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A7440

- BRITISH WILD FLOWERS?

FAMILIARLY DESCRIBED IN THE

FOUR SEASONS.

Wn
FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS AND AMATEURS.
A NEW EDITION OF
‘The Field Wotanist’s Companion,’ A
47440

BY

THOMAS MOORE, F.LS., F.R.HLS., erc.

LONDON:
REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1867. Les

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ONTARIO

OP er tO re te

PREFACE.

Tue present Work forms one of a projected series of Ilustrated
Volumes on British Natural History. It has not been pre-
pared in consequence either of a lack of books on the same
subject or of any deficiency in those which are accessible, but
simply to bear its part towards the completion of a naturalist’s
library upon a plan as nearly as practicable uniform with Mr.
Berkeley’s ‘ Fungology,’ with which the series commenced.
The book thus originated has been written with the aim
of making it effective in training up students for the more
advanced and technical Floras of Babington, Bentham, and
Hooker. For this purpose, dissections of the parts of the
flowers have been introduced among the figures; and the
illustrated plants, which furnish a tolerably complete series as
regards important features of structure, have for the same
reason been rather fully described. By these means it is
hoped that an insight into the structure and classification of
plants will be acquired by those who may honour the book by

making it their ‘Companion ;’ and this insight, if attained,

v1 PREFACE.

will assuredly enable them to use profitably the more tech-
nical volumes to which allusion has been made. That of Mr.
Bentham has been herein most generally followed. “Though
it has been sought to use as few technical terms as possible,
they have not been entirely avoided : that indeed being all but
impracticable, without largely increasing its bulk, in a book
devoted to matters of science, even when presented in a popu-
larized form. Where, however, such terms have been used,
the attempt has been made to soften them down and make
them self-explanatory as much as possible. Beyond this, a
Glossary has been provided to elucidate the rest.

We may here briefly point out how the book is intended to
be used. First it will be evident, on scanning a few of its pages,
pp. 22 to 42 for example, that the bouquet form of gathering
wild flowers, in which, judging from one’s correspondence,
lady-botanists are most apt to indulge, is not the proper bo-
tanical form; that is to say, little sprigs of flowers, consisting
mainly of flowers, and without leaves and fruits, are not the
materials from which a proper knowledge of the plants or
of their classification is to be learned. It will be seen on
glancing over these pages, that not only are flowers with their
stamens and their pistils required for examination, but there
are carpels with their seeds to be sometimes looked into, and
there are leaves with their ribs and veins to be closely scruti-
nized—these latter, indeed, being almost the first which the

uninitiated botanist must inquire about. It is clear, therefore,

PREFACE. Vil

that complete examples should be gathered, completeness be-
ing determined thus: all small plants should be entire, root
and branch; while of larger ones portions as ample as may be
manageable (if for an herbarium, nearly as long as the paper
used, or such as can while fresh be readily folded to the length
of the paper) must be selected, showing all the parts,—roots
if conveniently obtainable; perfect leaves, both root-leaves
and stem-leaves, if they differ at all, as they often do; and
flowers including buds and old flowers with advanced fruits.
Sometimes perfect full-grown fruits or seed-vessels are indis-
pensable, and, as they are always desirable, they should always
if possible be gathered. Furnished with such materials as
these, and supposing ourselves occupied with them at any pe-
riod of the pleasant springtide, let us look at p. 22 and p. 27,
wherein the two great divisions of plants are indicated. These,
it will be seen, consist of plants with parallel-veined leaves and
those with net-veined leaves. It is not generally difficult to
decide between these, for we may leave out of sight the very
few exceptions to the general rule that occur. Supposing our
plant is a Wallflower, it will be net-veined, and therefore exo-
genous. Now among the exogenous plants it will be seen
that there are some polypetalous (the Thalamiflores and Caly-
ciflores), some monopetalous (the Monopetals), and some
apetalous or without petals (the Monochlamyds). It will ata
glance be ascertained that this flower has petals as well as

calyx, and more than one petal, so that it must be polypeta-

Vill PREFACE.

lous. Well then, to which of the polypetalous groups does it
belong—that with petals distinct and stamens hypogynous, or
that with petals distinct and stamens perigynous or epigynous?
It proves, when pulled to pieces, first gently tearing away the
calyx and then the petals, to have hypogynous stamens: so
that it is one of the Thalamiflores. Then comes the question,
are the carpels distinct or combined into an apocarpous ovary?
They are combined. After that the question, whether the
placentas are parietal or axile? They are parietal. Still again
another inquiry, whether the stamens are five or six in num-
ber? They are six, and tetradynamous. -We should thus ar-
rive at the fact that it belonged to group 3, or the Cruciferous
plants. Then turning to group 3 in p. 28, two decisions would
lead us to fix on the eighth genus, Cheiranthus. Passing on
to the eighth genus in p. 44, it would at last be found that
the plant was Cheiranthus Cheiri. By a similar use of the
tabulated information the names of the other plants would be
ascertained.

The book does not contain all our British plants, but only
those which have been deemed the most likely to be met with
either in home-walks or during more extended health-seeking
or pleasure-seeking trips. These have been divided under
the four seasons, an arrangement which it has been thought
would simplify the task of searching for the name of a flower
by excluding those which bloom during other seasons, Gene-

rally this would be the case, but instances may here and there

PREFACE. ix

oceur in which the flowering season does not very definitely
fall within these limits; and there are some plants which
bloom continuously or successionally. If a plant, therefore,
should not be readily identified amongst those set down for
the season in which it may be found in bloom, those of the
preceding or succeeding seasons should also be scrutinized.

It is perhaps hardly necessary to add, that in using the
Summaries, care should be taken to compare correctly with
their correlatives the various terms and signs employed for
subdividing the groups. Thus in p. 22, Exogenous plants are
to be compared only with Endogenous plants (the words
will be found printed in the same type) in p. 27; Thalami-
flores, Calyciflores, Monopetals, and Monochlamyds, (also
printed in correspondent type,) must be compared with each
other; and the * in p. 23 compared with ** in p. 24: the
signs which fall between * and ** in like manner being
compared among themselves. The different signs are used for
the purpose of classification in the consecutive order which is
usual in printed books, namely, *, t, f, §, ||, a, 1, ete.

We should strongly recommend those who may take this
book as a guide in acquiring a knowledge of our Wild Flowers,
to gather as many of those which are figured as they may be
able to collect, and to compare them closely both with the
figures and with the lengthened descriptions, which latter will
be found under the head “ Illustrations,” at pp. 1, 78, 348,
and 386. They should especially separate the parts of the

a

x PREFACE,

flowers, so as to get a clear conception of the terms by which
the several parts are known, as well as those by which their
characteristic features, taken either separately or collectively,
are indicated. It may be well further to.point out, that it
would be by no means labour lost to commit to memory the
more important of the technical terms found in the Glossary.
The advantage of knowing their meaning would at once be

discovered on making real use of the book.

CHELSEA,
May, 1862.

CONTENTS.

--+#—
Page
SPRING FLOWERS.
ILLUSTRATIONS. . ; ‘ : ; ce oe
SUMMARY.
I. Groups and Orders : . 22
II. Genera or Families ; ‘ : es , 28
III. Species and Varieties. : : . 42
SUMMER FLOWERS.
ILLUSTRATIONS. P ‘ eS
SUMMARY.
‘I. Groups and Orders . 133
II. Genera or Families ; ; : . 143
III. Species and Varieties. ; . 183
AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.
ILLUSTRATIONS. : ; ; : : . 848
SUMMARY. .
I. Groups and Orders ; : ; . 357
It. Genera or Families ; : ; . 36]
IIL. Species and Varieties. : : . 368
WINTER FLOWERS AND FRUITS.
- ILLUSTRATIONS. : : ; ' : . 386
GLOSSARY . , : : ; ; . 393

INDEX. : é : , ; : ; ; : . 4ll

Rous nee Ti ee £. at:

T es

Arte BRIE ae

xill

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

A.—Anemone nemorosa, Linneus : p. 6.
_ 1. Cluster of young carpels.

B.—Caltha palustris, Linneus : p. 7.

1. Cluster of young carpels.

2. One of the carpels, separate.

3. The full-grown carpels or follicles.
C.—Cardamine pratensis, Linneus: p. 7.

1. The stamens and pistil.
D,—Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linneus: p. 8.

1. The stamens and pistil.

2. The ripe pod, with the valves separating.

PLATE ITI.

A.—Viola odorata, Linneus : p. 8.
1. The stamens and pistil.
2. One of the spurred stamens, separate.
3. The pistil. with its curved style.

h

XiV EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

B.—Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linneus: p. 9.

1. One of the flowers, separate.

2. The winged pair of fruits or samara.
C,—Oxalis Acetosella, Linneus: p. 10.

1. The stamens and pistils.

2. The pistil, with its five styles.
D,—Ribes rubrum, Linneus: p. 11.

1. A flower, separate.

2. One of the berries.

PLATE III.

A.—Saxifraga granulata, Linneus : p. 11.
1. Two of the clustered tubers.
2. A flower, with the calyx and corolla removed.
3. The calyx surrounding the ovary, with its two styles.
B.—Leontodon Taraxacum, Linneus: p. 12.
1. One of the florets, separate.
2. One of the fruits or achenes, with the pappus expanded.
C.—Bellis perennis, Linneus : p. 13.
1. One of the ray florets, separate.
2. One of the disk florets, separate.
D.—Vinea minor, Linneus: p. 14.
1. A portion of the corolla-tube, showing the attachment
of the stamens to its inner surface.
2. A flower, with the corolla and two of the calyx-segments
removed, showing the ovaries, style, and pulley-shaped
stigma.

PLATE IV.

A.—Menyanthes trifoliata, Linneus: p. 14.
1. A corolla laid open, showing the stamens uttached to
the inner fringed surface.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, XV

2. The pistil.
3. One of the capsules.
B.— Primula vulgaris, Hudson : p. 1.
1. The pistil.
C.—Daphne Mezereum, Linneus: p. 15.
1. One of the perianths laid open, showing the stamens
attached to the inner surface.
2. The pistil.
3. A section of one of the berries.
D,—Euphorbia amygdaloides, Linneus: p. 16.
1. One of the small flower-heads, with crescent-shaped
glands, several erect male flowers, and a recurved
female flower. .
2. One of the male flowers separated, consisting of a scale
and stamen only. .
3. The scale of the male flower.
4. The tricoccous stalked ovary, with its three-cleft style,
forming the female flower, which has no perianth.

PLATH V.

A.—Ulmus montana, Smith: p. 16.
1. A perianth with stamens.
2. The pistil.
3. The winged seed.

B,—Salix Caprea, Linneus: p. 17.
1. A branch, with the male catkins.
2. One of the male flowers, separate.
3. A female catkin.
4. One of the female flowers, separate.
5. A seed. j

C.—Orchis maculata, Linzeus: p. 19.

(The name is misprinted “mascula’ on the plate.)

1. A flower, showing the three recurved sepals, two con-

vergent petals, and three-lobed lip.
b 2

Xvi EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

2. The column and cells of the single perfect anther.
3. One. of the pollen-masses.
D,.—Cypripedium Calceolus, Linneus: p. 19.
1. Front view of the column, with its abortive central
stamen, and two lateral perfect ones.
2. Back view of the same.

PLATE VI.

A.—Crocus vernus, Willdenow: p. 4.
1. The base of the flower-tube, laid open in the upper part,
showing the attachment of the stamens.
2. One of the stamens.
3. The three-cleft stigma.
B.—Galanthus nivalis, Linneus: p. 3.
1. A stamen.
2. The pistil, showing the ovary at the base.
C.—Scilla verna, Hudson: p. 20.
1. One of the flowers, separate.
2. A segment of the star-shaped perianth, with its stamen.
3. The pistil.
D.—Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Linneus: p. 20.
1. Portion of a flower, showing the pistil, and the insertion
of the stamens.
2. A transverse section of the ovary.

PLATE VII.

A.—-Berberis vulgaris, Linneus: p. 80.
1. A flower, separate.
. A petal, with its two Ande.
. A stamen, showing the valves of its anthers.
. The pistil.
. One of the fruits. ;

OP WO LS

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XVll

B.—Nymphea alba, Linneus: p. 81.
1, 2. Different forms of stamens.
3. The pistil, with its sessile radiating stigma.
C.—Papaver Rheas, Linneus: p. 82.
1. A stamen.
2. The pistil, with its sessile radiating stigma.
3. The ripe capsule, showing the apertures for the escape
of the seeds.
D.—Reseda lutea, Linneus : p..82.
‘1. One of the flowers, separate.
2. One of the upper petals.
3. Other forms of petals.
4, The ovary, accompanied by a stamen.

PLATE VIII.

A.—Helianthemum vulgare, Gertner: p. 83.
1. Back view of the calyx.
2. The pistil.
B.—Drosera rotundifolia, Linneus: p. 93.
1. One of the gland-fringed leaves.
2. The stamens and pistil.
C.—Polygala vulgaris, Linneus: p. 83.
1, A flower, seen from beneath.
2. Side view of a flower.
3. The pistil.
D.—Frankenia levis, Linneus: p. 84.
1. A portion of the stem, showing the opposite leaves, and
axillary clusters of smaller leaves.
2. A flower.
_3. One of its petals.
4. The pistil.

XVill EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE IX.

A.—Dianthus plumarius, Linneus: p. 84.
1. One of the clawed petals.
2. The pistil, with its two curved styles.
B.—Lychnis Githago, Lamarck : p. 85.
1. A petal with adherent stamens.
2. The pistil, with five styles.
C,—Maiva sylvestris, Linneus : p. 85.
1. The disk-shaped fruit, composed of several contiguous
carpels, and surrounded by the calyx.
2. The staminal column with the stigmas protruding from
the centre.
3. One of the stamens, separate.
4, The pistil separated from the column of stamens.
D,—Tilia europea, Linneus : p. 86.
1. One of the flowers, separate.

PLATE X.

A.—Hypericum pulchrum, Linneus: p. 86.
1. One of the oblique petals.
2. One of the parcels of stamens.
3. The calyx surrounding the pistil, the petals and stamens
being removed.
B.—Geranium pratense, Linneus: p. 87.
1. The stamens and pistil.
C.—Linum usitatissimum, Linneus: p. 87.
1. The stamens and pistil.
2. The capsule surrounded by the calyx.
3. One of the seeds.
D.—Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, Linneus: p. 89.
1. A flower with most of the petals removed.
2. A young capsule.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XIX

PLATE XI.

A,—Euonymus europszeus, Linneus : p. 90.
1. A flower.
2. A ripe fruit.
B.—Rhamuus catharticus, Linneus: p. 90.
| 1. A staminate or barren flower.
2. A pistillate or fertile flower.
3. The ripe fruit.
C.—Tamarix anglica, Webb: p. 88.
1. Portion of a branchlet, showing the close scalc-like
leaves.
2. A flower separated from the spike.
3. The stamens and pistil.
D.—Rosa canina, Linneus: p. 78.

1. A vertical section of the flower, the petals being re-
moved, showixg the ovaries attached to the inside of
the calyx-tube, with the stigmas just protrucing from
the orifice.

2. A stamen.
3. One of the ovaries.
4. The ripe fruit.

PLATE XII.

A,—Lythrum Salicaria, Linneus: p. 91.
1. A vertical section of a flower.
2. A capsule, bursting open. _
B.—Hippuris vulgaris, Linneus: p. 94.
1. A flower, consisting of the ovary and_ style with one
stamen. aan
2. The stamen separate,
C.—Epilobium ‘hirsutum, Linneus: p. 94.
1. The top of the ovary, with the calyx, stamens, and style.
2. One of the seeds.

XX EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

D,—Lathyrus pratensis, Linneus: p. 91.
_ 1. The standard or vexillum forming the dorsal petal.
2. The lateral petals or wings.
3. The lower petal or keel.
4. One of the flowers complete.
5. The pod or legume.
E.—Bryonia dioica, Jacquin: p. 95.
1, A male or staminate flower.
2. A female or pistillate flower.

PLATE XIII.

A.—Ginanthe crocata, Linneus: p. 96.

1. A flower separated from the umbel.

2. One of the cylindrical fruits.

3. A transverse section of the fruit, showing the two car-

pels, and the ridges and vitte.

B,.—Pastinaca sativa, Linneus: p. 97.

1. A flower detached from the umbel.

2. One of the flattened fruits.

3. A transverse section of the fruit.
C.—Sedum acre, Linneus: p. 92.

1. A leaf, showing the spur behind the point of attach-

ment.

2. The ripe follicles.

3. A flower.

4. The follicles or seed-vessels, before bursting.
D.—Cornus sanguinea, Linneus: p. 98.

1. One of the flowers.

2. A fruit.
K.—Montia fontana, Linneus : p. 92.

1. The calyx or flower-cup.

2,3. Different views of the corolla and stamens.

4. The pistil.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XX1

PLATE XIV.

A.—lLonicera Periclymenum, Linneus: p. 98.
1. One of the tubular two-lipped flowers.
2. A cluster of the berries.
B.—Galium verum, Linneus: p. 99.
1. A flower complete.
2. The pistil separated.
C,—Centranthus ruber, De Candolle: p. 99.
1. One of the curious spurred flowers.
2. The ripe fruit, with its feathery pappus unrolled.
D.—Dipsacus sylvestris, Linneus: p. 100.
1. A flower with its bract.
2. A pistil.

PLATE XV.

A,—Carduus nutans, Linneus: p. 101.

1. One of the florets, separated from the capitule or head.
B.—Campanula rotundifolia, Linneus: p. 102.

1. The anthers and pistil, showing the inferior ovary.
C.—Erica cinerea, Linneus: p. 108.

1. One of the pitcher-shaped flowers.

2. A stamen, showing the appendage at the base of the

anther-cells, and the pores by which the pollen escapes.

3. The pistil.
D,.—Ligustrum vulgare, Linncus: p. 104.

1. A flower.

2. A sprig bearing berries.

PLATE XVI.

A.—Villarsia nympheoides, Ventenat: p. 104.
1. A portion of the throat of the corolla, showing the at-
tachment of the stamens.
2. The pistil.

XXil EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

B.—Polemonium ceruleum, Linneus : p. 105.
1. A portion of the throat of the corolla, showing the in-
sertion of the stamens.
2. The pistil, surrounded by an annular disk.
3. A capsule.
C.—Convolvulus arvensis, Linneus: p. 106.
1. One of the stamens.
2. The pistil, surrounded by an annular disk.
D,.— Solanum Dulcamara, Linneus: p. 109.
1. A flower, showing the connivent anthers.
2. One of the anthers separate, showing the terminal pores.
3. The pistil.

PLATE XVII.

A.— Digitalis purpurea, Linneus: p. 111.
1. The didynamous stamens, separated from the corolla.
2. The pistil.
3. A transverse section of the ovary.
B,—Orobanche minor, Sutton: p. 112.
1. A flower separated from the spike, with its bract.
2. The corolla laid open, showing the attachment of the
stamens. ,
3. One of the sepals.
4. The pistil with a bract and sepals, the corolla removed.
C.—Verbena officinalis, Linncus: p. 114.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The corolla laid open, showing the attachment of the
stamens, and surrounding the pistil.
D,—Salvia pratensis, Linneus: p. 113.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The stamens, showing the short filament, with the elon-
gated connective bearing a perfect anther on its long
arm and an abortive one on its short arm.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XXill

8. Another view of the lower part of the connective.
4, The pistil, showing the four-lobed ovary.

PLATE XVIII.

A.—Myosotis palustris, Withering: p. 107.
1. The corolla laid open, showing the stamens and the
scaly appendages of the throat. |
2. The pistil with its four-lobed ovary.
B.—Pinguicula vulgaris, Linneus: p. 114.
1. A flower with the corolla removed.
2. The two-valved one-celled capsule.
C.—Armeria maritima, Willdenow: p.109. °
1. A flower removed from the head.
2. One of the petals with a stamen attached to its base.
3. The pistil, with five hairy styles.
D.—Plantago media, Linneus: p. 110.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The pistil.

PLATE XIX.

A.—Polygonum Bistorta, Linneus: p. 115.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The pistil with its three styles.
B.— Aristolochia Clematitis, Linneus: p. 116.
1. A flower complete.
2. The pistil, showing the rayed stigma and epigynous sta-
mens.
3. A capsule.
C,— Pinus sylvestris, Linneus: p. 117.
1. One of the pairs of leaves, with its sheath.
2. One of the male catkins, with its bract.
3. An anther, with its two adnate cells, and scale-like cen-
nective.

XX1V EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

4. One of the scales of the female catkin, with its two
naked ovules.

5. Inner view of a similar scale when mature, with its two
winged seeds.

D,—Tamus communis, Linneus : p. 118.

1. One of the male flowers with stamens.

2. One of the female flowers with inferior ovary and three-
branched style.

3. The style, separate.

4, A ripe berry.

PLATE XX.

A.—Paris quadrifolia, Linneus : p. 119.
1. One of the awl-shaped stamens.
2. The pistil.
3. A ripe berry, with the persistent perianth.
B.—Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Linneus: p. 119.
1. The stamens removed from the flower.
2. One of the stamens, separate.
3. The pistils, with six two-cleft stigmas.
C.—Ophrys apifera, Hudson: p. 126.
1. Front view of the lip.
2. Side view of the lip.
3. The column, showing the anther-case and pollen-masses,
4, One of the pollen-masses separate.
D.—Iris Pseud-acorus, Linneus: p. 125.
1. A stamen.
K.—Convallaria majalis, Linneus: p. 127.
1. A flower with its pedicel and bract.
2. Vertical section of a flower, showing three of. the sta-
mens and the pistil.
3. A ripe berry.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, ~

PLATE XXII.

A.—Butomus umbellatus, Linneus: p. 125.
1. A flower with the perianth removed.
2. One of the carpels.
3. A transverse section of the carpels.
B.— Typha latifolia, Linneus: p. 121.
1. A male flower, separate.
2. A female flower, separate.
C.—Acorus Calamus, Linneus: p. 123.

XXV

1. A flower with its green scales and stamens, and broad

sessile stigma.

2. One of the scales with its accompanying stamen, sepa-

rate.

3. An ovary.
D.—Potamogeton natans, Linneus : p. 123.

1. One of the flowers.

2. A stamen, separate.

3. One of the carpels.
E.—Lemna trisulea, Linneus: p. 122.

1, A frond with its branches and root.

2. A flower. |
F,—Juncus effusus, Linneus: p. 124.

1. A portion of the cylindrical stem.

2. A flower.

3. A capsule with the dry persistent perianth.
G.—Carex riparia, Curtis: p. 129.

1. A flower of the male spikelet with its glume.

2. A flower of the female spikelet with its glume.

PLATE XXII.

A.—Arundo Phragmites, Linneus : p. 131.
1. One of the flowers, separate.

XXVI _ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

B.—Bromus mollis, Linneus : p. 130.

1. One of the flowers, separate.

_ 2. The pistil with its feathery styles.

C.—Parnassia palustris, Linneus: p. 349.

1. One of the fringed glands or nectaries.

2. The pistil with its sessile stigmas.
D,— Ulex nanus, Forster: p. 349.

1. A thorny branchlet with its flower.

2. The standard or dorsal petal.

3. The keel or lower combined petal.
E.—Hedera Helix, Linneus : p. 350.

1. A flower separated from the umbel.

PLATE XXIII.

A.—Scabiosa succisa, Linneus: p. 351.
1. A flower separated from the head.
2. The pistil.
B.—Arbutus Unedo, Linneus: p. 352.
1. A stamen, showing its pores and awns.
2. The pistil.
3. Some of the ripe berries.
4, A transverse section of a berry.
C.—Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Linneus: p. 353.
1. A portion of the corolla, showing the attachment of the
stamens to its inner surface. :
2. The pistil.
D,.—Mentha Pulegium, Linneus: p. 354.
1. A flower separated from the verticillaster or whorl-like
collection of flowers.
2. The pistil.
E,.—Chenopodium polyspermum, Linneus : p. 354.
1. A flower, separate. |
2. The fruit enclosed by the persistent perigone.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XXV1i

PLATE XXIV.

A.— Colchicum autumnale, Linneus : p. 355.

1. A stamen.

2. The pistil invested by the base of the perianth-tube.

3. The three-celled capsule.
B.—Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering: p. 356.

1. A leaf.

2. One of the male flowers.

3. One of the female flowers,

4, The pistil with its subulate stigmas.
C,—TIlex Aquifolium, Linneus: p. 386.

1. An abortive flower.

2. A perfect flower.

3. A ripe berry.

4. A transverse section of the berry.
D.— Viscum album, Linneus: p. 387.

1. A cluster of male flowers.

2. A cluster of female flowers.

3. A ripe berry.

i
Eesha.

PP ee |
a Oe

SPRING FLOWERS.

ES Re.

* Bring flowers.

They speak of hope to the fainting heart,
With a voice of promise they come and part ;
They sleep in dust through the winter hours,

They break forth in glory ; bring flowers, bright flowers.”
Mrs. Hemans.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Esprctatty deserving of precedence amongst Spring Flowers
is the Primrose,* first or primal flower of the year, which at
any time after the winter solstice may be seen peeping forth
from many a sheltered bank, on the look-out, as it were, for
sunnier days, or else may be found snugly nestling in some
sheltered copse or hedgerow, blossoming unheeded, the herald
of approaching spring. Even in more rigorous seasons, when
the wintry blasts are severe and prolonged, this earliest flower
is found soon arousing from its winter sleep. Seldom indeed
does the first month of the year pass away without the echo-
ing cry through the dreary town, “ Primroses, all a-growin’,
all a-blowin’: buy my pretty primroses.” And though it
is only when spring has come at last, and in good earnest,
* Primula vulgaris—Plate 4 B.

2 SPRING FLOWERS.

that the thick tufts of modest blossoms show “the rathe
primrose ” in its fullest beauty, we do well to be thankful for
the earnest which it gives us of the Flora of the new-born year.

This well-known favourite flower, besides illustrating the
Primulaceous family, will afford us a general botanical lesson,
ere we pass on to notice other heralds of the spring. Gather
one of the flowers which are snugly nestled amongst the broad
and wrinkled leaves, and at the end of its slender stalk will be
seen a narrow green five-pointed five-angled funnel, which is
the calyx or flower-cup, the outermost of the series of parts
which constitute the flower, and which in most flowers, being
green, may be readily distinguished. Within this stands the
corolla, the yellow attractive part of the flower. In this case,
if gently pulled, it will he found to come away all in one,
and hence it is called monopetalous, or consisting of one petal,
the parts of which it is constituted having, as it were, cohered
to form this one piece. This is the condition in which the
corolla is found throughout the Monoprrats, one of the larger
groups in which plants are classified. Sometimes these Mo-
nopetals are very irregular in form, but in the Primrose we
have an example of one which is perfectly regular. Let us
see of what it consists :—first, there is a long slender tube,
which is straight; then there is a broad flat expanded part or
limb, and that consists of five lobes or segments of similar
size and form, and spreading equally, so that we may infer
that the corolla is here formed of five equal coherent parts.
We have thus a. corolla which is perfectly regular or sym-
metrical in plan. The particular form a corolla assumes
has, in most cases, a particular name; that of the Primrose
is called hypocrateriform, or salver-shaped, but other regular
monopetalous forms will be found by-and-by, in summer, in
the funnel-shaped corollas of the Convolvulus, or the bell-

ILLUSTRATIONS. 3

shaped corollas of the Campanula. We will not now stay
to examine the Primrose further, but pass on with the remark,
that on the inside of the corolla-tube are fixed five stamens,
and just visible in its mouth is the round-headed stigma on
its long slender stalk, looking very much like a pin dropped
into the tube. The Primrose illustrates one form under which
the large Dicotyledonous group, to which we shall have to
recur, is developed.

At a very early period, too, comes the Snowdrop,* one of
the Amaryllidaceous family, a doubtful wilding perhaps, but
here and there established in meadows and pastures, in seem-
ingly wild localities: always welcome as “ the early herald
of the infant year,” or, as Mrs. Barbauld calls it, “ the first
pale blossom of the unripened year,” its pendent bells rivalling
in purity the snow-flakes which not unfrequently fall around
them. The grassy leaves and pendulous flowers of the Snow-
drop are familiar to every one; the three white outer concave
segments of the latter form the sepaline divisions of the pe-
rianth, and represent the calyx, and the three inner, which are
smaller and tipped with green, form the petaline divisions
representing the corolla. In the inside are six stamens ; while
the ovary or immature seed-vessel is formed entirely beneath
the other parts of the flower, that is, below the actual base of
the parts though in reality uppermost as the flower hangs:
hence it is called inferior.

We have in the Snowdrop an excellent illustration of ano-
ther large group or class of plants—the MonocotyLevons, so
named because their seeds are furnished with only one in-
stead of the two cotyledons or lobes which are found in the
larger proportion of the flowering plants, hence called Dicoty-
ledons. ‘Take one of them for examination. ‘There is first a

* Galanthus nivalis— Plate 6 B.

4, SPRING FLOWERS.

bulbous stem or base to the leaves and flower-stalks: this is
frequent among Monocotyledons, but not characteristic. Then
the leaves are ribbed with veins all running side by side
lengthwise, a peculiar feature by which the group may in all
ordinary cases be recognized. Next. the flowers consist of six
divisions, which is a nearly certain mark of a Monocotyledon.
There is no separate calyx and corolla in the Snowdrop as in
the Primrose, but the two will be found blended together, all
the parts having become corolla-lke. When thus combined,
the calyx and corolla form what is called a perianth ; three of
the segments, which will be found to be exterior, represent the
calyx, and are hence called sepaline divisions, and three are
interior, representing the petals, and are hence called petaline
divisions. These features—the straight-veined leaves, and the
parts of the flowers arranged in threes or multiples of three—
are generally distinctive of the large and important class of
Monocorytrpons, also called Enpocrns, from the internal
manner of accretion in their stems.

The Crocus,* too, is one of Spring’s earliest harbingers,
starting up almost as if by magic from the scarce-thawed
earth, and making it resplendent with the richest colours al-
most before the snow has vanished from the surface. The
Spring Crocuses, though blooming at so early a period, present
little other difference compared with those kinds which bloom
in autumn. This favourite flower is a well-known representa-
tive in gardens of the Iridaceous family, and is so far natura-
lized in meadows and pastures in some parts of England, as to
claim admission amongst our field plants, though perhaps not
a true aborigine. It has a kind of solid bulb called a corm,
and produces grassy leaves. Its large funnel- or vase-shaped
six-lobed flowers, expanding in the sunshine, purple in those

* Crocus vernus—Plate 6 A.

- ILLUSTRATIONS. 5

which occur in the wild state, differ from those of the Snow-
drop in being erect instead of pendent, but like the latter plant,
the Crocus belongs to the great family of Monocotyledons, and
to that series in which there are six coloured leaves to the pe-
rianth or flower, these being combined at the base into a long
slender tube; above they are scarcely distinguishable into an
outer and an inner series, each consisting of three leaves, re-
presenting the sepals and petals which were found to exist in
the Primrose, where however they occur in a state of cohesion,
the parts it will be recollected being united into a tubular
calyx and a monopetalous corolla.

The Crocus flowers have three stamens, and a stigma which
is dilated and fringed at the top. The long slender tube of
the periauth, which is in fact the stalk-like portion that at
length becomes visible, is a good deal hidden by the leaves and
sheathing membranes which emerge with it from the ground ;
and the ovary, or young seed-vessel, is buried amongst the
bases of the leaves.

And now having briefly adverted to these earliest of the
early of Flora’s offerings, which besides have afforded illustra-
tions of the groups of Monopetalous and Monocotyledonous
plants, we will proceed to glance in something like order at a
few other examples representative of the Vernal Flora, which
have been selected as the subjects of our illustrations. We
commence with the DicoryLepons, called also Exocens, from
the external manner of accretion in their stem, a large group,
known generally by their net-veined leaves, and sharing with
the Monocotyledons and Cryptogams the whole Vegetable
Kingdom.

At a very early period of the year, in moist woods and pas-
tures, the surface of the ground will be found whitened with

6 . SPRING FLOWERS.

a multitude of small starry blossoms of a small Ranunculace-
ous plant. These are the blossoms of the Wood Anemone,*
a dwarf herb, which has fleshy underground stems, from which
spring up three-parted leaves and white cup-like flowers, below
which latter an involucre or guard of three leafy parts resem-
bling the true leaves is placed.

Here, then, we have an illustration of a very different kind
of flower from any of those which have been previously noticed.
We have in fact one of the group of Polypetalous (that is,
many-petaled) Exogens or Dicotyledons. Passing over all but
the flower itself, what do we find? There is first a single row
of what look like petals and appear to form a corolla, and
within these is a large tuft of small yellowish bodies, which
are the stamens and pistils. The petal-like bodies are how-
ever in reality a coloured calyx, divided into many (about six)
separate pieces or sepals, standing in place of petals, which ©
are entirely wanting. It is because such flowers have several
distinct and separate parts to form their floral envelopes that
they are called polypetalous, and our subject represents one
condition of a large group, in which however both calyx and
corolla are generally present. The rule is, that when only one
floral envelope is found—the calyx and corolla are called
floral envelopes—it is regarded as a calyx, whether it be green
or coloured. In our Wood Anemone the pistils will be found
to be numerous and distinct, and they consequently grow up
into a group of distinct fruits or carpels, which contain each
one seed. ‘This little spring flower can only be seen in perfec-
tion when the atmosphere is dry, for in humid weather and at
night the petal-like calyx closes up.

A purple-flowered variety, with smaller flowers, generally
formed of eight, rarely of six, narrow-ovate sepals, of a uni-

* Anemone nemorosa—Plate 1 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 7

form deep purple, has been lately found at Pinner, and also
at Chislehurst. |

Growing in wet open places, and amongst the earliest of wild
flowers, is another Ranunculaceous plant, petal-less like the
foregoing, namely, the Marsh Marigold,* a specious-looking
stout-growing perennial, with bold roundish leaves, hollowed
at the base in what is called a heart-shaped form, and whose
bright golden flowers have much the structure of those of the
Wood Anemone, but are larger and more conspicuous from
being elevated on a tall branching stem. They have a varying
number of about five or six coloured sepals and no real petals,
a tuft of numerous stamens, and a variable number of car-
pels or fruits, each one containing several seeds. Somewhat
resembling this, and one of the same group, but dwarfer, and
having both calyx and corolla present, so as to form a com-
plete regular polypetalous or many-petaled flower, which for
the purpose of comparison it may be useful to examine in
connection with the Marsh Marigold, is the Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus Ficaria), found abundantly in moist waste places,
and easily recognized by its glossy-looking yellow star-like
flowers, and its white-mottled angular-lobed leaves.

The Ladies’-smock,+ during the months of early spring,
imparts its own blush to the surface of moist low-lying
meadow land, among the herbage of which it grows up. This
plant, also a Polypetalous Exogen, sometimes called Bitter-
eress and Cuckoo-flower, is a dwarf herb, growing erect to
about a foot in height, and having pinnate leaves ; the flowers
are large and showy, and will serve to illustrate the structure
of a considerable polypetalous regular-flowered group or Order,
known as Cruciferous plants, or Cross-bearers, from the cir-

* Caltha palustris—Plate 1 B.
+ Cardamine pratensis—Plate 1 C.

8 SPRING FLOWERS.

cumstance of their flowers having four equal petals arranged
in opposite pairs so as to form a cross. The group may be
known by this circumstance, and by having six stamens, two
shorter than the rest. This Cruciferoys Order, besides being
an extensive one, is important, containing, amongst other
subjects of utility, the whole Cabbage family.

To the same Order belongs the Wallflower,* “ grey ruins’
golden crown,” a flower well known in every garden, and
prized for its delicious fragrance, found here and there in a
wild or semi-wild state on walls and old buildings, or in rocky
situations, generally near habitations. In the Wallflower we
have a plant of subshrubby growth, furnished with simple
leaves, and its yellow or reddish-bronzy flowers are succeeded
by what are called siliquose pods containing the seeds, as is
also the case with the Ladies’-smock. In both these plants
the inflorescence or collection of flowers forms a kind of co-
rymb in the earlier stages, lengthening out by degrees into a
more or less elongated raceme. This flower has been made
the emblem of friendship in adversity, because, though Time,
the rude and sacrilegious despoiler of consecrated places, may
waste and overthrow the structures of the past, and leave them
uninhabited, the Wallflower, “‘mantling o’er the battlement,”
still lends a melancholy grace “to haunts of old renown.”

And then, who does not know the Violet,t the very emblem
and personification of sweetness—sweeter, as Shakspere says,
than ‘‘ Cytherea’s breath”? This lovely plant is common on
banks and under hedges, a dwarf herb, with heart-shaped
leaves and polypetalous flowers, which, “ kissed by the breath
of heaven, seem coloured by the skies.’? They are of a dis-
tinct type from any of the foregoing, and have a separate

* Cheiranthus Cheiri—Plate 1 D.
+ Viola odorata—Plate 2 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 9

calyx and corolla, the former consisting of five green sepals,
the latter of five coloured usually purple or white petals, which
form an irregular flower, two of the petals being placed to form
the upper half, and of the remaining three which form the
lower part, the lowest is extended backwards at the base, pro-
ducing a kindof spur. The Violet has therefore an irregular
polypetalous spurred corolla. There is also a peculiarity in the
anthers, which are five in number, and are more or less closely
joined in a sort of ring around the ovary, the two lowermost
of the five being, like the lower petal, lengthened into a spur.
These spurred polypetalous flowers serve to distinguish the
Violets from all other British plants except the Balsams,
which are known by having only three sepals and three petals,
all coloured.

The Sycamore* illustrates another family of the same
group—the Polypetalous Exogens, namely, the Aceraceous or
Maple family. This is a well-known tree, very extensively
planted in this country, seeding readily and springing up from
self-sown seeds so freely that it may be regarded as naturalized
here, though the mountains of central Europe and western
Asia have been its ancient home. This tree, which flowers
early in spring, puts forth broad palmately-lobed leaves, and
bears rather inconspicuous flowers in pendent clusters, which
look not unlike immature bunches of small grapes. The in-
dividual flowers consist of five small green sepals, five small
green petals, and about eight stamens inserted on a thickened
disk around the ovary. The fruit of these plants consists of
two carpels, each extended into a wing at top; they are popu-
larly called keys, but in technical language such a fruit is
called a samara.

Along with the Wood arenas Ls already adverted to, may

* Acer Pseudo-platanus—Plate 2 B.

10 SPRING FLOWERS.

be found the dwarf and unpretentious Wood Sorrel,* a lovely
little wilding, representing the family of Oxalidaceous plants.
This has peculiar knotty fleshy stems, and trifoliate leaves
like those of the clover. It has also polypetalous (here five-
petaled) regular flowers, in which both calyx and corolla will
be found, the calyx consisting of five green sepals, the corolla
of five equal obovate white petals; within these are ten sta-
mens, half of which are as long again as the others, and five
separate styles surmounting the ovary. This elegant little
plant is maintained by some antiquaries to be that which fur-
nished St. Patrick with his illustration of the doctrine of the
Trinity, though others contend for the Trefoil or Clover, which
‘is now more commonly adopted as the Irish Shamrock.

The foregoing plants (excepting the Primrose, the Snow-
drop, and the Crocus) all belong to a primary division of the
Dicotyledons or Exogens, called THaLamirtorgs, and they
have these distinguishing marks in common :— -

(a) The petals are distinct from the calyx, and from each

other: very seldom absent.

(6) The stamens are hypogynous, that is, they have their

point of attachment below the ovary, which latter
is the young seed-vessel.

We have next to consider one or two examples of another
great subdivision of the Dicotyledons, called CatycirLorEs,
which has these peculiarities :—

(a) The petals are usually distinct.

(6) The stamens are perigynous, that is, appearing to grow on
one of the organs surrounding the ovary, either calyx
or corolla; or epigynous, that is, apparently growing
from the summit of the ovary itself.

* Oxalis Acetosella— Plate 2 C.

ILLUSTRATIONS. ll

Of this group we find in very early spring an illustration in
the well-known Red Currant* of our gardens, a member of the
Grossulariaceous family, which, though a cultivated plant, is
frequently found in a wild state, both in Scotland and in the
north of England. This, as is well known, is a dwarfish
branching shrub, bearing palmately-lobed leaves, and racemes
of small greenish flowers, which latter consist of a calyx
adherent to the ovary and divided into five sepals, a corolla
consisting of as many small scale-like petals placed at the base
of the segments of the calyx, five perigynous stamens, and an
inferior ovary, which becomes a succulent berry, varying in
colour.

Here also may be referred the Meadow Saxifrage,} a common
but very pretty species, representing the Saxifragaceous family,
and which in early spring is found, sometimes very abundantly,
in meadow and pasture land. Itisa perennial herb, producing
underground a number of small fleshy tubers from which its
stems arise. The lower leaves are kidney-shaped and lobed,
and the stem grows upright six inches to a foot in height,
bearing towards the top a few large white flowers, which have
a calyx adherent to the ovary to about its middle, then sepa-
rating into five lobes, five perigynous petals, ten perigynous
stamens, and a two-celled ovary with two distinct styles.

Another of the great divisions of the Dicotyledons, the
Monoprerats, or Monopetalous flowers, has been already ad-
verted to in referring to the Primrose, but we have other
illustrations to offer. The distinguishing features are :—

(a) The petals united, at least at the base, into a single

piece.

* Ribes rubrum—Plate 2 D.
+ Sazifraga granulate—Plate 3 A.

12 SPRING FLOWERS.

(6) This monopetalous corolla either epigynous, bearing the
stamens; or altogether distinct from the stamens; or
hypogynous, bearing the stamens.

Of the first of these subdivisions we have some early-flower-
ing examples in the family of Composites, or Compound flowers.
Among them is the common, well-known, golden-flowered
Dandelion,* to be found everywhere, and combining in itself
the characters of a gay spring flower, a troublesome weed, and
a valuable remedial agent. This plant has a thick, fleshy tap-
root, from the crown of which spreads a tuft of oblong run-
cinately pinnatifid leaves, among which spring up numerous
hollow peduncles, bearing, not a large yellow flower as is the
vulgar notion, but a head of numerous yellow flowers of pecu-
liar character. Itis the faet of their bearing numerous flowers
in one head, and so as to seem to constitute a single flower
only, that has procured for the large family to which the Dan-
delion belongs, the name of Composites, or Compound flowers.
Let us examine one of these a little more closely. At the top
of the stalk are two or three rows of crowded green scaly
leaves, of which the innermost are erect, and the outer ones
recurved ; these constitute the involucre or guard-leaves, which
in the Composite plants are always found surrounding the
flower-heads, and the parts of which are called bracts or scales.
The top of the stalk is expanded into a broadish flattened sur-
face, which the involucral leaves fence round, and on this sur-
face, which is called the receptacle, the flowers are closely packed
side by side. The Dandelion belongs to a group of Composites
in which the flowers are all alike—all ligulate or strap-shaped,
and hence the group has been named Ligulates. Take up one
of the flowers,—they are here properly called florets, or little
flowers,—and let us see of what it consists. At the base is a

* Leontodon Taraxacum—Plate 3 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 13

compressed reversed ovate fruit, roughish on the upper part ;
then comes a little stalk, and a cylinder of long fine hairs
called the pappus, from out of which at top issues the long
yellow limb of the floret. By-and-by, as it gets older, the
little stalk will lengthen into a long slender shaft, and the
cylinder of hairs will expand like the rays of an umbrella,
and in this way will float away the seeds. But the corolla:
this is attached just above the pomt where the rays of the
pappus diverge, and consists of a slender tube which some
distance up is split on one side, and so forms the flat strap-
shaped ligulate limb. Out of this tube emerges the two stig-
matic branches, just beneath which the linear anthers are
united into a sheath surrounding the upper part of the style.
This cohesion of the anthers into a tube enclosing the style
is one of the marks of a Composite flower.

But we have another illustration, which will serve to explain
a different set of these Composite flowers, called the Corymbi-
fers from their heads being generally in corymbs—the Daisy,*
Burns’s “ bonny gem,” which is almost ever and everywhere
in blossom. The Daisy is a dwarf perennial herb, with a
spreading rosulate tuft of obovate or spathulate leaves, from
among which arise the numerous slender stalks, bearing not
however a corymb, but a single or solitary head of flowers.
Here, the involucre consists of about two rows of green bracts,
and within them, at the outer edge of the receptacle, is a row
of ligulate female florets, with a very short tubular portion at
their base, from whence issues the two-branched style, these
having no stamens. These are the ray florets. The other
part of the receptacle is filled with small tubular funnel-shaped
equal florets, which are hermaphrodite, having both stigmas
-and anthers. These small tubular disk florets form. the yellow

* Bellis perennis— Plate 3 C.

14 SPRING FLOWERS.

centre of the Daisy flower-head. ‘The manner in which the
poet Burns apostrophized this ‘‘ modest crimson-tipped flower,”
while following the plough, and lamenting over the destruc-
tion he was causing it and could not avoid, is singularly pa-
thetic—“ the share upturus thy bed, and low thou lies.”

Of the subdivision of Monopetals in which the stamens are
distinct from the corolla, examples will be found in the spring-
blooming Vaecinium or Whortleberry family.

The division in which the corolla is hypogynous, bearing
the stamens: in other words, in which the flowers are peri-
gynous, is well illustrated by the Primrose, already adverted
to in our opening page. Another illustration is afforded by
the Lesser Periwinkle,* one of the Apocynaceous or Dog-
bane family, found occasionally in hedges and woody banks,
and commencing to flower in spring—ay, sometimes very
early in the year. This is a perennial, with long trailing stems,
clothed with opposite ovate-oblong leaves, and producing also
short erect flowering-branches, which bear solitary axillary
flowers ; these have a free calyx with five narrow deep divi-
sions ; a monopetalous corolla, in which the tube is almost
campanulate, and the limb consists of five flat spreading seg-
ments, having a lateral twist; five stamens enclosed in the
tube of the corolla; and two ovaries, distinct at the base, but
connected at top by a single style, terminating in an oblong
stigma, contracted in the middle. The twisted corolla and
pulley-shaped stigma are special marks of the Apocynaceous
family, to which the Periwinkle belongs.

The Buckbean,} an aquatic plant, found in bogs and shallow
pools, and famous for its tonic properties, comes into flower
soon after the Periwinkle, and affords another example of the

* Vinea minor—Plate 3 D.
+ Menyanthes trifoliata—Plate 4 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 15

same subdivision, belonging to another natural family, that of
the Gentians. . It has stoutish creeping or floating stems, with
strong coarse roots, and forming at the end a tuft of leaves,
consisting of three obovate or oblong leaflets, set on a long
stalk, which is sheathing at the base. The flowers come in erect
racemes, and each consists of a short calyx with green lobes,
and a bell-shaped corolla, deeply five-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing or even reflexed, white tinged with red, the inside ele-
gantly fringed. The flowers have five stamens joined to the
tube of the corolla, and the fruit is a capsule opening in two
valves.

We must pass on to another great division of Dicotyledons
in which the structure is of a simpler character. These are
the Monocutamyps, having Monochlamydeous or one-coated
flowers. They form a considerable group, comprising some
few showy families, and including many others in which the
blossoms are quite inconspicuous. Here there is normally
not more than one floral envelope (sometimes none) to the
stamens or pistil, which are the essential organs of the flower.
The envelope when present is called the perianth or perigone,
and is im reality a greeu or coloured calyx, the corolla being
constantly wanting.

To this series belongs the gay but poisonous Mezereon
shrub,* one of the Thymelaceous family, a very early-blooming
plant, found in woods and thickets. The branches of this dwarf
deciduous shrub are clothed with the little clusters of flowers,
“blushing wreaths investing every spray,” while yet the young
leaves are undeveloped. The latter appear later, and are ob-
long or lanceolate in form. The flowers have a short broadish
tube to the perianth, a limb of four spreading lobes, and eight

* Daphne Mezereum—Plate 4 C.

16 SPRING FLOWERS.

stamens which are attached in two rows to the inner face of
the tube. The flowers are purple or in some plants white,
very sweet-scented, and succeeded by a “ vesture gay” of red
or yellow berries, containing a single seed; this was present
in the form of a pendulous ovule in the urn-shaped ovary, which
stood free within the base of the perianth.

Of the same Monochlamydeous division, and growing in si-
milar habitats, but of much more frequent occurrence, is the
Wood Spurge,* representing the varied and extensive Euphor-
biaceous family. This plant is in early spring conspicuous on
account of its umbels of light yellowish-green bracts. It has
almost woody stems, of a reddish colour, bearing narrow-
oblong leaves, above which the umbel of five or six principal
brauches is produced. These bear floral leaves or bracts in
pairs, of a yellowish-green colour, and between each pair a
small green body, apparently a flower but really a flower-head,
consisting of a small cup-shaped involucre resembling a peri-
auth, having four minute teeth, and alternating with them as
many horizontal yellowish glands, which are here crescent-
shaped ; within these are several stamens each bearing a
pointed filament and a minute scale at its base, thus showing
them to be distinct male flowers; while in the centre is a
single female flower on a recurved stalk, consisting of a three-
celled ovary and a three-cleft style. This ovary grows into a
fruit of three carpels, called cocci, whence the fruit is called
tricoccous.

Of a different character, still Monochlamydeous, is the
Wych Elm,t the common wild Elm of Scotland, Ireland,
and the north and west of England, a representative of the
Ulmaceous family. Here we have a deciduous large-grow-

* Ewphorbia amygdaloides— Plate 4 D.
+ Ulmus montana—Plate 5 A.

~

ILLUSTRATIONS. 17

ing tree, whose branches are, during summer, clothed with
broadly-ovate pointed leaves. In early spring however, before
the leaves appear, the buds along the twigs burst open, and
each developes a dense cluster of reddish flowers surrounded
by brownish bracts that soon fall away. The flowers are
mostly hermaphrodite, and consist of a bell-shaped perianth
with from four to six teeth and as many stamens. ‘The ovary
is flat, with two short diverging styles, and is succeeded by a
flat thin leaf-like or winged seed.

