, as there is no mistaking his excellent figure and description. Ciboria luteovirescens. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 838. Gregarious or scattered, stipitate, closed at first then becoming plane or slightly convex, often with a more or less distinct central dimple, thin, pliant, glabrous, margin entire, every part pale, dingy, yellowish green, 1-1| cm. across; hypothecium tinged with brown ; cortical cells mostly hexa- gonal, elongated in the direction from base to margin ; stem A-l^ cm. long, slender, wavy, glabrous, slightly, narrowed downwards; asci cylindric-clavate, pedicel elongated, nar- rowed, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends rather blunt, 13-15 x 5-6 p; paraphyses hyaline, septate, slightly thickened towards tho tip. Peziza luteovirescens, Eoberge, in Desm., Crypt. Fl. Fr., exs., ed. i., n. 1541. Hymenoscypha luteovirescens, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 121. Peziza pallidovirescens, Phil., Grev. vi. p. 24. On decaying and partly buried leaf-stalks of maple, syca- more, and lime. Specimen from Roberge, now in Herb. Berk., Kew, exa- T 2 276 FUNGUS-FLORA. mined; also, Desm., Cr. Fr., ser. i., n. 1541 (collected by Koberge), and Elv. Brit., n. 122. Ciboria ochracea. Mass. Scattered, at first top-shaped and closed, then funnel- shaped, finally plane or the often irregular margin more or less drooping, thin and rather tough, 2—4 mm. across, glabrous, every part ochraceous ; stem 4—8 mm. long, -£— f mm. thick, thinner towards the base, glabrous; hypotheclum and excipulum formed of interwoven, slender hyphae, passing into a small-celled, parenchymatous cortex; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, very nar- rowly cylindric-fusiform, ends rather acute, often slightly curved, 8-10 x 1'5 /*; paraphyses slender, hyaline, veiy slightly thickened at the tip. Helotium tuba, Fr., b. ochracea, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1486, ser. iv., vol. xv. p. 38 (1875) ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 126. On a heap of decaying vegetation. The present species is a typical Ciboria, and cannot bo allowed to stand as the variety of a species, the type of which is itself practically unknown. Type specimen examined. Ciboria echinophila. Sacc., Fung. Ven., ser. iv., n. 89 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 824. Scattered, stipitate, subglobose and closed at first, then funnel-shaped, at length almost or quite plane, rather fleshy, glabrous, pale cinnamon or brownish, 2-5 mm. across ; stem about 1 cm. long, slender, often wavy, pale, minutely downy at first, becoming smooth ; hypothecium tinged brown, and with the hyaline excipulum formed of interlacing hyphae, cortex parenchymatous, cells brown ; asci cylindric- clavate, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate or with a tendency to become 2-seriate near the tip of the ascus, hyaline, subcylin- drical or sausage-shaped, rather strongly curved, ends obtuse, 3— 4-guttulate, then more or less completely multiseptatc 16-21 x 5 ju.; paraphyses slender, tip slightly thickened. Peziza echinophila, Bull., Champ. Fr., p. 235, tab. 500, fig. 1. Hymcnoscypha cchinophiln, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 122. CIBORIA. 277 On fallen, decaying involucres of sweet chestnut. The spores, as in C. ochroleuca and other species, are often furnished with delicate protoplasmic threads at the ends, and these sometimes terminate in a minute, globose head. Allied to C. fa-ma, but distinguished by the strongly curved spores, and bv the different habitat. Specimens examined in (Jooke's Fung. Brit , ed. ii., n. 367 ; Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 32, and Eehm, Ascom. n. 606. Ciboria subularis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 828. Ascophore stipitate, subglobo.se and closed, then becoming saucer-shaped or nearly plain, thin, fragile, glabrous, margin entire ; disc brown, depth of colour variable, externally paler, 2-5 mm. across ; stem slender, wavy, coloured like the pileus, 1—1 • 5 cm. long ; hypothecium brownish, and like the h}*aline excipulum formedj of intricately interlacing hyphae, cortex parenchymatous, cells brown; asci narrowly cylindric- clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, or partly 2 -seriate near the top of the ascus, hyaline, smooth, continuous, straight, sometimes 2-guttulate, narrowly elliptic-oblong, 14—21 x 4-5 /x,; paraphyses slender, very slightly thickened at the tips. Peziza subularis, Bull., Champ. Fr., p. 236, tab. 500, fig. 2. Hymenoscypha subularis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 122. On falling, decaying fruits of Angelica, also on decaying seeds of Helianthius, Bidens, &c., Distinguished from C. ochroleuca by the smaller size of the ascophore, very slender stem, continuous spores, and different habitat. Specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, accepted as typical. Ciboria amentacea. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 311; Khem, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 755 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 822. Gregarious, stipitate, at first closed and pear-shaped, then expanding until almost plane, thin, rather pliant ; disc pale brown, externally paler, 3-10 mm. broad ; stem 1-4 cm. long, up to | mm. thick, often wavy ; hypothecium brown, and along with the hyaline excipulum, composed of stout, intricately interwoven hyphae, cortical cells parenchyma- tous, 14-20 fj. diameter; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored, spores obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, continuous, 278 FUNGUS-FLORA. smooth, broadly elliptical, 9-11 x 5-6 p ; paraphyses slender, slightly clavate at the tip, hyaline. Hymcnoscypha amcntacea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 120. On fallen male catkins of willow and alder. Spring. Closely allied to C. caucus, but distinguished by the elongated, slender stem, paler disc, larger cortical cells, and clavate paraphyses. Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 116, and Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., n. 1178.1 Phillips says the margin of the ascophore is tomentose, the hair-like .cells of the margin being 50 X 18 p,, and continuous. Ciboria caucus. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 311 ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 756 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 823. Scattered, piriform and closed at first, then wine-glass shaped and margin erect or incurved, finally expanding, thin, umber-brown, externally paler at first, then brown, glabrous, 2-8 mm. across; stem 2-10 mm. long, about ^ mm. thick, often wavy ; hypothecium brown, and like the hyaline excipulum, formed of very much interwoven hyphae, cortical cells brown, irregularly polygonal, 8—10 p, diameter; asci cylindric - clavate, 8 - gpored ; spores obliquely 1 - seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, sometimes slightly bent, 9-10 X 5-6 //,; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tips not thickened. Hymenoscypha caucus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 120. On fallen male cones of poplar. Spring. Ciboria pseudotuberosa. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 820. Gregarious, on fallen, decaying acorns, stipitate, at first clavate or turbinate and closed, then expanding until almost plane, often with a central dimple, thin, pliant, glabrous, entirely brownish, often with an olive tinge |-1 cm. across, minutely wrinkled externally ; hypothecium dark brown, and like the pale epithecium consisting of interwoven hyphao 5-7 fj, thick, cortex parenehymatous; stem 1—2 cm. long, slender, slightly tapering downwards, wavy, smooth; asci cylindrical, pedicel narrowed, slender, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, smooth, hyaline, continnous,broadly ellip- tical or egg-shaped, ends blunt, 8-10 x 5— 6 /JL ; paraphyses SCLEROTINIA. 279 slender, hyaline, septate, about 2' 5 p thick at the tip, some- times branched. Sclerotinia pseudotuberosa, Eehm, Krypt.-Fl., Disc., p. 803, figs. 1-5, p. 800. Hymenoscypha pseudotuberosa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 119, pi. 5, fig. 25. On fallen, decayed acorns. Specimen examined in Kehm's Ascom., n. 106 A, B. SCLEROTINIA. Fuckel. Ascophores solitary or gregarious, springing from a sclero- tium, stipitate, at first minute and closed, (gradually growing and expanding, until finally almost or quite plane, glabrous, brown; hypothecium and excipulum formed of intricately wefted hyphae ; asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, con- tinuous ; paraphyses present, slender. Sclerotinia, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 330 ; Sacc., Syll., viiL n. 195. Hymenoscypha, Phillips, Brit. Disc. Peziza, of many authors. Closely allied to Giboria, differing more especially in growing from a sclerotium.j In some species a conidial condition is known, belonging to the form-genus Botrytis. * Growing on Dicotyledons. Sclerotinia tuberosa. Fckl,, Symb. Myc., p. 331; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 814, figs. 1-5, p. 802 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 797. Ascophores 2-6 springing from an irregularly elliptical or subglobose sclerotium up to 3 x 1*5 cm., buried in the ground, externally black, inside white; ascophore at first pear-shaped and closed, then funnel-shaped, finally becoming almost plane, bright brown, edge entire, thin, 1—3 cm. across ; hypothecium and excipulum, consisting of pale brown, sparsely septate, branched, intricately interwoven hyphae, cortex similar in structure, darker brown; stem 2-7 cm. long, 1 • 5-3 mm. thick, often flexuous, brown ; asci cylindri- 280 FUNGUS-FLORA. cal, apex blunt, pedicel elongated, tapering, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, often 2-guttulate, 15-18 x 6-7 p.; paraphyses hya- line, septate, slightly thickened upwards. Octospora tuberosa, Hedwig, Muse. Frond., ii. p. 33, t. x. fig. B. Hymenoscypha tuberosa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 113. In woods. The sclerotium is attached to the rhizome of Anemone nemorosa. According to Tulasne — Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iii., vol. xx. p. 175, and Sel., Fung. Oarpol., vol. iii. t. 22, figs. 6 and 7 — the spores germinate readily when placed in a nutrient solu- tion, and produce either one or more germ-tubes, which bear minute, globose conidia at the tips of short, conical branches, or sometimes the conidia are produced without the inter- vention of hyphae, at the ends of the spores in small groups. The spores usually become septate, and change in form during germination. Specimens examined in Cooke, Fung. Brit,, n. 558; Kehm, Ascom., n. 202; and Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 153. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mass. Solitary or 2-4, springing from a black, usually elongated sclerotium, 1-2 cm. long ; ascophore at first small and closed, then funnel-shaped, finally plane or slightly convex, margin entire, glabrous, thin, rather firm, pale brown, 3-7 mm. broad ; stem slender, often more or less wavy, smooth, pale brown, 1-3 cm. long; hypothecium and excipulum formed of slender, interwoven hyphae; asci narrowly cylindrical, elongated, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, con- tinuous, elliptical, sometimes slightly oblique, usually 2-gut- tulate, 9-13 X 4-6 /z; paraphyses slender, very slightly thickened upwards. Peziza sclerotiorum, Libert, Crypt. Ard., n. 326. Sclerotinia libertiana, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 331 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 816; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 798. Hymenoscypha sderotiorum, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 115. Peziza postuma, Berk. & Wils., Gard. Chron., Sept. 1883. Growing from sclerotia formed in the stems of potato, cab- bage, beet, Arc. SCLEROTINIA. 281 Specimens examined in Madame Libert's Crypt. Ard., n. 326, also Berkeley's specimens of P. postuma. Sclerotinia Candolleana. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 330 ; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 810 ; Sacc., Syll., viii.n. p. 807. Ascophores 1-4 springing from a small, externally black sclerotium 3-4 mm. across ; ascophore thin, glabrous, closed at first, soon plane, reddish or yellowish brown, 1-6 mm. broad ; excipulum and hypothecium formed of interwoven hyphae; stem very slender, 5-10 mm. long, straight or crooked, deep red-brown, sometimes with white down at the base; asci narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 7-9 X 3-4 p. ; parapbjses slender, slightly thickened upwards. Peziza De Candolleana, Lev^ Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. ii., vol. xx. p. 223, pi. 7, fioj. 4 (1843). Hymenoscypha Candolleana, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 114. On fallen leaves of sweet chestnut and oak. Specimen in Fuckel, Fung. Ehen., n. 2915, examined. Sclerotinia filipes. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 806. Thin, fragile, concave, becoming plane, at length convex, glabrous, white ; stem long, filiform, flexuous, same colour, arising from a black, subglobose sclerotium ; spores 8, oblong- fnsiform, 8 X 1 /* ; paraphyses slenderly filiform. Hymenoscypha filipes, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 116. Growing from a wrinkled, black, nearly globose sclero- tium amongst vegetable fragments in a damp situation. Cup about l£ lines broad ; stem 7| lines long. This is much smaller than P. Candolleana, and the spores are alto- gether diiferent. Phialea capillipes (Quelet) is grey-bistre colour, and grows from a fusiform sclerotium, otherwise there is a very near resemblance. Unknown to me. The above description copied entirely from Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 116. Sclerotinia fructigena. Rehm, Krypt.-Flor. Disc, p.. 67. "Sclerctium up to 3 mm. thick, black, wrinkled, mostly concentrically arranged. Ascophore unknown. Conidia of two kinds : — 282 FUNGUS-FLORA. I. Conidia globose, 3—4 //, diameter, bome on short, flask- shaped branches of young mycelium. II. (Monilia fruct igena^) Forming dense, tomentose tufts, often growing in circles and becoming confluent, white, then dingy ochraceous red, hyphae branched ; conidia elliptical or lemon-shaped, 19-26 x 10-12 /*, produced in simple or usually branched chains, colourless at first, then tinged with dull red. Sclerotium pyrinum, Persoon. Monilia fructigena, Pers., Syn., p. 63 ; Sacc., Syll., iv. n. 157 ; Mass., Fung.-FL, iii. p. 283. All the above forms occur on the fruit of apple and pear trees, less frequently on the leaves. * Growing on Monocotyledons. Sclerotinia Curreyana. Karst., Eev. Mon., p. 123; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 821, figs. 1-5, p. 803; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 809. Ascophores 1-13, springing from a small, irregularly elliptical sclerotium, 3-5 X 1-2 mm., black outside, inside white ; ascophore subglobose and closed at first, gradually expanding until nearly or quite plane, thin, bright brown, glabrous, edge even, disc often more or less wrinkled, 2-5 mm. across ; stem slender, often crooked, 3-7 mm. long, sometimes downy at the base ; hypothecium and excipulum pale brown, formed of intricately interwoven hyphae, which pass into brown parenchymatous cells at the cortex; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores 1 -seriate, hyaline, continuous, straight or slightly curved, narrowly cylindrical, ends obtuse, 8— 14 X 2—3 /*; paraphyses slender, pale brown at the slightly thickened apex. Peziza Curreyana, Berk., Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiv. p. 495 (1865). Hymenoscyplia Curreyana, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 116. Sclerotium roseum, Fries, Elench. Fung., ii. p. 43 (the sclerotium of the present species). On fading or dead culms of various species of Juncus. The cup was of a bright brown colour, varying somewhat in shape; in most it was hemispherical, in some infundi- SCLEBOTINIA. 283 buliforrn. In one the edge of the cup was erect, extending beyond the equator of the hemisphere ; in others the edge of the cnp was recurved and sinuous. The number growing from one sclerotium varied from 2 to 13, and the greater the number, the less was the size of the individual. The diameter of the largest cup was rather more than one-half, and of the smallest about ^s of an inch. The stalk was well developed, being generally about the length of the diameter of the cup, of a darker colour, and tapering somewhat from above downwards. In one specimen the base of the stem at its point of junction with the sclerotium was thickly covered with hairs. (Currey.) Type specimen examined ; also specimens in Phil., Elvell. Brit., n. 31. Sclerotinia Duriaeana. Quelet, Bull. Soc. Myc., i. p. 115; Kehrn., Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 820 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 810. Ascophores 1-3, springing from a small, internally white, externally black, elongated sclerotium 6-15 x 2 mm.; ascophore closed at first, expanding until nearly or quite plane, thin, fragile, glabrous, pale brown, 2—6 mm. broad; excipulum and hypothecium brownish, formed of thin, interwoven hyphae; stem cylindrical, firm, straight or slightly wavy, brown, base darker and often downy, 1—2 cm. long ; asci narrowly cylindrical, elongated, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, elliptical, ends blunt, straight or very slightly bent, hyaline, continuous, 10-15 X 6-8 //,; paraphyses slender, septate, thickened upwards. Peziza Duriaeana, Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp., i. p. 103, and iii. p. 203, pi. xxii. figs. 20-24. Hymenoscypha Duriaeana, Phil. Brit. Disc. p. 115. In culms of Carex arenaria, and C. stricta. Conidial stage. Forming slightly effused, somewhat waxy patches ; conidia hyaline, continuous, subglobose, 1 • 5-2 //. diameter. Epidochium arabicus, Desmaz., xxii. Not. in Ann. Sci. Nat., p. 19. Sphacelia ambiens, Sacc., Michelia, ii. p. 131. On culms of Carex arenaria and C. stricta. Specimen examined in Kehm's Ascom., n. 603. 284 FUNG US- FLORA. Sclerotinia bulborum. Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 819; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 802 ; Mass., in Gard. Chron., Aug. llth, 1894, p. 1894, with fig. Ascophores 1-3 in number, springing from an irregular sclerotium which is at first white, then blackish externally, Fig. 1, Sclerotinia bulborum, Rehm, X 10 ; — Fig. 2, ascua and paraphysis of same, X 400 ;— Fig. 3, section of portion of a sclerotium, X 400 ;— Fig. 4, Botrytis form of the fungus, x 250 ;— Fig. 5, conidia of Botrytis stage, x 400. 8-12 mm. diameter ; ascophore stipitate, at first closed, then hemispherical, or sometimes more expanded, brown, glabrous, 3-5 ft; stem slender, almost cylindrical, smooth, brown, 10-15 mm. long; excipulum and hypothecium formed of slender, interwoven hyphae; asci narrowly cylindrical, CHLOBOSPLENIUM. 285 elongated, 8-spored , spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, 2-guttulate, elliptical, apex sometimes most obtuse, 14—16 X 7-8 ft, ; paraphyses slender, hyaline. Peziza bulborum, Wakker, Bot. Central., viii. p. 309. Botrytis form. Compact brownish- buff tufts, tips of fertile branchlets spinulose, each spine bearing a smooth, hyaline, elliptical, apiculate conidium, 9-10 x 7 ft. On bulbs of Hyacinthus, Scilla, Crocus, and Allium. Excluded species. Sclerotinia trifoliorum. Eriks. On Kldfv. Hymenoscypha ciborioides, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 117. There is no evidence of the above-named species having occurred in Britain. CHLOROSPLENIUM. Fries, (figs. 41-42, p. 156.) Ascophore stipitate or almost sessile, tough and pliant, at first closed, then expanded, glabrous, verdigris-green or dingy olive, margin usually irregular and wavy; hypo- thecium and excipulura formed of interwoven hyphae ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, con- tinuous or septate, elongated, irregularly 2-seriate ; para- physes present. Chlorosplenium, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 356 ; PhiL, Brit. Disc., p. 146 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 315. Peziza, of various authors. Distinguished by the tough substance and green or olive colour of the ascophore. Some species impart a deep verdigris-green colour to the wood on which they grow. Coryne somewhat resembles the present genus, but differs in the texture of the ascophore being more or less gelatinous. Chlorosplenium aeruginosum. De Not., Prop. Rett. Discom., p. 22; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 753 figs. 1-5, p. 749 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 147, pi. 5, f. 28 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1311. (figs. 41-42, p. 156.) 286 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Gregarious or scattered, staining the wood on which they grow deep verdigris green ; ascophore at first turbinate and closed, then expanding, the margin usually wavy and more or less irregular, flexible, glabrous, even, somewhat con- tracted and minutely wrinkled when dry, every part deep verdigris-green, the disc often becoming paler and with a tinge of tan colour, 1-4 mm. across ; stem 1—3 mm. long, expanding into the ascophore ; hypothecium and excipulum formed of interlaced, hyaline hyphae 3-4 p. thick, these become stouter and coloured green in the cortex ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline or with a very slight tinge of green, very narrowly cylindric-fusiform, straight or curved, 10-14 x 2-5-3-5 /x, 2-guttulate, or with several minute green oil globules ; paraphyses slender, with a tinge of green at the tip. Helvetia aeruginea, Oed., Fl. Dan., tab. 35G, fig. 2. Helotium aeruginosum, Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., p. 353. On fallen branches of oak, ash, and hazel. Eehm says that it also occurs on Pinus dbics and Alnus ; Saccardo adds birch. Specimens examined in Cooke, Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 389 ; Phill., Elv. Brit., n. 86, and Eehm, Ascoin., n. 409. On fallen oak branches, staining the wood on which it grows, for a considerable depth, of a deep verdigris-green, the wood so stained being employed as " green oak " in the manufacture of Tunbridge ware. The fully developed cups are much more rare than the green myceloid state. (Phil.) Chlorosplenium discoideum. Mass. Gregarious, very shortly stipitate, subglobose and closed at first, soon plane or very slightly convex, with a distinct, narrow, slightly raised, entire margin; disc circular in outline, clove-brown, or with a suggestion of red, margin and glabrous exterior deep verdigris-green, |— 3 mm. across ; hypothecium and excipulum formed of slender, densely interwoven hyphae; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, pedicel slender, 8-spored; spores with a slight tendency to become 2-seriate near the apex of the ascus, 1-seriate below, hyaline, narrowly elliptical, ends rather acute, often slightly curved, at first 2-guttulate, CHLOROSPLENIUM. 287 then 1-septate ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, very slightly thickened upwards. On decorticated wood. The first knowledge of this species was obtained from specimens received from New Zealand, shortly after which it was found growing on an old Eobinia trunk in Kew Gardens. Known from all other species by the constantly regular, discoid apothecium, the brown .disc, and the 1-septate spores with acute ends. The wood on which the fungus grows is stained verdigris-green, as in C. aentginosum. Chlorosplenium versiforme. Karst, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 102 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 146 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1315. Scattered, shortly stipitate or only narrowed below into a short, stem-like base ; closed at first, gradually expanding, usually more or less irregular and wavy, glabrous; disc yellowish olive or dingy green, externally purplish brown, minutely wrinkled, 1—3 cm. across, tough ; hypothecium and excipulum brown, formed entirely of closely interwoven hyphae, 3-4 p. thick ; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, tips slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, or sometimes almost 1-seriate, hyaline, 2— 4-guttulate, cylin- drical, ends blunt, straight or usually slightly bent, con- tinuous at first, then 1-septate, 9-12 x 3 '5-4 p.; paraphyses slender, about 2 p. thick at the yellowish brown tips. Peziza versiformis, Pers., Icon, et Descr. Fung., p. 25, t. 7, fig. 7. Coryne versiformis, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 492. On fallen fir-trunks, also on scales of fir-cones, and Phillips says on ash-stumps. Distinguished from C. aeruginosum by the purplish exterior of the ascophore, larger 1-septate spores, and by not staining the wood on which it grows, green. Specimen in Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 274, examined. Chlorosplenium elatinum. Mass. Ascophore stipitate, turbinate, at first closed, then ex- panding, but the margin persistently strongly incurved when dry, glabrous, somewhat shining, dingy blackish- olive, 2-5 mm. across ; stem blackish, 2-3 mm. long ; hypothecium and excipulum composed entirely of aseptate, hyaline, branched, intricately interwoven hyphae, which 288 FUNGUS-FLOKA. "become tinged with olive at the cortex, are often constricted like a string of sausages, and have the walls furnished with delicate thickened bands ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex some- what narrowed and thick-walled, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, 1-seriate below, elliptical, ends obtuse, straight or slightly curved, continuous, hyaline, often guttulate, 14-18 X 5-7 p. ; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened and coloured at the tip. Ombrophila Kriegeriana, Eabenh., Hedw., 1878, p. 31. Chlorosplenium Kriegerianum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1320. Butstroemia elatina, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 767, figs. 1-5, p. 751. Peziza elatina, A. & S., Consp., p. 330, t. ii. f. 3. On small, fallen branches of Abies pectuata, &c. Specimens examined in Kab., Fung. Eur., n. 2315 A, and Rehm, Ascom., n. 660. VESTITAE. A. Spores globose. Pitya. Growing on conifers. Sphaerospora. Growing on the ground. B. Spores elongated ; ascopJiorcs gregarious on a spreading subiculum ; or base of ascophore densely strigose. Tapesia. Ascophores minute, gregarious on an eifused subiculum. Growing on wood. Plectania. Ascophores large, furnished at the base with coarse, black hyphae. Growing on branches and wood. C. Spores elongated, 3 — many-septate ; ascophores not seated on a subiculum, nor strigose at the base. Erinella. Paraphyses lanceolate. Growing on plants. Echinella. Paraphyses cylindrical. Growing on plants. PITYA. 289 Diplocarpa. Paraphyses cylindrical, bearing conidia at the tips. Growing on the ground. 1). Spores elongated, continuous : external hairs — especially the marginal ones — thick-walled, septate, pointed and coloured. Lachnea. Paraphyses clavate at the tip. Growing on the ground, rarely on wood. Desmazierella. Tips of paraphyses black and pointed, projecting above the surface of the disc. Growing on pine leaves. E. Spores elongated, continuous — sometimes l-septate in Dasy- gcypha — external and marginal hairs thin-walled, cylindrical, sometimes very short and delicate. Dasyscypha. Ascophore minute. Growing on wood, herbaceous stems, and leaves. Neottiella. Ascophore small. Growing on the ground. Geopyxis. Ascophore large, stipitate. Growing on the ground, rarely on branches or wood. Sepultaria. Ascophore large, sessile. Growing on the ground, at first subterranean, then becoming partly exposed. PITYA. Puokel. Ascophore narrowed into a short, stout, stem-like base, piriform and closed at first, then becoming almost or quite plane; margin entire, glabrous, lower portion of ascophore and stem minutely villose, rather fleshy ; cortex parenchy- matous, cells irregularly polygonal; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, narrowed below into a very long pedicel, 8-spored ; spores globose, continuous, hyaline, 1 -seriate; paraphyses present. Pitya, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 317 (written Pithya, and VOL. iv. u PITYA. 291 corrected to Pitya by Saccardo, Syll., viii. p. 209); Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 209 ; Eehm., Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 925. Distinguished from other genera having globose, hyaline spores, by growing on conifers. Pitya cupressi. Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 926 ; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 849. Gregarious, sessile or narrowed into a short, stem-like base, piriform and closed when young, then nearly plane, somewhat fleshy ; margin entire, thickish, glabrous, lower portion of ascophore and stem downy, especially when young, whitish ; disc orange-yellow or yellow ; 1-2 • 5 mm. across ; hypothecium and excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells largest, polygonal, 8—1 1 x 6—7 /x ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, tapering below into a long pedicel, 8-spored ; spores globose, hyaline, smooth, with a large central oil- globule, 10-12 fj. diameter, 1 -seriate in the upper part of the ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PEZIZAE, &c. Fig. l.Barlaea Crouanii, Sacc., nat. size ; — Fig. 2, section of same, X ; — Fig. 3, spore of same, x 300 ;— Fi<*. 4, ascus and paraphyses of same, highly x ; — Fig. 5, Lachnea hemispherica, Gillet, specimen in early stage, nat size; — Fig. 6, section of excipulum, showing the external hairs iu tufts, x ;— Fig. 7, two of the marginal hairs, x 300 ;— Fig. 8, spores of same in young and mature stage, x 300 ; — Fig. 9, section of same when mature and expanded; — Fig. 10, Helotium lechithinum, Mass., nat. size ; — Fig. 11, section of same, x ; — Fig. 12, section of excipulum of same, x ; — Fig. 13, ascus and parapliysis of same, highly x ; — Fig. 15, Acetabula vulgaris, Fckl., small and young plant, nat. size ; — Fig. 16, spore of same, X 300 ; — Fig. 17, Otidea neglecta, Mass., young and only partly expanded plant, nat. size; — Fig. 18, portion of excipulum of same, showing the outside clavate cells, x 300;— Fig. 19, spore of same, x 300;— Fig. 20,. Lachnea scutellata, Gill., nat. size ; — Fig. 21, section of same, slightly x ; Fig. 22, Peziza vesiculosa, Bull., small specimen, nat. size ; — Fig. 23, ascus and parapliysis of same, x 250 ; — Fig. 24, Geopyxis coccinea, Mass., nat. size ; — Fig. 25, spores of same, x 300 ; — Fig. 26, Geopyxis rapulum, Sacc., nat. size ;— Fig. 27, spores of same, x 300 ;— Fig. 28, Mollisiella iliciacola, Mass., nat. size ; — Fig. 29, the same, x ; — Fig. 30, ascus and paraphyses, x 300 ,— Fig. 31, Helotium epiphyllum, ascus and paraphyses, X 300 ; — Fig. 32, specimens of same on portion of dead oak leaf, nat. size;— Fig. 33, Neottiella corallina, Mass,, nat. size;— Fig. 34, the same, x ;— Fig. 35, spore of same. X 300 ;— Fig. 36, Helotium moniliferum. Mass., a single ascophore, slightly X ; —Fig. 37, section of excipulum of same x ; — Fig. 38, ascus and paraphyses of same, x 300 : — Fig. 39, conidia of same, x 300;— Fig. 40, Plectania melastoma, Fckl., section of ascophore, nat. size. u 2 292 FUNGUS-FLORA. ascus ; paraphyses slender, septate, hyaline, not more than 3 //, thick at the slightly swollen apex. Peziza cuprcssi, Batsch, Elench. Fung., p. 119. Lachnella cupressi, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 241, pi. viii., fig. 45. On dry, fallen twigs and leaves of Cypress and Juniper. Specimen in Desm., Crypt. Fr., ed. ii., n. 19, examined. SPHAEKOSPOKA. Sacc. Aseophore rather fleshy, sessile, margin incurved and closed at fiist, soon expanding and becoming almost or quite piano; disc often brightly coloured ; externally pilose, hairs coloured, those fringing the margin septate, thick-walled, pointed, and larger than the remainder ; cortex parenchy- tnatous, cells large; asci large, cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, globose, smooth or having the epispore warted or reticulated ; paraphyses septate, clavate. Sphaerospora, Sacc., Mich., i. p. 594; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 188. Lachnea, Phil., Brit. Disc. Peziza, of many authors. Allied to Laclmea in the structure of the ascophore and sotulose margin, but differing in the perfectly globose spores. Karlaea has globose spores, but the ascophore is glabrous. Growing on the ground, rarely on rotten wood. * Disc red or orange. Sphaerospora trechispora. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 763. Scattered, sessile, subglobose and closed at first, soon plane and applanate, rather fleshy, i-1 cm. across; disc varying from orange-red to crimson, externally paler and clothed with stout, clear brown, septate, thick-walled, pointed hairs, the marginal ones 200-300 x 7-9 p., base often more or less swollen and branched, mixed at the margin with short, obtuse, thin- walled, 1-2 septate hairs; cortical cells large ; asci large cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, globose, increasing gradually up to 18-20 p. diameter, epispore thick, smooth at SPHAEEOSPOBA. 293 first, finally covered with a very small meshed network formed by anastomosing, raised ribs ; paraphyses septate, apex clavate and filled with brownish or red granules. Peziza trechispora, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xviii., p. 77 (1846); Alycogr., fig. 129 (spore wrong; represented as warted instead of being minutely reticulated.) Lachnea trechispora, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 218, pi. vii., fig. 41 (spores wrong ; should be reticulated.) On naked, damp earth, rarely on rotten wood.) Closely allied to S. asperior, but easily recognised by the thick epispore being ornamented with a network of very delicate ridges. Seen in optical section the thin ridges resemble delicate, radiating spines in the thickness of the wall ; hence, as in many other instances, the spore has been erroneously described as echinulate. Type specimen examined ; also specimen in Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 288. S. asperior is confused with the present series in the herbaria of Berkeley and Broome ; and may possibly have been sent to correspondents as S. trechispora. Sphaerospora asperior. Sacc., Syll. viii. n. 764. Scattered, crimson to tawny red, sessile, closed at first, soon becoming plane, rather fleshy, 2—5 mm. across ; externally clothed with brown, septate, thick-walled, pointed hairs, often more or less curved at the margin, and there measuring 250-350 x 8-10 /u, base often branching ; cortical cells large ; asci large, cylindrical, tip obtuse, 8-spored: spores 1-seriate, globose, hyaline, smooth at first, then bristling with crowded, cylindrical, obtuse warts 2-3 //, long ; clavate, and containing coloured granules when fresh. Peziza asperior, Nyl., Fez. Fenn., p. 21 ; Cooke, Mycogr fig. 51 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 85. On naked, damp soil. Specimens in Thum., Myc. Univ., n. 1211, and Eehm, Ascom., n. 405 (called Humaria trechispora (B. & B.). Differs from S. trechispora in the distinctly warted, and not reticulated spores. Sphaerospora binominata. Mass. Scattered, sessile, subglobose and closed at first, then be- coming almost or quite plane, rather fleshy, 1-2 mm. across ; 294 FUXGUS-FLORA. disc orange-red, externally clothed with thick-walled, fusiform, acuminate, 1— 3-septate, dark brown hairs, largest at the margin, where they measure 80—150 X 7—8 p.; cortex par- enchyraatons, cells irregularly polygonal, 10—15 //, diameter; asci stoutly cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, globose, smooth at first then covered with a very delicate reticulation, 16-18 p diameter, 1-seriate; paraphyses slender, septate, tips broadly clavate, and filled when fresh with red granules. Growing on a patch of Jungermannia turbinata, Eadd. This very distinct and beautiful species was collected by Professor T. Johnson, near Bundoran, Ireland, 10/94. Distinguished from allies by the small size of the ascophore, and the fusiform or ventricose, acuminate, marginal hairs. ** Disc brownish or fawn-colour. Sphaerospora hinnulea. Mass. Scattered, sessile, globose and closed at first, finally be- coming almost plane, margin persistently more or less erect, often wavy, varying from fawn-colour to reddish brown ; margin fringed with short, 1-2-septate, acute, crowded, pale brown hairs, 40-60 x 6-8 p, otherwise glabrous ; ^-1 cm. across ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, slightly elongated in the direction from base to edge, and running out into the marginal hairs, 15-20 x 10-12 //. ; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth globose, 12— 15//,; paraphyses hyaline, septate, be- coming clavate upwards. Penza hinnulea, B. & Br., n. 1320*, in Ann. Nat. Hist., 1871, p. 16 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 52. Lachnea hinnulea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 219. Barlaea hinnulea, Sacc., Syll., n. 445. On the ground among grass. The marginal hairs are short but very distinct, conse- quently the species cannot remain in Barlaea. Type examined. Very closely allied to S. brunnea, if indeed truly distinct ; differing mainly in the reddish tone of the ascophore, shorter marginal hairs, and hyaline paraphyses. SPHAEROSPORA. 295 Sphaerospora brunnea. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, sessile, subglobose and closed at first, then becoming broadly expanded but having the margin permanently more or less raised, often wavy, rather fleshy, brittle, disc pale yellowish brown externally, and the margin darker than the disc and pilose, the hairs, which are most abundant and fasciculate at the margin, are cylindrical or very slightly tapering, ends obtuse, usually 1-septate, smooth, wall slightly thickened, sometimes slightly curved, pale yellowish brown, 25-40 X 5-7 p ; cortical cells large, irregularly polygonal 10—18 //, diameter; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, narrowed below into a pedicel which is usually crooked at the base, 8-spored; spores globose, hyaline, smooth, 1 -seriate, 12-14 p diameter; paraphyses septate, the brownish clavate tips 5-6 p. broad. Peziza brunnea, A. & S., Consp. Fung., n. 946, p. 317, tab. ix. fig 8; Cooke, Mycogr. fig. 126A (copied from Alb. & Schw.) ; not of Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 209. On charcoal bed. Described from a specimen from Schweinitz, now in Herb. Berk., Kew. It is somewhat remarkable that the Schweinitzian specimen in Berkeley's herbarium should have been overlooked by both Cooke and Phillips. The species, as stated by Schweinitz, resembles Lachnea hemispherica in habit and in the fasciculate hairs, but differs in being smaller, of a uniform yellow-brown colour, and more especially in the globose spores. Sphaerospora Phillipsii. Mass. Ascophores gregarious, subcaespitose, sessile, hemispherical then depressed, subflexuose, brown, externally clothed with minute, rigid, fasciculate, brown, septate hairs; disc the same colour; asci cylindrical, spores 8, globose, asperate, 15-18 p. ; paraphyses slender, septate, apices clavate. Lachnea brunnea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 209. On the ground. Ascophores 1-2 lines broad. The above description embraces the characters of Albertini and Schweinitz's species, with the addition of microscopical characters of a plant referred to it by Mr. C. E. Broome, which agrees admirably in external characters. (Phil.) 296 FUNGUS-FLORA. Unknown to me, the above being copied from Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 209. It will be observed that the present fungus was accepted by Phillips as the Peziza brunnca, Alb. & Schw., but examination of authentic specimens of the latter prove that the plant accepted by Phillips differs in the- larger, asperate spores. Sphaerospora confusa. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 772. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, 3-5 mm. across, closed ( at first, then gradually expanding until plane; disc dark purplish brown when young, then light brown when fully , expanded, externally brown, the margin and for some : distance down, studded with crowded fasciculate, bright brown, septate, thick- walled, pointed hairs, 80-250 x 7-10 /M; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 12-20 //. . diameter ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, narrowed into a long pedicel, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate in the upper part of the ascus, hyaline, continuous, smooth, globose, 11-13 p. dia- , meter (sometimes there are only 6 spores in an ascus) ; paraphyses slender, becoming slightly clavate upwards, septate, containing reddish-brown granules at the tip. ' Peziza confusa, Cooke, Bull., Buffalo Acad. Sci., 1875, p. 291 ; Mycogr., fig. 124. Lachnea confusa, Phil., Grev. xviii. p. 83. Peziza brunnea, Nyl., Obs., p. 21. On burnt soil, sand, &c. Cups 2—6 mm. broad, partly immersed in the soil, having numerous brown, septate, entangled hairs at the base, the upper exposed surface and tlie margin clot bed with short, stout, brown, fasciculate hairs, from 30-70 //, long, and 3-7 thick, tapering towards the summit. The cells of the pseudo- parenchyma are about 10—15 p. in diameter, but vary above this size in some individuals, It is very near Peziza schizo- spora, the chief difference being the hairy surface of the cup. (Phillips.) *** Disc black. Sphaerospora nigrella. Mass. Gregarious or caespitose, sessile, globose and closed at' first, then becoming hemispherical, tough, everywhere1 TAPESIA. 29T: "blackish; disc shining when young, usually rugulose at maturity, externally, and the margin densely covered with cylindrical, blunt, septate, somewhat thin-walled, smooth, wavy, brown hyphae; base fibril lose, rooting; often irre- gular in form, contracted and the entire margin incurved when dry, |-1|- cm. across; hypothecium and excipulum formed of hyaline, densely interwoven hyphae, these change at the cortex into the external, coloured hyphae ; asci cylin- drical, apex obtuse, pedicel elongated, tapering downwards,, crooked, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, globose, 10—11 n diameter; paraphyses septate, numerous, slender, brownish at the thickened tips. Peziza nigrella, Pers., Syn. p. 648 ; Cooke, Mycogr. fig. 120. Pseudoplevtania nigrella, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 665. On the ground in pine woods, rarely on rotten trunks. The marginal hairs are not differentiated as in those of other species. Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 252, examined. TAPESIA. Pers. (fig. 39, marked 40 at bottom of plate, and 41, p. 156). Ascophore minute, thin, sessile, usually more or less nar- rowed at the base, closed at first, then becoming almost or quite plane, pilose or downy, seated on a more or less spread- ing subiculum formed of branched, interwoven hyphae ; asci narrowly clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elongated and narrow,, continuous or septate ; paraphyses slender. Tapesia, Persoon, Myc. Eur., i. p. 270 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 276; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 371 (in part). The leading character of the present genus is the grega- rious ascophores being seated on a more or less spreadingr colourless or coloured subiculum or thin, tomentose layer, formed of interwoven hyphae. In Plectania the ascophores are large, and the dense, strigose hyphae at the base do not form an extended layer on the matrix. There is a subiculum present in some species of Humaria, but here the ascophores are fleshy, and grow on the ground. Growing on wood, branches, and dead leaves. 298 FUNGUS-FLORA. * Spores septate. Tapesia fusca. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 302; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 282; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1541. Subiculum dense and spongy, dark brown, formed of inter- woven, branched, septate, rather thick- walled hyphae 5-6 //. thick, sometimes scanty or almost obsolete ; ascophores gre- garious, at first globose and closed, then becoming plane with a persistently upraised, often wavy margin, about 1 mm. across; disc plane, whitish or with a more or less decided tinge of honey-colour, externally glabrous, grey or brownish ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells irregularly poly- gonal, 7-10 p across, brown, running out at the margin into obtuse, rounded tips ; asci-cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline smooth, narrowly elliptic-fusi- form, usually very slightly curved, for a long time continuous, then sometimes becoming 1 -septate, 10-15 x 2 "5-3 p.; para- physes rather stout, becoming gradually clavate upwards, hyaline. Peziza fusca, Pers., Obs., i. p. 29. Tapesia Johnstoni, Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 282 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1570. Peziza JoJmstoni, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 313. On wood and bark, also on fallen pine leaves, &c. Specimen named by Persoon examined ; also Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 286, and Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 77. Usually the blackish-brown subiculum is broadly effused, well developed, and presents a spongy appearance under a lens, at other times it is nearly absent, Type of T. Johnstoni also examined. Var. rosae. Mass. Externally brown, tomentose ; remainder as in the typical form. Peziza rosae, Pers., Obs. Myc., ii. p. 82. Tapesia rosae, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 301; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 279 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1542. On dry stems of various species of Bosa. The present form is scarcely to be considered as a good variety. In the typical form the external cells of the cortex and margin are rounded or papillose, resem bling undeveloped TAPESIA. 299 hairs ; in the present variety these hairs are developed to a greater or less extent. Far. prunicola. Mass. Ascophores larger than in the typical form, externally black downy. Tapesia prunicola, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 302. Tapesia rosae, var. prunicola, Phil., Brit. Disc. p. 279. On branches of Prunus spinosa. Tapesia aurelia. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 280, pi. 8, fig. 50. Ascophores scattered, sessile, seated on a thin, white, spreading subiculum, concave ; externally and the margin pilose, hairs 4—5 \i. thick, length variable, generally con- tinuous, golden-yellow, the margin sometimes reddish ; ex- cipulum formed of interwoven hyphae ; asci narrowly cla- vate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 1 -seriate, or with a tendency to become 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, becoming 3-septate, 15-18x4 /JL; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tips not thickened. Peziza aurelia, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 270. Belonidium aurelia. De Not., Prof. Disc., p. 381 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2061. On decaying oak leaves, bark, mast, &c., lying on the ground. Spring. Specimens examined from Cke., Fung. Brit., n. 563, and Elv. Brit., n. 29. Tapesia aurata. Mass. Ascophores gregarious, sessile but narrowed below, closed at first, then expanded, margin erect, acute, disc yellowish or tawny, externally paler, and clothed with delicate, thin- walled, septate, cylindrical or slightly tapering, straight, colourless hairs, sometimes minutely rough near the tip, 60-85 x 4 //, ; very thin and delicate, about | mm. across ; seated on a thin, whitish subiculum formed of thin, branched, interwoven hyphae often extending for several centimetres ; asci narrowly clavate, apex somewhat pointed and thick- walled, pedicel elongated, slender, 8-spored ; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, hyaline, slender and elon- gated, apex slightly obtuse, base pointed, multiguttulate 300; FUNGUS-FLORA. then multiseptate, usually slightly Lent, 65—67 x 2 '5-3 JJL; paraphyses very slender, hyaline, cylindrical, sometimes branched. . AracJinopeziza aurata, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 304 (1870). Belonidium auratum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2063. Peziza rhabdosperma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1621, with fig. (1876). Tapesia rhabdosperma, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 280. On dead wood. Berkeley's type examined, also Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 170, and Fuckel, Fung. Khen., n. 2480. All three are identical. ** Spores continuous, Tapesia eriobasis. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 278; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1582. Gregarious, sessile, closed at first, then plane or with the margin more or less raised, thin, |— 1 mm. across, disc whitish or with a pale yellow tinge, especially when dry, outside white and downy, seated on a snow-white downy subiculum formed of branched, septate hyphae about 4 p. thick j asci clavate, 8-spored, apex slightly narrowed ; spores 2-seriate, elliptic-oblong, hyaline, continuous, 5-6x1*5 /t ; paraphyses. very slender, cylindrical. Peziza eriobasis, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 312. On the inside of bark. Differs from other species in the ascophores being wider apart than usual in the genus. Each ascophore is surrounded by its own snow- white, radiating mass of hyphao, and when the ascophores are near to each other the white mycelium forms a spreading subiculum. Disc sometimes bright yellow, especially when dry. Type specimen examined. Tapesia caesia. Fold., Symb. Myc., p. 301 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 277; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1574. (figs. 30 (marked 40 at bottom of pi.), and 40, p. 156). Sessile, gregarious or crowded, closed when young, becom- ing plane or with the margin slightly raised, thin, about ^ mm. across ; disc subgelatinous, bluish-grey or brownish- grey, externally whitish and villosc, seated on a continuous, effused, greyish-white subiculum formed of branched, sep- : PLECTANIA. 301 late hyphae about 3 /A thick; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong, 5-G X 1 * 5-2 //, ; paraphyses slender, cylindrical, hyaline. Peziza caesia, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 657. On oak chips, and wood. Distinct from other species by the gregarious, grey asco- phores being seated on a dense but thin, continuoTis, grey- ish-white subiculum, which often forms patches several centimetres in extent. The subiculum assumes a yellowish tint on drying. Specimen in Cke., Fung. Brit., n. 562, examined. Tapesia sanguinea. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 303; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 281 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1528. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, closed at first, then plane but having the margin permanently raised, about ^ mm. across, entirely blackish-olive; cortex formed of parallel rows of slender cells which run out into slender parallel, olive hyphae at the margin ; seated on a spreading, thiu subiculum varying in colour from deep rose to blood-red, formed of branching, septate hyphae, 3-4 /x. thick ; asci rather broadly clavate, apex obtuse, pedicel stout, short, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong, 6-8 x 2 • 5-3 /j. ; paraphyses very slender, brownish at the slightly thickened tips. Peziza sanguinea, Pers., Tent. Disp., p. 34. On wood of fir, &c. Distinguished by the minute, blackish ascophores being seated on a broadly effused, deep red subiculum. Specimen in Karst., Fung. Fenn., n. 148, examined. PLECTANIA. Fuckel. (fig. 40, p. 290.) Ascophore shortly stipitate, cup-shaped, fleshy or slightly tough, externally brown and flocculose, base coarsely stri- gose or fibrous with black hyphae ; asci cylindrical, spores 8, continuous, hyaline, smooth ; paraphyses present. Plectania, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 324 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 163. 302 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Lachnea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 216. The densely fibrous black hyphae at the base of the as- cophore is the most pronounced feature of the present genus. Tapesia differs in having the mycelium-subiculum effused over the matrix and not localised at the base of the ascophore. Plectania melastoma. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 324. (fig. 40, p. 290.) Ascophore 2-3 cm. across, cup-shaped, disc black, exter- nally tomentose, brown becoming brick-red towards the margin ; stem very short, rooting by no means of a dense mass of coarse black filaments; asci cylindrical, spores 8, uniseriate, elliptic-oblong, smooth, hyaline, 21-25 x 9 /it; k paraphyses very numerous, filiform, very slightly thickened upwards. Peziza melastoma, Sowerby, Brit. Fung., t. 149. Lachnea melastoma, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 216, pi. vii. fig. 40. Peziza atrorufa, Grev., Scot. Or. Fl., t. 315. On rotten sticks, partly buried trunks, &c. The external tomentum varies from mere pubescence to bristly hairs in different specimens. Strigose root hairs composed of blackish, septate hyphae 4—6 p. thick. Very cartilaginous when dry. Sowerby 's specimen figured on pi. 149, Brit. Fung., examined. EEINELLA. Quel. (emended). Ascophore sessile or narrowed into a short stem-like base, closed at first, then more or less expanded ; externally pilose, hairs everywhere alike in structure, thin-walled, septate, cylindrical, obtuse, minutely rough ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, elongated and narrow, 3-many- septate ; paraphyses lanceolate. Erinella, Quelet, Enchirid., p. 301 ; Sacc., SyUL, viii., p. 507 ; •Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 910 (all in part), Peziza, of old authors. As defined above, the present genus differs from Echinclla ERINELLA. 303 in the absence of the differentiated bristle-like, marginal hairs, and lanceolate paraphyses, and from Dasyscyplia in. the 3— many-septate spores. Growing on herbaceous stems and wood. Erinella apala. Mass. Closely gregarious or rarely scattered, stipitate, at first pirifonn and closed, gradually expanding until almost plane, thin, about f mm. broad, disc pale, externally fawn-colour, pilose, as is also the very short stem, hairs cylindrical, obtuse, minutely rough, straight, pale atnber below, apex whitish, 50-80 X 4-5 fji ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly hexagonal, 7—8 X 4 ft, yellowish ; asci subcylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, filiform, straight or slightly bent, 3-7-septate at maturity, 35-45 X 1 ' 5 /j., arranged in a paralcle fascicle in the ascus ; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, longer than the asci, hyaline, 4—5 /*. at the widest part. Peziza apala, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n 561 (1851). Lachnella apala, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 253. Dasyscyplia juncicola, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 305 (1869-70). Erinella juncicola, Eehm, Krypt.-Flor., Disc., p. 911, figs. 1-4, p. 867. Erinella hapala, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2099. Erinella juncicola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2098. On dead stems of species of Juncus. Distinguished by the long, filiform spores, which are at first continuous, and finally multiseptate. Berkeley's type of Peziza apala examined, also Syd., Myc., March., n. 665. Erinella Nylanderi. Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 910 Scattered or gregarious, sessile, at first closed, then becoming plane with the margin slightly upraised, 1—2 mm. across, disc greyish or reddish-grey, externally yellow with a tinge of green, villose, hairs crowded, straight, septate, cylindrical, rather pointed or blunt, thin- walled, often minutely rough, very pale greenish-yellow, 80-150 x 4-5 p.; cortex parenchymatous ; asci clavate, apex rather narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, becoming almost 304 F.UXG US-FLOE A. fasciculate, hyaline, long and narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, at .first 2-4-guttulate, then 5— 7-septate, 25-35 x 2-5-3 p.; paraphyses narrowly lanceolate, apex not very acute, hyaline. Trichopeziza sulfurea, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1653. On dead nettle and other herbaceous stems. Kecognised by the yellow exterior of the ascophore and the long, narrowly fusiform, multiseptate spores. Hitherto confounded in this country with Dasyscypha sulphured. Specimen in Cke., Fung. Brit., n. 569. Examined. ECHINELLA. Mass. (n. gen.) Ascophore sessile, at first closed then expanding, disc concave, the margin -and for some distance down the outside -clothed with brown hyphae ; excipulum formed of slender, interwoven hyphae ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly fusiform, ends acute, slightly curved, distinctly 3-many-septate at maturity; paraphyses cylindrical or slightly clavate. Readily distinguished by the setulose margin of the ascophore, and the hyaline, septate spores. Allied to the genus Pirottaea, but differing in the dis- tinctly septate spores. Growing on plants. Erinella differs in the entire external surface and margin being covered with soft, cylindrical, •obtuse hairs, and in the lanceolate paraphyses. Echinella vectis. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, superficial, minute, rarely exceed- ing 3 mm. across, subglobose and closed, then becoming hemi- spherical ; disc pallid or pale grey, externally blackish-brown and furnished, especially at the mai-gin, with dark brown, rigid hyphae 35-50 x 5-6 p ; excipulum formed of slender, interwoven hyphae; asci clavate, apex somewhat truncate, pedicel very short, slender, often oblique, 8-spored; spores hyaline, irregularly 2-seriate, narrowly fusiform, ends acute, distinctly 3-septate at maturity, curved, 24-26 X 2-5-3 p.; paraphyses slender, very slightly thickened upwards. Peziza vectis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist, n. 957 (1861). ECHINELLA. 305 PiroUaea vectis, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1605 ; Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 284, pi. viii., fig. 52. On dead stems of Centaurea nigra. Type specimen examined. For some unexplained reason, Phillips placed this species in Saccardo's genus Pirottaca, which is characterised by having continuous spores. Phillips translates Saccardo's generic character, and says "sporidia continuous," then in the specific diagnosis of his only species, says " sporidia 1 to 3-septate." In the Sylloge — viii. n. 1605 — Saccardo has retained the present species in his genus Pirottaea, thus following Phillips, whose description he has copied; but has at the same time endeavoured to reconcile the anomaly of including a species with septate spores in a genus characterised by having continuous spores, as follows, " sporidiis (spurie), 1-3-septatis." Echinella setulosa. Mass. & Crossl. Ascophores scattered or gregarious, sessile, at first quite closed and spherical, gradually expanding until almost quite plane \vith the extreme margin slightly incurved, often irregular and the margin wavy, up to 1 mm. across, disc grey, sometimes tinged pink, externally blackish-olive, margin whitish, setulose ; excipulum composed of hyaline very much interwoven hyphae about 4 //, thick ; cortex distinctly parenchymatous, towards the base the cells are irregularly polygonal, and sooty-olive, 8-10 diameter, becoming smaller and with a tendency to be arranged in parallel lines upwards, and running out at the margin into thin-walled, slightly clavate, usually continuous, pale hairs, a few such hairs are scattered over the entire external surface ; asci narrowly clavate, apex pointed, pedicel stout, often crooked, 8-spored; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, elongated, narrowly cylindric-fusoid, usually bent, 5-septate at maturity, 38-45 x 2 • 5-3 /x ; paraphyses rather stout, hyaline, cylindrical, about 3 ^ thick. On old decorticated stems of Calluna vulgaris. Type specimen examined. Superficially resembling Mollisia cinerea, but on careful examination with a good pocket-lens the ascophore, more especially at the margin, is seen to be minutely pilose. VOL. TV. x 306 FUNGUS-FLORA. Echinella senecionis. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, suberumpent, closed at first, tlien becoming almost plane, entirely black, closed when dry, up to £ mm. across, externally, and the margin clothed with rigid, blackish-brown, smooth, almost opaque spines, these are longest and most numerous at the margin, where they are 1— 2-septate, rather abruptly acuminate, 40-50 x 6-7 p. ; cortex parenchymatous, cells brownish, 6-8 yu. diameter ; asci oylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, base stout, 8- spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly cylindrical, sometimes with a tendency to become clavate, usually 2-guttulate, for a long time continuous, finally septate, 8-14 x 2 fj.; paraphvses slender, slightly thickened upwards. Pirottaea veneta, Sacc. & Speg., Mich., i. p. 24; Syll., viii. n. 1595; Bucknall, Bristol, Nat. Soc. Proc., vol. vi. Part 2, .1889-90, p. 6, pi. ii. fig. 9. Pirottaea gallica, Sacc., Mich., ii. p. 82 ; Syll., viii. n. 1596. On dead herbaceous stems. Peziza senecionis, Cke. & Phil, Grev. V. G., p. 104. Distinguished among allies by the short spores. In the original description the spores are said to be continuous, but in a specimen in Kew herbarium, communicated by Spegaz- zini, I find some of the spores 1 -septate, and the same is the case in the specimens contained in Speg., Dec. Myc. Ital. n. 19, also in the type of Cke. & Phil. Echinella Crosslandi. Mass. Gregarious or sometimes almost crowded, sessile, base narrowed, closed at first then expanded, but the margin remaining more or less erect, about 1 mm. across ; disc pallid, externally pale brown, becoming buff or pale drab when dry, densely villose, hairs thin- walled, cylindrical, obtuse, minutely rough 70-125 x 4-5 p., straight, sparingly or not at all septate, yellow-brown, tips paler ; cortex paren- chymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5-6 p. diameter ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elliptical, multiguttu- late then 3-septate, 12-15 x 4/x; paraphyses slender, hyaline, cylindrical. On decorticated wood. DITLOCARPA. 307 Superficially resembing Dasyscypha corticaUs, but dis- tinguished by the 3-septate spores. Found by Mr. C. Crosslaud, uear Halifax. Echinella Stockii. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, sessile, at first closed and almost globose then becoming plane or the disc slightly concave and dark buff when moist, externally reddish-brown (in old specimens); sparingly covered with thin-walled, septate, pale, cylindrical, obtuse hairs, longest at the margin, and there measuring 50-70 x 6 /* ; excipulum truly parenchy- matous, cells small, cortical cells about 10 yu, diameter, brown ; about | mm. across, asci narrowly subcylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, very narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, 3-septate, 21-25 x 2-2|; paraphyses about 2 p. thick, almost cylindrical. Peziza Stockii, Cke. & Phil., in Herb. Kew. Lachnella Stockii, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 261 Belonidium StocM, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2048. On dead herbaceous stems. Type specimen examined. DIPLOCAKPA. Mass. Ascophores minute, narrowed into a short stem-like base, closed at first, then becoming nearly plane, substance firm, externally and the margin densely pilose, hairs thin- walled, cylindrical, septate ; hypothecium and excipulum parenchy- matous, the cells becoming gradually larger towards the cortex ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2 seriate, hyaline finally 3-septate, paraphyses slender, bearing hyaline, septate fusiform conidia at their tips. Lachnella, Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 232. Peziza, Currey. Distinguished by the septate spores, and the large, septate, fusiform conidia borne at the tips of the paraphyses. Growing on the ground. Diplocarpa Curreyana. Mass. Ascophore shortly stipitate, globose-depressed and closed at first, then expanding, the margin persistently raised, x 2 308 FUNGUS-FLOEA. 2x3 mm. broad ; externally and the margin clothed with thin-walled, septate, obtuse, straight or slightly wavy, reddish-brown hairs, 100-200 X 5-7 /*.; disc dingy olive, externally purple-brown, hypothecium and excipulum paren- chymatous, cortical cells irregularly hexagonal, 8-12 p. across; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elliptical, ends rather pointed, for a long time continuous and 2-guttulate, then becoming 3-septate 10-12 x 3 //. ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, as long as the asci, bearing at the tip a hyaline, fusiform, smooth, 3-5-septate conidium 30—50 x 5—6 p.. Peziza diplocarpa, Currey, Linn. Trans., xxiv. p. 153, t. 25, figs. 30, 32-33. Lachnella diplocarpa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 232 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1040. On the ground, When the conidia are mature they fall away; many were found germinating in the specimen examined. Some of the spores had a brownish tinge, but whether this is normal or due to age or poisoning for preservation, cannot be determined until fresh specimens are examined. Type specimen, in Herb. Kew, examined. LACHNEA, Fries, (figs. 5-9, and 20, 21, p. 290.) Ascophore sessile, margin at first incurved and depresso- globose, finally becoming quite plane, rather fleshy ; disc bright coloured, whitish, or grey ; externally hairy, hairs best developed at the margin, where they are straight, thick- walled, septate, pointed, coloured, and spreading like a fringe when the plant is expanded ; cortex parenchymatous ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline continuous, elliptical, smooth or ornamented with warts or reticulatious ; paraphyses septate, clavate. Lachnea, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 77 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 201 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 166 (all in part). Growing on the ground, rarely on wood. Distinguished among genera having rigid, pointed, septate marginal hairs, by the continuous spores and clavate paraphyses. LACHNEA. 309 * Disc blood-red, carmine, or orange-red. "\ Spores smooth. Lachnea carneo-sanguinea. Phil., Brit Disc., p. 222 ; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 713. Scattered or gregarious, fleshy, sessile, soon almost plane with an erect margin, 3-5 mm. across ; excipulum paren- chymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 10—15 p. across; disc almost blood-red ; externally pale brown, and rather densely clothed with rigid, pointed, thick-walled, septate, smooth, brown hairs which form an erect fringe round the margin, 50-120 X 9-12 /A ; asci cylindrical, obliquely stipitate, 8-spored; spores, obliquely uniseriate, elliptical, ends obtuse, continuous, hyaline, smooth, 1-3 guttulate, 17-20 x 9 x 10 /A ; paraphyses filiform, septate, apex clavate, and 4-5 /u. thick. Humaria carneo-sanguinea, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 323. Peziza carneo-sanguinea, Cke., Mycogr., p. 75, fig. 136. On the ground. Specimen in Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., n. 2288, examined. Lachnea hirtococcinea. Phil. & Plow., Brit. Disc., p. 212. Sessile, scattered or crowded, fleshy, hemispherical, then expanded, dull scarlet ; clothed with scattered, pale brown, obtuse, septate hairs, longest on the incurved margin; disc same colour ; asci cylindrical ; spores 8, broadly elliptic, 1 to 2 guttulate, smooth, 22 x 11 /*; paraphyses rather slender, apices clavate, filled with scarlet granules. Peziza hirto-coccinea, Phil. & Plow., Grev., viii. p. 100. On the ground in pine woods, in damp, mossy places. Cups 2 to 4 lines broad. The hairs below the margin are sliorter than those on the margin and are often clavate, with or without septa. There is in some instances a conspicuous white mycelium below the cups. Unknown to me. The whole of the above is from Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 212. I am not quite certain from the descrip- tion, whether the present species should be included in Lachnea or Sepultaria. Lachnea umbrata. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 222 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 701. 310 FUNGUS-FLORA. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, margin at first incurved and closed, then concave or nearly plane, rather fleshy, ^— f cm. across ; disc vermilion or pinkish-red, paler and with an ochraceous tinge when dry, sometimes slightly umbilicate and the margin drooping when old ; externally, and the margin clothed with slightly thick-walled, usually more or less wavy, septate or very slightly tapering, obtuse hairs, pale brown below, becoming almost colourless as a rule at the tip, 150-200 x 6-8 n; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregu- larly polygonal, 9—14 p. across ; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, narrowly elliptical, 16-18 x 8-9 //.; paraphyses septate, the broadly clavate tips containing red granules. Peziza umbrata, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 351 ; Cooke, Monogr., f. 137. On the ground. Distinguished among the red species by the narrowl}' ellipsoid, smooth spores, and the slender, obtuse, usually more or less wavy and comparatively thin-walled, pale marginal hairs. Lachnea coprinaria. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 244 ; Sacc. Syll., viii. n. 721. Ascophores scattered or sometimes gregarious, hemi- spherical and closed, becoming almost or quite plane ; disc varying from orange-red to scarlet, £-1 cm. across ; margin more or less erect, fringed with thick-walled, tapering, straight, septate, brown hairs 300-500 x 9-12 //.; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, very large ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, ends obtuse, 17-19 X 8-9 p. ; paraphyses septate, tips clavate, filled with orange granules. Peziza coprinaria, Cooke, Grev., iv. p. 91 ; Mycogr., f. 149. On cowdung. Autumn. Cups 5 lines broad ; external cells of cup very large ; marginal hairs long, simple, septate, -?/ mm. long, mixed with others that are shorter, usually confined to the margin, not branched or stellate. Cups remain flattened in drying. (Cooke.) LACHNEA. 311 Very closely allied to L. stercorea ; differing mainly in the absence of external stellate hairs. Type specimen examined. Lachnea stercorea. Gill., Disc. Fr., p. 76; Phil.,. Brit. Disc., p. 223 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 744. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, fleshy, subglobose and closed when young, gradually expanding until plane ; disc- dingy red, sometimes with an orange tinge, externally paler and pilose, 2-4 mm. across; marginal hairs thick -walled,, tapering to a point, base often more or less bulbous and branched where it springs from the cortical cells, smooth, brown, 300-500 x 9-12 //,; hairs below the margin stellate, rays 2-6, coloured, septate, attached by a short pedicel-cell to the cortical cells ; cortex parenchymatous, cells large ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, pedicel narrowed, often crooked at the base, 8-spored ; spores 1 -seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 17-20 X 8-9 /A;. paraphyses septate, clavate, filled with red granules, often, nodulose or irregular. Peziza stercorea, Pers., Obs., ii. p. 89 ; Mycogr., fig. 147. On dung of various animals, often growing along with- various species of Ascobolus and allied genera. Lachnea coprinaria differs in the absence of stellate hairs on the exterior of the ascophore. L. cmcipila is very closely allied to the present species, differing mainly in the brighter red or crimson disc, and the shorter marginal hairs, and in not growing on dung. Lachnea crucipila. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 229. Ascophore 2-3 mm. across, sessile, scattered, rather fleshy ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 20-30 p. diameter ; externally orange, pilose, hairs pale brown, thick-walled, septate, simple, bifurcate, triradiate, or cruciate on a short basal cell, 100—200 X 7—10 /*, tapering to a point; disc at maturity concave or almost plane, bright scarlet ; asci cylindrical; spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, elliptic-oblong, smooth, continuous, hyaline, 18-21 x 8-10 /A ; paraphyses filiform, becoming clavate upwards, apex 4—5 //, thick, con- taining red granules. Neottiella crucipila, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 781. Peziza crucipila, Cke. & Phillips, Mycogr., fig. 237. 312 FUNGUS-FLORA. On the ground in damp and shady places, in woods, &c. Type specimen examined. Very close to L. stercorea ; for details of differences -see note under last-named species. Lachnea setosa. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 406; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 739 ; Mycogr., f. 133. Gregarious, sessile; rather flesh, margin incurved and closed when young, then becoming saucer-shaped, 3-6 mm. across; becoming closed up when dry, and the marginal hairs collected into an erect brush-like tuft ; disc orange or orange-red ; pilose externally, marginal hairs very long and stout, strait, tapering to a point, wall very thick, transverse septa delicate, disappearing, often branched at the base, deep bright brown, 300-550 X 15-26 /i; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly hexagonal, 15-20 p. diameter; asci cylin- drical, apex obtuse and slightly truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, sometimes guttulate, 16-20 X 8—10 /j. ; para- physes septate, slightly clavate, and containing red granules. Peziza setosa, Nees, Syst., p. 260, f. 275. On rotten wood, trunks, &c. Somewhat resembling L. scutellata, but distinguished by the persistently smooth spores, and the very long, stout, marginal hairs, which are collected into a dense erect cluster when the ascophore is dry and contracted. Specimens in Phil., Elv., n. 161, and Thum., Fung. Austr., n. 1013, examined. Lachnea hybrida. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 214. Gregarious, sessile, globose then more or less expanded, fleshy up to 2 cm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cells large, irregularly polygonal, externally dingy ochraceous and clad, especially towards the margin with small clusters of stout, tapering, thick- walled, brown, septate hairs; disc concave, dingy orange ; asci cylindrical, rounded at the apex, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, continuous, often guttu- lato, smooth, 21-25 x 12/x; paraphyses straight, septate, slightly thickened upwards. Peziza hybrida, Sowerby, ] lldbk., n. 2020; Cooke, Mycogr., 12( On the ground. LACHXEA. 313 I have examined the type specimen figured by Sowerby, now in the Kew Herbarium, and the above description is drawn up entirely from the result of this examination. It will be noticed that the present species has many important features in common with L. hemispherica, as stated by Sowerby, but differs in the orange-coloured disc and smooth spores. Phillips also examined the same specimens, but un- fortunately his work — probably considering such specimens as too important and valuable to mutilate — was superficial. The following is Sowerby's own account of his species. " This Peziza resembles P. hispida [= Lachnea hemispherical], and is hairy on the outside, but whiter ; the inside partakes of the redness of P. scutellata" Var. lapidaria. Disc orange-red; spores elliptical, smooth, 1(5 x 8 p.; in all other respects agreeing with the typical form. Peziza lapidaria, Cooke, Grev., vol. xii. p. 43. Lachnea lapidaria, Cke., in Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 211. Growing between paving stones in an area. Dr. Cooke has the following note on this variety in " Grevillea," vol. xii, p. 43 ; " Recently Mr. Cedric Bucknall has submitted to us specimens of a Peziza which, in our opinion, approximates most closely to the species of Sowerby (P. hybridal) of anything we had previously seen. The figures given by Sowerby represent" the species very well, except that the disc is hardly so bright. All circumstances considered, we feel satisfied that it is most probable this is really the missing species." The very imperfect description given by Phillips of Sowerby's specimen presumably led Dr. Cooke to the con- clusion that his specimen was not identical with Sowerby's, and he therefore raised his fungus to the rank of a species, calling it P. lapidaria. Lachnea rubra. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 225. Gregarious or sometimes crowded, sessile, ^-| cm. across, subglobose and closed when young, then becoming almost plane, fleshy; disc orange-red, externally paler, and sparingly sprinkled with stout, clear brown, thick-walled, 2-4 septate, . smooth, pointed hairs, which are often more or less bent, 125-225 x 10-14 p. ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregular, 314 FUNGUS-FLORA. 15-20 x 10-12 p; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, 16-18 x 8-9 //,; paraphyses septate, apices broadly clavate or piriform, up to 10 p. broad. Peziza rubra, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 152, p. 83. On spent hops, heaps of rotten leaves, &c. Type specimen examined. Lachnea ascoboloidos. Mass. Ascophore up to | cm. across, almost globose at first, then expanded and concave, fleshy; disc pale orange-yellow, minutely granular or papillose , margin furnished scantily with erect, rather rigid, septate, hairs, slightly swollen at the base and tapering to an acute point, colourless, 60-70 X 6-7 p. ; externally pale orange, minutely downy, owing to the pre- sence of colourless septate hyphae springing from the large cells of the excipulum; asci cylindrical, base narrowed; spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, smooth, hyaline, eguttulate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 16-18 X 8-9 p.; paraphyses straight, 2 p. thick at base and gradually but slightly becom- ing clavate, 3-4 p. thick at the apex, sparingly or sometimes not at all septate, colourless. Peziza ascoboloides, Bert., in Fl. Ghil., vii. p. 402 ; Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 96; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 352. Peziza eclecta, B. & Cke., Grev., 1876, p. 60. Neottiella ascoboloides, Sacc., Syll., vii. n. 788. On the ground and on dung, Paraphyses in some instances irregularly clavate and inclined to branch near the apex. The marginal hairs are bristle-like, pointed, persistent, and quite distinct from the soft, septate, cylindrical hyphae that clothe the outside of the ascophore. I have examined an authentic specimen collected by Bertero in Chili, and sent by Montague to Berkeley, ff Spores rough at maturity. Lachnea hirta. Gillet, Champ. Fr., Disc., p. 75 ; Phil.' Brit. Disc., p. 220 : Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 705. Ascophores usually scattered, sessile, at first closed and almost globose, then expanding but the margin remaining LACHNEA. 315 more or less incurved or erect, rather fleshy ; disc deep carmine or scarlet, externally paler and clothed with thick- walled, smooth, septate, pointed, deep brown hairs, the marginal ones 250-350 X 9—12 /x, sometimes inflated more or less below and the base often branching where it springs from the cortical cell ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregu- larly polygonal or subquadrate, 12-20 p. diameter; asci cylindrical, tip some what truncate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, often 1-2-guttulate, at first smooth, becoming rather coarsely warted at maturity, 18-22 x 8-10 fjL ; paraphyses septate, tips rather broadly clavate and filled with red granules. Peziza Jiirta, Schum., Saell., p. 422 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 128. On the ground among moss, &c. Earely on rotten wood, decaying Polyporei, &c. "Superficially resembling L. scutellata, but separated by the somewhat coarsely warted spores, and the persistently incurved margin of the ascophore. Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 19, and Eehm, Ascom., n. 505. Lachnea scutellata. Gillet, Disc. France, p. 75; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 222 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 698. (figs. 20, 21, p. 290.) Ascophores usually gregarious, sessile, closed and sub- globose at first, then expanded and plane, fixed by a central point, 3-8 mm. across ; disc deep carmine or almost vermilion, externally pale red, furnished near the margin with large, brown, thick-walled, septate, pointed hairs, 300-600 X 15 x 20 /JL ; excipulum parenchymatous, the cells largest at the periphery; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, elliptical, ends obtuse, continuous, for a long time smooth, then minutely verruculose, 20-25 X 11-14; paraphyses septate, apex clavate and filled when growing with orange granules. Peziza scutellata, Linn., Suec., n. 458; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 131. On rotten wood stumps, &c. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 64, examined. The very long marginal hairs and the bright red disc dis- 316 FUXGUS-FLOEA. tinguish the present species. The spores are described by Phillips as smooth and granular within, and this is the con- dition in which they are generally found ; but in the per- fectly mature condition they are certainly verruculose ; this stage is clearly seen in Karstens' specimens in Fung. Fenn., n. 144. Lachnea umbrorum. Gillet, Champ. France, Disc., p. 209 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 702 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 219. Usually scattered, sessile, hemispherical and closed at first, then becoming nearly plane, somewhat fleshy, 2—4 mm. across ; disc vermilion with a tinge of pink or flesh-colour, externally and the margin clothed with short, brown, rigid hairs, the marginal ones thick-walled, more or less ventricose, acute, 1-2-septate, 60-90 x 8-9 /z ; cortex parenchymatous, cells large ; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends very obtuse, for a long time smooth, finally minutely warted, 18-21 x 14-15 yu,; paraphyses septate, the broadly clavated tips filled with red granules. Peziza umbrorum, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 138. Peziza umbrosa, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 85 (in part). On damp ground in shady places. Distinguished by the short marginal hairs and the broadly •elliptical spores. ** Disc yellow. Lachnea vitellina. Gillet, Champ. Fr., Disc., p. 74 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 220 ; Sacc., Syl., viii. n. 726. Gregarious or somewhat caespitose, hemispherical and closed when young, then expanded and often wavy, bright yellow ; the margin fringed with thick-walled, straight, septate, pointed, brown hairs, 150-300 x 7-10 p.; cortex parenchymatous; 4-8 mm. across; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored; spores obliquely l-seriate, continuous, hyaline, ornamented with delicate raised anastomosing ribs, enclosing very minute polygonal pits, 18—21 x 12-14 p.; paraphyses septate, tips thickened and containing yellow granules. Peziza vitellina, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 257 ; Mycogr., fig. 143. LACHNEA. 317 On the ground. Distinguished by the bright yellow colour, and the rough spores. The epispore is described as asperate by Cooke and Phillips, but when carefully examined it is seen to consist of very minute, depressed areas or polygonal pits, or in other words there is a raised reticulation spread over the surface, and enclosing irregularly polygonal areas, Specimen determined by Dr. Mougeot, and now in Herb. Berk., accepted as typical. This is the specimen figured by Cooke in Mycographia, fig. 143. Lachnea theleboloides. Gillet, Champ. Fr., Disc.,, p. 74; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 225 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 728. Ascophores gregarious or crowded, sessile, -|-f cm. across, at first subglobose and closed, then hemispherical, finally expanding until almost plane, often wavy, rather fleshy -r disc yellow, externally whitish, sparingly clothed with pale yellow or amber, slightly thick-walled, 2-4-septate, smooth, pointed hairs, measuring 70-120 x 6—8 p. at the margin, where they are largest ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irre- gularly polygonal, large, 15-24 x 10-12 p.; asci narrowly cylindrical, apex obtuse, pedicel somewhat elongated and narrowed downwards, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 12-15 x 6-7 p. ; paraphyses hyaline, septate, slightly clavate at the tips. Pcziza tMeboloides, Alb. & Schw., Coasp. Fung., rp. 322, t. 12. fig. 4. On spent hops and other decaying vegetable matter. Cups 2^ lines broad ; at first obovate or subcylindrical, concave, and expanded, when mature of a bright orange- colour within; beset externally with delicate, erect, white hairs, which are In aline under the microscope ; seated at first on a delicate white subiculum, which disappears as the- plant advances to maturity, and the cups become crowded. (Berk. & Broome.) Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 20 ; and Cke.r Fung. Brit., n. 571. Lachnea dalmeniensis. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 227; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 730. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, subglobose and closed, then 318 FUNGUS-FLORA. expanding, sometimes wavy, margin more or less erect, rather fleshy, i-1 cm. across ; disc bright yellow ; externally paler, pilose, hairs longest at the margin, where they are straight, tapering to a point, septate, slightly thick-walled, smooth, very pale yellow-brown, or sometimes almost colour- less, 250-350 X 6-8 p ; cortical cells irregularly polygonal, large ; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores ob- liquely 1-seriate, continuous, hyaline, smooth, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 12-15 x 7-8 /*; paraphyses septate, hyaline, tips clavate. Peziza dalmeniensis, Cke., Grev., iii. p. 66, t. 34, fig. 121;:j Mycogr., fig. 153. On the ground, often among nettles. Type specimen examined. Distinguished by the bright yellow disc, and the long, pale, marginal hairs. ''* Disc white, pallid, or grey. f Growing on the ground. Lachnea hemispherica. Gillet, Champ. Frai Disc., p. 73, with pi.; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 211; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 668. (figs. 5-9, p. 290). Ascophore sessile, globose then hemispherical, at length almost or quite plane, the margin then slightly raised or sometimes turned back, often wavy ; rather fleshy, brittle, excipulum. parenchymatous, cells polygonal, large ; exter- nally dingy brown, furnished upwards with spreading, rigid, long, thick-walled, septate, brown hairs, attenuated to a point, 8-10 p. thick at the base, and sometimes more or less inclined to be bulbous, length very variable, arranged in small clusters ; disc bluish-white ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, attenuated at the base, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, continuous, often 2-guttulate, for a long time quite smooth, then very minutely asperate, 17-25 X 12-13 p.; paraphyses straight, septate, apex thickened and about 4 p. wide. Peziza hemispherica, Wigg., in Hoffm., Crypt., ii. t. 7, fig. 6. LACHNEA. 319 On the ground in shady places. Specimen in Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 159 examined. Scattered or gregarious, superficial or more or less im- mersed in the soil. The rigid brown hairs arranged in clusters, pale grey disc, and spores very minutely warted at maturity, distinguish the present species from L. hybrida, its nearest ally. Lachnea albo-spadicea. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 228; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 74S. Gregarious, sessile, globose at first, then expanding until it becomes plane, rather fleshy, 3-5 mm. across ; disc white or with a tinge of pearly grey, externally brown, and clothed, especially at the margin, with pointed, thick-walled, septate hairs which are of a reddish-brown colour and often swollen near the base and contracted still lower down, 80-120 x 8-10 fi ; excipulum truly parenchymatous, cells polygonal, 8—12 fj. diameter; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, shortly stipitate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriato, hyaline, smooth, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, often 1-guttulate, 20-21 x 9-10 ; paraphyses septate, becoming gradually cla- vate upwards, 4—5 p, thick at the apex. Peziza albo-spadicea, Grev., Flor. Edin., p. 420 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 141 (marginal hairs not characteristic). On the ground in woods. Specimen from Greville examined. Lachnea sublivida. Sacc. & Speg., Mich., i. p. 443 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 753. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, at first closed then ex- panding and becoming quite plane and adpressed, sometimes wavy, substance rather thin, 5-10 mm. diameter; disc grey- ish-white, pallid or with an ochraceous tinge when old, externally densely pilose, marginal hairs slightly thick- walled, septate, tapering and acute, straight, pale ochraceous, often inflated at the base, 150-300 x 8-10 p., short, obtuse or subclavate hairs are intermixed ; below the margin the hairs pass into hyaline, septate, branched hyphae that fix the fungus to the substratum ; cortical cells mostly hexagonal slightly elongated in the direction from base to margin, 10-14 p. long; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, 320 FUNGUS-FLORA. smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, 17-22x10-12 p. ; paraphyses septate, clavate. On damp soil. The British specimens "were communicated by Mr. C. Crossland of Halifax, and \vere found growing on a very thin layer of black dust that had settled on some pig- iron in a foundry at Hebden Bridge, Yorks. Distinguished among the whitish species by the large size of the ascophore, and the rather thin-walled, pale ochraceous, marginal hairs. Lachnea Woolhopeia. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 215; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 752 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 404. Scattered, sessile, closed at first, then becoming nearly plane, rather fleshy, 1—3 mm. across, disc pale grey, exter- nally pilose, hairs in clusters, marginal ones largest, brown at the base and becoming paler or almost colourless upward.-, wall rather thin, ventricose and rather closely septate near the base, then running out into long, slender points; 150—200 X 9—12 //. ; cortex parenchymatous ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, Usually l-guttulate, 17-21 x 9-12 /*; paraphyses slender, septate, slightly clavate. Peziza Woolhopeia, Cke. & Phil., Grev., vi. p. 75. On burnt ground, charcoal beds, &c. Intermediate between L. cretea and L. erinacea, the mar- ginal hairs being much stouter and darker in colour than the first named, whereas they are much smaller and paler than in the latter. The ascophore also is smaller in the present species than in either of those with which it is compared. Type specimen examined. Lachnea gregaria. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 214; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 685. Gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then hemi- spherical and the margin incurved, finally expanded, often irregular or wavy; disc brown then greyish, externally brown, and densely covered with rigid, tapering, septate, slightly thick-walled, straight, brown hairs, which are longest, and in dense clusters at the margin, 100—400 x 7-8 fji, these spinulose hairs gradually pass into brown sep- LACHNEA. 321 tate, branched hyphae towards the base of the ascophore ; 1-3 mm. broad, closed when dry ; hypothecium and excipu- lum brownish, composed of rather stout, branched and sep- tate, compactly interlaced hyphae, these pass at the cortex into a brown, large-celled parenchyma; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, pedicel elongated, stout, 8-spored ; spores hya- line, smooth, continuous, obliquely 1-seriate in the upper part of the ascus, elliptical, usually 1-guttulate, 19—25 x 8-10 fj.; paraphyses slender, septate, apex slightly clavate. Peziza gregaria, Eehm, Ascom., n. 6, but first described by Winter in Hedw., 1872, p. 508. On the ground. Phillips says the spores are " externally minutely rough." This I have not observed, nevertheless it may be so. Cooke has figured the spores with a granular epispore in Fung. Brit. Exs., ed. ii., n. 368, but I find the epispore to be quite smooth in his specimens ; the contents, however, are coarsely granular. Some of the spores are represented as having a granular epispore in Cooke's figure of this species in Myco- graphia, fig. 123. Specimens examined in Eehm's Ascomy., n. 6 ; Cke., Fung. Brit. Elv., ii. n. 368; and Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 111. Lachnea cretea. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 229; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 749. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, hemispherical and closed at first, finally quite plane, 1 • 5-4 mm. across ; disc white, externally and the margin setulose, hairs spreading, straight, tapering to a point, septate, wall slightly thickened, pale brown, 100-180 X 5-7 p.; cortex parenchymatous ; asci narrowly cylindrical, apex blunt, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, usually 2-guttulate, elliptical, 12—15 X 7—8 p. ; paraphyses slender, septate, hyaline, slightly thickened upwards. Peziza cretea, Cooke, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1877 ; p. 46, t. iii., K-N; Mycogr., fig. 362. On plaster walls and ceilings. Type specimen examined. Disc white, surrounded by a pale yellowish brown fringed margin ; the hairs are paler in colour and more slender than in most species, the snores are also comparatively small. 322 FUNGUS-FLORA. |f Growing on wood and branches. Lachnea erinacea. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 741. Gregarious, sessile, closed at first but soon becoming plane, rather fleshy, 3-6 mm. across; disc whitish, externally pilose, hairs bright brown, the marginal ones very long and stout, thick-walled, tapering to an acute point, septate, 300-500 X 14-18 p; often branched at the base; cortex parenchymatous, cells large ; asci cylindrical, apex slightly truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, hyaline, smooth, usually 1-guttulate, contents often coarsely granular, 17-20 x 10 /A; paraphyses rather slender, septate, clavate. Peziza erinacea, Schweinitz, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 140. On rotten wood. Distinguished among the white species by the densely crowded, very long, stout marginal hairs. Specimen from Schweinitz, now in Kew Herbarium, examined. Lachnea livida. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 221 (spores incorrectly described as " asperate ") ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 759. Gregarious, sessile, base narrowed, at first closed and subglobose, then becoming nearly plane, up to i cm. across ; disc grey or dull lead-colour, externally, and the margin everywhere densely covered with stout, very thick- walled, septate brown hairs, slightly largest at the margin, and then 200-250 x 20-25 p., the tip in some cases is gradually narrowed to a point, in others quite obtuse ; excipulum composed of radially parallel, septate hyaline hyphae, these become wider and pseudoparenchymatous at ihe cortex ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, smooth, contents often granular, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, 18—20 x 10—11 ; paraphyses septate, clavate. Peziza livida, Schum., Saell., ii. p. 422 ; Flor. Dan., t. 1915, fig. 3 (excellent); Cooke, Mycogr., p. 77, fig. 139 (spores icnorrectly described and figured, asperate) ; Grevillea, vol. iii., fig. 222 (spores correctly represented as smooth, and contents granular). On chips of wood. Spring. Specimens determined by Berkeley accepted as typical, LACHNEA. 323 and sent to him by Sir W. Jardine from Dumfriesshire. These same specimens were figured and described by Cooke, first in Grevillea, iii., fig. 222, where the spores are drawn with the epispore smooth, contents granular. Later on the same specimens are described in Mycographia as having the spores " asperules " and the drawing shows this. Phillips says the spores are " minutely asperate," but he had never seen a specimen, and copied Cooke's description in Mycogr. (spores rough), quoting at the same time the figure in Grevillea (spores smooth). I find by repeated examinations of Berkeley's specimens that the spores are permanently smooth. Gillet's fungus, called Lachnea livida, Schum., Champ. F ranee, p. 73, must be different to Berkeley's, as the spores are said to be " herisses d'aspe rites"; or is the description copied from Mycographia, and not from nature ? Lachnea bulbo-crinita. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 227. Ascophores scattered, sessile, hemispherical, then expanded, fleshy ; externally dusky brown, clothed with long, straight, brown, septate hairs, bulbous at the base ; disc pallid or cinereous ; asci cylindrical ; spores 8, elliptic, smooth, 20 x 13 /*; paraphyses filiform. Peziza bulbo-crinita, Phil., Scot. Nat., vi. 123. On dead branches. Autumn. Ascophores 1J lines broad, at first closed, then concave; margin ciliated with long erect hairs (| a line), intermixed with shorter (300 /*), all having a bulbous basal cell. The disc is slate-colour. Allied to Peziza erinacea, Shwz., but hairs much longer, with a bulbous base, a darker disc, and paraphyses not enlarged at the summits. Unknown to me. The above is copied from Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 227. The stout marginal hairs are more or less bulbous at the base in several species other than the present. Lachnea coerulea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 230. (= Peziza coerulea, Bolton, t. 188, f. 2.) Lachnea erecta, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 226. ( = Peziza erecta, Sow., Eng. Fung., t. 369, figs. 10, 11.) Y 2 324 FUNGUS-FLOKA. DESMAZIEEELLA. Libert (emended). Receptacle sessile, becoming orbicular, dark-coloured, externally tomentose, margin setulose ; hymenium minutely velvety due to the projecting black-pointed tips of the paraphyses ; asci elongated, cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores Desmazierelln acicola, Lib. ; — Fig. 1, fungus on pine leaves, x 2 ; — Fig. 2, surface view of ascophore, x ; — Fig. 3, section of same, x ;— Fig. 4, branching hyphae from base of ascopliore, x 400;- Fig. 5, free pores, X 400 ;— Fig. 6, asci and two clusters of the pointed paraphyses, x 250. DESMAZIEEELLA — DASYSCYPHA. 325 hyaline, continuous, elliptical, 1-seriate; paraphyses adhering in bundles, becoming free, black and pointed at the tips. Desmazierella, Libert, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1829, p. 82, pi. vi. figs. 1-3; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 283; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 386. Distinguished by the peculiar structure of the paraphyses, and the hirsute margin of the ascophore. Growing on pine leaves. Desmazierella acicola. Libert, Ann. Sci. Nat, 1829, p. 82 with fig., Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 283 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1594. Ascophores scattered, sessile, at first closed and turbinate, then expanded and orbicular, 3-5 mm. across ; disc slightly concave, brown, minutely velvety, due to the projecting tips of the paraphyses ; margin fringed with tapering, pointed, septate, dark brown hairs 130-160 X 6-7 //,; externally clothed with a tomentum formed of irregularly branched, septate, brown hyphae 4-5 /A thick ; flesh thin, greyish ; asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, narrowed downwards into a long, slender, curved pedicel, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, usually 2-guttulate, elliptical, 15-16 x 8/x, paraphyses adheriug in bundles, becoming free, black, and sharp-pointed at the tips, longer than the asci. On dead leaves of Pinus sylvestris. Specimen examined from Madame Libert's Crypt. Ard., n. 24. Ascophore about 2| lines broad. This appears at first as a minute, hairy Chaetomium-lik.e> body, nearly black, afterwards expanding into a sublentiform disc. The brown hairs of the hyiueniuiu, being prolongations of the paraphyses, give this plant a striking character. (Phillips.) DASYSCYPHA. Fries, (figs. 1-2, 12, 24-25, p. 156.) Ascophore minute, shortly stipitate or sessile, closed at first then expanding until nearly or quite plane, thin and delicate in texture, externally and the margin pilose, hairs thin-walled, cylindrical, obtuse, often rough with crystals of lime, stem short, slender; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; 326 FUNGUS-FLORA. spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, narrow and elongated, continuous, or 1 -septate at maturity, paraphyses lanceolate and acute, or cylindrical, often longer than the asci. Dasyscypha, Fries, Sjst. Myc., ii. p. 89 (as a Tribe of the genus Peziza) ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 432 (in part). Lachndla, Phil., Brit. Disc, (in part). As here understood, the genus is characterised by the ascophore being minute, margin and externally villose ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, spores narrow and elongated, hyaline ; growing on plants. Lachnea differs in having the marginal hairs thick-walled and pointed; the species of Neottiella are distinguished by growing on the ground. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES. A. Externally white, t Paraphyses lanceolate. * Disc white. ** Disc coloured. tt Paraphyses cylindrical. * Disc white. ** Disc orange or yellow. B. Externally coloured, t Paraphyses lanceolate. * Disc brownish, reddish, or buff. ** Disc yellow. tt Paraphyses cylindrical. * Externally clear deep or pale yellow. DASYSCYPHA. 327 ** Externally brown, red, buff, or dingy. § Growing on dead herbaceous stems or leaves. §§ Growing on bark, wood, or branches. §§§ Growing on ferns. A. Externally white. | Paraphyses lanceolate. * Disc white. Dasyscypha virginea. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 305 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1801. Scattered, or usually gregarious, shortly stipitate ; globose then hemispherical, finally expanded with an upright, delicate margin, about f- mm. broad ; whole plant snow- white, or with a faint tinge of yellow on the very short, rather thick stem ; excipulum composed of septate hyphae about 4 p. thick, and more or less parallel, radiating from the stem to the margin ; externally clothed with delicate, very thick-walled, cylindrical hairs 3—4 //. thick, apex obtuse, and sometimes crowned with a crystal or amorphous lump of oxalate of lime, longest at the margin where they are up to 100 //, long, and form a crowded fringe; asci cylindric- clavate, thick at the base; spores 8, irregularly biseriate, slenderly fusiform, hyaline, continuous, straight, 5-10 X 1-5-2 p.; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, about half as long again as the asci, colourless, about 4 fj. thick at the widest part. Peziza virginea, Batsch, Elencli. Fung., p. 125. Lachnella virginea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 248. Lachnum virgineum, Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 169 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 872. On rotten wood, branches, and herbaceous stems. Characterised among the minute white species by the lanceolate paraphyses, slender, very thick- walled, blunt hairs, and radiating, long narrow cells of the excipulum. The walls of the marginal hairs are so thick that the lumen is usually almost obliterated, and although septate, the septa 828 FUNGUS-FLOKA. in consequence are difficult to see ; the hairs are sometimes tipped with a lump of lime, rarely crystalline, and sometimes several hairs are more or less clotted together with lime. Peziza plano-umbilicata, Grev., Flor. Ed., p. 420, respecting which nothing is definitely known, may possibly belong to the present species. Dasyscypha scintillans. Mass. Scattered, stipitate, globose and closed, then expanded, up to £ mm. broad and high ; thin, excipulum parenchymatou^, consisting of more or less square cells, with a tendency to become arranged in lines near the margin, towards the base, the cells become long and narrow, externally white, pilose, the hairs longest and most numerous at the margin, 40-60 X 5—6 ft, apex blunt or very slightly incrassated, and tipped with a large, globose cluster of sharp-pointed crystals of oxalate of lime, the sharp points of the crystals numerous and radiating in every direction, septate, often minutely rough, wall at first thin, becoming thick and the lumen almost obliterated; disc white or with a tinge of yellow; stem very short ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, base rather thick ; spores irregularly biseriate, cylindrical, 7-8 X 1 p- ; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, about twine as long as the asci, 5 p. broad at the widest part, hyaline. On dead oak leaves. Differs from D. ciliaris in the smaller spores and long, broadly lanceolate paraphyses. D. rTiytismae ( = D. echinulata^ Kehm), has the external hairs much thinner, and the cells of the excipulum are very long and narrow at the margin of the cup. Finally D. ciliaris — with which D, echinulata, Aud., is synonymous, Jts proved by examination of specimens named by Auerswald — has very much larger, fusiform spores. Auerswald in describing his species, Peziza echinulata, Hedvv., 1868, p. 136, gives the size of the spores as 15-18 X 2 /*. Phillips' description of this species is a translation of Auerswald's original diagnosis quoted above, omitting the spore measurements. When viewed under a low power of the microscope, the entire fungus resembles a minute tassel of snow white silk, each strand being tipped with a sparkling crystal. DASYSCYPHA. 329 Dasyscypha rhytismatis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1886. Gregarious, stipitate, entirely white, piriform and closed at first, then expanding until quite plane, about ^ mm. across ; externally villose, marginal hairs longest, delicate, thin-walled, septate, obtuse cylindrical, rough with minute particles of lime, and usually bearing a large, rough, sparkling crystal at the apex, 50-80 x 3-4 /*, the hairs becoming shorter downwards; cortex formed of simple or branching, parallel, septate hyphae, small and elongated in the direction from base to apex, about 5—8 x 3—4 p.; stem about ^ mm. long ; asci small, clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, con- tinuous, cyliudric-fusiform, 3-5 X 1 p- ; paraphyses lanceo- late, acute, nearly as long again as the asci, continuous, 4 p. at broadest part. Peziza rhytismae, Phil., Grev., viii. p. 101. Lachnella rhytismae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 250. Lachnum echinulatum, Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 876. Dasyscypha echinulata, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1848. On dead leaves of Acer on Rhytisma acerinum, also on oak leaves. Specimen from Phillips examined, also Rehm., Ascom., n. 259. Dasyscypha nivea. Mass. Gregarious, snow-white, stipitate, at first pyriform and closed, then expanding but not becoming quite plane, epithecium parenchymatous, cells largest at the margin, where they are irregularly polygonal, 6-9 /* broad, slightly elongated radially, becoming longer and narrower down- wards ; externally pilose, hairs longest and most numerous at the fringed margin, cylindrical, apex often slightly clavate, septate, often minutely rough, rarely with a crystal at the tip, 100-150 x 3-4 /A; disc up to 1 mm. across when expanded ; stem cylindrical, slender, pilose, about ^ mm. long ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, apex rounded, base rather stout ; spores irregularly biseriate, slenderly fusiform, continuous, hyaline, 6-9 x 1-1*5 p.; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, about half as long again as the asci, 4-5 /*. broad at the widest part, hyaline. Octospora nivea, Hedwig fil., Muse. Frond., tab. viii. fig. B. 330 FUNGUS-FLOEA. Lachnum niveum, Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 168; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 879. Trichopeziza nivea, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 296. On twigs, branches, wood, &c. From the standpoint of species at the present day, it is absolutely impossible to say exactly which of the numerous minute white species Hedwig's Octospora nivca represents ; and under the circumstances I have accepted as this species the form most generally accepted by mycologists, as indicated by the synonyms given above. This form does not accord with the species as understood by Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 245 ; differing in the broad, lanceolate paraphyses. Differs from D. virginea in the large cells at the margin ot the excipulum and the septate hairs, and from D. ciliaris in the slender stem and lanceolate paraphyses. Dasyscypha acutipila. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1860. Gregarious or scattered, shortly stipitate, globose and closed when young, then becoming quite plane, up to 1 mm. across ; entirely white, or the disc sometimes tinged yellow ; externally minutely downy; margin pilose, hairs thick- walled, smooth, septate, gradually tapering into a long, acuminate point, 50—70 x 4 /A ; cortex composed of small, elongated cells ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, narrowly fusiform, 9-14 x 1-1 '5 p ; paraphyses lanceolate, tips acute, usually septate, 4 //. broad at widest part. Peziza acutipila, Karsten, Mon. Fez., p. 195. Lachnella acutipila, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 252. On Phragmites communis and other grasses. Specimen in Karst, Fung. Fenn., n. 662, examined. Distinguished by the linear-fusiform spores, and the short, acuminate, marginal hairs. Dasyscypha Soppittii. Mass. (fig. 12, p. 156.) Scattered, stipitate, snow-white, globose and closed at first, finally becoming nearly or quite plane, the spreading margin ciliate, up to i mm. across ; externally densely pilose, hairs thin-walled, cylindrical, sparsely septate, straight, minutely rough, 60-90 x 4 p. ; cortex parenchymatous, cells almost quadrate, 8-9 /* diameter near the margin, becoming narrower and elongated downwards ; asci broadly cylindric- DASYSCYPHA. :331 clavate, apex obtuse, pedicel short, stout, 8 spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elliptical, ends acute, straight, 1 -septate at maturity, 9-11 X 3 //.; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, 3-5-septate, often slightly constricted at the septa, half as long again as the asci, 5-6 p at the broadest part. On dead, fallen oak leaves. The present species, found by Mr. H. T. Soppitt, near Bradford, Yorks, is amongst the most beautiful and distinct of the white species of Dasyscypha, distinguished by the large, quadrate cortical cells, septate paraphyses, and fusi- form, 1 -septate spores. Dasyscypha filicea. Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1879. Gregarious, shortly stipitate, globose and closed at first, then hemispherical, * entirely white, up to J mm. across ; externally tomentose, hairs thin-walled, septate, obtuse and slightly thickened at the tips, minutely rough, 40-70 X 5 /A; cortex parenchymatous, cells elongated in the direction from base to margin, 6-8 x 3-4 p.; asci narrowly clavate, tip narrowed, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, distinctly fusiform, ends acute, 1-septate, hyaline, 15-18 X 3 /x; paraphyses lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the asci, 4-5 p. at the broadest part. Peziza filicea, Cooke and Phil., in Herb., Kew. Lachnella filicea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 254. On the under surface of the frond, and on the rachis of ferns. Distinguished among the white species by the large, 1-septate, fusiform spores having sharp ends, and the more or less capitate, external hairs. Type specimen examined. In giving localities for this species, Phillips says, " Dunedin, N.B. ! in Herb., Kew "; on turning to this species, I find that the specimen is from Dunedin, New Zealand, Dr. Berggren, n. 400. As Phillips also gives Chedder, collected by C. Bucknall, it is included here. Dasyscypha crucifera. Sacc., Syll., n. 1833. Gregarious, stipitate, snow-white or with a very slight tinge of yellow on the stem ; clavate, often hemispherical ; excipulum composed of more or less parallel, elongated cells, 332 FUNGUS-FLORA. showing a tendency to become polygonal, 5-6 p. wide by 15-25 //. long, radiating from stem to margin; externally pilose, the hairs longest at the margin, where they form a fringe; 60-100 X 4-5 '/*, cylindrical, obtuse or very slightly thickened at the apex, which is crowned by a regular octahedron-crystal of oxalate of lime, usually rough with very minute particles of lime throughout their length, thin- walled, distinctly septate ; asci cylindric-clavate, thick at the base, 8-spored ; spores cylindrical or narrowly fusiform, straight, hyaline, continuous, 6—8 x 1 /* ', paraphyses lanceo- late, tip acute, about half as long again as the asci, hyaline, 4 fji thick at the widest part. Peziza crucifera, Phil., Gard. Chron., 1878, p. 397, fig. 71. Lachnella crucifera, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 250. On dead branches and twigs of Myrica gale. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. Closely allied to D. virginea, differing in the slightly longer stem, larger cells of the excipulum, and more especially by the rough, thin-walled, distinctly septate hairs, each of which is tipped with a perfectly symmetrical, regular octahedral crystal of lime, the angles of which frequently present the appearance of a cross under the microscope. The crystals often drop off when the plant is placed in water for exa- mination. D. echinata, Awd., differs from the present in the shorter, stouter, thick- walled hairs being tipped with a large aggregation of crystals having numeious projecting sharp points. ** Disc coloured. Dasyscypha ticolor. Fckl., Symb., [Myc., p. 305; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1827. Scattered or crowded, very shortly stipitate, at first depresso-globose and closed, then expanded but not becoming plane, |-1| mm. across; disc varying in colour from yellow to deep orange, externally white, densely pilose, hairs lender, cylindrical, septate, obtuse, hyaline, minutely rough, sometimes inclined to be rather wavy, 150-250 x 4-5 /*; cortex parenchymatous, cells hexagonal, elongated in the direction from base to margin, running in more or less parallel series, 9-14 x 5-7 /u,; asci small, cUindrie-clavate, DASYSCYPHA. 333 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical, or inclined to be clavate, 7-10 X 1 "5 ft ; paraphyses i lanceolate, acute, 5-6 //, broad at the widest part, hyaline, continuous. Peziza bicolor, Bull., Champ. Fr., t. 410, fig. 3. Lachnella bicolor, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 249, pi. viii. f. 46. On dead branches of oak, hazel, hawthorn, &c. The hairs appear to be continuous, as a rule, when examined in water, but when treated with white potassic : hydrate, followed by iodine, the very thick walls and septa i show very distinctly. Known from D. calycina and D. re- \sinaria in not growing on conifers. D. patula differs in the jvery long hairs, and in growing on leaves. Specimens examined in Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 155, and IKunze, Fung. Sel., n. 182. Dasyscypha patula. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1844. Gregarious ; furnished with a very short stem, clavate I then expanded, thin; excipulum composed of very long, i narrow cells about 4 /A broad, arranged more or less parallel land radiating from the stem to the margin; externally white land densely covered with long, slender, slightly wavy, ; colourless, cylindrical, sharp pointed hairs, wall very thick and the lumen almost obliterated, 70—120 x 4—5 p., longest and most numerous at the margin ; disc concave, pale yellow, up to £ mm. broad and high ; asci cylindric-clavate, base thickish, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, slenderly fusiform, 8—12 x 1*5—2 p., hyaline, continuous; paraphyses lanceolate, apex pointed, about half as long again as the asci, colourless, about 4 /u. thick. Peziza patula, Pers., Obs. Myc., i. p. 42. Lachnella patula, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 251. Lachnum patulum, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 875. On dry fallen oak leaves. A very beautiful, but minute species, when examined in the dry condition under a low power, resembling a minute ball of loose floss silk. The hairs are longer, and slenderer than in any other British species, slightly wavy, and more or less interwoven ; the wall is veiy thick and the lumen — central cavity — almost obliterated, hence they appear to be without septa — continuous — but if treated with dilute potassic 334 FUNGUS-FLOKA. hydrate, the very narrow lumen and the septa become evident. Dasyscypha conformis. Sacc., Syll., Suppl. ii. n. 4545. Scattered, minute, shortly stipitate or sessile, rather cupulate, becoming plane, clad with short, colourless, obtuse hairs ; disc pale fawn colour ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, slenderly lanceolate, 10 X 1 p-', paraphyses slender, acerose, exceeding the asci. Lachnella conformis, Cooke,, Grev., xix. p. 107. On Juncus. Although resembling L. apala, the much shorter spores at once distinguish it. Unknown to me. The above is Cooke's original description. Unfortunately I have not succeeded in finding the type in Cooke's Herbarium. ft Paraphyses cylindrical. * Disc ichite. Dasyscypha leuconica. Mass. Gregarious, sessile but attached by a narrowed base; hemispherical then expanded, about ^ mm. across, entirely white, very thin and delicate; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregular, rather large, externally rather sparsely pilose ; hairs most numerous upwards and forming a ciliated margin, 5—7 p thick at the base, soon contracted and then gradually tapering to a very fine long point, 70-100 //, long, usually 1-2 septate at the base, smooth; asci clavate or cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, smooth, continuous, hyaline, 7—9 X 2 fj. ; paraphyses filiform, about 2 //, thick, hyaline. Lachnella leuconica, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 267. Peziza leuconica, Cke., in Herb. On dead wood. Type specimen examined. The present species is in some respects intermediate between Dasyscypha and Lachnea, inclining towards the latter in the tapering hairs, incrassated at the base, and DASYSCYPHA. 335 forming a ciliated margin ; but as the hairs are thin-walled, soft and rather wavy at times, and the entire fungus very thin and delicate, it is placed in the genus Dasyscypha. Dasyscypha candidata. Mass. Scattered, or more frequently gregarious, sessile and broadly adnate, very thin, soon plane with a slightly upraised margin that is often more or less wavy, every part snow white or disc pallid when old, up to 1 mm. broad ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells small, irregularly polygonal ; externally densely downy, hairs slightly clavate, 40-70 p. long by 3-5 p. at the thickened apex ; mixed with the above are numerous elongated, very delicate hyphae about 3 fji thick which radiate from the ascophore and form a delicate cobweb-like subiculum on the matrix ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored; spores irregularly biseriate, cylindric-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, for a long time continuous, finally 1-septate, 6-9 x 1'5 p.; paraphyses filiform, not thickened upwards, septate. Peziza candidata, Cooke, Grev., vol. i. p. 130. Lachnella candidata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 273. Trichopeziza candidata, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1678. On dead stems of Bubus. A remarkable and very distinct species, forming extended snow-white patches when gregarious. Inclining towards the genus Tapesia, from which it is distinguished by the delicate, floccose mycelium only anchoring the individual ascophores, and not forming an extended subiculum on the substratum. Type specimen examined. Dasyscypha ciliaris. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 18-13. (figs. 1-2, p. 156.) Gregarious or rarely scattered, shortly stipitate, almost globose at first then expanding and becoming almost plane, margin minutely ciliate, snow-white or with a very slight tinge of yellow on the slender, cylindrical stem, about £ mm. high and broad, waxy ; excipulum parenchymatous, towards the margin the cells are almost square in outline, 5-8 //, across, and with a tendency to be arranged in parallel rows ; lower down the cells become longer and narrower ; externally pilose, the hairs longest and most numerous at the margin^ 336 FUNGUS-FLORA. where they form a delicate fringe, 50-100 X 4-6 /a, wall thin, septate, apex rounded and often tipped with a large octahedral crystal of oxulate of lime ; the entire hair often rough with very minute particles of lime ; asci cylindric- clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly fusiform, hyaline, usually minutely 2-guttulate, and finally 1 -septate, 15-20 X 2-5-3 p.; paraphyses scanty, almost cylindrical, apex rather pointed, a little longer than the asci, 1\ /x thick, hyaline. Peziza ciliaris, Schrader, Bot. Journ., ii. p. 63. Lachnella ciliaris, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 251. Lachnella echinulata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 2 19. Lachnum ciliare, Rehin, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 877, figs. 1-4, p. 866. Trichopeziza capitata, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1719. On fallen leaves of oak and sweet chestnut. The leading points of the present species are, the quadrate cells near margin of excipulum, cylindrical paraphyses, and thin walled, septate hairs. Auerswald in describing his Peziza echinulata quotes Kabenh., Fung. Eur., n. 1009, but an examination of this specimen shows it to be D. ciliaris. Dasyscypha ascuna. Mass. Scattered, sessile, globose at first, then becoming almost plane, about 3- mm. across, entirely dingy white ; excipulum very delicate, parenchymatous, cells small; externally sparsely pilose, hairs most abundant at the margin, thin- walled, septate, slightly tapering, 50-75 x 5-6 p.; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored : spores irregularly 2-seriate, cylindric-fusoid or with the apex obtuse and slightly clavate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, straight, 10-15 x 3-4 p.; paraphyses scanty, filiform. Lachnella ascuna, Phil., Grev., xix. p. 73. Trichopeziza ascuna, Sacc., Syll., Suppl. x. n. 4542. On dead leaves of Car ex, Specimen from Phillips, in Herb., Kew, examined. Dasyscypha aranea. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, hemispherical then expanding some- what, but not becoming plane, about ^ mm. across, altogether white, the hymenium becoming yellowish when dry; exci- DASYSCYPHA. 337 pulum delicate, parenchymatous, cells small, elongated radially; clothed externally with delicate, branched, asep- tate, cylindrical, hyaline hairs al>out 3 p. diameter, most abundant near the margin, interwoven, length variable, 60-1 00 /ji ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, linear-elliptic or cylindrical, 7-8 x 1 ' 5 //,, hyaline, continuous; paraphyses slender, rather longer than the asci, apex not thickened. Peziza aranea, De Notar., Micr. Ital., Dec. i. n. 1. Laclmella aranea, Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 272. Trichopeziza aranea, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1715. Inside fallen husks of Spanish chestnut. Allied to D. araneo-cincta, but. distinguished by the cylin- drical, branched, wavy hairs and the slender paraphyses. Specimen in Phillips' Elv. Brit., n. 165, examined. Dasyscypha araneo-cincta. Mass. Scattered and gregarious, sessile but attached by a central point only, hemispherical then expanded and concave, about ^ mm. across, entirely white, disc yellowish when dry ; excipulum delicate, parenchymatous, cells small, elongate radially; externally delicately pilose, hairs most numerous near the margin, tapering regularly from base to apex, 60-100 //, long, 5-6 ^ thick at the base, 1-5 /* thick at the apex, thin walled, indistinctly septate, rather wavy ; asci clavate, usually curved, 8-spored, spores irregularly biseriate, fusiform, or the apex sometimes obtuse, 10-13 x 1*5 ft, continuous, hyaline ; paraphyses stout, apex clavate. Peziza araneo-cincta, Phil., Bucknali's Fung. Bristol, n. 621. Lachnella araneo-cincta, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 271. Trichopeziza araneo-cincta, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1721. On decaying birch leaves. Allied to D. aranea, but distinguished by the tapering, pointed hairs and clavate paraphyses. Dasyscypha acuum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1845. Ascophores gregarious or scattered, shortly stipitate, at first globose and closed, finally becoming nearly plane, ^-^ mm. across ; entirely white, or more or less tinged with pink, especially when dry; externally minutely villose, hairs very short and delicate, thin-walled, cylindrical, obtuse, rarely 1 -septate, 20-30 x 3-4 p. ; cortex delirately parenchy- 338 FUNGUS-FLORA. matous, cells elongated in the direction from base to apex, 5-7 X 3-4 fi ; asci small, apex slightly narrowed, base short, stout, 8-spored ; spores 2-sei iate hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptic-fusiform, 4— 5 X"l'5/x; paraphyses hyaline, slender, cylindrical. Peziza acuum, Alb. & Schw., Consp. Fung., p. 330. Lachnella acuum, Phil., Brit. Disc., p 246. On fallen, decaying pine leaves. A very minute species, recognised by the very short, external hairs, the minute spores, and the habitat. The paraphyses are not 1-seriate as described by Phillips, neither are the paraphyses diffluent in water, as stated by the same author, but they are very difficult to see until shown up by a solution of iodine. Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 163 and Fuckel, Fung. Ehen., n. 1153. Dasyscypha aspidiicola. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1878. Gregarious, gradually narrowed downwards into a stout stem-like base, globose and closed at first, gradually becoming plane, entirely- white, ^— ^ mm. across ; externally minutely fiocose, hairs short, thin-walled, usually aseptate, cylindrical or slightly clavate, often minutely rough, 25-35 X 3-4 p.; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 4-6 /x diameter; asci small, cylindiic-clavate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical or inclined to be clavate, 5-8 x 1-5 p 2-seriate ; paraphyses very slender, cylindrical. Peziza aspidiicola, B & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 771. Lachnella aspidiicola, Phil., Brit. Disc, p. 245. On dead stems of Nephrodium filix-mas. Type specimen examined, also specimens in Fung. Brit., n. 565. Dasyscypha hyalina. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, globose and closed at first, then hemi- spherical, finally plane, very thin, soft, and translucent, colourless or sometimes with a faint tinge of yellow or rose, up to | mm. across, contracted and with a tinge of amber when dry ; externally very minutely villose, hairs delicate, thin-walled, septate, cylindrical, often minutely DASYSCYPHA. 339 rough, hyaline, 30-50 X 3-4 /JL; cortex minutely paren- chymatous, the cells becoming parallel and running out into the marginal hairs ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel short, stout, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, straight or slightly bent, cylindric-fusiforru, or with the broadest part above the middle, and inclined to be clavate, 2-seriate or often almost 1-seriate, 6-10 x 2-2-5 ft; para- physes very slender, cylindrical, hyaline. Peziza hyalina, Pers., Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 33. Lachnella hyalina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 267, pi. viii. fig. 48. Pseudohelotium hyalinum, Fckl., Synib.- Myc., p. 298. On wood, chips, inside bark, &c. Distinguished by the white, semitransparent, watery aspect of the ascophore when fresh, and by the very short, delicate, external hairs. Specimen in Eab., Fung. Eur., 11. 1615, examined. Dasyscypha carinata. Mass. (figs. 24, 25, p. 156.) Ascophore sessile, about ^ mm. across, gregarious, every part snow-white, globose at first and with a minute pore, at length expanding a little ; externally clad with short tomentose down formed of slender aseptate hyphae ; longi- tudinally channelled so as to present 5-7 distinct acute ridges or keels ; asci clavate, not much narrowed at the base, spores 8, irregularly biseriate, subfusiform, continuous, hyaline, guttulate, 11-16 X 3 ^ ; paraphyses filiform. Trichopeziza carinata, Cke. & Mass., Grev., v. 21, p. 121. On dead fern stems. Among the most beautiful of the many interesting species of fungi found by my friend Mr. C. Crossland of Halifax. Eeadily distinguished by the distinct external, longitudinal grooves. Trichopeziza hexagona, Fckl., not yet recorded for Britain, externally resembles the present species, but has much smaller spores. Dasyscypha asterostoma. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, minute, sessile, at first globose and closed, then cylindiic-globose, opening circular, rather contracted, everywhere pure white, both when fresh and dry, very thin and delicate, up to | mm. across, externally pilose, z 2 340 FUNGUS-FLORA. hairs abundant round the margin, scanty elsewhere, hyaline, continuous, very thick-walled, smooth, cylindrical, apex more or less acute, crooked, 70-100 X 4-5 p., spreading and pointing obliquely all in one direction round the margin ; cortical cells almost quadrate, 7-9 //, diameter; asci small, cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores, irregularly 2-sei iate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly cylindric- fusiform, 6-7 x 1 '5 p.; paraphyses very slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza asterostoma, Phil., Grev., vii. p. 140. Peziza spirotriclia, Oudem., Hedw. 1874, p. 87 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 266. Trichopeziza spirotriclia, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1667. On dead stems of herbaceous plants. Spring. Phillips first described the present species as Peziza aste- rostoma, in Grev., vii. p. 140, and afterwards, considering it to be identical with Peziza spirotricJia, Oudemans, adopted the latter name in Elv. Brit,, n. 168, and in Brit. Disc., p. 266. Examination of an authentic specimen of P. spirotricha from Oudemans shows that Phillips' fungxis is quite distinct, hence the original specific name has been restored. Keadily distinguished by the form of the ascophore, with its somewhat contracted mouth, and the marginal zone of thick-walled, crooked, obliquely inserted hairs. Dasyscypha tami. Mass. Scattered, rarely gregarious, very thin and delicate, sessile, base narrowed, up to i mm. across ; entirely white and trans- lucent when fresh, becoming amber-colour when dry ; exter- nally minutely downy, hairs very delicate, about 20-30 x 2 "5 fi; margin entire; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 4-5 /x diameter; asci small, narrowly cylindric- clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline continuous, linear-fusiform, 7-8 x 1'5 p, ; paraphyses very slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza tami, Lamy, in Desm., Crypt. Fr., ser. ii., n. 827. Var. humuli, Phil.. Brit. Disc., p. 270. Trichopeziza tami, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1863. On dead stems of Tamus communis and hop. A very minute, delicate species, allied to D. micacea, according to Desmazieres. Very nearly glabrous, but retain- DASYSYCPHA. 341 ing otherwise the morphological characteristics of Dasyscypha. A specimen examined in Desin., Or. Fr., n. 827, also the specimens called var. humili, which do not differ from the typical form. Dasyscypha punctoidea. Mass. Scattered or mostly gregarious, sessile but narrowed to a short stem-like base, closed at first, then expanding until plane or even slightly convex, about ^ mm. across ; white and rather translucent, disc becoming tinged red when dry, nearly smooth externally; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, irregularly 2-seriate, 5—6 x 2—2 • 5 //., continuous, elliptical ; paraphyses very slender, cylindrical. Helotium punctoidium, Kursten, Myc. Fenn., p. 151. Lachnella punctoidea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 268. Pseudohelotium punctoideum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1230. On dead leaves of species of Epilobium. Imperfectly known to me. I have examined the speci- mens in Karsten's Fung. Fenn., n. 74.5, and also the British specimens referred to this species by Cooke — Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 551 — but the species is so very minute and delicate, that very little can be determined from specimens that have been dried. It appears at best to be a very unsatisfactory Dasyscypha, and yet too delicate for Helotium. Dasyscypha fugiens. Mass. Scattered, sessile, globose then expanded, thin, white, vil- lose ; asci oblong-clavate or subfusiform ; spores 4 to 8, oblong-linear or elliptic, straight or slightly curved, 7 x 2/n. Peziza fugiens, Phil., Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., vol. iii. p. 137, t. iv. fig. 2. Tricopeziza fugiens, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1744. Lachnella fugiens, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 268. On dead rushes in bogs. Ascophores, 50 p. broad ; asci, 20 /z long, 5 /u, broad ; the hairs of the exterior veiy short, non-septate, colourless. (Phillips.) Unknown, to me. The above account is entirely copied from Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 268. 342 FUNGUS-FLORA. •* Disc orange or yelloiv. Dasyscypha calycina, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 305. Ascophores caespitose, gregarious, or scattered, narrowed into a short, stout, stem-like base, rather fleshy, 1—3 mm. broad ; disc orange-yellow, externally white and villose hairs rather wavy, cylindrical, obtuse, colourless, minutely rough, 100— 150 X 4-5 /u, ; asci subcylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate or inclined to be 2-seriate above, hyaline, elliptic-fusiform, continuous, 18-25 x 6-8 /A; para- physes slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza calycina, Schum., Enum. PL, Saell., ii. p. 424 (in part). Peziza Wilkommii, Hartig, Willkomm, Mikr. Feinde d. Waldes, ii. p. 167. Lachnella calycina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 241. On bark of larch and Scotch fir. Hypothecium and excipulum formed of slender, branched hyphae about 2-3 //, thick ; these become more or less parallel to form the cortex, and finally run out into the external hairs. This fungus is very destructive to young larch- trees. For distinctions from allied species, see note under D. abietis. Specimens examined in Fuckel, Fung. Rhen., n. 1206, and Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 474. Var. Trevelyani, Cooke, Grev., iii. p. 101; Phil., Biif. Disc., p. 242. Distinguished from the type form by the larger spores, 30—35 yu. long, and by their tendency to become pseudo- uniseptate. On larch. Dasyscypha subtilissima, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1823. Gregarious or scattered, narrowed into a stout, short, stem- like base, globose and closed at first, then expanded. 1-2 mm. broad ; disc orange-yellow, externally white and villose, hairs more or less wavy, cylindrical, obtuse, thin-walled, minutely rough, colourless, 80-120 X 3-4 p.; asci narrowly cylindric- clavate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, straight, ellip- DASYSCYPHA. 343 tical or slightly clavate, 8-10 X 2/x; paraphyses slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza subtilissima, Cooke, Grev., iii. p. 121, fig. 167. Lachnella subtilissima, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 244. On bark of firs. See note tinder D. abietis for distinction from allies. Type specimen examined. Dasyscypha abietis, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1824. Scattered or gregarious, narrowed into a short, stout, stem- like base, rather fleshy, 1—1 • 5 mm. across ; disc orange- yellow, externally white and villose, hairs rather wavy, cylindrical, obtuse, thin-walled, septate, colourless, 150- 200 x 4-5 //,; cortex formed of oblong cells in parallel rows running from base to margin, 6-7 x 3-4 p, ; asci broadly clavate, gradually tapering downwards from the broad, very obtuse apex, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, elliptic, ends very acute, straight or slightly curved, 2-guttulate then 1-septate, 12-14 x 3//,; paraphyses hyaline, cylindrical, tips rather pointed, 2 • 5-3 //, thick, longer than the asci. Lachnella abietis, Karsten, Rev. Mon., p. 131. On Abies excelsa. The above description is drawn up from the specimens in the Kew copy of Karsten's Fung. Fenn., no. 837, with which British specimens exactly agree. So far as the external characters of the ascophore are con- cerned, the present species is practically indistinguishable from D. calycina and D. subtilissima. The three species may be contrasted as follows. D. calycina, spores 18-25 x 6-8 p.. D. subtilissima, spores 8-10 X 2 /x, paraphyses same length as the asci. D. abietis, spores 12-14 x 3 //., paraphyses longer than the asci. Dasyscypha resinaria, Eehm, Ascom. Lojk, n. 30; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1826. Gregarious ; ascophore stipitate, turbinate then expanded , margin more or less persistently incurved, f-1 mm. across, 1|- mm. high, externally white, the short stem and excipulum clothed with short, spreading, unbranched, septate, white hairs about 40-60 x 4 /JL, rough with minute, external parti- 344 FUNGUS-FLOKA. cles of lime ; excipulum composed of densely interwoven, slender hyphae, colourless; disc concave, pale orange; asci small, cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, hyaline, smooth, continuous, 3 x 1*5—2 //., irregularly biseriate; paia- physes slender, about H p thick, slightly longer than the asci, tip very slightly or "not at all thickened, colourless. Peziza resinaria, Cke. & Phil., Grevillea, vol. iii. p. 185. Lachnella resinaria, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 242. On resin and bark of spruce fir. Described from specimen in Phillips' Elv. Brit., n. 06. The size of the spores, 5 X 2 • 5 /A, as given by Phillips in Disc. Brit., is certainly too large. I have never found them above 3 p. long. Dasyscypha luzulina. Mass. Ascophores gregarious or scattered, shortly stipitate, at first turbinate, then hemispherical, at length nearly plane ; externally white, pubescent; di*c pale yellow; margin entire ; asci clavate ; spores 8, fusiform, straight or slightly curved, biseriate, 13 x 3 ft; parapliyses filiform. Peziza luzulina, Phil., Grev., iv. p. 121. Lachnella luzulina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 244. On dead Luzula sylvatica, at the base, between the leaves. Winter. Unknown to me. I can find no ascophores in the Kew copies of Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 71, said to be this species. Dasyscypha diminuta. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1870. Scattered or crowded, narrowed to a short stem-like base, very minute and thin, globoso-depressed and closed when young, then expanded, up to ^ mm. across; disc varying from yellow to orange, externally whitish and very minutely downy, hairs exceedingly slender, short, those at the margin cylindrical, 25-50 x 2—2*5 fj.; cortex minutely parenchyma- tous, cells arranged in parallel series ; asci very small, cylin- dric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, straight, filiform, 5—6 X 1^; 1 -seriate belo w, 2-seriate up wards; para- physes hyaline, cylindrical, very slender. Peziza diminuta, Koberge, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1S47, vol. vii. p. 185. Lachnella diminuta, Phil., Brit. Disc., j>. 253 ? On dead culms of Juncus, DASYSCYPHA. 345 A very minute and delicate species, and when examined after being dried, the long, delicate hairs, said to be present in the living state, are not apparent. Phillips gives the spore measurements as 12 x 2 //., which are certainly much larger than the specimen I have examined, which was sent by Eoberge to Berkeley. B. Externally coloured. f Paraphyses lanceolate. * Disc broionish, reddish, or buff. Dasyscypha horridula. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, sessile but attached by a point only, hemispherical then expanded, about | mm. across; excipulum thin and delicate, parenchymatous, cells small, slightly elongated radially ; densely pilose externally, hairs somewhat spreading, simple or rarely with 1-2 short branches originating at right angles and near the apex, wall thin, rather closely septate, cylindrical, smooth, some- times wavy ; bright brownr becoming colourless towards the tip, 80-150 X 5-6 p. ; disc pallid ; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored; spores linear-fusiform, hyaline, smooth, distinctly 1-septate at maturity, 15-20 x 1*5 /*, irregularly biseriate; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, longer than the asci, about 4 p. broad at the widest part, hyaline. Peziza horridula, Desrn., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iii., vol. viii. p. 185. TricJiopeziza horridula, Succ. Syll., viii. n. 1738. On dry wheat straw. Specimen in Desiuaz., Crypt. France, ser. i., n. 1740, examined. Very close to D. canescem, under which species the two are contrasted. Dasyscypha fragariastri. Mass. Gregarious, stipitate, firm, cyathiform, faint purplish-red, paler near the margin, clothed with short, hyaline, simple hairs, usually enlarged at the summit ; asci subclavate ; 346 FUNGUS-FLORA. spores fusiform or 'oblong-fusiform, 5 X 1-2 p. ; paraphyses acerose, rather stout, somewhat abruptly acuminate. Lachnella fragariastri, Phillips, in Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., vol. vi. p. 274. On dead strawberry stems. Not examined. Dasyscypha canescens. Mass. Gregarious or densely crowded, sessile, hemispherical then expanded, thin, up to f mm. across ; disc concave, dingy brown (when dry); excipuluin parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 7-10 p. diameter ; densely clothed externally with wavy or straight, cylindrical, obtuse, thin- walled, smooth, septate hairs, clear brown at the base, becoming pale towards the apex, 50-120 x 5-7 p.; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, at length becoming 1-septate, irregularly biseriate, 9-14 X 1*5-2 p.; paraphyses very narrowly lanceolate, apex acute, 3 p. thick at the widest part, slightly longer than the asci, hyaline. Lachnella canescens, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 259 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 1620. On naked wood. Type specimen examined. The cups are fawn-colour externally when dry, the hymenium darker. The present species is allied to D. horridula, and will be considered by many as a variety of that species. It is kept distinct more especially on account of the difference of habitat, the spores are also rather smaller, and the hairs more wavy in the present species. Dasyscypha albo-testacea. Mass. Scattered, sessile or narrowed to a very short stem-like base, globose and closed when diy, open and exposing the pale flesh-coloured disc when moist, up to f mm. across; excipulum thin and delicate, parenchymatous, cells irregu- larly polygonal, rather large; externally pilose, hairs straight or slightly wavy, somewhat tapering towards the apex, wall thin, septate, often rough with minute particles of lime, 80-120 p. x 5-6 //., 2 p. thick at the apex, pale reddish brown at the base, becoming colourless towards the DASYSCYPHA. 347 pointed apex ; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly fusiform, continuous, hyaline, smooth, straight or very slightly curved, 7-12 x 1'5/x,; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, half as long again as the ascus, hyaline. Peziza albo-testacea, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat., xix. (1843 ), p. 368. LacJmella albo-testacea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 273. Trichopeziza albo-testacea, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1730. On sheaths and leaves of grasses. Allied to D. horridula, but distinguished by the con- tinuous spores and tapering hairs. Specimen in Desmaziere's Crypt. Fr., ser. i., n. 1415, examined. Dasyscypha controversa. Eehm, 26 Ber. Naturh. Ver. Augsburg, p. 31 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1861. Gregarious or scattered, shortly stipitate, thin, f-lf mm. across; disc pallid, externally pale tawny, villose, marginal hairs thin-walled, cylindrical, obtuse, usually aseptate, pale brown below, tips hyaline, minutely rough, crowded, 70- 100 x 4—5 /A ; cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 7-9 //. diameter; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, straight, 5-8 X 1—1 '5 //, ; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, hyaline, 4-5 ^ broad, half as long again as the asci. Peziza controversa, Cooke, Grev., vol. iv. p. 41, pi. 51, fig. 264. Lachnum controversum, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 904. On dead culms of various grasses. Allied to D. palearum, but differs in the smaller spores and larger cortical cells. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 70, examined ; also Kehm, Ascom., n. 114. This species is represented in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 70, by beautiful specimens ; its omission from his " British Dis- comycetes " is probably therefore due to an oversight. Dasyscypha palearum. Mass. Scattered, stipitate, subglobose and closed, then expand- ing, thin, |-| mm. across; disc remaining more or less 348 FUNGUS-FLOKA. concave, pallid or whitish, externally pale tawny, tomentose, hairs thin-walled, septate, cylindrical, obtuse, minutely rough, pale clear brown below, tips colourless, minutely rough, 80—150 x 5-6 p.; cortex parench\*matous, cells elongated in the direction from base to apex, 6-8 X 3-4 p. ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, con- tinuous, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, 2-seriate, 11—14x1*81 2 /A, often guttulate; paraphyses lanceolate, tips acute, half as long again as the asci and nearly as broad at the widest part. Peziza palearum, Desrnaz., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1846. Lachnella palearum, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 239. Dasyscypha patens, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1942. On straw of wheat and other grasses. Allied to D. controversa, but separated by the longer spores and smaller, narrower cortical cells. Rehm — Krypt. Flora, Disc., p. 905 — calls the present, species Dasyscypha patens, considering it to be Peziza clan- destina (3 patens of Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 64. Dasyscypha fuscescens. Eehm, 26 Ber. Naturh. Ver. Augsb., p. Ill, 112. Scattered, shortly stipitate, globose and closed at first, then expanding until quite plane, thin, up to 1 mm. broad ; disc whitish or pallid, externally pale brown, villose, mar- ginal hairs best developed, thin-walled, septate, cylindrical, obtuse, dingy brown, tips pale and usually bearing an amor- phous lump of oxalate of lime, 80-150 x 5-6 p.; cortical cells brownish, irregularly polygonal, 6-9 p. diameter ; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, 2-seriate, elliptic-fusiform, 6-9 x 2 p. ; para- physes lanceolate, tips acute, about half as long again as the asci, 4-5 p. across at the broadest part. Peziza brunneola, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1841, p. 96. Lachnella brunneola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 238. Lachnella brunneola, var. fagicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 238. Dasyscypha brunneola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1916. Peziza fuscescens, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 654. Lachnella fuscescens, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 235. Lachnum fuscescens, Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 900. DASYSCYPHA. 349 On the underside of fallen leaves of oak and beech, also on beech mast. Specimens in Desm., Crypt. France, n. 1156; Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 28; Fuckel, Fung. Ehen., n. 1168; and Roumg., Fung. Gall., no. 1959, examined. I do not know what, species Phillips had in view when describing his Lachnella fuscescens — Brit. Disc., p. 235 — which is said to differ from his L. brunneola in having filiform paraphyses — I.e., p. 238 — but the paraphyses are distinctly lanceolate and acute, and the specimen* altogether identical with D. fuscescens as described above, in both the exsiccati quoted by Phillips under his L. fuscescens. Dasyscypha calyculaeformis. Rehni, Ascom., n. 207; Sacc., Syll., viii. n, 1888. Scattered or gregarious, stipitate, funnel-shaped, at first closed, then expanding until the margin is erect, up to 2 mm. high and broad ; disc yellowish-brown ; externally brown, villose as is also the short stout stem, hairs longest at the margin, where they are thin-walled, septate, cylin- drical, yellow-brown, usually minutely rough, straight or slightly wav3T, 80-150 x 6-8/1; cortex formed of slender, septate, parallel hyphae ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2 - seriate, hyaline, continuous, linear - fusiform, straight, 10-12 X 2/x; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, hyaline, 4-5 p. at widest part, longer than the asci. Peziza calyculaeformis, Schum., Enum , pi. Saell., p. 425. Lachnella calyculaeformis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 237. Lachnum calyculaeformis, Karst, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 178; Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, p. 897, figs. 1-4, p. 866. On branches of hazel, alder, &c. Very near to D. clandestina, but the ascophore is altogether larger, and the spores and marginal hairs longer. The stem is blackish-brown and smooth when the hairs have fallen away. Specimen in Rehm's Ascom., n. 207, examined. Far. latebrieola, Eehm, Ascom., n. Ill; Phil, Brit. Disc., p. 237. Spores elliptical, 6-8 x 2 • 5 p. ; some of the paraphyses are filiform, others lanceolate and acute, and longer than the 350 FUNGUS-FLORA. On fallen branches of Rhododendron ferrugineum and Vaccinium uliginosum. Phillips found the spores 9-10 X 2-5 /*. Specimen in Behm, Ascom., n. lllA, examined. Dasyscypha clandestina. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 305. Usually closely gregarious, stipitate, turbinate and closed when young, then saucer-shaped, margin erect, i-1 mni. broad ; disc pallid, often becoming brownish, externally fawn-colour or brown, villose, as is also the short, stout stem, hairs best developed at the margin, thin-walled, septate, obtuse or a little thickened at the tips, which often bear crystals, usually also minutely rough, yellow-brown, tips pale, 80-100 X 6-7 ^ ; cortex composed of parallel, slender, septate hyphae ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, straight, linear-fusiform, 2- seriate, 6-8 X 1'5/Aj paraphyses hyaline, lanceolate, apex acute, 5-6 /x. at the broadest part, longer than the asci. Peziza dandestina, Bull., Hist. Champ. France, p. 251, t. 416, f. 5. Laclmella clandestina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 236. Dasyscyplia albofurfuracea, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1906. Laclmella caulicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 236. On dry stems of Hubus idaeus. Allied to D. calyculaeformis ; for distinguishing features see under last-named. Specimens examined in Phil., Brit. Elv., n. 67, and Kehm, Ascom., n. 61. There is no certain evidence of the occurrence of Peziza, caulicola ( = Lachnella caulicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 236) in Britain ; the specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, from liudlow, accepted by Phillips as this species, proves on examination to be typical Dasyscypha clandestina. Dasyscypha nidulus. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, depresso-globose and closed at first, becoming nearly piano, firm, J,-| mm. across; disc pallid-yellow, externally chestnut-colour, pilose, hairs spreading, cylindrical, obtuse, rather thick-walled, niany- septate, smooth, straight, brown, tips paler, crowded, DASYSCYPHA. 351 t70-150-X 6-8 p.; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5—7 p. diameter; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, 2-seriate, elliptic-fusiform, 0-12 x 1 • 5-2 //,, straight ; para- •physes lanceolate, acute, hyaline, longer than the asci. Peziza nidulus, Schmidt & Kunze, Crypt. Germ., exs., n. 72. Lctchnella nidulus, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 264. Triclwpeziza nidulus, Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1682. On dead stems of Convallaria multiflora, C. verticillata, and on meadow-sweet. Distinguished by the stout, cylindrical, brown, rather closely septate external hairs. Specimen in Kze. & Schrn., Crypt. Germ., n. 72. ** Externally yellow. Dasyscypha leucophaea. Mass. Usually gregarious, sessile but narrowed at the base, globose and closed at first then plane, the margin slightly raised, 1-2 mm. across; disc pallid or tinged with rose- col6ur, externally sulphur-yellow, densely villose, hairs cylindrical, more or less pointed, septate, straight, pale yellow, rough with minute lumps of lime, 150-180 x 4-5 p : cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 5-7 fj, diameter; asci narrowly cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, con- tinuous, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 2-seriate, 12-18 X 2-2-5 p.; paraphyses lanceolate, acute, longer than the asci, hyaline, 4-5 /A at the widest part. Peziza sulfurea, var. leucophaea, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 250. Lachnum leucophaeum, Benin, Krypt. -Flora, Disc., p. 890, figs. 1—4, p. 865. On stems of herbaceous plants. For distinguishing features between the present, Eri- nella Nylanderi and D. sulfureum, see note under last-named species. For the clearing up of the previous confusion of the three above-named species, we are indebted to the excellent work by Dr. Kehm — Rabenhorst's Kryptogainen-Flora, Discomycetes. 352 FUNGUS-FLORA. Specimen examined in Rehm's Ascom., n. 6oA, also Sydow, Myc. March, no. 1364. Dasyscypha sulfurea. Mass. Ascophores scattered, sessile but narrowed at the base, closed at first, becoming plane, margin slightly raised, up to 1-5 mm. broad, externally densely villose, sulphur-yellow, hairs crowded, straight, septate, cylindrical, rather pointed or obtuse, rough with minute lumps of lime, pale greenish- yellow or sometimes pale yellowish- brown, 150—200 X 5/m; '• cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5-ti /x dia- meter ; the hairs and tissue of excipulum and cortex become violet-colour with potassic hydrate; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores elliptic-fusiform, continuous, hyaline, straight or slightly bent, 2-seriate, 8-10 X I '5-2 p.; paraphyses lan- ceolate, acute, longer than the asci, hyaline, 4-5 /A broad at the widest part. Peziza sulfurea, Pers , Tent. Disp. Meth., p. 33. Lachnum sulfureum, Rehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 891. On dead stems of herbaceous plants. We have in Britain three distinct species which have hitherto been included under the name of Peziza sulfurea, Persoon. The present, distinguished from D. Icucophaea by the smaller spores, and by the substance of the excipulum and external hairs being coloured violet by a solution of potassic or ammonic-hydrate. Finally Erinella Nylanderi is distinguished from both the preceding by the much larger, multiseptate spores. Dasyscypha cerina. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 305; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1887. Gregarious or crowded, narrowed into a very short stem- like base, or quite sessile, margin incurved and closed when young, then expanding, 1-2 mm. across; everywhere wax.y- yellow, often with a tinge of olive; externally and the margin villose, hairs thin-walled, septate, cylindrical, obtuse, usually slightly wavy, 150-200 x 5-6 p.; rough externally with particles of lime ; cortical cells 6—8 /A diameter ; asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, 6 x 2 '5-3 /*; paraphyses slender, narrowly lanceolate and acute, rather longer than the asci. DASYSCYPHA. 353 Peziza cerina, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 651. Lachnella cerina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 233., pi. vii., fig. 44. On rotten wood. Eeadily known at sight by the gregarious, dull olive- yellow or wax-coloured, villose ascophores. Specimen in Kew Herb, named by Persoon, examined. Dasyscypha pygmaea. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1816. Gregarious or caespitose, stipitate, turbinate and closed when young, then hemispherical, finally becoming plane, 4-6 mm. across ; disc orange, externally paler, downy, hairs short; thin-walled, 1-2-septate, obtuse, minutely rough, 30—45 x 4 /u,, crowded ; cortical cells parenchymatous, elongated in the direction from base to margin, 6-8 X 3-4 //, ; stem 3-5 mm. high, cylindrical or expanding upwards, sometimes branched, each branch bearing an ascophore, minutely downy; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, narrowly cylindric-fusiform, con- tinuous, hyaline, 10-11 x 2-2 -5 ju,; paraphyses lanceolate, apex acute, rather longer than the asci, about 4 p. at the broadest part. Peziza pygmaea, Fr., Syst. Myc., ii. p. 79. Lachnella pygmaea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 242. On wood among moss, also on partly buried branches (furze) &c. A large species, but variable in size and length of stem, which is sometimes proliferous or branched. The disc is also sometimes proliferous, bearing smaller ascophores on its surface, as shown in the figures by Berkeley and Broome — Linn. Trans., xxv. p. 432, t. 55, figs. 7-13. Specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, accepted as typical. ** Paraphyses cylindrical. * Externally clear deep or pale yellow. Dasyscypha melaxantha. Mass. Gregarious, narrowed at the base or broadly sessile, closed at first, then expanding, but the margin remaining erect, VOL. IV. 2 A 354 FUNGUS-FLORA. contracted when dry, thin, up to 1 mm. across ; disc black, externally clear greenish-yellow, or sometimes almost sulphur-yellow, pilose, the hairs often arranged in vertical lines, thin- walled, usually continuous, straight, base rather venticose and running out into a long, slender point, faintly tinged yellow, 40-65 x 3—4 //., crowded ; cortex minutely parenchymatous ; asci small, clavate, apex slightly narrowed, base stout, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, elliptic-oblong, con- tinuous, hyaline, 5-7 X 1 ' 5-2 //, ; paraphyses very slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza melaxantha, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 97. Lachnella melaxantha, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 266. Trichopeziza melaxantha, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1772. On branches of beech, &c. An exceptionally well marked, and distinct species, known at once by the black disc and yellow exterior. Specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, collected by the late Captain Carmichael, accepted as typical. Dasyscypha pulverulenta. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1928. Scattered, narrowed into a very short, stem-like base, entirely citron-yellow, thin, J-f mm. across; externally vil-' lose, hairs longest at the margin, thin-walled, septate, cylin- drical, obtuse, hyaline, minutely rough with particles of lime, and usually tipped with an amber-coloured mass of resin, 50-80 X 3-4 p; asci narrowly clavate, 8 spored; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, narrowly elliptical, 5-7 X 1 p. ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, cylindrical. Peziza pulverulenta, Lib., Crypt. Ard., n. 125. Peziza solfatera, Cke. & Ellis, Grev., vii. p. 7. Lachnella solfatera, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 246. Dasyscypha solfatera, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1929. When fresh the entire fungus is clear lemon-yellow, the resin from the matrix passes up the lumen of the hairs and exudes as an amber-coloured drop at the apex, which harden when it comes in contact with the air. When these resin tipped hairs are abundant the exterior of the ascophore is amber-colour, especially near the margin. The type specimen of Peziza solfatera, Cke. & Ellis, examination proves to be identical with Peziza pulverulent DASYSCYPHA. 355 Lib., Cz'jpt. Ard., n. 125, as do also the British specimens from Carlisle. Dasyscypha comitessae. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1832. Ascophores caespitose, gregarious, or scattered, stipitate, clavate and closed at first, then expanded, 2-3 mm. across ; disc bright golden-yellow, externally pale yellow and mi- nutely toinentose, hairs cylindrical, obtuse, thin- walled, septate, minutely rough, very faintly tinged yellow, 40-70 X 4-5 p. ; cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 6-8 \i. diameter ; stem 2-3 mm. long, expanding upwards ; as a rule the stem branches into 3—4 portions at the base, each branch bearing an ascophore ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, base or pedicel short, stout, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends often rather acute, 6-7 x 2 • 5 /u. ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, cylindrical. Peziza comitessae, Cke., Grev., iv. p. 111. Lachnella comitessae, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 243. On bark of a fallen tree (alder ?). Agreeing in colour and in the branching stem with D. pygmaea, but differs in having very slender, cylindrical para- physes not longer than the asci. When dry the fungus is almost white externally, and superficially resembles D. calycina and D. resinaria, but differs in not growing on conifers, also in the spores. Type specimen examined. Dasyscypha puberula. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, sessile but narrowed into a very short, stem-like base, closed and almost globose at first, then becoming almost or quite plane, very thin and delicate, very pale yellow or whitish, about \ mm. across ; externally and the margin pubescent, hairs cylindrical, obtuse, 1-2-septate 8—15 x 3-4 fj,, colourless, thin- walled ; cortex parenchyma- tous, cells irregularly polygonal, 6-7 p. diameter; asci cla- vate, tip narrowed, pedicel elongated, rather stout, often crooked, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, narrowly elliptic-fusiform, straight, 8-1 1 X 3-3 • 5 p. ; paraphyses slender, cylindrical, same length as the asci, hyaline. Peziza puberula, Lasch, in Klotzsch, Herb. Myc.. n. 1529 (a specimen examined). 2 A 2 356 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Lachnella puberula, Phil., Grev., xviii. p. 85. Pseudohelotium puberulum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1253. On fallen, decaying leaves of oak, &c. The present species is intermediate "between Dasyscypha and Helotium, the external and marginal haiis being minute, at the same time quite distinct. Dasyscypha stereicola. Mass. Gregarious, narrowed below into a short, stem-like base, at first turbinate then expanding and becoming cup-shaped, soft and rather fleshy, -|-1 mm. across, orange with a tinge of rose, especially when dry, externally and the margin downy ; excipulum minutely parenchymatous, cortical cells irregu- larly polygonal, minute, becoming narrow and elongated towards the margin, and running out into thin- walled, hya- line, septate, obtuse hairs, externally rough with minute particles of lime, 30-50 X 4-6 M, becoming shorter and less numerous downwards ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, base rather stout, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, continuous, smooth, hyaline, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 6-8 x 1 ' 5-2 //, ; paraphyses slender, tip very slightly or not at all thickened. Peziza stereicola, Cooke, Grev., vol. i. p. 130. Calloria stereicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 328. Trichopeziza stereicola, Sacc., Syll , viii. n. 1750. On the hymenium of species of Stereum. Type specimen examined, also specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 186. Dasyscypha citricolor. B. & Br. Cups very shortly stipitate or sessile, between waxy and fleshy, turbinate, finely tomentose, citron-colour; asci cla- vate ; spores fusiform, dotted with oil drops, 20-25 x 5-6 ft', paraphyses linear. Peziza (Dasyscypha) citricolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1321, t. xix., fig. 14. Lachnella citricolar, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 260. On rotten wood. Unknown to me. There is no specimen of the present species in Berkeley's herbarium. DASYSCYPHA. 357 ** Externally brown, red, luff, or dingy. § Growing on dead herbaceous stems or leaves. Dasyscypha oedema. Mass. Gregarious, sessile but fixed by a narrow base, globose then expanding, up to J- mm. across, altogether greyish- white, soft and somewhat tremellose ; excipulum very thin and delicate, parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, rather large ; externally minutely pubescent, hairs colourless, septate, thin-walled, cylindrical or very slightly thickened at the apex, often minutely rough, 50—75 x 4 p.; asci clavate, often curved, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, fusiform, con- tinuous, hyaline, 6-10 X l'5-2 /u,; paraphyses scanty, fili- form, hyaline. Peziza oedema, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1850, p. 4. Lachnella oedema, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 271. Trichopeziza oedema, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1751. Parasitic on clusters of Phragmidium, on the under side of bramble leaves. Care must be taken not to confound the present species with D. dumorum, which often accompanies it on the bramble leaves. Specimen in Desm., Crypt. France, ser. i. n. 2007, examined. Dasyscypha dumorum. Mass. Scattered, sessile, but narrowed at the base, turbinate and closed, then plane, about £ mm. across ; disc white or with a yellow tinge, externally dark brown, villose, hairs cylindri- cal, tips rather pointed, usually aseptate, dark brown and almost opaque, 40-50 x 3-4 p., crowded ; asci small, cylindric- clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2 -seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptic -fusiform, 4-5 x 1 p ; paraphyses sub- cylindrical, slender, not longer than the axis. Peziza dumorum, Koberge, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1850, vol. xiv. Peziza lucifuga, B. & Br., in Herb. Berk. Lachnella dumorum, Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 261. Trichopeziza dumorum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1727. On the under surface of dead bramble leaves. Near to D. nidula, but differs in the smaller asci and spores, 358 FUNGUS-FLORA. and in the external hairs being altogether smaller, without evident septa, not rough, and not paler and thickened at the tip. Specimen in Herb. Berk., from Roberge, examined, also the specimen called Peziza lucifuga, B. & Br. Dasyscypha trichiodea. Sacc., Syll., n. 1927. Gregarious or scattered, somewhat erumpent, narrowed at the base, globose and closed at first, then hemispherical, margin usually erect ; disc pallid or whitish, externally pale yellowish brown, villose, hairs more or less tufted at the margin, rather rigid, subcylindrical, mostly aseptate, often thickened at the base, yellowish brown, 60-100 X 4-5 /A; cortical cells small ; from |-13 mm. across ; asci small, nar- rowly clavate, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, colourless, continuous, elliptical, 5—7 x 1 ' 5 //,, often biguttu- late ; paraphyses hyaline, very slender, cylindrical. Peziza trichodea, Phil. & Plow., Grev., Ill, p. 125, pi. 42, fig. 4. Lachnella trichodea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 234. On dead pine leaves. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 69, examined. Dasyscypha Berkeley!. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then ex- panded and hemispherical, up to i mm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, the cells near the margin being irregularly polygonal, slightly elongated radially, 7-11 yu, broad, gra- dually becoming longer and narrower towards the base ; ex- ternally dingy ochraceous, densely clothed, especially at the margin with delicate, perfectly cylindrical, septate, smooth, colourless hairs not at all thickened at the apex, 40-80 X 4 /u, ; hymenium pale yellowish-brown ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, cy- lindric-fusiform, smooth, colourless, continuous, 6-9 x 2 /*; paraphyses filiform, about 2 p. thick, apex not thickened, hyaline. Peziza Berkeleii, Bloxam, in Berk. & Broome, Brit. Fung., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 770. Lachnella BerMeii, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 270. Trichopeziza Berkeleyi, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1673. DASYSCYPHA. 359 On dead stems of umbellifers. Closely allied to D. Grevillei ; points of difference are noted under the last named. Dasyscypha Grevillei. Mass. Ascophores scattered or gregarious, but more or less narrowed at the base, about ^ mm. across, at first closed, then hemispherical, every part varying from dingy ochra- ceous to pale brown ; excipulum parenchymatous, the cells very narrow, 3-4 p,, and much elongated radially ; externally pilose, hairs most abundant and longest at the dentate margin, the teeth consisting of clusters of slender, colourless hairs, 30-40 x 3-4- /x,, apex clavate or pyriform, 6-8 p. thick, rough with minute particles of lime ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, cylindric-fusiform, straight or very slightly curved, hyaline continuous, 2-3-guttulate, 6-9 x 2 p.; paraphyses filiform, about 2 fji thick, apex not thickened, colourless. Peziza Grevillei, Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 198. Mollisia Grevillei, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 180. Trichopeziza Grevillei, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1674. On dead stems of umbellifers. Very closely allied to, and also very closely resembling D. Berkeleii ; differing in the much shorter and distinctly clavate marginal hairs, and in the much smaller and narrower cells of the excipulum near its margin. Dasyscypha prasina. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, sessile, at first hemispherical, then expanded, becoming nearly plane, thin, waxy, soft, olive- brown, clothed with bright, rufous, slender, flexuous hairs, bright red below, colourless in the upper portion, margin incurved, about ^ mm. across ; disc greyish bistre or green, at length pale grey; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, fusiform straight or curved, 10-15 x 2-3 //,; paraphyses filiform. Lachnella prasina, Quelet, Assoc. Franc., 1880, p. 13, t. ix., fig. 5 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 261. Trichopeziza prasina, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1732. On dead culms of Phalaris arundinacea in water or very damp places. Summer. Not examined. 360 FUNGUS-FLORA. Dasyscypha micacea. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, very minute, sessile, expanded, extremely tender ; externally farinoso-tomentose, pale red or dilute cinnamon ; disc the same colour ; asci cylindraceo- clavate ; spores 8, fusiform, 3-5 x 1 p. ; paraphyses slenderly filiform. Peziza micacea, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 268. Lachnella micacea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 269. On dead stems of thistle. Ascophores about 200-300 p. broad. The hairs of the exterior are short, slender, and deciduous. Unknown to me. A species respecting which there is a considerable difference of opinion, and must ever be, as no type specimen exists, and from the brief description given by Persoon, I consider it is absolutely impossible to ascertain exactly the species he had in view. The above description is from Phillips, and describes the species considered by him to be Persoon's fungus. §§ Growing on bark, wood, or branches. Dasyscypha corticalis. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, but attached by a narrow base, globose then hemispherical and expanded, up to $ mm. across; excipulum thin, parenchymatous, irregularly polygonal, becoming very narrow and radially elongated before passing into the marginal fringe ; disc pale with slight red or brown tinge ; externally densely pilose, hairs best developed at the margin, where they are very numerous and of irregular lengths, cylindrical or tapering to the end very slightly, walls thin, septate, straight or slightly curved sometimes, smooth, or minutely rough with fine particles of lime, sometimes a large, irregular lump of lime occurs at the apex, or binds 2—3 hairs together, pale brown at the base becoming paler at the apex, or altogether almost colourless. 50-80 X 3-4 p. ; asci clavate, usually with an oblique pedicel with a knob at the end, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, narrowly fusiform, the widest part above the middle of the spore, or the apex thickened and rounded, straight or usually slightly bent, hyaline, 3-4-guttulate and at first continuous, DASYSCYPHA. 361 finally 1-septate, 16-20 x 3-5-4 /JL; paraphyses slender, cylindrical, 2-3 /u. thick, apex not thickened, hyaline, slightly longer than the asci. Peziza corticalis, Pers., Disp. Meth. Fung., p. 34. Lachnella corticalis, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 365 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 258 ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 885. On dead bark of trees, poplar, &c. Specimens in Kunze, Fung. Sel. Exs., n. 562, and Phil.r Elv. Brit., n. 112, examined. Distinguished from closely allied species by the large fusiform spores having the widest part above the middle, and by the slender, pale or colourless hairs, also by habitat. Dasyscypha barbata. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, depresso-globose and closed at first, finally nearly plane but slightly marginate, firm, 1—1 • 5 mm. across ; disc pallid, externally brownish, tomentose, hairs best developed at the margin, thin-walled, septate, smooth,, cylindrical, obtuse or slightly swollen at the apex, rusty- brown, 150—250 X 4— 5 //. ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5-7 /* diameter ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored; spores irregularly 1 -seriate, or 2-seriate upwards, narrowly clavate, ends blunt, 2-guttulate, at length 1-septate, 9—12 x 2— 2' 5 /j,; paraphyses cylindrical, hyaline, 3—4 thick, rather pointed and usually rough at the tips, longer than the asci. Peziza barbata, Kunze, in Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 99. Lachnella barbata, Phil., Brit. Disc, p. 263 ? ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1616; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 854. On dead stems of honeysuckle, Clematis, &c. Eeadily distinguished among the brown species by the stout, cylindrical paraphyses, which are longer than the asci. Specimens examined in Fries' Scler. Suec., n. 333, and Eehm's Ascom., n. 16. Dasyscypha papillaris. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, sessile, depresso-globose and closed at first, then becoming plane, slightly narrowed towards the base, contracted when dry, whitish or pale straw-colour, externally pilose, margin very minutely denticulate, due to the presence of slender, almost cylindrical, straight or slightly 362 FUNGUS-FLORA. wavy, slightly thick-walled, septate hairs, clear brown at the base, becoming almost colourless upwards, sometimes with crystalline granules at the tip, 80-150 x 4-6 >; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal or almost circular, brownish, 6-8 p. diameter; asci narrowly clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel stout, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, at first continuous, then 1-septate, narrowly elliptic-fnsoid, straight or curved, 12-18 x 3 p.; paraphyses slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza papillaris, Bull., Champ., t. 467, f. 1. Lachnea papillaris, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 257. Lachnella variecolor, Phil., Brit. Disc,, p. 259. On rotten wood. Specimens in Sacc., Myc. Ven., 1508, examined, also specimens from Montagne in Herb. Berk., Kew. Whatever the Peziza variecolor of Fries may be, I know not, but it is evident that the plant described by Phillips — Brit. Disc., p. 259 — under this name is identical with L. papillaris of the same work — p. 257 — and it will be observed that Phillips has given the same quotation from Fries under both species. Dasyscypha flammea. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, subglobose and closed when young, becoming expanded, substance thin, dry, usually impregnated with particles of lime, 2—3 mm. diameter, everywhere bright red, becoming dull red with age ; externally and the margin densely clothed with thin-walled, cylindrical, obtuse, straight or more or less wavy, pale reddish-brown hairs, which are usually rough with adhering particles of lime, 80-160 X 4-5 /j, ; asci clavate, apex obtuse, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, straight or slightly bent, narrowly ellipti- cal, ends obtuse, sometimes becoming 1-septate, 9-14 X 3-3 • 5 p. ; paraphyses slender, cylindrical throughout. Peziza flammea, Albert. & Schw., Comp. Fung. Agro. Nisk., p. 319, tab. 1, fig. 6. Lachnella flammea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 407 ; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1615. On dry, decorticated branches of willow, privet, &c. Readily distinguished by the red colour of every part, and the densely hairy exterior. DASYSCYPHA. 363 Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 72 ; Rehm, Ascom., n. 418, and Fries, Scler., n. 332. Dasyscypha spadicea. Mass. Ascophores scattered, sessile, base somewhat narrowed, subglobose and closed at first, then expanding, but the margin remaining erect or slightly incurved, rather dry and tough, J-f- mm. broad, disc pale bay, externally somewhat darker, and along with the margin, very shortly but densely tomen- tose, hairs tinged brown, septate, generally wavy, thin- Avalled, obtuse, 40-60 x 3-4 p.; hypothecium and excipulum formed of slender, intricately interwoven hyphae, which pass directly into the external tomentum ; asci narrowly cylindric- clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel stout, 8-spored, spores irregularly 2-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptic-fusoid, 8-10x2' 5-3 p. ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza spadicea, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 252, Lachnella spadicea, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 258 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1623. On furze, poplar, and lime branches. Specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, on furze, from Scotland, accepted as typical. Differs from the structure of Dasyscypha in having the hypothecium and excipulum formed of inter- woven hyphae. Dasyscypha Carmichaeli. Mass. Gregarious ; sessile or narrowed to a very short, stem-like base ; turbinate then expanding, up to § mm. across, very pale brown, rather fleshy ; excipulum minutely parenchyma- tous; externally rather densely covered with very short, blunt, 2-3-septate, slightly curved hairs, which form a slightly irregularly fringed, whitish margin, 40-60 X 5-6 p, ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, oblong-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, con- tinuous, 6-8 X 1 ' 5 p. ; paraphyses filiform, about 1 • 5 /* thick, hyaline. Peziza grisea, Carmichael in Herb. Lachnella grisella, Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 260. On decayed decorticated wood. Type specimen examined. The margin of the ascophore is incurved when dry. The 364 FUNGUS-FLOEA. short, densely set, very slightly coloured hairs give the exterior of the ascophore a minutely scurfy appearance under a lens. I have not observed the " perpendicularly striate " appearance described by Phillips very distinctly, and in some specimens not at all. The original specific name is antedated by Eehm. Dasyscypha tricolor. Mass. Gregarious or scattered, narrowed into a very short stem- like base, at first closed, then hemispherical, closed when dry, waxy, 1—2 mm. across ; disc yellowish, externally bluish grey and villose, hairs thin-walled, septate,, cylindrical, obtuse, slightly tinged grey, apex almost colourless, 80-120 x 5-6 fji, sometimes rather wavy ; cortical cells small, arranged more or less in parallel rows ; asci clavate, apex somewhat narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, often guttu- late, narrowly elliptical, 12-15 X 2 '5-3 p., 2-seriate ; para- physes slender, cylindrical, slightly longer than the asci. Peziza tricolor, Sow., Eng. Fung., t. 369, f. 6. Laclmella tricolor, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 240. On old bark and wood. Distinguished by the bluish-grey exterior and yellowish disc. Specimen in Moug. & Nest., n. 1189, examined. Dasyscypha Stevensoni. Sacc., Syll., n. 1889. Gregarious or scattered, narrowed to a short stem-like base, subglobose and closed at first, then hemispherical, about £ mm. across ; disc pallid, externally minutely villose, very pale amber, " sugar-colour," hairs dense, slender, thin- walled, 20-30 X 3 //,, almost colourless ; cortex minutely parenchyma- tous , asci narrowly clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, straight, elliptic-fusiform, 7-8 X 1*5-2 fj. ; paraphyses hyaline, very slender, cylindrical. Peziza (Mollisia) Stevensoni, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1485. Lachnella Stevensoni, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 235. On decorticated wood. Type specimen examined. Dasyscypha dematiicola. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, at first globose and closed, then hemispherical, finally plane, but with a distinct margin, DASYSGYPHA. 365 ^-f mm. across ; disc greyish, externally brownish with an olive tinge, minutely pilose, hairs, thin-walled, septate, cylindrical, obtuse, greyish-olive at the base, upper portion white, 40-50 x 4—5 //., longest at the margin ; cortex parenchymatous, cells more or less uniform in size, olive, 5-6 /JL diameter; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly nar- rowed, 8-spored; spores hyaline, narrowly elliptic-fusiform or often inclined to become clavate, straight or slightly curved, 6-9 x 1'5-2/x; paraphyses slender, cylindrical, hya- line, sometimes branched. Peziza dematiicola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1070, pi. 15, fig. 20. Lachnella dematiicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 265. Trichopeziza dematiicola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1707. Peziza escJiarodes, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1322, pi. 19, fig. 15. Lachnella escJiarodes, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 262 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1636? On dead stems of rose and bramble, also on dead wood ; sometimes growing along with a black mould. An examination of Berkeley's type specimens of Peziza dematiicola and P. escJiarodes shows that the two supposed species are identical in every respect. As to whether the species described by Phillips as Lachnella escJiarodes — Brit. Disc., p. 262 — is identical with the species of Berkeley, I am not certain ; " spores, 8 X 3 /x, ; vertically striate or rugose," are characters not apparent in the type specimen. Dasyscypha scrupulosa. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, subcylindrical, at first closed, then open, the margin erect, thin, | mm. across; externally mi- nutely pubescent, hairs delicate, thin-walled, cylindrical, obtuse, rather closely septate, breaking-up at the septa when placed in water and slightly moved, 30-40 x 3-4 //, ; whitish at the edge, pale dingy yellow, tinged greyish-olive, or greyish below ; cortical cells, 4-5 p. diameter ; asci clavate, 8-spored, small; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, con- tinuous, linear- fusiform, 5-8 x 1'5 p.; paraphyses very slender, cylindrical. Peziza scrupulosa, Karsten, Mon. Pez., p. 178. Lachnella scrupulosa, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 272. 366 FUNGUS-FLORA. Pseudohelotium Scrupulosum, Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 1222. On dead thorn, and Rubus idaeus. Very minute, when fully expanded more or less cylindrical, margin erect and acute. Specimen in Karsten, Fung. Fenn., n. 648, examined. Dasyscypha Bullii. Mass. Ascophores gregarious or sometimes clustered in small groups, very minute, rarely measuring more than -£ mm. across, stipitate, clavate or turbinate and closed at first, then expanding until almost plane, margin often wavy, whitish, stem very short, expanding upwards, brown, attached to the substratum by brown, septate hyphae, 3—4 p. thick ; sub- stance very thin, excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells very narrow and elongated in the direction from stem to margin, and terminating at the margin in delicate hyphae, 15-25 X 3 fj. ; similar scattered hyphae springing from the cortical cells cause the outside to be slightly pubescent ; asci clavate, apex rather narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical, ends rather pointed, or one end sometimes rounded, 6-8 x 1 ' 5 p. para- physes slender, hyaline, apex very slightly clavate. Peziza Bullii, W. G. Smith, Gard. Chron., 1873 ; Grev., vol. i. p. 120, pi. 8, fig. 3. Mollisia Bullii, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 194, pi. 6, f. 35. Pseudohelotium Bullii, Sacc.. Syll., viii. n. 1218. On a wooden cistern. Authentic specimen from author examined. The present species cannot be a Mollisia ; the pilose exterior and very short stem gradually expanding into the turbinate ascophore, as also the structure of the excipulum, point to Dasyscypha, of which it must be considered as a degraded form. It is at the same time closely allied to such species of Mollisia as M. mail, and may be looked upon as connecting Mollisia and Dasyscypha. Dasyscypha elaphines. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, base somewhat narrowed, sul>globose and closed, then expanding and becoming saucer-shaped ; disc pale grey, externally pale buff, margin paler, everywhere covered with cylindrical, septate, obtuse, somewhat flexuous DASYSCYPHA. 367 hairs, 40-60 X 5-6 p; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells almost quadrate, very pale, giving origin to the ex- ternal hairs, and running out at the margin into parallel, obtuse hyphae ; asci narrowly clavate, tip narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, narrowly cylindrical, ends narrowed, straight or slightly curved, 8-10 x 1-5-2 /j.; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tip not thickened. Peziza elaphines, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1325, ser. iv., vol. vii. p. 17, t. 19, f. 18. Mollisia elapJiines, Gillet, Champ. Fr., Disc., p. 131 ; Phil., Brit, Disc., p. 179. Pseudohelotium elaphines, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1257. On dead wood. Type specimen examined, also Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 659, and Hab., Fung. Eur., 1813 (specimens furnished by Broome). Under a low power the outside of the ascophore looks as- if dusted with saccharine granules, and is so described by Berkeley, and afterwards copied by Phillips ; but when exa- mined under a power of 400 diameters, the apparent granu- lation is seen to consist of the obtuse tips of the short hairs with which the outside is covered. During expansion of the- ascophore the hairs are often arranged in vertical lines. Dasyscypha siparia. Mass. Ascophore sessile on a broad base, globose then expanded and with a raised margin, 2-3 mm. across ; the hypothecium consists of densely interwoven, aseptate, brownish hyphae, and these pass continuously into the excipulum, which is less densely interwoven, and finally the hyphae become irregu- larly branched, and paler free tips forming the outside of the excipulum, which is minutely pilose or furfuraceous under a lens, ochraceous, hyphae about 5 //. thick, equal; asci clavate, rather narrowed at the apex, base attenuated into a narrow pedicel, 8-spored ; spores irregularly biseriate, subcylindrical, ends obtuse, slightly curved, hyaline, continuous, often 1-gut- gulate at each end, 10-14 x 2-3 /*; paraphyses filiform, equal, hyaline, about 1 ^ //. thick. Peziza siparia, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 772, ser ii,, vol. xiii., 1854. 368 FUNGUS-FLORA. LacJinella siparia, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 276 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1629. On decorticated elm branches. In clusters of 2-3. Remarkable for the structure of the ascophore, which consists entirely of interwoven hyphae, and no trace of parenchymatous tissue. Sometimes the hyphae extend on to the matrix, and form more or less of a subi- culum. Type specimen examined. §§§ Growing on ferns. Dasyscypha pteridis. Mass. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, globose and closed at first, then hemispherical, soft, about i mm. across ; disc dingy yellowish-brown, externally blackish-brown, often with an olive tinge, minutely pilose, hairs aclpressed, short, those at the margin longest, thin-walled, cylindrical, obtuse, brown, usually without septa, 18—35 X 3— 4 /A, but irregular in length and giving the margin a minutely finibriated appearance ; cortical cells elongated in the direction from base to margin, and running out into the marginal hairs, 6-8 X 3-4 p. ; asci small, clavate, apex narrowed and thick-walled, base short and stout, 8-spored ; spores 2-seriate, hyaline, elliptic-oblong, 6-7 X 1 ' 5 p. ; paraphyses cylindrical, slender. Peziza pteridis, Alb. & Schw., Consp. Fung., p. 328, t. 12, fig. 7. Lachnella pteridis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 256, pi. viii. fig. 47. Trichopeziza pteridis, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1745. On dead stems of bracken. Distinguished by its small size, very short hairs, dark colour, and growing on bracken. Specimens in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 32, and Kehm, Ascom., n. 411, examined. Dasyscypha grisella. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1945. Scattered or gregarious, narrowed below into a very short, stout, stem-like base, globose and closed at first, then ex- panding and becoming saucer-shaped; disc greyish, often with a tinge of brown or yellow, externally covered with delicate, pale brown or almost hyaline, mostly septate, obtuse DASYSCYPHA. 369 hairs, 30-60 x 2 • 5-3 /* at the margin, cortex parenchyma- tous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5-8 p. diameter, entire fungus thin and delicate, |— J mm. across ; asci short, cylin- dric-clavate, apex slightl}* narrowed, base rather stout, 8-spored; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, continuous, cylindrical or very slightly clavate, straight or a little curved, 6-9 X 1*5—2 /JL ; paraphyses slender, cylindrical,, colourless. Helotium grisellum, Rehm, Hedw., 1855, p. 12. PMalea grisella, Eehm, Krypt.-Fl., Disc., p. 737. On the under surface of dead fronds of bracken. A minute species, and difficult to detect, as it is to some extent concealed by the hairs on the surface of the frond. Specimens examined in Rehm's Ascom., n. 766, and Rab.- Winter, Fung. Eur., n. 3572. Position doubtful Dasyscypha stigmella. Sacc., Syll., vol. x., Suppl.,. n. 4546. Ascophore shortly stipitate, white, or pale flesh-colour, clad with thin, flexuous hairs T^ mm. diameter, disc of the same co lour; asci cylindrical ; spores, 8-10 X I/*; paraphyses fusiform. Lachnella stigmatella, Cooke, Grev., vol. xix. p. 86. On rushes. Unknown to me. The type specimens cannot be found in Herb. Cooke, Kew. Dasyscypha callimorpha. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1875. Gregarious, sessile or shortly stipitate, externally tornen- tose, hairs colourless, hairs short, continuous, apex attenuated or acute, 3—4 p. thick ; almost plane, contracted into a sphe- rical form when dry ; disc yellow or orange-yellow, up to i mm. across ; asci cylindric-clavate, 35-45 X 5 p. ; spores straight, linear-fusoid, 6-8-guttulate or spuriously multi- septate, 17-20 x 1*5-2 p. ; paraphyses subulate, 3 //, thick. Lachnum callimorphum, Karst., Myc. Fenn., p. 173. Lachnella callimorpha, Phil., Grev., vol. xvi. p. 94. On dead leaves of Carex and Eriophorum angustifolium. Unknown to me. Unfortunately there is no fungus pre- VOL. rv. 2 B 370 FUNGUS-FLORA. sent in the Kew copy of Karsten, Fung. Fenn., n. 835 ; said to be the present species. If the spores become truly multi- septate at maturity, it cannot remain in the present genus. Excluded species. Peziza erytlwstigma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., 1168, t. 4, p. 31. Lachnella erytlwstigma, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 254. The very meagre description, and the absence of specimens, render recognition of the present species impossible. Peziza episphaeria, Mart., Erlang., p. 465. Laclmella episphaeria, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 273. What the true species is, I know not ; but, so far as Britain is concerned, the specimens I have seen belong to other species. NEOTTIELLA. Cooke. Ascophore sessile or subsessile, rather fleshy, often small, flattened or concave, externally downy, due to the presence cm. thick, springing from a white, spreading mycelium ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat trun- cate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 15—17 X 8 /A, obliquely 1-seriate; paraphyses slender, septate, very slightly clavate. Peziza insolita, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 375 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 45. On decaying leaves amongst mould in a fig-house. Cooke says the spores measure 22-25 X 10-12 /A, but I find them smaller in the specimen examined. Type specimen examined. Geopyxis cocotina. Mass. Ascophore fleshy, stipitate, hemispherical, then expanded and almost plane ; margin acute, often split at maturity, 1*5— 2*5 cm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, cells large, irregularly polygonal ; externally whitish downy, due to the GEOPYXIS. 