The common Sallow,* one of the Amentiferz or Catkin-bear-
ing family, is of a different character, though part of the same
great Monochlamydeous division of Dicotyledons. The large
family of Sallows and Willows consists of trees and shrubs, with
unisexual flowers growing in catkins in early spring on the
leafless twigs, the male catkins being produced on distinct plants
from those which bear the females. The common Sallow itself
is a tall shrub with broadish-ovate or oblong greyish downy
leaves. The catkins of the male plants are cylindrically ob-
long, an inch long or more, formed of overlapping silky-hairy
scales, but no perianth ; in the axilof each scale are placed two
stamens, which are longer than the scale itself, so that the
fully developed catkins are rather conspicuous from the crowded
prominent yellow anthers. The female catkins are longer
and narrower, and have in the axils of the scales, instead of a
pair of stamens, a silky ovary, which tapers into a longish beak
and is terminated by the forked stigmas. Notwithstanding
the bright gleam of vegetable beauty which at this early
season the Sallow affords in its favourite haunts by the
streamlet’s margin, in moist coppice woods, or overhanging
a watery ditch, it may have probably escaped the attention
of many who may been attracted by these golden ‘ palms’ of

* Salix Caprea, Plate 5 B.

18 SPRING FLOWERS.

Easter-tide, that no fruit is ever borne by these specious
catkins. Yet it isso. Near at hand however will be found
other bushes with other catkins, without the alluring hue of
gold, and these on closer inspection will be seen to consist
of the pale-green silky ovaries or young fruits, surmounted
by the forked stigmas, intended to catch the dust that flies
off from the catkins of the golden hue, which dust is borne
to the ovary-bearing or female plant by the agency of insects
or on the wings of the wind. Thus even the rude blast,
annoying though it sometimes may appear to be, has its
appointed office to perform in Nature’s laboratory, one of
which is to carry the fertilizing powder or pollen from
plant to plant, and thus to secure the fulfilment of the
appointed law by which each herb and tree bears seed after
its kind.

The remaining principal division of the Flowering Plants, is
that which is called Monocotyledons, the chief peculiarities
of which have been already pointed out in referring to the
Snowdrop and Crocus. The two flowers just named belong
to the regular-flowered natural families in which the ovary is
inferior, or developed beneath the other parts of the flower,
which thus appear to grow from the top of the ovary. Our
spring flowers however afford us some illustrations of the Orchi-
deous family, a peculiar series of Monocotyledons in which
the flowers are remarkably irregular, and also of the Lilia-
ceous family, a natural group of regular-flowered Monocoty-
ledons in which the ovary is superior, the other parts of the
flower being developed from beneath it, so that it is enclosed
by them.

Let us examine more closely the specimens of the Orchida-
ceous family, first taking the Spotted Palmate Orchis of our

ILLUSTRATIONS. 19

meadows.* The flowers in this family are of very singular
structure. As in most other Monocotyledons, they are made
upon a trimerous plan: that is, the parts are in threes; and,
as in the majority of the petaloid division of Monocotyledons,
the perianth is six-leaved: that is, twice three organs are
brought together in close association, but here they acquire
great diversity of character. In the Spotted Palmate Orchis,
which has an upright stem, furnished below with spotted
simple narrow elongate leaves, and terminated by an erect
spike of spotted pink flowers, the three outer parts or sepals
are nearly alike, and of a narrowish or lanceolate form, while
the inner series of three consists of two convergent petals,
which resemble the sepals but are shorter, and a lip which
is much larger, three-lobed, entirely different from the rest.
In the centre, opposite to the lip, is another part called the
column, which is a fleshy body formed by the combination
of one stamen with the pistil. Theoretically three stamens
should be present, but in the Orchis two of these are con-
stantly abortive, and the central one only is developed. The
anthers in the whole family are very peculiar in structure.
This plant like many other orchids has a pair of fleshy tubers
or tuberous roots, one of which becomes wasted by the deve-
lopment of the current year’s growth, while the other is form-
ing for the succeeding season.

The Lady’s Slipper,t another of the Orchids, shows some
variations of structure from that just noticed. It is larger-
growing, with ovate pointed ribbed leaves. The flower-stems
are a foot and a half high, supporting one or rarely two large
handsome flowers, of which the upper or dorsal sepal, opposite
the lip, is broadly lanceolate, and there is a similar one formed

* Orchis maculata—Plate 5 C (misnamed mascula).

t+ Cypripedium Calceolus—Plate 5 D.
Cc 2

20 SPRING FLOWERS.

by the combination of the two lateral sepals behind or beneath
the lip, while the two petals are narrower, spreading right
and left: these all being of a deep brownish-purple. The lip
is a large inflated pouch-shaped body, and is compared to a
a slipper; it is yellow, variegated with purple. The column
is broadish, and much shorter than the petals; and in this
case the central stamen is abortive, and the two lateral ones
are perfect.

The Spring Squill,* a regular-flowered Monocotyledon, and
one of the Liliaceous family, is a delicate little bulbous plant,
found in sandy wastes and pastures, especially near the sea.
It has narrow-linear leaves, and a flower-scape bearing at top
a short raceme of small blue starry flowers. The perianth of
these flowers is composed of six nearly equal spreading seg-
ments, all coloured alike, and within them close to their base
are inserted six stamens, one opposite each segment, the centre
being occupied by the ovary. This is a superior ovary, the
other parts of the flower being developed exterior to and
beneath it.

Another example of a spring-flowering Liliaceous plant, also
regular-flowered, is afforded by the Bluebell,+ the “ shade-
loving hyacinth” of the poets, a pretty bulbous plant, very
abundant in Britain, in woods, hedgerows, and other shady
places. This plant has broadish-linear leaves, and a flower-
stem about a foot high, bearing a terminal one-sided or nod-
ding raceme of pendent flowers, each flower having a small
leafy bract at the base of its pedicel or stalk. The perianth
is tubulose, the segments united for a short distance at the
base, spreading only at the top where they become recurved.
It is usually of a deep blue, though in some cases white, or

* Scilla verna—Plate 6 C.
+ Hyacinthus non-scriptus—Plate 6 D.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 21

more rarely pinkish. It is sometimes referred to the Scilla
family, but a comparison with the foregoing will show con-
siderable difference between them. This flower is occasionally
called Harebell: a name which is more appropriately given to
the little Campanula rotundifolia. The Hyacinth of the an-
cients,— which was named in commemoration of a comely
youth, Hyacinthus, who was accidentally killed by Apollo,
and which bore certain lines or marks on its petals, in allusion
to the absence of which our native species was called non-
scriptus,—was made by the Greeks the emblem of Death;
and hence an American poet has taken it as the symbol of
sorrow: “the deep blue tincture that robed it seemed the
gloomiest garb of sorrow.” Another poet has called it the
“sublime Queen of the mid-May.”

And with this well-known and favourite flower we close our
sketch of the illustrative examples of the flowers of the spring
season. In the succeeding pages we shall give a more com-
plete and formal, as well as classified enumeration of the prin-
cipal kinds of wild plants which blossom during the early por-
tion of the year. The examination of these, as day by day
they become unfolded, will, we hope, prove an agreeable and
instructive pastime to many readers, and give them an in-
creased zest for the search after those which are yielded by
the seasons that follow.

Who loves not Spring’s voluptuous hours,

The carnival of birds and flowers ?

Yet who would choose, however dear,

That Spring should revel all the year >—Montgomery.

SUMMARY OF SPRING FLOWERS.
[I.—GROUPS AND ORDERS.]
EXOGENOUS PLANTS or DICOTYLEDONS.

Leaves with netted veins. Flowers usually quinary—the
parts in fives, or quaternary—tlie parts in fours. Embryos
with two (rarely more) cotyledons ; hence dicotyledonous. This
group includes the Thalamiflores, Calyciflores, Monopetals, and
Monochlamyds.

Thalamifiores: Polypetalous dichlamydeous plants, with
petals distinct (7. e. separable) from the calyx, and stamens
hypogynous; it includes the Orders numbered 1 to 9.

* Carpels more or less distinct (1.e. apocarpous), sometimes
solitary with one lateral placenta.

1. Ranunculaceous plants—herbs; stamens indefinite, usually
numerous; anthers opening by two longitudinal clefts. [For
the genera in the several groups, see page 28 and sequel. ]

2. Berberidaceous plants—shrubs; stamens equal in-number
to the petals; anthers opening by recurved valves; carpel

solitary.

** Oarpels combined into an undivided (i.e. SERUP OED ovary
which has two or more placentas.

+ Seeds attached to the sides of the carpels (i.e. placentas
parietal).

+ Stamens 6, tetradynamous (4 long and 2 short), distinct.

8. Cruciferous plants—herbs; corolla regular; petals four.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 25

tt Stamens 5, cohering in a ring around the ovary.

4, Violaceous plants—herbs; corolla irregular; petals five.

t+ Seeds attached in the axis or centre of the carpels (i.e.
placentas axile).

t Flowers symmetrical, i.e. the parts equal or preperieona!
in number.

5. Caryophyllaceous plants—herbs; leaves undivided, without
stipules; flowers regular; stamens definite.

6. Geraniaceous plants—herbs; leaves lobed, with stipules;
flowers regular; styles and carpels combined around a long
beaked axis.

7. Oxalidaceous plants—herbs; leaves in British species trifo-
liate; flowers regular; stvles distinct.

tt Flowers unsymmetrical, i.e. the parts neither equal nor
proportional in number.
8. Aceraceous plants—trees ; flowers regular; stamens dis-
tinct, definite ; fruit consisting of two winged nuts.
9. Polygalaceous plants—herbs; flowers very irregular; sta-
mens combined in two parcels.

Calyciflores: Polypetalous dichlamydeous plants with the
petals usually distinct, and the stamens perigynous or epigy-
nous ; Orders 10 to 17.

* Stamens perigynous.
rs Carpels more or less distinct or apts
t Ovary superior, the calyx distinct from the carpels.

10. Leguminous plants—herbs or shrubs; flowers very irre-
gular, papilionaceous; the fruit a single carpel forming
legume ; stamens 10, all or 9 of them united.

11. Rosaceous plants—herbs or trees; flowers regular, rarely
without petals; stamens indefinite; fruit one-seeded nuts
or drupes, or follicles containing several seeds.

24 ; SPRING FLOWERS.

ft} Ovary inferior, the calyx adhering to the carpels.

12. Pomaceous plants—trees or shrubs, the fruit a pome.
13. Saxifragaceous. plants—herbs, the fruit a capsule.

tt Carpels combined into an undivided ovary, which has
more than one placenta.

t Ovary superior, the calyx distinct from the carpels.

i4, Rhamnaceous plants—shrubs or trees; calyx-lobes four or
or five, valvate ; stamens opposite the petals.

15. Celastraceous plants—shrubs or trees; sepals four or five,
imbricate; stamens alternate with the petals.

16. Portulacaceous plants—herbs; sepals two, imbricate; pe-
tals five, cohering at the base.

** Stamens epigynous.

17. Grossulariaceous plants—shrubs; flowers regular; ovary
inferior, one-celled.

Monopetals: Dichlamydeous plants, with the petals united

(from the base more or less upwards) into a single piece;
Orders 18 to 30.

* Stamens hypogynous.

18. Ericaceous plants—shrubs; stamens free, equal to or twice
as many as the lobes of the corolla, the anthers with an ap-
pendage, and opening by two pores.

** Stamens epigynous.
+ Stamens free, or distinct from the corolla.

19. Vacciniaceous plants—shrubs ; stamens twice as many as
the lobes of the corolla, the anthers opening by two pores.

tt Stamens epipetalous, or affixed to the corolla.
ft Carpels two- or more-celled.

20. Caprifoliaceous plants—shrubs; leaves opposite, without
stipules; cells of the carpels many-seeded.

21.

22.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 25

Galiaceous plants—herbs; leaves and leaf-like stipules
forming radiate whorls around the square stem; cells of the
carpels one-seeded.

tt Carpels one-celled, one-seeded.

Valerianaceous plants—herbs; stamens fewer than the
lobes of the corolla; anthers distinct.

. Composite plants—herbs ; stamens equalling in number the

divisions of the corolla (¢. e.isomerous) ; anthers united into
a tube around the style (7. e. syngenesious).

*** Stamens perigynous.
t+ Seeds attached to a free central placenta.

Primulaceous plants—herbs; stamens equalling in number
and opposite to the lobes of the corolla.

tt Seeds attached to the sides of the carpels, or in the
axial angle of the cells.

t Corolla regular or nearly 80.

Apocynaceous plants—herbs; corolla contorted, the stamens
isomerous, alternating with its lobes; ovaries two, distinct,
cohering by their stigma.

Gentianaceous plants—herbs; stamens isomerous, alter-
nating ; ovary of 1-2 many-seeded cells; placentas parietal.

Boraginaceous plants—herbs; stamens isomerous, alter-
nating; ovary four-lobed, with one ovule in each lobe.

t Corolla irregular.

Scrophulariaceous plants—green leafy herbs; ovary two-
celled, the cells many-seeded; placentas axile.

Orobanchaceous plants—brown leafless herbs ; ovary two-
celled, the cells many-seeded ; placentas parietal.

Labiate plants—green leafy herbs; flowers unsymmetrical ;
ovary four-lobed, with one ovule in each lobe.

26 SPRING FLOWERS,

Monochlamyds: Perianth single (é. e. consisting of a calyx
only), or altogether wanting, and replaced by scaly bracts ;
Orders 31 to 40.

* Stamens and pistils combined in the same flower.
+ Stamens perigynous.

31. Thymelaceous plants—shrubs; perianth coloured ; carpels
solitary, simple, becoming a berry or drupe.

32. Ulmaceous plants—trees; carpels blended into a two-
celled ovary, becoming a membranaceous winged fruit.

tt Stamens epigynous.

33. Aristolochiaceous plants—herbs; perianth coloured, supe-
rior; stamens inserted on the perianth.

** Flowers diclinous, i.e. the staminate and pistillate ones
separate.

+ Flowers having a calyx (i.e. monochlamydeous).

34, Eleeagnaceous plants—shrubs or small trees with scurfy
leaves; carpels solitary, simple.

35. Euphorbiaceous plants—herbs or shrubs; carpels combined
into a three-celled ovary, cach cell containing one or two
pendulous ovules.

36. Empetraceous plants—small shrubs; carpels combed into
a 6-9-celled ovary, each cell containing one erect ovule.

+t Flowers naked, the calyx being replaced by scaly bracts
(i. e. achlamydeous).

37. Amentaceous plants—trees or shrubs; carpels superior,
naked.

38. Corylaceous plants—trees or shrubs; carpels inferior, seated
in an involucre (cupuliferous).

39. Coniferous plants—trees or shrubs, with resinous acerose
persistent leaves; ovules naked, becoming nuts enclosed
within the hardened scales of a woody cone.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. oF

40. Taxaceous plants—trees or shrubs, with linear persistent
leaves; ovules solitary, seated in a succulent cup.

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS or MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Leaves with parallel veins. Flowers usually ternary—the
parts in threes. Embryos with one cotyledon; hence mono-
cotyledonous. This group includes the Orders numbered from
41 to 48.

* Flowers imperfect, naked i.e. without either perianth or
glumes, or consisting of scales.
41. Araceous plants—herbs; inflorescence spathaceous 7. e.
emerging from a spathe; flowers unisexual.

** Flowers perfect, with a petal-like whorled perianth.
+ Ovary inferior.

42. Iridaceous plants—herbs; perianth six-leaved; stamens
three, distinct.

43. Amaryllidaceous plants—herbs; perianth six-leaved; sta-
mens six, distinct.

44, Orchidaceous plants—herbs; perianth six-leaved irregular ;
stamens gynandrous (7. e. combined with the style).

+t Ovary superior.

45. Liliaceous plants—herbs; perianth six-leaved (sometimes
combined) regular.

*** Flowers perfect, with a dry calyx-like whorled perianth.
46. Juncaceous plants—herbs; perianth regular, six-leaved,
brown.

**** Flowers glumaceous, i.e. formed of imbricated chaffy
scales or glumes.
47. Cyperaceous plants—herbs; leaves with entire sheaths;
bracts one to each flower.
48. Graminaceous plants—herbs; leaves with sbeaths split on
the side opposite the blades; bracts two to each flower.

28 SPRING FLOWERS.

[Il—GENERA OR FAMILIES.]

1. Ranunculaceous Plants, Ranuncunaces.
* Carpels several, short, one-seeded ; (flowers regular.)
+ Sepals 4-5 or more, often petal-like, but no real petals.
(1) Anemone—flowers with a three-leaved involucre. [For the

species of the several genera, see page 42 and sequel. |

+t Petals 5 or more, usually more conspicuous than the
sepals.

(2) Myosurus—petals small, with a tubular claw.
(3) Ranunculus—petals with a small scale or hollow near the
base.
** Carpels several, many-seeded ; (flowers regular.)
(4) Caltha—sepals five, large; petals none.
(5) Helleborus—+sepals five, large; petals small, tubular.
*** Carpels solitary, many-seeded.

(6) Acteea—flowers nearly regular, small; fruit a berry.

2. Berberidaceous Plants. Berseripaces.

(7) Berberis—sepals, petals, and stamens six each.

3. Cruciferous Plants. Crucirerz.

* Pod siliquose, much (at least 3 or 4 times) longer than
broad.

+ Calyx with 2 evident sacs or pouches at the base.
(8) Cheiranthus—pod compressed; stigmas two-lobed or capi-
tate.
tt Calyx equal at the base.

(9) Barbarea—pods linear, four-angled ; the valves with a pro-
minent rib. |

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 29

(10) Arabis—pods linear, compressed; valves nearly flat, with a
prominent rib.

(11) Cardamine—pods linear, compressed ; valves nerveless.

(12) Alliaria—pods linear, terete, the valves convex 3-ribbed ;
stalk of the seed flattened and winged.

(18) Dentaria—pods narrow-lanceolate, tapering, compressed ;
valves flat, nerveless.

** Pod siliculose, less than three times as long as broad.

+ Pod (or pouch) dorsally compressed, the valves parallel
to the broad partition.

(14) Draba—pouch oval or oblong, compressed; cells many-
seeded ; filaments simple.

(15) Alyssum—pouch roundish or oval, compressed ; cells two-
seeded ; filaments toothed or winged near the base.

++ Pod (or pouch) laterally compressed at right-angles to
the narrow partition, the valves keeled.

(16) Hutchinsia—pouch elliptical, entire; cells two-seeded.

(17) Teesdalia—pouch emarginate, the valves narrowly winged ;
cells two-seeded ; filaments with a scale-like appendage near
the base.

(18) Thlaspi—pouch emarginate; the valves broadly winged ;
cells many-seeded ; filaments simple.

4. Violaceous Plants. Vio.acez.

(19) Viola—lower petal and filaments of the two lower stamens
spurred.

5. Caryophyllaceous Plants. CaryorpnyLiacez.

* Sepals united into a cylindrical tube.

(20) Lychnis—styles five, rarely four; capsule opening in 5-10
teeth at top.

30 SPRING FLOWERS.

** Sepals distinct or cohering only at the base ; (leaves with-
out stipules).

+ Capsule opening in 4-5 valves.

(21) Sagina—sepals and petals four or five, the latter entire,
sometimes wanting ; styles four or five.

tt Capsule opening in 8-10 teeth.

{ Petals entire.

(22) Arenaria—-sepals and petals five each; styles three, rarely
four.
(23) Moenchia—sepals and petals four each ; styles four.
tt Petals toothed or jagged, not cleft.

(24) Holosteum—-sepals and petals five each ; styles three, rarely
four.

ttt Petals bifid or cleft.

(25) Cerastium—sepals and petals four or five; styles five,
rarely four or three; capsule opening at top with short
teeth.

(26) Stellaria—sepals and petals five; styles three, rarely five;
capsule opening halfway down.

6. Geraniaceous Plants. Grraniaces.

(27) Geranium—stamens ten, monadelphous; carpels one-seeded.

7. Oxalidaceous Plants. Oxauipacez.
(28) Oxalis—stamens ten; ovary five-celled, the cells containing
several seeds.
8. Aceraceous Plants. Acrracez.

(29) Acer—flowers polygamous; calyx five-lobed; stamens seven
or nine, rarely five.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 31

9. Polygalaceous Plants. Poituccions.

(30) Polygala—two inner sepals wing-like; petals three to five
adhering to the tube of the stamens, the lower one keeled.

10. Leguminous Plants. Lecuminosz.
* Stamens monadelphous (i.e. in one parcel).

(31) Ulex—calyx elongated deeply two-lipped yellow, the upper
lip with two, the lower with three small teeth at the tips.

(32) Genista—calyx short two-lipped, the upper lip larger two-
parted, the lower deeply three-toothed.

(83) Sarothamnus—calyx short two-lipped, the upper with two,
the lower with three small teeth at the tips.

** Stamens diadelphous (i.e. in two parcels).
+ Pod (or legume) continuous, one-celled.

(34) Trifolium—legume few(1—4)-seeded, scarcely longer than
the calyx; leaves trifoliolate.

(35) Vicia—legume many-seeded, two-valved; leaves pinnate,
tendrilled.

++ Pod (or legume) divided by transverse articulations into
one-seeded cells.

(86) Arthrolobium—flowers umbellate, without bracts; legume
terete, scarcely contracted at the joints.

(87) Hippocrepis—flowers umbellate, without bracts ; keel acu-
minated; legume much flattened, of numerous joints each
curved like a crescent or horseshoe, or haying one margin

" plane the other concave.

(38) Ornithopus—flowers umbellate, bracteated; keel obtuse ;
legume compressed, the joints equally contracted on both
sides.

32 SPRING FLOWERS.

11. Rosaceous Plants. Rosacea.
* Petals four or five.
+ Fruit a solitary drupe; (calyx deciduous).
(89) Prunus—ovary of one free carpel containing two ovules,
becoming a succulent fruit enclosing a bard stone contain-
ing usually one seed.

tt Fruit consisting of numerous small nuts or drupes;
(calyx persistent).
(40) Fragaria—fruit dry, on a succulent receptacle.
(41) Potentilla—fruit and receptacle both dry.

** Petals none.

(42) Alchemilla—calyx double, eight-parted the four outside
divisions smaller; stamens four or fewer.

12. Pomaceous Plants. Pomacez.
* Calyx-seqments large, foliaceous.

(43) Mespilus—petals large roundish; fruit turbinate, with the
upper ends of the carpels exposed ; disk dilated.

** Calyx-segments small.

(44) Crateegus—petals large roundish; fruit round or oval, with
1-5 bony 1-2-seeded cells or carpels.

(45) Pyrus—petals large roundish ; fruit fleshy, with five distinct
cartilaginous 1—2-seeded cells.

(46) Cotoneaster—petals small erect; fruit turbinate, its cells
forming distinct nuts cohering to the inside of the fleshy
calyx.

13. Saxifragaceous Plants. Saxirracacrez.
* Petals five.

(47) Saxifraga—stamens ten all antheriferous ; styles two ; ovary
two-celled, superior or partially inferior.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 83

**® Petals none.

(48) Chrysosplenium—ovary adherent to near the top, bearing
a one-celled capsule.

14. Rhamnaceous Plants. RuaamNnacez.

(49) Rhamnus—fruit a small berry or drupe, enclosing three or
four small one-seeded nuts.

15. Celastraceous Plants. CrLasTRacez.

(50) Euonymus—capsule with four (rarely 3-5) angles, enclosing
as many cells, the valves opening along the middle of each
cell; seeds solitary in the cells, enveloped in a coloured
fleshy arillus.

16. Portulacaceous Plants. Porturacacrz.

(51) Montia—flowers minute, the five petals slightly united,
split open in front.

17. Grossulariaceous Plants. GrossuLARIACEs.

(52) Ribes—fruit a berry filled with juicy pulp, in which the
seeds are suspended by long stalks.

18. Ericaceous Plants. Ericacrz.

(53) Arctostaphylos—calyx and corolla inferior; ovary five-
celled, with one ovule in each cell, becoming a globular
berry.

19. Vacciniaceous Plants, Vacciniacem.

(54) Vaccinium—calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; corolla
superior; ovary five-celled, with several ovules in each cell,
becoming a globular berry.

D

34 SPRING FLOWERS.

20. Caprifoliaceous Plants. CapxiroLiaces.

(55) Adoxa—calyx two- or three-toothed ; corolla with short tube
and four or five spreading divisions; fruit a berry.

21. Galiaceous Plants. Gaiacem.

(56) Asperula—corolla-tube as long or longer than the lobes;
calyx blended with the ovary without a visible border.

22. Valerianaceous Plants. VaALeRIANACE.

(57) Valerianella—fruit crowned by a small cup-shaped or
toothed border.

23. Composite Plants. Composirz.

* Disk florets tubular and perfect (i.e. both staminate and
pistillate), those of the ray ligulate or filiform and either
pistillate or neuter.

+ Pappus none; (heads rayed.)

(58) Bellis—ray-florets ligulate, conspicuous; involucral scales
nearly equal in length; achenes compressed.
tt Pappus pilose; (heads discoid.)

(59) Senecio—involucre cylindrical or conical, of one row of equal
scales, with several small ones at the base; achenes terete,
ttt Pappus (of disk-florets) pilose; (heads rayed.)

§ Florets of the ray with pilose pappus.

(60) Tussilago—ray-florets in many rows; involucres nearly
simple; achenes terete.

§§ Florets of the ray without a pappus.

(61) Doronicum—scales of the involucre of two or three rows,
nearly equal; achenes terete.

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 35
** Florets all perfect (i.e. both staminate and pistillate) and
ligulate.

Leontodon—pappus pilose, filiform, soft, deciduous, beak
long; involucre of fruit reflexed.

24. Primulaceous Plants. PrimvuLacez.

Primula—leaves all radical; flowers solitary or umbellate,
on radical peduncles; ovary superior.

25. Apocynaceous Plants. Aprocynaces.

Vinea—corolla hypocrateriform, with a cylindrical tube, and
flat spreading limb of oblique segments.

26. Gentianaceous Plants. GEnTIANACEA.

* Terrestrial plants with opposite leaves.

Gentiana—calyx not divided below the middle; stamens
five ; style two-lobed, persistent.

** Aquatic plants, with alternate leaves.

Menyanthes—leaves trifoliolate ; corolla fringed within.

27. Boraginaceous Plants. Boracinaceaz.

* Corolla without scales at the mouth of the tube.

Pulmonaria—calyx tubular, the lobes not reaching to the
middle; stamens included in the tube of the funnel-shaped
corolla.

** Corolla having the mouth of the tube more or less closed

by subulate scales.

Symphytum—corolla tubular-campanulate, with five small
teeth ; filaments entire.

D 2

36 SPRING FLOWERS.

28. Scrophulariaceous Plants. ScrornuLariacEs.

(69) Scrophularia—corolla small, nearly globular, with five un-
equal lobes ; stamens four, often with rudiment of a fifth.

29. Orobanchaceous Plants. OroBancHAcez.

(70) Lathreea—calyx bell-shaped, with four broad short teeth ;
upper lip of the corolla helmet-shaped.

30. Labiate Plants. Lasiatz.

* Two upper stamens longer than the two lower.

(71) Nepeta—calyx tubular, fifteen-ribbed ; upper lip of the long-
tubed corolla straight, notched.

** Two upper stamens shorter than or only equaling to the lower.
+ Corolla distinctly two-lipped.

(72) Lamium—calyx regularly five-lobed ; stamens longer than
the corolla-tube.

tt Corolla apparently one-lipped.
(73) Ajuga—upper lip of corolla minute, tooth-like, entire or

notched. .

31. Thymelaceous Plants, Tuymeracez.

(74) Daphne—perianth four-cleft, often coloured ; stamens eight.

32. Ulmaceous Plants, Utmacez.
(75) Ulmus—perianth bell-shaped, with four to six short lobes,
and as many stamens.
33. Aristolochiaceous Plants. ArisToLocHIAce2.

(76) Asarum—perianth bell-shaped, regular, three-cleft ; stamens
twelve.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 37

34. Eleagnaceous Plants. Exzacnacen.

(77) Hippophae—perianth of male flowers with two small seg-
ments and four stamens, of the females tubular, minutely
two-lobed.

35. Euphorbiaceous Plants, Euvenorsiaces, ©

(78) Buxus—perianth small, of four segments, in the male flow-
ers with four stamens, in the females with three styles.

36. Empetraceous Plants, Emprrraces.

(79) Empetrum—perianth of six scales, in two rows, with ex-
ternal imbricating similar bracts, the males with three
stamens, the females with six or more radiating stigmas
on a very short style.

37. Amentaceous Plants, AmeENTACER.
* Scales of the male catkins broad, imbricated ; anthers
longer than their filaments.
+ Male and female catkins short, sessile, erect.

(80) Myrica—male catkins with spreading concave shining scales,
the female ones shorter, with long protruding styles.

tt Male catkins cylindrical, usually pendulous.

(81) Alnus—flowers three distinct with four stamens under
each scale of male catkins; female catkins small, ovoid.

(82) Betula—no distinct flowers ; stamens six to twelve under
each scale ; female catkins short, cylindrical.

** Scales of the male catkins narrow-linear or divided ; an-
thers small, on slender filaments.

(83) Salix—male and female catkins cylindrical, compact, the
scales entire; stamens two, rarely three to five, with one
or two gland-like inner scales.

38 SPRING FLOWERS.

(84) Populus—male and female catkins cylindrical, compact, the
scales jagged; stamens several, within an oblique cup-
shaped inner scale.

38. Corylaceous Plants, Cory1acea.
* Male flowers in globose catkins ; (anthers 2-celled.)

(85) Fagus—female flowers two or three together in the centre
of a scaly four-lobed prickly involucre; stigmas three, fili-
form.

** Male flowers in long cylindrical catkins.
+ Anthers two-celled.

(86) Quercus—female flowers solitary, within cup-shaped scaly

at length indurated involucres; stigmas three, oblong.

++ <Anthers one-celled.

(87) Corylus—female flowers crowded in short bud-like catkins;
involucre of one piece, at length enlarged, leafy and jagged,
containing a single nut; stigmas two, filiform.

(88) Carpinus—female flowers in a lax catkin; involucre of two
distinct at length enlarged leaves, containing two nuts;
stigmas two, filiform.

39. Coniferous Plants, Conirerz.
* Fruit a dry cone, with two winged seeds under each scale.

(89) Pinus—male catkins cylindrical, with two anther-cells to
each scale.

** Fruit small, succulent, containing two or three hard seeds.

(90) Juniperus—male catkins small, with four anther-cells to
each scale.

40. Taxaceous Plants. Taxacez.

(91) Taxus—male catkins small, with three to eight anther-cells
to each of the upper scales.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 39

41. Araceous Plants. ARracrz.

(92) Arum—flowers densely packed on the lower part of a co-
lumnar spike (spadix), which is enclosed in a spathe or
leafy sheath.

42. Tridaceous Plants. Inripaceaz.

* Stigmas 3-parted slender, deeply 2-cleft.

(93) Trichonema—perianth with a very short tube, and a limb
of six deep equal segments.

** Stigmas 3-parted ; segments widening upwards, convolute.

(94) Crocus—perianth with a slender tube, which is twice as long
as the six-parted equal limb.

43. Amaryllidaceous Plants. AMARYLLIDACEA.
* Perianth with a i ss aed coronet or crown im the mouth
of its tube.

(95) Narcissus—perianth tubular at the base, the six-parted
limb spreading.

** Perianth without a coronet.
(96) Galanthus—perianth divided to the base, the three outer
segments larger than the three inner.

(97) Leucojum—perianth divided to the base, the six segments
equal.

44. Orchidaceous Plants. Orcuipacrez.

* Plants scaly, leafless, brownish ; (pollen simple or in
slightly cohering granules.)

(98) Neottia—flowers small; lip spurless, two-cleft, longer than
the sepals.

40 SPRING FLOWERS.

** Plants having green leaves; (pollen cohering in grains
or masses, which are indefinite in number and waxy.)

+ Central anther perfect, the two lateral ones abortive.
t Lip spurred at the base.

(99) Orchis—lip lobed; pollen-masses with two glands enclosed
in a common pouch.

tt Lip not spurred.

(100) Ophrys—lip lobed, convex, usually hairy and figured re-
sembling the body of an insect; pollen-masses with two
glands each, enclosed in a separate pouch.

tt Central anther abortive, the two lateral ones perfect.

(101) Cypripedium—tlip large, inflated, pouch-like.

45. Liliaceous Plants. Liviacez.

* Stem leafy, branching, shrub-like.

(102) Ruscus—leaves stiff, prickly, bearing the flowers on their
upper reversed surface.

** Stem leafy, simple.
+ Fruit a berry (succulent).

(103) Polygonatum—flowers axillary, jointed with their stalk ;
perianth cylindrical, shortly six-cleft.

tt Fruit a capsule (dry).
{ Flowers solitary, terminal.

(104) Fritillaria—perianth-segments converging into a bell-shape,
drooping; segments chequered, the inner three with an
oval honey-pore near their base; anthers attached above
their base.

(105) Tulipa—perianth-segments converging into a bell-shape,
erect; segments not chequered, nor having honey-pores
at the base; anthers erect, attached by their base.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. Al

tt Flowers umbellate.

(106) Gagea—perianth-segments spreading ; anthers erect ; scape
more or less leafy.

*** Stem leafless, the leaves all radical.
+ Bruit a berry (succulent.)

(107) Convallaria—perianth bell-shaped, with short recurved
segments, deciduous; flowers racemose on a naked scape.
tt Fruit a capsule (dry).

t Perianth-segments combined throughout.

(108) Muscari—perianth globose or subcylindrical, contracted at

the mouth, shortly six-toothed.
ti Perianth-segments combined below.

(109) Hyacinthus—perianth tubular-bell-shaped, the segments
reflexed at the extremity.

Tit Perianth-segments distinct, spreading.

(110) Scilla—perianth deciduous; filaments filiform.

(111) Ornithogalum—perianth persistent, withering ; filaments
(of three alternate stamens) dilated.

46. Juncaceous Plants. Juncacem.

(112) Luzula—leaves flat, grass-like; capsule one-celled, with
three seeds.

47. Cyperaceous Plants. Cyprracen.

(113) Carex—flowers unisexual, the stamens and pistils under
separate glumes; ovary enclosed in a little boat-shaped
utricle, through the top of which the style protrudes.

48. Graminaceous Plants. Graminaces.

* Inflorescence dense, spike-like, ovoid or cylindrical.

(114) Sesleria—spikelets two-flowered; pales (flowering glumes)
without awns; stamens three.

42 SPRING FLOWERS.

(115) Anthoxanthum—spikelets one-flowered (i.e. one perfect
flower, and two neuter ones consisting of empty pales)
pales of the neuter flowers awned ; stamens two.

** Inflorescence lax, spike-like, one-sided.
(116) Chameegrostis—glumes two; pales membranous, awnless.
*** Inflorescence lax, panicled.

(117) Aira—spikelets two-flowered ; pales awned, the awn scarcely
protruding beyond the glumes.

(118) Poa—spikelets three- or more flowered; glumes shorter
than the spikelets ; pales awnless, keeled at the back.

[II.—SPECIES AND VARIETIES.]

*,* The numbers in parentheses correspond with those in the foregoing list.

(1) Anemone.
* Sepals covered outside with silky hairs.
A. Pulsatilla: flowers large, solitary, violet-purple, with the

involucre deeply cut into linear segments ; carpels with feathery
tails.—Pasque-flower.—Limestone pastures. Fl. April, May.

** Sepals smooth on both sides.

A. nemorosa: flowers small, solitary, white tinged with red
outside ; the involucre of stalked leaves, with the leaflets lobed
and cut; carpels downy with a point not feathery—Wood
Anemone.—W oods and thickets. Fl. April.

(2) Myosurus. Movserrart.
M. minimus: annual, dwarf; radical leaves linear; flowers
solitary, small, greenish; receptacle becoming much elon-
gated.—Damp sandy or gravelly fields. Fl. May, June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 43

(3) Ranunculus. Crowroor.
* Flowers white; (aquatics.)

R. aquatilis: plant floating; leaves capillary below three-
parted above water, the lobes wedge-shaped and toothed ; car-
pels transversely wrinkled.— Ponds, ditches, and streams. Fl.
May, June.

There are several plants more or less closely resembling
this, which are by some regarded as mere varieties, induced by
varied conditions of growth.

** Flowers yellow ; (terrestrial plants.)
+ Leaves undivided, angulate.

R. Ficaria: rootstock with many oblong tubers; leaves
mostly radical, heart-shaped, angulate, smooth, often mottled ;
flowers yellow, glossy; petals variable, usually 8 or 9.—Pile-
wort or Lesser Celandine.—Damp shady places. Fl. April.

tt Leaves deeply cut.

R. auricomus: stem erect, many-flowered ; leaves smooth,
three-cleft, the leaflets notched; flowers large, bright yellow ;
carpels downy.—Goldilocks.—W oods and coppices. Fl. April,
May.

R. bulbosus: stem bulb-like at the base, erect, many-flow-
ered; leaves hairy, three-cleft, with trifid cut segments;
flowers large bright-yellow, the calyx-lobes reflexed; carpels
smooth.—Buttercups.—Meadows and pastures. Fl. May.

R. repens: stems producing creeping shoots ; leaves hairy,
three-cleft, with lobed or toothed segments; flowers large,
bright yellow, the calyx-lobes spreading ; carpels smooth.—
Buttercups.—Meadows and pastures. Fl. May to August.

R. parviflorus: annual; stem prostrate or ascending ; leaves
hairy, the lower 5 the upper 3—5-lobed, the segments lobed ;

4.4, SPRING FLOWERS.

flowers small, yellow; carpels tuberculate.—Gravelly fields. —
Fl. May, June.

(4) Caltha. Marsa Maricoxp.

C. palustris: leaves heart-shaped, rounded ; flowers large,
golden-yellow.—Marshy places. Fl. March to May.

(5) Helleborus. Heriesore.

H. viridis: flowers 3-4, large, with spreading yellowish-
green sepals—Woods and thickets in calcareous soil. FI.
March, April.

H. foctidus: flowers numerous, panicled, with large ovate
bracts, and converging green sepals often tipped with purple.
—-Bear’s-foot.—Thickets in calcareous soil. Fl. March, April.

(6) Actwa. BanesBerry.

A. spicata: radical leaves large, twice ternate, with ovate
three-lobed coarsely toothed leaflets ; flowers nearly white, in
a loose raceme.—Herb Christopher.—Mountain woods and
thickets in the north. Fl. May.

(7) Berberis. Brreerry.
_ B. vulgaris: shrub; branches with 3-lobed thorns at the
base of leaf-tufts; leaves obovate, sharply toothed ; flower
small, yellow, in drooping racemes, disagreeably scented.—

Hedges and thickets. Fl. May.

(8) Cheiranthus. Watiriower.
C. Cheiri: subshrubby ; leaves lance-shaped, acute, slightly
hoary ; flowers large, racemose, yellow or reddish-brown, very
fragrant.— Walls and rocky places. Fl. April, May.

Or

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 4.

(9) Barbarea. WuInTER-cREss.

B. vulgaris: stem erect ; lower leaves lyrate, with a broad
rounded terminal lobe; flowers, small, yellow, racemed.—
Belleisle Cress or Yellow Rocket.— Waste places. Fl. May to
July.

(10) Arabis. Rock-cress.

A. Thaliana: annual; stem slender, erect; lower leaves
stalked, oblong, with a few coarse teeth, upper few, small, ses-
sile; flowers small, white.—Thale-cress—Banks and waste
places. Fl. April.

A. Turrita: biennial ; stem stiff, erect ; lower leaves stalked,
upper sessile, stem-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed;
flower small, whitish—Tower-cress.— Walls, rare. Fl. May.

(11) Cardamine. Birrer-cress.

C. amara: stems weak, ascending; leaves pinnate with 5-7
large ovate or orbicular segments, the upper ones angular
toothed ; flowers largish, white, in few-flowered racemes.—
Sides of streams and watercourses. Fl. April, May.

C. pratensis: stems stiff, erect; leaves pinnate the seg-
ments of the lower roundish, those of the upper ones narrow
and entire; flowers largish, pale pink or blush-coloured.
—Ladies’-smock or Cuckoo-flower.—Moist meadows. FI.
April, May.

C. hirsuta: stems ascending or erect, more or less hairy ;
leaves pinnate, with small roundish-oblong angularly toothed
segments; flowers small, white-——Moist shady places. Fl.
March to June.

(12) Alliaria. Gariic Mostarp.

A. officinalis : annual or biennial ; stem erect; lower leaves

46 SPRING FLOWERS.

roundish, crenate, upper heart-shaped, ovate, or triangular,
with an odour of garlic; flowers small, white-—Sauce-Alone
or Jack-by-the-Hedge.—Hedges and waste places. Fl. May.

(13) Dentaria. ToorH-cress.

D. bulbifera: stem tallish, weak; lower leaves pinnate,
upper simple; flowers few, large, purplish.—Coral-root.—
Woods and shady places, rare. FI. April,,May.

(14) Draba. Wuittow-erass.
* Flowers yellow.

D. aizoides: dwarf, tufted; leaves sessile, linear, ciliated ;
flowers few, rather large.— Rocks, rare. Fl. March, April.

** Flowers white.

D. muralis: annual; stem weak, ascending, leafy; lower
leaves ovate or oblong, toothed; flowers white with minute
entire petals—Rocks and walls, rare. Fl. April, May.

D. verna: annual; stem dwarf, erect, leafless; leaves ra-
dical, ovate or oblong ; flowers small, white, with deeply cloven
petals— Walls and dry banks. Fl. April, May.

(15) Alyssum. Mapworr.

A. calycinum: annual, dwarf, branching; leaves oblong-
linear narrowed to the base; flowers yellow, inconspicuous.—
—Cornfields. Fl. May and June.

(16) Hutchinsia.
H. petreea: annual, dwarf; lower leaves pinnate; stem-
leaves few and smaller ; flowers minute, white.—Walls, rocks,
and stony places. FI. March, April.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 47

(17) Teesdalia.

T. nudicaulis: annual, dwarf; leaves radical, pinnate, with
a larger terminal lobe; flower-stems leafless, bearing very
small white flowers.—Dry gravelly places. Fl. May.

(18) Thlaspi. Penny-cress.

T. arvense: annual; stem erect; leaves oblong, toothed ;
flowers small, white.—Mithridate Mustard.—Waste and cul-
tivated ground. Fl. May to July.

T. perfoliatum: annual; stem erect; root-leaves ovate or
orbicular, upper ones oblong, stem-clasping; flowers small,
white.—Limestone pastures, rare. Fl. April, May.

i9. Viola. VuoLer.

* Stem very short, the flowers and leaves appearing to grow
Srom the root.

V. palustris: leaves kidney-shaped, smooth; flowers pale
blue, with purple streaks, scentless.—Marshy places. Fl. April.
V. odorata: leaves heart-shaped, downy or shortly hairy ;
flowers bluish-purple or white, rarely purple reddish or lilac,
sweet-scented.— Hedge-banks and thickets. Fl. March, April.
V. hirta: leaves heart-shaped, rough with hairs; flowers
pale blue, scentless—Limestone woods and pastures. FI.

April, May.

** Stem elongated, evident.

V. canina: primary stem short, flowering branches elongated
ascending or erect; leaves ovate-cordate; flowers large, pale
blue, scentless. There are several varieties.—Hedges, groves,
and thickets. Fl. April to July.

V. tricolor: biennial or perennial; stem branching; leaves

48 SPRING FLOWERS.

oblong, deeply crenate, with large lyrately pinnatifid stipules ;
flowers purple or yellow, or with mixed colours.—Pansy or
Heart’s-ease, and the origin of the garden Pansies.—Cultivated
fields. Fl. May to September.

Var. lutea: flowers large, rich yellow; habit more decidedly
perennial.— Mountain pastures.

Var. arvensis: flowers much smaller, with very short whitish
petals; annual.—Cornfields.

(20) Lychnis.

L. Flos-cuculi: leaves narrow, lance-shaped, the lower ones
stalked; flowers pale red, the petals cut into four linear seg-
ments.—Ragged Robin.— Moist meadows. Fl. May, June.

L. diurna: leaves oval-oblong or ovate-lanceolate; flowers
deep red, subdicecious, the petals half-cloven, with narrow
divergent lobes—Hedges. FI. May, June.

(21) Sagina. -PEaRLworr.

S. procumbens: minute, forming branching decumbent
tufts; leaves small, subulate; flowers small, whitish, often
without petals—Common in sandy wastes. Fl. May to
August.

(22) Arenaria. Sanpworr.
A. verna: leaves awl-shaped, bluntish ; flowers small, white,
—Mountain pastures. Fl. May to August.
A. trinervis: annual; leaves ovate acute, ribbed; flowers
small, white.—Moist shady places. Fl. May, June.

(23) Moenchia,

M. erecta: annual; stem short, erect ; leaves linear; flowers
few, rather large, white.—Sandy wastes. Fl. May.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 49

(24) Holosteum,
H. umbellatum : annual; leaves ovate, acute ; flowers white.
umbellate.—Walls and roofs. Fl. April.

(25) Cerastium, Movsr-zar CuicKweeED.

C. vulgatum: annual, branched, usually viscid; leaves
roundish-ovate, stalked; flowers minute, in dichotomous pa-
nicles.—A very variable plant.—Waste places, very common.
Fl. April to September.

C. arvense : leaves crowded below, lanceolate-linear ; flowers
large, white, in loose cymes.—Dry sandy fields. Fl. May to
August.

(26) Stellaria, Srarworr.

S. nemorum : lower leaves heart-shaped, upper ovate sessile ;
flowers large, white, in elegant spreading cymes, the petals
narrow and deeply cleft.—Moist woods. Fl. May, June.

S. media: annual, smooth; stems weak, branched; leaves
small, ovate; flowers small, white.-—Chickweed.—Cultivated
and waste ground. Fl. all the year.

S. Holostea: leaves lanceolate, finely saw-toothed ; flowers
large, white, with inversely heart-shaped petals.—Stitchwort.—
Groves, thickets, and hedge-sides. FI. May.

(27) Geranium, CRANE’s-BILL.
G. molle: annual; leaves orbicular, cut into 7-11 wedge-
shaped lobes; peduncles 2-flowered; flowers small, purple,

with deeply notched petals.—Waste places. fF. April to
August.

(28) Oxalis. Woop-Sorret.

O. Acetosella: peduncles radical, 1-flowered ; flowers white.
—Groves and shady places. Fl. April, May.
E

50 SPRING FLOWERS.

O. corniculata: annual, procumbent, branched; peduncles
axillary, supporting an umbel of yellow flowers.—Waste
ground. Fl. May to October.

(29) Acer. Marte.

A. campestre: tree; leaves 5-lobed, with obtuse, entire or
sinuate lobes; flowers in loose erect corymbs; wings of the
carpels diverging horizontally.—-Hedges and thickets. FI.
May, June.

A. Pseudo-platanus: tree; leaves larger, 5-lobed, the lobes
toothed ; flowers in pendent racemes; wings of the carpels
parallel or but slightly divergent.—Sycamore.—Hedges and
plantations. Fl. May.

(30) Polygala. Mrzxworr.

P. vulgaris: stems diffuse or ascending; leaves obovate
below, oblong-lanceolate above ; flowers racemed, blue, pink,
or white.—Gravelly and heathy pastures. Fl. May to Sep-
tember.

(31) Ulex. Furzs.

U. europeeus: shrub; branches erect, the numerous short
branchlets all ending in a thorn, the leaves generally reduced
to thorns ; flowers large, yellow, in showy racemes, intermixed
with thorns, the calyx very hairy —Whin or Gorse.—Sandy
heaths and commons. Fl. March to July.

(32) Genista. GREEN Weep.

G. pilosa: shrub, without thorns; leaves obovate or lan-
ceolate, hairy; flowers yellow, succeeded by narrow flattened
hairy pods.—Sandy and gravelly heaths. Fl. May and Sep-
tember. |

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 51

G. anglica: shrub, thorny; leaves ovate or lanceolate;
flowers yellow, succeeded by short inflated pods.—Petty Whin.
—Moist boggy heaths. Fl. May, June.

(33) Sarothamnus. Broom.

S. scoparius: shrub; branches erect, strait, wiry, angled ;
leaves ternate, the upper ones simple; flowers large, bright
yellow, axillary.— Dry gravelly thickets. Fl. May, June.

(34) Trifolium. Crover.

T. subterraneum: annual; stem short, decumbent; leaflets
obovate; heads lateral, stalked, few-flowered, the peduncles
becoming lengthened after flowering, and the heads buried
in the earth; flowers long and slender, almost white.—Dry
pastures and heaths. Fl. May.

T. suffocatum: annual; stems short, decumbent; leaflets
obovate ; heads dense, lateral, sessile; flowers minute, closely
sessile, inconspicuous.—Sandy sea-coasts. Fl. May to July.

(35) Vicia. Vertcu.

V. sativa: annual or biennial ; leaves pinnate, tendrilled ;
flowers axillary, sessile, solitary or in pairs, large reddish-
purple; calyx gibbous at the base on one side; seeds smooth.
—There are several forms.—Cornfields and cultivated ground.
Fl. May, June.

V. lathyroides: annual or biennial; leaves pinnate, ten-
drilled ; flowers axillary, sessile, solitary, smaller than in V.
sativa, purple; calyx eqnal at the base; seeds granulated.—
Dry pastures and roadsides. FI. April, May.

(386) Arthrolobium.

A. ebracteatum: annual; stems slender, with axillary pe-
E 2

52 SPRING FLOWERS.

duncles bearing umbels of minute yellow flowers.—Sandy
ground in the Channel and Scilly Isles. Fl. May to July.

(37) Hippocrepis. Horszsnoz Vercu.

H. comosa: stems branched, procumbent; leaflets 9-15,
small, obovate or oblong, smooth; flowers 5-8 in the umbel,
pale yellow.—Dry chalky banks. Fl. May to August.

(38) Ornithopus. Brrp’s-roor.

O. perpusillus: annual; stems procumbent; leaflets 5-10
or more pairs with an odd one, small oval or oblong; flowers
2-8, white, with red lines.—Sandy pastures. Fl. May.

(39) Prunus.

P. communis: shrub; leaves ovate or oblong; flowers
small white, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, appearing be-
fore the leaves; drupes covered with a bluish bloom.—Black-
thorn.— Woods and hedges. Fl. April, May.