381 presence of hyaline, thin- walled hairs, 2-3-septate, and often slightly constricted at the septa, 40—60 x 6—8 p. ; disc pale orange colour; stem about 1 cm. long, rather slender, tapering to the point, rooting, whitish; asci cylindrical, base attenuated, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, elliptical, smooth, continuous, hyaline, 15—18 x 8—10 p. ; paraphyses filiform, straight, septate, apex incrassated. Peziza cocotina, Cooke, Grev., v. p. 61 ; Mycogr., fig. 356. Lachnea cocotina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 206. Sarcoscypha cocotina, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 636. On cocoa-nut fibre, sawdust, &c. Type specimen examined. Var. linteicola. Caespitose and often irregular from lateral pressure, very fragile, sessile or the base narrowed into a short stem, |-f in. across, disc tawny, remainder as in type. Peziza linteicola, Phil. & Plow., Brit. Disc., p. 64. Sarcoscypha linteicola, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 280. On damp, rotting linen cloth. Authentic specimen examined. Cups | to f of an inch broad ; sometimes divided to the base on one side, the edges of the division involute, at others entire, cupulate, arising from white creeping mycelium ; sporidia vary much in size, and are shortly elliptical, approaching globose. The apices of the paraphyses are clavate or pear-shaped, with one or two large elliptic transparent nuclei devoid of granules. The cells forming the exterior of the cup are rather small (from 10-20 /x, in diameter). (Phillips.) Geopyxis parvispora. Mass. Ascophore stipitate, clavate at first, then expanded, up to 3 cm. in diameter and as much in height, often distorted and confluent, more or less turbinate ; disc plane, rarely slightly concave, whitish, becoming dusky, scarcely marginate ; fleshy, soft, externally white, clad, on the stem more especially with short, hyaline down which becomes scanty upwards, leaving the margin almost naked; stem thick, variable, gradually expanding into the disc ; asci cylindrical, spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, smooth, narrowly elliptical, ends rounded, biguttulate, 16-20 X 4-5 p.; paraphyses very 382 FUNGUS-FLORA. slender, scarcely thickened upwards, often granular exter- nally. Sarcoscypha tenuisporcu, C. & M., Grev., xxi. p. 121. On sticks and leaves lying on the ground. Usually attached by white mycelium to the matrix. Eemarkable for the scarcely depressed disc, and the narrow spores. ** Externally scurfy or verruculose. Geopyxis cupularis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 246. Ascophore stipitate, hemispherical, margin erect, irregu- larly crenulate, thin; disc fawn-colour or yellowish, exter- nally similar in colour or paler, rather coarsely scurfy ; excipuluni parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 8-12 i*. diameter, forming irregular groups at the periphery and causing the scurfiness of the exterior ; 1—2 cm. across ; stem slender, somewhat rooting, 1 cm. long, or sometimes almost obsolete, and then the base of the ascophore is often more or less puckered ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed, 8-spored; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, often 1-2-guttulate. 18-20 X 10-12 p; paraphyses slender, hyaline, septate, slightly clavate at the tip. Peziza cupularis, Linn., Suec., n. 1273 ; Phil., Brit., Disc., p. 47, pi. iii., fig. 12. On the ground, in damp places among moss, &c. Specimens examined from Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 155, and liehm, Ascomy., n. 8. Possesses many points in common with G. carbonaria, as the crenulate margin, ;ind variability in length of stem, but known by the duller colour, and broader spores. Geopyxis petaloidea. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 225. Ascophore stipitate, fleshy and firm, margin deeply and irregularly lobed and waved ; disc rugose, yellowish- brown, externally dingy-brown, scurfy or verrucose, base rugose ; excipulum parenchymatous, about 1 cm. across; stem up to 1 cm. long, tapering to the base ; asci narrowly cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, verruculose, elliptical, often guttulate, 14-15 X GEOPYXIS. 383 8 /A ; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened upwards, septate, hyaline. Peziza petaloidea, Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 46. On the ground. Type specimen examined. This has somewhat the aspect of Peziza firtna in an old stage of growth. The cup is lobed, undulate, decurved at the margin; the disc is umbilicate, radiately wrinkled, 8 lines broad across the widest part ; the under side of the cup is smoky -brown, minutely warted, wrinkled, longitudinally near its junction with the stem, which tapers towards the base, and is 5 lines high and about 1 line thick near the middle. (Phillips.) The colours given are those seen in the dry specimen, and may be slightly different fresh. Geopyxis carbonaria. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 242. Ascophore stipitate, campanulate, then more expanded, but remaining concave, margin erect, minutely and irregu- larly crenulate, thin, disc ochraceous-red, deeper and brighter when young, externally whitish and minutely scurfy ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells 10-16 /A diameter ; i-1^ cm. broad ; stem slender, length very variable, in some instances 1 cm. long, in others almost obsolete, whitish ; asci cylindri- cal, base narrowed, apex rounded, 8 spored ; spores uniseriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, narrowly elliptical, ends rather narrowed, 18— 19 X 7/t; paraphyses slender, slightly clavate, septate, hyaline. Peziza carbonaria, Alb. & Sz., Consp. Fung. Lus., p. 314, t. iv., f. 2 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 49 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 284. On scorched ground, charcoal beds, &c. Allied to G. cupularis, but distinguished by the narrower and more pointed spores, and the nearly glabrous outside of the ascophore. Specimen in Rehni, Ascotn., n. 702, examined. Geopyxis carnea. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 211. Ascophore stipitate, saucer-shaped at maturity ; margin usually slightly incurved ; entire, thin, rather firm and elastic ; disc dingy yellowish-red, externally darker and scurfy, 1-2^ cm. across ; excipulum formed of closely inter- woven septate hyphae, passing into a parenchymatous cortex, 384 FUNGUS-FLORA. the cells growing into projecting groups to form the scurfy protuberances ; stem slender, |-1 cm. long, brownish, base of ascophore often plicate; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, usually 1—2- guttulate, 14—16 X 6-7 /j. ; paraphvses slender, hyaline, septate, the slightly thickened tip often bent. Peziza earned, Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 48. On the ground. Type specimen examined. The present species was considered by Berkeley as " Peziza cupularis, var." It is, however, quite distinct from G. cupularis in the nature of the excipulum and the somewhat smaller spores. The colour is described from dried specimens only. *** Externally glabrous. Geopyxis Bloxami. Mass., Grev., vol. xxi. p. 100. Ascophore stipitate, hemispherical, then expanding and becoming saucer-shaped, or sometimes nearly plane, thin, rather flexible, margin entire, f-U cm. across; externally smooth and even ; stem 4-1 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick, equal, smooth, even ; every part pale tan (in the dry state) ; excipulum formed of slender, hyaline, thin, intricately inter- woven hyphse ; these pass near the surface into a parenchy- matous cortex composed of polygonal cells, 6-8 p. diameter; asci cylindrical, apex truncate, narrowed at the base into a slender pedicel, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 34r-38 x 8-9 p.; paraphyses septate, about 2 p. thick, apex not thickened, sometimes branched. On the ground. Allied in the form and size of the spores, and also in the structure of the excipulum, to G. coccinea, but distinguished by colour, being glabrous externally, and in growing on the ground. Geopyxis rapulum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 209. Ascophore stipitate, saucer-shaped then almost plane, margin entire at first, then drooping and somewhat split, GEOPYXIS. 385 thin, fragile, glabrous, translucent, varying from pale straw- colour to nearly tawny, 1 cm. or more across, externally marked with fine lines radiating from the stem ; excipulum composed entirely of uniform, densely interwoven hyphae, a narrow zone at the base of the asci brownish, remainder hyaline ; stem 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, tapering down- wards, mostly buried ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 1- seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 12-15 X 7-8; paraphyses hyaline, filiform, tips very slightly thickened. Peziza rapulum, Bull., Champ. Fr., p. 265, t. 485, fig. 2 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 197; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 50. On the ground among pine leaves, &c. Spring. Specimen determined by Berkeley and figured by Cooke in Mycographia, fig. 197, examined. The stem is rooting and the greater part buried in the ground or among leaves, the buried portion is fibrillose, or, according to Holmskiold, Fung. Danicis, ii. p. 24, t. 9, densely clothed with ferruginous down. Gillet— Disc. France, p. 38, with fig.— has figured the present species springing from an elongated, blackish sclerotium about 1 cm. long ; if this be the true plant, it will have to be placed in the genus Sclerotinia, with which it agrees more closely in general structure than with Geopyxis. Geopyxis ammophila. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 238. Ascophore stipitate, at first subglobose with a small aperture, then more or less turbinate, and the margin irregu- larly split, at this stage 2 -5-3 '5 cm. across, finally expand- ing and becoming almost plane and up to 6 cm. across, fleshy and very brittle ; externally pale brown, covered with particles of sand adhering to the gelatinised outer cells; cortical cells irregularly polygonal, 9—18 //. diameter; disc brown ; stem 3—5 cm. long, 4—6 mm. thick above, simple, or with 2-3 short branches ; usually buried in the sand ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uni- seriate, elliptical, smooth, hyaline, continuous, 15—20 x 8-10 p; paraphyses not numerous, slender, unbranched, slightly thickened upwards. Peziza ammophila, D. & M., Fl. Alger., t. 25, fig. 2 ; Cooke, Mycogr., figs. 100 (copied from Flor. Alg.) & 373; Phil., VOL. iv. 2 c 386 FUNGUS-FLOKA. Brit. Disc., p. 49; Trail, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist,, Jan. 1893, p. 37. Among dry sand close to the upper limits of the tide- mark, usually in the vicinity of Elymm. Professor Trail, F.R.S., of Aberdeen, has given a very interesting account, in the journal quoted above, of observa- tions made on the present species, which occurs in consider- able abundance on the coast of Aberdeenshire. I have made use of this account in drawing up the specific character, and also add the following extract from the same. " The appearance varies so greatly with the age of the specimen that it would be difficult to recognise the species but for the fact that all the intermediate forms can be traced in the various groups. " From personal observation, I find the course of develop- ment to be as follows. The fungus first pushes its way through the sand as a sphere, rather flattened above, and continued below as a thick tapering stalk or "rooting-stem." The surface is so covered with sand as to be scarcely visible. On removing as much of the sand as is possible without injuring the tissues, the surface is seen to be very pale brown, and appears free from hairs, though under the micro- scope one finds the surface loosely covered with a downy coating. The apical half of the stalk bears a more evident mycelium. The entire fungxis is fleshy and brittle, so as to render it fcomewhat difficult to procure perfect specimens. The stalk is peculiarly apt to break away unless very care- fully handled. On their first appearance the cups do not rise above the surface of the sand which they much resemble in colour. The smallest that I have seen were about half an inch in diameter, or rather less, and the only indication of the opening of the cup was a small hole in the middle of the upper surface. The cups continue to enlarge, and the central hole widens, remaining circular and still surrounded by an entire inflexed margin, so that the brown hymenium lining the interior is in full view. When the cup has reached a diameter of about an inch, it has assumed the form figured in Cooke's ' Mycographia,' figures 100, 373. The margin becomes split rather irregularly by the more rapid growth of the adjacent tissues; and the cup becomes turbinate. The proportions of the cup vary a good deal. GFEOPYXIS. 387 I have found them in this stage upwards of if inches (42 mm.) in diameter. The tissues lining the cup continues to increase; and at last the hymenium may become only slightly concave, or flattened, or even slightly convex, so as to resemble greatly Peziza ancilis, Rehni (a species that I have found in Aberdeenshire in April, on ground covered with old sawdust). In this condition I have found examples exceeding 2| inches (60 mm.) in breadth. Geopyxis undata. Mass. Gregarious, stipitate and rooting, fleshy, disc slightly concave, afterwards expanded, then reflexed, generally corru- gated, yellowish, buff, grey, purple, or pallid, 1-2 mm. across ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores elliptic, smooth, 10 x 5 /*, obliquely 1-seriate ; paraphyses stout, enlarged upwards. Peziza undata, W. G. Smith, Grev., vol. i. p. 136, pi. 10, figs. 1-2 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 279 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 79 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 320. On stems of tree-ferns, Veitch's Nursery, Chelsea. Specimen in Herb., Kew, communicated by the author, examined, but unfortunately the structure of the ascophore could not be determined. Remarkable for the small spores. The asci show no trace of blue when treated with iodine. Geopyxis muralis. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 245. Gregarious, stipitate, concave at first then nearly plane, firm, centre fleshy, becoming thin towards the margin, glabrous, entirely pale clay-colour, 4 mm. to 1 cm. across ; stem 2-4 mm. long, rather slender ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, 14 x 8 p.; paraphyses very slender, not thickened at the tips. Peziza muralis, Sow., Eng. Fung., t. 251 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 48. On clay. A somewhat doubtful species. I can find no plants on the lumps of clay in the Kew Herb., on which the typt> speci- mens, figured by Sowerby, grew. The description of the asci, spores, and paraphyse.s are from a sketch by Phillips, who had examined the typa before all the specimens had decayed. 388 FUNGUS-FLORA. ANTHOPEZIZA. Wettstein. Ascophores stipitate, solitary or several springing from a common base, piriform and closed at first, then funnel-shaped, the crenate margin spreading, externally and the stem pubescent ; hypothecium, excipulum, and cortex formed of slender, densely interwoven hyphae; asci cylindrical, apex truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, smooth, hyaline, fusiform, 3-5-septate at maturity ; paraphyses slender, septate. Anthopeziza, Wetts., Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1885, p. 382. Allied to Geopyxis, but distinguished by the large, fusi- form spores being 3— 5-septate at maturity. Anthopeziza mirabilis. Mass. Scattered, ascophores growing singly, or several springing from the same base, stipitate, at first piriform and closed, then funnel-shaped with the crenate margin more or less spreading, rather fleshy and brittle, £— 1 cm. across; disc bright crimson, externally white, toinentose, stem 2—4 cm. long, slender, slightly thickened upwards, white, tomentose, more or less rooting; hypothecium and excipulum formed of septate, interwoven hyphae, which run out as thin- walled, cylindrical hairs to form the external down ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1- iseriate, hyaline, smooth, elliptical, ends pointed, for a long time continuous and 3-5-guttulate, then becoming 3-5- septate, 45-50 X 15—16 /A; paraphysts slender, septate, apex not thickened but septate with crimson granules, sometimes branched. Peziza mirabilis, Borszczow, Fungi Ingrici, p. 61, tabs. 4-5 (1857); Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 93 (spore incorrect in shape and size); Phil., in Grev., vol. xvii. p. 83. Sclerotinia baccata, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 331, tak iv. fig. 38 (one spore). Anthropeziza Winteri, Wettst., Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1885, p. 383 with fig. Among pine leaves, also among grass. Specimens collected by Professor W. H. Trail, F.R.S., growing in clusters of 2-6 among grass, on the banks of ANTHOPEZIZA — SEPULTARIA. 3 38.} the Dee, near Ballater, accepted as typical. The spores remain continuous and 3-5-guttulate for a considerable time, finally becoming 3-5-septate, but the appearance of the septa is very erratic, sometimes one at a short distance from each end are first formed, sometimes a median one. Saccardo — Syll., viii. n. 622 — has given the present species as a synonym under Sarcoscypha protracta, Fries ; this is certainly a mistake, as proved by examination of specimens of the last-named fungus from Fries. Fuckel, in describing his Sclerotinia baccata, queries the presence of a sclerotium, no such structure was found by Dr. Trail in the Scottish specimens, neither does the structure of the ascophore and the villous exterior suggest the genus Sclerotinia. In Symb. Myc., Append, ii., p. 65, Fuckel identifies his fungus with a species described as Microstoma hyemale by Milde in Bot. Ztg., 1852, p. 208, and in consequence alters the name to Sclerotinia hyemaUa (Milde) Fuckel. If Milde's species is actually identical with the fungus described above, the name should be Anthopeziza hiemalis. SEPULTARIA. Cooke (emended). Ascophore large, sessile, subterranean, globose, and com- pletely closed when young; during growth the apex is ruptured in a more or less stellate manner, exposing the disc, and the fungus protrudes above the surface of the ground, rather fleshy, colour dingy ; externally densely clothed with matted, thin-walled, cylindrical, septate hairs, or almost glabrous ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored J spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical ; paraphyses present. Sepultaria, Cooke, Mycographia, p. 259 (as a section of Peziza). Terrestrial. Distinguished from Peziza by being sub- terranean at first, and completely closed, finally rupturing at the apex in a stellate manner, hence the margin is broken up into pointed teeth. Probably a primitive type of the Pezizae. Sepultaria sepulta. Mass. Asoophore at first subterranean, becoming more or less 390 FUNGUS-FLORA. exposed at maturity, depresso-globoee and entirely closed when young, then opening by a small mouth, the margin becoming split into pointed segments to a greater or less extent, 2—5 cm. across ; disc yellowish-brown, externally yellowish-brown or dingy, densely villose and more or less coated with sand or earth, hairs cylindrical, simple or frequently branched, septate, coloured, elongated and in- tricately felted, 6-10 p. thick ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18-22 x 10-12 p.; paraphyses slender, septate, the brownish apex slightly thickened. Peziza sepulta, Fries, Nov. Symb. Myc., p. 126 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 112. Lachnea sepulta, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 209, pi. vi. fig. 39 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 684. Peziza geaster, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., nos. 956 and 1 162, pi. iv. fig. 26 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 114. Lachnea geaster, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 210 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 693. In the ground. The type specimens of P. geaster, B. & Br., are somewhat smaller in size than specimens of P. sepulta, Fr., specimens of which, named and communicated by Fries, are in Herb. Berk., but in other respects the two are identical. Sepultaria arenicola. Mass. Ascophore sessile, subterranean, subglobose then ex- panding, but the margin remains persistently more or less incurved, and usually becomes split and irregularly toothed, 1-2 cm. across; waxy; clothed externally with a dense coat of flexuous, interwoven, septate, brown hairs 4-5 ft thick ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 15—30 p. diameter, passing into a closely packed row of parallel, slightly clavate, elongated, septate cells at the margin, olive-brown; disc pale tan-colour or brownish, sometimes with a tinge of pink; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, base narrowed into a pedicel, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends rounded, usually 1-guttulate, 20-22 x 11-12 /x.; paraphyses filiform, straight, slightly clavate, 4 //, thick at the apex. SEPULTARIA. 391 Peziza arenicola, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. (1848), vol. ix., p. 140; Cke., Mycogr., p. 66, fig. 118. Lachnea arenicola, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 210; Sacc., Syll., n. 694. Peziza Bloxami, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 121. Lachnea arenicola, var. Bloxami, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 211. In sandy ground. Subterranean at first, then as the fungus expands, the sand is pushed away and the disc exposed. The outside woolly coat of the fungus is completely covered with particles of sand. Specimen from Leveille in Herb. Berk, examined. Cooke's specimens of P. Bloxami, which I have examined, agree exactly in size, structure, and habit with the present species. Sepultaria Sumneriana. Mass. Ascophore subterranean, globose, and closed at first, then splitting at the apex into irregular portions, becoming rather broadly expanded, and partly raised above-ground, rather fleshy, 2 '5-5 cm. across; disc pale ochraceous with a pinkish tinge, externally brown and densely villose, hairs elongated, wavy, cylindrical, septate, coloured, 7-10 p. thick; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores smooth, hyaline, con- tinuous, elliptical, ends acute, often 2-guttulate, 28-30 X 11-13 /x; paraphyses slender, septate, the brown tips clavate. Peziza, lanuginosa, var. Sumneri, Berk., Linn. Trans., xxv., pi. 55, fig. 1 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 111. Lachnea Sumneriana, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 213; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 618. On the ground, under conifers. Spring. Distinguished from S. sepulta by the large, acute-pointed spores, and by the larger ascophore. Type specimen examined. Sepultaria semiimmersa. Mass. Ascophore 3 mm. up to 1 cm. across, sessile, semi- immersed in the ground, hemispherical then expanded, some- times becoming almost plane, margin unequal and irregularly torn; disc pale ochraceous with a tinge of dingy flesh- colour or sometimes pale brick-red; externally paler and 392 FUNGUS-FLORA. slightly pubescent owing to the presence -of stout, septate hyphae springing from many of the large cells of the exci- pulum ; asci almost cylindrical, base attenuated, spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, elliptical, smooth, hyaline, usually 1-2 guttulate, 16-21 x 9-10 /*; paraphyses numerous, form- ing a large curve at. the apex, which is only very slightly or not at all thickened, but often showing a slight tendency to become nodulose, sparingly septate or aseptate, colourless, about 3 fji thick. Peziza semiimmersa, Karsten, Monog. Fez., p. 117; Myc. Fenn., i. p. 45; Cke., Mycogr., f. 46; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 95. Humaria semiimmersa, Sacc., Syll., n. 568. On damp naked ground, especially when of a sandy nature. Gregarious and more or less immersed. Specimen in Karsten's Fung. Fenn. Exs., n. 724, examined. Very much the colour of the soil, and Vmried half-way in the ground. The disc is more decidedly flesh-colour. (Phil.) Sepultaria coronaria. Mass. Subterranean at first, then burs ting through and becoming partly exposed ; subglobose and closed at first, then splitting from the apex in a stellate manner into 5—8 pointed teeth which spread or even become reflexed with age, 6-12 cm. across, often furnished with a short, stout, stem-like rooting base; excipulum fleshy, rather brittle, composed of colour- less septate, interwoven h}'phae, mixed with lai'ge vesicular cells ; disc varying in colour from dark purple to rosy ; ex- ternally pallid with tinge of blue or brownish purple, glabrous ; asci narrowly cylindrical, very long, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate at the upper part of the ascus, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, often 2 guttulate, 14-18 x 7-8 /x; paraphyses fili- form, apex clavate, l^aline. Peziza coronaria, Jacq., Misc,, p. 140, t. 10; Sacc., Syll., n. 287 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 68 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 238. Peziza macrocalyx, Smith, Journ. Bot., 1869, p. 345, t. 98. On the ground under trees. Spring. Specimen in Rehm's Asoom., n. 602 ; also W. G. Smith's specimen of P. macrocalyx, examined. CARNOSAE, 393 CARNOSAE. A. Spores globose. * Spores hyaline. Barlaea. ** Spores coloured. Sphaerosoma. Ascophore persistently subgloboge, wrinkled. Curreyella. Ascophore plane, even. B. Spores elliptical or fusiform. * Spores septate. Masseea. ** Spores continuous. f Ascophore sessile or subsessile. Humaria. Ascophore small, rarely 1 cm. across, fleshy, sessile on a broad base. Peziza. Ascophore large, 2-10 cm., fleshy, scurfy outside. Otidea. Ascophore elongated and split down one side, or vertically incurved and very wavy. * * Ascophore stipitate ; stem stout and longitudinally grooved. Ace tabula. C. Ascophore sessile, expanded and crustlike or discoid from the first ; fixed by rhizoids or fibrils springing from the under surface ; spores hyaline, continuous, elliptical or fusiform. Rhizina. 394 FUNGUS-FLORA. BAftLAEA. Sacc. Ascophore sessile, more or less flesh}', closed at first, then Gradually expanding until almost or quite plane, glabrous; isc often brightly coloured ; cortex parenchymatous ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores globose, hyaline, epispore often ornamented ; paraphyses present. Barlaea, Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 111. Peziza, of many authors. Closely resembling Humaria in size, habit, and general appearance, but readily distinguished by the perfectly globose spores. Growing on the ground. * Disc red or orange. f Epispore smooth. Barlaea constellatio. Sacc., Syll., n. 417. Ascophore 2-3 mm. across, sessile, rather fleshy, concave then almost or quite plane, entirely vermilion with a tinge of carmine, margin quite entire, rather thick, similarly coloured; cells of excipulum large, 12-16 p. diameter, glabrous except for the presence of thick, colourless, septate hyphae near the base of the ascophore ; ascus cylindrical above, narrowed below to a narrow, often oblique base; spores 8, globose, hyaline, not usually guttulate, persistently smooth, 11-13 p. diameter; paraphyses cylindrical, curved at the apex, which contains red granules when fresh, about 1 • 5-2 /x. thick. Peziza constellatio, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1620, ser. 4, vol. xvii. p. 142; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 86; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 81. On the ground ; gregarious but not crowded. So far as I have been ablo to ascertain from an examina- tion of the type and other specimens, the spores remain perfectly smooth at maturity. Closely resembling Barlaea cinnabarina in its early condi BARLAEA. 395 tion before the spores become reticulated, but distinguished by the much larger cells of the excipulum and smaller spores. f Epispore rough. Barlaea Crouani. Mass. Ascophore i— 1 cm. across, fleshy, sessile, urceolate then hemispherical, at length almost plane, externally and the disc dark orange-red or scarlet; margin membranaceous, more or less jagged, spreading or reflexed, whitish ; glabrous, the external large cells of the excipulum giving off stout, colourless, septate hyphae near the base of the ascophore ; asci cylindrical above, attenuated below into a narrow base ; spores 8, uniseriate, globose colourless, uniguttulate, 16-18 p. diameter, perfectly smooth for a long time, then furnished with rather strong raised ribs that anastomose to foim an irregularly polygonal network, the meshes averag- ing about 2 //, diameter; paraphyses straight, gradually increasing in thickness from near the base to form a clavate apex 3—4 p thick, septate, sometimes branched. Ascobolus miniatus, Crouan, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. x. p. 197, t. 13, f. 44-47 (1858). Ascobolus Crouani, Cooke, Journ. Bot., 1864, p. 151, f. 3. Peziza Crouani, Cke., Grev., vol. iii. fig. 61 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 17; Phil., Brit. Disc, p. 84. Barlaea miniata, Sacc., Syll., n. 416. On the ground among tufts of moss, and on the top of walls. Cooke's type specimen examined. Differs from JB. cinnabarina in the straight, clavate paraphyses. Barlaea Wrightii. Sacc., Syll., n. 422. Ascophore about 2 mm. across, sessile, rather fleshy, hemispherical then expanding and becoming almost plane, margin entire, rather thick, every part scarlet, becoming paler when dry; externally minutely papillose, especially when dry, due to unequal contraction of the external cells, otherwise glabrous, cells of epithecium in irregularly parallel rows, much elongated in the direction from base to apex; asci cylindrical, narrowed downwards into a slender 396 FUNGUS-FLORA. base; spores 8, uniseriate, globose or sometimes with a tendency to become elongated, hyaline, uniguttulate, for a long time quite smooth, eventually minutely but distinctly papillose, 10-12 p. diameter; paraphyses very gradually becoming clavate from near the base, rather stout, septate, often irregularly nodulose or irregularly branched, 3—4 /* thick at the apex, Peziza Wriyhtii, Berk. & Curtis, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1064 ; ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 15, pi. 15, fig. 16; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 86; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 18. Among moss on trunks. Type examined. Readily distinguished when quite mature by the spores being sparsely ornamented with minute, blunt papillae ; during the immature stage, when the spores are smooth, the present species can be distinguished from allies by the stout, irregularly nodulose or branched paraphyses and the cells of the excipulum being elongated in a direction from base to margin. The spores are not echinulate as described and figured by Berkeley and Phillips, the minute warts being very short and blunt. Barlaea cinnabarina. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 418. Ascophore 2-4 mm. across, sessile, fleshy, concave then expanded, margin obtuse, entire, everywhere vermilion with a tinge of carmine, not changing colour; excipulum con- sisting of rather small-celled parenchymatous tissue, glabrous, basal cells of the excipulum giving origin to stout, septate, colourless hyphae which fix the plant to the soil; spore bearing portion of ascus cylindrical, tapering below to a narrow, usually oblique base ; spores 8, uniseriate, globose ; liyaline, 1-guttulate, 16-18 /x diameter, for a long time perfectly smooth, then ornamented with very thin and slightly raised lines that anastomose to form an irregular polygonal network, diameter of mesh about 2£-3 ^ ; para- physes numerous, 1| /x thick, cylindrical, not at all thickened upwards, curved at the apex. Peziza laetirubra, Cooke, Grev., iii. f. 56 ; Cooke, Mycogr., f. 20 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 85. Crouania cinnabarina, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., Append, ii. p. 64. On sandy ground, among moss, t., p. 258, f. 267; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 93. In the axil of the leaves of several species of moss. This species is evidently a Mollisia, and is placed here by mistake. The fungus is probably a true parasite, as it occurs on living mosses, seated in the axil of a leaf, and attached by stout white hyphae. The spores are variable in size, hut I have not found them so small as indicated by Phillips, either in British or continental specimens. Humaria ollaris. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 513. Gregarious or usually crowded, sessile, closed and hemi- spherical at first, then expanded and more or less plane, up to 1^ cm. across ; disc orange-yellow, externally paler, margin minutely downy, especially when young, due to the presence of cylindrical, obtuse, septate hairs, 12-18 //, thick ; excipulum composed of radially parallel septate hyphae, passing into parenchyma of large polygonal cells at the cortex ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, HUMAKIA. 413 hyaline, smooth, usually 1-2-guttulate, rather narrowly elliptic-fusoid, ends rather acute, 26-30 x 8 p. ; paraphyses septate, the strongly clavate apex 8-10 p. thick. Peziza ollaris, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 68; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 56 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 102. On the ground among moss, in plant-pots, &c. The present species hovers between Humaria and Neottiella, agreeing with the last-named in having soft, thin-walled, septate hairs at the margin, especially when young, after- wards becoming almost or quite glabrous. The above description covers what is, in the opinion of Berkeley, Cooke, and Phillips, the true P. ollaris of Fries, which is described as follows in Syst. Myc., ii. p. 68 : — Closely gregarious, without a trace of a stem, fleshy- waxy, fragile, hemispherical, at length expanded, and oblong or wavy from mutual pressure ; externally naked, but when young the margin is furnished with fascicles of whitish, inflexed hairs. When young 2-4 lines, at length up to 1 in. broad. Very frequent in Swedish pine woods among moss and fallen pine leaves. Summer and autumn. (Fries.) [Humaria roumegueri. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 515. Gregarious, sessile, fleshy, orbicular, margin distinct, thin and menibranaceous, erect, paler than the clear orange- yellow disc, externally pale yellow, glabrous, 3—4 mm. diameter ; hypothecium formed of stout, interlaced hyphae ; excipulum parenchymatous, cortical cells large, somewhat hexagonal, 20-35 p. diameter; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, usually 1—2 guttulate, elliptic-fusoid, ends narrowed, 24-27 X 9 p.; paraphyses slender, apex rather abruptly and strongly clavate and often curved, filled with orange granules when fresh. Peziza roumegueri, Karsten, Grevillea, vol. vii. p» 65. On damp earth. , Specimen from Karsten examined. Karsten states that this species is distinguished from, allies — H. fusispora, Berk. — by the paraphyses alone becom- ing blue with iodine ; this reaction, however, I find is not evident after the specimen has once been dried. The typical form, as described above, has not been col- 414 FUNGUS-FLOEA. lected in Britain, but is included, as the following variety is British.] Var. carnosissima. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 104. Ascophores cylindrical, sessile, crowded, very fleshy, rather cylindrical in form, apex truncate, almost immar- ginate, orange-yellow, glabrous, about 1 mm. across, spores 16-20 X 6-7 p.; paraphyses only very slightly thickened at the tip, otherwise as in the typical form. On decaying vegetable matter. Specimen in Elv. Brit., n. 158, examined. Cup ^ a line across. Much crowded ; disc barely de- pressed, so that the cups can hardly be called cups except in outline, being fleshy to the top. They have no erect, thin, membranaceous margin, as the type has, nor are the apices of the paraphyses clavate. The cells of the exterior of the cup are moderate-sized — 20-30 p diam. (Phil.) Humaria granulata. Sacc., Syll., n. 503. Ascophore 1-3 mm. across, gregarious or scattered, sessile, globose then almost or quite plane, rather fleshy and soft ; disc deep orange or brick-red, externally paler and granulose or wrinkled, otherwise glabrous ; asci cylindrical, narrowed at the base into a short, usually oblique pedicel, dehiscing by a minute lid at the apex, which remains attached on one side, spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, eguttulate, smooth, hyaline, size variable, 15-20 x 8-10 p.; paraphyses very stout, broadly clavate, 5-6 p. thick at the apex, which is filled with red granules, septate, especially towards the base. Ascobolus granulatus, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 285. Peziza granulata, Bulliard, Champ. Fr., p. 258, t. 433, f. 3 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 94; Cooke, Myc( gr., f. £9. On cow and horse dung. Developing during the autumn and winter ; often almost covering the dung. Differs from Lachnea stercorca, Gill., in the absence of the large marginal hairs; the latter also develops at a different season of the year — spring and summer. The present species shows very clearly the mode of dehiscence of the asci by an apical lid, which remains attached to the ascus on one side after the spores have escaped, agreeing in this respect with many of the Ascoboleae. HUM ARIA. 415 The paraphyses are remarkably stout, clavate, distinctly septate, and filled with orange-red granules upwards. Humaria maurilabra. Sacc., Syll., n. 474. Scattered, sessile, fleshy, concave, up to | cm. across ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells large, irregularly poly- gonal, external ones brown, 15—25 \t. diameter, running out at the margin into parallel, obtuse, septate, brown hyphae that are more or less fasciculate, giving the margin a slightly crenulate appearance ; numerous thick, elongated, branched and septate brown hyphae spring from the lower cells of the excipulum, and attach the fungus to the matrix ; disc flesh- red or almost orange ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8- s pored ; spores elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, continuous, usually 2-guttulate, 15—20 X 7—8 p., uniseriate, paraphyses filiform, apex clavate, orange, 4-5 p. thick, rarely forked above. Peziza maurilabra, Cooke, Grev., vi. p. 64 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 388 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p, 94. On chips and on the ground. Type specimen examined. Thi This somewhat resembles P. melaloma (A. & S.), but the external cells and margin are distinctly different. (Cooke.) Humaria glumarum. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 504. Ascophores gregarious or crowded, sessile, but attached by a central point; when young globose and closed, ex- ternally covered with delicate white down ; glabrous and expanded, slightly concave or nearly plane when mature, often wavy, disc orange-yellow, margin rather torn or irregular, whitish, 5-8 mm. broad ; cortical cells rather large, polygonal, excipulum parenchymatous ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, smooth, straight, 16-18 x 9— 10 p.; paraphyses septate, becoming gradually clavate upwards. Peziza glumarum, Desni., Ann. Sei. Nat., vol. xv. p. 129 (1841); Phil., Brit. Disc., p, 97. On chaff. Spring. Specimen in Desiu., Cr. France, ser. i., n. 1054, examined^ The present species should be included in the genus Mollisia. 416 FUNGUS-FLORA. Humaria subhirsuta. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, sessile, closed at first, then gradually expanding until almost plane, margin entire, thickish, rather fleshy; disc clear but rather pale orange- yellow, externally paler, 3-4 mm. across; cortex paren- chymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 8-14 /x, diameter, the external ones giving origin to septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae that fix the plant to the ground, a few scattered, short hyphae are present on the above-ground part of the exterior of the ascophore ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, continuous, hyaline, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, 17-18 x 10 /z.; paraphyses slender, septate, cylindrical or very slightly thickened at the apex, orange, remarkable for springing in clusters of 4—10 from a common basal cell. Peziza subhirsuta, Schmn., Flora Danica. t. 1787, fig. 1 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 108; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 66 (colour too dingy). Pyronema subhirsutum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 403. On the ground in damp places. Characterised by the paraphyses springing in clusters from a common cell near the base. Specimens in Eabenh.-Winter, Fung. Eur., n. 2748, examined. Humaria xanthomela. Sacc., Syll., n. 495. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, but narrowed to a very short, stout, stem-like base, rather fleshy, 2—4 mm. across, soon plane or slightly convex, disc yellow, externally blackish brown and minutely rough, owing to the dark- coloured, projecting ends of hyphae which are more or less clustered in groups ; excipulurn and hypothecium formed of slender, hyaline, interwoven hyphae ; asci narrowly cylin- drical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, continuous, hyaline, smooth, elliptical, ends obtuse, 10-12 x 5-6 /j.; paraphyses cylindrical, very slender, sometimes branched. Peziza xanthomela, Pers.. Syn. Fung., p. 665; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 41 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 97. On the ground on decayed pine leaves, also on rotten pine wood. Keadily distinguished by the peculiar structure of the HUMARIA. 417 ascophore, and the rough exterior departing in these points from the typical structure of Humaria. The mature asco- phores resemble superficially the apothecia of some lichens. Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 403, examined. ** Dingy purple or violet. Humaria Phillipsii. Cke., Mycogr., p. 48, fig. 88; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 553. Scattered, fleshy, sessile, globose then concave, finally expanding, |-1 cm. across, disc blackish-purple ; externally a little paler, margin often rather irregular; subiculum parenchymatous, cells more or less circular or polygonal, 10-18 IJL diameter, internally with a lilac tinge ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uni- seriate, elliptical, ends rather acute, hyaline, continuous, coarsely warted, warts hemispherical, 24—28 x 11—12 p. ; paraphyses slender, septate, apex clavate, 4-5 /x. thick, tinged lilac. Peziza Phillipsii, Cke., in Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 90. Ascobolus amethysiinus, Phil., Grev., iv. p. 84. On damp sandy ground. Type specimen examined. Humaria violacea. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 597. Ascophores gregarious, subsessile, contracted into a very short, stout base ; fleshy and succulent, brittle, closed and almost globose when quite young, then becoming saucer- shaped, finally expanded with the disc more or less undulate and the margin wavy ; disc dark brown with a violet tinge, the violet colour becoming more pronounced as the fungus dries ; outside pale violet near the margin, covered with a dense white down near the base, 1-2-5 cm. across; hypo- thecium composed of interwoven hyphae, which pass in the excipulum into subglobose cells 25-35 p. diameter, but mixed with hyphae and inflated cells, cortex parenchy- matous, cells small ; asci cylindrical, apex truncate, base stout, often somewhat bulbous, 8-spored; spores obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, usually 2-guttulate, 12-14 x 7-8 /A; paraphyses slender, apex often rather wavy, clavate, yellowish-brown. VOL. rv. 2 E 418 FUNGUS-FLORA. Peziza violacea, Persoon, Syn. Fung., p. 639 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 81. On the ground, especially where fires have been, or on charcoal. Persoon says it also occurs on rotten trunks. Specimen named by Fries examined; also specimens determined by Berkeley. Very beautiful 'specimens of this species were found on burnt ground in Wyre Forest, near Worcester, by Mr. Carleton Rea. When quite young the fungus is almost black, afterwards becoming umber-brown, with just a tinge of violet ; as the fungus loses moisture the violet colour becomes more decided ; but apparently always toned down with brown. When fully developed, large specimens spread out close to the ground, surface more or less wavy or nodulose, and the margin irregular. Humaria exidiiformis. Sacc., Syll., n. 468. Gregarious or almost confluent, fleshy, sessile, but fixed by a narro\ved base, orbicular, becoming almost plane, up to 4 mm. across, entirely dingy purple, glabrous ; disc rugulose, the wrinkles often anastomosing ; excipulum parencby- matous, cells polygonal, 12-18 p. diameter; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores broadly elliptical, hyaline, continuous, uniseriate, smooth, often 2-guttulate, 15-17x10 p.; paraphyses filiform, apex slightly clavate, hyaline. Peziza exidiiformis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1480 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 81. On silver sand and very rotten wood. Type specimen examined. The present species is not a good Humaria nor Peziza, the base is too much narrowed ; when moist it is rather gelatinous, and contracts very much, and becomes rigid when dry, almost suggesting Ombrophila. Examination of living specimens will alone settle this point satisfactorily. Humaria hepatica. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 554. Gregarious, sessile, fleshy and watery when fresh, con- tracted and concave when dry ; globose and closed at first, then expanding until saucer-shaped or almost plane, dingy .purplish-brown 2-4 mm. across ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 12-25 fi across, running, out in - HUMARIA. 419 clusters, making the exterior minutely granular and the margin irregular; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends rounded, 20-23 x 10-12 //., obliquely 1-seriate; paraphyses septate, sometimes nodulose, slightly clavate. Peziza hepatica, Batsch, Elench., fig. 138 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 85 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 99. • On the ground, and on rabbit's dung. Spring. Distinguished by the purple-brown or liver-coloured ascophore. Specimen in Cooke's Fung. Brit., ed. ii. 191. Humaria purpuraseens. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 476. Scattered or gregarious, narrowed into a more or less distinct, short, stout, stem-like base, campanulate then expanded, fleshy, glabrous, often somewhat irregular in outline, entirely dingy livid-purple, 1-2 cm. across, flexible and rather inclined to be gelatinous when moist; excipulum and hypothecium formed of interwoven hyphae, which run out, especially at the margin, into parallel, septate, obtuse, closely packed, purple-tinged hyphae ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, usually 2-guttu- late, 18-21 X 7 //.; paraphyses slender, slightly clavate. Peziza purpurascens, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 242, t. 12, fig. 10; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 97 ; Mycogr., fig. 276. On the ground. Not a typical Humaria, exceptional in the structure of the ascophore, and the flexible rather than brittle substance. Specimen in Cooke's Fung. Brit., ed. ii., n. 543, examined *** Entirely dingy green. Humaria jungermanniae. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 584. Ascophore 1-2 mm. across, sessile, fleshy, every part deep verdigris green, convex then almost plane, quite glabrous, excipulum composed of small parenchymatous cells ; asci clavate, attenuated below into a thin pedicel; spores 8, uniseriate or often irregularly biseriate upwards, smooth, hyaline or tinged with green at maturity, guttulate, 15-18 X 8-9 fji ; paraphyses numerous, about 1 • 5 /x thick below ; 2 E 2 420 FUNGUS-FLORA. apex clavate, sometimes constricted in a beaded manner, deep green, often branched. Peziza jungermanniae, Nees, in Fries, Syst. Myc.,ii. p. 144; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 101 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 87. Ascobolus jungermanniae, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1082, t. 16, f. 23. On the ground among hepatics. Resembling Chlorosplenium aeruginosum in colour, but dis- tinguished by structural characters, and in growing on the ground. The spores are sometimes slightly clavate or irregularly elliptical. The apex of the ascus is irregularly torn during dehiscence. Corrugated and blackish green when dry. **** Disc salmon-colour. Humaria salmonicolor. Sacc., Syll., n. 470. Gregarious ; sessile, concave then plane or slightly convex and with the margin adpressed, fleshy, about 3 mm. across, glabrous ; disc salmon-colour ; excipulum tinged red, paren- chymatous, cells irregularly circular, 12-20 /* diameter; asci rather broadly clavate, narrowed to a slender base, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate above, 1 -seriate below, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18-22 x 10-12 //,; paraphyses slender, septate, apex slightly clavate. Peziza salmonicolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1158, t. iv., fig. 19; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 48; Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 98. Damp ground, sides of ditches, &c. Type specimen examined. A fine species, well marked by the broadly clavate ascus having the spores irregularly 2-seriate in the upper portion ; the plane or slightly concave disc, and large cells of the excipulum, from which stout, hyaline, septate, branched hyphae are given off near the base. Humaria Keithii. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 472. Minute, gregarious or crowded, sessile, fleshy, turbinate, then expanded, dull salmon-colour, glabrous ; disc nearly plane, margin obtuse ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, oblong- elliptic, smooth, 15-18 X 7 ft; paraphyses scarce or HUMARIA. 421 Peziza Keiihii, Phil., Myco. Scot., p. 308; Brit. Disc., p. 98. This species has an outline much commoner amongst the Ascoboli than the Pezizae, being thick and fleshy, the disc only slightly depressed, the plant forming a flattened sphere. Unknown to me. The above description is from Brit. Disc., p. 98. Humaria doznestica. Mass. Gregarious or crowded, sessile, seated on a delicate white subiculum formed of branched, septate, hyaline hyphae, at first almost cylindrical then expanding until saucer-shaped or almost plane, slightly fleshy, about f mm. across, salmon- colour or yellowish with a pink tinge ; cortex parenchy- matous, cells irregularly polygonal, 8-10 //, diameter, giving origin, especially below the margin to delicate white hyphae, which fix the plant to the substratum, and run off to form the subiculum ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 17-18 x 9 /x; paraphyses slender, septate, slightly clavate. Peziza domestica, Sow., Fungi, t. 351 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 107. " Peziza pluvialis, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 90. Pyronema domesticum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 407. On damp plaster, also on burnt ground and damp paper. Very close to H. omphalodes, differing in the somewhat larger spores, and less developed subiculum. Sowerby's type specimen, now in Herb., Berk., Kew, examined. ***** Disc reddish-brown or umber. Humaria cervaria. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 566. Gregarious or crowded, sessile, thick in the centre, thin at .the crenulate margin, glabrous, chestnut-brown; disc concave, waved ; asci cylindrical, abruptly narrowed at the base; spores 8, oblong-elliptic, smooth, eguttulate, .15 x 7 p.; paraphyses linear, abundant, forked at the apices. 422 FUNGUS-FLORA. Peziza cervaria, Pb.il., in Stevenson's Myco. Scot., p. 308 ; Brit., Disc., p. 100. On roedeer dung. Ascophoie |-2 lines broad. This species closely resembles P. hepatica (Batsch), but differs in having much smaller spores, and slenderer para- ph vses, not thickened at the apices, and forked. Not examined. The above is from Brit. Disc., p. 100. Humaria Oocardi. Sacc., Syll., riii. n. 571. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, orbicular, minutely scabrid externally and pallid-brown or rufous brown, disc sometimes dingy orange-brown, plane or slightly convex, fleshy, blackish and collapsed when dry, 3-5 mm. across ; hypotheciuin, excipulum and cortex dense, texture indistinct, somewhat gelatinous ; as<;i stout, cylindrical, tips rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends blunt, often 1-2-guttulate, 18-20 x 12 fj.; paraphyses septate, tips brown, clavate, 6—8 /* thick. Peltidium Oocardii, Kalchbr., in Rab., Fung. Eur., n. 521. Peziza Oocardii, Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 47 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 98. On stones among fresh-water algae, in streams, also on rotten pine- wood. Karsten's var. ligniaria only differs in growing on wet rotten wood. Specimen from Kalchbrenner examined, also Rab., Fung. Eur., n. 521, and Karsten, Fung. Fenn., 636. Humaria macrospora. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 323; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 576. Ascophore sessile, at first closed and subglobose then expanding and becoming almost plane and scutellate, fleshy, fragile, glabrous, blackish-chestnut, 1—1^ cm. across ; exci- pulum parenchymatous, cortical cells 15-20 //, diameter ; asci narrowly cylindrical, base narrowed into a long, slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, con- tinuous, elliptical, ends rather acute, distinctly warted at maturity, 20-22 x 10 /x, paraphyses slightly thickened at the brownish tips, septate. Peziza macrospora, Wallroth, Crypt. Germ., ii. p. 500 (1831-33); Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 77 (spores smooth by error). . HUMARIA. 423 Peziza brunneo-atra, Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. ii., vol. vi. p. 244 (1836); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 76. < >n the naked ground. Fuckel, in describing the spores of H. macrospora does not state whether they are rough or smooth, but quotes Fung Khen., n. 1223, in which the spores are distinctly warted Cooke drew the figure in Mycographia, n. 77, and prepared the diagnosis of H. macrocarpa from Fuckel's specimens, Fung. Khen., n. 1223, and figured and described the spon-a as smooth, but there is a MS. note on the figure stating that the spores were afterwards found to be warted. Specimens in Desm., Or. France, ser. i., n. 826, and in Fuckel's Fung. Khen., n. 1223, examined. Humaria misturae. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 565. Scattered or crowded, sessile, depresso-globose and closed at first, becoming plane or slightly convex, with an im- perfectly upraised margin, rather fleshy, 1-3 mm. across, glabrous, chestnut-brown or sometimes almost brick-red; cortex parenchymatous, cells almost oblong, arranged in parallel series, 6-7 X 4 p. ; asci rather broadly cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, broadly elliptical or sometimes almost globose, often 1-guttulate, 12-14 x 10/i, 1-seriate; paraphyses slender, septate, hyaline, irregularly branched, tips often rather closely septate, and constricted at the septa, pyriform or sometimes not enlarged. Peziza misturae, Phil., Gard. Chron., Sept. 4, 1880, with a fig. ; Brit. Disc., p. 100. First found on a mixture of lime and cow-dung spread on the trunks of apple-trees; beautiful specimens were after- wards found on the ground by Mr. H. T. Soppitt, near Bradford. The cells forming the exterior of the cup are narrowly cylindrical and parallel ; the paraphyses are remarkable from their habit of branching frequently, and from their pyriform or moniliform summits, which characters distinguish it from P. excidiiformis, to which-it has a slight resemblance. (Phillips.) Humaria bovina. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 580. Ascophores gregarious, sessile, with an obconic base, expanded, umber colour, glabrous ; disc umbilicate, waved ; 424 FUNGUS-FLORA. margin paler, up to 1 cm. broad; cortical cells very large, 70 p diameter ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores oblong -elliptic, smooth, 19 x 9 p. ; paraphyses scarce or none. Peziza bovina, Phil., in Stev., Myco. Scot., p. 308 ; Brit. Disc., p. 101. On cow-dung. August, Unknown to me. The above description is from Brit. Disc., p. 101. Humaria viridaria. Mass. At first globose and closed, then hemispherical, finally almost plane, sessile, §-l| cm. across, rather fleshy, greyish, pale or dark brown ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells irregular, 10-16 p. diameter; externally almost smooth upwards, furnished with hyaline septate hyphae near the base, that form a delicate, cottony stratum round the base of the ascophore ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, continuotis, 11—13 X 6—7 //.; para- physes septate, apex clavate, 6 p. thick, brown, straight or curved. Peziza viridaria, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 555, ser. ii., vol. vii. p. 12; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 82; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 262; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 314. On damp walls, damp wood, &c. Type specimen examined. The form called Peziza viridaria, var. obscurata, Eehm, Ascom., n. 452, and characterised as follows, "darker, para- physes clavate, septate, brown, slightly curved ; spores 1 1 x 6 fi. In Bavaria," is quite included in the range of variation of the typical species, in which the colour varies from very pale to dark brown. Intermediate between Peziza and Humaria. PEZIZA. Dill, (emended.) Ascophore sessile, but sometimes narrowed to a short, stem- like base, fleshy and brittle, closed at first, then expanding until cup-shaped, saucer-shaped, or in some species quite plane or even convex; disc even, nodulose, or veined; ex- ternally warted, scurfy, or rarely almost glabrous ; cortical PEZIZA. 425 cells irregularly polygonal ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, continuous, hyaline (rarely tinged brown), elliptical, epispore smooth or rough; paraphyses present. Peziza, Dillenius, Nov. Gen. Plant., p. 76; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 76 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 43 (in part). Most closely allied to Humaria, differing in the larger size of the ascophores, and the warted or scurfy exterior. Growing on the ground. * Epispore smooth. •j" Disc brown or blackish-brown. Peziza vesiculosa. Bull., Champ. Fr., p. 27, t. 457, f. 1; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 73; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 242; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 297. Clustered, often distorted from mutual pressure, sessile but more or less narrowed at the base, globose and closed at first, then expanding, but the margin usually remaining more or less incurved and somewhat notched; disc pale brown, externally brownish and coarsely granular from the presence of minute, irregular warts, 3-7 cm. across ; exci- pulum parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, large, especially those forming the central zone, external cells brownish, growing out into small warts ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seiiate, smooth, hyaline, con- tinuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 21-24 X 11-12 /u,; para- physes slender, septate, clavate. Eelvella vesiculosa, Bolton, t. 175. On rich soil, manure heaps, rotten leaves, &c. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 13, examined. Usually sessile with base of ascophore narrowed, but sometimes the narrowing is so marked that a more or less elongated stem-like base is produced. Cells of excipulum large, especially at the base of the ascophore, where the median cells are so large and thin-walled that they usually deliquesce before the fungus is mature, and in consequence the hymenium becomes separated from the outermost portion of the excipulum by a slit. Substance brittle. 426 FUNGUS-FLORA. Var. cerea, Rehm, Ascom., n. 201. Similar in size, habit, and general structure to the typical form ; differing in the wax-yellow colour, the more distinct stem-like base, and the slightly smaller spores, 18-19 x 10 /x; very brittle. Peziza cerea, Sowerby, t. 3 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig, 244 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 74; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 272. Sowerby's specimen examined. On the ground among leaves, on tan-beds, &c. Spring. Peziza reticulata. Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., pi., vol. iii. p. 156, pi. 156; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 67; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 227. Ascophore almost sessile, narrowed into a very thick stem- like base which is sometimes 1-1 J cm. long and the same or more in thickness ; fleshy, brittle, saucer-shaped and entire at first, then the margin becomes more or less lobed and wavy, drooping, and usually revolute, extreme edge some- times crisped, 5-13 cm. across ; disc reddish-tawny, usually ornamented with strongly raised ribs which anastomose to form an irregular network, outside whitish, very minutely scurfy, due to the outgrowth of irregular groups of cells from the excipulurn ; excipulum composed entirely of hya- line, interwoven hyphae, cortical cells inclined to become pseudoparenchymatous ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, elliptical, 23-26 x 12-13 //.; paraphyses rather stout, septate, clavate tips, 7—9 /A thick, brownish. Smell, very slight. Discina reticulata, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 376. On the ground. Spring. The present species is allied to Peziza repanda ; its dis- tinguishing features are the prominent nodules or anasto- mosing, raised lines on the disc. I have accepted as typical, specimens collected by the late F. Currey, F.E.S., whose herbarium is now at Kew. The specimen figured by Cooke in Mycographia, fig. 227, sent from France by Professor de Seynes, agrees exactly with Currey's British specimens. Plant solitary, 2-5 inches in diameter, of a reddish-brown within, whitish or brownish-white on the outer surface, and somewhat farinose. In the young state the cup or pileus is TEZIZA. 427 roundish, depressed, the margin very counivent, and the base within umbilicate and plicate. During the period of growth, the general form becomes more depressed, and a number of lacerations are produced, of which one or more often reach to the centre. In the last stage the pileus is nearly spread out on every side, so as to rest on the ground, the extreme margin, however, still retaining its involute tendency ; the centre is now much reticulated with anastomosing ribs, un- dulate and unequal, especially when there is a stipes, from the sides being partly deflexed. Stipes either present or nearly wanting : when present, half an inch high or more, and nearly as thick, lacunose. Substance carnose, fragile, one-tenth to one-eighth of an inch thick. Sporules 8, oval. (Greville.) Peziza ancilis. Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 219; Cooke, Mycogr., fig., p. 221, fig. 371 (also fig. 239, omitting the spores) ; Phil,, in Grev., xvii. p. 44. Scattered, narrowed below into a short, stout, stem-like base, globose and closed at first, then cup-shaped, finally almost plane, or arched near the margin and the extreme edge slightly raised ; flesh thick, brittle, 2—10 cm. across, 2-4 cm. high ; disc irregularly wrinkled or nodulose, greyish- brown, often with a purple tinge, externally whitish with more or leys prominent ribs spreading from the base ; hypo: thecium and excipulum formed of stout, interwoven hyphae which become compact to form the cortex ; asci cylindrical, apex slightly truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, continuous, elliptical with a prominent apiculus at each end, usually 3-guttulate, 27-34 x 11-13 p; paraphyses istout, septate, clavate and brown at the apex, which is 7-9 //. thick. Discina ancilis, Eehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 979. On damp ground. Keadily distinguished by the large ascophore, which is wrinkled and plane at maturity, and by the large elliptical, strongly-apiculate spores, which are slightly tinged brown at maturity. Iodine does not colour apex of ascus blue. Specimens examined in Rab., Fung. Eur., u. 805, and Karst., Fung. Fenn., n. 531. There is evidently .some mistake in connection with 428 FUNGUS-FLORA. fig. 239 of Cooke's Mycographia, which is called Peziza per- lata, Fr., and figured with elliptical spores having the ends obtuse, and said to measure 16-20 X 10-12 p.; this figure is stated to be drawn from specimens in Karsten's Fung. Fenn., n. 531, but on examining the identical specimen that was drawn by Cooke,in the exs. quoted, I find the spores to be ellip- tical, 3-guttulate, and apiculate at both ends, agreeing in fact in every respect with the specimen contained in Eab., Fung. Eur., n. 805, and also with fig. 371 in Mycographia, which appears to be the true P. ancilis. The species described by Saccardo — Syll., viii. n. 338 — is not the fungus described here. Peziza linteicola. Phil. & Plow., Brit. Disc., p. 64 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 280. Sessile, caespitose, very fragile, cochleate or entire, fulvous ; externally farinose, hoary ; margin crenate ; asci cylindrical, spores 8, elliptic, eguttulate, smooth, 12-15 X 8—10 p.; paraphyses linear, septate, clavate at the apices. On damp rotting linen cloth. Ascophores |-| of an inch broad ; sometimes divided to the base on one side, the edges of the division involute, at others entire, cupulate, arising from white creeping mycelium ; spores vary much in size, and are shortly elliptical, approaching globose. The apices of the paraphyses are clavate or pear-shaped, with one or two large elliptic transparent nuclei ( = oleaginous drops), devoid of granules. The cells forming the exterior of the cups are rather small, from 10-20 p, in diameter. (Phillips.) Not examined. Peziza repanda. Wahlenb., Fl. Upsal., p. 466; Cooke, Mycogr. fig. 240 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 66. Clustered or scattered, subsessile, contracted into a short, stout, stem-like base, which is often rooting ; saucer-shaped, then quite expanded and the margin more or less split and wavy, sometimes drooping and revolute, extreme edge often crenate; 4-10 cm. across; disc pale or dark brown or umber, more or less wrinkled towards the centre, externally whitish, minutely granular ; excipulum pseudoparenchymatous, the component hyphae often distinct, external cells largest ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, PEZIZA. 429 smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18-22 x 11-12 p.; paraphyses septate, clavate and brownish at the tips. Distinct, repanda, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 373. Specimens communicated by Greville to Berkeley accepted as typical. These specimens are part of the gathering collected by Wauch and Greville under beech-trees at Foxhall, and figured in Scot. Crypt. Flor., pi. 59. On the ground, often in beech- woods ; also on decayed trunks. Solitary, or several growing close together in a tufted manner, sessile, large, 1—4 inches broad, carnose, brittle, very concave while young, but gradually expanding until it becomes quite plane, sometimes splitting at the edge, but often entire, waved and somewhat lobed. Margin crenate and somewhat reflexed. Colour of the hymeniuin dilute- brown, of various shades ; outer surface whitish, pulverulent. The base is often plicate and radicating. Pileus when splitting never convolute. (Greville.) Peziza isabellina. W. G. Smith, Grev., p. 136, pi. 9; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 63 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 241 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 268. Gregarious or caespitose and often distorted by mutual pressure, sessile, fleshy, margin entire, subglobose, 2-5-5 cm. across, disc smooth, brownish yellow with a shade of red (pale chestnut-brown in fig.), externally paler, subpruinose; asci cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 14-8 /A; paraphyses clavate. On decayed coniferous wood. Allied to P. macrocalyx and P. vesiculosa, but entirely differs from both in colour, habit, and fruit. (Smith.) Unknown to me. Peziza bufonia. Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 225; Cooke, Mycogr. fig. 292 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 75. Ascophore hemispherical, usually narrowed into a short, stem-like base which is often rooting, at first closed then becoming hemispherical, fragile, margin entire or notched ; disc dark but bright brown, externally the same colour or a little duller, covered with rather large warts; 2-4 cm. across ; excipulum pseudoparenchymatous, cortex parenchy- 430 FUNGUS-FLORA. -matous, cells polygonal, 15-11 ' p.- diameter, running out in irregular clusters to form the external warts ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, elliptic- oblong, ends rounded, 20-15 x 10-12 ; paraphyses clavate, septate, tips brown. Geopyxis bufonia, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 252. On damp ground, rubbish-heaps, &c. Specimen determined by Berkeley examined. Distinguished from P. vesiculosa by the dark brown disc, and more distinctly warted exterior. P. cochleata differs in habit and in the pruinose exterior. The present species is placed by Saccardo in Geopyxis, but the narrowed base never assumes the appearance of a stem, and is often obsolete. Peziza sepiatra. Cooke, Grevillea, vol. iii. p. 119, fig. 135 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 261 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 79; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 336. Ascophore sessile or narrowed to a very short, stem-like base, gregarious, fleshy, rather brittle, hemispherical and closed at first, soon becoming almost or quite plane, slightly marginate, J-l cm. across ; disc blackish-brown, often umbilicate, externally minutely scurfy, slightly paler than the disc ; excipulum parenchy matous, cortical cells large, polygonal, 25-35 /x, diameter; numerous brownish, septate hyphae 6-8 p. thick spring from the base of the ascophore and fix it to the substratum ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse. 20-22 x 10-11 p.; paraphyses septate, the brownish clavate tip 6-8 p. thick. On the ground in damp, shady places ; road-scrapings, charcoal, &c. Type specimen examined ; also specimens in Cooke, Fung. Brit., Exs., ed. ii., n. 184, and in Phillips' Elv. Brit. n. 105. Cup £ inch broad, often less, rather brittle. The margin is minutely crenulated, incurved, and paler than the disc. (Cooke.) Peziza cribrosa. Grev., Flor. Edin., p. 423 ; Mycogr., fig. 381 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 80 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 317. Solitary, sessile but narrowed into a short, stout, often lacunose or rugose, stem-like base, margin entire, hemi- spherical then expanding, everywhere blackish, disc .darkest PEZIZA. 431 and more or less covered with anastomosing veins or pits, glabrous, l'5-2'5 cm. across; asci cylindrical, apex some- what truncate, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, often 2-guttulate, 16-18 x 8—9 fj. ; obliquely 1 -seriate ; paraphyses slender, septate, brownish at the slightly clavate tips. On gravelly or sandy ground among short grass. Large, |~ 1 inch broad, hemispherical, at length partly spreading; but always deeply concave, wholly black, but deeper within, somewhat rugose at the base externally ; margin entire. (Greville.) Specimen from Dr. Greville in Kew Herb., examined. Peziza sterigmatizans. Phil., Mycogr. pr 175, fig. 304 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 80 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 334. Ascophore scattered, sessile, closed at first then expanding, irregular and wavy, margin crenulate, umber or blackish- brown, much contracted when dry, about 2 cm. across ; hypothecium dense, excipulum formed of very large, irregular cells; asci elongated, cylindrical, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 1-seriate. hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18 X 10-11 p.; paraphyses septate, slightly clavate, often with short lateral branchlets near the apex, or furcate. On damp ground. Ascophores scarcely an inch broad; paraphyses thick, septate, clavate at the tips, either furcate above, or with short lateral branches or bud-like processes. (Phil.) Near to P. sepiatra, Gke., but the ascophore is rather larger, the paraphyses more or less branched, and appears in the autumn. Specimen from Phillips examined. Peziza venosa. Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 220; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 228 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 69. Smell strong, nitrous ; sessile or contracted into a short, stout, stem-like base ; cup-shaped and with the margin incurved when young, then expanding and the margin j becoming more or less split or lobed and wavy, 3—5 cm. ; across ; disc umber-browii, externally whitish, minutely granular, and furnished with rather stout, anastomosing ribs 432 FUNGUS-FLORA. which radiate from the base ; excipulum pseud oparenchy- matous, cells largest at the periphery, where some run out as clavate, free tips ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, often with 1 large oil- globule, elliptical, ends obtuse, wall rather thick, 18—24 X 11-13 /*,; paraphyses septate, tips clavate, brownish. Discina venosa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 391. On the ground. Spring. Cup 1—2 inches broad or more, nearly as high. The strong nitrous odour of this species is very characteristic. Differs from Acetabula vulgaris in the short, indistinct stem and wavy ascophore. Specimen in Cooke, Fung. Brit., n. 557, examined; also Rehra, Ascom., n. 402. ff Disc pale coloured. Peziza ampliata. Pers., Ic. et Descr., p. 30, t. 8, f. 3 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 78; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 354; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 342. Ascophore sessile or substipitate, fleshy, brittle, thin, at first globose and closed, soon expanding and becoming almost or quite plane, surface or margin often wavy, 2-4 cm. across when expanded ; disc ochraceous, often with a cinnamon tinge, externally pallid, minutely furfuraceous or almost smooth; excipulum parenchymatous, composed of alternat- ing zones of large and small cells ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, elliptical, ends obtuse, wall rather thick, hyaline, continuous, 17-18 x 9-10 ju, ; paraphyses septate, slightly thickened, and sometimes bent at the tips. On rotting wood and bark of various trees. Autumn and winter. Distinguished by the pale colour, brittle texture, becom- ing plane at maturity, and by the peculiar stratose structure of the excipulum. Specimens in Herb., Kew, determined by Cooke, examined ; also specimens sent from France by M. Boudier, and figured by Cooke in Mycographia, fig. 384. Far. tectoria. Mass. Sessile or substipitate, becoming almost plane; cortical PEZIZA, 433 cells irregularly polygonal ; 15-25 /z diameter ; remainder as in the typical form. Peziza tectoria, Cooke, Grev.,iii. p. 119 ; Mycogr., fig. 263 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 77 ; and Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 325. On damp plaster walls and on wood. Type specimen examined. At first appearing as a small white furfuraceousball, seated on a white mycelium ^ in. across ; when old becoming very irregular in form, If in. across; margin rather thick and jagged. The tips of the asci are clear blue with iodine. (Cooke.) I can discover no specific difference between P. tectoria and the specimens previously mentioned as being accepted and figured by Cooke as P. ampliata, neither can I indicate a varietal distinction, except in habitat. As stated by Cooke, the tip of the ascus becomes deep blue, the remainder very pale blue when treated with iodine. Peziza subrepanda. Cke. & Phil., Mycrographia, p. 153, fig. 260; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 80; Saoc., Syll., viii. n. 327. Scattered or gregarious, closed at first, soon almost plane, sessile, rather fleshy, margin minutely crenulate ; disc pale buff or with a tinge of tan-colour, externally paler, delicately farinaceous, 8-12 mm. across, hypothecium and excipulum hyaline, formed of interlacing hyphae which pass into a parenchymatous cortex consisting of irregularly polygonal or almost circular cells 10-15 /A diameter, the marginal teeth are formed or smaller, slightly elongated cells ; asci elongated, cylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored, pedicel long and stout ; spores obliquely 1-seriate in the upper portion of the ascus, hyaline, smooth, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, 17-20 X 9 p.; paraphyses hyaline, slender, septate, slightly thickened at the tips. On the ground ; on charcoal beds, &c. Cups scarcely | an inch broad, very neat and delicate, pale fleshy tan colour, with a regular dentate margin. (Cke. & Phil.) Type specimen examined. Peziza Adae. Sadler, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1857; p. 45, with fig. ; Cke., Mycogr., p. 349 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 62 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 283. VOL. rv. 2 F 431 FUNGUS-FLORA. Sessile, somewhat caespitose or scattered, at first closed, then expanding, usually irregular, margin entire or lobed, often reflexed, flesh quite thin, 1-2-5 cm. across; excipulum composed of septate, interwoven hyphae ; externally pallid, the free portion almost or quite glabrous, basal portion giving off numerous septate branched, thin- walled, colourless hyphae that fix the fungus to the matrix ; disc white, or more or less deeply tinged rosy, lilac or ochraceous ; asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, base tapering, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, usually 2-guttulate, elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth, 11-12 x 7 p.; paraphyses linear, slightly clavate, hyaline. Peziza domiciliana, Cke., Gard. Chron., 1877. On damp, plastered walls, &c. Authentic specimens from the author examined. Distinguished among the large species of Peziza by the very thin, delicate ascophore, also the small spores. Peziza mellea. Cke. & Plow., Grev., v. p. 119 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 383; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 78; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 321. Solitary, sessile, hemispherical and closed at first, becom- ing plane but the margin slightly raised and incurved, rather thin, disc honey-colour, externally darker, glabrous, 1—1^ cm. across ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 15-25 /x, diameter; asci cylindrical, slightly narrowed and truncate at the apex, 8-spored ; spores smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 17—18 x 9 p » obliquely 1-seriate ; paraphyst s slender, septate, hyaline, tips slightly clavate. On decaying ash. Type specimen examined. Kesembling a small specimen of P. ampliata ; differing in the smaller size of the ascophore, externally glabrous, and blightly in colour. The tip of the ascus becomes deep blue, the remainder very pale blue with iodine. Peziza ochracea. Boudier, MS. ; Cooke, Mycogr., p. 225, fig. 377; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 62; Sacc., Syll., n. 278. Usually densely clustered ; 2-5 cm. across, sessile, closed at first then expanding, often irregular from lateral pressure, PEZIZA. 435 margin generally remaining more or less incurved, often irregular ; brittle, flesh thick at the base, becoming thin at the margin ; excipulum composed of interwoven, branched, septate hyphae, mixed with concatenate vesicular cells; the latter project in ii regular clusters and give the outside a scurfy appearance; disc often wrinkled, bright ochraceous, externally paler ; asci cylindrical, dehiscing by an apical, circular lid, 8 - spored ; spores elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, continuous, 1-2-guttulate, 21-25 X 10-12 p. ; paraphyses slender, : septate, apex slightly thickened, and frequently with an indication of branching, hyaline. On the ground, frequently under beech-trees. Authentic specimen from Boudier examined. Peziza perlata. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 43; Karst., Myc. Fenn., p. 39 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 239. Cups large, shortly stipitate, at first subglobose, then expanded, undulate, splitting at the margin ; externally white, even ; hymenium wrinkled, pale cinnamon ; stem stout, lacunose, white, flesh thick ; asci cylindraceo-clavate, attenuated below the spores, truncate at the summit ; spores 8, elliptic, pale brown, smooth, 15-20 X 10-12 /x : paraphyses numerous, rather stout, septate, guttulate, broadly clavate at the summit, brown. Discina perlata, Fries, Sverige Svamper, t. 56. Karst., Fung. Fenn., n. 531. On burnt charcoal beds. Cups 2J in. broad before expanding, 3J in., or even more when expanded. Stem | in. long, f in. broad ; flesh at base of cup -| in. thick, near the margin 1 line thick. The spores are pale brown, and homogeneous within. Karsten found the spores in his specimens elliptic or fuso-elliptic, and 1—3- guttulate, neither of which characters were present in my specimens. Still I have no doubt they are correctly refer- able to this species. The above is entirely from Phillips, who first recorded the species as British, in Grevillea, vol. xviii., p. 82. As to whether it is the species of Fries, I am unable to say, but the description does not at all accord with the figure given by Fries in Sveriges Svamper, t. 56, although this is quoted by Phillips. It is remarkable that Phillips quotes Karsten 's 2 F 2 436 FUNGUS-FLORA. description and exsicc., when he admits that the spores are so very different. Karsten's specimens, as I have explained under Peziza ancilis, are typical of the last-named species. ** Epispore rough. Peziza badia. Pers., Obs., ii. p. 78; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 226 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 58 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 293. Gregarious or caespitose, sessile or narrowed into a very short, stout, stem-like base and often more or less lacunose ; subglobose and closed at first, then cup-shaped or more expanded, margin entire or nearly so, the entire cup often wavy, rather thick, 3-5 cm. across; disc dark brown, exter- nally paler brown and minutely granular, often with a purple tinge; hypothecium and excipulum formed of stout, septate, irregularly inflated hyphae, hypothecium compact, excipulum spongy and cavernous; cortex compact, the hyphae running out in irregular lumps to form the external granulations ; asci cylindrical, apex truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, with one large oil-globule, minutely warted at maturity, 15-19 X 9-10 p; paraphyses septate, tips slightly clavate. On the ground among grass, &c., also on scorched places. Readily distinguished by the bay or umber-brown disc, and the minutely warted spores. Specimen examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 9. Peziza atro-vinosa, Ger. & Cooke, is a North American species, and not British as stated by Saccardo— Syll., viii. p. 83 ; it is allied to P. badia, but differs in the coarsely nodulose, elliptic-oblong spores. Peziza saniosa. Schrader, Journ. Bot., vol. ii. p. 64 (1799); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 70; Gooke, Mycogr., fig. 299 (spores smooth). Ascophore sessile, flesh thick especially at the base, cup- shaped and slightly contracted at the base, regular, margin entire, up to 1 cm. across ; disc varying from purplish- brown to dark violet, externally minutely scurfy, brown with a purple tinge ; excipulum entirely composed of thick interwoven hyphae ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores PEZIZA. 437 elliptical, hyaline, 1-2-guttulate, minutely warted, 17-18 X 8-9 /it, 1 -seriate ; paraphyses stout, septate, slightly and gradually clavate ; a quantity of violet liquid exudes when the fresh plant is wounded. Galactinia saniosa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 396. On the ground and on old trunks in damp, shady places. Specimen determined by Berkeley accepted as typical, which certainly has verruculose spores. Phillips says the spores are smooth, and he quotes the figure by Patouillard, Icon. Analyt., fig. 375, where the spores are drawn distinctly warted. The specimens from Apethorpe, and near Bristol, are in the Kew Herbarium, and both have warted spores. Phillips figures what he supposed to be Peziza saniosa, Schrader, in " Grevillea," ii. pi. 24, fig. 3, and there the spores are drawn smooth ; in Brit. Disc, the spores are said to be smooth, and to measure 15 x 7*5 p.; finally, the figure by Cooke in Mycographia, fig. 299, " figured from drawings and specimens communicated by Mr. W. Phillips," has smooth spores. The specimens said to have been com- municated by Phillips, I cannot find in Cooke's Herbarium. As the matter stands at present, we may consider that Schrader's Peziza saniosa has minutely warted spores ; specimens showing this character have been examined from Britain, France, and Germany. The specimens examined by Phillips have possibly been immature, and hence the spores would be smooth; or belong to a distinct species differing from P. saniosa in the permanently smooth spores. Peziza lividula. Phil., in Cooke's Mycogr., p. 161, fig. 277; Brit. Disc., p. 76, pi. iv. fig. 18; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 339. Ascophore obconic and closed at first, then expanding and somewhat wavy, margin entire, attached by a narrowed base : 1-2 cm. across ; externally almost glabrous ; entirely tsmoky lead-colour, often with a purple shade, fleshy; exci- pulum entirely parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, largest at the periphery; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, often 1-2-guttulate, elliptical, ends obtuse, at first smooth, finally very minutely verruculose, 18-20 x 10 p. ; paraphyses septate, tips clavate or almost capitate sometimes. 438 FUNGUS-FLORA. On 4,he ground in damp places. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. Peziza succosa. Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. ~156, vol. vi. p. 358, t. x., fig. 5 (1841) ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 243 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 70. Usually solitary, sessile, hemispherical with the margin incurved at first, then cup-shaped, 1J— 2| cm. across ; disc pale yellowish-brown, externally paler and minutely scurfy ; excipulum composed of stout, somewhat nodulose, inter- woven hyphae. asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliqueiy 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, verruculose, 19— 21 x 11—12 fji; paraphyses septate, becoming gradually clavate towards the tip; a yellow liquid exudes when broken. Galactinia succosa, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 397. Type specimen examined. On the ground in woods. Cup 1 inch in diameter, hemispherical or subglobose, with the margin incurved ; within of a pale waxy brown, without paler and mealy. The flesh when broken pours out a yellow juice. (Berk.) Cup 1 inch broad, subglobose, then hemispherical, some- times cochleate, but generally entire, when moist trans- parent, pale brown ; exterior mealy or pruinose, dirty white ; the juice is limpid and nearly colourless when it issues from the wound, but soon changes to yellow. (Phil.) Peziza pustulata. Pers., Syn., p. 646; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 72 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 298 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 303. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, globose at first, then hemispherical, expanded at length, but the margin usually remaining more or less incurved, and often plicate, entire or slightly irregular, 2-4 cm. across, fleshy ; disc pallid or dull brown; externally dull brown below, becoming whitish and scurfy towards the margin ; excipulum parenchymatous, cells almost uniform in size, 12— 16 p. diameter; asci cylin- drical, apex somewhat truncate, deep blue with iodine, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, elliptical, hyaline, continuous, verruculose, often guttulate, 19-21 x 9-10' 5 /x; paraphyses septate, clavate, apex usually brown. On the ground, charcoal beds, &c. OTIDEA. 439 Specimen in Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 14, examined. Cup ^ an inch to 1^ inch broad. The flesh is thick and rather firm ; the exterior of the cup coarsely furfuraceous, dark sooty-brown, but pale towards the subcrenate margin. It is gregarious, and sometimes caespitose. The apices of the paraphyses are filled with brown granules. (Phillips.) Peziza indiscreta. Phil. & Plow., Grev., vol. viii. p. 99 ; Brit. Disc., p. 73 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 305. Scattered or crowded, sessile, hemispherical, fleshy; disc concave, blackish-brown, externally somewhat verrucose, umber-brown, 10-16 mm. diameter ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores elliptical, 1-2-guttulate, asperate, 16-18 X 9—10 [*.; paraphyses linear, septate, slightly thickened at the apices. On the earth under lime-trees. Unknown to me. Excluded species. Peziza argillacea. Sow., Eng. Fung., t. 148 ; PhiU Brit. Disc., p. 109. No specimen exists, and Sowerby's figure is not sufficient for the correct determination of the species. OTIDEA. Pers. (emended.) Ascophore shortly stipitate or sessile, large, fleshy or somewhat leathery, externally scurfy, villose, or almost glabrous ; elongated and cut down one side nearly or quite to the base — hare's-ear shaped — or irregularly contorted and often caespitose ; asci cylindrical, apex rounded or slightly truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth or rough, elliptical ; paraphyses septate. Otidea, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 220 (as a subgenus of Peziza) ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 94. The present genus as defined above is characterised by the very irregular ascophore ; in some species it is erect and ear-shaped, being cut down one side, and corresponding with the genus Otidea as interpreted by some authors. In other species the ascophore is only slightly oblique and 440 FUNGUS-FLORA. incised on one side ; others again are very much contorted, vertically involute, and often clustered, forming the genus Cochlearia of some authors. Growing on the ground. * Disc brown, ochraceous or luff. Otidea leporina. Fuckel, Symb. Mycol., p. 329; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 349. Gregarious or often caespitose, ear-shaped or obliquely cup-shaped, margin usually involute, divided to the base on one side, narrowed below into a short stem-like base, 2—7 cm. high and broad ; externally pale ochraceous, or sometimes like the even or rarely wrinkled disc subferruginous ; excipulum composed of densely interwoven, hyaline hyphae, which run out at the surface into clavate, septate tips of a pale brown colour, arranged in a parallel series ; some of the clavate threads give origin to one or two short chains of moniliform cells, and these give to the exterior a pulverulent appearance; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, 1-2-guttulate, ellip- tical, 12-15 x 7-8 //,; paraphyses filiform, septate, apex slightly swollen, and usually strongly curved. Peziza leporina, Batsch, Blench., p. 117; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 211. On the ground in woods, among leaves, &c. Specimens examined from Phillips, Elv. Brit., n. 11 ; and Rehm's Ascom., n. 653. Cup 1-3 inches high, 1-3 inches broad, gregarious, often caespitose; margin involute, divided to the base on one side ; disc even or rarely wrinkled, a shade darker than the exterior; paraphyses slender, hardly thickened at the summits, but almost invariably crooked. This fine species grows as large as 0. onotica at times, but is not so brightly coloured, being throughout of a sober tan-colour, resembling common wash-leather used for cleaning plate. (Phillips.) Otidea neglecta. Mass., Grev., vol. xxii. p. 66. Gregarious, coriaceous and tough, constantly hare's-ear shaped, narrowed downwards into a short, usually grooved whitish stem-like base ; margins at first involute and OTIDEA. 441 approximate, then expanding and becoming sometimes almost plane, rigid when dry, 4—7 x 3—5 cm. ; disc deep tawny-ochraceous or bay -brown ; externally whitish, with a tinge of yellow or ochraceous; excipulum composed of hyaline, sparsely septate, and densely interwoven hyphae (4—6 p. thick), which run out to the circumference as parallel, closely packed, septate, obtuse, sub-clavate hyphae, 10-14 //, diameter ; asci cylindrical, narrowed at the base into a flexuous pedicel ; 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, usually 1-guttulate, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18-24 x 12-14 //,; paraph} ses straight, septate, apex clavate, brownish, 6-8 p. diameter. Otidea auricula, Eehm, Hedwigia, 1883, n. 3, p. 34 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 351. (non Cooke.) Peziza (Otidea) auricula, Bresadola, Fungi Tridentini, p. 67, t. Ixxiii. (Cooke.) Specimens examined in Kehm. Ascom., nos. 652 and 652 B ; Kabh., Fung. Eur., n. 512. On the ground. On account of the peculiar structure of the excipulum, and the somewhat cartilaginous consistency of the species here called Otidea neglecta, Boudier has made this species the type of a new genus, Wynnella, but for the following reasons I do not think it advisable to adopt this idea. In the British species of Otidea, Pers., the leading feature of which is the oblique, more or less hare's-ear shaped asco- phore, we find that the following species have the excipulum composed of densely interwoven, hyaline hyphae which become abruptly converted, close to the outside, into a mor& or less coloured cortex, consisting of somewhat parallel, septate hyphae. which sometimes adhere laterally, and form an approach to a parenchymatous tissue ; the external cells are arranged in irregular groups, thus producing the scurfy or pulverulent outer surface ; Otidea neglecta, 0. leporina, 0. apophysata, 0. phlebopJiora, 0. pleurota. A second type of structure is illustrated by 0. auricula and 0. micropus, and consists of the excipulum being entirely parenchymatous, the cells very large and irregularly polygonal ; cortex as in the previous type. Finally, 0. onotica exhibits a type of structure exactly intermediate between the two previously described; the hypothecium and the broad cortical layer 442 FUNGUJS-FLOKA. are truly parenchymatous, whilst a central zone consists of densely interwoven, hyaline hyphae. Otidea auricula. Mass, (non Bresad.), Grev., vol. xxii. p. 65. Somewhat caespitose or solitary, rather fleshy, elongated on one side, the short side cut down, narrowed below into a more or less distinct stem-like base, the two margins involute and approximate when young, then expanding into the form of a hare's ear, or sometimes shorter and blunter ; coriaceous when fresh, becomit g rigid when dry, 3-6 cm. high, and 3-4 cm. across ; disc yellowish -brown, with a flesh-coloured tinge, externally similar or a shade paler; excipulum parenchymatous, cells very large, mostly elon- gato-hexagonal, 35-50 x 25—30 p., becoming suddenly small, but yet parenchymatous towards the surface; asci cylin- drical, base narrowed into a slender, usually flexuous pedicel, apex truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, eguttulnte, 25—30 X 12-14 p. ; para- physes scanty, equal in length to the asci, slender, septate, the upper third gradually expanding into a clavate tip 5—6 p. broad, hyaline. Elvela auricula, Schaeffer, Icon., t. 156. Peziza (Cochleata) auricula, Cooke, Mycogr., p. 124, fig. 213 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 54. Specimen examined from Cooke, Fung. Brit., Exs., n. 473. On the ground. We consider the fungus figured by Cooke, in Mycogr., fig. 213, called Peziza (Cochleata*) auricula, to be identical with the plant in Schaeffer's Icon., t. 156, called Elvela auricula, notwithstanding the remarks of Bresadola and Rehm to the contrary. Schaeifer's description com- mences with " Est fungus unicolor," which is true of Cooke's fungus, whereas the fungus upheld by Bresadola and figured in Fungi Tridentini, t. Ixxiii., is described as being externally " Ex albido-luteola, marginibus ochraceis, disc.o laete fulvo-ochraceo, demurnque badio-fulvo." Rehm has the same species in view as Bresadoln, and in the comments of his Ascom., Fa*c. xiv., in " Hedwegia," 1883, p. 34, has '' 052, Otidea auricula (Cooke sub Peziza) ; com- pare Cooke, Mycogr., pi. 54, f. 213 (Farbe der Perithecien OTIDEA. 