Different forms of this are called: P. spinosa, the Sloe, with
spiny branches and small austere globular fruits ; P. insititia,
the Bullace, less spiny, and with larger less austere fruits;
P. domestica, the Plum, without spines, and with still larger
oblong fruit.

P. Cerasus: shrub or small tree; leaves ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate; flowers large, white, on long pedicels, 2-3 or more
together, appearing before the leaves; drupes without bloom.
—Cherry or Gean.— Woods and hedges. Fl. April, May.

There are two forms of this: P. Cerasus, representing the
austere Morello cherries, and P. Aviwm, the sweet cherries of
our gardens.

P. Padus: shrub; leaves oval or ovate-lanceolate; flowers
small, white, in long drooping racemes ; drupes small, without
bloom.—Bird Cherry.— Woods and hedges. Fl. May,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 53

(40) Fragaria. SrrawsBerry.

F. vesca: leaflets 3, ovate, toothed, sessile at the end of a
long leaf-stalk ; flower-stems erect, leafless, bearing a few
pedicellate white flowers.—Wood Strawberry.—Groves and
thickets. Fl. May, June. 3

(41) Potentilla. Crinqurroit.

P. Fragariastrum: stems tufted; leaves digitately divided ;
flowers white.—Dry gravelly pastures. Fl. March, April.

P. verna: stem short, tufted, sometimes procumbent ;
leaves digitately divided; flowers yellow.—Mountain pas-
tures. Fl. April, May.

(42) Alchemilla.—Lavy’s Manvin.

A. vulgaris: radical leaves 7—-9-lobed, plaited; flowers in
terminal panicles, on the decumbent or ascending stems.—
Mountain pastures. Fl. April to August.

A. arvensis: annual; leaves 3-lobed, cut ; flowers in ses-
sile axillary heads.—Parsley Piert.—Sandy fields. Fl. May
to August.

(43) Mespilus. Mepnrar.
M. germanica: small tree; leaves nearly sessile, lanceo-

late or oblong ; flowers large, white, solitary, sessile on short
leafy branches.—Hedges, rare. Fl. May. !

(44) Crategus. Hawrnorn.

C. Oxyacantha: shrub or small tree, thorny ; leaves obovate,
wedge-shaped, stalked, cut into 3-5 toothed lobes; flowers
white or pink, scented, in sessile corymbs on short leafy
branches.—Whitethorn or May.—Hedges and woods. FI.
May, June.

54: SPRING FLOWERS.

(45) Pyrus.

* Leaves simple, rarely pinnatifid.

P. communis: tree; leaves ovate or obovate, finely saw-
toothed, smooth; flowers large, white, in short racemes or
bunches of 6-10; fruit large, top-shaped.—Pear-tree.—
Woods and hedges. Fl. April, May.

P. Malus: tree; leaves ovate or obovate, saw-toothed,

downy; flowers large, pinkish, several together, in a sessile
umbel; fruit large, roundish.—Apple-tree or Crab.— Woods
and hedges. Fl. May.
_ P. Aria: shrub or tree; leaves ovate or obovate, sharply
serrated, white and cottony beneath; flowers white, in dense
flat corymbs ; fruit small, globular, red. There are varieties:
P. intermedia, and P. pinnatifida with the leaves variously
cut.— Beam-tree—Mountainous woods. FI. May.

P,. torminalis: tree: leaves broad, cut into about 7 broad
pointed toothed lobes, white beneath while young; flowers
white, in corymbs; fruit small, globular, greenish-brown.—
Wild Service-tree.— Woods and hedges. Fl. April, May.

** Leaves pinnately divided.

P. Aucuparia: tree; leaflets numerous, oblong, toothed,
downy beneath; flowers small, very numerous, in large
corymbs; fruit small, globular, bright red.—Rowan-tree,
Quicken-tree, or Mountain Ash.—Mountainous woods. FI.
May.

(46) Cotoneaster.

C. vulgaris: shrub; leaves ovate or orbicular; flowers

small, greenish-white, solitary, or in short drooping racemes

on short leafy branches; fruit small, reddish.—Limestone
cliffs, Carnarvonshire. Fl. May, June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 55

(47) Saxifraga. Saxrrrace.
* Leaves opposite, densely crowded.

S. oppositifolia: stems creeping; leaves small, opposite,
obovate, overlapping, fringed ; flowers large, purple, solitary, on
short erect branches, but so numerous as to cover the stems.
—Alpine rocks. Fl. April.

** Leaves alternate, the upper ones distant.

S. granulata: stem erect, hairy; lower leaves reniform,
bluntly crenate; flowers largish, white, in terminal cymes.—
Meadows and pastures. Fl. May.

_ §. tridactylites: annual; stem short, erect, usually red ;
leaves small, entire or three-lobed; flowers small, white.—
Walls and dry barren places. Fl. April, May.

(48) Chrysosplenium. Gonpen Saxirrace,

C. alternifolium : leaves alternate; flowers yellow, incon-.
spicuous.— Moist shady places. Fl. May.

C. oppositifolium : leaves opposite; flowers yellow, incon-
spicuous.—Moist shady places. Fl. May.

(49) Rhamnus. Buckruorn.

R. catharticus: shrub; leaves ovate, minutely toothed ;
branches often thorny; flowers small, green,. dicecious, with
tour petals and four stamens ; fruit black.—Thickets. Fl. May.

R. Frangula: shrub; leaves more obtuse, entire; branches
without thorns; flowers small, hermaphrodite, with five petals
and five stamens; fruit dark purple.—Thickets and woods.—
Fl. May.

(50) Euonymus. SpinDLE-TREE.

E. europeeus: shrub ; leaves ovate-oblong, minutely toothed ;

56 SPRING FLOWERS.

flowers small, yellowish-green ; fruit red, angular, opening at
the angles and exposing a brilliant orange-coloured arillus,
which envelopes the seeds. —Hedges and thickets. Fl. May.

(51) Montia. Buinxs.

M. fontana: subaquatic, annual; leaves opposite, obovate
or spathulate ; flowers white, inconspicuous.—Water Chick-
weed.—By rills and in springy places. Fl. April, May.

(52) Ribes. Curranr.
* Branches without prickles.

R. rubrum: shrub; leaves palmately 3—5-lobed, inodorous ;
flowers complete, greenish, in pendulous racemes, the stalks
all short ; berries smooth, red or white-—Common Currant.—
Mountainous woods. Fl. April, May.

R. nigrum: shrub; leaves palmately 3-lobed, strongly
scented ; flowers complete, greenish, in pendulous racemes, the
lower stalks longer than the upper ones ; berries smooth, black.
— Black Currant.—Cool shady thickets. Fl. April, May.

** Branches armed with prickles.

R. Grossularia: shrub; leaves palmately 3-5-lobed, in-
odorous ; flowers greenish, hanging, the peduncles 1-2-flow-
ered; berries yellowish, oblong, much varied by cultivation,
smooth or hairy.—Gooseberry.—Thickets. Fl. April, May.

(53) Arctostaphylos. Brarserry.

A. Uva-ursi: shrub; leaves evergreen, obovate, entire,
shining; flowers ovate, rosy, in short drooping terminal
racemes; berries bright red.—Mountain heaths. Fl. May.

A. alpina: shrub; leaves withering, rugged, serrated; flow-
ers ovate, white, in terminal drooping clusters or racemes,
berries black.—Mountain heaths. Fl. May.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 57

(54) Vaccinium. WuorriesBerry.

V. Myrtillus: shrub; stems acutely angular; leaves ovate,
serrated ; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils, nearly globular,
pale greenish-white, tinged with red, nodding; fruit a roundish
bluish-black berry, covered with bloom.—Bilberry.—Heathy
wastes. Fl. May.

V.uliginosum: shrub; stems terete; leaves obovate, entire ;
flowers axillary, somewhat clustered, flesh-coloured, nodding ;
fruit a black berry.—Great Bilberry.—Mountain bogs. FI.
May.

(55) Adoxa. Moscuaret.

A. Moschatellina: root-leaves two or three times ternate,

with 3-lobed segments; flowers small, pale-green, in little

globular heads, terminating the short flowering stems.—
Shady hedge-banks and groves. Fl. April, May.

(56) Asperula. Wooprurr.
_ A. odorata: stems angular ; leaves lance-shaped or obovate,
8 in a whorl; flowers small, white, 4-lobed, in cymes; fruit
globular, hispid; plants smelling like new hay in drying.—
Sweet Woodruff.—Dry mountainous woods. Fl. May.

(57) Valerianella. Cornssuap.

V. olitoria: annual; leaves oblong, entire, or with a few
coarse teeth, those of the stem narrower and clasping; flowers
inconspicuous, in little terminal cymes.—Lamb’s Lettuce.—

Cornfields. Fl. April to June.

(58) Bellis. Datsy.

B. perennis: leaves all from the root, obovate or oblong ;

58 SPRING FLOWERS.

flower-heads single, on radical peduncles ; the ray-florets white,
tinged with pink, those of the disk small, yellow, tubular.—
Pastures and meadows. FI. March to November.

(59) Senecio. GrovunovseL.

S. vulgaris: annual; leaves pinnatifid, toothed, smoothish ;
flower-heads without ray-florets, consisting wholly of yellow
tubular disk-florets.—Simson.—A weed everywhere. Fl. at

all seasons.

(60) Tussilago. Cottsroor.

T. Farfara: leaves heart-shaped, angular or toothed, cot-
tony beneath; flower-heads solitary, appearing before the
leaves, with bright yellow ligulate ray-florets.—Moist waste
places. Il. March, April.

T. Petasites: leaves heart-shaped, unequally toothed, cot-
tony ; flower-heads in panicles, nearly dicecious, pinkish ; the
florets all tubular (males), or nearly all small and filiform
(females), not lgulate.—Butterbur.—Moist meadows. Fl.
April.

(61) Doronicum. Lerorarn’s-BaNnez.

D. Pardalianches: leaves heart-shaped, toothed, the radical

ones stalked, the rest stem-clasping; flower-heads usually

3 to 5, with numerous long narrow ligulate ray-florets.—
Mountain pastures. Fl. May.

(62} Leontodon. Danprtion.

L. Taraxacum : leaves all radical, milky, oblong-lanceolate,
runcinately pmnatifid; flower-heads large, solitary, on hollow
peduncles, with numerous yellow florets, all ligulate-—Culti-
vated and waste ground everywhere. FI. March to July.”

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 59

(63) Primula. Primrose.

P. vulgaris: leaves oblong-ovate, wrinkled, erenate, narrow-
ing gradually into the footstalks ; scapes single-flowered ; flow-
ers erect, pale yellow, with a flat limb.— Woods and thickets.
Fl. April, May.

Var. umbellata, flowers umbellate, oxlip-like. ae

P. veris: leaves ovate, contracted below, wrinkled, crenate ;

scapes umbellate, many-flowered ; flowers small, nodding, deep
yellow, with a concave limb, the segments cordate.—Cowslip
or Paigle.—Meadows and pastures. Fl. April, May.
_ These two plants are sometimes, perhaps correctly, regarded
as varieties of one species. It is probable that many hybrids
are formed between them, many of which are mistaken for
the true P. elatior.

P. elatior: leaves ovate, contracted below, wrinkled, denti-
culate ; scapes umbellate, many-flowered ; flowers large, nod-
ding, yellow, with a somewhat concave limb, the segments
cordate-oblong.—Oxlip.—Pastures, rare. FI. April, May.

(64) Vinca. PrriwinKier.

V. major: stems ascending ; leaves broadly ovate, fringed ;
flowers large, purplish-blue, the calyx-segments ciliate at the
margin.— Woods and shady banks. Fl. May.

V. minor: stems procumbent; leaves narrow-ovate, smooth-

edged ; flowers smaller, blue, the calyx-segments quite smooth.
—Thickets. Fl. May.

(65) Gentiana. Gernrian.

G. verna: dwarf, tufted; lower leaves ovate or oblong,
crowded ; flowers large, vivid blue, salver-shaped, solitary on
the short simple flower-stems, 5-lobed, with small interme-
diate bifid segments.—Mountain pastures. Fl. April.

60 SPRING FLOWERS.

(66) Menyanthes. Bucksran.

M. trifoliata: stems creeping or floating ; leaves trifoliate,
the leaflets obovate or oblong; flowers in upright racemes,
bell-shaped, with five lobes, white, tinged externally with red,
and fringed within.—Marsh Trefoil—Boggy meadows and
pools. Fil. May to July.

(67) Pulmonaria. Lunewort.

P. officinalis: root-leaves ovate-oblong, usually spotted ;
flowers in terminal forked cymes, the corolla tubular-bell-
shaped, purple; plant hairy.— Woods and thickets. Fl. May.

(68) Symphytum. ComFREy.

S. officinale: stems 2-3 feet high; leaves large, broad-lan-
ceolate, tapering to a long point, roughly hairy, those of the
stems decurrent; flowers in forked cymes on the branching
stems, the corollas ventricosely tubular, purple or yellowish-
white.—Damp meadows.—Fl. May, June.

(69) Scrophularia. Fieworr.

S. vernalis: biennial; stems 2 feet high; leaves orbicular-
cordate, pale green, coarsely toothed ; peduncles mostly axil-
lary, bearing a small cyme of yellow flowers.—Hedge-banks
and thickets. Fl. April, May.

(70) Lathrea, Tooruworr.

L. Squamaria: leafless; stems erect, scaly; flowers in a
dense spike, nodding, flesh-coloured or slightly bluish, streaked
with purple.—Dry shady places, on the roots of hazel and
other trees. Fl. April.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 61

(71) Nepeta, Car Mrinv.

W. Glechoma: stems creeping and rooting; leaves orbi-
cular crenate ; flowers blue, in axillary whorls of about 6, the
corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx.—Ground Ivy or Ale-
hoof.—Hedge-banks. Fl. April, May.

(72) Lamium. Derap Nerrie.
* Annuals, with small flowers in terminal leafy whorls.

L. amplexicaule : lower leaves long-stalked orbicular, upper
floral ones closely sessile, deeply crenate; flowers in 1-2-3
whorls, purplish-red, with a slender tube.—Henbit.—Sandy
fields. FI. March to June.

L. purpureum : lower leaves long-stalked orbicular, upper
floral ones crowded, shortly stalked, ovate or triangular, often
pointed ; flowers dull purplish-red, the corolla-tube broader
and more open than in the last.—Red Dead-Nettle-—Waste
and cultivated ground, common. Fi. April to October.

Var. incisum : upper leaves deeply cut.— Waste ground.

** Perennials, with large flowers in axillary whorls.

L. album: leaves heart-shaped, strongly serrated, hairy ;
flowers numerous, elongated, white-——White Dead-Nettle.—
Waste ground. Fl. May, June.

L. Galeobdolon: leaves stalked, ovate, toothed; flowers
yellow.—Archangel.—Groves and hedges. Fl. May.

(73) Ajuga, Bueur.
* Flowers axillary, growing in pseudo-whorls.
A.reptans: glabrous or slightly hairy ; stem forming creep-
ing runners; leaves obovate, entire or coarsely toothed ; flow-
ers blue, the upper whorls crowded, forming a cylindrical leafy
spike.— Woods and moist pastures. Fl. May. |

62 SPRING FLOWERS.

** Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs.

A. Chameepitys: annual; leaves crowded, deeply cut into
three linear lobes, the lateral of which are sometimes again
divided ; flowers yellow, shorter than the leaves.—Ground
Pine or Yellow Bugle.—Sandy fields. FI. April, May.

(74) Daphne.

D. Mezereum: shrub; leaves deciduous, narrow-oblong ;
flowers purple or white, sweet-scented, in clusters of 2-3
along the preceding years’ wood before the leaves appear ;
berries red or yellow.—Spurge Olive or Mezereon.—Woods.
Fl. March.

D. Laureola: shrub; leaves obovate-lanceolate, evergreen ;
flowers green, scentless, in clusters of 3-5 in the leaf-axils;
berries bluish-black.—Spurge Laurel.—Woods and thickets.
—Fl. March.

(75) Ulmus, Exum.

U. montana: tree; leaves obovate cuspidate, doubly coarse-
toothed, scabrous; flowers in dense clusters before the leaves,
reddish, succeeded by the flat winged fruits, slightly notched
at the top, the seed-bearing cavity considerably below the
notch.—Wych or Witch Elm.— Woods and hedges. Fl.
March, April.

U. campestris: tree ; leaves smaller, rhomboid-ovate, acu-
minate, oblique at the base, doubly coarse-toothed, scabrous ;
flowers as in the former; fruits deeply notched almost to the
cavity of the seeds——English Elm.—Hedges. Fl. Mareh,
April.

(76) Asarum, AsaRaBacca.

A. europeum: stems short; leaves about two, roundish,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 63

heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, smooth; flowers terminal,
solitary, on recurved stalks, dull greenish-brown, bell-shaped,
three-cleft—Mountainous woods. Fl. May.

(77) Hippophae. Sarrow Torn.

H. rhamnoides: shrub, clothed with leprous scales; leaves
alternate, linear-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dicecious, very small
and inconspicuous, the females succeeded by small yellowish
berries.—Sea Buckthorn.—Sandy cliffs. Fl. May.

(78) Buxus. Box.

B. sempervirens : shrub; leaves evergreen, ovate, convex,
shining; flowers small, green, sessile.—Chalky hills. Fl.
April.

(79) Empetrum, Crowserry.

E. nigrum: dwarf shrub; leaves small, crowded, evergreen,
linear-oblong ; flowers quite inconspicuous; fruits black.—

Crakeberry.—Mountain heaths. Fl. May. |

(80) Myrica, Gate.
M. Gale: shrub; leaves deciduous, lanceolate, serrated,
tapering and entire at the base, sweet-scented ; catkins short,
sessile along the ends of the branches, appearing before the

leaves.—Sweet Gale, Bog Myrtle, or Dutch Myrtle.—Bogs.
Fl. May.

(81) Alnus, Axper.

A. glutinosa: tree; leaves roundish, wedge-shaped, obtuse,
wavy, serrated, glutinous, deciduous ; catkins 2—3 together in
loose terminal clusters; the males long, pendent, the females
ovate or oblong, and in fruit somewhat resembling miniature
fir-cones.—River-sides and other wet places. FI. March.

64 SPRING FLOWERS.

(82) Betula, Bircu.

B. alba: tree; leaves deciduous, ovate-deltoid, varying to
broadly cordate, and with a rhomboidal tendency, acute, un-
equally serrated, glabrous, often with resinous spots; male
catkins cylindrical, drooping, 1-2 inches long, females shorter
and more compact.—Woods. Fl. March, April.

The Common Birch, B. glutinosa, and the White Birch, B.
alba, are two slightly different forms: the first having the
fruits broadly obovate, and the lateral lobes of the 3-lobed
scales of the female catkins ascending ; the second having the
fruits obovate-elliptical, and the lobes falcate reflexed.

B. nana: shrub; leaves deciduous, small, nearly orbicular,
crenate, not pointed; catkins small, oblong, erect.—Spongy
Bogs. Fl. May.

(83) Salix. Wuttow.

* Male and female catkins on short leafy shoots.

S. pentandra: small tree; leaves thick, smooth, shining,
deciduous, broadly lanceolate or ovate, pointed, finely toothed ;
catkins cylindrical, loose ; stamens about five, sometimes more.
—Bay Willow.—River-sides. Fl. May, June.

S. fragilis: tree; leaves deciduous, ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
smooth, serrated throughout; catkins long, loose; flowers
large; stamens two; capsules stalked.—Crack Willow.—
Marshy ground. Fl. April, May.

S. alba: tree; leaves deciduous, ashy-grey, silky on both
sides, elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, serrated; catkins loose,
cylindrical; stamens two; capsules nearly sessile——Moist
woods, Fl. May.

8. triandra: small tree; leaves deciduous, linear-oblong,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 65

serrated, smooth, paler beneath; catkins cylindrical, loose ;
stamens three—Wet woods and hedges. Fl. May, and often
again in August.

** Male catkins sessile, females sessile or on very short
peduncles, with or without leafy bracts.

S. purpurea: shrub ; leaves deciduous, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, broader upwards, serrated, smooth, whitish be-
neath, sometimes opposite; catkins narrow cylindrical, closely
packed ; stamens one under each scale, consisting of an entire
filament with double anther, or a forked filament with an an-
ther oneach branch. There are several allied forms.— Marshes
and river-banks. Fl. March, April.

_ §. viminalis: shrub or small tree; leaves deciduous, linear,
inclining to lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, wavy,
white and silky beneath; catkins cylindrical; stamens two,
distinct.—Common Osier.—Marshy places. Fl. April, May.

S. Caprea: shrub or small tree; leaves deciduous, roundish-
ovate, serrated, wrinkled, finely toothed, glaucous and downy
beneath; catkins cylindrical; stamens two, distinct—Com-
mon Sallow.—Woods and hedges. FI. April.

S. repens: dwarf creeping shrub; leaves deciduous, small,
ovate-oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, glaucous and silky
beneath; catkins short, cylindrical; stamens two, distinct.—
There are several varieties.—Heaths, moors, and sandy wastes.

Fl. May.
(84) Populus, Porxar.

P. alba: tree; leaves deciduous, cordate-ovate, angularly
toothed, snow-white and densely downy beneath ; catkins ses-
sile, about two inches long—White Poplar or Abele. The
Grey Poplar is a variety with smaller leaves.—Damp woods.
Fl. March.

66 SPRING FLOWERS.

P. tremula: tree; leaves deciduous, orbicular or rhom-
boidal, smooth on both sides, irregularly and rather coarsely
toothed, with slender stalks which twist readily, so as to keep
the leaves in motion; catkins small.—Aspen.—Woods. FI.
March, April.

P. nigra: tree; leaves deciduous, triangular-ovate, taper-
ing at the point, serrated, smooth on both sides; catkins two
inches long, lax, cylindrical— Damp places. Fl. March.

(85) Fagus, Brxcu.

F. sylvatica: tree; leaves deciduous, ovate, obscurely
toothed, silky when young, afterwards glabrous; male cat-
kins globular on pendulous stalks, females erect globular
softly hairy — Woods.—Fl. April, May.

(86) Quercus, Oak.

Q. Robur: tree; leaves deciduous, cuneately oblong, irre-
gularly sinuated or almost pinnatifid, sessile or shortly stalked ;
fruits clustered above the middle of a long peduncle (2-6
inches long).—Woods and hedges. FI. April.

Q. sessilifiora: tree; leaves deciduous, cuneately-oblong,
irregularly sinuated, stalked, the stalks 4-1 inch long; fruits
solitary or clustered, sessile on the branch, or seated on a
short peduncle (rarely 1 inch long).—Woods. FI. April.

(87) Corylus. Hazzt.

C. Avellana: shrub or small tree ; leaves deciduous, round-
ish heart-shaped, pointed, obscurely lobed, doubly coarse tooth-
ed; male catkins long drooping cylindrical ; females resem-
bling ovate leaf-buds, with a few crimson threads.—Nut, or
Hazel-nut.—Coppices and thickets. FI. April.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 67

(88) Carpinus. Hornseam.

C. Betulus: tree; leaves deciduous, ovate acute, parallel-
veined, plaited when young; catkins drooping, about 14
inch long, the female ones slender, often several imches long
when in fruit; fruit-bracts 3-lobed, leafy, the middle lobe
elongated.— Woods and hedges. Fl. May.

(89) Pinus. Pins.

P. sylvestris: tree ; leaves evergreen, rigid, subulate, grow-
ing in pairs, each pair surrounded by a membranous sheath ;
male catkins small, oblong, clustered; young cones small
ovate-conical stalked recurved, in the mature state enlarged
formed of woody close-set scales.—Scotch Fir or Common
Pine.—Highlands. fl. May.

(90) Juniperus. Juniper.

J. communis: shrub; leaves evergreen, linear, spreading,
with a prickly point, growing in whorls of three; catkins
minute, axillary; fruits globose, dark purple.—Calcareous
hills and downs. Fl. May.

(91) Taxus. Yew.

T. baccata: tree; leaves evergreen, crowded, linear, dis-
posed in two ranks so as to form flattened spray; catkins
small, axillary; fruit roundish, bright red, forming a fleshy
cup around the hard seed.—Mountain woods and limestone
cliffs. Fl. March. :

(92) Arum. Cuckoo-Pinv.

A. maculatum: tuberous; leaves ovately halberd-shaped
or almost arrow-shaped, entire, often purple-spotted ; spathe
F 2

68 SPRING FLOWERS.

obliquely campanulate, pale-green, contracted above the base,
the limb tapering to a point, the upper club-shaped naked
part of the purplish or yellowish spadix only visible; berries
bright red.—Cuckow-pint, Wake-robin, or Lords-and-Ladies.
—Hedge-banks, and groves. Fl. May.

(93) Trichonema,

T. Bulbocodium: bulb-tuberous, dwarf; leaves narrow-
linear or grass-like, longer than the flower-stalks; flowers soli-
tary, erect, pale purplish-blue, with a yellow centre.—Sandy
grassy hillocks near the sea, rare.—Fl. March, April.

(94) Crocus.

C. vernus: bulb-tuberous, dwarf; leaves narrow-linear,
grassy ; flowers solitary, bluish-purple, with rich orange wedge-
shaped jagged stigmas.— Meadows, rare. Fl. March.

(95) Narcissus.

WN. Pseudo-Narcissus: bulbous; leaves broadly linear,
blunt, not keeled; flowers solitary, large, scentless, with a
broad deep yellow tubular coronet as long as the segments,
which are paler.— Daffodil or Daffy-down-dilly.— Woods and
thickets. Fl. March.

N. biflorus: bulbous; leaves broadly linear, bluntly keeled,
their edges reflexed ; flowers usually two, pale straw-colour or
nearly white, sweet-scented, the coronet short, broadly cup-
shaped, yellow.—Primrose Peerless.—Sandy fields. Fl. April,
May.

(96) Galanthus. Snowprop.

G. nivalis: bulbous, dwarf; leaves narrow-linear; flowers

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 69

solitary, drooping, white, the inner segments much the shorter
and tipped with green.—Meadows and thickets. Fl. February.

(97) Leucojum. Snowrake.

L. eestivum : bulbous; leaves broadly linear ; flowers several,
elevated on a scape, drooping, the segments nearly equal, white,
with slight greenish tips.—Moist meadows. Fl. May.

(98) Neottia.

N. Nidus-avis : leafless, the stems clothed with pale brown
scales; flowers in a dense terminal spike, dingy-brown.—

Shady woods.—Fl. May, June.

(99) Orchis.
* Spur very short, reduced to a small pouch.

O. ustulata: tuberous, the tubers entire ; leaves lanceolate ;
spike dense, 1-2 inches long; flowers small, the lip not longer
than the sepals, white with purple spots, three-lobed, the mid-
dle lobe deeply bifid.—Chalky downs. Fl. May, June.

** Spur lengthened, varying from the half to the whole length
of the ovary.

t+ Tubers not divided.

O. Morio: leaves lanceolate; flowers few in a loose spike,
the sepals purple, all converging; lip longer, broadly and
shortly three-lobed, pinkish-purple, paler in the centre, with
dark spots; spur nearly as long as the ovary.—Meadows and
pastures. Fl. May, June.

O. militaris: leaves broadly oval to oblong; flowers in a
dense oblong spike; the sepals purple, all converging; lip
longer, pale-coloured, spotted with purple, three-lobed, the
lateral lobes small, the middle one larger, two-cleft; spur

70 SPRING FLOWERS.

scarcely half the length of the ovary.—Pastures and borders
of woods. Fl. May.—Mr. Bentham includes as varieties the
following forms, often regarded as distinct :—

Var. fusca: larger and stouter; sepals dark brownish-
purple, variegated ; lip paler, its middle lobe broad and short.
—Chalky bushy hills.

Var. tephrosanthos : smaller and more slender; sepals dark
purplish; lip purple, its middle lobe long and narrow.—
Chalky hills.

O. mascula: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, usually spotted with
purple ; flowers in a loose spike, 3—6 inches long, pinkish-pur-
ple varying to flesh-colour; upper sepal arching, the lateral
ones spreading ; lip three-lobed with the middle lobe emargi-
nate; spur as long as the ovary.—Pastures. Fl. April, May.

tt ZLubers palmately divided.

O. maculata: leaves varying from nearly ovate to narrow-
lanceolate, often spotted ; flowers in a dense spike, 2-3 inches
long, pale pink; lip variously spotted with purple, broadly
orbicular, irregularly 3-lobed; spur slender, shorter than the
ovary.—Meadows and woods. Fl. May, June.

(100) Ophrys. Insecr Orcuis.

O. muscifera : tuberous; slender ; flowers few, small ; sepals
greenish ; lip oblong, considerably lengthened beyond the se-
pals, purplish-brown, with pale blue or white central marks,
convex, with the lateral lobes turned down, and the central
one deeply notched.—F ly Orchis.—Chalky pastures. Fl. May,
June.

O. aranifera: tuberous; flowers few, distant; sepals green-
ish ; lip scarcely longer than the sepals, broad, convex, hairy,
dull brown, inscribed with pale-yellowish markings in the

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 71

centre, the edges obscurely lobed and scarcely turned under.—
Spider Orchis.—Chalky pastures. Fl. April.

Var. fucifera: lip usually undivided, obovate, longer than
the sepals.—Chalky pastures.

(101) Cypripedium. Lapy’s Suiprer.

C. Calceolus : leaves large, ovate, pointed, ribbed ; flowers
1-2; sepals broadly lanceolate, and as well as the linear
petals, brown-purple ; lip large inflated yellow, netted with
dark veins.—Mountain woodsin the north. Fl. May, June.

(102) Ruscus. Burcuer’s Broom.

R. aculeatus: shrub-like ; leaves (or flattened shoots) ever-
green, ovate with a prickly point; flowers small, white, the
axillary pedicel adnate halfway along the leaf, so that the
flower appears to grow from the centre of the leaf, on the
upper side, which is turned downwards by a twist in the stalk ;
fruit red.—Woods and bushy heaths. Fl. March, April.

(103) Polygonatum. Sozomon’s-szat.

P. multiflorum: stem round, 2 feet high, arching ; leaves
alternate, ovate-oblong ; flowers axillary, on short branched
one- or many-flowered peduncles, drooping, white with green-
ish tips; filaments hairy—Woods and thickets. Fl. May,
June.

P. officinale: stem angular, 1 foot high; leaves alternate,
ovate-oblong ; flowers axillary, on short one- or two-flowered
peduncles; filaments smooth.—Mountain woods. Fl. May,
June.

(104) Fritillaria. Frivivuary.
F. Meleagris: bulbous; stem with 3-4 linear-lanceolate

72 SPRING FLOWERS.

leaves, and a terminal drooping flower of a dull red brighter
inside, marked with chequered lines and spots.—Snake’s-head
or Chequered Daffodil Moist meadows. Fl. April.

(105) Tulipa. Tutir.

T. sylvestris: bulbous; leaves 1-8, lanceolate, glaucous ;
flower terminal, yellow, slightly fragrant, drooping in the bud,
nearly erect when mature.—Chalk-pits and pastures. FI.
April.

(106) Gagea.

G. lutea: bulbous, dwarf; leaves one, rarely two, linear-
lanceolate ; flowers 3-4, corymbosely racemed, yellow, star-
hike; the leafy bracts as long as the pedicels or longer.—
Groves and pastures. Fl. April.

(107) Convallaria.

C. majalis: leaves oblong, stalked, usually two; peduncle
leafless, radical, shorter than the leaves, terminating in a loose
raceme of smallish white drooping globosely bell-shaped
flowers, which are pure white and very fragrant.—Lily of the
Valley.— Groves and thickets. Fl. May.

(108) Muscari. Grare Hyacinra.

M. racemosa: bulbous, dwarf; leaves narrow-linear, thick-
ish, channeled, recurved, longer than the scape; flowers in a
close terminal raceme or head, nodding, small, dark blue,
ovate, the uppermost paler and erect.—Starch Hyacinth.—
Sandy fields. Fl. May.

(109) Hyacinthus. Hyacinrn.

H. non-scriptus: bulbous; leaves linear, shorter than the

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 73

scapes ; flowers in terminal nodding or one-sided racemes,
drooping, each with a pair of bracts at its base.—-Bluebell.—
Woods and thickets. Fl. May.

(110) Scilla. Segui.

S. verna: bulbous, dwarf; leaves narrow-linear, channeled ;
flowers small, erect, blue, in short terminal corymbose ra-
cemes, the pedicels furnished with a linear bract.— Maritime
cliffs—Fl. April.

(111) Ornithogalum.

O. umbellatum: bulbous, dwarf; leaves long, linear, flac-
cid; flowers corymbose, on a short scape, shorter than the
leaves, white with green streaks outside.—Star of Bethlehem.
—Meadows and pastures. Fl. April, May.

O. nutans: bulbous ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers large,
nodding, racemose, white, greenish outside.—Fields and or-
chards. Fl. April, May.

(112) Luzula. Woop-rusu.

L.. campestris: leaves flat, grass-like, fringed with long
white hairs; flowers collected 6-8 together in close ovoid
heads or clusters, 3-6 of which are arranged to form a pani-
cle, the upper head sessile, the rest stalked; flowers scarious,
shining brown.—Barren pastures. Fl. April, May. ,

L. pilosa: leaves flat and fringed as in the last; flowers
panicled, each on a separate stalk, scarious, shining brown.—
Shady groves. Fl. March, April. |

(118) Carex. Sxpcz.
* Sprkes or flower-clusters simple, solitary. -
C.. dioica: creeping, dicecious, grass-like, 6-8 inches high ;
female spikes shorter, ovoid.-—-Spongy bogs. FI. May, June.

74: SPRING FLOWERS.

*% Spikelets arranged in a compound continuous or imter-
rupted spike; stigmas 2.

+ Rootstock creeping.
C. intermedia: stems 1-2 feet high ; spikelets large ovoid,
simple, crowded into a terminal spike.—Wet meadows. Fl.
May.

tt Rootstock tufted.

C. vulpina: stems 2-4 feet high; spikelets numerous,
densely crowded into a terminal spike, interrupted at the base.
—Wet places. Fl. May, June.

_ C. remota: stems 1-2 feet high; spikelets small, pale-co-
loured, widely separated ; bracts leaf-like.— Moist shady places.
Fl. May, June.

C. stellulata: stems 6-12 inches high; spikelets three or
four, oval-oblong or roundish, rather distant ; bracts not leaf-
like.—Boggy places. Fl. May, June.

*%% Spikes separate, one or more terminal ones wholly
(rarely partially) barren, the rest fertile.

| Beak of the fruit entire, emarginate or shortly 2-toothed.
t Nut plano-convex ; stigmas 2; barren spikes one or
more.

C. acuta; stems 2-3 feet high; spikes cylindrical, dark-
coloured, the fertile 3 inches long or more; glumes narrow
and pointed._—Wet places. Fl. May, June.

C. vulgaris: stems 1 foot high; spikes oblong, 4-2 inches
long, dark-brown ; glumes blunt.—Marshes. Fl. May, June.

tt Wut three-cornered ; stigmas 3.
(a) Fruits smooth ; barren spikes terminal, solitary.

C. panicea: stem 1-2 feet high; fertile spikes about two,
erect, cylindrical, $-1 mch long, lcosely imbricated.—Carna-
tion Grass.—Marshy places. Fl. May, June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 7D

(b) Fruits smooth ; barren spikes terminal, several.

C. pendula: stems 3-6 feet high; fertile spikes drooping,
4—6 inches long, cylindrical, densely flowered.—Damp woods.
Fl. May.

C. glauca: stems 4-14 feet high; fertile spikes two or
three, 4-1 inch long, more or less drooping; fruit slightly
scabrous.—Damp places. Fl. May, June.

(ec). Fruits downy.

C. preecox: stem }-1 foot high; barren spike solitary,
fertile spikes one to three, oblong-ovate, near together, ses-
sile, or the lowermost sometimes slightly stalked ; lowest bract
shortly sheathing, with a leafy point.—Dry heaths. Fil. April,
May.

C. pilulifera: stems 4-1 foot high; barren spike solitary ;
fertile about three, roundish, near together, sessile; lowest
bract with a leafy point, sheathless—Wet heaths. Fl. May.

+t Beak of the fruit long, 2-toothed or bifid ; (nut three-
cornered: stigmas 3).

t Bracts sheathing, leaf-like; beak of the fruit plano-
CONVEX.

C. flava: stems 6-12 inches high; barren spike solitary,
cylindrical ; fertile ones about three, roundish-oval, subsessile,
near the barren, and often one lower down on a longish stalk.
—Wet places. Fl. May, June.

C. sylvatica: stem two feet high; barren spike solitary ;
fertile about four, distant, drooping, linear.—Damp woods.
Fl. May.

C. hirta: stem 14-2 feet high; barren spikes two or three:
fertile ones two or three, remote, erect, oblong-cylindrical,
stalked.—Hammer-sedge.—Dawmp places. Fl. April.

76 SPRING FLOWERS.

ti Bracts not sheathing ; beak of the fruit terete.

C. ampullacea: stem 1-2 feet high; barren spikes several ;
fertile ones 2-4, remote, cylindrical, erect, stalked ; fruit in-
flated, abruptly contracted into a long beak.—Wet bogs. Fi.
May, June. |

C. vesicaria: stem 2 feet high; barren and fertile spikes
nearly as in the last, but rather shorter; fruit inflated, gra-
dually tapering into a short beak.—Wet bogs. Fl. May.

C. riparia: stem 3 feet high ; barren spikes several ; fertile
two or three, rather distant, cylindrical, 2-3 inches long;
fruit much flattened or convex on both sides narrowed into a
short broad beak.—Watery places. Fl. April, May..

(114) Sesleria. Moor-crass.

S. coorulea: dwarf, densely tufted ; stem 6-12 inches high,
supporting a solitary ovate-oblong spike-like panicle, 4-3 inch
long, of a bluish-grey.—Alpine limestone rocks. Fl. April to
June. |

(115) Anthoxanthum. Vernat-erass.

A. odoratum: stems 1-2 feet high, tufted; spike-like pa-
-nicle, 14-2 inches long; herbage fragrant when withering
having the well-known smell of new hay, which is attributable
to this common pasture grass.—Sweet Vernal Grass.—Mea-
dows and pastures. Fil. May, June.

(116) Chamagrostis.

_ C. minima: annual, tufted, 2-3 inches high; spikelets
small, purplish, almost sessile, in a simple slender spike, 4 inch
long.—Sandy pastures on the coast. Fl. March, April.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 77

(117) Aira, Harr-erass.

A. preecox: annual, tufted, 8-6 inches high; panicle con-
tracted, 4-1 inch long.—Dry gravelly ground. Fl. April,
May.

(118) Poa. Merapow-erass.
* Rootstock tufted.

P. annua: annual, stems spreading below, 3-12 inches
high; panicle loosely spreading, 14-3 inches long; florets
not webbed.—Meadows and cultivated ground everywhere.
Fl. all the year.

P. bulbosa: stems swollen and fleshy or bulbous at the
base, 6 inches high; panicle ovate or oblong, close, about an
inch long ; florets webbed at the base.—Sandy sea shores. FI.
April, May.

P. trivialis: stems 1-2 feet high, and as well as the leaf-
sheaths roughish to the touch; panicle spreading 3-6 inches
long ; spikelets ovate of 2-3 acute webbed florets.—Meadows
and pastures, common. Fl. May and June.

** Rootstock creeping.

P. pratensis: stems 1-2 feet high, and as well as the leaf-
sheaths smooth; panicle spreading 2-3 inches long; spikelets
ovate or oblong, of 3-4 webbed fiorets.—Meadows and _ pas-
tures, common. Fl. May and June.

78

SUMMER FLOWERS.

** Behold those brightly-tinted Roses,
How fresh the blush upon their silken leaves,
With the clear dewdrop glancing in the sun
As bright as diamond, with its ray intense,
Shining the most when most ’tis shone upon!
Does it not glad thy heart to look on them?
Are they not glorious ministers of Heaven,
Shedding their sweetness on the summer earth
To tell us of His love who sent them here ?”

Countess of Blessington.

ILLUSTRATIONS,

Tre Rose is par excellence the flower of summer. Summer
indeed “ brings the Roses back to us, and their rich fragrance
loads the golden air,” as many a wanderer through our rural
lanes and bye-ways can testify. This is true of the Wild Roses
—to say nothing of our garden beauties.

The Dog Rose* is one of the commonest of our wild Roses,
being found in almost every hedge and thicket: “ vaulting
o’er banks of flowers.”’. It forms a somewhat straggling bush,
armed with strong curved prickles; and the branches, which
are furnished with elegant pinnated leaves, bearing stipules or

* Rosa canina—Plate 11 D.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 79

little wing-leaflets on either side at the base, are profusely
decorated with spreading five-petaled flowers.

The flowers—those of the single Dog Rose—consist of an
egg-shaped smooth-surfaced calyx-tube contracted towards
the tip, and dividing into a spreading limb of five, often un-
equal, sometimes lobate and almost leafy, segments. The five
petals are obcordate and generally pink, and within them the
numerous stamens are inserted around the mouth of the
calyx-tube, which latter encloses the numerous one-seeded
earpels. This part, that is, the calyx-tube, enlarges and ac-
quires as it ripens a certain degree of succulency, becoming
converted into the bright scarlet hips so commonly seen on
wild Rose bushes, and with which the branches are often
rendered gay after leaves and blossoms have passed away.

There is considerable resemblance in the general aspect of
many of the plants of the Rosaceous family, which this Dog
Rose may be taken to illustrate, and certain Ranunculaceous
plants, of which the Buttercup is typical; but they are really
very different both in structure and properties, and may always
be known by the position of the stamens, which in the Ra-
nunculaceous plants are set on quite distinct from the floral
envelopes—that is, calyx and corolla, but in the Rosaceous
family are set on to the calyx itself.

“<« There is no flower that blows’
—Such are the words of song—
*So lovely as the Rose ;’
Nor thus, perchance, we wrong
The fairest blossoms that around may throng.

*“O’er hedgerow green, in spring,
Where the mild breezes play,
The pale Wild Roses fling
Their lightly wreathing spray,
And show their petals fair by rude or lonely way.

80 SUMMER FLOWERS.

* When shineth summer light—
In every garden glade,
Flush forth the blossoms bright :
And sweetest is the shade
Where clustering roses twined a bower of rest have made.

** And oft some lovely Rose
Doth linger last of all,
When wind of autumn blows,
When frosts of autumn fall ;
Like memory sad and sweet, past summer to recall.”

The Rose belongs to the perigynous division of Calycifloral
Exogens, the peculiarities of which have been already explained.

Reverting to something like systematic order while giving
a brief explanation of our Illustrations of Summer Flowers,
we commence again with the Thalamifloral Exogens, a group of
plants which, it will be remembered, have the petals all dis-
tinct, and the stamens hypogynous or inserted beneath the
young seed-vessels, and distinct from the surrounding parts of
the flower.

During the summer months, an abundance of common
Ranunculaceous plants will be found in blossom in meadows
and waste places; but as the peculiarities of this family have
been already pointed out, we must pass on to another allied
group of Thalamiflores, the Berberidaceous plants, which are
represented by the common Barberry.* This is a deciduous
shrub, having the branches armed with long three-lobed
thorns at the base of the tufts of leaves, which are alternate
or clustered, oblong-ovate, and sharply toothed. The flowers
grow from the leaf-axils in short drooping racemes, and are
yellow, with a disagreeable smell. They consist of a small
calyx of six sepals; a corolla of six concave petals, each having

* Berberis vulgaris —Plate 7 A,

ILLUSTRATIONS. 8]

two glands at the base; six distinct stamens, which have the
peculiarity of opening by valves; and a peltate stigma. The
flowers are succeeded by bright orange-red, oblong, succulent
berries, which are sometimes used for making preserves. The
recurved anther-valves are very peculiar.

Tn lakes and slowly moving waters, will be seen floating the
broad peltate roundish heart-shaped glossy leaves of the White
Water Lily,* and amongst them, just lying above the water
surface, the beautiful rosette-like flowers, which are among
the most lovely of our wildings: it is indeed

* A water-weed, too fair
Either to be divided from the place

On which it grew, or to be left alone
To its own beauty.”

This ‘ water-weed” represents the Nympheeaceous family, a
small assemblage of Thalamiflores, all having ayuatic predilec-
tions. The plant has a thick rootstock, which is submerged,
rooting into the mud, and producing annually the broad float-
ing leaves which are attached by a slender petiole or stalk fixed
near their centre and which elongates sufficiently to bring the
leaves to the surface. The flowers also have separate stalks,
which elongate to a sufficient extent to elevate the chaste and
noble blossoms above the water. ‘Thus, in all her classic pu-
rity, ‘upon her throne of green, sits the large Lily as the
Water’s Queen,” and there ‘‘she seems, all lovely as she is, the
fairy of the stream.” The blossoms are rather peculiar, having
numerous sepals and petals and stamens all present; but the
transition from one series of organs to the other is so gradual,
that it is difficult to determine where the one ends and the
other begins. The calyx is usually set down as consisting
of about four sepals, like the outer petals in form, but green

* Nymphea alba—Plate 7 B.

82 SUMMER FLOWERS.

exteriorly ; then come the numerous petals, set in several rows,
and passing gradually into the also numerous stamens, the
anthers of which are adnate or fixed by their whole length.
The ovaries too, are numerous, imbedded in the thick recep-
tacle, forming separate cells radiating from a common centre,
while the petals and stamens are attached to the outside of
the receptacle nearly as high as the top of the cells.

One interesting peculiarity has been recorded of the White
Water Lily, namely, that its flowers expand only in bright
weather, and close towards evening, when they either recline
on the surface of the water, or sink beneath it; so that it has
been called “ day’s own flower,’ and described as “ drooping
its head beneath the waves,” there “ watching, weeping,
through the live-long night, impatient for the dawn.”

From this water-fairy let us pass to the flaunting Poppy*
of the cornfields—type of the Papaveraceous family. Here
we have an erect branched annual plant, with hairy leaves and
stems, the leaves deeply cut in what is called a pinnatifid
manner, and the flowers iarge and specious, but fugacious.
The calyx consists of a pair of hairy sepals, quickly deciduous,
being pushed off by the expansion of the corolla, which latter
consists of four broad, spreading, nearly equal, overlapping
bright scarlet petals, that are crumpled not folded in the bud.
The ovary, which is somewhat top-shaped, with the stigma ra-
diating on its flat sessile disk, is imperfectly many-celled and
filled with small seeds, which escape by means of a series of
apertures beneath the rim of the stigmatic disk.

In waste places, especially in limestone districts, will be
found the spike-like inflorescence of the Wild Mignonette,+ a
member of the Resedaceous family, forming a dwarfish herb,

* Papaver Rheas-——Plate 7 C.
+ Reseda lutea—Plate 7 D.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 83

with many branches clothed with variously divided leaves, and
terminating in long erect racemes of greenish-yellow dull-
looking flowers, which have no pretension to beauty, and are
entirely without the delicious fragrance which in the Migno-
nette of the gardens atones for the absence of graceful form or
attractive colouring. Here there are from four to six sepals ;
as many petals, of which the lowest is entire or two-cleft, and
the others irregularly divided ; an indefinite crowd of stamens;
and an oblong ovary, having three short apical teeth.

The common Rockcist* represents another Order of regu-
lar-flowered Thalamiflores,—the Cistaceous family. It is a low,
diffuse-growing, slender, shrubby plant, having its branches
furnished with small opposite oblong leaves, which have each
a pair of minute stipules at their base; and bearing loose ter-
minal racemes of pretty yellow flowers, which are however of
very short duration. These flowers consist of five sepals, the
two outer of which are smaller than the rest ; five broad obovate
spreading petals; numerous stamens; and a one-celled cap-
sule, which opens in three valves. The species of Helianthe-
mum are very pretty summer-flowering plants, of which many
forms are cultivated on sunny rockwork in gardens.

On dry hilly pastures and peaty fens, during the summer
months, the Milkwortt may very frequently be gathered.
This little herb represents a genus of exotic shrubs, much
more showy than itself, and also the type of the irregular-
flowered Polygalaceous family. Its stems are slender, diffuse,
generally a few inches long, with small leaves, obovate below
and lanceolate above. The flowers, which form terminal
racemes, are usually of a bright blue, and very pretty. The
calyx consists of five sepals, of which the two innermost,

* Helianthemum vulgare—Plate 8 A.
+ Polygala vulgaris—Plate 8 C.

84 SUMMER FLOWERS.

larger than the others, petal-like and elegantly veined, are
commonly called wings. The corolla is very irregular; the
petals much smaller than the sepals, the two lateral ones ob-
long-linear, the lowest keel-shaped tipped with a little crest,
and all more or less united with the stamens, which form two
parcels, each with four anthers. The ovary and capsule are
both flat, and contain a single seed in each of the two cells.

Another small family, that of the Frankeniaceous plants, is _
represented by the Sea Heath or Common Frankenia* a dif-
fuse-growing much-branched perennial, with the small leaves
crowded in little opposite clusters along the branches, the
flowers very few, pink, sessile among the upper leaves, and
regular in structure. The sepals are combined into a tubular
calyx with four or five teeth ; the petals, four or five in num-
ber, have each a long claw, and a spreading limb; there are
four or five stamens alternating with the petals and usually
two or three opposite to them; the stigma is three-cleft ; and
the capsule, which opens in two or three or four valves, con-
tains very small seeds. It is found on maritime sands, and
salt marshes on the south-eastern coasts.

A comprehensive family of Thalamiflores, that of the Caryo-
phyllaceous plants, is illustrated by the Pink,+ a plant found
in ahalf-wild state in a few localities in England, but probably
an escape from cultivation. This handsome plant, the original
doubtless from which some at least of the favourite double
florists’ Pinks have descended, is a perennial, with peculiar
rigid grassy glaucous leaves, and a flower-stem 6-12 inches
high, branched, and bearing from two to five pinkish fragrant
aromatic flowers, the calyx of which is tubular, with five teeth,
and clasped at the base by two opposite pairs of green scales,

* Frankenia levis—Plate 8 D.
t+ Dianthus plumarius—Plate 9 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 85

which are very much shorter than the tube. The corolla,
which is regular, consists of five long-clawed spreading petals
which are deeply multifid at the margin; and there are ten
stamens, and two long recurving styles.

Another plant of the same family, a common cornfield
weed, and at the same timea very pretty flower, is that known
as the Corn Cockle.* This is a tall erect-growing annual,
slightly branched, hairy, with long narrow leaves, and large
showy regular flowers, on long leafless peduncles, borne on the
upper part of the stems. These flowers have a tubular calyx
with five long linear lobes projecting much beyond the petals,
which latter are broad undivided and spreading, tapering into
a long claw at the base, and forming together a large inodorous
flower, of circular outline, and of a pale reddish-purple colour.
There are ten stamens and five or rarely four styles. The
capsule, which opens in five teeth, contains numerous seeds.

The Malvaceous family, another group of the same great
subdivision as the foregoing, is represented by the Common
Mallow + found abundantly in waste places. This plant is a
biennial, that is, of two seasons’ duration, and has tall, erect or
ascending branching stems, clothed with roundish slightly-lobed
leaves, and bearing axillary clusters of reddish purple regular
flowers of the true mauve colour, these being the plants whence
the French name of that fashionable. hue is derived. These
flowers will be found to have, external to the five-lobed calyx,
an involucel or little involucre of three small bracts inserted on
the lower part of the calyx; within comes the whorl of five
wedge-shaped petals notched at the end, and the staminal
column, which is unlike anything previously described. It con-
sists of the filaments of the stamens united into a tube around

* Lychnis Githago—Plate 9 B.
+ Malva sylvestris —Plate 9 C.

86 SUMMER FLOWERS.

the pistil, the lower part of the tube being bare, like a shaft, and
the upper decorated with the numerous one-celled anthers,
arranged around it in several series, above which the cluster of
ten styles projects. The fruit consists of about ten carpels united
into a flattish disk or ring, seated within the persistent calyx.

The Linden, or Lime-tree,* found in woods over the greater
part of Europe, and wild in some parts of England, represents
a large tropical Order of plants, the Tiliaceous family, which is
related to that of Malvaceous plants, but differs in having the
two-celled anthers free, or, at least, not consolidated into a
column. The Lime forms a large and handsome deciduous
tree, furnished with stalked broadly heart-shaped leaves, ex-
tended intoa point. ‘The inflorescence consists of small cymes
produced on the current year’s shoots and hanging down
on axillary peduncles among the leaves, the peduncle being
winged halfway up by a long leaf-like bract, with which it is
so far confluent. The flowers themselves are small, greenish,
very sweet-scented, consisting of five small sepals and petals,
and numerous stamens, which cohere at the very base into se-
veral clusters. The globular ovary becomes a small nut, con-
‘taining one or two seeds.

The Hypericaceous family is confined among British plants
to the single genus Hypericum, called St. John’s Wort, of which
the Small Upright St. John’s Wort} is a very good repre-
sentative. This little plant grows with stiff erect slender stems,
one to two feet high, bearing a few short lateral branches, and
furnished with opposite cordate leaves, clasping the stem at the
base ; those of the branches are smaller and narrower, but all
are marked with pellucid dots, which become evident on hold-
ing up the leaf to the light. The flowers form an oblong

* Tilia ewropea—Plate 9 D.
+ Hypericum pulchrum—Plate 10 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 87

panicle at the top of the stem, and are yellow, with five broad
obtuse sepals united nearly to the middle, and fringed at top
with black glandular teeth; five oblique but regular petals ;
an indefinite number of stamens, clustered and united at the
base into from three to five parcels, which is one of the most
particular marks of the Order. This little plant is frequently
found in dry woods, and on open heaths and wastes.

The Geraniaceous family finds a representative in the Mea-
dow Crane’s-bill,* a handsome species, often cultivated in
gardens, but also met with-in the wild state in meadows,
woods, and thickets. It isa perennial herb, of vigorous habit,
with five-parted leaves, the lobes of which are multipartite,
with numerous acute segments. The flowers are large, circu-
lar, bluish-purple, and loosely panicled. They consist of a five-
leaved calyx; a five-petaled regular corolla, the petals of which
are broad and obovate, with ciliated claws; ten stamens of un-
equal length, having the filaments flattened out in the lower
part ; and a five-lobed ovary, with elongated styles which are
joined to a central axis, from which they partially separate
when the ripe fruit breaks up. Before this takes place, the
fruit has a long tapermg beak, which has suggested for the
genus the name of Crane’s-bill. The Pelargonium is often
falsely called Geranium.

Extensively cultivated for its fibre and its seeds, but sowing
itself readily as a weed of cultivation, the Flax or Linseed +
may be occasionally met with in a semi-wild condition. This
belongs to the Linaceous family, a regular-flowered polype-
talous group, consisting of herbs and undershrubs, having entire
or simple leaves. The Common Flax is a tall erect annual,
with smooth slender stems, slightly branched towards the top,

* Geranium pratense—Plate 10 B.
+ Linum usitatissimum—Plate 10 C.

88 SUMMER FLOWERS.

occasionally producing a few spindly branches from the base,
and everywhere furnished with narrow-lanceolate leaves. At
the top of the stem is produced a loose leafy corymb of bright
blue flowers, which have five ovate-lanceolate three-nerved
acute sepals, five obovate spreading regular petals, and five
stamens united below into a hypogynous ring surrounding the
roundish ovary, which is crowned by five styles. The capsule
is globular or slightly depressed, really five-celled, but the
cells being divided into two by a nearly complete partition, it
is apparently ten-celled. The stems of this plant furnish the
valuable flax fibre, and its seeds yield linseed oil.

The common Tamarisk* is now found in several parts of
the southern coast of England, apparently established, though
it is probably only an introduced plant. It is a shrub of mari-
time habitat, and being one of the few which thrive in the
_ vicinity of the sea, is very often planted in such situations. It

forms a very elegant shrub of five or six feet in height, with
slender erect twiggy branches, covered, in place of leaves, with
what have the appearance of scales—little green imbricating
bodies lying close over each other, with a loose spur at their
base. The flowers are pinkish, and grow in little spikes or
racemes. They are small, and have a calyx of four or five
sepals, a corolla with an equal number of petals, as many or
twice as many stamens, and a free ovary with three styles.
The seeds are each crowned with a tuft of cottony hairs.

One more illustration of the Thalamiflores, a flower of very
irregular structure, must be noted. In moist shady places,
chiefly in the north of England and in Wales, may be found
in the height of summer, a tall annual plant, with suc-
culent branching stems, swollen at the joints, and bearing
stalked ovate pale-green flaccid leaves. This is the Touch-me-

* Tamarix anglica—Plate 11 C.

. ILLUSTRATIONS. 89

not, or Yellow Balsam,* which will serve as a representative
of the Balsaminaceous family, a group of plants of which the
species are chiefly tropical. The flowers grow on slender
peduncles from the axils of the leaves; they are large and
showy, yellow, spotted with orange-red, and curiously spurred
behind ; one or two of them are perfected on each peduncle,
which besides bears a few others which are minute and imper-
fect, but producing the essential organs are those which usually
mature seed. The perfect flowers are very curious in struc-
ture. The sepals and petals are all coloured, and usually con-
sist of six pieces, of which three represent the calyx, and three
the corolla. The three outer or sepals consist of two small flat
opposite pieces, and a third much larger, which is really the
upper sepal, but, from a twist in the stalk, hangs lowest; this
sepal is hood-shaped, and prolonged behind into a curved co-
nical spur. The petals are equally without symmetry; the
lower one, or that which from the twisting before mentioned
actually stands uppermost, is much smaller than the other two,
but still broadish and concave, while the other two, which stand
innermost of the whole six, are large broad and irregular in
shape, oblique, and more or less divided into two unequal
lobes. These flowers have five stamens whose authers cohere
round the pistil, and five minute sessile stigmas. The fruit is a
long pointed capsule, which when ripe bursts open into five
valves with great elasticity, the valves suddenly curling up, and
the seeds being hurled to some distance. Hence the plant has
received its generic name of Impatiens, and also its specific
name, Noli-me-tangere, or Touch-me-not.

We next come to the Calycifloral division, in one portion
of which, now to be noticed, it will be remembered the sta-

mens are generally perigynous, and the petals distinct.
* Impatiens Noli-me-tangere—Plate 10 D.

90 SUMMER FLOWERS.

Of these we find flowering during the early summer, a shrub
growing in hedges and thickets, known as the Spindle Tree,*
and belonging to the Celastraceous family. It is rather an in-
significant plant, except when in fruit, but the curious form
and bright colour of this fruit render it later in the sum-
mer a rather conspicuous object. It is a smooth shrub, of
about five feet high, with ovate-oblong or lanceolate pointed
deciduous leaves, and axillary cymes of small green flowers ;
these have a flat calyx of four or five short lobes, and an equal
number of larger petals, an equal number also of stamens al-
ternating with the petals and united with them on a slightly
thickened disk which covers the base of the calyx. The ovary
is immersed in this disk with a short protruding style, and
becomes a four-angled (sometimes three- or five-angled) red
capsule, which opens, when ripe, at the angles, and exposes the
seeds enveloped in a bright orange-coloured arillus—the arillus
being a part of the fruit corresponding with what is known as
mace in the fruit of the nutmeg.

Another unattractive Calyciflore blossoming early in the
summer is the Common Buckthorn,t found occasionally in
hedges aud bushy places. This belongs to the Rhamnaceous
family, and is a shrub or small tree, with spreading branches,
which sometimes become spiny. It has ovate toothed leaves
marked by a few prominent veins, mostly originating below
the middle. The flowers are small, green, staminate or pistil-
late, clustered in the axils of the leaves; they have each four
or five small calyx-teeth, and within these as many still smaller
petals. The staminate flowers have an abortive ovary, broader
petals, and four or five stamens alternating with the calyx-
teeth, and inserted on a disk which lines the base of the calyx.

* Euonymus europeus—Plate 11 A.
+°Rhamnus catharticus—Plate 11 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS, 91

The pistillate flowers have narrow petals, the rudiments of
stamens, a deeply four-cleft style, and each a free three- or
four-celled ovary, which becomes one of the roundish nearly
black berries. Though itself an unattractive plant—not how-
ever without its uses—the Buckthorn represents the! hand
some Ceanothus shrubs grown in our gardens.

The great family of the Leguminous plants, or Pod-bearers
(also called Papilionaceous, from the flowers, by a stretch of
imagination, being taken to represent a butterfly), is illustrated
by the Meadow Vetchling,* a weak branching perennial herb,
found abundantly in moist meadows and pastures. It has
smooth, angular, stragghng or half-climbing stems, from one to
two feet long, furnished with branched tendrils, each bearing a
pair of narrow lance-shaped leaflets, and furnished at the base
with a pair of large broadly lanceolate sagittate stipules. From
the axils of these. tendril-bearing leaves grow the elongated
flower-stalks, supporting a short raceme of from six to ten
yellow flowers; they consist of a small five-toothed calyx and
a five-petaled papilionaceous corolla, which is made up of a
large upper petal, called the standard, two narrow lateral ones ~
called the wings, and two other narrow ones, more or less
united along the lower edge, called the keel. These flowers
are succeeded by small smooth pods. The plant represents the
Sweet Pea and Everlasting Pea cultivated for ornamental pur-
poses in almost every flower-garden.

Of the Lythraceous family we have an example in the
beautiful Purple Loosestrife,t a willow herb, as it might well
be called, whose tall upright stems, supporting long spikes
of rich purple flowers, may be seen adorning the sides of wet
ditches, and the banks of streams. This very showy plant is

* Lathyrus pratensis—Plate 12 D.
+ Lythrum Salicaria—Plate 12 A.

92 SUMMER FLOWERS.

a perennial with annual stems two to four feet or more in
height, and furnished with lance-shaped entire leaves growing
in opposite pairs, or sometimes in threes. These leaves become
smaller in the upper part of the stem, where, in their axils,
the flowers appear, in masses of crowded whorls, the whole
forming a whorled spike, more or less leafy below. The in-
dividual flowers consist of a small tubular cylindrical calyx,
having from eight to twelve teeth, arranged in two series, the
inner ones being broader than the outer; a corolla of from
four to six large showy, petals, inserted in the upper part of
the calyx-tube ; twelve stamens, inserted near the base of the
calyx-tube; a two-celled free or superior ovary, surmounted
by a filiform style, and growing into a many-seeded capsule.
The Water Chickweed,* an insignificant succulent annual,
found in springy places and on the edges of rills, represents
the Portulacaceous or Purslane family, another group of the
Calyciflores, of which the genus Calandrinia of our flower-
gardens affords much handsomer illustrations. This little plant
grows in tufts a few inches high, and has small obovate or
spathulate leaves, and solitary flowers in the axils of the upper
leaves, the flowers being minute, with a calyx or cup of two
sepals, and a corolla of five white petals united into one but
split open in front. There are three stamens, three stigmas, and
a capsule opening in three valves and containing three seeds.
In the Wall Pepper + we have an illustration of the Crassu-
laceous family, a Calyciflorous group, containing many very
beautiful species of flowering plants familiar in gardens under
the names of Sedum, Sempervivum, Crassula, etc. The pre-
sent native species is a common perennial British plant, found
on walls and on rocks, and in stony and sandy places in a

* Montia fontana—Plate 13 EK,
+ Sedum acre—Plate 13 C.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 93

wild state, and not unfrequently in gardens upon artificial
rockwork. It forms a close spreading flat tuft or patch of
the brightest green when not in flower, and during the flower-
ing season is literally covered with its bright yellow star-like
blossoms. The leaves are small and thick, ovoid, spurred
at the base, those of the barren shoots usually imbricated in
about six rows. The flowers are wholly bright yellow, in
short terminal cymes; they have five short sepals, and five
longer distinct petals which spread out in the form of a star, ten
stamens, and five carpels. The whole family is distinguished
for the succulent or fleshy character of its leaves or stems.

In boggy places on open heaths, growing amongst sphagnum
moss, may generally be found a profusion of little rosulate
plants furnished with curious glandular hairs. They are the
Sundews, and represent the family of Droseraceous plants,
which some learned botanists place among the Thalamiflores,
and others along with the Calyciflores, according as the inser-
tion of the stamens is regarded as hypogynous or perigynous.
Its position is thus quite an unsettled point. We here follow
Mr. Bentham in regarding it as associated with Sawifraga
and Parnassia. The Common Sundew* has a short slender
rootstock, encircled by round or orbicular leaves attached by
long stalks, and covered on the upper surface with long red
viscid hairs, each hair bearing a gland at the top. In the centre
rise two or three slender flower-stems supporting an undivided
or once-forked one-sided raceme of small whitish flowers, which
have five small sepals, five somewhat larger petals, and five
stamens,—the latter being considered almost or by some bota-
nists quite hypogynous. They are very interesting little plants,
and are called Sundews from the little glands secreting a pel-
lucid fluid which sparkles like dew-drops in the sunshine.

* Drosera rotundifolia—Plate 8 B.

94, SUMMER FLOWERS.

We come next to a group of Calyciflores having this diver-
sity of structure from the preceding—the petals and stamens,
instead of being perigynous, are what is called epigynous, or,
in other words, they appear to grow from the top of the ovary.
We must describe a few illustrations of the group.

The Onagraceous family, known among the British Calyci-
flores with an inferior ovary, by the parts of the flower being
all in twos or fours, is very well illustrated by the Great Wil-
low Herb,* a handsome perennial, found by the side of ditches
and watercourses: a common plant, having stout branched
hairy stems, three to five feet high, furnished with lanceolate
leaves clasping the stem at the base, and toothed along the
margin. The flowers grow from the axils of the upper leaves,
and are stalked, the calyx and corolla being elevated on a long
slender quadrangular ovary which looks like a thickened stalk.
The calyx is divided into four small teeth, and the corolla con-
sists of four broad deeply-notched petals, forming a large hand-
some flower of a pinkish rose-colour, within which are eight
stamens and a deeply four-lobed stigma, all these growing at
the apex of the long narrow four-angled ovary, which becomes
a hairy four-celled four-valved capsule, containing numerous
small seeds, each crowned by a tuft of hair.

The Mare’s-tail + represents a small group of insignificant
plants, sometimes considered as a separate group, called Halo-
ragaceous plants, and sometimes regarded as a subdivision of
the Onagraceous or Evening Primrose family. It is a water
plant, found in shallow ponds and ditches, and has erect annual
simple stems springing from a perennial rootstock. These
stems are furnished with whorls of from eight to twelve linear
entire leaves, in the axils of which grow the minute flowers,

* Epilobium hirsutum—Plate 12 C.
+ Hippuris vulgaris—Plate 12 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 95

which are entirely without petals, and have a scarcely per-
ceivable calyx, a single stamen, one subulate style, and a sin-
gle ovule, The plant has considerable superficial resemblance to
the Equisetums or Horsetails, but has no affinity with them.

In the Red or Common Bryony,* we have a British example
of the Cucurbitaceous family, to which the Melon and Cucum-
ber belong. It isa scrambling plant, as are most of the family,
trailing over the surface of the ground if no support is at hand,
or clambering by means of its tendrils over any adjacent
herbage. In the southern parts of England, it is common in
hedges and thickets. It has a thick tuberous perennial root-
stock, from the crown of which the annual stems are produced.
These are hairy, branched, very much elongated, and furnished
with broadish leaves, divided into five or seven angular lobes,
of which the middle one is the longest. The flowers are pro-
duced separately by young plants, the staminiferous on one and
the pistilliferous on another; but as they become older, both
forms, though still separate, are borne by the same plant.
The staminiferous flowers grow several together in long-stalked
racemes from the leaf-axils, while the fertile or pistilliferous-
ones are on short stalks ; both have a five-toothed calyx, and
five petals just united at the base into a single five-lobed co-
rolla, which is inserted in the margin of the calyx. The stamens
are combined into three sets, of which two are double, com-
prising two stamens each, and one single. The pistilliferous
flowers are succeeded by small scarlet berries, which are fetid
when bruised. In the younger stages of growth, the fruits,
in that state called ovaries, have the flowers growing from their
apices, the same as may be seen in a young Cucumber.

In the family of the Umbellifers, or Umbel-bearing plants,
we have further illustrations of this epigynous group of Calyci-

* Bryonia dioica—Plate 12 E.

96 SUMMER FLOWERS.

flores. One of them, called the Hemlock Dropwort,* a tall per-
ennial herb, growing commonly in wet ditches and by the sides
of streams, is a virulent poison. Its root-fibres form thickish
elongated tubers close to the stock ; its stems are branched and
grow four or five feet high ; its leaves are twice or thrice pin-
nated with lozenge-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaflets,
deeply cut into three or five lobes. The flowers grow on long
terminal peduncles, and form umbels as in the rest of this
family: that is to say, a number of divisions start off from a
common point, similar to the rays of an umbrella, and then
bear each of them a smaller tuft which grows out on the same
plan, all the little divisions being here terminated by a flower.
This double branching constitutes a compound umbel, whereas
if the flowers terminate the first series of ramifications, the
umbel is simple. The branches of the umbels are called rays,
the secondary heads partial umbels, and either the general
umbel or the partial umbels or both, may have at the point
whence they start a whorl of usually narrow. leaflets, called an
involucre. In the present instance, which is that of a coarse-
‘growing plant, the general umbel produces from fifteen to
twenty rays, two inches long or more, and surrounded by
an involucre (rarely wanting) of few linear bracts, whilst the
partial umbels have an involucre of several bracts. The
flowers are small, whitish, those at the circumference stalked,
and mostly but not always barren, while the central ones are
fertile and almost sessile. They have a stiff leafy calyx of five
short teeth ; and a corolla of five notched petals with an in-
flected point; five stamens alternating with the petals, and
with them inserted round a little fleshy disk which crowns the
ovary, and from the centre of which arise two styles. The
fruit is cylindrical or oblong, crowned by the stiffened styles,
* Cnanthe crocata—Plate 13 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 97

and collected into close hard heads, each consisting of two car-
pels—each having the appearance of a seed and being called
a mericarp—and marked outside with five prominent ridges,
with a vitta or oil-cyst in each furrow. When separate, the
two carpels of each fruit have a general semicircular section ;
a section of the whole showing an oval figure. Such fruits
are said to be laterally compressed, and they separate across
their narrow diameter. ‘The examination of the fruit in the
ripe state is essential to a thorough knowledge of this Umbel-
liferous family. A thin cleanly cut horizontal slice examined
by a magnifying glass, will show both the outline, and the
ridges and oil-cysts. If very hard, the fruits may be soaked
in hot water before cutting them.

In another example of this large and important family,
the common Parsnip,* we have, instead of a poison, a bland
and nutritious esculent—not indeed in the wild form of the
species, found abundantly in chalky fields and thickets, but
in that form of it which has been produced by cultivation.
Here too we have a coarse-growing herb, but of annual or
biennial duration only, furnished with a long tap-root, which
has been improved into the edible Parsnip of our gardens.
The stem is two or three feet high, furnished with pinnate
leaves, having from five to uine large, sharply toothed, more
or less deeply lobed segments. The umbels of flowers are
compound, of from eight to twelve rays, and usually without
involucres. The flowers themselves are yellow, but otherwise
very much like those just described. The fruits however are
very different, being flattened from front to back, and broadly
winged, hence they appear flat and oval; they have three fine
scarcely prominent ribs, and a vitta in each of the interstices,
and they separate along their greatest diameter, forming two

* Pastinaca sativa—Plate 13 B.

98 SUMMER FLOWERS.

very thin scale-like bodies. Besides the Parsnip, this family
comprises some of our most useful esculents, as the Carrot,
Celery, Parsiey, Fennel; many valuable medicines, as Asa-
foetida, Opopanax, Ammoniacum ; and some of the most viru-
lent of poisons, as Hemlock and Cowbane.

The Dogwood, or Common Cornel,* another of the epigy-
nous Calyciflores is a deciduous shrub of five or six feet high,
found in hedges and thickets in the southern parts of England.
It has opposite, broadly ovate, stalked leaves, which are silky
with closely appressed hairs while young, and the numerous
flowers form terminal cymes of a couple of inches across, and
consist of a four-toothed calyx on the summit of the ovary, a
four-petaled corolla of a dull white, and four stamens. The
flowers are succeeded by globular, almost black, very bitter
drupes. This plant affords a capital illustration of a cymose
inflorescence.

From these we pass to the Monopetalous series, commencing
with a subdivisional group, in which the one-leaved corolla is
also epigynous, bearing the stamens.

Of this series we have an example in the Common Honey-
suckle, or Woodbine,t which also illustrates the Caprifoliaceous
family. The Woodbine is common throughout Britain, in
woods, thickets, and hedgerows, and forms a woody climber,
scrambling over the bushes and trees to a considerable height :

** Wound on the hedgerow’s oaken boughs,
The Woodbine’s tassels float in air ;

And, blushing, the uncultured Rose —
Hangs high her beauteous blossoms there.”

The leaves of the plant are opposite, smooth above, and ge-
nerally slightly hairy beneath, ovate or oblong, the lower ones

* Cornus sanguinea—Plate 13 D.
+ Lonicera Periclymenum—Plate 14 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 99

stalked, the upper ones sessile, but not united at the base as
in our other native Honeysuckles. The flowers are stalk-
less, forming close terminal stalked heads, yellowish, tinged
externally with red, and, as every one knows, deliciously
scented, the pale wan flowers, well compensating their sickly
looks “ with never-cloying odours.” They consist of a calyx
with five small teeth ; a monopetalous corolla with a narrow
elongated tube, and a two lipped limb, of which the upper lip
has four lobes and the lower one is entire; five stamens; a.
filiform style with a capitate stigma; and a two- or three-
celled ovary growing into a small one- or few-seeded berry.
The Ladies’ Bedstraw* is one of a genus of weak straggling
herbs, representing the Galiaceous family; which itself is
sometimes, under the name of Stellates, referred as a section
to the Rubiaceous or Cinchonaceous family. The Galiums
have spreading or straggling stems, and narrow leaves placed
in wRorls around the stem. The species here represented is
a smooth branching herb, with decumbent or ascending stems,
which have the small linear leaves in whorls of six or eight,
and which terminate in oblong panicles of bright yellow
flowers. These have the calyx completely consolidated with
the ovary, without any visible border, and a rotate four-lobed
corolla, of which the tube is hardly perceptible ; four stamens
alternating with the lobes of the corolla; and a style cleft in
two, with a capitate stigma on each branch. The fruit is
small, dry, smooth, two-lobed, with one seed to each lobe.
The Red Valerian,+ another of the epigynous Monopetal:,
represents the Valerianaceous family. This plant, a perennial
herb, native of the southern parts of Europe, is now natu-
ralized in many localities, on old walls and on chalky cliffs,

* Galium verun—Plate 14 B.
+ Centranthus ruber—Plate 14 C.

100 SUMMER FLOWERS.

as well as cultivated in flower-gardens. It forms a much
branched, almost sub-shrubby, mass, one to two feet high,
quite smooth, the stems furnished with broadish, ovate-lan-
ceolate, slightly-toothed leaves, and terminating in close cy-
mose panicles of red, rarely white, flowers. In these, the
calyx at the time of flowering consists of a border rolled in-
wards and entire; the corolla has a slender tube, projected in
the form of a spur at the base, and divided at top into five
segments, in a somewhat two-lipped manner; and there is
one stamen, and a slender style. The fruit is seed-like, and
the imcurved border of the calyx becomes, in the mature
state, unrolled into an elegant feathery pappus. An approach
towards the structure of Composite plants is very evident in
these pappus-crowned fruits.

The Common Teasel,* which illustrates the Dipsacaceous
family, has in outward aspect a kind of intermediate position
between the Composites and Umbellifers, as seen in certain
capitate-flowered plants of those families, such as Echinops and
Eryngium. The free condition of the anthers, however, se-
parates them from the Composites, and the opposite leaves
and monopetalous corollas from the Umbellifers. The Teasel is
a vigorous growing, erect, branched biennial, of some four or five.
feet high, armed on the stems, midribs, flower-stalks, and in-
volucres with numerous short prickles. The leaves are sessile,
elongate lanceolate, toothed, opposite, the upper ones broadly
connate, that is, joined together by their base. The flower-
heads, which come on long stalks, have at their base a spreading
involucre of from eight to twelve stiff narrow linear prickly
leaves or bracts, and are at first ovoid, gradually acquiring a
cylindrical form; the flowers are crowded over their surface,
each standing in the axil ofa scale which is rather longer than

* Dipsacus sylvestris—Plate 14 D.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 101

the flowers, broad and hairy at the base, narrowed into a thin
prickly point. The flowers are small, pale lilac, each inserted
in a small angular involucel having the appearance of an outer
calyx with a small thickened border; the calyx has a small
cup-shaped border appearing above the involucel, and the
monopetalous corolla is four-lobed and oblique. The flowers
have four free stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla,
and the ovary becomes a dry single-seeded fruit, crowned by
the border of the calyx. ‘I'he united bases of the opposite
leaves of this plant form a hollow around the stem, in which
water collects, and hence the plant was called dipsakos, or
thirsty ; hence also it obtained the name of Venus’s Bath.
Superstitious persons have fancied that the water thus col-
lected from the rains and dews was good for bleared eyes.

In the Musk Thistle * we have a further example of the
Composite family, not however belonging to the same divisions
as the Daisy and Dandelion already noticed. These respec-
tively belong to the Corymbiferous and Ligulate groups, but
the Thistles belong to a very distinct subdivision of the
family, which has been appropriately called Thistleheads. This
latter is distinguished by the florets being all tubular, and by
the style being swollen below its two arms. The Musk
Thistle is a biennial plant, producing in the first year a spread-
ing tuft of very pretty oblong-lanceolate sinuately pinnatifid
leaves, the edges of which are prickly-toothed—-and very
sharply prickled too, like other Thistles. In the second year,
the branching stem grows up two or three feet high, furnished
with smaller pinnatifid prickly leaves, whose edges are decur-
rent, that is, running down the stem, forming narrow prickly
wings. The flower-heads are terminal, large, drooping, and
handsome. The involucres are globular, formed of numerous

* Carduus nutans—Plate 15 A.

102 SUMMER FLOWERS.

closely imbricated bracts, and surrounding a thick receptacle
bearing bristles between the florets; these bracts have a stiff —
narrow-lanceolate appendage, ending in a spreading or re-
flexed prickle. The florets are crimson, all equal, with a long
slender tube, and five erect narrow divisions. The fruits, called
achenes, are glabrous, with a pappus of simple hairs longer
than the achene itself. The plant is found commonly in waste
places in many parts of Britain, most frequently in the south.

In another subdivision of epigynous Monopetals, the sta-
mens are inserted on the calyx, free from the corolla. This
is the case in the Harebell Campanula,* a beautiful little wild-
flower found in hilly pastures and heathy wastes, and extend-
ing in its range from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle.
The plant is a dwarf perennial herb, with a slender creeping
rootstock. At the base of its stems, which vary from six to
eighteen inches in height, the leaves are long-stalked, round-
ish or heart-shaped, and sparingly toothed ; those higher up the
stem are lance-shaped or linear and entire. The stems are
variously branched, according to their luxuriance, forming usu-
ally a loose raceme or panicle of elegant drooping blue flowers :
“little bells of faint and tender blue, which gracefully, bend
their small heads in every breeze.” Sir Walter Scott de-
scribes the elastic tread of his fair “lady of the lake” as
not even disturbing the position of the slender Harebell :—

** A foot more light, a step more true,
Ne’er from the heath-flower dashed the dew ;

E’en the slight Harebell raised its head
Elastic from her airy tread.”

These flowers consist of a calyx adherent to the ovary, and

having five narrow spreading lobes ; a regular bell-shaped five-

lobed corolla, inserted within the lobes of the calyx; five
* Campanula rotundifolia—Plate 15 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 103

stamens with distinct anthers, inserted within the base of the
corolla but free from it; and a style cleft at the top into two
or three stigmatic lobes. The capsule, which is of course in-
ferior, is pendulous, and opens by short clefts near its base.
It is a really elegant little plant.

The family of Ericaceous plants, represented by what Mr.
Bentham calls the Scotch Heath,* is another Monopetalous
group in which the stamens are free from the corolla, but in
this case they are hypogynous. This very common and very
beautiful plant, though it has been distinguished as the Scotch
Heath, is by no means confined to that country, but ranges
over the whole of Britain, and is common in Western Europe,
covering immense tracts of moorland, which in the flowering
season are sheeted with the rich purple of the heather-bells.
It is a dwarf bushy shrub, of about a foot in height, clothed
with fine linear leaves which are usually set three in a whorl,
with clusters of smaller leaves in their axils. The flowers
are numerous, in dense terminal elongated whorled racemes,
and are furnished with a calyx of four small sepals ; an ovoid
corolla, with a contracted mouth, and four very small lobes or
teeth ; eight stamens enclosed in the corolla, and remark-
able for their opening by two pores at the top, and also for
having a small toothed appendage at the point where the an-
thers are joined to the filament; and a long style thickened
at the stigmatic end. The fruit is a free four-celled capsule.
It will be observed that the Heaths are plants in which the
parts of the flower are made up in fours or in multiples of
four ; hence they belong to what are called tetramerous plants,
those in which the parts are governed by the more usual num-
ber, five, being called pentamerous. It has already been
pointed out that in the great group of Monocotyledons the
number three is that which governs the part of the flowers.

* Hyrica cinerea—Plate 15 C.

104 SUMMER FLOWERS.

We now come to a group of perigynous Monopetals in
which the corolla is nearly or quite regular, and is moreover
attached beneath the ovary. It is the perigynous condition
of the flowers, the corolla bearing the stamens, which consti-
tutes the chief technical distinction between these and the hy-
pogynous-flowered Heaths previously described.

Of these, the Common Privet,* a. member of the Oleaceous
or Olive family, though by some referred to the Jasmines, is
an example. This well-known shrub, employed in gardens
in making hedges, and as an undergrowth in shrubberies, is
found wild in hedgerows and thickets in the southern parts of
England. It is a subevergreen shrub, of six or eight feet high,
with long slender branches, which bear opposite lance-shaped
leaves, and are terminated by short compact panicles of flowers,
consisting of a small four-toothed calyx, a four-lobed short-
tubed corolla, and a pair of short stamens. The flowers are ~
succeeded by blackish globular berries, which are two-celled,
with one or two seeds in each cell. The Ash is a somewhat
anomalous member of the same family, wanting both calyx
and corolla in the flowers of our native species, but yielding
in some exotic kinds flowers which have a four-lobed calyx
and corolla. The Lilac is another well-known cultivated plant
of the same group.

The Gentianaceous family, already referred to, is another of
these perigynous Orders, with the stamens growing directly on
the corolla. Of this family we have another illustration in
an aquatic plant found in ponds and still waters in many ha-
bitats, known under the name of Nymphea-like Villarsia,t
or sometimes under that of Limnanthemum nympheoides, the
Common Limnanth. This is a perennial plant, with long
slender stems, which creep and root at the base, and becoming

* Ligustrum vulgare—Plate 15 D.
+ Villarsia nympheoides—Plate 16 A.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 105

branched rise to the surface of the water. They bear a single
leaf at each upper branch, and a terminal floating tuft of
leaves and flowers. The leaves are long-stalked, and are
smooth, roundish, deeply cordate, lying on the water’s surface
like those of the Water Lily, of which they are miniatures. The -
flowers grow several from the tuft, and are just elevated above
the water. They are rather large, yellow, consisting of a five-
cleft calyx ; a nearly rotate (that is, short-tubed and spreading,
so as to become wheel-like) plaited corolla, slightly fringed at
the base within, and finely toothed round the margin; five
stamens; and a five-cleft stigma. The capsule breaks open
unequally, not having any regular valves. | |

The Greek Valerian, or Jacob’s Ladder,* belongs to the same
series, and represents the Polemoniaceous family, better known
in gardens by the fine hardy herbaceous genus Phlox, and
the annual Gilia. The Greek Valerian, common in cottage
gardens, and found in some places apparently wild, is a per-
enuial herb, producing at the base tufts of leaves, which are
pinnate or divided into separate leaflets or little leaves, from
eleven to twenty-one in number, of a lance-shaped figure, and
quite entire. These leaves are what are called impari-pinnate,
that is to say, pinnate with the leaflets in opposite pairs along
the sides, and having an odd terminal one. The flower-stems,
in vigorous plants reaching two feet in height, bear a few
small pinnate leaves, and terminate in a kind of corymbose
panicle of showy blue flowers, which have a five-lobed calyx,
a regular rotate five-lobed purplish-blue corolla, five stamens,
the filaments of which are dilated into hairy scales, and a
simple style with three stigmatic lobes or stigmas. The fruit
is a three-celled capsule, containing many seeds. This is a
very widely diffused plant, being scattered “over the higher

* Polemonium ceruleum—Plate 16 B.

106 SUMMER FLOWERS.

northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, extending
also into the mountain regions of central Europe and Asia.”

The Convolvulaceous family must be known to every one, be-
ing rendered familiar in our gardens by the fine exotic genus
Pharbitis, which contains the annual Convolvulus major of
the seed-shops; in our hedges by the Common or Larger
Bindweed (Calystegia sepium), whose large white bells are so
beautiful as almost to plead an excuse for the intrusion of
so really troublesome a weed as this is generally held to be;
and in our cornfields and waysides by the Lesser Bindweed,*
which is the subject of our illustration. This little prostrate
plant has a slender perennial rootstock, which creeps exten-
sively underground; from this grow out numerous trailing
slender stems, which either spread on the surface or reach a
couple of feet or so in height by twining up the stems of the
corn plants and other herbage about them: “although the
field is bare, fringing the path, or scattered near, a few neg-
lected ears we find, round which Convolvulus hath twined.”’
They have alternate ovately arrow-shaped or sometimes has-
tate leaves, from the axils of which grow the usually two-
flowered peduncles. These flowers, which are fragrant, and
close at night and in dull weather, have five small blunt sepals ;
a bell-shaped corolla an inch or more in diameter, beautifully
variegated with pink and white, or sometimes cream-coloured
nearly white; five stamens attached near the base of the co-
rolla; and a simple style with two linear stigmatic lobes. The
ovary is two-celled,—the cells two-seeded,—and is surrounded
by an annular hypogynous disk having the appearance of a
fleshy ring around its base. This plant has the property of
expanding its gaily-coloured blossoms in the sunshine, and
closing them at the approach of night :—

_*® Convolvulus arvensis—Plate 16 C.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 107

“ As the sun retires in seas of gold,
Though yet thy twining stem, where’er it grows,
Hanging in rich festoons, no langour shows,
Thy fragile cup its beauties doth enfold,
To shun the damp and coldness of the night,
Until awakened by the orb of light.”

Of the Boraginaceous family we have a familiar and lovely
example in “that blue and bright-eyed flow’ret of the brook,
Hope’s gentle gem, the sweet Forget-me-not,”’ or the Water
Scorpion-grass,* so commonly met with “ by rivulet or spring
or wet roadside.” The name ‘ Forget-me-not’ is said to have
originated in this manner :—Two betrothed lovers were stroll-
ing by the banks of the Danube, on a pleasant summer
evening in the flowery month of June, occupied in agree-
able and affectionate converse, when they observed the pretty
flower of the Water Scorpion-grass apparently floating on the
water. The bride elect looked upon the flower with admira-
tion, and supposing it to be detached, regarded it as being
carried to destruction. Her lover, regretting its fate and
wishing to preserve it, jumped into the river with this object ;
but as he seized the flower, he sank beneath the stream.
Making a final effort, he threw the flower upon the bank, re-
peating, as he was sinking for the last time, the words Ver-
giss mich nicht. Hence the Germans have called the flower
by a name which we translate ‘ Forget-me-not.’

“That name! it speaks in accents dear
Of love and hope and joy and fear ;
Tt softly tells an absent friend
That links of love should never rend ;
Its whispers waft on swelling breeze,
O’er hill and dale, by land and seas,

Forget-me-not !”
This pretty Myosotis is a perennial herb, with stems more or
* Myosotis palustris—Plate 18 A.

108 SUMMER FLOWERS.

less creeping, and rooting at the base, and then ascending,
from half a foot to a foot and a half in height, angular owing
to the prominent decurrent lines which pass down from
the margins of the leaves, and generally more or less pubes-
cent or hairy, but sometimes nearly smooth. The leaves are
oblong, bluntish, smooth, or with hairs appressed to the sur-
face, and borne alternately along the stems. The flowers
grow in incurved, one-sided, or, as they are technically termed,
scorpioid racemes, which are very frequently forked, and
gradually straighten as the flowers are developed, the lowest
flower opening first, and the rest in succession towards the
point. They consist of a small five-toothed or five-cleft calyx,
and a salver-shaped monopetalous regular corolla, of which
the tube is short as well as straight and narrow, and half-
closed at its mouth by five short scaly appendages, while the
limb is spreading and somewhat concave; inserted on the
corolla-tube are five short stamens, and enclosed within its
base is a deeply four-lobed ovary, having a simple style in-
serted between the lobes, which ultimately become hard shelly
seed-like fruits, called nuts, surrounded by the persistent calyx.
The flowers are of a pretty clear light or azure blue, with a
golden-yellow centre.

It has been remarked of this plant, which constantly grows in
wet places, that affectionate remembrance will always moisten
the eye of sensibility, and hence no dry habitat can be allowed
to the Forget-me-not. Mr. Lees relates of a nearly allied
plant, the M. repens, which grows in swamps and quaking
bogs, that it was once forcibly impressed upon his recollection,
thus: perceiving it blooming in the midst of a bog, on the bleak
deceptive sides of Plinlimmon, he dashed after it, but received
only a cool reception from the beauty, though his knees bent
before her dripping shrine, and after all he retired with but a

ILLUSTRATIONS. 109

very inadequate specimen of the favours she had, at first, ap-
peared so disposed to offer.

Another regular-flowered group of perigynous Monopetals
is the Solanaceous family, our illustration of which is_the
Bitter-sweet,* a deleterious plant, for which it is to be re-
gretted that Mr. Bentham has used the name Deadly Night-
shade, thus diverting from the much more virulent Atropa
Belladonna, to which this premonitory title properly belongs,
the caution which is necessary to prevent poisoning, by means
of its really tempting-looking, but deadly cherry-like black
berries. The Bitter-sweet is a shrubby plant, with straggling
branches, often growing to a considerable height, but being
killed back for some distance by the frosts of winter. These
bear alternate leaves, which are of variable shape, sometimes
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadly cordate at the base and
entire, sometimes with the base angular on one side or un-
equally on both sides, or sometimes with a small lobe or seg-
ment on one or both sides at the base; they are also some-
times quite smooth and sometimes downy. The flowers are
produced in loose cymes, terminating short lateral peduncles,
and they consist individually of a five-toothed calyx, a rotate
five-lobed star-shaped purple corolla, and five stamens which
are united into an erect cone around the simple prolonged
style, each anther opening by a small pore at the top. The
fruit is a small roundish red berry, containing several seeds.

The Plumbaginaceous family, represented by the Common
Thrift,+ belongs to this same regular-flowered series. This
well-known plant, a sea-side resident, and frequently used as
an edging plant in gardens, is a perennial of tufted habit,
producing numerous narrow-linear, almost grass-like leaves,

* Solanum Dulcamara—Plate 16 D.
t+ Armeria maritima—Plate 18 C.

110 SUMMER FLOWERS.

from among which the flowering stems, simple and leafless, grow
up to the height of from three or four to six or eight inches,
and terminate in a round head of numerous flowers, these
flowers being intermixed with scarious or dry membrane-like
scales, of which the outer series form themselves imto a kind
of involucre, and the two outermost of all are lengthened be-
low their insertion, so as to form a sheath around the upper
part of the stalk. The flowers are pink, sometimes varying
to white or deep rose-pink. They have a tubular funnel-
shaped calyx, of a dryish scarious texture, with a petal-like
border crowned by five short slender teeth, and a five-lobed
corolla, of which the lobes are scarcely united in the lower
parts, so that the plants are barely monopetalous; there are
besides, five stamens, and a one-celled ovary surmounted by
five simple styles, which are hairy in the lower part.

In dry limestone pastures will be seen, numerous in many
localities, rosulate tufts of broad-ovate leaves, spreading close
to the ground, and producing from among them upright spikes
of insignificant flowers. These are the Plantains, represen-
tatives of the Plantaginaceous family, another group of regular-
flowered perigynous Monopetals. The Hoary Plantain* has
the leaves ovate sessile, their surface hoary from the pre-
sence of numerous whitish downy hairs, and marked with five
or seven longitudinal ribs; they spread in a compact tuft close
to the ground. The flowers are in cylindrical spikes, one to
two inches long, closely packed, the spikes terminating simple
leafless scapes or flower-stalks, which issue from among the
rosette of root-leaves, and rise six or eight inches high. These
flowers consist of a calyx of four sepals, a small whitish sca-
rious corolla with a short tube and four spreading lobes, four
much-protruded stamens with purplish anthers, a long simple

* Plantago media—Plate 18 D.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 111

style, and a two-celled ovary with two ovules in each cell.
The longitudinal ribs in the leaves of these plants are pecu-
liar, and have procured the name of Ribwort for one of the
species. |

Of the irregular-flowered perigynous Monopetals we find an
illustration in the Scrophulariaceous family, here represented
by the Purple Foxglove,* a flower commonly met with on dry
hilly wastes, by the forest side, and along the banks of sandy
lanes. In situations such as these, “the Foxglove rears its
pyramid of bells, gloriously freckled.” The plant is a bien-
nial, that is to say, it springs up and forms a tuft of leaves one
season, and shoots up its flowering stem the following year,
and then perishes. The leaves which are produced in the first
year are rather large long-stalked coarsely-veined and downy,
of an ovate or ovate-lanceolate figure, and from their midst
springs the erect flowering-stem of from two to four feet high,
having a few shortly-stalked leaves on the lower part, and ter-
minating in a long, stately, pyramidal, one-sided raceme of
purple flowers, which are hairy and beautifully spotted inside.
These have a calyx of five unequal segments, and an oblique
tubular corolla an inch and a half long, contracted above the
base and then much inflated, the mouth oblique and having
five lobes, of which four are short and the remaining lower one
is about twice the length of the others. The stamens are four
in number, didynamous, that is, ranging in two pairs, one pair
being longer than the other. There is a simple style with a
two-cleft stigma; and a two-celled ovary becoming a capsule,
containing numerous seeds. The Purple Foxglove is one of
the most beautiful of our wild-flowers.

Near to the Scrophulariaceous plants rank those of the
Orobanchaceous family, represented by the Lesser Broom-

* Digitalis purpurea—Plate 17 A.

112 SUMMER FLOWERS.

rape.* These are very singular plants, forming dwarfish herbs
of a brownish or purplish colour, never green, the place of the
leaves being occupied by dull-coloured scales. One of their
leading peculiarities is that they grow parasitically on the
roots of other plants; that is to say, instead of forming roots
as most other plants do, to obtain their nutriment from the
earth, the Broomrapes form a junction with the roots of cer-
tain selected plants growing near them, and derive their nou-
rishment directly from those plants on which they fix them-
selves. The species here selected grows from six to nine”
inches or even a foot in height, the stem furnished with
brownish scales below, and terminating in an oblong spike of
dull bluish-purple flowers. The calyx is divided to the base
on the upper side, and often also on the lower, so as to form
two lateral sepals, which are usually two-cleft, the segments
ending in long slender points. The corolla is tubular and
curved, hairy outside, with a two-lipped limb of five rounded
lobes, and having the four stamens, which form two pairs,
fixed to its inner surface near the base; the anthers of these
stamens have the cells pointed at the lower end, and the style
is simple with a two-lobed stigma. These curious plants, in
consequence of the total absence of green, and the dull brown-
ish hue, might when growing be readily mistaken for dead
flowers.

The Labiate or Lamiaceous plants form another family, and
a prominent one too, of irregular-flowered perigynous Mo-
nopetals. They are generally remarkable for aromatic pro-
perties, as in the Mint, Lavender, Rosemary, Sage, etc., and
include the splendid Salvia of our greenhouses and many
handsome border flowers. These Salvias or Sages, which are a
very numerous group, are represented among our field plants

* Orobanche minor—Plate 17 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 1138

by the Meadow Sage,* a perennial with a root-tuft of stalked
ovate-oblong leaves, which are coarsely toothed and much
wrinkled, and a flower-stem from a foot to a foot and a half
high, furnished with a few smaller leaves near its base. The
flowers grow in a handsome elongated terminal spike, in which
they are arranged in whorls at short intervals. They have a
two-lipped calyx, the upper lip of which is split into three
small teeth, and the lower one cleft in two divisions. The
corolla is remarkably irregular in form; it is much longer
than the calyx, and of a rich deep purple-blue, two-lipped
(whence the name labiate or lipped), the upper lip long arched
and convex, the lower spreading three-lobed, with the side
lobes minute, and the middle one large notched at the point.
The stamens are two in number and of peculiar form. Usually
a stamen consists of a slender thread called the filament, and
a small oblong case (the anther), consisting of two cells held
together by a central part called the connective, to which the
top of the filament is attached. This part, the connective, is
usually small and unnoticeable, but in the Salvia it is very
much enlarged, the real filament is short, while the connective
is long and slender, having a filament-like appearance, forming
two unequal arms, and bearing one of the anther-cells, a per-
fect one, at the end of the longer arm, and a smaller cell,
usually deformed, on the shorter arm. The ovary is four-
lobed, with an erect ovule in each lobe, and from between
these lobes grows the slender style, shortly cleft at top into
two stigmatic branches. The four lobes become separated into
four small seed-like nuts, which are enclosed in the permanent
calyx. The plant is rare in England. A commoner species,
Salvia Verbenaca, also bears purple flowers, but they are
smaller in proportion to the other parts,
* Salvia pratensis—Plate 17 D.

114 SUMMER FLOWERS.

Closely allied to the Labiates is the Verbenaceous family,
represented by the Common Vervain,* a weed plentiful by
roadsides and in waste places in the southern parts of Eng-
land. The blossoms bear no comparison with the handsome
Verbenas of our gardens, which belong to the*same genus.
The plant is an erect-growing perennial, having stems one to
two feet high, with long spreading wiry branches. The leaves
are opposite, those on the lower part of the stem, where they
are most numerous, obovate or oblong, stalked, and coarsely
toothed or cut, the upper ones being few sessile and lance-
shaped. The flowers are small, in long slender spikes termi-
nating the stem and branches, crowded at first, but becoming
distant below by the elongation of the spike; they consist of
a five-toothed calyx, a tubular corolla with an unequal five-
cleft spreading limb, four stamens included in the tube, and a
two- or four-celled ovary bearing the style at top, and dividing
into four one-seeded nuts.

Another of these irregular-flowered perigynous Monopetals
is the Common Butterwort,+ which belongs to the Lentibula-
riaceous family. It is a little herb, found not uncommonly
on wet rocks by mountain rills and in boggy places. It
forms a rosulate tuft of spreading flat ovate or broadly oblong
light green somewhat succulent leaves, which are involute at
the margin and covered with soft glandular points which give
them a clammy feel, The flower-stalks grow up among these
to the height of four or five inches, and each terminate in a
solitary bluish-purple flower. This consists of a two-lipped
calyx, three-toothed in the upper lip and bifid in the lower;
a two-lipped corolla spurred at the base, with a broad open
mouth, a short broad two-lobed upper lip, and a longer three- ~

* Verbena officinalis—Plate 17 C.
+ Pinguicula vulgaris—Plate 18 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 115

lobed lower lip ; two stamens; and a one-celled ovary opening
in two valves and containing many seeds. The common name
of Butterwort appears to have arisen from the property which
the leaves are said to possess, of coagulating milk.

The peculiar features of the Monochlamydeous group have
been already pointed out. During the summer period many
flowers having this peculiar structure will be met with, but the
hmited number of our figures will, as before, only afford a few
selected illustrative examples.