443 etwas zu hellbraun "). Rehm evidently considers that his fungus is the same as Cooke's, but .that the latter differs in being the same colour all over. A few lines further on Eehm, in giving the synonymy of his supposed Otidea auricula, says, " Minime, Cooke, F. Brit., i. 473 (Jod intensive f)," hence we see that Rehm accepts Cooke's figure of Otidea auricula, but rejects the specimens from which the figure was drawn. If either Bresadola or Rehm had made a comparative examination of the tissue of Cooke's fungus with their own they would have found out at once that they were dealing with two distinct species. Finally, Otidea auricula, as understood by Cooke and described above, is characterised by being everywhere yellowish-brown; ex- cipulum parenchymatous, cells very large ; paraphyses clavate, straight, equal in length to the asci. Among near allies 0. onotica ditfers in the smaller spores, 0. leporina in the paraphyses being curved at the tips ; and the somewhat distantly allied fungus, confused by Bresadola and Eehm with the true 0. auricula — which may be called Otidea neglecta — is sharply distinguished by the bay-brown disc, and the excipulum consisting of densely interwoven septate hyphae that become arranged in a parallel series towards the outside. Otidea pleurota. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 51, pi. 3, fig. 13 ; Sacc., Syll, viii. n. 363. Sessile, but attached by a narrowed base, slightly elongate on side, divided nearly to the base on the shorter sides, 2-3 cm. across, rather fleshy, excipulum composed of intri- cately interwoven hyphae, 6—8 p. thick, running out into a superficial layer of irregularly globose cells, 18—24 p. dia- meter, hypothecium cavernous ; disc umber-brown, externally smooth and paler in colour ; asci elongated, narrowly-cylin- drical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1 -seriate, hyaline, con- tinuous, densely aud minutely warted, usually 1-guttulate, 15 x 8-9 /x; paraphyses stout, becoming gradually clavate upwards ;. apex 5-7 /A, thick, brown, septate. Peziza pleurota, Cke., Micogr., fig. 351. Authentic specimens from Phillips examined. On cow-dung. Readily recognised if attention be paid to the exceptional 444 FUNGUS-FLORA. habitat, warted spores, and the dark brown disc, which often shows a tinge of purple. Otidea apophysata. Cke. & Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 54; Saec., Syll., viii. n. 354. Sessile, caespitose or gregarious, irregular in form, margin variously cut, erect, elongated on one side, rather thin, l£— 2^ cm. across ; excipulum formed of hyaline, densely inter- woven hyphae about 6 /A thick, these run out at the surface into more or less parallel septate hyphae forming cells about 10—12 /A diameter, of a brown colour, and terminating in irregular groups, giving a scurfy appearance to the dark brown exterior of the ascophore; disc smooth, blackish- brown ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, apex somewhat truncate ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, elongated, elliptical, continuous, hyaline, smooth, usually 2-guttulate, 21-24 X 10 p. ; para- physes slender, septate; apex very slightly thickened, straight or slightly curved, sometimes with short irregular branches. Peziza apophysata, Cke. & Phil., Grev., vol. v. p. 60 ; Cooke, Mycogr., tig. 350. On the side of a wet ditch. Type specimen examined. Otidea micropus. Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 366. Ascophore shortly stipitate, very oblique, cat's-ear shaped, often wavy, rather thin, dingy white, pale buff, or greyish, sometimes obliquely cup- or funnel-shaped, 2-3 cm. high and broad ; excipulum composed of very large polygonal cells ; these become much smaller towards the outside, are slightly tinged brown, and grow out in irregular clusters, making the outside coarsely scurfy ; stem, 3-5 mm. long and thick ; sometimes absent ; asci cylindrical, apex rather truncate, 8-spored ; paraphyses slender, straight, septate, apex clavate and 5-6 ^ thick ; spores obliquely uniseriate, elliptical, continuous, smooth, protoplasm coarsely granular, 15-16 X 8-9 p.. Peziza micropus, Pers., Syn., p. 642 ; Pers., Icon, et Descr., t. 8, fig. 3 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 63 ; Cooke, Micogr., p. 1300. On old damp wood, rotting carpet, &c. Differs from 0. leporina in the straight paraphyses, and from 0. onotica in the pale colour and larger spores. ..<•- OTIDEA. 445 - - Otidea plebophora. Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 55 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 362. Usually growing singly, narrowed to a very short stem- like base, becoming rather widely expanded and shallowly cup-shaped, usually somewhat oblique, 2-3 cm. across, en- tirely of a yellowish-brown colour ; excipulum composed of intricately interwoven, hyaline hyphae, 4—6 p. thick, running out at the surface into an irregular layer of pale brown cells, 8-12 p. diameter ; externally ornamented with branched ribs, which start from the base and often end in little pits ; disc often venose; asci narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely uniseriate, elliptic-oblong, smooth, continuous, hyaline, often 2-guttulate, 10-12 X 6-6/1; paraphyses rather stout, septate, apex clavate, 5-6 //. thick, straight or slightly bent. Peziza phlebophora, B. & Br., Ann. Nat, Hist., n. 1153, ser. iii., vol. xviii., p. 8, pi. 3, figs. 9-11 (1866); Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 217. On dry banks. Type specimen examined. Otidea cochleata. Fckl., Symb., p. 329. Sessile, caespitose, variously contorted and plicate, fleshy, brittle, disc umber brown, externally paler and pruinose, sometimes altogether paler and leather-colour or pale dingy ochraceous, 5-8 cm. diameter ; when solitary or almost so, at first globose, then expanding with the margin involute, finally spreading and irregularly plicate ; excipulum spongy and cavernous, due to tire loose weft formed by interlacing, hya- line, thin-walled, flaccid, septate hyphae, cortex compact, running out into irregular groups of cells that form the scurfy exterior ; asci cylindrical, apex slightly truncate, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, usually 2-guttulate, 16-18 x 7-8 p; paraphyses slender, septate; tip slightly clavate, often curved, and sometimes branched. Peziza cochleata, Bulliard, Champ. Fr., t. 154, fig. 2; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 60 : Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 212 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 307. Peziza unibrina, Pers., Obs., i. p. 77. On the ground. 446 FUNGUS-FLORA. Specimen named by Fries examined ; also a specimen de- termined by Berkeley. Closely resembling 0. leporina in the curved paraphyges, but distinguished by the ascophore being irregularly plicate and not distinctly and evenly ear-shaped, and more especially by the spongy structure of the excipulum, the interwoven hyphae leaving large, more or less polygonal spaces which might at first be mistaken for the cells of a parenchymatous tissue. The entire substance is brittle and rather watery^ and usually assumes a yellowish tint when bruised. Smell and taste almost none. Sometimes the ascophores are closely crowded, hence irre- gular and much contorted, and resembling a fuliaceous Tremella or a small specimen of Sparassis crispa. Such con- ditions are figured by Nees, Syst., fig. 280, and by Berkeley in Gard. Chron., fig. 77. Otidea alutacea. Mass. Ascophore sessile but contracted at the base, usually clustered, variously contorted, disc tan-colour or smoky, ex- ternally paler or whitish, almost smooth except the base, which is covered with very short, white down, 3—6 cm. across; excipulum densely parenchymatous: asci narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, continuous, 2 guttulate, smooth at first, then minutely verru- culose and with a faint tinge of brown, 14—16 X 6—7 /A, 1- seriate ; paraphyses slender, apex clavate, brownish. Peziza alutacea, Pers., Syn., p. 638; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 61 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 273. Plicaria alutacea, Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 327. On the ground in woods. Specimen in Fuckel's Fung. Ehen., n. 1229, examined. Allied to P. cochleata, but distinguished by the almost glabrous exterior of the ascophore, and more especially by the verruculose, smaller spores. Persoon says that the exterior varies to tan-colour, and the disc to smoky with a purple tinge. Otidea grandis. Mass. Caespitose or solitary, sessile, usually wavy and more or, less plicate, margin entire, rarely divided to the base on one side, but never ear-shaped, 5-7 cm. across, 3-4 cm. high ; OTIDEA. 447 disc ochraceous-yellow or tinged brown; externally dark olive-green or olive-brown, lacunose and covered with white down at the base, attached to the ground by rusty mycelium ; excipulum formed of compactly interwoven, hyaline hyphae, which becomes more or less parenchymatous at the surface, forming a coloured, slightly scurfy cortex ; asci cylindrical, wavy and narrowed at the base, 8-spored ; spores obliquely uniseriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, usually 2-guttulate, elliptical, ends narrowed, 16-18 x 7-8 /A; paraphyses slender, septate, slightly thickened and often curved at the apex, hyaline. Peziza grandis, Pers., Obs., i. p. 27 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 376; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 275; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 61. On the ground in pine woods, &c. Specimen in Rehm's Ascom., n. 651, accepted as typical; Behm, Ascom., n. 651s, also called Otidea grandis, is Peziza cochleata as understood in the present work. The asci, spores, and paraphyses are practically alike in Peziza cochleata, Otidea leporina, and Peziza grandis. The first is distinct in the very open, spongy weft of hyphae forming the subiculum; the two last named agree in the very densely interwoven hyphae of the excipulum, but 0. leporina is pale tan externally, whereas P. grandis is dark olive-green. ** Disc orange. Otidea onotica. Fckl., Symb. Myc., p. 329; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 350. Yery variable in form, usually elongated on one side and ear-shaped, but sometimes almost equal-sided and entire, 3-7 cm. high, up to 5 cm. wide, becoming narrowed to a more or less wrinkled, short stem-like base; disc pale orange, usually with a rosy tinge, externally pale tawny- orange ; excipulum parenchymatous also the hypothecium, middle layer formed of interwoven, septate, hyaline hyphae, 6-9 p. thick, becoming again parenchymatous and pale brown towards the outside, the cells growing out in irregular clusters and forming the mealy exterior ; asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, colourless, ends obtuse, l*-2-guttulate, 14-15 X 8-9 fj.; paraphyses straight, septate, apex clavate. 448 FUNGUS-FLORA. Peziza onotica, Pers., Syra. Fung., p. 637; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 52 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 210. On the ground in woods, among leaves, &c. Specimens examined from Sydow, Myc. March., n. 160; Cooke, Fung. Exs., ed. ii. n. 365 ; and Fuckel, Fung. Khen., n. 1232. Differs from 0. leporina in the brighter colour of the ascophore, and the straight paraphyses. Otidea aurantia. Mass. Sessile or protracted into a very short stem-like base, caespitose and irregular, or growing singly and then circular in outline and regular, becoming almost plane ; thin, brittle, disc clear, deep orange or sometimes orange-red, externally much paler, or sometimes almost white, with a pink tinge, delicately tomentose, due to the presence of short, stout, blunt, 1-2-septate hyaline hairs; varying from 1-8 cm. broad; hypotheciuin formed of stout, hyaline, aseptate, interwoven bjphae, passing into an imperfectly parenchy- matous cortex formed of subglobose cells 10—14 p. diameter, these cells in turn give origin to the external hairs ; asci cylindrical, apex obtuse, pedicel slender, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, broadly elliptical, hyaline, continuous, at first smooth and 2-guttulate, then becoming ornamented with very delicate ridges combined to form an irregular network, 15-16 X 7-8 p.; paraphyses slender, ending in a clavate or pear-shaped head 7-9 p. broad, filled throughout their length with orange granules when fresh. Peziza aurantia, Pers., Obs., ii. p. 76; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 56 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 253 ; Cooke, Mycog., fig. 203. On the ground, often near stumps or among chips. Sometimes crowded, large, with the margin raised and very much waved and more or less incised, at others scattered, smaller, almost or quite even and finally spread flat on the ground. Easily recognised by the large size, bright orange disc, pale, downy exterior, and the broadly elliptical spores covered with a delicate network of raised lines at maturity. Specimens examined from Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 12, and Fuckel's Fung. Ehem, n. 1228. Far. stipitata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 57. OTIDEA. 449 Disc bright scarlet ; stem equalling the height of the cup, 4 mm. Not examined. Var. atromarginata, Phil. & Plow., Gard. Chron., Feb. 11, 1882, with fig, ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 57. Ascophore 1-2 • 5 cm. across, disc blood-red, wrinkled ; margin black, owing to the presence of minute, septate, bristle-like hairs; the tuberculate spores are frequently furnished with thread-like appendages at the extremities, pointing in opposite directions obliquely to the long axis of the spores. Not examined. The " septate, bristle-like hairs " at the margin appear to separate this variety from the neighbourhood of P. aurantia, Otidea fibrillosa. Mass. Ascophore sessile or with a very short stem-like base, 2-3 cm. broad, when young the margin is involute, after- wards erect, often divided on one side, rather fleshy; disc orange ; excipulum composed of large cells, the external ones of which give origin to thick, wavy, interwoven, colourless, septate hyphae, 5—6 p. thick, which form a dense whitish tomentum outside, quite lip to the margin; asci cylindrical, attenuated at the base, spores 8, uniseriate, arranged obliquely or straight, hyaline, smooth, elliptical, ends obtuse, eguttulate, 15—17 X 9 //,; paraphyses cylindrical 2 /*, thick, ending in a globose, orange-coloured head, 4-5 /* diameter. Peziza fibrillosa, Currey, Linn. Trans., vol. xxiv. p. 153 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 66 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 259. On the ground. Autumn. Somewhat resembling P. aurantia, but known from this and allied species by the globose heads of the paraphyses, apparently constantly smooth, eguttulate spores, and tomen- tose exterior of ascophore. Otidea luteo-nitens. Mass. Ascophore 2~lj cm< broad, globose when very young, then concave, at length more or less plane, wavy, and irregular ; disc bright orange-yellow, externally rather paler, glabrous for a short distance from the margin, then the large cells of VOL. IV. 2 G 450 FUNGUS-FLORA. the excipulum give off numerous colourless, septate hyphae, 5-6 p thick, which fix the fungus to the ground ; asci cylindrical, base narrowed and often slightly curved, spores 8; obliquely uniseriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, hyaline, often 1— 2-guttulate, smooth at first, then becoming distinctly asperate, 12-13 X 6-7 /j.; paraphy.ses cylindrical, 1-5 p thick, becoming slightly clavate and yellowish at the apex. Peziza luteo-nitens, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. (n. 556), ser. ii., vol. vii. p. 13; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 58; Sacc., Syll., 11. 254. Aleuria luteo-nitens (B. & Br.), Gillet, Champ. Fr., Disc., icon. On the bare ground. Gregarious or sometimes crowded ; the disc is sometimes of a deep primrose yellow colour. Distinguished from P. aurantia by its smaller size, but probably nothing more than a small form of the last-named species. This affinity was observed by Berkeley and Broome, who say in a note following the diagnosis, " resembling at first sight stunted specimens of Pez. aurantia, but essentially different, not only as proved by the habit, but the smooth, not echinulate or pointed spores." The spores are certainly rough when perfectly mature, as first observed by Phillips, so that now there remains but little more than the smaller size of the ascophore and the spores. Type specimen examined. Otidea leuculenta. Mass. Ascophore 1—3 cm. across, sessile, fleshy, subglobose then expanded and concave, often wavy ; disc bright orange- yellow, externally paler in colour and downy, the down becoming more abundant away from the margin, and fixing the fungus to the soil, excipulum parenchymatous, cells large; asci cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the base, spores 8, obliquely uniseriate, elliptic-oblong, hyaline, for a long time perfectly smooth and 2-guttulate, finally the epispore becomes oraamented with delicate raised lines anastomosing to form a polygonal network, 23-25 x 10-11 /A; paraphyses cylindrical below, the upper half very slightly and gradually expanding to form a clavate apex which is filled with orange granules, sometimes sparsely septate. Peziza leuculenta, Cooke, Mycogr., p. 121, fig. 208 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 59 ; iSacc., Syll., 261. ACETABULA. 451 Leucoloma leuculentum (Cooke), Rehm, Ascom., u. 351. On the ground under trees, &c. Solitary or scattered. The spores are described as smooth by Cooke, and also by Phillips, and this is usually the case, and with two large oil-drops, but a careful examination of the type specimen showed the spores in some of the asci are as described above. The apores in many species of Peziza are very treacherous in this respect ; remaining perfectly smooth, whereas now and again a few asci occur in which the spores have the epispore distinctly ornamented. P.fibrillosa, Curr., externally much resembles the present species, but differs in the cylindrical p?iraphyses having a spherical, and not clavate apex. ACETABULA. Fuckel. Ascophore fleshy, cup-shaped at maturity, glaliroas or scurfy ; stipitate, stem stout, often ribbed ; hypothecium composed of densely interwoven, septate hyphae; cortex parenchymatous ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores elliptical, hyaline, continuous, 1-seriate ; paraphyses present. Acetabula, Fuckel, Symb. Myc., p. 330. Peziza, or a section of Peziza of authors. The distinct, stout stem is usually furnished with more or less strongly raised ribs, which frequently pass for some distance up the outside of the ascophore in the form of branching veins. Acetabula vulgaris. Fckl., Symb. Mycol., p. 330; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 189. Ascophore stipitate, cnp-shaped, fleshy, rather tough, disc dark umber-brown, externally paler, and minutely scurfy or flocculose ; mouth somewhat contracted; 3—5 cm. broad, 2-5-3-5 cm. high ; stem 1-1-5 cm. high, often 1 cm. thick, imperfectly hollow, with parallel or anastomosing ribs, which continue for some distance up the ascophore as branching veins, pale umber; cells of the cortex give off short, rather closely septate hyphae in groups ; asci cylin- drical, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, with a very large oil-globule, 2 G 2 452 FUNGUS-FLORA. 18-22 x 12-14 yu; paraphyses straight, septate, the brownish, clavate tip 5-6 p. thick. Peziza acetalulum, Linn., Sp. PL, ii. 1650; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 44, pi. iii., fig. 11. On the ground. Spring. The fluted stem and veined outside of the excipulum mark the present species. The colourless hypothecium is com- posed of very densely and compactly interwoven hyphae. Acetabula leucomelas. Boud., Bull. Soc. Myc., i. p. 100; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 195. Ascophore stipitate, cup-shaped, 3-4 cm. broad and high, fleshy, rather tough ; disc blackish-grey, margin often irregular ; externally pallid or whitish, minutely rough ; stem about ^-1 cm. high, | cm. thick, pale, stuffed, externally lacunose or fluted, the ridges not extending to the asco- phore ; the cortical cells grow out in little clusters , asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, smooth, continuous, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, with one very large oil- globule, 22-24 x 12 p. ; paraphyses septate, 5-6 /j. at the brownish, clavate tips. Peziza leucomelas, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 219, t. xxx., fig. 1, a-c. On the ground in woods. Specimen from Persoon in Hb. Kew, examined. Distinguished from A. vulgaris by the whitish exterior, and the ribs on the stem not running up the ascophore. Hypothecium very compactly interwoven, hyaline. Sac- cardo says the spores become asperate ; this character I have not observed. Acetabula Percevalii. Mass. Solitary, stipitate, margin incurved and closed when young, then becoming saucer-shaped, the extreme margin still incurved, rather fleshy, 2-3 cm. across ; disc umber brown, externally paler, margin whitish, minutely rough ; stem 2—3 cm. long, 1 cm. thk-k, usually narrowed down- wards, more or less distinctly longitudinally sulcate or lacunose, pale ; hypothecium and excipulum composed of loosely, interwoven, branched, septate, hyaline hyphae, 3-4 /A thick, running out into a parenchymatous cortex of irregu- Jarly polygonal cells. 5-7 /u. diameter; asci cylindric-clavate, KHIZINA. 453 apex obtuse ; spores ....?; paraphyses slender, septate, the clavate tips brown. Peziza Percevali, Berk. & Cooke, Mycographia, fig. 192; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 45. Geopyxis Percevali, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 234. On the ground. Appears to be very closely allied, if at all distinct from A. leucomelas. RHIZINA. Fries (emended), (figs. 4-7, p. 188.) Ascophore sessile, expanded from the first, more or less concave below and furnished with root-like strands of mycelium or fibrillose, fleshy ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores continuous, elliptical or fusiform, hyaline, 1-seriate ; paraphyses present. Rhizma, Fr., Obs. Myc., i. p. 161 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 40 ; Face., Syll., viii. p. 57. Characteri.-ed by the expanded, marginate, crust-like ascophore, entirely covered with the hyinenium on the upper surface, and attached to the substratum by rhizoids or downy fibrils proceeding from the under surface. Allied to the genus Sphaerosoma ; differing in being more broadly expanded, and in the elliptical spores. Judging from a knowledge of British species only, the genus Psilo- pezia, established by Berkeley, would by some be considered distinct, but when the entire series of species included in the genera Rhizina and Psilopezia is taken into consideration, it is found impossible to separate the two by any one character. It so happens that we have the two extremes of structure in our British species, B. inflata having the rhizoids more strongly developed than in any other known species, whereas in R. Babingtonii and R. myrothecioides, these structures are reduced to the form of fibrils. Rhizina inflata. Quelet, Enchir., p. 272 ; Sacc., Sylh, viii. n. 180. (figs. 4-9, p. 188.) Crust-like, convex, irregularly undulated or nodulose, bay-brown or umber, margin paler and often slightly raised, thick and fleshy, form variable, irregularly orbicular or often lobed, under surface paler, more or less concave, 454 FUNGUS-FLORA. furnished with numerous stout fibrils by which the fungus is attached to the ground, 3—10 cin. across ; hypothecium and excipulum brown, formed of stout, septate, irregularly inflated, interwoven hyphae which run out below to form the rhizoids; asci stout, cylindrical, apex truncate, 8-spored ; spores obliquely 1-seriate, fusiform, ends rather acute, often 2-guttulate, hyaline, or the thick wall showing a tinge of brown at maturity, 32-36 x 9-10 p ; paraphyses slender, septate, tips brown, clavate, 6-7 fj. thick, more or less agglu- tinated ; mixed with the paraphyses are numerous bodies as long as the normal paraphyses, but stouter, clavate, with thicker walls, entirely brown, and without septa. Elvella inflata, Schaeffer, pi. 153 (1774). Bliizina undulata, Fr., Obs., i. p. 161 (1815); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 40. On sandy soil that has been burnt, also on peat. Specimen in Gooke, Fung. Brit., ser. ii., n. 400, examined. The spores may possibly become truly 1 -septate at maturity. Far. rhizophora. Mass. More or less orbicular, 2—4 cm. across, convex, even, in other respects as in the typical form. Octospora rhizophora, Hedw., Muse. Frond., ii. t. 5, fig. A (1787-1797). Bhizina laevigata, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 33 (1821-1830) ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 41. On sandy ground, also on stumps. Specimen in Winter— Eab., Fung. Eur., n. 2406, exa- mined. Hartig— The Diseases of Trees, Engl. Ed., p. 123— says, "besides these [the paraphyses], there are present numerous non-septate, secreting-tubes which project a little above the hymenium. These are filled with a brown secretion which pours over the surface as a slimy glutinous substance, swarm- ing with bacteria. The bacteria also find their way between the paraph yses, so that it is scarcely possible to get a culture of spores that is free from them. It is these, too, which induce the rapid decay and solution of the entire ascophore." ] The same author states that the present fungus is a very injurious papasite, attacking the roots of young conifers and other tiees, and killing them in a short time. HELVELLEAE. 455 Rhizina myrothectoides. Mass. Gregarious, suborbicular, almost or quite plane, rather thin, cartilaginous when dry, disc blackish-green, margin more or less torn, tomontose, yellowish, up to 1 cm. across ; cortical cells large, polygonal; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong, 1— 2-guttulate, wall smooth, thick, 18-20 x 10-12 p.; obliquely 1 -seriate ; paraphy.ses septate, tips clavate and brownish, longer than the asci. Psilopezia myrothecioides, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1489, t. 11, fig. 5; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. Ill; Sacc., SylL, viii. n. 617. On wood of Prunus padus and Ulex Europaea. Very closely allied to R. Babingtonii ; distinguished chiefly by the dark green disc, and yellowish, fimbriate margin. Type specimen examined. Rhizina Babingtonii. Mass. Expanded from the first, slightly convex, rugulose, glabrous, greyish brown, subcircular or irregular in outline, rather fleshy, shrinking and becoming thin and cartilaginous when dry ; under surface slightly concave, downy or fibril- lose, 1—2 cm. across ; cortical cells large, irregularly hexa- gonal ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, 16-18 X 8-9 p., obliquely 1- iseriate, 1— 2-guttulate ; paraphyses slender, septate, clavate and brownish at the tips, longer than the asci. Peziza Babingtonii, Berk. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 554. Psilopezia Babingtonii, Berk., Outl., p. 373; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 110, pi. v. fig. 23; Sacc., SylL, n. 614. On rotten wood. When dry the ascophore is very thin and cartilaginous and closely applied to the substratum. Type specimen examined. HELVELLEAE. The principal common feature of the present group is that the disc or hymenium is fully exposed from the earliest stage. There is an absence of the incurved margin of the ascophore when young, and the gradual exposure of the disc so 456 FUNGUS-FLORA. characteristic of the Pezizae. On the other hand, the transi- tion from one family to the other is bridged by intermediate forms, included in the genus Helvella in the present work ; for example, Helvella bvtlbosa and Helvella corium have the receptacle more or less incurved when young, but on the other hand these species possess more morphological points in common with the typical species of Helvella than with any members of the Pezizae. Another marked peculiarity is the gradual departure of the ascophore from the pezizoid or cup-shaped type. In Helvella there is the closest agrefi- ment with the cup-shaped form, although in some species we find the under surface of the pileus more or less adnate to the sides of the stem, and the pileus is always more or less drooping, thus fully exposing the hymenium. In Verpa the pileus is drooping and thimble-shaped, but free from the sides of the stem ; whereas in Mitrophora the pileus is also drooping, but has its upper half adnate to the stem. In thi& genus we have the development of a new idea, the hymenium being covered with stout, raised, anastomosing ribs, by this arrangement the ascigerous area of the disc is much increased ; this idea is continued in Morchella and Gyromitra. In the two last-named genera the pileus is large, hollow, and entirely adnate to the stem. Spathularia is a transition genus; S. clavata (= S. flavida) may be compared with Gyromitra or Morchella, differing in the large, hollow head being nearly smooth and very much compressed and flattened ; other species differ but little from Mitrula, where the pileus is entirely adnate to the stem, and ovate or clavate. Finally we pass on to Geoglossum, where the slender stem is termi- nated upwards by the clavate head, differing only in being fertile. The last-named genus is the only one in the family having coloured spores. ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. Spores hyaline. * Margin only, or whole of pileus free from sides of stem. Helvella. Pileus drooping, irregularly waved and lobed. HELVELLEAE. 457 Verpa. Pileus drooping, regular, margin entire, thimble-shaped. Leotia. Pileus fleshy, discoid; spores obliquely 1-2- seriate. Cudonia. Pileus fleshy, discoid ; spores very long and slender, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus. Mitrophora. Surface of pileus furnished with stout anastomosing ribs bounding deep, elongated pits ; lower part of pileus free from stem. ** Pileus adnate throughout to the stem. f Spores obliquely l-2-seriate in the ascus. Morcliella. Surface of pileus furnished with stout, anastomosing ribs bounding deep, irregular pits. Gyromitra. Surface of pileus covered with rounded, variously contorted folds. Mitrula. Pileus subglobose or clavate, surface even. tf Spores long and slender, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus. Spatlmlaria. Pileus flattened, running down the stem for some distance on opposite sides. Vibrissea. Pileus capitate ; spores remaining attached to the surface of the pileus for some time after escaping from the asci. Aquatic. B. Spores coloured. Geoglossum. 458 FUNGUS-FLORA. HELVELLA. Linn, (emended), (figs. 17, 18, p. 188.) Ascophore stipitate, pileus irregular, not subglobose and closed when young, thin, formed of 2—4 drooping lobes, or crisped and irregularly wavy, often more or less attached to the stem for some distance down; under surface glabrous, minutely velvety or furfuraceous, sometimes rugulose or veined ; stem elongated, either stout or slender, often lacunose or ribbed; hypothecium and excipulum formed of densely interwoven hyphae, which pass into a cortex of large cells ; asci cylindrical, 8 -spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, ellip- tical, 1 -seriate; paraphyses septate, clavate. Helvella, Linn., Sp. PI., 1648 (1763) ; Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 14; Phil,, Brit. Disc., p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 17. The present genus connects the Peziza with the Helvelleae, differing from the former in the ascophore not being succulent and fleshy, and in not being closed at first and gradually expanding. Certain species included in Helvella approach Peziza in the character mentioned, but their general struc- ture is that of Helvella rather than that of the stipitate Pezizae included in the genera Geopyxis and Acetabula. Growing on the ground, rarely on rotten wood. * Pileus adnate with the sides of the stem. Helvella crispa. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 14; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 159; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 10 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 42. (figs. 17, 18, p. 188). Pileus drooping, inflated and lobed, margin wavy, at first adhering to the sides of the stem but soon quite free, minutely pruinose, otherwise quite glabrous, fragile and almost translucent, whitish or tinged yellow, 4—7 cm. across; stem 6-10 cm. high, 2-4 cm. thick above usually narrowed upwards, with stout anastomosing, more or less plane ribs enclosing irregular elongated pits, hollow, as are also the ribs, minutely pruinose, otherwise glabrous, pure white then tinged yellowish ; hypothecium and excipulum formed of hyaline, slender, densely interwoven hyphae, which pass into a large-celled cortex ; asci cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores HELVELLA. 459 hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 17-18 X 9-10 /x. ; paraphyses hyaline, septate, slender, slightly clavate, a trifle longer than the asci. On the ground. Autumn. Edible. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 102, examined. Distinguished from all other species by the stout, costate, lacunose, hollow stem ; entirely glabrous, fragile, and with a semi-transparent look. Colour variable, included under the following forms : — Forma alba. Pileus whitish. Forma Grevillei. Under surface of the pileus reddish ; stem white. Forma incarnata. Pileus and stem flesh-colour. Forma fulva. Pileus yellowish or tawny. Helvella lacunosa. Afzel., Vet. Ac. Hd., 1873, p. 30.5 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 11; Sacc., Syll., viii. 11. 46. Ascophore irregular, often irregularly inflated, dark grey or blackish-grey, irregularly lobed, loi>es drooping and at- tached to the stem by the under curface, H-5 cm. high; exoipulum composed of densely interwoven hyphae, which run out at the periphery into parallel, clavate, septate hyphae, 10-20 //, thick at the tip; stem, 1-5-5 cm. long, |-1^ cm. thick, variously ribbed or lacunose, pallid ; as'.-i cylindrical, 8-spored; spores obliquely 1-seriate, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, smooth, hyaline, continuous, with 1 very large globose oil-globule, 18—20x10—12 /JL ; paraphyses septate, becoming gradually clavate up to the brownish tip, which is 6-10 p thick. Helvella sulcata, Afz., Vet. Ac. Handl., 1873. p. 306; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 12 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 48. On the ground in woods. Spring and autumn. Solitary or gregarious; very variable in size, as also in the inflation ot the ascophore and the ribbing of the stem, but an examination of numerous specimens in various ex- siccati under both names given above proves that all are forms of one variable species, and all agree in the above characters. Helvella infula. Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. et Palat., pi. 159 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 334 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 13 ; Gillet, Disc. Fr., p. 11 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 57. 400 FUNGUS-FLORA. Pileus hooded, in 2—4 irregular, drooping lobes, at length undulate, strongly adherent to the sides of the stem, reddish- brown or cinnamon more or less deep in colour, whitish and downy underneath, 4—8 cm. broad; stem, 3—6 cm. long, 1 cm. and more thick, usually smooth and even, sometimes com- pressed and irregularly lacunose, pallid or tinged with red, covered with a white meal or down, solid when young but becoming hollow with age ; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, con- tinuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 21-23 x 11-12 /x, ; paraphyses septate, clavate and brown at the tips. On the ground in woods. Differs from H. guepinioides in the pileus being adnate to the stem, and from H. monachella in the stem not being glabrous. Specimen in Eoum., Fung. Gall., 1208, examined. The Brandon specimens were very variable in form and size; pileus sometimes nearly globose,' bullate, and wrinkled, at others expanded, and unequally lobed at the margin ; the stem attenuated upwards or in the centre ; varying in height from 3 to 7 inches ; the paraphyses branched, septate, pyri- form at the apices ; sporidia furnished with two large gut- tulae, 18-22x 8 p. Probably esculent. (Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 14.) Is this the right species? Helvella monachella. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 18; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 14; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 335; Sacc., Syll.,viii. n. 62. Pileus drooping, irregularly lobed and folded, depressed at the centre, adnate to the sides of the stem, pale brown or sometimes almost bay, paler below, 3-4 cm. broad ; stem, 2— 4-cm. lon fully matured. Sporidia • 03 mm. long. (Cooke in Grev., I.e.) As the synonyms show, this variety was afterwards raised to specific rank by Cooke. After having examined the specimens I prefer the varietal position, if indeed it can be considered truly as such, and not as a mere form. SPATHULARIA. Pers. (figs. 22-24, p. 188.) Receptacle erect, spathulate, compressed, hollow, adnate to the stem, down which it runs for some distance on op- posite sides, everywhere covered with the hymenium ; stem subcylindrical, hollow ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8- spored ; spores elongated, cylindric-clavate, nmltiseptate at maturity, arranged in a parallel fascicle in ihe ascus; para- physes filiform, septate. SpatJiularia, Persoon, Tentam. Disp., p. 36 (1797); Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 30 ; Sacc., Syll., p. 48. Distinguished by the broad, flattened ascophore running down opposite sides of the stem. Growing on pine leaves or on the ground among moss. Spathularia clavata. Sacc., Micb., ii. p. 77; Syl!., viii. n. 160 (figs. 22-24, p. 188). Head spathulate or broadly clavate, obtuse or sometimes more or less divided at the apex, hollow, much compressed, running down the stem for some distance on opposite sides, glabrous, margin crisped or undulated, surface wavy or slightly lacunose, yellow, rarely tinged red, 2-3 cm. high, 1-5-2-5 cm. broad; stem white then tinged yellow, 3-6 cm. long, \— | cm. thick, hollow, cylindrical or slightly com- pressed; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, linear-clavate, usually very slightly bent, multiguttulate then multiseptate, 50-60 x 3-5-4 p; paraphyses filiform, septate, often branched, tips not thickened, wavy. 486 FUNGUS-FLORA. Elvela clavata, Sohaeffer, t. 149 (1774). Spathularia flavida, Pers., Comm. Fung. Clav., p. 34 (1797) ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 30, pi. ii. fig. 7 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 342. On the ground among pine leaves or moss. Gregarious ; variable in shape and size, but distinguished by the flattened ascophore adnate to and running for some distance down opposite sides of the stem. The hypothecium consists of branched, septate, interwoven, colourless hyphae of variable thickness, some are 6-8 p. thick, and when treated with dilute potassic hydrate and afterwards stained with anilin blue, show continuity of protoplasm very beautifully, the ends of adjoining cells being connected by a single, delicate, central strand as in many of the red seaweeds. Greville says the spores are discharged elastically. Specimen examined in Berk., Brit. Fung., n. 257; Eehm, Ascorn., n. 426; and Flora Exs. Austro.-Hung. n. 1974. VIBEISSEA. Fries, (figs. 32-35, p. 188.) Aquatic ; ascophore sessile or stipitate, the disc becoming convex, somewhat fleshy ; asci elongated, cylindric-clavate, apex more or less narrowed, attenuated downwards into a long, slender pedicel, 8-spored ; spores needle-shaped, almost as long as the ascus, arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, escaping from the ascus and remaining fixed to the surface of the disc for some time at maturity ; paraphyses present. Vibrissea, Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 31; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 316; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 51 (in part). The species grow on wood or dead branches, either com- pletely submerged in water or in very damp places. At maturity the long, slender spores escape from the ascus and remain for a time attached by their basal end to the disc, giving it a minutely velvety and glistening appearance due to their rapid vibratory movements. Saccardo has broken up the genus, as here understood, into two genera, placing the stipitate forms in Vibrissea, which is located next to Spatlmlaria, while the sessile forms are included in Gorgonkeps and placed next to the genus Belonidium in the Pezizae. VIBKISSEA. 487 Vibrissea truncorum. Fries, Syst. Myc., ii. p. 31 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 316, pi. x. fig. 60; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 167 (figs. 32-35, p. 188). Ascophores gregarious or scattered, often in clusters of 2—4, stipitate, orbicular and rather fleshy, disc golden-yellow, orange, tawny, or blood-red, convex, 3-5 mm. across, hypo- thecium and excipulum hyaline, formed of intricately inter- woven, septate hyphae about 3 p. thick, passing into pseudo- pai'enchyma at the point where the widened apex of the stem joins the excipulum, and running out on the free surface into dark-coloured septate hyphae, which form more or less of a fringe round the margin of the disc ; stem, 6—12 mm. long, 1-5-3 mm. thick, round, composed of more or less parallel, hyaline, septate hyphae, densely covered with dark- coloured, obtuse, septate hyphae pointing at right angles to the long axis of the stem ; asci elongated, narrowly cylindri- cal, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, very slender, nearly as long as the ascus, 200-220 x 1 • 5 /x, multiseptate, arranged in a pa- rallel fascicle in the ascus ; paraphyses very slender, septate, sometimes branched, tips slightly thickened and coloured. Leotia truncorum, Alb. & Schw., Consp., p. 397, t. 3, fig. 2. Vibrissea Margarita, White, Scot. Nat., vol. ii. p. 218; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 318 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 170. On decaying wood and branches in streams ; most abundant in subalpine districts. The head is about 2 lines broad, at first plane, becoming convex, often slightly repand, urabilicate beneath ; the stem, at first stuffed, becomes hollow, is 2-6 lines high, bluish- grey, with blackish squamules, or smooth, darker towards the base ; the asci are very long, cylindrical, numerous ; the spores very slenderly filiform, divided by numerous septa, narrower towards each extremity, 8 in the ascus ; paraphyses numerous, branched ; septate, enlarged and brownish at the summits. When removed from the water and exposed for a short time to the air, the spores shoot out from the hyme- nium with more or less violence, many of them remaining attached by one extremity to the hymenium, waving to and fro like floss silk, glittering in the light. (Phillips.) The blackish squamules mentioned by Phillips as occurring on the stem, are due to the clustering together of a number of the radiating hairs clothing its surface. 488 FUNGUS-FLORA. Specimens examined in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 4, and Moug. & Nest., n. 781. Specimens of Vibrissea Margarita, sent to Kew by the author, have also been carefully examined, and proved to be identical in every respect with V. truncorum. ~ Vibrissea Guernisaci. Crouan, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1857, t. iv. figs. 24-26; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 319, pi. x. f. 61. Ascophore sessile, at first subglobose and somewhat nar- rowed at the base, then expanding until the disc is slightly convex and more or less distinctly marginate, greyish or with a tinge of orange, rather fleshy, glabrous, flesh- coloured, subgelatinous, 2-3 mm. across ; hypothecium pa- renchymatous, running out at the margin into parallel rows of septate, olive hyphae; asci long, narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores needle-shaped, very slender, hyaline, apex rounded, base pointed, straight or slightly bent, multi- septate at maturity, almost as long as the ascus and arranged in a parallel fascicle, 250-270 x 1 * 5-2 p. ; parapliyses slender, septate, often branched near the slightly clavate tips. Gorgoniceps Guernisaci, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2082. On submerged branches of willow and alder. At maturity the disc is covered with the projecting spores, which glisten like the finest floss silk as they wave to and fro. Specimen in Elv. Brit, n. 143, examined. Var. leptospora. Mass. Disc yellowish ; paraphyses slender, septate, tips broadly pyrifonn or globose, 6-7 p. across, otherwise as in the type. Peziza leptospora, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1166, t. iv. f. 30. Vibrissea leptospera, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 320. Gorgoniceps leptospora, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2086. On decayed wood. Patellaria Fergussoni, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1490, t. 11, fig. 6. Vibrissea Fergussoni, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 318 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 173. On branches of Prunus padus. Type specimens examined. Var. vibrisseoides. Mass. Disc yellowish, more or less distinctly bounded by the GEOGLOSSUM. 485) delicate, raised margin; paraphyses septate, tips brown, clavate, about 3*5 /* thick. Helotium vibrisseoides, Peck, 32nd Eeport, 1879. Vibrissea turbinata, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 320. On branches of ash in a watercourse. British specimen named by Phillips, examined. Vibrissea microscopica. B. & Br., Ann. Xat. Hist., n. 1618, ser. iv. vol. xvii. p. 142 (1876); Phil., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. xi., vol. ii. p. 7, t. i. f. 17-24; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 319; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 175. Very minute, shortly stipitate, at first piriform, then ex- panding and becoming concave or almost plane, grey, about | mm. high and broad ; excipulum pseudoparenchymatous, the cells running out into parallel, septate hyphae at the surface and margin ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, pedicel long and slender, 8-spored ; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, continuous, often slightly curved ; needle-shaped, 50-60 x 2 p.; paraphyses very slender, numerous, tips not thickened. On damp fir-wood. Type specimen examined. Scarcely visible without a lens. Stem very short, black ; head grey, leaving a cup-shaped depression when completely washed off; sporidia ejected, filiform. (B. & Br.) GEOGLOSSUM. Pers. (emended), (figs. 8-10, p. 188.) Entire fungus more or less clavate, erect, the apical, thickened portion everywhere covered with the hymenium ; glabrous or hairy, often viscid ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored; spores elongated, arranged in a parallel fascicle, cylindrical or very slightly thickened above the middle, and inclined to become cylindric-clavate, brown, septate, usually slightly curved ; paraphyses septate, brown at the tips, often longer than the asci. Geoglossum, Persoon, Obs. Mycol., i. p. 11 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. p. 42 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 34 (in part). Distinguished among the clavate species by the long, nar- 490 FUNGUS-FLORA. row, brown, septate spores. The entire plant is black in all British species. Growing on the ground, among grass, &c. * Ascophore glabrous. t Spores 3-septate. Geoglossum glutinosum. Pers., Obs., i. p. 11 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 38 ; Sacc., Syll., n. 136 ; Cke., Mycogr., fig. 6. (figs. 8-10, p. 188.) Ascophore 3-6 cm. high, black, glabrous ; ascigerous portion about J of the entire length, oblong-lanceolate, up to 1 cm. broad, obtuse, slightly viscid, more or less com- pressed, passing imperceptibly into the somewhat slender, cylindrical, viscid, brownish-black stem ; asci clavate, taper- ing downwards into a long, slender pedicel ; spores 8, arranged more or less parallel near the apex of the ascus, cylindrical, ends obtuse, 3-septate and clear brown ^at maturity, straight or very slightly curved, 65-75 X 5-6 p. ; paraphyses numerous, distinctly septate, about 2 p, thick, pale brown, apex broadly pyriform and filled with dark brown colouring-matter. On the ground among grass, &c. The most important features of the present species are, 3-septate brown spores and compressed ascophore. Geoglossum viscosum. Pers., Comm., p. 39 ; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 37 ; Cke., Mycogr., p. 10; Grev., Scot. Or. PI., pi. 55 ; Sacc., Sylt. n. 137. Ascophore 3-5 cm. high, glabrous, black, viscid ; ascigerous portion about £ of the whole, broadly fusiform, obtuse, not compressed, passing imperceptibly into the glabrous, cylin- drical slimy stem, which is usually brownish at the base ; asci clavate, attenuated into a long, slender base ; spores 8, grouped parallel in a fascicle near the apex of the ascus, cylindrical, ends obtuse, 3-septate and brown at maturity, straight or slightly curved, 70-90 X 5-0 //, ; paraphyses numerous, distinctly septate, cylindrical and about 2 fj. thick, pale brown, the apex usually abruptly swollen into a globose, dark-brown head, 6-8 //, diameter. GEOGLOSSUM. 