We have here, first, the Bistort or Snakeweed,* a sample of
the Polygonaceous family, which is distinguished among Mo-
nochlamyds by having sheathing stipules. The Bistort is a
perennial herb, found growing in moist pastures in various
parts of Britain. It has a thick rootstock, from which spring
up the patches of long-stalked ovate or cordate leaves, which
are remarkable for their sudden contraction at the base into a
narrow wing which borders the stalk. These are the leaves
springing from the base of the plant, and are called the radical
or root-leaves. ‘The flower-stem grows quite upright, one to
two feet high, with a few leaves on the lower part similar to
the others, but smaller and with little or no stalk; at their
base however is a kind of sheath surrounding the stem, so that
the latter appears to grow through it. The sheath is formed
of the united stipules—stipules being a pair of appendages
assuming a variety of forms, produced on either side of the
petiole or leaf-stalk at its base in certain families of plants.
Here they coalesce and form a sheath or tube. The flowers
form a close oblong spike at the top of the stem, and are of a
pretty pink or light rose colour. The flowers have but one
floral envelope, which is called the perianth, and this consists
of five nearly equal segments, eight stamens considerably

* Polygonwm Bistorta—Plate 19 A.
I 2

116 SUMMER FLOWERS.

longer than the perianth, and three styles which are united at
their base, surmounting a free ovary with a single ovule. The
fruit is a small triangular seed-like nut, enclosed in the per-
sistent perianth.

The family of the Aristolochiaceous plants is another of
these Monochlamydeous groups. 1t is represented by the
Common Birthwort,* a South European plant, naturalized
among ruins and in stony rubbishy places in the east and
south of England. This is a perennial, with a root creeping
so extensively underground as to become a rather troublesome
weed in situations which are congenial to it. The stems are
erect, two to three feet high, several often springing up in a
tuft, simple, striated, clothed with stalked, broadly heart-
shaped leaves, reniform at the base. The flowers are yellow,
collected in little groups in the axils of these leaves, clustered,
or aggregated, as it is called; they are tubular, erect, or a
little arching, globosely tumid at the base, and with a long
slender slightly widening tube above, the upper side of which
is prolonged into an oblique ovate concave emarginate limb.
Within the globular portion at the base of perianth, are placed
the anthers and stigmas: the latter being six-lobed, ray-like,
terminating the short thick style, around which are fixed the
six sessile anthers, The fresh plant when bruised has a strong
disagreeable smell, resembling that of Elder. The tumid
part of the corolla is covered inside with stiff hairs pointing
downwards. When expanded, the flowers are frequently
visited by a little insect, called Tipula pennicornis, which enters
them, and is prevented by the hairs from making its egress
until it has brushed off the pollen from the anthers on to
the stigma: “the perianth then withers, the hairs become
flaccid, and the insect makes its escape.” This genus is one

* Aristolochia Clematitis—Plate 19 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS, 117

of very remarkable appearance, and some very striking exotic
species are occasionally seen in hothouses. One of them, Aris-
tolochia Gigas, has flowers of enormous size.

A very peculiar group referred to this Monochlamydeous
series, is that of the Pinaceous or Coniferous plants, in which
there is no perianth, and what is more remarkable, the ovules
have no covering whatever, as they have in the case of other
Orders of plants. The Scotch Fir* is a familiar example.
This, as is well known, forms a large evergreen tree, which is
renowned for its valuable timber. The branches are clothed
with persistent leaves, which grow two together within little
membranaceous or scarious sheaths, and in this manner they
are thickly distributed over the branches ; they are stiff, dark-
green, awl-shaped or linear bodies, with a sharp point, and
are straight and directed forwards or towards the point of the
branch. The flowers grow in catkins, the two sexes separate.
Those containing the male flowers consist of closely imbricated
scales, on the inner face of which are two adnate anther-cells ;
the scales in this case are the connectives of the anthers, so
that the catkins are in reality formed simply of closely imbri-
cated anthers. In like manner the female catkins consist of
closely packed scales, having two ovules on the inner face of
each, these ovules having the open pore at their upper end,
technically called the foramen, turned downwards. The male
catkins fall away, but the female ones grow into the cone-like
fruit, from which the family has acquired the name of Conifers,
or Cone-bearers. This fruit, which is sessile, ovoid, conical,
and recurved, consists, when mature, of hard woody scales,
thickened upwards, and having a short thick point, which is
often turned backward in the lower scales. Hach scale en-
closes two seeds, which have an oblique membranaceous wing.

* Pinus sylvestris—Plate 19 C.

118 SUMMER FLOWERS.

Separated by some botanists from the great group of Mono-
cotyledons, with which they are associated by others, is a
small intermediate group, called Dictyogens, the peculiar fea-
tures of which are, that they combine with the floral structure
of Endogens (Monocotyledons) the netted venation and woody
structure of Exogens (Dicotyledons). Of this group we have
two illustrations.

First, of the family of Dioscoreaceous plants, which con-
tains the Yam, we have a native species, the Black Bryony,*
which bears very much the general aspect of the plants of this
family. This Black Bryony, like the cultivated Yams, has thick
tuberous root-stocks, and rather slender stems, which twine
over hedges and bushes to a considerable extent, in many parts
of the country. It is rather an elegant plant in its general
aspect, though wanting in beauty of inflorescence. The stems
are quite smooth, and furnished with alternate glossy bright
green leaves of a heart-shaped figure, tapering to a slender
point, and attached by longish stalks. These leaves are tra-
versed by a few longitudinal strongly-marked ribs, between
which they are occupied by a network of smaller veins. The
plant is dicecious, that is, it bears only staminiferous flowers
on one plant, and pistilliferous or fertile ones on another. The
former grow in long slender racemes, which are often branched
and longer than the leaves; they are individually small, con-
sisting of a perianth of six small green segments, and six
stamens—quite inconspicuous. The latter, which are equally
wanting in attractiveness, and are even less striking on ac-
count of their growing in much shorter and less elegant
racemes, consist of six segments and a three-branched style,
the ovary being inferior; these however are succeeded by
bright scarlet berries of globular form.

_ * Tamus communis—Plate 19 D.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 119

Another Dictyogen is found in the Herb-Paris,* which be-
longs to the Trilliaceous family,—though this is by some bota-
nists regarded as a section only of the Liliaceous Order. It
is a dwarf herb with a creeping rootstock, producing a simple
erect stem, six to nine inches or rarely somewhat more in
height, furnished with a few scales at the base, but otherwise
naked to the top, where grows a whorl of broadly ovate or
obovate leaves, two to three inches long, strongly marked with
a few longitudinal ribs, and netted between them with finely
reticulated veins. In the centre of this guard of leaves stands
a single erect flower on a stalk of moderate length, and con-
sisting of a perianth of eight segments, of a yellowish-green
colour, the outer series narrow-lanceolate and much broader
than the inner ones, which are quite linear; within this eight
erect stamens, which are awl-shaped, with the anther-cells
affixed one on each side near the middle. The ovary is supe-
rior, four-celled, with four styles, and becomes a succulent
bluish-black berry. The name Paris is said to come from par,
paris, equal, in allusion to the regularity of numbers occurring
in the parts—four leaves, four sepaline and four petaline divi-
sions, twice four stamens, four styles, and a four-celled ovary,
—which latter becomes a lurid-purple berry, whence rustics
give the plant the name of One-berry, or True-Love.

We must now select a few illustrations from the different
families of Monocotyledons, commencing with those in which
the sexes are separated.

Of this group, the Common Frog-bit,+ itself the type of
the Hydrocharidaceous family, furnishes an illustration. This
is a pretty water plant, with rather slender stems, producing
here and there tufts of floating leaves and submerged roots.

* Paris quadrifolia—Plate 20 A.
+ Hydrocharis Morsus-rane—Plate 20 B.

120 SUMMER FLOWERS.

The leaves are roundish, entire, somewhat fleshy, smooth, and
lie fiat on the water. The flowers rise up amongst and above
the leaves, and consist of three small outer green segments,
representing a calyx, and three larger inner white ones repre-
senting the petals ofa corolla, and large enough to give the plant
a rather attractive character, being produced freely on the sur-
face of ponds and ditches. In the staminate flowers, a variable
number of stamens, from three to twelve, is produced ; while in
the female flowers, which have an inferior ovary, there are six
styles with two-cleft stigmas. The flowers issue from spathes
formed of two thin bracts, those of the male plants beimg
shortly stalked, and those of the females sessile among the
leaves ; in the latter the pedicel is enlarged at the top into a
sort of tube to the perianth, enclosing the ovary, which be-
comes a dry six-celled fruit, containing several seeds. Mr.
Lees has observed of this common water-plant : “The economy
of this almost unregarded tenant of the water is not unworthy
of notice, nor when closely examined is it devoid of beauty.
Its floating reniform leaves are purple beneath, and it in-
creases almost entirely by floating runners, so that small re-
tired pools are sometimes entirely covered with the thick-set
foliage, affording an impervious retreat to thousands of Lymnee
and aquatic insects. The stainless flowers are of so delicate a
structure that they are injured by contact with the water, and
instead therefore of floating on its surface, they are providently
provided with elevating stalks, around whose basis is a pellucid
protecting bract. About wild commons and shady untrodden
lanes, little shield-like pools often appear, whose waters are
entirely hidden, roofed over, with a verdant covering of the
Hydrocharis, and scattered about this emerald table appear the
numerous white and delicate tripetaled blossoms, as if Titania
and her fairy court had there prepared a picnic banquet in the

ILLUSTRATIONS. 121

shadowy retreat. On such a picture I have gazed in the
silence of a summer’s evening, when, as these silvery flowers
are long conspicuous in the twilight, the splendour of the
broad rising moon has increased and harmonized the illusion
of the scene.”

Another of the same series, is the Reed-mace or Cat’s-tail,
often called Bulrush,* a type of the Typhaceous family, in which
the flowers, which are collected into dense spikes, have no pe-
rianth, but are moneecious, that is, separate, though growing on
the same individuals. This plant is an aquatic perennial herb,
with a thickish creeping rootstock, and erect reed-like stems,
four to six feet high, having very long” erect linear leaves,
sheathing at the base, but flat and of a glaucous-green up-
wards. The flower-spike is terminal on the stem, and is often
a foot long or more. When in flower, the upper portion,
which is continuous with the lower, not separated by a short
interval as appears in the figure, and consists of male
flowers, is rather the thickest, and is yellow from the nume-
rous, closely packed, linear anthers; the minute ovaries of the
lower part, which is of a deep brown, a colour given to it by
the protruded stigmas, are also closely packed, and enveloped
in tufts of soft hairs. When in fruit, the upper part becomes
bare, or appears smaller from the shrinking of the dead sta-
mens, and the lower part much thicker by the enlargement
of the nuts, which are still enveloped in the thick, dark-
coloured felt, formed by the hairs and stigmas, and at length
become stalked. The fruit is a small seed-like nut, which
continues small, aud enveloped in the downy hairs. The
plants are very stately objects in damp situations—these
Typhas “ marshalled in battalions, like grenadiers with hairy
caps of the olden day.” There is but little difference be-

* Typha latifolia—Plate 21 B.

122 SUMMER FLOWERS.

tween the two species found in this country, the chief points
of dissimilarity being the slightly smaller size, the narrower
leaves, and the slightly interrupted flower-spike.

The Ivy-leaved Duckweed* is a curious little plant, coming
in the same category as the last. The group of Duckweeds
consists of singular aquatic plants, resembling little green
scales floating on the surface of stagnant waters, and forming
part of the Pistiaceous, or, as Mr. Bentham calls it, Lemna-
ceous family. They are but rarely met with in flower, and
the flowers are so small and simple, that even when present
they are not readily detected. The Ivy-leaved species repre-
sented in our plate, “has, it will be seen, no distinct stem or
leaves, but consists of small, leaf-like fronds, of a lance-shaped
figure, minutely toothed at one end, and tapering to a stalk-
like base at the other. Usually two young fronds grow from
opposite sides of the older one near its base, each one producing
eventually a single root from beneath. In this way growth goes
on, the fronds becoming detached, and themselves producing
others from their sides. The roots, which strike down per-
pendicularly, are in all the species capped by a small calyptra,
or sheath. They increase “not only by seeds, but more abun-
dantly by buds concealed in the lateral clefts of the parent
frond, which growing out on two opposite sides into new
plants, and these again producing offspring in the same way,
while still attached to their parents, present a most curious
appearance.” The minute flowers grow from a fissure in the
edge of the frond, two together, the inflorescence consisting
of a membranaceous bract’ or spathe enclosing two stamens,
and a single one-celled ovary, both without trace of a perianth.
Dr. Lindley describes this structure as follows :—the fiowers
are two in number, one male and the other female, lying

* Lemna trisulca—Plate 21 E.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 123

concealed in a slit of the frond; they have neither calyx nor
corolla, but are enclosed in a delicate, membranous bag. The
other species have rounder and thicker fronds than our ex-
ample, and branch out in a similar manner, but less regularly,
or at least, from their crowded condition, more confusedly than
that we have described. Usually there is but one root to each
frond, but in the Greater Duckweed, Lemna (or Spirodela) po-
lyrhiza, a cluster of roots is produced under each.

Still bearing imperfect, but in some cases hermaphrodite
flowers, there is the family of the Naiadaceous plants, repre-
sented by the Broad Pondweed.* This is a perennial herb,
with long submerged branching stems, furnished with alternate
stalked leaves, of which the uppermost float on the surface of
the water, and the lower are sometimes reduced to a mere
stalk. These floating leaves are largish, of an ovate form,
thick in texture, marked by longitudinal nerves, and having a
sheathing scarious stipule in the axil of their stalks. The
flowers are small, sessile, arranged in spikes, which terminate
the axillary flower-stalks, and which stand up ‘above the
water; they consist of four small green scales, representing a
perianth ; four stamens, with sessile anthers opposite these
scales; and four distinct carpels, each with a sessile stigma.
It is a common plant in stagnant waters and slow streams.
Some botanists refer this genus to the Juncaginaceous family.

Passing on to the series in which the flowers are furnished
with a calyx and corolla, and both stamens and pistil, the
ovary being free, we come to one or two groups in which the
perianth nevertheless bears a very inconspicuous character.
The first of these is represented by the Sweet Flag,+ by some
referred to the Araceous family, but more fittingly associated

* Potamogeton natans—Plate 21 D.
+ Acorus Calamus—Plate 21 C.

i eh

124 SUMMER FLOWERS.

with that of the Orontiaceous plants. It is a reed-like plant
with thick, shortly creeping rootstocks, and everywhere highly

‘aromatic. The leaves are linear, sword-shaped, erect, two to

three feet long. The flowering stem is also erect, simple, and
very much resembling the leaves, its long linear, leaf-like
spathe forming a flattened continuation of the stalk portion
which supports the dense cylindrical green spike or spadix
of flowers. The spike, which pushes out sideways, while the
spathe grows erect, appears, indeed, as if it grew out of the
side of a leaf; it is sessile, stoutish, two to three inches long,
consisting of numerous hermaphrodite flowers closely packed,
the flowers consisting of six short green scales, six stamens,
and a two- or three-celled ovary. The aromatic herbage of this
plant is sometimes used for flavouring beer and spirits, and in
Norfolk, where it abounds, it is said to be strewed on the
floors of the churches on festival days.

Somewhat similar to this in the minutie of its structure,
though differing considerably in aspect, is the Common Rush
(Juncus communis), a plant of the Juncaceous family. This
well-known plant, one form of which is frequently called
Juncus effusus, has a short, creeping, matted rootstock, which
produces dense tufts of cylindrical leafless stems, two to three
feet high, sheathed at the base by a few brown scales, and
tapered above into a fine point. Some of these stems are
barren and seem to resemble leaves, whilst others bear on one
side, towards the top, a loosely clustered, irregular, compound,
bracteated panicle of small brownish flowers. These consist
of a regular, dry, calyx-like perianth of six pointed segments,
usually three, but sometimes six, stamens, a single style, with
three stigmas, and a many-seeded very obtuse capsule, open-
ing in three valves. The plant is very abundant in wet situa-
tions, almost all over the northern hemisphere, and in some

ILLUSTRATIONS. 125

parts of the southern. Another form of the same species,
called Juncus conglomeratus, has the clusters dense and com-
pact, so as to form roundish heads. Both forms are used for
platting into mats and chair-bottoms, and the pith of their
stems is formed into wicks for candles.

The Flowering Rush,* belonging to the Butomaceous fa-
mily, which it typifies, is of a more ornamental character than
the preceding ; indeed, it has truly been said to be a greater
adornment to the banks of our rivers than any other British
wild-flower. It is a perennial aquatic herb, with a thick
creeping rootstock, from which spring up the clusters of long,
erect, triangular, sedge-like leaves, which are broad and
sheathing at the base. The flower-stem is stout, leafless, rush-
like, three or four feet high, bearing a large, simple umbel of
numerous showy pale rose-coloured or pinkish flowers, and
having an involucre of three lance-shaped bracts at the base
of the umbel. The flowers are nearly an inch in diameter,
the perianth formed of six ovate nearly equal spreading
segments; within this are nine stamens, and, in the centre,
six erect carpels, connected below, tapered above into short
styles, and each containing numerous small seeds. It is a
very handsome aquatic plant, quite deserving of cultivation.
By some authorities, the family to which it is referred is in-
cluded in that of the Alismaceous plants.

The beautiful family of Iridaceous plants, another of the
regular-flowered groups of Monocotyledons to which allusion
has already been made, is further illustrated by the Yellow
Flag,+ found abundantly in marshy places and by the sides of
watercourses. There, as Shelley writes, “‘ where the embower-
ing trees recede, and leave a little space of green expanse, the
cove is closed by meeting banks, whose yellow flowers for ever

* Butomus umbellatus—Plate 21 A.
+ Iris Pseud-acorus—Plate 20 D.

126 SUMMER FLOWERS.

gaze on their own drooping eyes reflected in the crystal calm.”
This plant has a good deal the aspect of the Sweet Flag (Aco-
rus Calamus) , excluding the flowers, however, which are remark-
ably showy and petaloid,instead of being reduced to the appear-
ance of green closely packed scales. The plant has a thick,
horizontal root-stock or rhizome, as it is called, from which grow
up the long sword-shaped leaves, three or four feet long, stiff
erect and of a glaucous green, equitant or alternately bestri-
ding each other at the base, those on the flower-stem (which
does not grow so high as the leaves) being shorter. The
flowers, which are large and showy, are produced two or three
in succession, from the axils of sheathing bracts near the up-
per part of the stem ; they are erect, of a bright yellow colour,
the three outer or sepaline segments of the perianth being
large and reflexed, broadly ovate, contracted into a claw at the
base, and the three inner or petaline divisions, small, oblong,
and erect. There are three stamens opposite the sepaline seg-
ments, and over these the petal-like appendages of the three
stigmas are arched; these appendages are longer and larger
than the petaline segments, yellow, two-cleft at top, and
toothed on the edge. The ovary is inferior, becoming a three-
cornered, oblong capsule. Many beautiful garden plants belong
to this family, Jris itself being an extensive and ornamental
genus, besides which there are Gladiolus, Ixia, Crocus, and
numerous others of equal beauty.

The Orchidaceous family is a group of plants having, like
the foregoing, an inferior ovary, but singularly irregular
flowers. It is a very extensive and, including the exotic spe-
cies, a remarkably varied group of plants. Our illustration
among summer flowers, the Bee Ophrys,* or Bee Orchis, as it
is more commonly called, gives but a faint idea of the gro-
tesque beauty of many tropical species. ‘The peculiar charac-

* Ophrys apifera—Plate 20 C.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 127

teristics of the group have been adverted to in describing the
Spotted Palmate Orchis and the Ladies’ Slipper, so that we
may now confine our remarks to the Bee Orchis before us. This
plant is furnished with a pair of tubers, of which one is grow-
ing and the other waning: the former being in process of for-
mation as a store of nutriment for the stem of the succeeding
year, while the latter has been exhausted by the growth of the
stem of the present year, which has, as it were, sucked out its
vitals. The stem rises from nearly a foot to a foot and a half
in height, erect, leafy near the base, and terminating in a
loose spike of curiously coloured flowers. The leaves are ob-
long or lanceolate, the upper ones being the smaller. The
flowers have at the base a bract as long as the ovary, which
latter simulates a flower-stalk, the flowers being really ses-
sile; they consist of three ovate spreading or reflexed sepals,
which are always more or less tinged with pink, two petals,
which are smaller than the sepals and nearly erect, and a part,
very unlike all the rest, called the lip or labellum, which is
broad and convex, of a rich velvety-brown, downy at the sides,
smooth in the middle, and variously marked by paler lines or
spots; while on each side is a small downy lobe turned un.
der, and at the point three terminal ones, which are turned
under so as to be quite concealed. It is this lip which is sup-
posed to resemble a bee. The column is erect, with a distinct
curved beak above the anther. The plant is found plentiful
in some of the southern or eastern parts of England, growing
in dry pastures in limestone districts.

Of the Liliaceous family, which differs from many of the
foregoing Monocotyledons in having a superior ovary, the
well-known Lily-of-the-Valley* affords a ‘i example. This
sweet little plant—

* Convallaria majalis—Plate 20 E.

2

128 SUMMER FLOWERS.

“Fair flower, chat lapt in lowly glade
Dost hide beneath the greenwood shade,
Than whom the vernal gale
None fairer wakes on bank or spray,
Our England’s Lily of the May,
Our Lily of the Vale!”

—this little gem among flowers, has a creeping rootstock,
forming buds and tufts of roots at intervals. From these
grow the radical leaves, two or three in a scaly sheath, and
having the long stalks enclosed one within the other, so as to
resemble a stem; they are four to six inches long, oblong,
tapering to both ends, and somewhat striated. The flower-
stalks issue from one of the lower scales, and are slender,
shorter than the leaves, supporting the loose racemes of droop-
ing, bell-shaped, pure white, deliciously scented blossoms. “No
flower amid the garden fairer grows, than the sweet Lily of
the lowly vale, the queen of flowers.” Its blossoms consist of
a bell-shaped shortly six-cleft perianth, six erect stamens, in-
serted near the base, and a simple style, with a blunt three-
cornered stigma. The three-celled ovary becomes a scarlet
berry, with one-seeded cells.

Another extensive and important division of the Monocoty-
ledons has what are called glumaceous flowers, that is to say,
their parts are not at all petal-like, as in those we have been
considering, but dry and husky-looking, as seen in the husks
of the grasses and the corn plants. This, however, is not their
chief peculiarity, or at least not that by which they may be
most readily known, for in some of the groups to which we
have already referred, something of the same texture in the
parts of the flower has been spoken of. The most obvious and
characteristic difference consists in the position of the parts of
the flower, which in those we have already considered are
arranged in whorls, whilst in the glumaceous series they are

ILLUSTRATIONS. 129

imbricated or arranged so as to overlap each other like the
tiles of a roof, the endogenous structure common to all Mono-
cotyledons being therewith combined.

Forming a considerable group in this glumaceous series is
the family of the Cyperaceous plants, represented by the
Great Common Sedge,* a tall grassy-looking plant found
commonly by the sides of rivers and watercourses. It is a
stout-growing erect perennial, with a creeping rootstock, tri-
angular acute-angled leafy stems three to four feet high, and
long broadish grassy leaves tapering to a narrow point. The
flowers grow in longish spikelets, arranged in a racemose
manner at the top of the stem, which from their weight they
incline gracefully to one side. Of these spikelets, which are
several in number, the two or three upper ones are composed
of staminiferous or male flowers only, while the others consist
entirely of pistilliferous or female flowers. The former are
cylindrical, upwards of an inch long, formed of acute glumes
(chaff-like scales) lying closely over each other, and each pro-
ducing in its axil three stamens, the anthers of which have
a long point, and while fresh impart to the spikelet a yel-
lowish colour. The latter are cylindrical tapered at the point,
purplish, the lower ones stalked, all having leafy bracts, and
consisting of imbricated pointed glumes, each enclosing in
its axil an oblong-ovate ovary ; this is narrowed into a short,
broad, cloven beak, terminated by a three-cleft style, and be-
comes hardened into a somewhat three-cornered nut. The
Sedge family is a very extensive one, always having grass-
like foliage and something of the aspect of the species here
described, but differing considerably in stature, and in the
details of growth and structure.

The other principal family of the glumaceous Monocoty-

* Carex riparia—Plate 21 G.
K

130 SUMMER FLOWERS.

ledons is that of the Graminaceous plants or Grasses, one of
the most important to man in the whole range of the vegeta-
ble world, as affording the staple food both of himself and the
animals subservient to his use. It is a family presenting
great variation of structure as well as of aspect, yet combined
with certain constant and obvious characteristics which render
the plants easily distinguishable from all others though they
are by no means so readily distinguished among themselves.
Some of these characteristic features are the hollow roundish
stems or culms, separated into lengths by somewhat thickened
joints or nodes, and the narrow alternate parallel-veined leaves
or leaf-blades which sheath the stem by their base, the sheath
being split open on the side opposite the blade, and usually
terminated just within the base of the blade by a small scarious
appendage called a ligule. The flowers are arranged in spike-
lets consisting of chaffy scales imbricating over each other,
the outer of which are called glumes, and the inner pales.
The fruit is a seed-like grain, or caryopsis.

Of this important race of plants we have an example in the
Soft Brome-Grass,* which is one of our commonest species
in open waste places. It is an annual or biennial plant, with
a culm one to two feet high, everywhere clothed with soft
short hairs, and producing an ovate slighly compound flower-
ing panicle two to three inches long. The spikelets are ovate,
~ somewhat compressed, pubescent, standing nearly erect; they
are made up of a pair of glumes at the base, the outer of which
is considerably the larger of the two, and within these from
five to ten florets ranged alternately on either side of the axis
of the spikelet, each floret consisting of two pales or paleze, the
outer of which is larger, rounded on the back, and having a
straight awn or bristle as long as the floret, growing from just

* Bromus mollis—Plate 22 B.

ILLUSTRATIONS. ; 131

below its bifid extremity, the inner one smaller and narrower
and conspicuously ciliated or fringed on its ribs or nerves;
these pales enclose three stamens, and a roundish ovary crowned
by a pair of feathery styles.

Another illustration is afforded by the Common Reed,*
which belongs to a different subdivision of the family. This
is a stout perennial grass, with a culm varying from five to
ten feet high surmounted by a plume of flowers often a foot
in length, more or less drooping, and of a purplish-brown
colour. The plant has a stout creeping rootstock, and its
stems or culms are clothed all the way up with broad grassy
leaves often an inch in width. The inflorescence is a large
compound panicle, with very numerous small narrow spike-
lets. These spikelets are formed of two very unequal lance-
shaped sharp-pointed glumes, within which are developed about
five florets, the pales of which are narrower, ending in an
almost awl-like point, and surrounded by long silky hairs de-
veloped from the rachis, which lengthen as the seed ripens,
and give to the panicle at that stage a beautiful silky appear.
ance. The lower floret is triandrous (bearing three stamens)
and barren, but the rest of the florets are perfect, with three
stamens, and an ovary with two feathery styles. The Reed,
which is generally a common plant in wet places, forms
patches of very great extent, called Reed-ronds in some parts
of England, and the culms are much used for thatching and
for making garden screens, as well as for the walls of sheds
and huts. When applied to the latter use, they are generally
plastered with well tempered clay. Even without this plaster-
ing they last for a considerable time.

Thus we complete our slight descriptive sketch of the illus-
* Arundo Phragmites—Plate 22 A.

132 SUMMER FLOWERS.

trations of Summer Flowers which have been selected as exam-
ples of the much more comprehensive galaxy of beauties with —
which field and wood is adorned at this flowery season. Who
would not catch up the strain of Campbell’s pleasant song
with its love of Nature’s wildings ?

“ Ye field-flowers! the gardens eclipse you ’tis true,
Yet, wildings of nature, I dote upon you,
For ye waft me to summers of old,
When the earth teemed around me with fairy delight,
And daisies and buttercups gladdened my sight,
Like treasures of silver and gold.

“Even now what affections the violet awakes—
What loved little island, twice seen in the lakes,
Can the wild water lily restore!
What landscapes I read in the primrose’s looks!
What pictures of pebbles and minnowy brooks
In the vetches that tangle the shore!”

We may, however, add in the words of another poet—

“Who loves not Summer's splendid reign,
The bridal of the earth and main?
Yet who would choose, however bright,
A dog-day noon without a night ?”— Montgomery.

So pass we on to the blossoms and the fruits of Autumn,
pausing by the way to make record in a summary form, of
those of the Summer season.

133

SUMMARY OF SUMMER FLOWERS.
[I.—GROUPS AND ORDERS.]
EXOGENOUS PLANTS or DICOTYLEDONS,

_ Leaves with netted veins. Flowers usually quinary—the
parts in fives, or quaternary—the parts in fours. Embryos
with two (rarely more) cotyledons ; hence dicotyledonous. This
group includes the Thalamiflores, Calyciflores, Monopetals, and
Monochlamyds.

Thalamifiores: Polypetalous dichlamydeous plants, with
petals distinct (2. e. separable) from the calyx, and the stamens
hypogynous; Orders numbered | to 18.

* Carpels more or less distinct (i.e. apocarpous), sometimes
solitary with one lateral placenta.

1, Ranunculaceous plants—herbs or climbing shrubs; stamens
indefinite, usually numerous, inserted on the receptacle.

** Carpels combined into an undivided (i.e. syncarpous) ovary.
+ Seeds attached to the spongy dissepiments (i.e. placentas
dissepimental).

2. Nympheaceous plants—aquatic herbs, with the carpels im-
bedded into the receptacle, or combined into a single many-
celled ovary.
++ Seeds attached to the sides of the carpels (i, e. placentas

parietal).
t Stamens indefinite.

3. Papaveraceous plants—herbs; flowers regular, with two
sepals and four petals ; stamens numerous.

134 SUMMER FLOWERS.

4. Cistaceous plants—shrubs or herbs; flowers with three (or
five) sepals and five regular petals; stamens numerous.

5. Resedaceous plants—herbs; flowers irregular, with four to
six sepals, and several small unequal petals, some of which
are divided; stamens few.

ti Stamens definite.

§ Stamens tetradynamous (4 long, 2 short), distinct.

6, Cruciferous plants—herbs ; flowers regular; sepals four ; pe-
tals four, arranged crosswise.

§§ Stamens 6, united in two sets.

7. Fumariaceous plants—herbs; flowers very irregular; sepals
two ; petals four.

§$§ Stamens 4 or 5, alternating with the petals, sometimes
with accessory or additional ones opposite the petals.

8. Frankeniaceous plants—herbs; flowers regular, with four
or five sepals and petals, and usually with accessory stamens.

9. Tamaricaceous plants—shrubs, with scale-like imbricating
leaves; flowers regular, with four or five sepals and petals.

ttt Seeds attached in the axis or centre of the carpels (i.e.
placentas axile).

t Flowers regular (i.e. the parts equal as to size and form).
§ Sepals overlapping at the edge (i.e. imbricate).
|| Ovary one-celled.

10. Caryophyllaceous plants—herbs; leaves opposite, undi-
vided, without stipules; flowers symmetrical, with four or
five sepals and petals, and definite stamens.

11. Illecebraceous plants—herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate,
furnished with stipules; flowers inconspicuous; calyx 3-5-
lobed ; petals 3-5, often rudimentary or wanting; stamens
as many as the sepals, rarely fewer.

13

14.

15

16

17

18

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 185

|| || Ovary many-celled.
(a) Stamens distinct.

. Elatinaceous plants—minute aquatic herbs ; the symmetrical

flowers with three to five sepals and petals, and as many or
twice as many stamens.

(b) Stamens monadelphous.

. Linaceous plants—herbs; leaves entire; flowers symme-
trical, with five sepals and petals, and as many stamens
united at the base into one parcel; carpels separating with-
out leaving a central axis.

Geraniaceous plants—herbs; leaves divided; flowers sym-
metrical, with five sepals and petals, and five or ten stamens
united into one parcel; carpels fixed around a persistent
central axis.

(c) Stamens polyadelphous.

. Hypericaceous plants—shrubs; leaves opposite, often
dotted ; flowers regular, with five sepals and petals ; stamens
indefinite, united below into 3-5 parcels.

§§ Sepals parallel at the edge (i. e. valvate).
. Malvaceous plants—herbs or shrubs; flowers regular, of
five sepals and petals, surrounded by an involucre of three

or more bracts; stamens numerous, their filaments united
into a tube around the pistil.

. Tiliaceous plants—trees; flowers attached. to a leaf-like

bract ; sepals and petals five; stamens numerous, shortly
_ eohering in several clusters.

tt Plowers irregular,

. Balsaminaceous plants—herbs; flowers of six pieces, very
irregular, the sepals and petals all coloured, one of the sepals
spurred ; stamens five, the anthers cohering round the pistil.

136 . SUMMER FLOWERS.

Calyciflores: Polypetalous dichlamydeous plants, with the
petals usually distinct, and the stamens perigynous or epigy-
nous ; Orders 19 to 27.

* Stamens perigynous.
a Carpels more or less distinct, or single.
t Ovary superior, the calyx distinct from the rnd

19. Leguminous plants—herbs or shrubs; flowers very irre-
gular, papilionaceous; stamens 10, all or 9 of them united ;
ovary single, becoming a legume.

20. Rosaceous plants—herbs or shrubs; flowers regular, rarely
without petals; stamens indefinite; fruit 1-2-seeded nuts
or drupes, sometimes enclosed within the fleshy tube of the
calyx, or follicles containing several seeds.

21. Crassulaceous plants—herbs, with succulent leaves ; flowers
regular; the sepals and petals usually five (sometimes 3-4
or 6-20), isomerous; carpels as many as the petals, free.

tt Ovary superior or half-inferior, the calyx adhering more
or less to the carpels.
22. Saxifragaceous plants—herbs; flowers regular; stamens —
definite ; ovary syncarpous at the base, with a separate style
for each carpel.

++ Carpels combined into an undivided ovary, with more
than one placenta ; (ovary superior).

23. Lythraceous plants—herbs; leaves opposite; sepals four,
five, or more, united below into a tube; petals as many, in-
serted at the top of the calyx-tube; stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals.

** Stamens epiqynous ; (ovary inferior).
+ Flowers not umbellate.

24. Onagraceous plants—herbs ; leaves simple, usually opposite ;
flowers complete; sepals and petals four each, with four

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 137

or eight stamens, or two each, with two stamens; seeds nu-
merous.

25. Haloragaceous plants—herbs; leaves whorled ; flowers mi-
nute, the calyx four-lobed or wanting; stamens 8-6-4, or
sometimes reduced to one; fruit dry, containing a solitary
seed. |

26. Cornaceous plants—shrubs; leaves opposite; calyx-teeth
petals and stamens four each; fruit 1-2-celled, the cells con-
taining a solitary seed.

+} Flowers in umbels.

27. Umbelliferous plants—herbs; leaves alternate; fruit dry,
of two carpels adhering by their face (commissure) to a
common central axis; seed solitary.

Monopetals: Dichlamydeous plants, with the petals united
(from the base more or less upwards) into a single piece ;
Orders 28 to 52.

* Stamens epigynous ; (ovary inferior).
+ Stamens attached to the corolla, the filaments cohering in
three parcels.
28. Cucurbitaceous plants—herbs ; leaves lobed; flowers uni-
sexual, the calyx and corolla each five-parted ; fruit succulent.

++ Stamens attached to the corolla, separate, alternating with
its lobes ; (ovules mostly solitary).

t Fruit three- to five-celled.

29. Caprifoliaceous plants—shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite ;
corolla five- rarely four-lobed, regular or irregular ; fruit-
cells one- or few-seeded.

tt Fruit double, formed of two united one-seeded carpels.

30. Galiaceous plants—herbs; leaves and leaf-like stipules
whorled around the four-angled stems ; corolla four-lobed.

138

31.

52.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

SUMMER FLOWERS.

tit Pruit single or one-seeded.

Valerianaceous plants—herbs; flowers not in close heads;
corolla five-lobed; stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.

Dipsacaceous plants—herbs ; flowers in compact heads or
spikes ; stamens equalling in number the divisions of the
four- or five-lobed corolla.

ttt} Stamens attached to the corolla, cohering by their anthers.

Composite plants—herbs; florets collected in heads; sta-
mens as many as the corolla lobes; fruit dry, one-seeded.

tttt Stamens free from the corolla, the anthers cohering.

Lobeliaceous plants—herbs ; flowers not in heads ; stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla; fruit many-seeded.

titit Stamens free from the corolla, the anthers distinct.

Campanulaceous plants—herbs; stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla; anthers opening longitudinally.

Vacciniaceous plants—shrubs; stamens twice as many as
the lobes of the corolla; anthers opening by two terminal
pores.

** Stamens hypogynous.

Ericaceous plants—shrubs; stamens equal to or twice as
many as the lobes of the corolla; anthers with an appen-
dage, opening by two pores. :

**% Stamens perigynous ; (ovary superior).
+ Seeds attached to a free central placenta.
t Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes.

Primulaceous plants—herbs; stamens equalling in number
the lobes of the corolla; style one; ovary many-seeded.

Plumbaginaceous plants—herbs; stamens equalling in
number the lobes of the corolla; styles five; ovary containing

40.

41.

42.
43.

44.

45.

46.
47.

48.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 139

one ovule, which is pendulous from the point of a thread
(umbilical cord) rising from the base of the cavity.

tt Stamens alternating with the corolla-lobes.

Plantaginaceous plants—herbs; stamens equalling in num-
ber the lobes of the four-cleft regular corolla; style one;
ovary 1—2-celled, with one or several ovules.

Lentibulariaceous plants—herbs; corojla irregular, two
lipped; stamens two, fewer than the corolla-lobes; ovary
1-celled, many-seeded.
tt Seeds attached to the sides of the cells (placentas parietal),

or in their axial angle.
t Corolla regular or nearly so.
§ Ovary entire (not lobed), its cells with one or two ovules.

Aquifoliaceous plants—trees or shrubs; corolla 4—6-parted ;
stamens as many, alternating with its lobes; fruit fleshy,
4.-celled, with one ovule in each cell.

Oleaceous plants—trees or shrubs; corolla 4-parted or want-
ing, with two stamens alternating with its lobes ; ovary two-

celled, the cells two-seeded.

Convolvulaceous plants—herbs;-corolla plaited, 4—5-lobed,
with as many alternating stamens; ovary 2-3-celled, the
cells two- (rarely one-) seeded.

§§ Ovary entire (not lobed), its cells containing many seeds.

Polemoniaceous plants—herbs ; corolla five-lobed, with as
many alternating stamens; ovary three-celled.

Gentianaceous plants—herbs; corolla usually five-lobed
(sometimes 4, 6,8 or 10) with as many alternating stamens,
twisted; ovary 1—2-celled.

Solanaceous plants—herbs; corolla five, rarely four-lobed,
with as many alternating stamens, plaited ; ovary two-celled.

§§§ Ovary four-lobed.
Boraginaceous plants—herbs; corolla five, rarely four-lobed,

140 SUMMER FLOWERS.

with as many alternating stamens; ovary four-celled, with a
single ovule in each cell affixed at the base of the cavity.

tt Corollas wrreqular.

§ Ovary four-lobed.

49. Labiate plants—herbs; corolla two-lipped ; stamens usually
four didynamous (2 long, 2 short), or sometimes only two;
lobes of the ovary one-seeded.

§§ Ovary undivided (i.e. not lobed).

50. Verbenaceous plants—herbs; stamens four didynamous,
rarely two; ovary four-celled, dividing when mature into
four one-seeded nuts.

51. Scrophulariaceous plants—herbs; stamens four, didyna-
mous; ovary two-celled, the cells many-seeded ; placentas
axile.

52. Orobanchaceous plants—leafless parasitical herbs; stamens
four, didynamous ; ovary one-celled, with two or more many-
seeded parietal placentas.

Monochlamyds: Perianth single (é.e. consisting of a calyx

only), or altogether wanting, and replaced by scaly bracts ;
Orders 53 to 59.

* Carpels solitary, simple.
+ Calyx inferior.

53. Chenopodiaceous plants—herbs; leaves without stipules;
perianth small, the stamens (4-5, rarely 1-2), alternating
with its lobes ; evule 1-celled, with one ovule.

54. Ceratophyllaceous plants—aquatic floating herbs; leaves
without stipules; perianth none; ovary and fruit 1-seeded,
or 4-lobed, with one seed in each lobe.

55. Urticaceous plants—herbs; leaves with distinct stipules;
flowers unisexual; perianth small, green, the stamens,
usually 4, opposite its segments ; styles two, rarely one,

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 141

56. Polygonaceous plants—herbs; leaves with ochreate or
sheathing stipules; perianth small; styles two or more.

tt Calyx superior.

57. Santalaceous plants—herbs; perianth with four or five
small valvate lobes, and with four or five stamens opposite
its lobes; styles simple ; ovules 2-3 ; seed solitary.

** Carpels combined, two- or more-celled.
t Calyx inferior.

58. Euphorbiaceous plants—herbs or shrubs; flowers unisexual ;
fruit consisting of three carpels, each containing one or two
pendulous seeds.
tt Calyx superior.

59. Aristolochiaceous plants—herbs; perianth irregular or
three-lobed ; stamens 12; ovary 3—6-celled, the cells many-
seeded.

DICTYOGENOUS PLANTS.

Leaves with netted veins. Flowers usually ternary—the
parts in threes. Embryos asin Endogens. This group con-
sists of the Orders numbered 60 and 61. ~

* Perianth inferior.
60. Trilliaceous plants—herbs ; leaves whorled; flowers herma-
phrodite; fruit 3-5-celled, succulent; seeds indefinite.
** Perianth superior.

61. Dioscoreaceous plants—climbing herbs; leaves alternate;
flowers unisexual; fruit 3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded.

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS or MONOCOTYLEDONS.,

Leaves with parallel veins. Flowers usually ternary—the
parts in threes. Embryos with one cotyledon; hence mono-

142

SUMMER FLOWERS.

cotyledonous. This group includes the Orders numbered from
62 to 73.

62.

63.

64,

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

* Flowers imperfect or naked (i.e. without perianth or
glumes), or consisting of scales.

+ Inflorescence forming dense spikes or heads.

Orontiaceous plants—herbs; flowers hermaphrodite, spadi-
ceous, the spadix issuing from a two-edged leaf; perianth
scales six, herbaceous; ovary free, one- or more-celled, with
erect ovules.

Typhaceous plants—aquatic herbs; flowers unisexual, ar-
ranged on a naked spadix ; scales thin.

tt Flowers distinct, or in loose spikes.

Pistiaceous plants—floating, stemless, aquatics; flowers
borne on the edge of the small scale-like fronds, quite
naked.

Naiadaceous plants—floating aquatics, with distinct stem
and leaves; perianth of four scales, or wanting ; ovaries 1,
2, or 4.

** Flowers perfect, with a petal-like whorled perianth.
+ Ovary inferior.

Hydrocharidaceous plants—floating or submerged herbs ;
flowers regular ; dicecious ; stamens nine or more, free.

Iridaceous plants—herbs ; flowers six-leaved, hermaphro-
dite.; stamens three, free.

Orchidaceous plants—herbs ; flowers six-leaved, irregular ;
stamens gynandrous (combined with the style).

++ Ovary superior.
t Ovary syncarpous.

Liliaceous plants—herbs; perianth six-leaved, the sepals
and petals alike, or nearly so (sometimes combined), regular.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 143

tf Ovary apocarpous.

70. Alismaceous plants—herbs; flowers three-petaled, the se-
pals and petals usually unlike or distinct, regular.

*** Flowers perfect, with a dry calyx-like whorled perianth.

71. Juncaceous plants—periauth regular, six-leaved, brown.

**** Flowers glumaceous, i.e. formed of imbricated chaffy
scales or bracts (glumes).
72. Cyperaceous plants—herbs; leaves grassy, with entire
sheaths; bracts one to each flower or floret.
73. Graminaceous plants—herbs; leaves grassy, with their
sheaths split on the side opposite the blade; bracts two to
each flower or floret.

[Il.—GENERA OR FAMILIES.]

1. Ranunculaceous Plants. RanuncuLacre®.

* Anthers bursting outwardly.
+ Climbing shrubs with opposite leaves ; (carpels one-seeded.)

(1) Clematis—sepals 4—5, coloured and petal-like; petals none.

+t Herbs with the leaves alternate or radical.
t Carpels several, short, one-seeded ; (flowers regular).

(2) Thalictrum—sepals 4-5 or more, often coloured and petal-
like ; petals none.

(8) Adonis—petals 5-10, conspicuous, usually red, without a
nectariferous pore at their base.

(4) Ranunculus—petals five, rarely many,usually yellow or white,
having a nectariferous pore at their base.

tt Carpels several, many-seeded.
§ Flowers regular.

(5) Trollius—sepals 5-15, large, pale yellow, petal-like ; petals
as many, small, flat, linear.

144 SUMMER FLOWERS.

§§ Flowers irregular or spurred.

(6) Aquilegia—sepals five, petaloid, flat, regular; petals five,
funnel-shaped, each with a long horn-like basal spur.

(7) Delphinium—sepals five, the upper one with a long basal
spur; petals combined into one, which is lengthened into a
spur included in the spurred sepal.

(8) Aconitum—sepals five, the upper helmet-shaped, not spurred;
two upper petals tubular, on long stalks concealed in the
helmet-shaped sepal.

** Anthers bursting inwardly.

(9) Peeonia—sepals five, persistent ; petals five or more, large,
red or white.

2. Nympheaceous Plants, Nympyaacez.

(10) Nymphea—sepals four, greenish outside ; petals numerous,

white.
(11) Nuphar—sepals 5-6, yellow ; petals several, much smaller,

yellow.

3. Papaveraceous Plants. Papaveracez.

* Fruit oblong or globular ; stigmas radiate.

(12) Papaver—petals four; stigmas four to twenty, sessile, con-
nected, z.e. radiating on a flat sessile disk.

(13) Meconopsis—petals four; stigmas 5-6, free, supported by
a short distinct style.

** Fruit linear ; stigmas two-lobed.

(14) Chelidonium—petals four, small; stigmas two; capsule two-
yalved, one-celled, the placentas distinct ; seeds crested.

(15) Glaucium—petals four, large ; stigmas two, sessile ; capsule
two-valved, two-celled, the placentas connected by a spongy
dissepiment ; seeds not crested.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 145

4. Cistaceous Plants. Cuistacez.

(16) Helianthemum—two outer sepals smaller; petals deciduous
capsule three-valved.

5. Resedaceous Plants. Resepacez.

(17) Reseda—fiowers in racemes; stamens indefinite, but not
numerous, about 8-24, inserted on a glanduiar disk.

6. Cruciferous Plants. Crucirers.
* Fruit a siligue or pod, linear or linear-lanceolate, usually
much longer than broad.
+ Pods two-valved, with a dissepiment.
t Style not forming a stout conical beak.
§ Calyx conspicuously bisaccate at the base.

(18) Matthiola—pod round or compressed ; stigma sessile, two-
lobed, the lobes erect, gibbous or horned at the back.

(19) Hesperis—pod quadrangular or sub-compressed, the valves
keeled, somewhat three-nerved; stigma nearly sessile, of
two closely-converging erect elliptical obtuse lobes.

§§ Calyx equal at the base, or very slightly gibbous.

(20) Erysimum—pod tetragonal, the valves prominently keeled,
with one longitudinal nerve; stigma obtuse, entire or
slightly emarginate; seeds in a single row; calyx erect.

(21) Sisymbrium—pod terete, or angled; valves convex, with
three longitudinal nerves ; stigma entire ; seeds in a single
row, smooth ; calyx spreading.

(22) Nasturtium—pod nearly cylindrical, short, the valves con-
vex, almost nerveless ; stigma capitate; seeds irregularly
in two rows.

(23) Barbarea—pod tetragonal, somewhat compressed, the valves
convex, with a prominent longitudinal nerve ; stigma capi-
tate; seeds ina single row.

L

146 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(24) Turritis—pod compressed, the valves slightly convex, with
a prominent longitudinal nerve; stigma capitate; seeds in
two rows.

(25) Arabis—pod compressed, the valves nearly flat, with a pro-
minent longitudinal nerve, or rarely nerveless with nume-
rous longitudinal veins ; stigma obtuse; seeds in a single
row.

(26) Cardamine—pod compressed, the valves flat, nerveless ;
stigma capitate ; seeds in a single row.

tt Style forming a stout, conical, often seed-bearing beak.

(27) Brassica—calyx erect; pod terete or angular ; seeds globose,
in a single row.

(28) Sinapis—calyx spreading; pod terete or angular; seeds
globose, in a single row.

(29) Diplotaxis—calyx spreading; pod compressed ; seeds oval
or oblong, in two rows; beak less distinct than in Brassica
and Sinapis.

tt Pods without valves or dissepiments.

(30) Raphanus—pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, di-
vided transversely into several one-seeded joints, forming
cells, the lowermost barren.

** Fruit a silieule or pouch, scarcely more than one-half longer
than broad.

+ Pouch without valves, or one-celled, one-seeded.

(31) Cakile—pouch two-jointed, the joints placed end to end,
the upper one angular, deciduous, one-seeded, the lower
sometimes sterile.

(32) Crambe—pouch two-jointed, the joints placed end to end,
the upper globose, one-seeded, the lower barren, stalk-like.

(83) Senebiera—pouch somewhat kidney-shaped, almost two-
lobed, of two cells placed side by side, not bursting ; cells
one-seeded.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 147

(34) Isatis—pouch laterally compressed, one-celled, one-seeded,
the valves keeled, scarcely separating.

tt Pouch two-valved, with a dissepiment.

t Pouch laterally compressed, the dissepiment in the narrow
diameter, the valves keeled or winged.

(35) Iberis—pouch ovate or roundish, notched, the valves boat-
shaped, winged at the back ; seeds one in each cell; petals
unequal, two outer ones much larger.

(86) Lepidium—pouch roundish or oblong, entire or notched,
the valves compressed, keeled or winged at the back ; seeds
one in each cell; petals equal.

(37) Capsella—pouch triangular-obcordate, the valves com-
pressed, keeled but not winged; seeds numerous.

tt Pouch dorsally compressed, or globose, the dissepiment
oval, in the broadest diameter.

(88) Cochlearia—pouch globose, the valves very convex, one-
nerved ; style permanent; seeds many.

(89) Armoracia—pouch elliptical or globose, the valves very
convex, nerveless ; style permanent ; seeds many.

(40) Camelina—pouch subovate, the valves ventricose, with a ~
linear prolongation at the end, which is confluent with the
persistent style; seeds many.

7. Fumariaceous Plants. Fumarraces.

(41) Fumaria—upper petal spurred at the base; fruit an inde-
hiscent one-seeded nut. _ |

(42) Corydalis—upper petal spurred at the base; pod two-
valved, many-seeded.

8. Frankeniaceous Plants. FranKENIACES.

(43) Frankenia—sepals combined into a tubular calyx, with
L 2

148 SUMMER FLOWERS.

four or five teeth; petals four or five, with long claws and
spreading laminas.

9. Tamaricaceous Plants, Tamaricacrez.

(44) Tamarix—flowers in racemes ; stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals.

10. Caryophyllaceous Plants, CaryorHyLLaceZ. .

* Sepals united into a cylindrical tube ; stamens united beiow
into a tube.

+ Calyx with two to four scaly bracts at the base, or some-
tumes covered by them.
(45) Dianthus—calyx five-toothed ; petals five, clawed; styles
two; capsule one-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top
with four valves.

tt Calyx without scales at the base.

(46) Silene—calyx five-toothed ; petals five, clawed ; styles three;
capsule more or less completely three-celled, opening at
the top with six valves.

(47) Lychnis—calyx five-toothed; petals five, clawed; styles
five ; capsule one- or half five-celled, opening at the top
with five or ten teeth.

** Sepals distinct or only cohering at the base; stamens free.
t+ Valves of the capsule equalling the styles.

(48) Sagina—sepals four or five, spreading when in fruit; petals
four or five or none ; stamens four or five or twice as many ;
styles four or five; capsules four- or five-valved, many-
seeded.

(49) Alsine—sepals five or four; petals five or four, entire or
slightly emarginate; styles three ; capsules opening with
three valves.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 149

tt Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles.

(50) Arenaria—sepals five; petals five, entire or slightly emar-
ginate; styles two or three; capsule opening with four to
six valves. ;

(51) Stellaria—sepals five; petals five, bifid; styles three ; cap- *
sule opening with six valves or teeth, many-seeded. _

(52) Malachium—sepals five; petals five, bifid or entire; styles
five; capsules opening with five bifid, not deeply-cleft,
valves.

11. Illecebraceous Plants. I titectesracen.

* Capsule one-celled, many-seeded.

(53) Spergula—sepais and petals five, entire ; stamens ten or five ;
styles five ; capsule five-valved ; leaves apparently whorled.

(54) Spergularia—sepals five, flattish ; petals five, entire; sta-
mens ten, sometimes only five; styles usually three ; cap-
sule three- to five-valved ; leaves opposite.

(55) Polycarpon—sepals keeled on the back, hooded at the end ;

| petals five, minute, emarginate; stamens three to five;
styles three ; capsule three-valved.

** Capsule one-seeded.

(56) Corrigiola—petals five, oblong, equalling the sepals; sta-
mens five; stigmas three, sessile.

(57) Ilecebrum—sepals thickened, horned at the back ; petals
five subulate, or wanting ; stamens five; stigmas two.

12. Elatinaceous Plants. Exarinacrez.

(58) Elatine—capsule three- or four-celled, many-seeded.

13. Linaceous Plants. Linacrz.

(59) Linum—sepals, petals, stamens, and styles, five each ; cap-
sule ten-celled, ten-valved.

150 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(60) Radiola—sepals four, connected below, deeply trifid ; petals,
stamens, and styles, four each; capsule eight-celled, eight-
valved.

14. Geraniaceous Plants. Grranracem.

(61) Geranium—perfect stamens ten, the five alternate ones
shorter.

(62) Erodium—perfect stamens five, with five rudimentary ones
alternating with them.

15. Hypericaceous Plants. Hyprricinez.

(63) Hypericum—capsule three- to five-celled, many-seeded.

16. Malvaceous Plants. Matvacez.

* Outer bracts three, distinct, inserted on the calyx.

(64) Malva—styles numerous; capsule orbicular, many-celled,

the cells one-seeded.
** Outer bracts united at the base into an involucre surround-
ing the proper calyx.

(65) Altheea—styles numerous; involucre 5-9-lobed; capsule
orbicular, many-celled, the cells one-seeded.

(66) Lavatera—styles numerous; involucre three-lobed; cap-
sule orbicular, many-celled, the cells one-seeded.

17. Tiliaceous Plants. Trmiacez.

(67) Tilia—ovary five-celled, the cells with two ovules attached
at the inner angle; fruit a small 1-2-seeded globular nut.

18. Balsaminaceous Plants. Batsaminacez.

(68) Impatiens—ovary five-celled, with several ovules in each
cell; capsule bursting elastically into five valves, which
roll inwards scattering the seeds.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 151

19. Leguminous Plants. Leauminoss.
* Stamens monadelphous.

(69) Ononis—calyx nearly equally five-cleft, campanulate, the
segments narrow; lower petal or keel beaked ; leaves sim-
ple or trifoliolate. |

(70) Anthyllis—calyx tubular, inflated, five-cleft, segments un-
equal; keel not beaked ; leaves pinnate.

** Stamens diadelphous.
+ Leaves of three leaflets.

(71) Medicago—calyx five-toothed, nearly equal; keel of corolla
obtuse; ovary curved; pod falcate or spirally twisted;
leaves trifoliolate.

(72) Melilotus—calyx five-toothed, nearly equal; petals decidu-
ous; keel obtuse; ovary straight; pod subglobose or ob-
long ; leaves trifoliolate ; flowers in long racemes.

(73) Trigonella—calyx five-toothed, nearly equal; petals distinct;
keel obtuse; pod straight, or slightly curved, eight-seeded,
much longer than the calyx; leaves trifoliolate.

(74) Trifolium—calyx five-toothed, unequal; petals persistent,
cohering by their claws; keel obtuse ; pod oval, 1—4-seeded,
scarcely longer than the calyx ; leaves trifoliolate.

(75) Lotus—calyx five-toothed, nearly equal; keel ascending,
with a narrowed point or beak; style kneed at the base;
pod linear, many-seeded, two-valved ; leaves trifoliolate.

tt Leaves pinnate, or apparently simple, tendrilled; (pod
one-celled, two-valved).
(76) Vicia—calyx five-cleft or five-toothed ; style filiform, its
upper part hairy all over, or bearded on the under side.
(77) Lathyrus—calyx five-cleft or five-toothed; style dilated

upwards, plane on the upper side, and hairy below the
stigma.

152 SUMMER FLOWERS.

ttt Leaves pinnate, without tendrils.
{ Pod bursting, imperfectly two-celled.

(78) Astragalus—calyx five-toothed; keel obtuse; pods imper-
fectly two-celled, the cells formed by the inflexed margin
of the lower suture.

(79) Oxytropis—calyx five-toothed; keel with a narrow straight
point; pod imperfectly two-celled, the cells formed by the
inflexed margin of the upper suture.

tt Pod indehiscent.

(80) Onobrychis—calyx five-toothed, nearly equal ; keel obliquely
truncate longer than the wings; pod compressed, one-
celled, one-seeded.

20. Rosaceous Plants. Rosacez.

* Petals four five or more.
t Fruit consisting of one or more follicles, containing 2-6
seeds, and invested by a dry calyx.
(81) Spireea—calyx five-cleft ; stamens numerous, inserted along
with the petals on a disk adhering to the calyx; follicles
usually distinct.

tt Fruit composed of numerous (rarely 1-2) small nuts or
drupes (one-seeded) invested by a dry calyx.

t Fruit and receptacle both dry.
§ Calyx with external bracts, i.e. in two rows.

(82) Potentilla—calyx 8-10-parted, in two rows; stamens nume-
rous; styles withering; fruits numerous, placed upon a
flattish receptacle.

(83) Sibbaldia—calyx ten-parted, in two rows; stamens five;
styles withering ; fruits five to ten.

(84) Geum—calyx ten-cleft, in two rows; stamens numerous;

_ fruits numerous, tipped with the persistent jointed styles,
hooked at the joint.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 153

§§ Calyx without external bracts.

(85) Dryas—calyx 8-9-cleft, in one row; stamens numerous ;
fruits numerous, tipped with the persistent hairy styles,
which are straight at the extremity.

(86) Agrimonia—calyx five-cleft, the tube turbinate, armed with
hooked bristles above, and contracted at the throat; sta-
mens fifteen, inserted with the petals into a glandular ring
in the throat of the calyx; nuts two, included in the dry
tube of the calyx; style terminal.

tt Pruitt dry, receptacle succulent.

(87) Fragaria—calyx ten-parted, in two rows; stamens nume-
rous ; receptacle large, succulent, pulpy, deciduous; style
lateral near the base cf the nut.

Tit Hruit succulent, receptacle dry or spongy.

(88) Rubus—calyx concave or flattish, five-parted; stamens
numerous ; styles nearly terminal ; carpels numerous, suc-
culent, drupaceous, placed upon a spongy receptacle.

ttt Fruit formed of numerous small dry nuts enclosed in
the fleshy tube of the calyx, which is contracted at
the orifice.

(89) Rosa—calyx urceolate, contracted at the mouth, ultimately
fleshy, five-cleft; stamens numerous, inserted with the
petals on the rim of the tube of the calyx.

** Petals none.
+ Stamens four.

(90) Sanguisorba—calyx four-cleft, with two or three external
scales at its base, the tube quadrangular; stamens four,
opposite to the segments of the calyx.

tt Stamens from twenty to thirty.

(91) Poterium—flowers monecious or polygamous; calyx four-

154 SUMMER FLOWERS.

cleft, with three external scales at its base, the tube quad-
rangular.

21. Crassulaceous Plants. CrassuLacea.

* Stamens as many as the petals, alternating with them.

(92) Tilleea—sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels three or four.

** Stamens twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them.

(93) Cotyledon—sepals five; petals cohering in a tubular five-
cleft corolla; stamens ten, inserted on the corolla; hypo-
gynous scales concave.

(94) Sedum—sepals and petals five, rarely four, distinct ; stamens
ten, rarely eight; hypogynous scales- entire.

(95) Sempervivum—sepals and petals 6-20, usually 10-12;
stamens twice as many ; hypogynous scales laciniated.

22. Saxifragaceous Plants. Saxirracacez.

* Stamens ten.

(96) Saxifraga—calyx five-cleft or five-parted ; petals five; styles
two, persistent, forming two beaks to the carpels.

** Stamens jive.

(97) Drosera—calyx deeply five-cleft; petals five; styles 3-5,
deeply bifid; capsule one-celled, 3-5-valved, many-seeded.

23. Lythraceous Plants. Lyruracez.

(98) Lythrum—calyx tubular, cylindrical, with 8-12 teeth ;
petals 4-6, longer than the calyx teeth ; style filiform.

(99) Peplis—calyx campanulate, with twelve teeth; petals six,
minute, fugacious; style very short.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 155

24. Onagraceous Plants, Onacraces.
* Stamens eight ; (flowers regular or nearly so).

(100) Epilobium—calyx four-cleft, deciduous; seeds bearded ;
flowers purplish or white.

(101) Genothera—calyx tubular below, four-lobed; seeds not
bearded ; flowers large, yellow.

** Stamens two ; (flowers very irregular).

(102) Circeea—calyx deeply two-cleft ; petals two.

25. Haloragaceous Plants. Hatoracaces.

* Stamens eight (sometimes four or six).

(103) Myriophyllum—monecious; stigmas four, sessile on the
ovary ; fruit tetragonal, separable into four nuts.

** Stamens one only.

(104) Hippuris—stigma one, sessile on the ovary; fruit a one-
celled nut.

26. Cornaceous Plants. Cornacea.

(105) Cornus—petals distinct ; fruit a succulent drupe.

27. Umbelliferous Plants, UmBELLIFERs.

* Umbels simple or imperfectly compound.

+ Fruit without vitte (oil-cysts) ; albwmen solid (not fur-
rowed).

t Fruit laterally compressed.

(106) Hydrocotyle—fruit flat nearly orbicular, of two carpels,
each with five filiform ridges; commissure linear; calyx
teeth obsolete.

156 SUMMER FLOWERS.

tt Transverse section of fruit nearly round. —

(107) Sanicula—fruit subglobose, covered with hooked spines;
without ridges; calyx of five leafy teeth.

(108) Eryngium—fruit obovate, covered with chaffy scales with-
out ridges; calyx of five leafy teeth.

tt Lruit with vitte ; albumen furrowed or involute on the
inner face.

(131) Torilis—see page 158.

** Umbels compound or perfect.
+ Fruit not prickly.
t Albumen solid (not indented with a longitudinal furrow).
§ Fruit laterally compressed.
|| Leaves compoundly divided.
(a) Calyx teeth foliaceous.

(109) Cicuta—fruit roundish-curdate; carpels with five equal
broad flattened ridges, the lateral marginal ; interstices
with single vitte.

(b) Calyx teeth small or obsolete ; petals entire.

(110) Apium—fruit roundish-ovate; carpels with five filiform
equal ridges; vitte single in the interstices ; involucre
none.

(111) Helosciadium—fruit ovate or oblong; carpels with five
filiform prominent equal ridges; vitte single in the in-
terstices ; involucre many-leaved.

(c) Calyx teeth small or obsolete; petals obcordate or
emargunate.
1. Vitte short, clavate, single between the ribs.

(112) Sison—fruit ovate ; carpels with five filiform equal ridges.
2. Vitte elongated, linear.

(113) Bunium—fruit oblong; carpels with five filiform equal
ridges ; the interstices with 1-3 vitte.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 157

(114) Sium—fruit ovoid or globose; carpels with five filiform
obtuse equal ridges; vittee three or more between the
ribs ; calyx of five small teeth.

(115) Pimpinella—fruit ovate; carpels with five filiform equal
ridges ; vitte three or more between the slender ribs;
calyx obsolete.

|||| Leaves simple.

(116) Bupleurum—fruit ovate-oblong; carpels with equal
winged, or filiform sharp, or obsclete ridges.

§§ Fruit ovate or elliptical, rounded, or slightly com-
pressed dorsally.

|| Vitte (of the carpels) single between the ribs.

(117) Ginanthe—fruit ovoid-cylindrical, crowned with the long
erect styles; carpels corky, with five blunt ridges.

(118) Asthusa—fruit shortly ovoid, crowned with the reflexed
styles; carpels with five thick acutely-keeled edges.

|||| Vette (of the carpels) two or more between the ribs.
(a) Seeds without vitte, cohering with the carpels.

(119) Meum—fruit elliptical, terete; carpels with five sharp
somewhat winged ridges.

(b) Seeds with many vitte, loose from the carpels.

(120) Crithmum—fruit elliptical, terete; carpels with five sharp
elevated slightly-winged ridges.

§§§ Fruit much compressed dorsally.
|| Petals entire.

(121) Pastinaca—fruit with a flat dilated margin ; carpels with
three slender dorsal ridges, and two distant lateral ones
near the edge ; vitte linear, solitary.

(122) Heracleum—fruit with margin and ridges as in Pastinaca ;
vitte short, club-shaped.

158 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(123) Tordylium—fruit with a thickened and wrinkled margin ;
vittz 1-3 together.

§§§§ Fruit globose, the carpels scarcely separating.

(124) Coriandrum—fruit globose; carpels with the primary
ridges obsolete, the four secondary conspicuous, promi-
nent, keeled ; interstices without vitte.

tt Albumen furrowed, or involute on the inner face.
§ Fruit short, turgid.

(125) Conium—fruit ovate, laterally compressed ; carpels with
five prominent wavy or crenate ridges, the lateral mar-
ginal ; interstices striated ; vitte none.

(126) Smyrnium—fruit laterally compressed ; carpels reniform-
oblong, with three dorsal prominent sharp ridges and two
lateral marginal nearly obsolete ones; interstices with
many vitte.

§§ Fruit oblong.
|| Fruit with an evident beak ; (vitte none.)

(127) Seandix—fruit with a very long beak; carpels with five
obtuse ridges.

(128) Anthriscus—fruit with a short beak; carpels without
ridges, the beak five-ridged.

\||| Pruitt not beaked.

(129) Cherophyllum—fruit not beaked; carpels with five equal
obtuse ridges; interstices with single vitte.

(130) Myrrhis—fruit not beaked ; carpels covered with a double
membrane, the outer with elevated keeled ridges hollow
within, the inner close to the seed; vitt none.

+t Fruit prickly.
(181) Torilis—fruit slightly laterally compressed; carpels with

three dorsal bristly primary ridges, the secondary hidden
by the numerous prickles which occupy the interstices.

ee.

ee F

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 159

(132) Daucus—fruit dorsally compressed; carpels with three
dorsal bristly primary ridges, the secondary ridges equal,
winged, with one row of spines.

28. Cucurbitaceous Plants. Cucursitacre.

(133) Bryonia—dicecious ; styles three-cleft ; fruit a globose three-
celled berry.

29. Caprifoliaceous Plants. Capriro.iaces.
* Style single, filiform.
(134) Lonicera—corolla with an irregular limb ; stamens five.
(1385) Linneea—corolla-limb nearly regular; stamens four.

** Stigmas three, sessile.
(136) Sambucus—corolla rotate; berry 3-4-seeded; leaves pin-
nated. !
(187) Viburnum—corolla shortly campanulate or funnel-shaped ;
berry one-seeded; leaves entire or lobed, not pinnated. -

30. Galiaceous Plants. Gariacem.

* Corolla rotate, the tube very short.

(188) Rubia—corolla usually five-lobed ; fruit fleshy.
(189) Galium—corolla usually four-lobed ; fruit dry, not crowned
by the calyx.

** Corolla-tube distinct, as long as the lobes.

(140) Sherardia—corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit dry, crowned by
the four calyx teeth.

31. Valerianaceous Plants. Va.ertanacen.

(141) Centranthus—corolla-tube spurred at the base; stamen
solitary.

(142) Valeriana—corolla-tube slightly swollen, but not spurred
at the base; stamens three; fruit crowned by a feathery
pappus.

160 SUMMER FLOWERS,

32. Dipsacaceous Plants. Dipsacacea.

(143) Dipsacus—scales of the receptacle between the florets
prickly or spinous.

(144) Seabiosa—scales of the receptacle between the florets not
prickly or changed to hairs. .

33. Composite Plants. Composirz.

* Florets all tubular, or those of the disk or centre tubular
with the outer ones ligulate forming a ray, or slender and
filiform ; style of the perfect florets not swollen below its
branches (Corymbifere).

+ Pappus none, or consisting merely of a border or short
scales or teeth.

{ Receptacle scaly ; (pappus none).

(145) Anthemis—heads radiant; receptacle convex or conical ;
involucre imbricated, of few rows; fruit terete, or ob-
tusely tetragonal, with a more or less prominent margin.

(146) Achillea—heads radiant; tube of the disk-florets plano-
compressed, two-winged ; receptacle narrow, slightly ele-
vated ; involucre ovate or oblong, imbricated ; fruit com-
pressed.

tt Receptacle without scales ; (heads radiant).

(147) Chrysanthemum—involucre hemispherical; receptacle
plane or convex; fruit terete, without wings or slightly
angular and somewhat winged; pappus none, or consist-
ing of three minute teeth or an elevated border.

(148) Matricaria—involucre nearly flat; receptacle elongate-co-
nical; fruit angular, not winged ; pappus none.

tt Pappus of two or three persistent awns.

(149) Bidens—heads discoidal, sometimes radiant; receptacle flat ;
involucre of two rows, the outer spreading; fruit com-
pressed, angular, rough at the edges.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 161

ttt Pappus pilose, abundant.
t Involucral scales herbaceous.
§ Heads discoid or floscular.

(150) Eupatorium—heads few-flowered ; involucre imbricated,
cylindrical or oblong, the scales oval-oblong; receptacle
naked; fruit angular or striated.

§§ Heads radiant.

(151) Erigeron—involucre imbricated oblong, the scales linear
acute; receptacle naked, foveolate ; pappus in many rows ;
fruit compressed.

(152) Solidago—involucre imbricated ; receptacle naked ; pappus
in one row; fruit terete.

(153) Senecio—involucre cylindrical or conical, of one row of
equal scales, not membranous at the edge, with or with-
out smaller scales at the base; receptacle naked; fruit
cylindrical, with a pappus of simple soft hairs.

(154) Inula—involucre imbricated, in many rows; receptacle
naked ; pappus uniform, in one row; anthers with two
bristles at the base.

(155) Pulicaria—involucre loosely imbricated in few rows ; re-
ceptacle naked ; pappus in two rows, the outer cup-like,
membranous; anthers with two bristles at the base.

tt Involucral scales dry, scarious.

(156) Gnaphalium—involucre hemispherical, imbricated, the
scales unequal, blunt; receptacle flat, naked.

(157) Filago—involucre subconical, imbricated, the scales equal,
acuminate ; receptacle conical, scaly at the margin.

** Florets all tubular; style swollen below its branches

(Cynarocephale).
+ Involucral scales hooked at the point.

(158) Arctium—involucre globose, imbricated; receptacle flat,

M

162 SUMMER FLOWERS.

with rigid subulate scales; fruit compressed, oblong ;
pappus short, pilose, distinct.

+t Involucral scales not hooked.
t Pappus single, long, plumose, the hairs unequally united
at the base ; (achenes silky).

(159) Carlina—involucre imbricated, the outer scales spinose,
leafy, spreading at the points, the inner linear, scarious,
coloured, resembling radiant florets ; receptacle with cleft
scales.

{ Pappus in many rows, equal, long, the hairs united at
the base into a ring; (achenes smooth).

(160) Carduus—involucre imbricated, with simple spinous
pointed scales; receptacle with fimbriated scales; fruit
compressed, oblong.

(161) Silybum—involucre imbricated, the scales leaf-like at the
base, narrowed into a long spreading or recurved spinous
point; receptacle scaly ; fruit compressed, with a papillose
ring at the end.

ttt Pappus in many rows, unequal, equalling or shorter
than the achenes, rarely none.
(162) Centaurea—involucre imbricated, the scales leafy, scarious
or spiny; receptacle with jagged scales; fruit attached
laterally above the base.

ttit Pappus in many rows, unequal, longer than the fruit.

(163) Serratula—heads dicecious; involucre imbricated, the
scales unarmed, acute; receptacle with scales split into
linear bristles ; fruit compressed.

*k* FHlorets all ligulate and perfect ; style not swollen beneath
its branches (Cichoracee).
+ Pappus none.

(164) Lapsana—heads 8-12-flowered ; involucre with one row of

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 163

linear-lanceolate erect scales, and 4-5 external ones; re-
ceptacle naked ; fruit compressed, striated.

+t Pappus sessile, setaceous in the ray, feathery in the disk
Jiorets. :

(165) Thrincia—involucre oblong, in one row, with a few addi-
tional scales at the base; receptacle punctured; fruit
beaked ; pappus in two rows, the outer setaceous, decidu-
ous, the inner longer, feathery ; marginal row of fruits,
scarcely beaked, with a short scaly fimbriated pappus.

(166) Leontodon—involucre imbricated, the exterior scales much
smaller in 1-3 rows; receptacle punctured ; fruit smooth,
slightly beaked ; pappus in two rows, the outer setaceous,
persistent, the inner longer, feathery.

ttt Pappus sessile, uniform in the ray and disk florets.
{ Pappus in one row.

(167) Oporinia—involucre imbricated, the exterior scales much
smaller, in several rows; receptacle not scaly; fruit atte-
nuated, uniform ; pappus feathery, dilated at the base.

(168) Hieracium—involucre imbricated, with many oblong scales ;

receptacle not scaly ; fruit terete, ribbed, not beaked, with
a very short crenulated margin ; pappus pilose.
tt Pappus in two rows.

(169) Picris—involucre of one row of equal scales, with unequal
linear often spreading scales at the base ; receptacle dotted ;
fruit terete, transversely striated, constricted or slightly
beaked above; pappus feathery, the outer row subpilose.

(170) Cichorium—involucre in two rows, the outer of 5 short-
ish, the inner of 8-10 longer converging scales; recep-
tacle naked, or slightly pilose; fruit crowned by a ring of
two rows of minute erect scales.

ttt Pappus in many rows.
171) Sonchus—involucre imbricated, with two or three rows of
M 2

164 SUMMER FLOWERS.

unequal scales; fruit plano-compressed, truncate above,
not beaked.

(172) Crepis—involucre double, the inner of one row, the outer
of short lax scales; fruit terete, narrowed upwards, or
obscurely beaked.

tttt Pappus stalked.
t Pappus in two rows.

(173) Hypocheeris—involucre oblong, imbricated ; receptacle
scaly; fruit glabrous, muricated, often beaked.

Tf Pappus in many rows.
§ Pappus feathery.

(174) Helminthia—involucre of eight equal scales, in one row,
surrounded by three to five loose leafy bracts ; receptacle
dotted ; fruit compressed, transversely rugose, rounded at
the end, and with a slender beak longer than itself.

(175) Tragopogon—involucre simple, of eight to ten scales con-
nected at the base ; receptacle punctured ; fruit longitu-
dinally striated, with a long beak.

§§ Pappus hair-like.

(176) Lactuca—heads few-flowered ; involucre imbricated, in two
to four rows, the outer row shorter, the scales with a
membranous margin; fruit plano-compressed, contracted
and produced into a filiform beak.

(177) Barkhausia—heads many-flowered ; involucre double, the
inner of one row, the outer of short lax scales ; fruit terete,
all (or the inner ones only) gradually contracted into a
long beak. 7

34. Lobeliaceous Plants. LoBELIACE.

(178) Lobelia—corolla very irregular, split open on the upper
side; anthers closely cohering.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 165

35. Campanulaceous Plants. CampanuLaces.
* Corolla cut into deep narrow-linear segments.

(179) Jasione—corolla rotate, with five long linear segments ;
anthers cohering at their base ; capsule two-celled, open-
ing by a large pore at the end.

(180) Phyteuma—corolla rotate, with five long linear segments ;
anthers free, the”filaments dilated at the base; capsule
2-3-celled, bursting at the sides.

** Corolla cut into short broad segments.

(181) Campanula—corolla bell-shaped, tubular, or rotate, with
five broad segments; anthers free, the filaments dilated at
the base; capsule 3-5-celled, crowned by the calyx-teeth,
and opening laterally or at the top.

36. Vacciniaceous Plants. VacciNIACEm. |

(182) Oxycoccus—corolla very deeply four-cleft, with reflexed
segments ; berry crowned by the persistent calyx-teeth.

37. Ericaceous Plants. Ericaces.
* Anthers opening by pores.

(183) Erica—calyx four-parted; corolla campanulate or ovate,
often ventricose, four-toothed ; capsule four-celled.

(184) Pyrola—calyx five-parted ; corolla of five petals; capsule
five-celled, five-valved.

** Anthers opening by a transverse fissure.

(185) Monotropa—calyx 4-5-parted ; corolla of 4-5 petals, each
with a hooded nectariferous base; capsule five-celled, five-
valved.

166 SUMMER FLOWERS.

38. Primulaceous Plants. Primunacezm.

* Ovary superior.
t+ Calyx dwided almost to the base ; (ines aquatics with
divided leaves.)

(186) Hottonia—calyx five-parted ; corolla salver-shaped.

tt Calyx tubular or campanulate ; (terrestrial plants with
undivided leaves). «

f Leaves radical,

(187) Primula—calyx tubular; corolla salver-shaped; stamens
five; flowers on radical peduncles.

tt Leaves opposite or whorled, cauline.

(188) Lysimachia—calyx five-parted; corolla rotate, with a five-
parted limb; stamens five ; capsule opening at top.
(189) Anagallis—calyx five-parted; corolla rotate or funnel-
shaped, with a five-parted limb ; stamens five ; capsule
opening all round transversely.

** Ovary half superior.
(190) Samolus—calyx five-parted ; corolla salver-shaped, the tube
short ; stamens five; flowers in a terminal raceme.

39. Plumbaginaceous Plants. PLumBacinacea.

(191) Statice—flowers panicled, arranged on one side of the
branches in long rows, surrounded by scarious scales.

(192) Armeria—flowers in globular heads, surrounded by a
common, imbricated, scarious inyolucre.

40. Plantaginaceous Plants. Pranracinacez.

(193) Plantago--—flowers ee rots, in terminal heads or
spikes.
(194) Littorella—flowers unisexual, solitary or in pairs.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 167

41. Lentibulariaceous Plants. Lenripuiariacez.

(195) Pinguicula—calyx 4—5-lobed ; leaves entire, radical.
(196) Utricularia—calyx two-lobed; leaves floating, much di-
vided.

42. Aquifoliaceous Plants. AquiroLiacEs.

(197) Ilex—fiowers small, clustered in the axils of the alternate
leaves.

43. Oleaceous Plants. Oxraces.

(198) Fraxinus—calyx and corolla none; leaves pinnate; fruit
dry, oblong, winged.

(199) Ligustrum—calyx and corolla four-parted ; leaves simple
fruit a berry.

44. Convolvulaceous Plants. ConvoLvuLacez.
* Stems furnished with leaves.

(200) Convolvulus—calyx five-parted, with two small, distant,
basal bracts ; corolla bell-shaped, five-plaited.

(201) Calystegia—calyx five-parted, enclosed in two foliaceous
bracts; corolla bell-shaped, five-plaited.

** Stems thread-like, leafless.

(202) Cuscuta—calyx 4-5-cleft; corolla urceolate, or nearly glo-
bular.

45. Polemoniaceous Plants. Po.emoniacea.

(203) Polemonium—corolla rotate, with five stamens,

168 SUMMER FLOWERS.

46. Gentianaceous Plants. GerntiaNacea.
* Leaves opposite ; (terrestrial herbs).
+ Stamens four.

(204) Erythreea—calyx divided to the base; style simple ;
flowers pink or red.

(205) Gentiana—calyx not divided below the middle; style two-
lobed; flowers blue.

Tt Stamens eight.
(206) Chlora—corolla rotate, yellow.

** Leaves alternate ; (aquatic herbs).

(207) Villarsia —leaves entire, orbicular; flowers yellow.

47. Solanaceous Plants, So.anaces.

* Fruit dry, capsular.

(208) Datura—corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube; capsule
prickly, four-valved.

(209) Hyoscyamus—-corolla obliquely funnel-shaped; capsule
smooth, opening transversely with a lid.

** Fruit fleshy, baccate.

(210) Solanum—corolla rotate; anthers porose, joined into a
cone.
(211) Atropa—corolla bell-shaped ; anthers distinct.

48. Boraginaceous Plants. Boracinaceaz.
* Corolla tube open or naked at the orifice.
+ Stamens protruding ; coralla irregular.

(212) Echium—corolla bell-shaped; the throat dilated; nuts
wrinkled, attached by a flat triangular base.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 169

tt Stamens included ; corolla regular.

(213) Lithospermum—corolla funnel-shaped; nuts smooth or
tubercular, stony.

** Oporolla tube closed with scales at the orifice.
t+ Scales of the corolla subulate.
(214) Borago—corolla rotate; stamens exserted ; filaments bifid,
the inner fork bearing the anther; anthers connivent into
a cone.

tt Scales of the corolla obtuse, concave.
t Corolla funnel-shaped.
(215) Lycopsis—tube of the corolla doubly curved; the limb
oblique. _
(216) Anchusa—tube of the corolla straight.

tt Corolla hypocrateriform.
(217) Myosotis—corolla salver-shaped, with a straight tube;
nuts ovate, compressed, smooth.
(218) Cynoglossum—corolla salyer-shaped, with a straight tube;
nuts roundish-ovate, depressed, muricated.

49. Labiate Plants, Lasiaraz.

* Stamens two.
(219) Salvia—calyx tubular, two-lipped ; corolla ringent ; anthers
| one-celled with a lengthened connective.
(220) Lycopus—calyx five-cleft; corolla nearly equal; anthers
two-celled.

** Stamens four.

t+ Upper stamens longer than the lower.

(221) Nepeta—calyx five-toothed ; corolla ringent, the upper lip
flat, straight, emarginate or bifid.

170 SUMMER FLOWERS.

tt Stamens nearly equal.
t Corolla nearly equal.

(222) Mentha—calyx equal, five-toothed; corolla four-lobed,
the tube very short.

(223) Origanum—calyx with five equal teeth; corolla five-lobed
obscurely two lipped; flowers in four-sided spikes, with
imbricated bracts.

(224) Thymus—calyx two-lipped; corolla five-lobed, obscurely
two-lipped; flowers whorled, axillary, or spiked.

ttt ZLwo upper stamens shorter than the lower.

t Corolla distinetly two-lipped, the upper lip longer than
the stamens.

§ Calyx regularly five-lobed.
|| Stamens shorter than the corolla tube.

(225) Marrubium—calyx tubular, the teeth nearly equal; upper
lip of corolla straight, erect, cloven; nuts flatly truncate

|||| Stamens longer than the corolla tube.

(226) Galeopsis—calyx tubular, the teeth equal; upper lip of
corolla arched ; nuts rounded at the end.

(227) Stachys—calyx tubular-bellshaped, the teeth equal; upper
lip of corolla concave; nuts obtuse and convex at the
end.

(228) Leonurus—calyx tubular, the teeth nearly equal; upper
lip of corolla nearly flat ; nuts flatly truncate.

(229) Ballota—calyx funnel-shaped, the teeth equal; upper lip
of the corolla erect, concave ; nuts convex, and rounded
at the end.

§§ Calyx obviously two-lipped.
(230) Scutellaria—calyx ultimately closed and compressed, both
lips entire, upper with a concave scale on its back ; corolla

two-lipped, the upper lip concave.
(231) Prunella—calyx ultimately closed and compressed, the

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 171

upper lip flat, truncate, three-toothed, the lower bifid ;
corolla ringent, the upper lip concave.

(232) Calamintha—calyx two-lipped, the lower bifid ; upper lip
of corolla straight, nearly flat.

tf Corolla apparently one-lipped, the upper lip short or
nearly wanting, shorter than the stamens.

(233) Teucrium—calyx tubular, five-toothed ; upper lip of corolla
bipartite, the tube slit along the back.

50. Verbenaceous Plants. Versenacex.

(234) Verbena—calyx five-toothed ; corolla with distinct tube,
and unequally five-cleft spreading limb.

51. Scrophulariaceous Plants. Scropuunariacem.
* Corolla rotate, the tube very short.
+ Stamens two.

(235) Veronica—calyx 4-5-parted ; corolla unequally four-lobed,
the lower lobe smallest ; capsule compressed.

+t Stamens four.

(236) Sibthorpia—calyx five-lobed ; corolla irregularly five-cleft
capsule compressed, orbicular.

ttt Stamens five.
(237) Verbascum—calyx deeply five-cleft ; corolla with five
broad rounded lobes; stamens five, often woolly; capsule
ovoid.

** Oorolla distinctly tubular.
+ Corolla spurred at the base in front.

(238) Linaria—calyx five-parted; corolla personate, the lower
lip three-cleft, with a prominent palate closing the mouth.

172 SUMMER FLOWERS.

tt Corolla gibbous at the base in front.

(239) Antirrhinum—calyx five-parted; corolla personate, the
lower lip three-cleft, with a prominent. palate closing the
mouth. |

ttt Corolla equal at the base in front.
t Calyx five-cleft.

(240) Scrophularia—corolla globose, the limb minute, upper lip
two-lobed, lower three-lobed; rudiment of a fifth stamen
often present.

(241) Digitalis—corolla bell-shaped, with broad tube, and oblique,
4—5-cleft flat limb.

(242) Pedicularis—calyx inflated; corolla ringent, the upper lip
compressed laterally, the lower plane, three-lobed.

tt Calyx fowr-cleft.

(243) Bartsia—calyx bell-shaped ; corolla tubular, two-lipped, the
upper lip erect, arched, or concave, entire or notched ;
seeds many, striated or furrowed.

(244) Euphrasia—calyx tubular or bell-shaped; corolla tubu-
lar, two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed, spreading or
reflexed; seeds few, furrowed.

(245) Rhinanthus—calyx inflated, compressed, with a contracted
mouth ; corolla ringent, the upper lip compressed laterally ;
seeds compressed, with an orbicular margin.

(246) Melampyrum—calyx tubular; corolla ringent, upper lip

compressed laterally, with reflexed margins ; seeds smooth.
52. Orobanchaceous Plants. Orosancnacea.
(247) Orobanche—calyx deeply divided into 2—4 pointed sepals ;
corolla tubular or bell-shaped, often curved.
53. Chenopodiaceous Plants. CHENnopopiacex.
* Stem jointed, without leaves.

(248) Salicornia—stamens 1-2; succulent maritime herbs.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 173

** Stem continuous ; leaves semicylindrical.

(249) Sueeda—leaves succulent, not prickly; perianth segments
remaining unaltered.

(250) Salsola—leaves prickly; perianth segments acquiring a
dorsal appendage or wing.

*** Stem continuous; leaves flat.

(251) Beta—perianth segments succulent, becoming enlarged,
with the lower half of the ovary adherent to them.

(252) Chenopodium—perianth segments herbaceous, scarcely
enlarged, the ovary free.

(253) Atriplex—polygamous or monecious; perianth of female
flowers, consisting, when in fruit, of two much enlarged
segments.

54. Ceratophyllaceous Plants. CrraropHyLiacen.
(254) Ceratophyllum—leaves whorled, 2-3 times furcately dis-

sected.
(255) Callitriche—leaves opposite, entire.
55. Urticaceous Plants. Unrricacea.

(256) Urtica—perianth of female flowers two-sepaled; stamens

four.

(257) Parietaria—perianth of female flowers four-cleft; stamens
four.

(258) Humulus—perianth of female flowers a mere scale; sta-
mens five.

56. Polygonaceous Plants. Potyconacen.

(259) Rumex—perianth six-parted, the three inner segments be-
coming enlarged.

(260) Oxyria—perianth four-parted, the two inner segments en-
larged.

174 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(261) Polygonum—perianth five-parted, the segments nearly
equal.

57. Santalaceous Plants. SanTaLacez#.

(262) Thesium—leaves alternate, entire, without stipules.

58. Euphorbiaceous Plants. Evurnorpiacea.

(263) Euphorbia—flowers collected in heads, surrounded by a
4—5-toothed perianth-like involucre, enclosing several male
flowers (each a single stamen, with jointed filament), and
one female (a solitary three-celled stalked ovary).

(264) Mercurialis—herbs, with the male and female flowers se-
parate, dicecious or moneecious.

59. Aristolochiaceous Plants. ArisToLocHIACEm.

(265) Aristolochia—perianth tubular, very oblique; stamens six.

60. Trilliaceous Plants. Tritiiacez.

(266) Paris—perianth of 8-10 narrow, spreading or reflexed seg-
ments.
61. Dioscoreaceous Plants. Dioscornacrz.

(267) Tamus—perianth of six segments.

62. Orontiaceous Plants. Oronrtiacez.

(268) Acorus—spathe (flower sheath) a continuation of the scape,
and similar to the leaves, not convolute.

63. Typhaceous Plants. Typnacez.

(269) Typha—spadix (flower spike) cylindrical.
(270) Sparganium—spadix spherical.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 175

64. Pistiaceous Plants. Puistriacez.

(271) Lemna—fiowers moneecious ; spathe urceolate ; stamens 1-2.

65. Naiadaceous Plants. Narapacez.

(272) Potamogeton—flowers perfect, in pedunculated spikes or
heads.
(273) Zannichellia—flowers moneecious, axillary and sessile.

66. Hydrocharidaceous Plants. Hyvrocuaripacem.

(274) Stratiotes—stem scarcely any ; leaves sword-shaped, tufted,
radical, submerged; flowers polyandrous.

(275) Hydrocharis—stem root-like, bearing tufts of roundish
floating leaves; flowers 9-12-androus.

(276) Anacharis—stems submerged, branched, with small oppo-
site or whorled leaves; flowers minute, with nine stamens,
er three styles.

67. Iridaceous Plants. Inipacrez.

(277) Iris—perianth six-leaved, the three outer larger; stigmas
three, petal-like, arching over the stamens.

(278) Gladiolus—perianth six-leaved, the divisions similar, with
a somewhat oblique two-lipped arrangement.

68. Orchidaceous Plants. OrcHIpaAce2.

* Anther single, the pollen simple, or consisting of granules
in a slight state of cohesion.
(279) Listera—perianth ringent; lip deflexed, linear, or oblong,
two-lobed; anther parallel with the stigma, enclosed in a
| hood.
(280) Epipactis—perianth patent; lip interrupted, the basal
division concave, terminal one larger, with two projecting
plates at its base above ; anther terminal.

176 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(281) Cephalanthera—perianth converging ; lip interrupted, the
basal division saccate, jointed to the recurved terminal
one, which is without protuberances at the base; anther
terminal.

** Anther single, the pollen cohering in grains or masses,
which are indefinite in number and waxy.

t Lip spurred.

(282) Orchis—perianth ringent, hooded; lip three-lobed; pollen-
masses with two glands enclosed in a common pouch;
anther-cells converging at the base.

(283) Gymnadenia—as in Orchis, but the glands of the pollen-
masses naked (without a pouch); anther-cells parallel at
the base.

(284) Habenaria—perianth ringent, hooded; lip three-lobed or
entire; glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked ;
anther-cells diverging at the base.

tt Lup not spurred.

(285) Aceras—as in Orchis, except that the spur is wanting.

69. Liliaceous Plants. Liztacez.
* Stem leafy and branching.

(286) Asparagus—perianth bell-shaped, tubular below; stamens
six ; stigmas three, reflexed ; flowers by abortion, dicecious.

** Stem leafy and simple, or leafless.
ie Rootstock not bulbous.
t Flowers purplish.
(287) ainda Goria day es viipeadtiie deciduous ; filaments
bearded; flowers panicled.

tt lowers yellow.

(288) Narthecium—perianth-leaves persistent; filaments bearded;
flowers racemose.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 177

(289) Tofieldia—perianth-leaves persistent; flowers in short
spikes.

tt Rootstock bulbous.

(290) Allium—perianth-leaves rather spreading; flowers umbel-
late.

70. Alismaceous Plants. Axismacres.

* Perianth-seqments six, large, coloured, nearly equal.

(291) Butomus—perianth coloured, resembling a corolla; sta-
mens nine.

** Perianth-segments three large coloured, and three small
herbaceous.

(292) Alisma—flowers perfect; calycine and corolline segments
three each; stamens six; carpels numerous, one-seeded.

(293) Actinocarpus—flowers perfect; calycine and corolline seg-
ments three each; stamens six; carpels 6-8, spreading in
a radiant manner, two-seeded.

(294) Sagittaria—flowers moncecious; male flowers with nume-
rous stamens; female flowers with numerous one-seeded
compressed carpels upon a globose receptacle.

** Perianth-segments all small, and but slightly coloured.

(295) Triglochin—perianth of deciduous leaves; stamens six;
carpels attached to an angular axis from which they at
length separate at the base.

71. Juncaceous Plants. Juncacez.

(296) Juncus—perianth glumaceous, six-leaved ; capsules three-
celled, three-valved.
(297) Luzula—as in Juncus, but the capsules one-celled, three-
valved.
N

178 SUMMER FLOWERS.

72. Cyperaceous Plants. CYPERACER.

* Flowers unisexual, the stamens and ovaries scitlan separate
glumes.
(298) Carex—flowers in imbricated spikes, each covered by a
glume; ovaries enclosed in bottle-shaped utricles formed
of the persistent perigones.

** Flowers perfect, the stamens and ovaries within the same
glume.

+ Glumes or bracts distichous or two-ranked.

(299) Schcenus—spikelets 2-4-flowered; glumes 6-9, the lower
ones smaller, empty.

+t Glumes or bracts regularly imbricated.

{ Lower glumes empty or larger than the fertile ones, some-
times all fertile.

§ Bristles not so long as the glumes, or wanting. |

(800) Blysmus—bristles 3-6; nut plano-convex, tipped with the
base of the style, which is not dilated; spikelets in two-
ranked spikes.

(801) Eleocharis—bristles 3-6; nut compressed, crowned with
the persistent dilated base of the style ; spikelets solitary.

(802) Scirpus—bristles about six or none; nut plano-convex or
trigonous, tipped with the filiform base of the style, which
is not dilated ; spikelets solitary clustered or panicled.

§§ Bristles at length much longer than the glumes.
(303) Eriophorum—bristles (in the fruiting state) silky; nut
trigonous ; spikelets solitary or umbellate.
tt Lower glumes empty, or smaller than the fertile ones.

(304) Rhynchospora—bristles about six; nut compressed, con-
vex on both sides, crowned with the dilated base of the
style.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 179

73. Graminaceous Plants. Graminacex.
* Spikelets of one perfect terminal flower, with or without
a perfect male flower below it.
+ Flowering glumes of a firmer texture than the empty ones
below (Panicez).
(305) Milium—panicle loose; spikelets one-flowered; glumes
two, flattish, equal; pales two, equal, awnless ; stamens
three; styles two.

tt Two male or imperfect florets or minute rudimentary
glumes below the perfect flower, besides the outer empty
glumes (Phalaridez.)

(06) Digraphis—panicle somewhat contracted; glumes two,
keeled, equal, each with a tuft of hairs at its base, re-
presenting an abortive floret ; pales two, equal, awnless ;
stamens 3; styles 2.

** Spikelets with one or more perfect flowers, the male or
rudimentary, if any, terminal.

t Spikelets. one-flowered, usually pedicellate (Agrostidez).

(807) Phleum—panicle spiked ; glumes two, keeled, equal, longer
than the pales, with an awn proceeding from the midrib ;
pales two, equal, awnless, membranous; stamens three ;
styles two. ‘:

(808) Alopecurus—panicle spiked; glumes two, equal, keeled,
often connate at the base; pale single, with an awn
arising from its base, ribbed; stamens three; styles two.

(809) Lagurus—panicle contracted, ovate; glumes two, equal,
terminating in a long plumed awn; pales two, the lower
with a dorsal twisted awn, bifid at the apex, the lobes
long, sharp, awn-like; stamens three; styles two.

310) Polypogon—panicle contracted, oblong; glumes two, equal,
the lower awned under the apex, the upper from the apex ;

pales two, equal, convex, the lower awned beneath the
apex; stamens three; styles two.

180 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(311) Agrostis—panicle loose; glumes two, nearly equal, the
upper smaller, acute, without awns; pales shorter, often
bearing an awn below the middle, the inner sometimes
wanting ; stamens three ; styles two.

(312) Apera—panicle loose; glumes two, acute, the lower small-
er, nearly equal, without awns; outer pales with a hair-
like awn, 3-4 times as long as the spikelet ; stamens three ;
styles two.

(313) Ammophila—panicle contracted, cylindrical ; glumes two,
keeled, unequal, awnless, the lower smaller; pales two,
the lower awned under the apex, with hairs at the base;
stamens three; styles two.

(314) Calamagrostis—panicle somewhat spreading ; glumes two,

convex, nearly equal, keeled, pointed ; pales two, unequal,
membranous, ribbed, surrounded with hairs at the base,
the lower awned ; stamens three: styles two.

+t Sptkelets two- or few-flowered, pedicellate, the flowering

glumes (pales) usually shorter than the outer ones, their
awns often bent or twisted (Avene).

(315) Aira—panicle loose; spikelets small; florets equally per-
fect; glumes two, nearly equal; pales two, the lower
bifid, with a dorsal straight or slightly-twisted awn; sta-
mens three ; styles two.

(316) Avena—panicle loose; spikelets large; upper florets
sterile and imperfect; glumes two, nearly equal; pales
two, knee-bent, the lower bifid, with a twisted dorsal
awn; stamens three; styles two.

(317) Trisetum—panicle oblong, somewhat spreading ; spikelets
small, crowded ; florets equally perfect ; glumes two; pales
two, the lower deeply cleft, with a twisted, dorsal, knee-
bent awn; stamens three; styles two.

(818) Arrhenatherum—panicle loose; upper floret hermaphro-
dite with a rudimentary prolongation of the axis, lower
male; glumes two, nearly equal; pales two, the lower

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 181

emarginate, that of the male floret with a twisted awn at
the base, that of the hermaphrodite floret with a small
straight awn under the apex; stamens three ; styles two.

(3819) Holeus—panicle somewhat open; lower floret hermaphro-
dite, the upper male; glumes two, nearly equal, boat-
shaped ; pales two, the outer of the male florets awned .
under the apex, of the hermaphrodite floret awnless ; sta-
mens three ; styles two.

ttt Spikelets one-flowered, sessile along one side of the simple
linear branches of the panicle (Chloridez).

(820) Spartina—panicle of 2-4 erect, spike-like branches ;
spikelets in two rows, pressed close to the rachis ; glumes
two, unequal; pales two, nearly equal, both keeled ;

stamens three; styles two.

tttt Spikelets one- or several-flowered, sessile in the notches
of a simple spike (Hordeinez).
t Spikelets one-flowered.

(321) Lepturus—spike slender, cylindrical; glumes two, hard,
ribbed ; pales two, thin, awnless, about as long as the
glumes; stamens three; styles two.

(322) Nardus—spike slender, simple, one-sided; glumes none ;
pales two, the outer wrapping up the inner, which is flat ;
stamens three ; style one.

(323) Hordeum—spikes cylindrical, dense; spikelets in threes,
1-2 usually neuter or barren; fertile ones with one per-
fect floret and a rudimentary neuter one; glumes two,
collateral, awned; pales two; stamens three; styles two.

tt Spikelets several-flowered.

(324) Elymus—spike cylindrical, rather dense; spikelets in

pairs, each containing 2-4 florets; glumes two, colla-

' teral, awnless ; pales two, less pointed than the glumes;
stamens three; styles two.

182 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(825) Triticum—spike simple; spikelets solitary, sessile, trans-
verse to the rachis, many-flowered ; glumes two, opposite,
nearly equal, embracing the flowers; pales two, lanceo-
late, the outer acuminate or awned, the inner bifid.

(326) Lolium—spike elongated, simple, compressed ; spikelets at
right angles with the rachis, with a bract at the base of
each; glumes two, lateral, often deficient; pales two,
nearly equal; the outer sometimes awned under the apex ;
stamens three ; styles two.