491 Among grass in pastures, &c. Somewhat gregarious ; sometimes with an olivaceous tinge. Very closely allied to G. glutinosum, of which I am inclined to consider it a variety ; distinguished by being more viscid, ascophore not becoming compressed, and large, globose heads of the paraphyses. This last character is, however, very variable, and examination of a very large series of specimens of G. glutinosum and G. viscosum shows a perfect sequence from abruptly globose to narrowly pyriform tips of para- physes. I find — contrary to descriptions — the paraphyses constantly septate in both species. Subgregarious, carnoso-coriaceous, 1-2 inches in height, black, paler with a brown tinge at the base of the stipes, which is slender, cylindrical, slimy, especially in moist weather. Hymenium black, confluent with the stem, some- times of the same diameter, at others sometimes thicker, and of an oblong form ; obtuse at the apex, rounded, not com- pressed. This species is chiefly distinguished by its cylin- drical or rounded hymenium ; that of G. glutinosum (to which species it is most nearly allied) being compressed. (Greville.) t Spores 1-septate. Geoglossum glabrum. Pers., Obs. Myc., ii. p. 61 Thil., Brit. Disc., p. 36 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 1. Ascophores gregarious, 3-7 cm. high, everywhere blackish, dry; asci^eious portion, or club, about half the entire length, cylindric-clavate, glabrous; stem rather slender, often crooked, minutely squamulose ; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel elongated, slender, 8-spored; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, narrowly cylindric-clavate, the upper half slightly thickest, often slightly curved, 7-septate at maturity, often very slightly constricted at the septa, each cell generally 1-gnttulate, brown, 70-75 x 7 //, ; paraphyses septate, upper septa rather close and more or less constricted, apex clavate, 7-9 //, thick, brown, straight or curved. Geoglossum ophioglossoides, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 141. On the ground among grass. Specimens in Eehm, Ascom., n. 503, and Phil., Elv. Brit., 492 FUNGUS-FLORA. n. 55, examined, also a specimen in Herb., Kew, named by Persoon. Geoglossum difforme. Fries, Obs., i. p. 159; Phil-., Brit. Disc., p. 35 ; Cooke,' Mycogr., fig. 7 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 143. Entire length 3-0 cm., slightly viscid when moist, black, glabrous ; club about half the entire length, often irregularly bent and compressed, obtuse, distinct from the stem, up to 1 cm. thick ; stem thinner than the club, more or less cylindrical and even ; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus, slightly curved when free, cylindric-clavate, apex very slightly thickened, 7-septate, brown, 90-100 x 6 p; paraphyses septate, slender, scarcely or not at all thickened at the pale brown, flexuous tips, longer than the asci. On the ground among grass. Closely allied to G. glabrum, differing mainly in the paraphyses, which are pale brown and not clavate at the tips. Specimens examined in Berk., Brit. Fung. n. 256, Cooke, Brit. Fung. n. 481, and Rabenh., Herb. Myc., ed. ii. n. 424. ** Ascophorc and stem hairy. Geoglossum hirsutum. Pers., Comm., p. 37 ; Cooke, Mycogr., fig. 3; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 34; Sacc., Syll., viii. 11. 150. Ascophore 5-7 cm. high, entirely black; ascigerous portion about half the whole length, oblong or ovate, generally more or less compressed and longitudinally wrinkled, up to 1 cm. at widest part, minutely hairy, as is also the cylindrical stem ; asci clavate, apex slightly narrowed, pedicel slender, 8-spored ; spores arranged in a parallel series in the ascus, the mass of spores narrowed at base and apex, brown and often with an olive tinge, linear-fusiform, slightly thicker at the apical half, just a little curved, multi septate, 130-150 x 5 p.; paraphyses numerous, septate, slightly thickened at the apex, which is brownish, and often more or less curved ; mixed with the GEOGLOSSUM. 493 paraphyses are numerous blackish-brown, sharp-pointed spines (cystidia), 300-350 x 6-7 p., which project beyond the asci, and cause the hairy appearance of the hymenium. Caespitose or gregarious, on the ground among grass. Eeadily distinguished by the hairy hynieniurn and stem. The hairs on the stem gradually become smaller as they recede from the ascigerous portion, and are probably the last remains of a condition when the whole above-ground portion was fertile, and no differentiated stem existed. ( 494 ) ADDENDA. Schweinitzia rufo-olivacea. Mass., p. 125 of present volume, from which place this figure was inadvertently omitted. Schweinitzia rufo-olivacea. Section of a portion of the ascophore. Scleroderris livida. Mass., Fnng.-Flora, p. 127. Very fine specimens collected by Mr. C. Crossland near Halifax enable the following points to be added : Erumpent : disc convex or plane, soft, fleshy, pale opaque dingy orange- buff, pruinose and glistening ; hypothecium yellow ; spores 7-septate at maturity, but mostly 3-septate. Apical plug of ascus brown, not blue, with iodine. On pine bark. Orbilia succinea. Quc-let, Enchirid. Fung., p. 298 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 2576 ; liehni, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 460. ADDENDA. 495 Gregarious, minute, subgelatinous when moist, at first globose, becoming expanded and slightly concave, glabrous, amber-colour, then darker, up to | mm. across ; stem very short, slender; asci cylindric - clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, continuous, cylindric-fusiform, straight, 5 x 1 p., irregularly 2-seriate ; paraphyses very slender. Calloria succinea, Fr., Summ. Veg. Scand., p. 359. Calloria electrina, Phil. & Plow., Grev., x. p. 68. Peziza electrina, Phil. & Plow. Grev., viii., p. 153. Hymenoscypha electrina, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 142. Conidial stage. Receptacle exactly resembling the asco- phore, into which condition it gradually passes after pro- ducing conidia. The disc is covered with delicate, hyaline, branched conidiophores, bearing at their tips, hyaline, continuous, cylindrical conidia, ends obtuse, straight or curved, 14 x 2 /*. Dacryomyces succineus, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Mass., Fungus-Flora, vol. i. p. 67. Calloria succinea, Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., p. 359. On pine leaves. Authentic specimen from Phillips examined. (Should stand next to 0. leucostigma, p. 147.) Mollisia fusca. Mass. Gregarious or sometimes crowded, sessile, at first depresso- globose and closed, then hemispherical or almost plane, but the margin is permanently raised, up to 1 mm. across ; disc grey or brownish, externally brown, the margin minutely fimbriate; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly poly- gonal, olive, 5-7 fji diameter, running out into short, thin- walled, cylindrical or subclavate, obtuse, 1-3-septate hairs, olive at the base, upper portion white, 30-40 X 3-4 p; hypothecium olive ; asci cylindric-clavate, apex slightly nar- rowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, con- tinuous, straight or slightly curved, narrowly elliptic- fusiform, 7-11 X 2-2 '5 p; paraphyses slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Lachnella Schumacheri, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 262. Trichopeziza fusca, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1710. On dead wood. 496 FUNGUS-FLORA. A somewhat anomalous species ; the marginal hairs are somewhat lax and irregular in length for a typical Mollisia ; on the other hand, the hairs are not sufficiently developed for a Dasyscypha, neither do we find the hypotheciimi coloured in the last-named genus. Specimen in Phil., Elv. Brit., n. 167, examined. (To follow M. lignicola, p. 206.) Mollisia carduorum. Mass. Gregarious or sometimes confluent, sessile, at first globose and closed, finally becoming almost plane, with a slightly raised margin, contracted and incurved when dry ; disc dingy yellow or dark grey; externally blackish-olive or brown, with a few spreading hyphae at the base, i-l| mm. across ; cortex parenchymatous, cells irregularly polygonal, 5-6 ^ diameter, greyish-olive, running out at the margin into paleiv parallel, septate hyphae ; asci narrowly clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, elongated, narrowly fusiform or clavate, 2-4-guttulate then 1-septate, hyaline, usually very slightly bent, 15-21 x 2-3 //. ; paraphyses slender, septate, very slightly clavate. Niptera carduorum, Winter, Flora, 1872, p. 7 (in the re- print) ; Kehm, Krypt.-Flora, Disc., p. 555. Pyrenopeziza carduorum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1483. On dead stems of thistle (Cnicua arvensis); also on Lappa, according to Rehm. West Kilbride, Ayrshire (D. A. Boyd). Specimen in Eehm's Ascom., n. 68, examined. Very closely allied to Belonidium Arctii, of which it may prove to be a variety with smaller spores. The presence of four guttulae suggest that the spores may become 3-.veptate at maturity. (To follow Mollisia digitalina, p. 211.) Mollisia mutabilis. Mass. Scattered, appearing as minute, dark-brown, downy points, at first globose and closed, then expanded until quite plane, .about \ mm. across ; disc whitish, externally brown ; glab- rous; cortex pareuchymatous, cells subcircular or hexagonal, brownish, 7-10 p. diameter, running out into nairow, elongates cells at the very blunt margin ; asci narrowly clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored ; spores hyaline, irregularly 2-seriate, ADDENDA. 497 narrowly cylindric fusiform, sometimes 2-guttulate, 14-17 X 2 • 5-3 fji ; paraphyses very slender, hyaline, cylindrical. Peziza mutabilis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 564. Tapesia mutabilis, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 278; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1553. On dead leaves of Aira caespitosa. A true Mollisia ; when young and incurved, brown, when fully expanded entirely white or pallid. Berkeley says: " When old it bears some resemblance to pale forms of P. atrata and P. palustris. The minute speck of down at the base is completely covered when the plant is fully expanded, and cannot be considered as a tapesium or subiculum." Type specimen examined. (To follow M. juncina, p. 214.) Mollisia dactyligluma. Cooke, Grev., vol. xix. p. 86 ; Sacc., Syll., Suppl., x. n. 4527. Scattered or gregarious, sessile, globose and closed at first, then expanding until plane, glabrous, rather fleshy; disc pallid or with a grey tinge, externally pale greyish-olive, paler towards the margin, \-^- mm. across ; cortex parenchy- matous, cells irregularly subcircular, 7-10 p. diameter, be- coming slightly smaller upwards, and running out at the margin into parallel, obtuse, 1— 2-septate hyphae ; asci nar- rowly cylindric-clavate, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, straight or very slightly curved, continuous, narrowly cylindrical, or often with a clavate tendency, 7—10 x 1 * 5 ^ ; paraphyses hyaline, slender, very slightly thickened upwards. On glumes of Dactylis glomerata. Type specimen, now in Herb. Kew, examined. (To follow M. stramineum, p. 215.) Belonidium deparculum. Mass. Gregarious, sessile, minute, rarely more than ^— ^- mm, across; subglobose and closed at first, then becoming nearly plane, thin, disc pallid or with a tinge of yellow, outside pallid and minutely pulverulent ; when dry hemispherical, concave, ochraceous or pale reddish-yellow; asci short, cylindric-clavate, apex rounded, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, narrowly cylindrical, straight or slightly VOL. IV. 2 K 498 FUNGUS-FLOKA. bent, at first continuous, then 1- finally o-septatc, 12-16 X 1-5 /A; paraphyses slender, hyaline, tips thickened. Helolium deparculum, Karsten, Myc. Fenn., i. p. 150 ; Phil., in Grev., xx. p. 38. Pseudohelotium deparculum, Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1224. On dead stems of meadow-sweet. Specimens in Kunze, Fung. Sel., n. 387, examined. (To follow B. ventosum, p. 224.) Pocillum Needhami. Mass. & Cross!. Hypophyllous, scattered, subcylindrical or turbinate, narrowed to a very short, stem-like base, disc circular, plane, truncate, substance soft and watery, whitish with a slight tinge of flesh-colour, tinged with amber when dry, about |-§- mm. broad and high ; cortex formed of more or less parallel rows of septate hyphae extending from base to margin, where they are brownish, 4 //, thick, sometimes branching; asci clavate, apex narrowed, often slightly curved, 8-spored ; spores irregularly 2-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, often guttulate, narrowly elliptical, or sometimes with a very slight tendency to become clavate, 18-20 X 3-4 p.; paraphyses cylindrical, slender, hyaline. On fallen decaying leaves, probably belonging to Salix capraea. The spores often contain 3-4 guttae, and may possibly be septate when quite mature. This very interesting addition to our Mycologic Flora was found near Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, by Mr. Needham, an enthusiastic collector of fungi. (To follow P. Boltoni, p. 231.) Helotium nudum. Mass. Gregarious, plane or convex, stipitate, waxy, flesh-colour, glabrous ; disc same colour, undulated ; stem long, flexuous, expanding into the ascophore ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, fusiform or oblong-elliptic, hyaline, 5—10 x 2—3 //,; paraphyses acerose, granular within, exceeding the asci. Peziza nuda, Phil., Scot. Nat., vi. p. 124. Lachnella nuda, Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 247. On the ground amongst moss, in a fir wood. Ascophore 1 line broad, and 2 lines high. ADDENDA. 499 A large and Helotium-likc species, having acerose para- physes, which have never been observed before in a perfectly flabrous species, the presence of which fully justifies placing ore. The asci are 500 //, long, and 4 //, broad; the para- physes are 70 /* long. (Phil.) There appears to be some mistake in the measurements of the asci and paraphyses as given above, as the paraphyses are described as being longer than the asci ; probably the asci are 50 p instead of 500 as stated. Unknown to me. (To follow H. lacteum, p. 260.) Sclerotinia baccarum. Eehm, Hedw., 1885, n. i. p. 9 ; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. Slo ; Eehm, Krypt.-Flora., Disc, p. 806; Woronin, Mem. Acad. Imp. St.-Petersb., p. 31, pL viii. (1888). Sclerotium formed within the fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus, and producing 1-3 stipitate ascophores which are closed when young, then hemispherical, finally expanded, brown, glabrous, rather thin, |-1 cm. across, stem variable in length, 2-4 cm. long, cylindrical, slender, often flexuous, brown, glabrous, or minutely velvety at the base; hypo- thecium brown, formed of interwoven hyphae ; asci cylin- drical, apex slightly truncate, narrowed below into a slender, usually crooked pedicel, 8-spored ; spores 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, elliptical, ends rounded, 16-20 X 8-9 /* ; as a rule only four of tbe spores in an ascus become fully developed, the other four remaining quite small; paraphyses slender, septate, hyaline, apex slightly clavate. The conidial form attacks the young, living shoots of the host-plant, appearing as a Monilia-like, white bloom formed of simple or branched chains of subglobose, hyaline conidia about 3 p diameter. The ascophores appear on the fallen fruit of Vaccinum myrtillus, which contain sclerotia in their interior. Infected fruits are readily recognised before they fall from the plant by their whitish colour and somewhat shrivelled appear- ance. Dr. Trail, F.R.S., of Aberdeen, has collected berries con- taining sclerotia, but mature ascophores are not yet recorded. (To follow S. bulborum, p. 284.) 2 K 2 FUNGUS-FLORA. Sacc., Syll., n. 1394. Y Gregarious, sessile, at first closed then becoming plane, Often irregular, rather firm, contracted when dry, disc jpfhitish, pallid when dry, externally blackish-brown, minutely rugulose or granular; cortex parenchymatous, cells 7—8 fji diameter, brown, running out into parallel geptate hairs at the entire margin, 1-2 mm. across; asci narrowly clavate, slightly narrowed at the apex, spores 8, ^-seriate, hyaline, continuous, often 2-guttulate, straight or slightly bent, 9-14 x 2—2*5 ; paraphyses hyaline, slender. Peziza melaleuca, FT., S. M., ii. p. 150. Exsicc.— Cke., Fung. Brit, n. 390; Phil., Elv. Brit., BJ. 125 ; in both instances called Peziza cinerea, Batsch, with which it has been confounded, but is quite distinct in the dryer texture, white disc, and blackish-brown exterior. On hard, decorticated wood, chips, &c. Mollisia cinerea. Karst., Myc. Fenn., i. p. 189; Sacc., Syll., viii. n. 1393; Phil., Brit. Disc., p. 173 (in part). ' Gregarious, at first closed then plane, rather fleshy and watery, disc greyish ; margin whitish and often irregular, dingy yellow or often blackish when dry and remaining flat ; externally smooth, brownish, especially near the base, where it is furnished with brown hyphae; 1-2 mm. dia- meter; cortex parenchymatous, cells olive-brown, 8-12 /z diameter, passing into parallel, slightly clavate, septate Jiairs at the margin ; asci narrowly clavate, tip very slightly narrowed ; spores 8, 2-seriate, narrowly elliptic-oblong, ^nds obtuse, hyaline, straight or very slightly curved, 7-10 x 2-3 p.; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened upwards. Peziza cinerea, Batsch, Elench. Fung., p. 198, fig. 137. Exsicc.— Cke., Fung. Brit., ed. ii. n. 383. On dead wood and branches. Distinguished by the watery, semipellucid substance and clear grey colour when fresh. INDEX TO GENERA. JoM loH Abrothallus, 98. Acetabula, 451. Actidium, 30. Agyrium, 150. AUographum, 31. Anthopeziza, 388. Ascobolus, 158. Ascodesmis. IP. Ascomyces, 14. Ascophanus, 173. Aulographum, 31. Barlaea, 394. Belonidium, 223. Biatorella, 05. Blitrydium, 111. Bulgaria, 139. Bulgariella, 140. Calloria, 151. Celidium, 110. Cenangium, 113. Chlorosplenium, 285. Ciboria, 274. Clavaria, 481. Coccomyces, 50. Coccophacidium, 53. Colpoma, 62. Coryne, 153. Crumenula, 132. Cryptodiscus, 86. Cryptomyces, 73. Cubonia, 172. Cudonia, 472. CurreyeUa, 401. Cyathicula, 271. Dasyscypha, 325. Desmazierella, 324. Dichaena, 43. Diplocarpa, 307. Echinella, 304. Elvella, 482. Ephslina, 75. Erinella, 302. Farlowia, 24. Geoglossum, 489. Geopyxis, 376. Gloniopsis, 42. Glonium, 32. Gorgoniceps, 486. Gynmoascus, 18. Gyromitra, 477. Helotium, 232. Helvella, 458. Heterosphaeria, 108. Humaria, 404. Hymenoscypha, 232. Hypoderma, 34. Hysterium, 26. Hysterographium, 28. Xarscbia, 99. Keithia, 49. Lachnea, 308. Lagerheima, 96. Laquearia, 68. Leotia, 470. Leptoglossum, 480. Lophium, 36. Lophodermium, 38. Masseea, 402. Melittosporium, 88. Mitrophora, 473. 502 INDEX. Mitrula, 480. Mollisia, 205. Mollisiella, 221. Morchella, 475. Mytilidion, 24. Mytnidinion, 25. Nemacyclus, 79. NeottieUa, 370. Ocellaria, 82. Ombropbila, 141. Orbilia, 143. Ostreichnion, 27. Ostreion, 27. Ostropa, 66. Otidea, 439. Patellaria, 100. Patellea, 97. PatineUa, 92. Peziza, 424. Phacidium, 56. Phaeangella, 136. Pitya, 289. Plectania, 301. Phragmonaevia, S5. Pocillum, 230. Propolis, 80. Pseudographis, 65. Psendohelotium, 221. Pseudopeziza, 189. Rhizina, 453. Rhytisma, 70. Robergea, 67. Ryparobius, 180. Saccobolus, 169. Scbizothyrium, 54. ScMzoxylon, 68. Schweinitzia, 134. Scleroderris, 120. Sclerotinia, 27'J. Scutularia, 108. Sepultaria, 389. Spatbularia, 485. Sphaerosoma, 400. Sphaerospora, 292. Stamnaria, 231. Stictis, 77. Tapesia, 297. TrocMla, 60. Tympanis, 128. Verpa, 468. Vibrissea, 486. Xylographa, 64. INDEX TO SPECIES. abietinum (Phacidium), 57. abietis (Cenangium), 119. abietis (Dasyscyphia), 343. abietis (Laclm'ella), 343. abietis (Peziza), 119. acerinum (Melasmia), 70. acerinum (RhytLsma), 70. acerinum (Xyloma), 70. acetabulum (Peziza), 452. acicola (Desmazierella, 325. acicolum (Cenangium), 120. acicularis (Leotia), 472. acrostaphyli (Pliacidinm), 59. acutipila (Dasyscyplia), 330. acutipila (Laclmella), 330. acutipila (Peziza), 330. acuum (Dasyscypha), 337. acuum (Lachnella), 338. acuum (Peziza), 338. Adae (Peziza), 433. advenula (Hymenoscypha), 265. advenula (Phialea), 265. adcenulum (Helotium), 265. aeruginea (Helvella), 286. aerugineus (Ascobolus), 160. aeruginosum (Chlorospleuium), 285. aeruginosum (Helotium), 286. agariciformis (Helvella), 472. agaricina (Peziza), 225. agaricinum (Belonidium), 224. agaricinum (Helotium), 225. albella (Peziza), 200. albella (Pseudopeziza), 202. albida (Hymenoscypha), 260. albida (Peziza), 260. aJbidum (Helotium), 260. Var. aesculi, 260. albidus (Ryparobius), 181. albo-cincta (Peziza), 372. albofurfuracea (Dasyscypha), 350. albo-spadicea (Lachnea), 319. albo-spadicea (Peziza). 319. albotestacea (Dasyscypha), 346. albotestacea (Lachnella), 347. albotestacea, (Peziza), 347. albotestacea (Trichopeziza), 347. albula (Mollisia), 220. albula (Pezizella), 220. alismata (Mollisia), 194. alismatis (Pseudopeziza), 194. alnea (Peziza), 130. alnea (Tympanis), 130. alni (Ascomyces), 17. alni (Exoascus), 16. alnidlum (Helotium), 262. alniella (Phialea), 262. alnitorquus (Ascomyces), 16. alnitorquus (Exoascus), 17. alnitorquus (Taphrina), 16. alutacea (Otidea), 446. alutacea (Peziza), 446. alutacea (Plicaria), 446. ambiens (Sphacelia), 283. amentacea (Ciboria), 277. amentac«a (Hymenoscypha), 278. amenti (Helotium), 261. amenti (Hymenoscypha), 262. amenti (Phialea), 262. amethystinus (Ascobolus), 417. americanum (Oatreion), 28. ammophila (Geopyxis), 385. aramophila (Peziza), 385. amoeua (Dermatea), 116. amoena (Pezicula), 116. amoenum (Cenangium), 116. amphibola (Phragmophora), 127. 504 INDEX. amphibola (Tympanis), 127. amphibola (Scleroderris), 126. ampliata (Peziza), 432. Var. tectoria. 432. amplum (Aulographium), 33. amplum (Glonium), 33. amplum (Hysterium), 33. ancili3(Discina), 427. ancilis (Peziza), 427. andromedae (Khytisma), 72. andromedae (Xvloma), 72. augulosa (Propolis), 87. anguhsus (Cryptodiscus), 87. angustatum (Hysterium), 27. annulata (Schmitzomia , 79. apala (Erinella), 303. apala (Lachnella). 303. apala (Peziza), 303. apophysata (Otidea), 444. apophysata (Peziza), 444. applanata (Putellaria), 94. applanata (Patinella), 94. aquatica (Hymenoscypha), 252. aquatica (Phialea), 252. aquaticum (Helotium), 251. aquilina (Sphaeria), 56. aquilinum (Hypoderma), 56. aquiliaum (Hysterium), 56. aquilinum (Schizothyrium), 55. aquosa (Mollisia), 206. arabicus (Epidochium), 283. aranea (Dasyscypha), 336. aranea (Lachnella), 337. aranea (Peziza), 337. aranea (Trichopez z i), 337. araneo-cincta (Dasyscypha), 337. araneo-cincta (Lachnella), 337. araneo-cincta (Peziza), 337. araneo-eiuota (Trichopeziza), 337. araneosa (Humaria), 248. araneosa (Peziza), 248. araucosa (Peziza), 244. «rcy8cypha), 350. clandestina (Laclmella), 350. clandestina (Peziza), 350. claroflava (Peziza), V33. daro-flavum (Helotium), 233. olavata (Elvella), 486. clavata (Hymeuoscypha), 252. davata (Spathularia), 485. davus (Ombrophik), 142. clavus (Peziza), 142. clavispora (Durella), 102. davispora (Patelkria), 102. dematidis (Phacidium), 60. coccinea (Elvela), 378. coccinea (Geopyxis), 377. Var. albida, 378. coccinea (Humaria), 373. coccinea (Leucoloma), 373. coccinea (Peziza), 378. coccinea (Sarcoscypha), 378. coccinella (Calloria), 145. coccinella (Orbilia), 144. coccinella (Peziza), 145. • coccineus (Ascobolus), 373. coddeata (Otidea), 445. cochleata (Peziza), 445. cocotina (Geopyxis), 380. Var. linteicola, 381. cocotina (Lachnea), 381. cocotina (Peziza), 381. cocotina (Sarcoscypha), 381. coemansii (Ascoplianu.s), 174. coerulea (Lachnea), 323. coerulea (Peziza), 323. comitessae (Dasyscyphu), 355. comitessae (Lachnella), 355. comitessae (Peziza), 355). commune (Hypoderma), 34. commune (Hysterium). 34. compressa (Durella), 103. compressa (Patellaria), 103. compressa (Peziza), 103. concolor (Helotium), 247. concolor (Hymenoscypha), 247. concolor (Peziza), 247. concolor (Phialea), 247. confluens (Hysterium), 33. confusa (Lachnea), 296. confusa (Peziza), 296. confusa (Sphaerospora), 296. conformis (Dasyscyphsi). 334. conformis (Lachnella), 334. conica (Morchella), 477. Var. deliciosa, 477. conigena (Peziza), 266. conigenum (Helotium), 266. conigcnum (Hysterium), 36. conigenum (Hypoderma), 35. 508 INDEX. coniicola (Calloria), 152. connivens (Durella), 104. connivens (Patellaria), 103. connivens (Peziza), 104. comociatus (Ascophanus), 177. consociatus (Ascobolus), 177. conspersa (Tympanis), 128, 129. comtellatio (Barlaea), 391. constellatio (Peziza), 394. constipata (Patellaria), 127. controversa (Dasysc}"pha), 347. controversum (Lachnum), 347. controversa (Peziza), 347. convexula (Humaria), 408. convexula (Peziza), 409. €ookei (Geopyxis), 378. Var. Percevali, 339. Codkei (Ryparobius), 182. coprinaria (Lachnea), 310. coprinaria (Peziza\ 310. corallina (Neottiella), 372. corallina (Peziza}, 373. corium (Helvella), 4G3. coriutn (Laclmea), 463. corium (Macropodia), 463. corium (Peziza), 463. cornea (Calloria), 152. cornea (Peziza), 152 cornubiensis (Lachnea), 375. cornubiensis (Neottiella), 374. cornubiensis (Peziza), 375. coronaria (Peziza), 392. coronaria (Sepultaria), 392. •coronata (Cyathicula), 272. coronata (Hymeuoscyphn), 272. Var. inftexa, 272. coronata (Peziza), 272. coronatum (Phacidium), 51. coronatus (Coccomyces), 51. cwticaUs (Dasyscypha), 307, 306. corticalis (Lachnella\ 361. corticalis (Peziza), 361. crataegi (Patellaria), 106. •crassipedes (Mnrcbella), 475. Var. Smithiaua, 476. craterium (Trochila), 61. •cretca (Lachnea), 321. cretea (Peziza), 321. cribrosa (Peziza), 430. crispa (Helvella), 458. Crosslandi (Echinella), 306. Crouani (Ascobolus), 164, 395. Crouani (Ascozonus), 1 82. Crouani (Barlaea), 395. Crouani (Peziza), 395. Crouani (Ryparobius), 181. cruciff.ro. (Dasyscypha), 331. crucifera (Lacbnella), 332. crucifera (Ptziza), 332. crut-ipila (Lacbnea), 311. crucipila (Neottiella), 311. crucipila (Peziza), 311. erustaceus (Ilyparobius), 183. cucullata (Elvela), 482. cucullata (Mit.rula), 482. culmicolum (Belonidium), 228. cuuicularius (Ascozonus), 184. cupressi (Lachnella), 292. cupressi (Peziza), 292. cupressi (Pitya), 291. cupularis- (Geopyxis), 382. cupularis (Peziza), 382. curreiana (Mollisia), 200. cnrreyana (Diplocarj a), 307. curreyana (Hymennscypha), 282. curreyana (Mollisia), 200. curreyana (Peziza), 282. curreyana (Sclerotinia), 282. curvata (Gloniopsis), 42. curvatum (Hj-sterium), 42. eurvatum (Hystuiographiuin), 43. cyanites (Belonidium), 225. cyanites (Mollisia), 225. cyathoidea (Hymenoscypba), 252 cvatboidea (Peziza), 252. cyathoideum (Helotium), 252. (lactylifjluma (Mollisia), 497. tlalmeniensis CLacbnea), 317. dalmeniensis (Peziza), 318. deformans (Ascomyces;, 15. deformans (Exoascus), 15. Var. Potcntillae, 16. degenerans (Clithris), 63. degenerans (Colpoma), 63. degenerans (Hysteriuni), 63. degeueraus (Sporomcga), 63. dematiicola (Dasyscvi)ha), 364. dematiicola (Lacbnella), 365. dematiicola (Peziza), 365. dematiicola (Trichopeziza), 365. dentata (Cyathicula), 207. INDEX. 509 dentata (Mollisia), 207. dentata (Niptera), 207. dentata (Peziza), 207. dentata (Pezizella), 207. dentatus (Coccomyees), 52. dentatus (Phacidium), 52. denudatus (Ascobolus), 159. deparculum (Belonidium), 497. deparculum (Helotium), 498. deparculum (Pseudohelotium), 498. depauperatus (Ascobolus), 170. depauperatus (Saccobolus), 170. depressa (Humaria), 205. depressa (Mollisia), 205. depressa (Peziza), 205. di/orme (Geoglossum), 492. digital! formi» (Verpa), 468. digitalina (Mollisia), 211. Var. smyrnii, 212. digitalina (Pyrenopeziza), 212. dilutella (Mollisia), 212. dilutclla (Pezizella), 212. diminuta (Dasyscypha), 344. diminuta (Laclmella), 344. diminuta (Peziza), 344. diplocarpa (Lachnella), 308. diplocarpa (Peziza), 308. discoideum (Chlorosplenium), 286. discolor (Mollisia). 204. Var. riccia, 204. discolor (Niptera), 204. discolor (Patellaria), 204. discolor (Pseudopeziza), 203. domestica (Humaria), 421. domestic (Peziza), 421. domiciliana (Peziza), 434. domesticum (^Pyroneina), 421. drupacearum (Micropera), 117. dryinum (Cenangium), 117. dryina (Dermatea), 117. dryina (Pezicula), 117. dubia (Sphaeria), 117. dubius (Ryparobius), 183. dumorum (Dasyscypha), 357. diunorum (Lachnella), 357. dumorum (Peziza), 357. dumorum (Trichopeziza), 357. duriaeana (Hymenoscypha), 283. duriaeana (Sclerotinia), 283. ebuli (Mollisia), 202. ebuli (Pseudopeziza), 202. ebuli (Pyrenopeziza), 202. eburnea (Hymeuoscypha), 26 1. eburnea (Peziza), 264. eburnea (Pliialea), 264. eburneum (Helotium), 264. j echinophila (Ciboria), 276. echinophila (Hymenoscypha), 27G. echinophila (Peziza), 276. ! echinulata (Dasyscypha), 329. j echinulata (Lachuella), 336. j echinulatum (Lachnum), 329. ! eclecta (Peziza), 314. effugiens (Mollisia), 211. effugiens (Peziza), 211. effugiens (Pseudohelotium), 211. i elaphines (Dasyscypha), 367. : elaphines (Mollisia), 367. j elaphines (Peziza), 367. | elaphines (Pseudohelotium), 367. olatina( Peziza), 288. | elatiua (Rutstroemia), 288. elatinum (Chlorosplenium), 287. elata (Morchella), 476. elatina (Lecanora), 66. elatina (Pseudographis), 65. elatum (Lophium), 37. electrina (Calloria), 495. electrma (Hymenoscypha), 495, electrina (Peziza), 495. elegans (Biatora), 96. elougatum (Hysterium), 30. elongatum (Hysterographium), 29. elastica (Helvella), 466. emergens (Helotium), 251. emergens (Hymenoscypha), 251. emergens (Phialea), 251. ephippium (Helvella), 466. epiphylla (Peziza), 257. epiphyllum (Helotium), 257. episphaeria (Lachnella), 370. episphaeria (Peziza), 370. epilhallina (Mollisia), 219. epithallina (Peziza), 219. epithallina (Pezizella), 219. epitypha (Mollisia), 191. equina (Peziza), 179. equinus (Ascophanus), 179. apinus (Lasiobolus), 179. equiseti (Lycoperdon), 232. 510 INDEX. cquiseti (Stammaria), 231. erecta (Lachnea), 323. ferruqinosum (Cenangium), 119. fibrillosa (Otidea), 449. erecta (Peziza), 323. fibrillosa ( Peziza), 449. ericae (Cenangium), 132. fibuliforme (Helotium), 270. ericae (Cruiuenula), 132. fibuliformis (Helvella), 270. ericae (Godrmda), 132. filicea (Dasyscypha), 331. erinacea (Laclmea), 322. filicea (Lachnella), 331. erinacea (Peziza), 322. filicea (Peziza). 331. eriobasis (Tapesia), 300. filicum (Mollisia), 217. eriobasis (Pe/iza), 300. filicum (Peziza), 217. erumpens (Mollisia), 195. filicum (Pezizella), 217. erumpens (Peziza), 195. erumpeus (Xvloma), 57. filipes (Hymenoscvpha), 2§1. filipes (Sclerotinia), 281. erythrostigma (Lachnella), 370. 'filispora (Peziza), 227. erythrostigma (Peziza), 370. escharodes ( Lachnella), 365. filisporum (Belouidium), 226. lirma (Ciboria), 275. escharodes (Peziza), 365. firma (Hymenoscvpha). 275. esculenta (Gyromitra), 479. firma (Peziza), 275. esculenta (Helvella), 480. flammea (Dasyscypha), 362. esculenta (Morchella), 476. flammea ( Lachnella), 362. esculentus Phallus), 476. flammea (Peziza), 362. euphorbiae (Mollisia), 197. flava (Peziza), 242. euphorbia*- tPatinella), 197. flavum (Helotium), 241. euphorbiae' Peziza), 197. flaveola (Mollisia ,.218. euphoj-biae ( Pseudopeziza), 197. excelsior (Mollisia), 229. flaveola (Pezizella), 218. flaveola (Peziza), 218. excelsior (Peziza), 229. flavida (Spathul.iria), 486. fxcelsius (Belonidium), 229. flexella (Patellaria), 93. exidiiformix (Humaria), 417. flexella (Patinella), 93. exidiiformi.-> (Peziza), 418. flexuosa (Oibilia), 146. flexuosum (Helotium), 263. fagi (Derm:, tea), 128. foecunda (Mnllisia). 201. fagi (Dermatella), 128. foecunda 'Peziza), 201. fagi (Seleroderris), 127. foecunda (Pseudopeziza), 200. faginea (Dicnaena), 44. foecunda (Pyrenopeziza), 201. Var. carylea, 44. foliacea (Ulocolla), 140. „ cci, reae, 44. foliacea (Tremella), 140. faginea (Pc/.iza), 261. fossulae (Neottiella), 376. faginea (Piopolis), 81. fossulae (Peziza) .376. fagineum (Helotium), 261. foveata (Curreyella), 402. fagineum (llysterium), 44. fragariastri (Dasvscvplia), 345. fallax (Mollisia), 217. fragariastri (Lachnella), 346. fallax(P»zr/a),217. frangulae (Dermatella), 123. fascicularis (Encoelia), 115. frangulae (Peziza), 123. fascicularis (I'eziza), 115. Fergussoni (Helotium), 242. Fergussoni (Patellaria), 488. frangulae (Tympanis), 123. fraxini (Hysterium), 29. fraxini (Hysterographium), 29. Fergussoni ( Vibrissea), 488. fraxini (Peziza). 130. ferrugineum (Helotium), 236, 249. fraxini (Tympanis), 130. ferruginea ( Peziza), 236. ferruginosa (Dothichiza), 119. fraxinicola (Peziza), 126. fructigena (Mouilia), 282. INDEX. 511 fructigena (Hymenoscyplia), 2 1C. fructigena (Peziza), 213, 246. Var. virgultorum, 243. fructigena (Phialea), 246. fructigena (Sclerotinia), 281. fucMii (Helotium). 239. fugiens (Dasyscypha), 341. fugiens (Lachnella), 341. fugiens (Peziza), 341. fugiens (Trichopeziza), 341. fuliginosa (Scleroderris), 124. fuliginosum (Cenangium), 125. fungoiclaster (Octospora), 243. furfuracea (Dermatea), 114. furfuracea (Encorlia), 114. furfuracea (Peziza), 114. furfuraceum (Cenanjuuni), 113. furfnraceus (Ascobolus), 161, 162. fusarioides (Colloriu), 151. fusarioides (Peziza), 151. fusca (Helvella), 46 1 . fusca (Molliuiu), 495. fusca (Tapesia), 2 '8. Var./wsca, 298. „ prunicola, 299. fusca (Trichopeziza), 495. fusca (Peziza), 298. fuscescens (Dasyscypha). 348. 3ns (Lachnella), 348. fuscescens (Lachnuin). 348. fuscescena (Peziza), 348. fusisporum (Lophium), 26. fusisporum (Mytilidion), 26. gallica (Pirottaea), 306. geaster (Laclmea), 390. geaster (Pezizn), 390. gemmigenum (Mytilidion), 25. gigas (Gyromitra), 478, 479. gigas (Helvella), 478. gigas (Mitroph<>ra), 474. gigas (Morchella), 474. gigas (Phallus), 474. gigasporus (Ascobolus), 168. glaber (Asoobolus), 160. glabrum (Geoglussum), 491. glumarum (Humaria), 415. glumarum (Peziza), 415. glutinosum (<*eoglossum), 490. graminis (Mollisia), 196. . graminis (Peziza), 196. graminis (Pseudopeziza), 196. gramineum (Helotium), 262. graminum (Belonium). 196. graminum (Stictis), 78. grandis (Otidea), 446. grandis (Peziza), 447. granulata (Humaria), 414. granulata (Peziza), 414. granulatus (Ascobolus), 414. granuliformis (Ascobolus), 174. granuliformis (Ascophanus), 174. gregaria (Lachnea), 320. gregaria (Peziza), 321. Grevillei (Dasyscypha), 359. Grevillei (Mollisia), 359. Grevillei (Peziza), 359. Grevillei (Trichopeziza), 359. grisea (Lachnea), 363. grisea (Peziza), 363. grisella (Dasyscypha), 368. grisella (Phialea), 369. grisellum (Helotium), 369. guepinoides (Helvella), 462. Guernisaci (Gorgoniceps), 488. Guernisaci (Vibrissea), 488. Var. leptospora, 488. „ vibrisseoides, 488. haemastigma (Humaria), 405. haemastigma (Octospora), 405. haemastigma (Peziza), 405. haemastigma (Pyronema), 405. | hapala (Erinella), 303. I hederae (Hysterium), 35. Hedwigii (Helotium), 243. Hedwigii (Hymenoscypha), 243. Hedwigii (Leucoloma), 374. helminthosporii (Peziza), 224. helotioides (Ombrophila), 142. helotioides (Peziza), 270. helvelloidcs (Helvella), 464. helvelloides (Lachnea), 464. helvelloides (Peziza), 464. hemispherica (Lachnea), 295, 318. hepatica (Humaria), 418. hepatica (Peziza), 419, herbarum (Helotium), 255. herbarum (Peziza), 255. hexagona (Trichopeziza), 339. hinnulea (Barlaea), 294. hinnulea (Lachnea), 294. 512 INDEX. hinnulea (Peziza), 294. hinnulea (Sphacrospora), 294 hirneola (Patellaria), 94. hirneola (Patinella), 94. hirsutum (Geoglousum), 492. hirta (Lachnea), 314. hirta (Peziza), 315. hirto-coccinea (Lachnea), 309. hirto-coccinea (Peziza), 309. horridula (Dasyscypha), 345. horridula (Peziza), 345. horridula (Trichopeziza), 345. Hough toni (Dermatea), 124. Houghtoni (Dermatella), 124. liumigenum (Phacidium), 58. humosa (Humaria), 405. humosa (Peziza), 405. humuli (Helotium ), 256. humili (Peziza), 25G. hyalina (Dasyscypha), 338. hyalina (Lachnella), 339. hyalina (Peziza), 339. hyalinum (Pseudolielotium), 339. hybrida (Lachnea), 312. hybrida (Peziza), 812. Var. lapidaria, 313. hydnicola (Mollisia"), 223. hydnicola (Mollisiella), 223. hydnicola (Peziza), 223. hydnicolum (I'seudohelotium), 223. hyperici (Lecanidion), 107. hyperici (Patellaria), 107. hysterioides (Actidium), 30. hysterioides (Leptostroinella), 39. Var. graminicolum, 39. hysterioides (Lophoderinium), 40. hysterioides (Phragmonaevia), 85. hysterioides (Stictis), 86. hysterioides (Xyloma), 41. ilicis (Helotium), 260. ilicis (Phacidium), 56. ilcis (Stegia), 62. ilicis (Trochila), 62. ilicincola (Mollisia), 222. iHcincola (Mollisiella), 222. ilicincola (Peziza), 222. ilicincolum (Pseudolielotiura), 222. imberbe (Helotium), 235. imberbis (Peziza), 236. hnmersm (Ascobolus), 168. immutabile (Helotium), 259. incanmta (Mollisia), 216. incarnata (Peziza), 216. incarnata (Pezizella), 21G. indiscreta (Peziza), 439. infestans (Phacidium), 57. inflata (Elvella), 454. inflata (Rhizina), 453. Var. rhizophora), 453. inflatula (Calloria), 149. inflatula (Orbilia), 149. inflatula (Peziza), 419. inflexa (Peziza), 272. infula (Helvella), 459. inquinaus (Peziza), 140. iuquinans (Bulgaria), 140. insolita (Geopyxis), 380. insolita (Peziza), 330. isabeUina (Peziza), 429. Jerdoni (Belonidium), 229. Jerdoni (Peziza), 229. Johnstoni (Peziza), 298. Johnstoni (Tapesia), 298. iuglandis (Ascomyces), 18. jugosa (Mollisia), 220. jugosa (Pyrenopeziza), 221. juucicola (Dasyscypha), 303. juncicola (Erinella), 303. juncina (Mollisia), 214. juncina (Peziza), 214. jungermanniae (Aacobolus), 420. jungermanniae (Hurnaria), 419. jungermanniae (Peziza), 420 juniperinum (Hysterium), 42. juniperinum (Lophodermium) 41. Keithii (Huroavia), 420. Keithii (Peziza\ 421. Kerverni (Ascobolus), 172. Kerwrni (Saccobolus), 171. Klotzschiana (Helvella), 462. Kriegerianum (Chlorosplenium), 28. Kriegeriana (Ombrophila), 288. laburni (Helotium), 235. laburni (Hymenoscypha), 236. lacteum (Helotium), 269. lactcus (Ascobolus), 269. lacteus (Ascophanus), 269. INDEX. 513 lacunosa (Helvella), 459. lacustre (Beloniiiium), 227. lacustris (Niptera), 227. lacustris (Peziza), 227. laetirubra (Peziza), 396. laevigata (Rhizina), 454. laeviusculum (Lophium), 25. laeviusculum (Mytilidion), 25. lanuginosa (Peziza), 391 Var. Sumneri, 391. lapidaria (Lachnea), 313. lapidaria (Peziza), 313. laricina (Tympanis), 131. laricinum (Cenangium), 131. lasia (Calloria), 147. lasia (Orbilia), 146. lasia (Peziza), 147. latitans (Dothidea), 57. latitans (Dothiopsis), 57. latitans (Dothiorella), 57. latitans (Phyllachora), 57. laurocerasi (Trochila), 61. leeanora (Propolis), 83. lecanora (Stictis), 82, 84. lechitUnum (Helotium), 233. lechithina (Humaria), 234. lechithina (Peziza), 234. lecideola (Durella), 107. lecideola (Patellaria), 106. lecideola (Peziza), 107. ledi (Crumenula), 134. ledi (Godronia), 134. ledi (Peziza), 134. Leightoni (Calloria), 148. Leightoni Orbilia), 148. leiocarpa (DetoDia), 402. leiocarpa (Peziza), 402. lenticulare (Helotium), 236. lenticularis (Peziza), 237. leoninum (Cenangium), 118. leporina (Otidea), 439. leporina (Peziza), 439. leptidium (Phacidium), 54. leptospora (Peziza), 488. leptospora (Gorgoniceps), 488. leucoloma (Humaria), 374. leucoloma (Neottiella), 374. leucoloma (Octospora), 374. leucoloma (Peziza), 374, 397. leucomelas (Acetabula), 452. leucomelas (Peziza), 452. VOL. IV. leuconica (Dasyscypha), 334. leuconica (Lachnella), 334. leuconica (Peziza), 334. leucophaea (Dasyscypha), 371. leucophaeum (Lachnum), 351. leucostigma (Calloria), 147. leucostigma (Orbilia), 147. leucostigma (Peziza), 147. leucuUnta (Otidea), 450. leuculenta (Peziza), 450. leuculentum (Leucoloma), 451. Leveilleanus (Ascozonus), 185. Leveilleanus (Kyparobius), 185. Leveillei (Ascozonus), 185.i libertiana (Sclerotinia), 280. lichenicolum (Mellitosporium), 88. lichenicola (Stictis), 88. lignicola (Mollisia), 206. lignicola (Pyrenopeziza). 206. lignyota (Karschia), 99. lignyota (Patellaria), 99. ligustri (Tympanis), 131. lineare (Glonium), 33. lineare (Hysterium), 33. linteicola (Peziza). 428. litigiosum (Phacidium), 191. litigiosa (Fabraea), 191. litoralis (Patellaria), 110. litoralis (Peziza), 110. litoralis (Scutularia), 109. livida (Dermatea), 127. livida (Dermatella), 127. livida (Durella), 127. livida (Lachnea), 322. livida (Patellaria), 127. livida (Peziza), 322. livida (Scleroderris), 127, 494. lividula (Peziza), 437. lonicerae (Lecanidion), 104. lonicerae (Patellaria), 104. lubrica (Leotia), 471. lucifuga (Peziza), 357. lurida (Mollisia), 229. lurida (Peziza), 229. luteola (Dasyscypha), 240. luteola (Lachnella), 240. luteolum (Helotium), 240. luteo-nitens (Aleuria), 450. luteo-nitens (Otidea), 449. luteo-nitens (Peziza), 450. luteo-rubella (Calloria;, 149. 2 L 514 INDEX. luteo-rubella (Orbilia), 149. luteo-rubella (Peziza), 149. luteovirescens (Ciboria), 275. luteovirescens (Hymenoscypba), 275. luteovirescens (Peziza), 275. lutescens (Helotium), 244. lutescens (Hymenoscypha), 244. lutescens (Octospora), 244. luzulae (Stictis), 78. luzulina (Dasyscypha), 344. luzulina (Lachnella), 344. luzulina (Peziza), 344. roacrocalyx (Peziza), 392. macrocystis (Humaria), 411. macrocystis (Peziza), 412. macrospora (Durella), 103. macrospora (Humaria), 422. macrospora (Patellaria), 102. macrospora (Patinella), 93. macrospora (Peziza), 422. macropus (Helvella). 467. macropus (Lachuea), 467. macropus (Peziza), '167. macuiare (Aulographum), 32 maculare (Hysterium), 40. macuiare (Lophodermium), 40. Var. ilicinum, 40. majalis (Geopyxis), 377. majalis (Peziza), 377. majuscula (Scleroderris), 125. mali (Mollisia), 206. mali (Pezizella), 207. mali (Pseudobelotium), 207. marchantiae (Helotium), 267. marchantiae (Peziza), 267. margarita (Vibrissea), 487. marginatug (Ascobolus), 161 . maura (Patellaria), 101. maura (Peziza), 101. maurilabra (Humaria), 415. maurilabra (Peziza), 415. inaurum (Lecanidion), 101. maximum (Rhytisma), 74. maximus (Cryptomyces), 74. medicaginis (Phacidium), 193. medicaginis (Pseudopeziza), 193. melaleuca (Mollisia), 500. melaleuca (Peziza), 500. melaleucum (Hysterium), 40. melaleucum (Lophodermium), 40. Var. pulchellum, 40. melaloma (Humaria), 411. melaloma (Peziza), 411. k • melaloma (Pyronema), 411. melaspermella (Arthonia), 99. melastoma (Lachnea), 302. melastoma (Peziza), 302. melastoma (Plectania), 302. melatephra (Mollisia), 214. melatephra (Peziza), 214. melaxantha (Dasyscypha), 353. melaxantha (Lachnella), 354. melaxantha (Patellaria), 112. melaxantha (Peziza), 354. melaxantha (Trichopeziza), 354. melaxanthum (Blitrydium), 111. mellea (Peziza), 434. melleum (Helotium), £42. menthae (Helotium), 54. mercurialis (Mollisia), '09. mercurialis (Peziza), 210. micacea (Dasyscypha), 360. micacea (Lachnella), 360. micacea (Peziza), 360. microscopica (Vibrissea), 489. micropus (Otidea), 444. micropus (Peziza), 444. micrometra (Gorgoniceps), 221. micrometra (Mollisia), 221. micrometra (Peziza), 221. microspora (Mitrula), 483. Var. tremellosum, 484. microspora (Neottiella), 375. microsporum (Geoglossum), 484. microsporum (Leptoglossum), 483. microsporus (Ascobolus), 174. microsporug (Ascophanus), 173. microstoma (Stictis), 87. microstomus (Cryptodiscus), 87. miliaris (Peziza), 219, 220. miniata (Barlaea), 395. miniatus (Ascobolus), 395. minutissima (Naevia), 59. minutissima (Patellaria). 106. minutissima (Peziza), 224. minutissimum (Phacidium), 59. minutissimus (Ascophanus), 177. minutissimum (Belonidium), 224. : minutissimum (Lecanidion), 106. ! mirabilis (Anthopeziza), 388. IINDEX. 515 mirabilis (Peziza), 388. misturae (Humaria), 423. misturae (Peziza), 423. monachella (Helvella), 460. monasteriense (Biatoridium), 96. monilifera (Bisporella), 250. mouilifera ( Hymenoscypha), 250. moniliferum (Helotium), 249. monilioides (Bispora), 249. muUivalve (Phacidium), 56. muralis (Geopyxis), 387. muralis (Peziza), 387. mutabilis (Mollisia), 496. mutabilis (Peziza), 497. mutabilis (Tapezia), 497. myrmothecoides (Psilopeziza), 455. myrmothecoides (Rhizina), 455. mytillinum 'Hysteriuru), 36. mytillinum ziza), 364. trientalis (Ascomyces), 18. trifolii (Ascobolus), 190. trilblii (Mollisia), 190. INDEX. 521 trifolii (Peziza), 201 tnfolii (Pseudopeziza), 190. irifoliorum (Sclerotinia), 285. tripolii (Pseudopeziza), 201. truucorum (Leotia), 487. iruncorum (Vibrissea, 487. tula (Helotium), 271. Var. ochracea, 276. tuba (Hymenoscypha), 271. tuba (Peziza), 271. tuba (Phialea), 271. tuberosa (Octospora), 280. tuberosa (Hymenoscypha), 280. tuberosa (Sclerotinia), 279. turbinata (Vibrissea), 489. turgidus (Ascomyces), 17. turgidus (Exoascus), 18. typhae (Mollisia), 191. typhae (Pseudopeziza), 190. typhinum (Hysterium), 38. typhinum (Lophodermium), 38. ulcerata (Calloria), 201. ulcerata (Orbilia), 201. ulcerata (Peziza), 201. ulicis (Cenangella), 137 . ulicis (Dermatea), 137. ulicis (Phaeangella), 136. uliginosa (Hymenoscypha), 245. uliginosum (Helotium), 244. uliginosa (Peziza), 245. umbonatum (Xyloma)), 72. umbrata (Lachnea), 309. umbrata (Peziza), 310. umbrina (Dermatoa), 118. umbrina (Peziza), 445. umbrinum (Cenangiurn), 118. umbrorum (Lachnea), 311. unibrorum (Peziza), 316. umbrosa (Peziza), 316. undata (Geopyxis), 387. undata (Peziza), 387. undulata (Rhizina), 454. unica (Robergea), 67. urceoliformis (Crumenula), 133. urceoliformis (Godronia), 133. urnalis (Bulgaria), 153. urnalis (Coryne), 153. urnalis (Ombrophila), 153. urticae (Cylindrocolla), 151. urticae (Hymenoscypha), 252. VOL. IV. urticicola (Mollisia), 210. urticae (Rhytisma), 73. urticae (Xyloma), 73. vaccinii (Phacidium), 57. Vaccinium (Hysterium), 39. vagum (Aulographum), 31. varians (Arthonia), 110. variant (Celidium), 110. varians (Lichen), 110. metis (Echinella), 304. vectis (Peziza), 304. vectis (Pirottaea), 305. veueta (Pirottaea), 306. venosa (Discina), 432. venosa (Peziza), 431. ventosa (Mollisia), 224. ventosa (Peziza), 224. ventosum (Belonidium), 223. vermifera (Patellaria), 109. vermifera (Scutularia), 109. vernale (Phacidium), 194. versicolor (Mollisia), 218. versicolor (Peziza), 219. versicolor (Propolis), 81. versicolor (Pseudohelotium). 219. versiforme (Chlorosplenium), 287. versiforme (Sphaeronema), 123. versiformis (Coryne), 287. versiformis (Peziza), 287. vesiculosa (Helvella), 425. vesiculosa (Peziza), 425. Var. cerea, 426. vexatum (Belonidium), 228. vibrisseoides (Helotium), 489. viburnicola (Mollisia), 213. viburnicola (Peziza), 213. viburnicola (Pyrenopeziza), 213. vinosa (Calloria), 146. vinosa (Orbilia), 145. vinosa (Peziza), 146. vinosus (Ascobolus), 159. violacea (Humaria), 417. violacea (Patellaria), 94. violacea (Patinella), 94. violacea (Peziza), 417. violascens (Barlaea), 398. violascens (Peziza), 398. violascens (Saccobolus), 170. virginea (Dasyscypha), 327. virginea (Lachnella), 327. 2 M 522 INDEX. virgineum (LacLnum), 327. virginea (Peziza), 327. virgultorum (Hymenoscypba), 246. virgultorum (Helotium), 246. virgultorum (Hysterium), 35. virgultorum (Hypoderma), 35 virgultorum (Peziza), 243, 246. virgultorum (Phialea), 246. Var. fructigenum, 246. viridaria (Humaria), 424. viridaria (Peziza), 424. viride (Geoglossum), 483. viride (Leptoglossum), 483. viride (Mitrula), 482. viridit (Ascobolus), 165, 166. viridulus (Ascobolus), 164. viscosum (Geoglossum), 490. vitellina (Lachnea), 316. vitellina (Peziza), 316. vivida (Peziza), 372. vulgare (Leptostroma), 35. vulgare (Leptotbyrium), 35. vulgaris (Acetabula), 451. vulgaris (Mollisia), 200. vulgaris (Pezizella), 202. Wauchii (Cryptomyces), 74. Wilkommii (Peziza), 342. Winteri (Anthopeziza), 388. Wooltiopeia (Lacbnea), 320. Woolhopeia (Peziza), 320. Woolhopensis ( Ascozonus), 1 84. Woolhopemis (Ryparobius), 184. Wrightii (Barlaea), 395. Wrightii (Peziza), 396. xanthomela (Humaria), 416. xantbomela (Peziza), 416. xanthostigma (Calloria), 148. xanthostigma (Orbilia), 148. xantbostigma (Peziza), 148. Xylomoides (Hysterium), 41. LOSDOS: I'KINTRD BV WILLIAM CLOWES ANI> SONS, LIMITED 8TAMFOUD STREET A.SU CHAKINO CBO88. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below r— -.607 Masse? . M38b British 000 731 6! QK 607 M38b v.4