(327) Brachypodium—spike simple; spikelets transverse to the
rachis, with a short pedicel; glumes two, unequal, shorter
than the lower florets; pales two, the lower awned under
the point, or awnless ; stamens three; styles two.

ttttt Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate ; awns, if any,
straight (Festucee).

t Pales awned.

(828) Bromus—panicle loose; spikelets laterally compressed ;
glumes two, unequal, shorter than the lower florets;
pales two, the lower awned under the apex, very seldom
awnless ; stamens three ; styles two.

(829) Festuca—panicle loose; spikelets laterally compressed ;
glumes two, unequal, or nearly equal, acute; pales two,
the lower mucronate or awned at the point; stamens
three ; styles two.

(330) Dactylis—panicle loose or somewhat contracted, the ter-
minal ramifications always very short ; spikelets clustered,
horizontal; glumes two, unequal-sided; pales two, the
lower awned under the apex; stamens three; styles two.

(331) Cynosurus—panicle contracted, spike-like, unilateral ;
spikelets two- or many-flowered, distichous, with a pec-
tinated involucre at the base; glumes two, equal; pales
two, the lower awned from the apex or mucronate ;
stamens three; styles two.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 183

tt Pales awnless.

(332) Briza—panicle loose; spikelets cordate; glumes two.
equal, convex, about as long as the lower florets; pales
two, awnless, the outer boat-shaped; stamens three ;
styles two.

(833) Poa—panicle loose, seldom contracted; spikelets two- or
many-flowered, ovate ; glumes two, rather unequal, usually
keeled; pales two, nearly equal, awnless, scarious at
top; stamens three; styles two. ,

(334) Glyceria—panicle loose; spikelets cylindrical; glumes
two, nearly equal, obtuse; pales two, nearly equal, awn-
less; stamens three; styles two. |

(335) Catabrosa—panicle loose ; spikelets two-flowered ; glumes
two, unequal, rounded or truncate, much shorter than
the florets; pales two, nearly equal, truncate, awnless ;
stamens three ; styles two.

(336) Melica—panicle loose; spikelets ovate; glumes two, nearly
equal, about as long as the florets; pales two, unequal,
awnless ; stamens three; styles two.

(337) Arundo—panicle loose ; spikelets many-flowered, the lower
floret male and naked, the upper hermaphrodite and sur-
rounded by hairs; glumes two, the lower smaller, the
upper about as long as the florets; pales two, unequal,
pointed; stamens three; styles two.

[IIIl—SPECIES AND VARIETIES. ]

(1) Clematis. TRaveLier’s Joy.

C. Vitalba: climbing shrub; leaves pinnate, with about
five cordately-ovate stalked leaflets, the stalks forming tendrils ;
flowers greenish-white, in loose panicles; carpels with long

184 SUMMER FLOWERS.

feathery awns.—Old Man’s Beard.—Hedges and thickets.
Fl. July.

(2) Thalictrnm, Merapow Rue.

* Panicle scarcely more than a simple raceme.

T. alpinum: stem dwarf, simple, almost leafless; leaves
twice ternate, bearing small, roundish, crenate or lobed leaf-
lets; flowers few, drooping ; sepals four, small ; stamens 10-20.
—Moist alpine pastures. Fl. June and July.

** Panicle compound, diffuse.

T. minus: stem 1-3 feet high, zigzag branched; leaves
three or four times divided, with numerous, small, roundish,
or broadly wedge-shaped, trifid and toothed leaflets; flowers
drooping, pale greenish yellow, the sepals tinged with pink.—
Stony and bushy pastures in limestone districts. Fl. June,
July.

A variable plant, the varieties distinguished by size, colour,
and pubescence, by luxuriance of foliage, or by the lower
leaves being fully developed or reduced to mere sheaths; there
are three or four British forms.

*** Panicle compound, compact.

T, flavum: stem stout, furrowed, 2-3 feet high; leaves
two or three times divided, bearing large obovate leaflets,
wedge-shaped at the base; flowers erect, decidedly yellow, the
panicles somewhat corymbose.—Moist meadows. Fl. June,
July.

(3) Adonis. Pueasant’s Eye.

A. autumnalis: annual, erect, one foot high, glabrous or
slightly downy; leaves triply pinnatifid, with narrow linear

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 185

segments; flowers bright scarlet, with a dark spot at the base
of the petals ; carpels numerous, collected in ovate or oblong
heads.—Cornfields. FI. July or October.

A variety with larger flowers is cultivated in flower-gardens,
under the name of Flos Advnis.

(4) Ranunculus. Crowroor.
* Flowers white ; (aquatic plants).
R. hederaceus: plant floating or spreading on mud ; leaves
roundish, ivy-like, with 3-5 broad, shallow lobes ; flowers

very small, white ; carpels and receptacle glabrous.—Shallow
water and mud. Fl. July, August.

** Flowers yellow ; (terrestrial plants).
t+ Leaves simple or undivided.

R. Lingua: stem erect, hollow, 2-3 feet high; leaves long,
lanceolate, smooth, entire, or with only a few small teeth at
the edge; flowers in a loose panicle, large, the petals bright
shining yellow; carpels with a short, broad, flat beak.—Great
Spearwort.—Marshes and ditches. Fl. July.

R. Flammula: stems more or less reclining at the base,
1-14 foot high, with a few loose branches ; lowest leaves ovate,
the remainder lanceolate or linear, nearly entire; flowers yel-
low, on long peduncles, seldom more than half an inch in dia-
meter, often much smaller; carpels with a very short, usually
hooked beak.—Spearwort. Marshes and wet pastures. FI.
June to August.

Var. reptans: stems slender, creeping ; flowers much smaller.

tt Leaves deeply cut.

{ Carpels smooth, that is, having an even surface.
§ Leaves smooth, not hairy.

R. sceleratus : annual, erect, branched, about one foot high,

186 SUMMER FLOWERS.

glabrous, the stem hollow; lower leaves stalked, three-parted
with obtusely-lobed segments, the upper sessile, trifid with
narrow segments; flowers small, numerous, pale yellow ; car-
pels very small and numerous, in a dense oblong head.—Wet
places, sides of pools, ete. Fl. July to September.

§§ Leaves hairy.

R. acris: stems erect, six inches to 2-3 feet high, hairy ;
leaves stalked, palmately three-parted, the segments again cut
into three acutely-toothed lobes, those of the upper ones nar-
rower and fewer; flowers rather large, bright yellow, forming
large loose panicles, the calyx lobes spreading horizontally ;
carpels ovate, glabrous.—Buttercups.—Meadows and pastures.
Fl. June, July.

R. repens: distinguished by having creeping runners, and
spreading calyx-lobes; and

R. bulbosus: known by the bulbous base of its stem, and
by its reflexed calyx-lobes—both noticed at p. 43—are also
met with in flower during summer.

tt Carpels slightly tuberculate near the edge.

R. Philonotis (hirsutus) : annual, erect, much branched from
the base, 3-1 foot high, hairy; leaves ternate, with stalked
trifid leaflets ; flowers numerous, rather small, pale yellow, the
calyx-lobes reflexed ; carpels marked with minute tubercles
within the margin.—Moist fields and waste places. Fl. July
to October.

ttt Carpels covered with prickles.

R. arvensis: annual, erect, branching, nearly glabrous, pale
green, 4-14 feet high ; leaves once or twice deeply three-cleft,
with narrow segments; flowers small, pale yellow; carpels
few, rather large, much flattened, covered on both sides with

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 187

conical prickles.—Cornfields ; a troublesome weed. Fl. June.
[See also p. 43.]

(5) Trollius. Grose Frower.

T. europseus: stems erect, glabrous, 1-2 feet high, sim-
ple, or nearly so; root-leaves palmately divided into three or
five segments, which are lobed and cut, those of the stem few,
small, nearly sessile; flowers large, pale yellow, with ten to fif-
teen broad, concave, converging sepals, usually concealing the
petals, stamens, and carpels.—Moist mountain pastures. FI.
June, July.

(6) Aquilegia. CoLumBINeE.

A. vulgaris: stem 14-3 feet high, leafy ; radical leaves long-
stalked, twice ternate, with broad, three-lobed, crenate, glau-
cous-green segments ; flowers in a loose panicle, large, droop-
ing, blue or dull purple, the petals with incurved spurs.—
Coppices and open woods. Fl. June, July.

(7) Delphinium, Larkspur.

D. Consolida: annual, erect, about one foot high, branched,
nearly glabrous; leaves stalked, deeply divided into linear seg-
ments, the upper ones sessile ; flowers blue, sometimes reddish
or white, in loose racemes, the spur of the calyx as long as the
rest of the flower; petals two, their appendages united on the
under side into an inner spur; carpel solitary.—Cornfields.
Fl. June, July.

(8) Aconitum. Monx’s-Hoop.

A. Napellus: stem erect, 14-2 feet high ; leaves deeply 5-7-
cleft, with linear pointed segments, stalked, or the upper ones
nearly sessile, dark green; flowers, dense, racemose, large,

188 SUMMER FLOWERS.

dark blue, on erect stalks; spur of the small upper petals short,
conical, and more or less bent downwards; carpels three.—
Wolf’s-bane.—Moist pastures. Fl. June, July.

(9) Peonia. Pony.

P. corallina: stem 1-2 feet high ; leaves twice ternate, the
segments ovate, entire, or divided into two or three deep lobes ;
flowers deep red; carpels large, thick, downy, and when ripe,
more or less recurved.—Naturalized in the rocky clefts of the
Steep Holme Island, in the Severn. Fl. May, June.

(10) Nymphea. Warer Lity.

N. alba: leaves deeply cordate, glabrous, 6—8 inches in dia-
meter; flowers lying on the surface of the water, white, scent-
less, 3-4 inches in diameter.—Lakes and slow rivers. Fl.
July.

(11) Nuphar. Yeriow Water Lity.

WN. lutea: leaves oblong-cordate; flowers yellow, raised two
or three inches above the water, faintly scented, the concave
sepals assuming a somewhat globular form ; petals and stamens
very numerous, scarcely more than half the length of the se-
pals.—Rivers and pools. FI. July.

Var. pumila: plant smaller, flowers with a more indented
stigmatic disk.—Lakes of the north of Scotland.

(12) Papaver. Poppy.
* Leaves glaucous, toothed or slightly lobed.

P. somniferum: annual, erect, glabrous, or with a few
hairs on the peduncles, scarcely branched, two feet high or
more; leaves clasping the stem by their cordate base, oblong,
irregularly toothed, slightly sinuate or lobed; flowers large,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 189

usually bluish-white, with a purple base ; capsules large, glo-
bular, glabrous.—Opium Poppy.—Sandy wastes, especially
near the sea, and in the fens of the eastern counties. FI.

July.

** Leaves not glaucous, hairy, once or twice pinnate.
~ Capsule smooth.

P. Rhoeas: annual, erect, branched, 1-2 feet high, with
stiff spreading hairs; lower leaves stalked, once or twice pin-
nately divided, the lobes lanceolate, pointed, more or less cut ;
flowers large, rich scarlet, with a dark eye; capsule smooth,
globular or slightly top-shaped.—A cornfield weed. Fl. June,
July.

tt Capsule hairy.

P. hybridum : annual; stem ]—14 feet high, branched, leafy;
leaves bipinnatifid, with short segments, and few short hairs ;
flowers smaller, purplish red, with a dark spot in the centre ;
capsule nearly globular, covered with stiff, spreading bristles.
—Sandy or chalky fields; rare. Fl. July.

P. Argemone: annual; stems slender, 1-14 feet high, leafy,
branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, the segments few and narrow ;
flowers rather small, pale red, often with a dark spot; capsule
oblong, contracted at the base, 7.e. clavate, with a few stiff, erect
bristles.—Sandy cornfields. Fl. June, July. '

(13) Meconopsis.

M. cambrica: stems erect, one foot high; leaves long-
stalked, pale green, slightly hairy, pinnate, the segments ovate
or lanceolate, toothed or pinnately lobed ; flowers rather large,
pale yellow, on long stalks; capsules narrow ovate or oblong,
glabrous.—Welsh Poppy.—Rocky shady places; rare. FI.

June.

190 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(14) Chelidonium, CrLanpiNz.

C. majus: stems erect, slender, branching, 1-2 feet high,
full of a yellow fetid juice ; leaves thin, glaucous underneath,
once or twice pinnate, the segments ovate, coarsely toothed or
lobed; flowers small, yellow, in a loose umbel; pod nearly
cylindrical, glabrous, 13-2 inches long.— Roadsides and waste
places. Fl. June.

(15) Glaucium. Hornep Poppy.

G. luteum: annual or biennial; stem 1-3 feet high, with
hard spreading branches, everywhere glaucous ; leaves thick,
pinnately lobed or divided, the lobes ovate or lanceolate,
sinuate or lobed, rough with short thick hairs, the upper ones
shorter, less divided ; flowers large, yellow, the petals very
fugacious ;- pods 6-12 inches long, crowned by the spreading
lobes of the stigma.—Sandy sea-coasts. Fl. June to August.

(16) Helianthemum. Rocxcisr.

* Annual herb.

H. guttatum: annual, erect, hairy, often branched at the
base, 2-3 inches to one foot high; leaves narrow-oblong or
lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate and very obtuse, upper
ones more pointed ; racemes loose, with small flowers on slen-
der pedicels ; petals very fugacious, yellow, with a dark spot
at their base.— Warm sandy pastures. Fl. June, July.

** Dwarf undershrubs.

H. canum : stem decumbent, compact-growing ; leaves ovate

or oblong, small, white underneath or on both sides; racemes

numerous and short; flowers yellow, very small.—Limestone
rocks; rare. Fl. June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 191

H. vulgare: stems diffuse, much branched, with procum-
bent or ascending flowering branches, from a few inches to
nearly a foot long; leaves mostly oblong, but varying from
ovate to lanceolate, glabrous or slightly hairy, more or less
hoary beneath ; racemes loose ; petals broadly spreading, bright
yellow.—Rock Rose.—Dry hilly pastures. Fl. July, August.

Var. surrejanum: flowers much smaller; petals narrow,
deeply cut.—Supposed to have been originally found near
Croydon in Surrey.

(17) Reseda. Muicnonerre.

* Leaves undivided.

R. Luteola: annual or biennial; stems 1-2 feet high, erect,
glabrous; leaves linear or lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, slightly
waved on the edges; flowers yellowish green, in long, stiff
spikes ; sepals four; petals 4—5, very unequal, the one or two
lower ones entire, the upper ones divided into 2-5 lobes; cap-
sules nearly globular.—Weld or Dyer’s Rocket.— Waste places,
in chalky districts.—Fl. July, August.

** Leaves deeply cut.

R. lutea: stems one foot high, branched ; leaves variable,
but always deeply divided, mostly once or twice trifid, but
occasionally pinnatifid, with few oblong or linear segments,
much waved on the margins; flowers in long racemes ; sepals
usually six, sometimes only five; petals as many, of a greenish-
yellow, the lowest entire or two-cleft, the others irregularly
divided into two, three, or four lobes ; capsule oblong.— Waste
places, in limestone districts. FI. June to August.

(18) Matthiola, Srock.

M. incana: stem 1-2 feet high, crect, usually perennial,

192 SUMMER FLOWERS.

aud almost woody at the base, but not of long duration, with
hard, slightly-spreading branches; leaves oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, entire, soft and hoary on both sides; flowers purple or
reddish, rather large; pod 4—5 inches long, crowned by the
short stigmas.—Gilliflower.—Cliffs in the Isle of Wight. FI.
May, June.

M. sinuata: stem one foot high, with spreading branches,
perennial, but of short duration; leaves deeply sinuate, covered
over with short hoary down; flowers purple; pods compressed,
usually more or less covered with glandular protuberances.—
Sandy sea-shores of the south and west coasts. Fl. August.

(19) Hesperis. Rocker.

H. matronalis: stems 2-3 feet high, slightly branched;
leaves shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-3
inches long, the upper ones smaller; flowers lilac, usually
fragrant in the evening ; pods 2—4 inches long, nearly cylindri-
cal, much contracted between the seeds.—Dame’s Violet.—
Hilly pastures, rare. Fl. June.

(20) Krysimum. Treacre Mustarp.

E. cheiranthoides: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, stiff, erect,
slightly hoary with appressed hairs; leaves numerous, broadly
lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, tapering intc a stalk ;
flowers small, pale yellow; pods numerous, seldom an inch
long.— Waste and cultivated places. Fl. July.

(21) Sisymbrium.
* Leaves deeply pinnatifid.

S. officinale: annual; stems a foot high or more, erect,
more or less downy, with rigid spreading branches; leaves

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 193

deeply pinnatifid, with few lanceolate toothed lobes, the ter-
minal one 1—14 inch long, the others often directed backwards
towards the stem, upper leaves sometimes undivided and
hastate ; flowers very small, yellow; pods half an inch long,
tapering to the point, almost sessile, and closely pressed against
the axis in long, slender racemes, the midribs of the valves
prominent.— Hedge Mustard.—Waste places, by roadsides.
Fl. June, July.

S. Irio: annual; stem a foot high or more, erect, hard,
glabrous ; leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, the lobes or
segments lanceolate, more numerous and larger than in the
former ; flowers small, yellow; pods 14-2 inches long, form-
ing dense racemes.—London Rocket.—Waste places, chiefly
about London and other towns. Fl. July, August.

** Leaves 2-3 times pinnate.

S. Sophia: annual ; stem afoot high or more, erect, slender,
somewhat hoary with very short down; leaves divided into
numerous short linear segments; flowers small, yellow; pods
slender, glabrous, 3—1 inch long, forming loose erect racemes.
—Flixweed.—Waste places. Fl. July to September.

(22) Nasturtium. Warer-cress.

* Flowers white.

N. officinale: stem much branched, short and creeping, or
floating in shallow water; leaves pinnate, with distinct seg-
ments, the terminal one usually larger, ovate or orbicular ;
flowers small, white, in short racemes; pods 6-8 lines long,
on spreading pedicels, slightly curved upwards.—The com-
mon edible Water-cress.—Brooks and rivulets. Fl. all the
Summer.

194. SUMMER FLOWERS.

** Flowers yellow.
t Pods half an inch long or more.

N. sylvestre: stem creeping, the flowering branches erect
or ascending, a foot high or more; leaves deeply pinnatifid or
almost pinnate, the lower lobes distinct and narrow, the ter-
minal one often larger and broader; flowers small, yellow, the
petals twice as long as the calyx; pod slender.—River-banks
and wet places. Fl. June to September. |

tt Pods not exceeding a quarter of an inch in length.

N. palustre: stem creeping, but weaker and not so tall as
the last; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes broader and more
toothed ; flowers small, yellow, the petals seldom exceeding
the calyx ; pod about three lines long, slightly curved.— Muddy
and watery places. Tl. June to September.

N. amphibium: stem 2-3 feet, erect ; leaves narrow lan-
ceolate, 3-4 inches long, slightly toothed, more frequently
deeply toothed or lobed, sometimes divided to the midrib into
narrow segments ; flowers yellow, the petals longer than the
calyx: pod straight, elliptical, about two lines long.—Moist
meadows and watery places. Fl. June to August.

(23) Barbarea. WunTER-cREss.

B. stricta: biennial; stem 1—2 feet long; leaves lyrate, the
upper pair of lobes small, much narrower than the large
oblong-ovate terminal lobe, uppermost undivided, toothed ;
flowers small, yellow, the flowering raceme close ; pods straight,
adpressed.— Yellow Rocket.—Hedges. Fl. May to August.

B. preecox: biennial; stem 1-2 feet long, slender; leaves
lyrate, the upper pair of lobes as broad as the roundish sub-
cordate terminal lobe, uppermost pinnatifid, with linear-oblong

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 195

entire lobes; flowers small, yellow, the raceme close; pods
patent, straight.— Waste places. Fl. May to August. [See
also p. 45. ]

(24) Turritis, Tower Musrarp.

T. glabra: annual or biennial; stem two feet or more high,
erect, glabrous except a few hairs at the base, usually glau-
cous; leaves spreading, obovate-oblong, sinuate or pinnately
lobed, with a few forked hairs, the upper ones oblong-lanceo-
late, entire, clasping the stem by pointed auricles; flowers
small, white or straw colour ; pods long, narrow, erect, crowded
in a long narrow raceme.—Banks and roadsides. FI. June.

(25) Arabis. Rocx-cress.

* Stem-leaves undivided, rounded or auricled at the base.

A. hirsuta: annual or biennial; stem a foot high or more,
rather stiff, erect, usually simple, rough with short hairs;
leaves spreading, obovate or oblong, slightly toothed; stem-
leaves erect, oblong or lanceolate, all, or the upper ones, clasp-
ing by short auricles ; flowers small and white ; pods slender,
1-2 inches long, erect, crowded in a long raceme.—Walls,
banks, and rocks. Fl. May, June.

**® Stem-leaves narrowed at the base.

A. petreea: stems branched at the base, loosely tufted, al-
most creeping, but seldom above six inches long; lower leaves
obovate or oblong, stalked, mostly pinnately divided, with the
terminal lobe largest, some of them nearly entire, the upper
ones few, narrow, almost entire; flowers few, white or slightly
purplish ; pods spreading, rather more than half an inch long.
—Moist mountainous places. Fl. July. [See also p. 45.]

O 2

196 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(26) Cardamine. Birrer-cress.

C. impatiens: annual; stem 14 foot high, stiff, erect,
leafy, simple, or with a few erect branches; leaves pinnate,
with numerous lanceolate or almost ovate segments, often
deeply toothed ; petals very minute, sometimes wanting; pods
numerous, about an inch long, the valves rolling back at ma-
turity with much elasticity.—Moist rocks and shady waste
places. Fl. May, June. [See also p. 45.]

(27) Brassica.
* Valves of the pod three-ribbed.

B. monensis: biennial, or short-lived perennial; stem pros-
trate, glabrous, sometimes barely six inches high, the leaves
mostly radical; leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, the lobes oblong
with a few coarse teeth, upper ones more deeply divided, with
narrower segments; flowers rather large, pale yellow; pods
spreading 11-2 inches long, terminating in a thick beak, which
is from 1—! of the whole length, and contains 1-3 seeds.—
Sandy western coasts. Fi. June to August.

Var. Cheiranthus : more luxuriant, the stem 1-3 feet high,
erect, leafy, hairy at the base.—South Wales and the Channel
Islands.

** Valves of the pod one-ribbed.
+ Upper leaves stem-clasping, not auricled.

B. oleracea: stock thick, almost woody, of 2-3 years’ dura-
tion, branching into erect stems 1—2 feet high; leaves smooth,
glaucous, the lower ones stalked, broad, sinuate, or lobed at
the base, the upper oblong, clasping the stem by their broad
base, but not auricled; flowers rather large, pale yellow; pod
spreading, 14 inches or more in length.— Maritime cliffs, pro-
bably escaped from cultivation. Fl. June to August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 197

The cultivated forms of this species include the garden Cad-
bage, Cauliflower, Kale, etc.

tt Upper leaves stem-claspiny, with auricles.

B. campestris: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, erect, simple,
or scarcely branched ; leaves green, slightly glaucous, pinnately
divided, with a large terminal lobe, rough with stiff hairs, which
are rarely wanting, upper ones narrow-oblong or lanceolate,
stem-clasping, with rounded projecting auricles; flowers bright
yellow; pods resembling those of the last.—Borders of fields and
waste places, a frequent weed of cultivation. Fl. June, July.

The cultivated varieties include the Turnip (B. Napus), the
Rape-seed or Colza (B. Rapa), ete.

(28) Sinapis. Musrarp.
* Pods spreading from the axis of the inflorescence.

S. alba: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous or with spread-
ing hairs ; leaves lyrate, z.e. pinnately lobed or divided, the ter-
minal one largest, the lobes ovate or oblong, coarsely toothed ;
flowers rather large, yellow; pods spreading, knotty, hispid
with stiff hairs, shorter than the sword-shaped beak.—Waste
and cultivated places; often cultivated for salad. Fl. June.

S. arvensis: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, with a few spread-
ing hairs ; leaves rough, the lower ones with one large terminal
oval-oblong, coarsely-toothed segment, and a few smaller ones,
the upper often undivided ; flowers yellow, rather large ; pods
spreading, about a third occupied by a stout awl-shaped beak,
the valves glabrous, or rough with reflexed hairs.—Charlock.
—A common weed of cultivation. Fl. June, July.

** Pods erect, appressed to the axis of inflorescence.

S. nigra: annual, less hairy than the preceding; stem two
feet high; leaves deeply divided, with one large terminal ovate

198 SUMMER FLOWERS.

or oblong lobe and a few small lateral ones, the upper often
small and entire ; flowers small, yellow; pods closely pressed
against the axis of the long slender racemes, glabrous, with a
small beak.— Waste and cultivated places. Fl. June, July.

(29) Diplotaxis.

D. tenuifolia : stems 1-2 feet high, glabrous and somewhat
glaucous, emitting a disagreeable smell when rubbed; leaves
irregularly pinnate, with few lanceolate or oblong, entire or
coarsely-toothed segments, the upper ones often entire or nearly
so; flowers large,lemon-coloured ; pods in a loose raceme, about
14 inch long, spreading, with numerous small seeds distinctly
arranged in two rows.—Old walls, ruins, and waste places. FI.
June to October.

D. muralis: annual; stem branching from the base, usually
about six inches high; leaves mostly radical, or crowded at the
base, ovate-lanceolate, sinuately toothed, sometimes pinnatifid ;
flowers much smaller than the last, the pods and seeds similar,
but also smaller.—Fields and waste places in the south, near
the sea. Fl. all summer.

(30) Raphanus. Rapisu.

R. Raphanistrum: annual; stem erect or spreading, 1-2
feet high, much branched, with a few stiff hairs at the base;
leaves pinnately divided or lobed, the terminal segment large,
obovate or oblong, rough with short hairs, the upper ones
narrow and entire; flowers white with coloured veins, or lilac ;
pods beaded, often separating in joints between the seeds,
shorter than the very long beak.—Jointed Charlock, a weed of
cultivation. Fl. June, July.

Var. maritimus : biennial; leaves more divided, with over-
lapping lobes; flowers yellow; pods longer in proportion to
the beak.—Sea-coasts, rare.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 199

(81) Cakile. Sea Rocxzr.

C. maritima: stems hard at the base, with loose, straggling,
glabrous branches, a foot long or more; leaves few, thick,
fleshy, with few distant oblong or linear lobes; flowers pur-
plish, not unlike those of a Stock ; pods on short thick pedi-
cels, distant, in long racemes, when young linear or lanceo-
late entire, when ripe separating transversely into two joints,
the upper one mitre-shaped, the lower one persistent, not un-
like the head of a pike, divided into two points, and contain-
ing a pendulous ovule, which seldom enlarges into a seed.-—
Sandy sea-coasts. Fl. June to September.

(82) Crambe, Sera Kate.

C. maritima: stems two feet high, branched ; leaves stalked,
large, thick, smooth, glaucous, roundish, waved, coarsely-
toothed, the upper ones few and smaller; panicle large, much
branched, the flowers white ; pod 3-4 lines broad, the abortive
joint short, within the calyx.—Sandy sea-coasts. Fl. June.

(33) Senebiera.

S. Coronopus: annual; stems at first forming a close tuft,
afterwards spreading ; leaves once or twice pinnately divided,
the segments linear or wedge-shaped, entire or toothed ; ra-
cemes forming close sessile heads, lengthening as the fruit
ripens to 1-2 inches; flowers inconspicuous; pod small,
marked with deep wrinkles, which form a kind of crest round
the edge.—A common weed. Fl. June to September.

(34) Isatis. Woap.

I. tinctoria: stem 14~3 feet high, branched in the upper
part, glabrous; leaves obovate or oblong, 2-4 inches long,

200 SUMMER FLOWERS.

coarsely toothed and stalked, the upper ones lanceolate, with
prominent auricles; flowers small, yellow; pods hanging from
slender pedicels, about 7-8 lines long and 2—21 broad, obovate
or oblong, tapering to the base.—Cultivated fields, but scarcely
naturalized. Fl. July.

(35) Iberis. Canpyrurt.

I. amara: annual; stem erect, 1-1 foot high, with a few
erect branches, forming a terminal flat corymb; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, with a few coarse teeth ; flowers white ; pod nearly
orbicular, the long style projecting from the notch at the top.
—Chalky cornfields. Fl. July.

(36) Lepidium. Cress.
* Pods winged at top.

L. campestre: annual; stem about a foot high, hoary with
minute hairs, erect or nearly so, branched in the upper part;
leaves stalked, oblong, entire or pinnatifid, with a large ter- —
minal lobe, the upper ones oblong or lanceolate, clasping the
stem with short pointed auricles; flowers very small, white;
pods numerous, on spreading pedicels, broadly ovate, nearly
surrounded by the wing, slightly notched at the top, with a
short, often very minute style-—Mithridate Pepperwort.—
Cultivated and waste places. Fl. July.

L. Smithii is very near this, but more or less perennial,
the stems shorter and decumbent at the base; the foliage
more hairy, the flowers not quite so small, and the style pro-
minent.

** Pods not winged.

L. latifolium: stems stout, erect, two feet or more in height,
glabrous, much branched in the upper part; leaves large, ovate,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 201

toothed, on long stalks, those of the stem oblong or broadly
lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, the upper sessile, tapering at the
base; flowers small, white; pods with the valves scarcely
keeled, the style almost imperceptible.—Salt-marshes. Fi.
July.

(37) Capsella,

C. Bursa-pastoris: annual; root-leaves spreading, pinna-
tifid; stem 1-1 foot high, rather rough, with a few oblong or
lanceolate, entire or toothed, clasping leaves, having projecting
auricles; pods in a long, loose raceme, triangular, truncate at
the top, with the angles slightly rounded.—Shepherd’s Purse.
—A common weed. FI. nearly all the year.

(38) Cochlearia. Scurvy Grass.

C. officinalis: annual or biennial; stems seldom above six
inches long, diffuse, glabrous, and somewhat fleshy; leaves
stalked, orbicular or reniform, the upper ones ovate or oblong,
sinuate, sessile; flowers white, in short racemes, the petals
obovate, spreading ;- pods globular or obovate.—Muddy or
sandy soils on the sea-coasts. Fl. June to August.

Var. danica: leaves stalked, the lower cordate, lobed, the
upper 3-5-lobed, subdeltoid ; pods ovate.—Sea-coast.

Var. anglica: leaves ovate-oblong, entire, the upper oblong
often toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; pods ovate-oblong.—Sea-
coast.

(39) Armoracia. Horst-rapisH.

A. rusticana: stems 2-3 feet high, erect; leaves on long
stalks, 4-1 foot long, and 4-6 inches broad, sinuate and
toothed at the edges, glabrous but rough, the lower stem-
leaves often deeply toothed, almost pinnatifid ; flowers small,
white, in numerous racemes, forming a terminal panicle;

202 SUMMER FLOWERS.

pods ovoid or elliptical Waste places, naturalized near the
sea. Fl. May, June. The thick roots are eaten as a condi-
ment with meat.

(40) Camelina. Gop or PLEasuRe.

C. sativa: annual; stem simple or slightly branched, 1-2
feet high; lowest leaves stalked, lanceolate, entire, 1-2 inches
long, the upper ones sessile, clasping the stem with pointed
auricles; pods obovate, in a long, loose raceme.—Corn and
flax fields. FI. June.

(41) Fumaria. Fumirory.
F. officinalis: annual, tufted or diffuse, —1 foot high;

2
leaves much divided into numerous flat segments, generally
three-lobed, the lobes broadly lanceolate or oblong ; flowers in
racemes of 1-2 inches long, at first dense, often lengthening
out, red, the sepals ovate-lanceolate, narrower than the corolla
tube; nuts rugose, retusely globose.—Cultivated ground. FI.
May to September. ‘The two following plants are often sepa-
rated as species :—

Var. micrantha: leaf-segments usually small; flowers pale
red, smaller and in closer racemes, the sepals remarkably
large, broader than the corolla tube.—Fields.

Var. parviflora : leaf-segments narrow ; flowers small, white
or rarely red, the sepals very small, sometimes quite minute.
—Fields. .

F. capreolata: annual, climbing or diffuse ; stems two feet
or more high; leaves cut into numerous divisions, with
broadish flat lobes ; flowers white or pale red, the sepals
ovate toothed, as broad as the corolla tube; nuts nearly orbi-
cular.—Walls and Hedges. Fl. June to September.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 203

(42) Corydalis.

C. lutea: stems 6-8 inches high; leaves pale green, much
divided, the segments ovate or wedge-shaped, cut into two or
three lobes; flowers in short racemes, pale yellow, with a short
broad spur; pod three or four lines long. —Naturalized on old
walls, rare. Fl. May to August.

C. claviculata: annual; stems slender, intricate, 1-2 feet
long, climbing by means of the leaf-stalks, which usually ter-
minate in delicate tendrils; leaf-segments small, ovate or ob-
long, and often toothed or cut; racemes short, compact ;
flowers small, white, with a slight yellow tinge, and a very

short spur; pod two or three lines long.—Bushy shady places.
Fl. June, July.

(43) Frankenia.

F. levis: diffuse, much branched, spreading 6-8 inches,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves crowded in little opposite clus-
ters along the branches, small, rather thick, and appearing linear
from their edges being closely rolled down; flowers few, ses-
sile among the upper leaves, forming little terminal leafy heads
or short spikes, the petals small, pink.—Sea Heath.—Mari-
time sands and salt-marshes. Fl. July.

(44) Tamarix. Tamarisk.

T. anglica: shrub, 3-6 feet high, with slender erect branches ;
leaves crowded, scale-like; flowers pink or whitish, small,
crowded in spikes 4-14 inch long, often forming branched
terminal panicles.—South-west coast. Fl. July.

(45) Dianthus. Pink.

* Flowers clustered, the scales as long as the calyx.

D. prolifer: annual; stems 4-1 foot high, stiff, erect, wiry,

204 SUMMER FLOWERS.

glabrous, simple or nearly so; leaves few, narrow, erect
flowers small, in compact ovoid, terminal heads. Gravelly
pastures. Fl. July.

D. Armeria: annual; stems about one foot high, erect,
slightly branched, downy ; leaves herbaceous, 1-3 inches long,
obtuse, or the upper ones pointed ; flowers small and scentless,
in terminal clusters, pink with white dots, the petals crenate on
the edge.—Gravelly pastures, rare. Fl. July, August.

** Flowers few, distinct, the scales much shorter than the calyx.

D. deltoides: diffuse, leafy, tufted, the flowering stems
ascending, 4-1 foot long, usually forked above the middle;
leaves seldom half an inch long, green, glabrous, obtuse, or
the upper ones scarcely pointed; flowers scentless, pink or
spotted with white, solitary or two together, on short pedun-
cles; calyx-scales half the length of the tube—Banks and
open pastures. Fl. July to October.

D. plumarius: tufted; leaves linear-subulate, glaucous,
crowded together on radical shoots ; stem 4-1 foot high, 2—5-
flowered, the flowers solitary, pale pink, rarely white, fragrant,
the petals deeply digitate-multifid ; calyx-scales four times
shorter than the tube.—stablished here and there on old
walls and ruins. Fl. June.

The Cheddar Pink (D. cesius) and the Clove Pink (D. Ca-
ryophyllus), the first smaller, the second larger than D. plu-
marius, occur sometimes in similar situations.

(46) Silene. Carcurty.
* Leaves smooth.

S. acaulis: dense moss-like tufts, often many inches in dia-
meter, much branched, the very short branches crowned by
dense spreading clusters of short, linear, glabrous leaves;

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 205

flowers numerous, sessile or on one-flowered peduncles, which
seldom attain an inch in length, reddish-purple, the petals
obovate, slightly notched, with a small scale at the base.—
Moss Campion.—High mountains. Fl. July, August.

S. inflata: stems 1-1 foot long, loosely branched, ascending,
glaucous green; leaves ovate-oblong, pointed; flowers few,
white, erect or slightly drooping, in loose terminal panicles ;
calyx at length almost globular, inflated, and much veined ;
petals two-cleft.—Banks and roadsides. Fl. July.

Var. maritima: stems short, diffuse; leaves lanceolate ;
flowers almost solitary, the petals two-cleft, with a scale at the
base.—Sea-shores.

** Leaves downy or hairy.

S. anglica: annual; stems 1—1 foot high, hairy, slightly
viscid, much branched, erect or decumbent at the base; leaves
small, obovate, the upper ones narrow and pointed; flowers
small, pale red or whitish, nearly sessile, generally all turned
to one side, forming a simple or forked terminal spike, with
a linear bract at the base of each; calyx very hairy, becoming
ovoid.—-Gravelly fields and waste places. Fl. June, July.

S. noctiflora: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, coarse, erect,
hairy, viscid, simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, shortly stalked, the upper ones narrow and sessile;
flowers largish, pale pink or nearly white, opening at night,
2-3, or sometimes several together, in a loose, terminal, di-
chotomous panicle.—Gravelly fields. Fl. July.

(47) Lychnis.

* Calyx-lobes shorter than the petals.

od

L. vespertina: biennial; stem 1-2 feet high, coarse, hairy,

206 - SUMMER FLOWERS.

more or less viscid, loosely branched; leaves oval-oblong,
usually pointed, the lower ones stalked ; flowers few, opening
in the evening, and then slightly scented, in loose panicles,
rather large, white, or rarely pale pink, usually dicecious;
calyx softly hairy.—Hedges, fields, and waste places. FI.
June to September. |

** Calyx-lobes much longer than the petals.

L. Githago: annual; stem 2-3 feet high, erect, simple or
slightly branched, clothed with long, whitish, appressed hairs ;
leaves long, narrow; flowers on long leafless peduncles, rather
large, red, inodorous, remarkable for the long green linear
lobes of the calyx, the petals broad, undivided, and without
any scales at the base.—Corn Cockle.—Cornfields. Fl. June,
July. [See also p. 48.]

(48) Sagina, Pxrariworr.

S. nodosa: tufted, often flowering the first year; stems
numerous, decumbent, or nearly erect, 2-4 inches high, spa-
ringly branched; leaves small, subulate, those of the stem
much shorter, with little clusters of minute ones in their axils ;
flowers pedicellate, few on each stem, conspicuous, the white
obovate petals being twice as long as the calyx; sepals obtuse ;
the parts of the flower usually in fives, with ten stamens.—
Wet sandy places. Fl. July, August.

(49) Alsine.

A. tenuifolia: annual; stem 3-4 inches high, slender, erect,
much branched, dichotomous, with the small white flowers in
the forks, glabrous or minutely downy; leaves subulate;
sepals narrow ; petals obovate or oblong, shorter than the calyx.
—Dry sandy fields. Fl. June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 207

(50) Arenaria. Sanpworrt.
* Leaves fleshy ; capsule three to five-valved.

A.peploides: stems short, procumbent, usually forked from
a creeping root-stock; leaves numerous, somewhat fleshy,
ovate or elliptical, half an inch long, the upper smaller and
broader; flowers few, white, in small, leafy, terminal cymes,
more or less unisexual ; petals scarcely longer than the sepals ;
capsule nearly globular, opening in three (sometimes 4-5)
broad valves.—Sea Pimpernel, Sea Purslane, or Sea Chick-
weed.—Maritime sands. Fl. June, July.

** Leaves thin; capsules six to ten-valved.

A. serpyllifolia : annual; stems dichotomous, much branch-
ed, slender, slightly downy, seldom attaining six inches; high
leaves small, ovate, pointed; flowers from the upper axils or
forks, on long slender pedicels; petals usually much shorter
than the sepals, obovate; capsule opening in six narrow valves.
—Walls and dry sands. Fl. July. [See also p. 48.]

(51) Stellaria, ~Srarwort.

S. graminea: stems diffuse or nearly erect, often 1-2 feet
long, glabrous, slender, quadrangular ; leaves sessile, linear-
lanceolate, pointed ; flowers small, white, in long loose pani-
cles, which often become lateral as the flowering advances ;
sepals three-ribbed; petals narrow, deeply cleft, seldom ex-
ceeding the calyx.—Lesser Stitchwort.— Meadows and bushy
pastures. fl. June to August.

S. glauca: stems about one foot high, erect, weak, angular,
smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, glaucous,
sessile; flowers solitary or in a few-flowered lax corymb,
white; sepals three-ribbed; petals deeply cleft.—Marshy
places. FI. June, July. [See also p. 49.]

208 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(52) Malachium.

M. aquaticum: stems weak, often a foot or more in length ;
lower leaves small, cordate-ovate, acuminate, stalked, the
upper ones sessile or stem-clasping, 1-2 inches long; flowers
white, in the forks of leafy cymes, the pedicels turned down
after flowering ; styles usually five; petals narrow, deeply
cleft, about one-half longer than the calyx.—Wet places,
along ditches and streams. Fl. June.

(53) Spergula. Spurry.

S. arvensis: annual; stems $-1 foot high, slender, branch-
ing at the base, erect or ascending, glabrous or slightly
downy ; leaves almost subulate, 1-2 inches long, 6-8 together
in two opposite clusters, and spreading so as to appear
whorled ; flowers small, white, on long slender pedicels, turned
down after flowering, in terminal, forked cymes; stamens
frequently ten or five in different flowers of the same plant;
seeds slightly flattened, with or without a narrow scarious
border.—Cornfields. Fl. June to August.

(54) Spergularia. Sanp-spurry.

S. rubra: annual or biennial; stems numerous, branching
from the base, forming spreading or prostrate tufts, 3-4-6
inches long, glabrous ; leaves narrow-linear, the scarious
stipules at the base conspicuous ; flowers usually pink, rarely
nearly white, on short pedicels, in forked cymes, usually leafy
at the base; petals shorter, or rarely rather longer than the
sepals; seeds more or less flattened, roughish, often sur-
rounded by a narrow, scarious wing or border.—Sandy or
gravelly waste places, chiefly maritime. Fl. July, August.

Var. marina: leaves thicker, somewhat fleshy; flowers

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. ia 209

larger; the sepals 2-3 lines long; seeds usually bordered,
smooth. —Sea-coast.

(55) Polycarpon.

P. tetraphyllum: annual; stems glabrous, much branched,
3-4 inches long, spreading or prostrate; leaves obovate or
oblong, really opposite but placed two pairs so close together
as to assume the appearance of a whorl of four; flowers very
small and numerous, in loose, terminal cymes, the sepals
barely a line long; petals much shorter.—South-west coasts.
Fl. June, July.

(56) Corrigiola.

C. littoralis: annual; stems short, procumbent or ascend-
ing, slender, smooth; leaves linear or oblong, obtuse, tapered
at the base; flowers small, white, crowded in little cymose
heads at the ends of the branches.—Coasts of Devon and
Cornwall. Fl. July, August. 3

(57) Illecebrum.

I. verticillatum: annual; stems prostrate, glabrous, much
branched, the branches 1-3 inches high, ascending ; leaves
small, opposite, obovate or roundish; flowers white, in whorls
in the leaf-axils—Sandy marshes in Devon and Cornwall.

Fl. July.

(58) Elatine.

E. hexandra: annual; forming small, matted, creeping
tufts, often under water, the stems 4-2 inches long; leaves
small, obovate or oblong, tapering at the base; flowers glo-
bular, with three rose-coloured petals scarcely longer than the

P

210 SUMMER FLOWERS.

calyx; seeds numerous, appearing beautifully ribbed and trans-
versely striated under the microscope.— Water Pepper.—Mar-
gins of pools under water. Fl. July, August.

E. Hydropiper: annual; differs from the last in having ses-
sile flowers, with four sepals, petals, and styles, and eight sta-
mens, a more deeply divided calyx, and fewer and larger seeds.
— Margins of pools and in water. Fl. July, August.

(59) Linum, Fuax.

* Leaves scattered ; flowers blue.

L. usitatissimum: annual; stems 1-2 feet high, erect, gla-
brous, usually branched only at the top; leaves alternate,
erect, narrow-lanceolate, pointed, entire; flowers rich blue, na
loose terminal corymb ; sepals pointed ; petals obovate ; capsule
globular or slightly depressed.—Linseed.—A weed of cultiva-.
tion. Fl. July.

Ls. perenne: stem 1-2 feet long, erect or decumbent; very
variable, sometimes resembling the last, but the stems usually
more slender, the leaves smaller and narrower, and the sepals
obtuse.—Dry limestone pastures. Fl. June, July.

L. angustifolium: stem 1-2 feet high, branching irregu-
larly, decumbent; leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate; flowers
smaller than the preceding, pale blue, the sepals pointed.—
Limestone pastures and wastes. Fl. July. |

** Leaves opposite; flowers white.

LL, catharticum: annua’; stems 3-8 inches high, slender,
erect, or slightly decumbent, glabrous; leaves small, opposite,
obovate or oblong; flowers very small, pure white, on long
slender pedicels—Meadows and pastures. Fl. June to Au-
gust.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 211

(60) Radiola. ALusrxp.

R. Millegrana: annual; minute, erect, with numerous re-
peatedly-forked branches, forming dense corymbose tufts, 1-2
inches high ; leaves small, opposite; flowers minute, globular,
white; calyx-teeth 8-12; petals about the length of the calyx.
—Sandy heaths and waste places. Fl. July, August.

(61) Geranium. Cranz’s-BILL.

* Perennials with large flowers.

G. sanguineum: stems numerous, a foot long, decumbent,
rarely erect, with spreading hairs, leafy; leaves nearly or-
bicular, divided to the base in 5-7 segments, which are again
cut into 3-5 narrow lobes ; flowers large, dark purple, growing
singly on long, slender peduncles; petals slightly notched,
spreading.—Dry woods and pastures. Fl. June to September.

G. sylvaticum: stems 1-2 feet high or more, erect ; leaves
long-stalked, palmately divided almost to the base into 5-7
pointed lobes more or less cut and serrated ; stem-leaves few ;
flowers in a rather dense, corymbose panicle, purplish; pe-
duncles two-flowered ; pedicels erect; petals ohovate, slightly
notched, scarcely twice as long as the calyx.—Moist thickets
and mountain pastures. Fl. June, July.

G. pratense: this resembles the last, but differs chiefly in
its more cut leaves, and larger bluish-purple flowers loosely
panicled on longer peduncles, the pedicels always more or less
spreading or reflexed after flowering.—-Meadows and thickets.
Fl. June, July.

** Annuals, with small flowers.
+ Petals entire.

G. Robertianum: annual; stems 4-1 foot high, erect or
P 2

212 SUMMER FLOWERS.

spreading, much branched, generally bearing a few soft hairs,
often bright red, smelling disagreeably when rubbed ; leaves
divided into 3 pinnate or twice-pinnate segments; flowers
rather small, with hairy long pointed sepals ; petals obovate,
entire, reddish-purple, rarely white, with glabrous erect claws ;
carpels glabrous, with a few transverse wrinkles.—Herb Ro-
bert.— Waste places, woods, etc. Fl. May to October.

G. lucidum: annual; stems #-1 foot high, often turning
red, glabrous, shining; leaves orbicular, palmately lobed, with
broad segments usually obtuse, or rarely slightly pointed ;
flowers as in the last, but smaller; calyx pyramidal, the edges
of the erect sepals forming very projecting angles.— Waste
places, old walls, etc. Fl. May to August.

++ Petals notched.

G. pusillum: annual; stems prostrate, downy ; leaves reni-
form, palmate, with 5-7 trifid lobes; flowers small, bluish
purple, on two-flowered peduncles; petals but slightly notched ;
carpels not wrinkled, but hairy; seeds smooth.—Waste and
cultivated places. Fl. June to August.

G. dissectum: annual; stems diffuse, hairy, branched;
leaves downy, deeply divided into 5-9 narrow segments, which
are again deeply trifid or lobed; peduncles very short, bearing
two small purple flowers, the petals slightly notched; carpels
hairy, without wrinkles ; seeds beautifully and minutely reti-
culated or dotted.—Dry pastures and cultivated places. FI.
June to August.

G. columbinum : annual; stems slender, decumbent, slightly
hairy; leaves deeply divided into 5-9 narrow deeply-lacini-
ated segments, the alternate lobes mostly linear; peduncles
and pedicels long and slender; flowers small, rose-coloured,
the petals notched ; carpels slightly hairy, or glabrous, not
wrinkled ; seeds dotted.—Dry pastures. Fl. June, July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 213

(62) Erodium.

E. cicutarium: annual; forming a dense hairy tuft, the
stems short, or sometimes }—1 foot long; leaves mostly radical,
on long stalks, pinnate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, with
narrow more or Jess cut lobes; peduncles erect, bearing an
umbel of 10-12 small purple or pink flowers; carpels slightly
hairy.— Waste and cultivated lands. Fl. June to September.

E. moschatum is a larger and coarser plant, with a strong
smell of musk; it has ovate leaflets, and umbels of numerous
bluish-purple flowers, and is found in sandy, waste places,
especially near the sea.

H. maritimum is distinguished by having simple, toothed, -
not pinnate leaves, and 1-2-flowered peduncles ; the flowers
reddish-purple ; it grows in maritime sands.

(63) Hypericum. Sr. Jonn’s-worr.

* Stamens pentadelphous, i.e. in five groups or clusters.

H. Androseemum : undershrub ; stems numerous, erect, 1 4—
2 feet high, simple or slightly branched ; leaves sessile, ovate,
obtuse, cordate at the base, glabrous, with minute pellucid
dots ; flowers few, in small corymbs, yellow, the petals scarcely
longer than the sepals; stamens numerous, connected at the
very base into five clusters; styles three; capsule globular,
slightly succulent before it is ripe.—Tutsan.—Open woods.
Fl. July, August.

** Stamens triadelphous, i.e. in three groups or clusters.
+ Stems erect.
t Sepals entire.

H. perforatum: stems 1-14 feet high, branching above,
cylindrical or with two slightly prominent opposite angles,

214 SUMMER FLOWERS.

glabrous; leaves sessile, oblong, marked with pellucid dots,
and occasionally a few black ones beneath; flowers bright
yellow, in a handsome terminal corymb; sepals with a few
glandular lines or dots; petals twice as long, marked with
black dots ; stamens shortly united ; styles 3— Woods, hedges, -
and thickets. Fl. July and August.

H. quadrangulum: stem 1-2 feet high, with four promi-
nent angles; leaves ovate, clasping the stem at the base, with
numerous pellucid dots, and a few black ones round the mar-
gin beneath; flowers pale yellow; sepals lanceolate, pointed ;
petals with or without a few black dots——Moist pastures. FI.
July, August.

tt Sepals fringed.

H. pulchrum: stems 1-2 feet high, with short lateral
branches, glabrous ; leaves broadly cordate, clasping, those of
the branches smaller, much narrower, all marked with pellucid
dots; flowers in an oblong or pyramidal panicle, golden
yellow ; sepals broad, obtuse, fringed at the top with black,
glandular teeth. Dry woods, heaths, and wastes. Fl. July.

H. hirsutum: stem 14-2 feet high, nearly simple, downy
or hairy; leaves oblong or elliptical, narrowed into a short
stalk, hairy underneath on the veins, marked with numerous
pellucid dots; flowers in an oblong or pyramidal panicle, pale
yellow, the sepals narrow, fringed with rather long glandular
teeth.— Woods and thickets. FI. July, August.

+t Stems prostrate.

H. humifusum: stems decumbent, much branched, almost
trailing, 2-6 inches long, sometimes forming dense spreading
tufts; leaves oval-oblong, obtuse; flowers few, small, pale
yellow, in short, loose, leafy cymes, the sepals oblong, un-

~

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 215

equal, entire or with a few glandular teeth, generally bordered
by black dots; petals with few black dots.—Stony heaths,
pastures, and bogs. FI. July.

H. Elodes: stems diffuse, 6-12 inches long, covered with
loose, woolly, whitish hairs; leaves orbicular, stem-clasping,
woolly; flowers pale yellow, few together in a leafless cyme,
at first terminal, but becoming lateral; sepals small, ovate,
copiously fringed with glandular teeth ; petals with a small
fringed appendage at their base.—Spongy and watery bogs. FL.
July, August.

(64) Malva. Matiow.
* Stems decumbent or spreading at the base.

M. rotundifolia: annual; stems procumbent, $-1 foot long,
tough, slightly downy; leaves long-stalked, orbicular, cordate
at the base, with 5-7 short and broad crenate lobes ; flowers
clustered in the axils, small, pale purplish ; carpels about fifteen,
downy, rounded on the back,—Roadsides and waste places.
Fl. June to September.

** Stems erect or ascending.

M. sylvestris: biennial; stems 1-3 feet high; leaves long-
stalked, orbicular, slightly cordate at the base, with 5-7 broad,
short, deep lobes; flowers in axillary clusters, reddish purple ;
carpels about ten, flat on the back, with angular edges.—
Waste places, roadsides, etc. Fl. June to September.

M. moschata: stems erect, simple, or slightly branched,
14 foot high; radical leaves orbicular, with short, broad lobes,
those of the stem deeply divided into linear or wedge-shaped
segments, which are again pinnatifid or three-lobed; flowers
large, rose-coloured, rarely white, crowded at the summits of
the branches; carpels rounded on the back, very hairy.—
Hedge-banks and gravelly pastures. Fl. July, August.

216 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(65) Althea.

A. officinalis: stems erect, branched, 2-3 feet high, covered,
as well as the foliage, with soft, velvety down; leaves stalked,
broadly ovate, undivided or three-lobed; flowers pale rose-
colour, on short pedicels in the upper axils, or forming almost
leafless terminal spikes; carpels rounded on the back.—Marsh
Mallow.—Marshes, especially near the sea. Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

(66) Lavatera. ,

L. arborea: undershrub; stem woody at the base, 1-5 feet
high; leaves long-stalked, broadly orbicular, palmately divided
into 5-9 broad, short, crenate lobes, softly downy on both
sides; flowers numerous, pale purple-red, collected ito clus-
ters, forming a long terminal raceme or narrow panicle.—
Maritime rocks, rare. Fl. July to September.

(67) Tilia. Live Tree.

T. europeea: tree; leaves stalked, broadly heart-shaped or
nearly orbicular, often oblique, pointed, serrate on the edge,
glabrous above, downy underneath, especially in the angles of
the principal veins; peduncles hanging amongst the leaves,
bordered or winged half-way up by the long, narrow, leaf-
like bract ; flowers sweet-scented, of a pale whitish-green.—
Linden.— Woods, much planted. Fl. July.

(68) Impatiens.

I. Noli-me-tangere: annual; stems 1-2 feet high, erect,
glabrous, branching, rather succulent, and swollen at the
nodes ; leaves stalked, ovate, pointed, toothed, pale green,
flaccid ; peduncles axillary, slender, bearing one or two per- .

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 217

fect flowers, which are large and showy, yellow, spotted with
orange; pods chiefly produced by minute, imperfect flowers,
of which there are several with the perfect ones.—Touch-
me-not.—Moist woods and shady places. Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

I. fulva: annual; closely resembling the last, but the flowers
are deeper orange-colour, spotted with reddish-brown, and the
spur is very closely bent back upon the calyx.—On the Wey,
and some other streams in Surrey. Fl. July, August.

[Huonymus and Rhamnus, late spring or early summer-
flowering genera described at p. 90, will be found included
in the summary at p. 55.|

(69) Ononis..

O. arvensis: undershrub, low, spreading, much branched,
sometimes nearly erect, one foot high or more, with soft spread-
ing hairs, glutinous; leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets obovate
or oblong ; flowers stalked, solitary, pink, the standard streaked
with deeper pink.—Barren pastures. Il. June to September.

Var. campestris or antiquorum: glabrous, more erect, and
usually thorny.—Barren pastures.

(70) Anthyllis, Kripnzy Vercu.

A. Vulneraria: stems spreading or ascending, 4-1 foot
long, clothed with short, silky hairs; leaves pinnate; leaflets
narrow and entire; flower-heads usually in pairs at the ends
of the branches, each surrounded by a digitate, leafy bract ;
flowers numerous, closely sessile, varying from pale or bright
yellow to deep red.—Lady’s Fingers.—Dry pastures and stony
places. Fl. June to August.

218 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(71) Medicago. Mepicx.
* Flowers purple.
M. sativa: stem erect, 1-14 foot high; leaves trifoliolate ;
leaflets obovate-oblong, dentate above; flowers almost always
violet or blue; pod spirally twisted so as to form 2-3 complete

rings or coils.—Lucerne.— Borders of fields, scarcely natura-
lized. Fl. June, July.

** Flowers yellow.

M. lupulina: annual; stems 1-2 feet long, branching at
the base, spreading, hairy; stipules broad, shortly toothed ;
leaflets obovate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, bearing a
compact raceme or oblong head of very small bright yellow
flowers; pods small, black when ripe, curved almost into a
complete spire, containing a single seed.—Nonsuch.— Pastures
and waste places; cultivated. Fl. May to August.

M. maculata: annual; stems 3-1 foot long, spreading,
branched at the base, glabrous; stipules toothed; leaflets
triangular-obcordate, with usually a dark spot in the centre;
flowers 1-4 in the raceme; pod with 3-4 spires, edged with
two rows of fine curved prickles.—Cultivated and waste
places. Fl. May to August.

(72) Melilotus. Mexrtor.

M. officinalis: annual or biennial; stems erect, 2—4 feet
high, branched, glabrous; leaves distant, on long leafstalks ;
the leaflets obovate or nearly orbicular, those of the upper
leaves narrower, often linear ; flowers numerous, bright yellow,
in long, axillary racemes; pod oval.—Roadsides, banks, and
bushy places. Fil. June to August.

M. arvensis has the leaflets rather broader, and the racemes
looser, with fewer flowers ; probably introduced.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 219

M. alba has harder and more wiry stems, narrower leaflets,
and white flowers, and is also occasionally found, but probably
introduced with corn or ballast.

(73) Trigonella. Trieonet.

T. ornithopodioides : annual ; stems thickly matted, spread-
ing, rarely more than 2-3 inches long, glabrous ; leaflets in-
serted close together at the summit of the stalk, obovate or
obcordate, toothed ; flowers small, nearly white, solitary or
two or three together in each axil; petals remaining round the
pod as in the Clovers ; pod slightly curved, glabrous, contain-
ing 6-8 seeds.—Dry sandy pastures, chiefly near the sea. Fl.
June, July.

(74) Trifolium, C.over.

* Flowers purple or red.

T. pratense: stems decumbent or nearly erect, 1-2 feet
long, hairy; stipules large, ovate, bristle-pointed; leaflets
obovate or obcordate ; flowers reddish-purple, in dense termi-
nal ovoid or globular heads, with two sessile, trifoliolate
leaves close at their base.-—Meadows and pastures. I'l. May
to September.

T. medium: stems ascending zigzag; stipules linear-lan-
ceolate ; leaflets elliptical or lanceolate; flower-heads always
more or less pedunculate above the last floral leaves; the
corolla larger than in the last, brighter and richer coloured.—
Open woods and bushy pastures. Fl. June to September.

T. striatum: annual; small, tufted, spreading, covered
with ‘soft hairs ; stipules ovate, ending in a fine point; leaflets
obovate ; flower-heads small, ovoid or globular, chiefly termi-
nal, and closely sessile within the last leaves; calyx softly

220 SUMMER FLOWERS,

hairy, with short, subnlate teeth, which remain erect after
flowering ; corolla very small and pale red.—Dry pastures,
banks, and waste places. FI. June, July.

T. fragiferum: stem creeping; leaflets obovate, emarginate,
finely serrated ; stipules ovate, with a long point; flower-head
globose on long axillary peduncles, very compact, often assum-
ing a pink tint, so as to have been compared to a strawberry ;
corolla small and red; calyx, after flowering, much inflated. —
Dry meadows and pastures. Fl]. July, August.

** Hlowers white or whitish.

T. arvense : annual; stems slender, branching, erect, seldom
reaching a foot. in height, clothed with short soft hairs; sti-
pules and leaflets narrow ; flowers small, in pedunculate heads,
which are at first nearly globular but soon become oblong or
cylindrical, appearing very soft and feathery owing to the fine
hairy teeth of the calyx projecting beyond the corolla.—
Sandy cornfields. FI. July to September.

T. scabrum : stems procumbent, less hairy than 7. striatuin ;
leaflets obovate ; stipules ovate, with a fine point ; flower-heads
ovate, sessile, terminal, and lateral ; the flowers small, whitish ;
calyx-tecth lanceolate, spreading or recurved after flowering.
—Dry pastures and waste places. Fl. May to July.

T. repens; stems creeping and rooting, glabrous ; stipules
small; leaflets obovate, distinctly toothed, usually marked in
the centre, the leafstalks often very long; peduncles axillary,
long, and erect, bearing a globular head or umbel of white
flowers, the pedicels recurved after flowering.—Dutch Clover.
—Meadows and pastures. Fl. May to September.

*** Flowers yellow.

T. agrarium (procumbens of authors): annual; stems

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 221

slender, much branched at the base, glabrous or slightly
downy, procumbent or nearly erect, 3-1 foot long; stipules
broad, pointed; leaflets obovate or obcordate ; flower-heads
loosely globular or ovoid, on rather long axillary peduncles,
containing 30-50 small yellow flowers, which in fading be-
come reflexed, and turn pale brown.—Dry pastures, borders
of fields, ete. FI. June to August.

T. procumbens (minus of authors): annual; resembling
the last, but more slender aud procumbent ; flowers smaller,
12-20 in a head, paler yellow.—Dry pastures. Fl. June,
July.

T. filiforme is a still more slender plant, with the stems de-
cumbent, ascending, or erect, seldom six inches long; the
leaflets narrower; and the flowers 2-3, rarely 5-6, in each
head.—Sandy or stony pastures in south-eastern England, but
rare. [See also p. 51.]

(75) Lotus. Brxps’-root Trevor.

L. corniculatus: stems decumbent or ascending, 4-2 feet
long ; leaflets obovate, pointed, the stipules ovate; peduncles
much longer than the leaves; umbels of 5-10 bright yellow
flowers, the standard often red on the outside; calyx-teeth
about the length of the tube, the two upper ones converging.
—Meadows and pastures. Fl. June to September. A very
variable plant. Mr. Bentham places the following as a mere
variety of it:

L. major: stem 1-8 feet high, ascending or nearly erect,
glabrous or slightly hairy, luxuriant in all its parts; leaflets
obovate ; stipules roundish-ovate ; flowers 6-12 in the umbel
calyx-teeth spreading like a star, the upper ones diverging.—
Moist meadows and bushy places. Fl. July, August.

222 SUMMER FLOWERS,

(76) Vicia. Vertcu.

* Peduneles short, few-flowered ; calyx gibbous at the base on
one side.

V. sepium: stems 1-2 feet high, weak, straggling, but
scarcely climbing ; stipules small, entire, or larger and toothed ;
leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate or oblong, the leafstalk tendrilled ;
flowers smallish, light reddish-purple, 2—4 in the axils of the
upper leaves, forming a sessile cluster or very short raceme;
style with a dense tuft of hairs under the stigma on the outer
side, with a few short hairs on the opposite side ; pod glabrous ;
seeds few.—Woods, shady places, and hedges. Fl. June to
August.

** Peduncles elongated, many-flowered.
t Calyx gibbous at the base.

V. Cracca: stems weak, climbing by means of branched
tendrils, to the length of 2-3 feet or more, hairy, or nearly
glabrous; stipules narrow and entire; leaflets numerous, ob-
long or linear; flowers numerous, in one-sided racemes, on
peduncles rather longer than the leaves, of a fine bluish-
purple; style hairy all round below the stigma ; pod flattened,
glabrous.—Hedges and bushy places. Fl. June to August.

V. sylvatica: stems 6-8 feet long, glabrous, climbing;
stipules deeply divided at their base; leaflets usually 8-10
pairs, oblong, or the lower ones ovate, obtuse or notched at
the top; flowers considerably longer than in the last, white
with bluish streaks, drooping in long racemes; pod glabrous,
broad.— Woods and bushy places. Fl. June to August.

tt Calyx equal at the base.

V. tetrasperma: annual ; stems glabrous or nearly so, weak,
often climbing, 3-2 feet long ; leaflets narrow, the lower ones

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 223

obtuse, 3-6 pairs, the tendrils simple or branched ; peduncles
slender, with 1-7 small pale bluish flowers; calyx-teeth
much shorter than the standard ; pod flat, containing 4, some-
times 5-6 seeds.—Smooth Tare.—Fields, hedges, and waste
places. Fl. June to August.

V. hirsuta: annual; stems hairy, slender, 1-3 feet long,
often climbing, the tendrils branched ; stipules small, narrow,
often divided ; leaflets small, oblong, 6-8 pairs; peduncles
slender, with very few, usually 2-8, insignificant, pale blue
flowers, the calyx-teeth almost as long as the standard ; pod
flat, hairy, containing two seeds.—Hairy Tare.— Hedges,
cornfields, and waste places. Fl. June to August. [See also

p- 51.]

(77) Lathyrus. Pza or VeTcHiine.

* Leafstalks without real leaflets.
+ Flowers red.

L. Nissolia: annual; stems erect, glabrous, branching
from the base, about one foot high; leaves reduced to linear,
grass-like, flattened leafstalks ending in a fine point, without
leaflets or stipules; peduncles long, bearing one rarely two
small pale red flowers; pod long, narrow, and straight.— Grass
Vetch.—Bushy places and stony pastures. Fl. June.

tt Flowers yellow.

L. Aphaca: annual ; stems weak, branching, glabrous, about
one foot long; leaves reduced to slender branched tendrils be-
tween the pairs of large broadly heart-shaped or sagittate
stipules, which appear like simple opposite leaves ; peduncles
long and slender, with one or rarely two small yellow flowers ;
pod flattened, glabrous.—Cultivated places, occasionally. Fl.
June to August.

224 SUMMER FLOWERS.

** Leaves with one pair of leaflets.
t+ Flowers yellow.

L. pratensis: stems much branched, glabrous, straggling
or half climbing to the length of 1-2 feet; stipules large,
broadly-lanceolate, sagittate; leaflets narrow-lanceolate or
linear; peduncles elongated, with a short raceme of about
6-10 yellow flowers; pod glabrous.—Moist meadows and
pastures. Fl, July, August.

tt Flowers red.

L. sylvestris: stems glabrous, straggling or climbing, 3-6
feet high, the angles expanded into narrow green wings; leaf-
stalks flattened or winged ; leaflets long-lanceolate; stipules
narrow ; flowers in loose racemes, large, pale reddish-purple,
the standard broad, with a green spot on the back.—Hedges
thickets, and bushy places. Fl. July to September.

The Everlasting Pea of our gardens is a broad-leaved va-
riety, with larger and more richly-coloured fiowers.

*** Leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets.

L. macrorrhiza: tuberous; stems glabrous, erect, simple
or nearly so, 4-1 foot high; leaves without tendrils; leaflets
usually 2 sometimes 3-4 pairs, oblong-lanceolate or linear ;
peduncles slender, bearing a loose raceme of 2-4 bright
reddish-purple flowers; pod glabrous.—Thickets and open
woods. Fl. June, July.

(78) Astragalus, Mirx Vercu.
* Flowers bluish-purple.

A. hypoglottis : stem prostrate, branching at the base, 2-6
inches long, slightly hairy; stipules free from the leafstalk,
more or less united together on the opposite side of the stem ;

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 225

leaflets usually 10-12 pairs, with an odd one; flowers bluish-
purple, in short spikes, on long axillary peduncles ; calyx erect,
downy, with short black hairs; pod ovoid, hairy.—Dry hilly
pastures. Fl. June, July.

** Flowers dull yellow.

A. glycyphyllos: glabrous; stems zigzag, spreading along
the ground to the length of two feet or more ; stipules free ;
leaflets in 5-6 pairs, ovate; flowers dingy yellow, in racemes
rather shorter than the leaves; pods erect, curved, glabrous.
—Dry, open woods, and bushy places. Fl. June.

(79) Oxytropis.

* Flowers yellow.

O. campestris: stem short, tufted, scarcely lengthening
into shortly ascending branches ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, with an
odd one, oblong or lanceolate, hairy ; flowers in short spikes,
pale yellow tinged with purple; calyx hairy ; pod erect, ovoid,
covered with short, usually black, hairs.—Clova mountains,
rare. Fl. July.

** Flowers purple.

O. uralensis: stem short; the foliage, inflorescence, and
pod as in the last, but more densely covered with soft, silky
hairs ; flowers bright purple.—Dry hilly pastures in Scotland.
Fl. July.

(80) Onobrychis. Sarnrrory.

O. sativa: stems ascending, 1-2 feet long ; stipules brown,
finely pointed ; leaflets numerous, oblong, glabrous above;
peduncles longer than the leaves, bearing a spike of pale pink
flowers, at first closely packed, but afterwards lengthening

Q

226 SUMMER FLOWERS.

out; pod twice as long as the calyx, the upper edge nearly
straight, the lower semicircular, bordered with short, sometimes
prickly teeth.—Limestone districts, cultivated for forage. Fl.
June, July.

(81) Spirea.

S. Ulmaria: stems erect, rather stout, 2-3 feet high, gla-
brous, reddish; leaves large, interruptedly pinnate, with 5-9
ovate or broadly-lanceolate, irregularly-toothed segments,
green above, soft and whitish beneath, the terminal one deeply
divided into three, besides several smaller segments along the
common stalk; stipules broad, toothed; flowers small, yellow-
ish-white, sweet-scented, numerous, in compound corymbose
cymes at the summit of the stems; capsules 5-8, very small,
more or less spirally twisted.—Meadow-sweet.—Meadows and
banks of streams. Fl. June to August.

S. Filipendula: stems erect, 1-2 feet high; leaves chiefly
radical, 3-5 inches long, with numerous small, oval, oblong
or lanceolate segments, deeply toothed or pinnately lebed,
green, glabrous; stipules broad, adhering to the leafstalk
nearly their whole length ; flowers creamy white, often tipped
with red; carpels 6-12, not twisted.—Dropwort.— Meadows,
pastures, and open woods. Fi. June, July.

(82) Potentilla, Porenrix.

* Leaves digitate.
+ Petals usually four.

P. Tormentilla : stems ereet, or procumbent from a thick
woody rootstock, forked, silky-hairy ; lower leaves often shortly
stalked, upper ones always sessile, consisting of three, rarely
five, deeply-toothed leaflets; peduncles in the forks of the

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 227

stem, or in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a loose,
leafy, terminal cyme; flowers small, bright yellow, mostly with
four petals; the first one, however, of each stem has occa-
sionally five—Heaths, moors, and pastures. Fl. June to
August.

The Tormentilla reptans of authors is a more procumbent
variety, occasionally creeping at the base, with rather larger
flowers, more frequently furnished with five petals.

tt Petals usually five.

P. reptans: stems slender, prostrate, often rooting at the
nodes; stipules ovate, mostly entire; leaves stalked, with five
obovate, coarsely-toothed leaflets; flowers large, yellow, soli-
tary, on long peduncles, axillary.—Cinquefoil.— Pastures, bor-
ders of woods, and hedges. Fl. June to August.

- P. argentea: stems decumbent at the base, ascending ;
leaves long-stalked, of five wedge-shaped, deeply-toothed leaf-
lets, the upper nearly sessile, all clothed beneath with close
white down ; flowers in a loosely-forked leafy corymb or pani-
cle, rather small, yellow.—Gravelly pastures, wastes, and road-
sides. Fl. June, July.

** Leaves pinnate.
+ Flowers yellow.

P. anserina: stem forming long creeping runners rooting
at the nodes; leaves with numerous, oblong, deeply-toothed
leaflets, shining silver-white with silky down beneath ; pedun-
cles long, solitary, bearing a rather large yellow flower.—
Silverweed.—Roadsides and waste places. Fl. June and July.

tt lowers purple.

P. Comarum: stems decumbent and rooting at the base,
1-14 feet high; stipules not distinct from the enlarged base
Q 2

228 SUMMER FLOWERS,

of the leafstalk ; leaflets 5-7, oblong, toothed, often hoary be-
neath ; flowers few, in a loose, irregular corymb, dingy purple;
inner segments of the calyx broad; petals shorter than the
calyx; carpels numerous, small, on a somewhat enlarged,
rather spongy receptacle.—Marsh Cinquefoil.— Marshes, and
peat-bogs. Fl. June, July.

[See also p. 53.]

(83) Sibbaldia.

S. procumbens: stem short, dense, spreading, tufted; leaves
ternate, the leaflets obovate or wedge-shaped, three-toothed at
the end; flower-stems short, almost leafless, bearing a cyme
of small flowers, of which the green calyx is the most conspi-
cuous part, the petals being very small and pale yellow.—
Scotch Highlands. Fl. July.

(84) Geum. Avens.

G. urbanum : stem erect, slightly branched, 1-2 feet high ;
stipules large and leaflike, coarsely toothed; leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, with several large segments intermixed with
small ones, the upper ones ternate, all coarsely-toothed ; flow-
ers erect, small, yellow; carpels in a close, sessile head, covered
with silky hairs, the awn curved downwards, with a minute
hook at the tip.—Herb Bennet.— Roadsides, banks, and mar-
gins of woods. Fl. June to August.

G. rivale: stems erect or ascending, usually simple; leaves
mostly radical, with one large, orbicular, terminal segment,
coarsely toothed or lobed, and a few very small segments be-
low; flowers few, drooping, dull purple; carpels very hairy, in
a shortly-stalked globular head.—Marshes and wet ditches.—
Fl. June, July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 229

(85) Dryas.

D. octopetala: stems short, much branched, prostrate or
creeping, forming dense spreading tufts; leaves crowded, ob-
long, deeply and regularly crenate, shining green above, white
and downy beneath ; peduncles erect, 2-3 inches long, with ra-
ther large white solitary flowers ; awn of the carpels above an
inch long, feathery.—Limestone mountain districts. Fl. July,
August.

(86) Agrimonia. AcRimony.

A. Eupatoria : stems 2-3 feet high, clothed, like the leaves,
with soft hairs; leaves pinnate, with 5-9 ovate, coarsely-
toothed leaflets, intermixed with smaller ones; spike long,
leafless, each flower in the axil of a small three-cleft bract ;
flowers, smal], yellow; tube of the calyx turned downwards
after flowering, forming a small burr.—Roadsides, waste places,

and borders of fields. Fl. June, July.

(87) Fragaria. Srrawserry.

F. elatior : stem bearing few runners, which root and form
new plants at the nodes, as in F. vesca, but taller, with fewer
runners and flowers, usually entirely or partially unisexual ;
leaves ternate, the leaflets oblong, plaited, coarsely-toothed,
hairy ; fruit perfumed.—Hautbois Strawberry.— Woods in the
south; rare. Fl. June to September.

(88) Rubus.

R. Ideeus: stems biennial, erect, 3-4 feet high, armed with
weak prickles; leaves pinnate, leaflets five in the lower, three
in the upper ones, ovate or oblong, pointed, coarsely toothed,
whitish underneath ; flowers white, in panicles at the ends of

230 SUMMER FLOWERS.

the short branches; petals small, narrow, whitish; fruit red,
separating from the receptacle when ripe.—Raspberry.—
Thickets and woods. Fl. June.

R. fruticosus: stems biennial, or of few years’ duration,
erect, or more frequently arched straggling or prostrate,
armed with prickles stiff hairs or glandular bristles; leaves
digitate, the leaflets 3-5, rather large, coarse, ovate, toothed,
the midribs and stalks armed with hooked prickles; flowers
white or pink, in panicles at the ends of the branches;
fruit black, or dull-red.—Bramble, or Blackberry.—Hedges,
thickets, woods, and waste places. Fl. June and July.

A large number of Brambles, often considered as species,
occur in Britain, but for these we must refer to more technical
books, just mentioning a few of the most distinct :—

R. fruticosus (type) has the leaflets covered underneath with
a close, white down; flowers usually numerous.— Hedges and
thickets.

R. corylifolius has the leaflets green underneath, usually
large and broad; flowers not so numerous as in the last.—
Hedges and thickets, flowering earlier.

R. carpinifolius has the leaflets green underneath, but not
so broad, and more pointed than in the last, the stems more
hairy ; flowers not numerous.— Woods.

R. glandulosus has the leaflets as in the last, or sometimes
broader, the stems with numerous stiff, glandular hairs mixed
with the prickles.—Shady woods.

R. suberectus has the leaflets green, or slightly hoary un-
derneath ; stems shorter and more erect than in the common
forms; flowers usually few, and the fruit not so black.—Wet
woods and thickets.

R. cesius: stems slender, more or less glaucous when
young, spreading, or creeping along the ground, seldom arched;

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 231

leaves ternate; flowers few, in small, loose panicles; fruit
covered with glaucous bloom when ripe.—Dewberry.—Open
fields and stony wastes. Fl. June to August.

R. saxatilis: stems ascending, simple, seldom above one foot
high, slender, downy, with few prickles; leaves ternate, the
leaflets obovate, coarsely-serrate; flowers on slender pedicels,
two or three together in the axils of the upper leaves, forming
short racemes or corymbs, dirty white or greenish yellow;
berries red, with few large carpels.— Stony mountainous
places.— Fl. June.

R. Chameemorus: stems simple, herbaceous, unarmed,
6-10 inches high; leaves few, large, simple, broadly orbicular
or reniform, deeply-cut into 5-9 broad lobes; flowers white,
rather large, solitary on terminal peduncles; fruit orange-red.
—Cloudberry.—Turfy Alpme bogs. Fl. June.

(89) Rosa. Roser.
* Branches bearing glandular spiny hairs (sete).
+ Prickles straight, slender, scarcely dilated at the base.

R. pimpinellifolia (spinosissima of authors) : shrub erect,
branched, 1-2 feet high, with numerous, unequal, straight,
slender prickles, intermixed with glandular hairs ; leaflets small,
7-9, with simple teeth; flowers small, white or pink, solitary
at the end of the short branches; calyx-segments lanceolate,
almost always entire ; fruit black, rarely red, globular or nearly
so, crowned by the persistent segments of the calyx.—Sandy
heaths.—Fl. May, June. The origin of our garden Scotch
Roses.

++ Prickles hooked, very unequal, much dilated at the base.

R. rubiginosa: shrub; bushy, somewhat slender, the
prickles of the stems curved and intermixed with a few sete;
leaflets small, usually doubly-toothed, glandular, scented ;

232 SUMMER FLOWERS.

flowers pink, usually solitary; fruit ovoid or oblong, the pri-
mordial ones pear-shaped, smooth or rarely bearing a very
few small prickles.—Sweetbriar.—Hedges and thickets. FI.
June, July. There are two or three forms of this Rose.

** Stems without glandular spiny hairs (sete).
~ Leaves glandulose on their disk or surface.

R. villosa: shrub; erect, bushy, 3-6 feet high, the prickles
of the stem straight or but slightly curved; leaflets softly
downy on both sides, almost always doubly-toothed; flowers
white or pale pink; calyx-segments long, and often expanded
near the top, sometimes entire, sometimes pinnately lobed;
fruit red, globular, covered with small fine prickles.—Hedges
and thickets. Fl. June, July. There are several forms.

tt Leaves without glands on their disk.
ft Styles distinct.

R. canina: shrub, stems of several years’ duration, the first
year erect, simple, 3-4 feet high, the flowering stems of two or
more years branched, rather weak and straggling, 6-8 feet
long, glabrous, without glands, armed with curved or hooked
prickles ; leaflets five, sometimes seven, ovate, usually glabrous
and simply toothed, or downy on the under side and then
often doubly-toothed; flowers pink or white, sweet-scented,
solitary or 3-4 together at the ends of the branches; fruit
ovoid, without bristles, the calyx-lobes pinnate, deciduous
before the fruit is ripe.— Hedges and thickets ; the commonest
of our Roses, and variable. Fl. June, July.

tt Styles united mto a column.

R. arvensis: shrub; stems long, trailing, often extending
many feet, with slender branches; foliage and prickles nearly
as in the last, the prickles usually small and much hooked,

\at adel

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 233

and the leaflets simply serrate ; flowers white, scentless, usually
3—4. together at the ends of the branches, rarely solitary ; fruit
globular or nearly so, without bristles, the calyx-divisions
mostly entire, and falling off before the fruit is ripe; styles
united into a column protruding from the orifice of the calyx-
tube.—Hedges and thickets. Fl. June to August.

(90) Sanguisorba. Grear Burner.

S. officinalis: stem glabrous, erect, about two feet high;
leaves chiefly radical, pmmnate, with 9-13 ovate or oblong toothed
leaflets; upper part of the stem almost leafless, divided into a
few long peduncles, each terminated by a single flower-head ;
flowers crowded, dark purple, the heads at first globular, be-
coming ovoid or oblong.—Moist meadows. Fl. June, July.

(91) Poterium. Lesser or Satap Burnet.

P. Sanguisorba: stem glabrous, seldom above a foot high;
leaves pinnate; leaflets many, small, ovate, deeply-toothed ;
flower-heads small, almost globular, light green, seldom
acquiring a purplish tinge, the lower flowers all male with
the numerous stamens projecting in hanging tufts, the upper
female with a long style ending in a purple tufted stigma.—
Dry pastures and limestone rocks. Fl. July.

(92) Tillea.

T. muscosa: stems 1—2 inches high, much branched, red-
dish, slender, succulent, crowded with flowers ; leaves narrow-
lanceolate or linear; flowers solitary in each axil, or several
together in little clusters; petals minute, subulate, white
tipped with red.—Moist barren sandy heaths and wastes. Fl.
June, July.

234 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(93) Cotyledon. Navetworr.

C. Umbilicus: stems erect, 4-1 foot high, simple or slightly
branched ; radical and lower leaves on long stalks, fleshy, or-
bicular, broadly crenate, more or less peltate ; flowers in long
racemes, pendulous, yellowish-green; corolla cylindrical._—
Pennywort.—Rocks, walls, and old buildings. Fl. June,
July.

(94) Sedum.
* Leaves with a flat expanded surface.

S. Rhodiola: stems erect, stout, simple, $-? foot high, leafy
to the top; leaves alternate, sessile, obovate or oblong, slightly
toothed ; flowers dicecious, yellow or rarely purplish, forming
dense cymes, surrounded by the upper leaves, the males with
eight stamens longer than the petals, the females with four
carpels.— Rosewort.—Clefts of alpine rocks. Fl. May, June.
The smell cf the rootstock, when drying, has been compared
to that of roses. It is sometimes called Rhodiola rosea.

S. Telephium: stems hard, erect, simple, 1-2 feet high or
more; leaves scattered, obovate or oblong, coarsely-toothed ;
flowers numerous, purple, forming a handsome terminal co-
rymb; stamens shorter than the petals.—Orpine.— Borders of
fields, hedge-banks, and bushy places. Fl. July, August.

*% Leaves tumid, as thick as broad.
+ Flowers white or red.

S. anglicum: stems glabrous, decumbent, three inches high,
much branched at the base; leaves short, thick, almost globu-
lar, crowded on the short barren branches, more loosely scat-
tered and occasionally opposite on the flowering ones; flowers
white, occasionally tinged with pink, in a short irregular cyme.
—Rocky or stony places. Fl. July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 235

_§. villosum : annual; stems erect, nearly simple, 3—4 inches
high, the upper part of the plant with short viscid hairs ;
leaves linear, flat above, alternate or scattered ; flowers few,
pale dingy rose colour, in a small, loose, terminal cyme.—
Mountain bogs and stony rills. Fl. June, July.

tt Flowers yellow.

S. acre : stems numerous, short, tufted, glabrous, procum-
bent, the erect ascending flowering branches 1-3 inches high ;
leaves small, thick, ovoid, or sometimes nearly globular ;
flowers bright yellow, in small terminal cymes.— Wall Pepper.
—Walls and rocks. Fl. June.

S. rupestre: tufted, with numerous short barren shoots,
1-3 inches long, the terminal flowering stems ascending 3-1
foot high ; leaves narrow, cylindrical, shortly spurred at the
base; flowers large, yellow, forming a terminal cyme of 4-8
recurved branches, each bearing 3-6 sessile flowers.—Old
walls and stony places. Fl. July.

(95) Sempervivum. Hovsererx.

S. tectorum: barren shoots forming globular tufts; flower-
ing stems stout, succulent, one foot high; leaves very thick,
fleshy, ending in a short point, fringed; flowers pink, sessile
along the spreading or recurved viscid branches of the cyme ;
petals linear.—Cottage roofs and old walls. Fl. July.

(96) Saxifraga. Saxirrace.
* Flowers yellow.

S. aizoides: flowering stems ascending about six inches
high; leaves alternate, narrow, smooth, shining, entire, rarely
with 1-2 teeth; flowers yellow, in a loose panicle of 3-12 or
more ; calyx segments almost as yellow as the petals.—Wet
rocks in mountainous districts. Fl. June to September.

236 SUMMER FLOWERS.

S. Hirculus : flowering stem ascending, about six inches
high, terminated by a single, rather large yellow flower; leaves
alternate, narrow-oblong or linear, entire—Wet moors at high
elevations. Fl. August.

** Flowers white.
+ Calyx adherent at the base.

S. hypnoides: barren shoots, numerous, decumbent, some-
times 2-3 inches long, sometimes contracted into a short
dense tuft; leaves mostly entire, narrow-linear, pointed, some
of the larger ones often 3-5-lobed, glabrous or more or less
ciliated ; stems 3-6 inches high, with few leaves, and 1-8
large white flowers.—Rather moist rocky situations. Fl. May
to July. Very variable in the development of its stems, leaves,
and flowers, and in the more or less pointed or almost obtuse
segments of the leaves and calyx.

tt Calyx free.

S. stellaris: tufted, and when luxuriant elongated into leafy
branches, 1-2 inches long; leaves spreading, thin, varying
from oblong to obovate, with a few coarse teeth, tapering at
the base; stems erect, 3-6 inches high; flowers from 2-3 to
8-10, forming a loose terminal panicle, small, white, star-like,
on slender, spreading pedicels, each with a small leafy bract.
—Wet rocks in mountain ranges. Fl. June, July.

*** Flowers pink. s

S. umbrosa: root-leaves collected in dense rosulate tufts,
spreading, thick and leathery, glabrous, obovate, bordered
with cartilaginous crenatures or coarse teeth, and narrowed at
the base into a short flattened stalk; flowering stems erect,
leafless, 4-1 foot high; flowers in a loose, slender panicle,
small, pink, elegantly spotted with dark crimson.—London

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 237

Pride or St. Patrick’s Cabbage.—Mountains of south-western
Ireland, and Yorkshire. Fl. June.

S. Geum: resembling the last, but the leaves are orbicular,
usually notched or cordate at the base, with long hairy stalks,
the leaves also having a few scattered hairs on both surfaces.
—West of Ireland. Fl. June. :

(97) Drosera. Sunpew.

D. rotundifolia: leaves on long stalks, nearly orbicular,
covered on the upper surface with long, red, viscid hairs, each
bearing a small gland at the top; flower-stems slender, erect,
glabrous, 2-6 inches high, the upper portion, consisting of a
simple or once-forked unilateral raceme, rolled back when
young, but straightening as the flowers expand; petals white,
expanding in sunshine.—Bogs, and wet heathy ground. FI.
July, August.

D. longifolia : resembling the last, but the leaves much
more erect, not half so broad as long, and gradually tapering
into the footstalk ; flowering stem shorter and stouter.—Bogs.
Fil. July, August.

(98) Lythrum. Looszstrirn.

L. Salicaria: stems erect, 2-4 feet high, slightly branched,
glabrous or softly downy ; leaves opposite, or in threes, sessile,
clasping the stem, lanceolate, entire; flowers reddish-purple
or pink, in rather dense whorls, forming handsome terminal
spikes, more or less leafy at the base, the upper floral leaves
reduced to bracts.—Wet ditches and marshy places. FI. July,
August.

(99) Peplis. Warer Purstane.
P. Portula: annual; stems slightly branched, creeping and

238 SUMMER FLOWERS.

rooting at the base, seldom more than 2-3 inches high, often
tufted ; leaves obovate or oblong, tapering intoa stalk; flowers
minute, sessile in the axils of nearly all the leaves.—Ditches,
and moist watery places. Fl. July, August.

(100) Epilobium. Wiiiow Hers.
* Flowers somewhat irregular or unequal-petaled.

E. angustifolium : stems simple or scarcely branched, 2—4
feet high, glabrous; leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate, en-
tire ; flowers large, purplish-red, in long terminal, sometimes
branched, racemes, the petals slightly unequal, entire, spread-
ing from the base, the stamens and styles inclined downwards ;
pod 1-2 inches long.—French Willow, or Rosebay.—Moist
open woods. Fl. July, August.

** Flowers regular, the petals equal.

t Stigma deeply four-lobed.

E. hirsutum: stems stout, branched, 3-5 feet high, softly
hairy; leaves lanceolate, hairy, claspmg the stem, bordered
with small teeth; flowers large, handsome, deep rose-colour ;
the petals erect, deeply notched ; pod very long, quadrangular,
hairy.—Codlins and Cream.—Sides of ditches and rivers.
Fl. July.

E. montanum: stems erect, simple or slightly branched,
4—1 foot or more high, cylindrical, without decurrent lines or
angles, glabrous or slightly hoary; leaves shortly stalked, or
almost sessile, ovate or broadly-lanceolate, toothed; flower-
buds erect or slightly nodding, the petals pink, deeply-notched ;
pod slender, 2-3 inches long.—Waste and cultivated places,
roadsides, woods, etc. Fl. July.

E. parviflorum differs chiefly in its softly hairy stem, nar-
rower short-stalked leaves, and rather larger flowers. It is

a

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 239

not unlike E. hirsutum on a smaller scale, and is distinguish-
able from it by its much smaller flowers.

tt Stigma club-shaped, entire.

E. tetragonum: stems erect, often branched, 1-2 feet high,
glabrous or hoary with a very short down, more or less
angular from raised lines descending on each side from the
margins of the leaves; leaves sessile, narrow, and toothed ;
flowers small, in terminal leafy racemes, the buds erect, the
petals pale pink, deeply notched; pod often very long.— Wet
ditches and watery places. Fl. July.

E. palustre: stems round, 1-1} feet high; leaves narrow,
lance-shaped, sessile, entire or not much toothed ; flowers
small, pale-coloured, in short terminal racemes, the buds nod-
ding.—Boggy places, and watery ditches. FI. July.

E. alsinifolium : stems frequently branched, seldom more
than six inches high; leaves very shortly stalked, ovate,
toothed; flowers large, purplish, in very short, leafy racemes,
the buds nodding.—Alpine rivulets and springs. Fl. July.

E. alpinum: stems slender, 2-5 inches high, decumbent
and much branched, glabrous; leaves stalked, small, ovate or
lanceolate, usually obtuse and entire; flowers rather large,
growing in the axils of the upper leaves, and forming short
leafy racemes, the buds nodding, the petals notched; pod
1-2 inches long, narrowed at the base into a long stalk.—
Alpine rills, and wet places in mountain ranges. FI. July.

(101) Gnothera, Eventne Primrose.

G&. biennis: biennial ; stems almost simple, 2-3 feet high,
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly toothed,
hoary or downy; flowers yellow, large, fragrant, opening in
the evening, forming long terminal spikes often leafy at the

240 SUMMER FLOWERS.

base, the petals broad, spreading.—Naturalized on sandy
wastes in Lancashire. Fl. July to September.

(102) Circea. EncHAntER’s NIGHTSHADE.

C. Lutetiana : stems erect or shortly decumbent, rooting at
the base, 1-14 feet high, clothed with short whitish hairs ;
leaves thin, stalked, broadly ovate, rather coarsely toothed ;
flowers white or pink, in slightly-branched, leafless, terminal
racemes; capsule pear-shaped, forming a small burr.— Woods
and shady situations. Fl. June, July.

C. alpina: resembling the last, smaller in all its parts, gla-
brous, seldom above six inches high; leaves heart-shaped,
glossy.— Woods, and stony places in mountain districts, FI.
July, August.

(103) Myriophyllum, Warrr Mitrotrt.

M. spicatum : aquatic; stems immersed, ascending to the
surface, more or less branched; leaves whorled along the
whole length of the stem, the numerous capillary segments
entire; flower-spike terminal, slender, 2-3 inches long, pro-
_truding from the water, bearing minute flowers arranged in
little whorls, the upper flowers usually males, and the lower
ones females; bracts small, entire— Ditches and ponds. FI.
July, August.

M. verticillatum: aquatic; like the last, but the flowers in
the axils of the upper leaves, immersed, and rarely forming a
spike protruding above the water; bracts or floral leaves
longer than the flowers, and pinnate like the stem-leaves.—
Ditches and ponds. Fl. July.

(104) Hippuris, Maresrart.

H. vulgaris: aquatic; stems erect, simple, the upper part

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 241

projecting 8-10 inches out of the water, crowded by whorls of
8-12 linear entire leaves, the submerged ones more elongated
and flaccid ; flowers minute, sessile in the axils of the upper
leaves, consisting of a minute ovary, crowned by a scarcely
perceptible border representing a calyx, and bearing a single
small stamen, and a short thread-like style.-—Shallow ponds
and ditches. Fl. June, July.

(105) Cornus. Cornet.

C. sanguinea: shrub, 5-6 feet high, erect; leaves opposite,
broadly ovate, stalked, hoary or silky, with closely appressed
hairs when young; glabrous when full grown; flowers nu-
merous, forming terminal cymes of 14-2 inches across; dull
white; drupes globular, almost black, very bitter.—Dogwood.
—Hedges and thickets. Fl. June.

(106) Hydrocotyle. Pzennyworr.

H. vulgaris: stems slender, creeping, rooting at every node,
and emitting small tufts of leaves and flowers; leaves obicular,
crenate or slightly lobed, attached by the centre to a rather
long stalk ; peduncles shorter than the leafstalks, with a single
terminal head or 2-3 whorls of minute white almost sessile
flowers; fruits small, flat, glabrous.—Bogs, marshes, and
edges of ponds. Fl. June to August.

(107) Sanicula, Saniciz.

S. europea: leaves on long stalks, palmately 3-5-lobed,
the lobes obovate or wedge-shaped, serrated ; stems 1-14 feet
high, bearing ‘several capitate umbels in an irregular, slightly
umbellate panicle; fruit ripening into little burrs in which
the prickles almost conceal the calyx-teeth—Woods. Fl.
June, July.

242 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(108) Eryngium, Eryneo.
* Scales of the receptacle three-lobed.

E. maritimum : stems stiff, erect, much branched, nearly a
foot high, glabrous, bluish or glaucous; leaves stiff, broad,
sinuate, divided into three broad, short lobes, elegantly veined,
bordered by coarse prickly teeth, the radical ones stalked, the
rest stem-clasping; flower-heads nearly globular, pale blue,
with an involucre of 5-8 small narrow leaves resembling those
of the stem.—Sea Holly.—Sandy sea-coasts. Fl. July, August.

** Scales of the receptacle entire.

E. campestre: stems erect, a foot high, more slender and
branched than in the last; leaves 2-3 times pinnatifid, with
lanceolate lobes, waved, coarsely toothed, bordered and termi-
nated by strong prickles ; flower-heads more numerous, smaller,
the involucral leaves purplish, pinnately toothed.—Ballast-hills
near Plymouth, by the Tyne, etc. Fl. July, August.

(109) Cicuta. Cowsanz.

C. virosa: stem hollow, somewhat branched, 3-4 feet high ;
leaves twice ternate, with large narrow-lanceolate acute un-
equal-toothed segments; general umbels of 10-15 or more
rays, the partial involucres with numerous subulate bracts.—
Water Hemlock.—Ditches and edges of lakes and rivers. Fl.
August.

(110) Apium. CrLzry.

A. graveolens: stems rather slender, branched, furrowed,
glabrous, 1-2 feet high; leaves pinnate, with 3-5 broad cre-
nate or three-lobed segments; umbels small, nearly sessile
on the upper branches opposite the leaves, or on very short

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 243

terminal peduncles, of 3-6 rays, bearing numerous small white
flowers on short pedicels; fruits very small.—Marshy places
near the sea. Fl. June to August. The Celery of our gardens
is a cultivated variety, with enlarged leafstalks.

(111) Helosciadium.

H. nodiflorum: stems procumbent, rooting, the flowering
ones ascending or nearly erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaves
pinnate, with 3-10 or more pairs of ovate-lanceolate toothed
segments; umbels nearly sessile, either opposite to the leaves
or between the upper branches, with 5-6 (rarely 8 or 4) rays;
general involucre usually wanting ; partial involucre of several
small, lanceolate bracts.—Marshy meadows and ditches. FI.
July, August. It varies much in size and foliage.

H. repens isa smaller, much branched, more creeping form,
with 3-5 small broad leaf-segments, and longer peduncles to
the umbels, occasioned by growing in drier situations.

H. inundatum: stems glabrous, creeping and rooting at
the base like H. nodiflorum, but-smaller, and more slender,
often partly immersed in water, the submerged leaves divided
into capillary segments; flowering stems 6-8 inches high,
with small ternate or pinnate leaves, the segments three-
toothed or three-lobed, each lobe often again three-toothed ;
umbels on short peduncles opposite the leaves, generally of
2-3 rays without involucre, the partial umbels of 5-6 small
flowers, with 2-3 minute bracts.—Swamps and shallow pools.
Fl. June, July. |

(112) Sison.

S. Amomum: annual or biennial; stems erect, glabrous,
two feet high or more, with many stiff, slender branches ;
R 2

244. SUMMER FLOWERS.

leaves pinnate, the segments ovate or oblong, toothed or lobed ;
the upper leaves much smaller, with small narrow deeply
three-lobed segments; umbels slender, of 3-5 rays, with few
white flowers on short pedicels ; involucres of few, linear bracts,
those of the partial umbels smaller, and often turned to one
side.—Honewort.—Hedges and thickets. Fl. August.

(113) Bunium. Earru-nvv, on Pic-nvr.

B. flexuosum: tuberous stems erect, slender, glabrous, 1-2
feet high, with a few forked branches; leaves few decaying
early, thrice ternate, the divisions short, narrow, pointed, entire
or three-lobed ; stem-leaves few, with narrow-linear divisions,
the central lobe of each segment much longer than the lateral
ones ; umbels terminal, or one opposite the last leaf, of 6-10
rays with general involucres of 1-3 bracts, the partial ones
more numerous.— Woods and pastures. Fl. May, June.

(114) Sium. Water Parsnip.

S. latifolium: stems glabrous, stout, erect, angular, 2—4
feet high; leaves pinnate, the lower very long, with 6-10
pairs of large ovate-lanceolate toothed segments; the upper
shorter, with fewer and smaller segments; umbels large, of
15-20 rays, all terminal, general and partial involucres of
several lanceolate often toothed bracts.—Ditches and edges of
streams. Fl. July, August.

S. angustifolium: stems erect, branched, leafy, round,
striated 1-3 feet high; leaves pinnate, with 8-10 pairs of un-
equally-lobed ovate segments, deeply and sharply toothed ;
umbels numerous, mostly lateral, with 8-15, rarely more,
rays; involucral bracts lanceolate, often toothed.—Ditches
and shallow streams. Fl. August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 245

(115) Pimpinella, Burner Saxirrace.

P. Saxifraga: stems erect, 1-2 feet high, slightly branched,
glabrous; leaves usually pinnate, with 7-9 pairs of broadly
ovate or orbicular toothed segments, those of the stem bipin-
natifid with linear segments; umbels terminal, with 10-15
rather slender rays; flowers white.—Pastures, roadsides, etc.
Fl. July, August.

P. magna: larger and stouter than the last; the stems
often two feet high or more; leaf-segments usually undivided,
ovate or lanceolate, with more pointed teeth; flowers pink.—
Shady places. Fl. July, August.

(116) Bupleurum.

B. rotundifolium: annual; stems erect, stiff, glabrous, one
foot or more high, branched above; leaves broadly ovate, the
upper ones embracing the stem, and joined round the back of
it, so that they appear perfoliate, the lowest ones tapering to
a stalk; umbels terminal of 3-6 short rays, without any
general involucre, the partial involucres very much longer than
the flowers, consisting of 4—6 broadly ovate, yellowish bracts.—
Hare’s-ear, or Thorow-wax.—Cornfields in chalky soils. FI.
July.

B. aristatum, and B. tenuissimum, are very rare dwarf
annual species with grassy leaves, the first with non-granulated,
the second with granulated fruits.

(117) Gnanthe.
* Segments of the upper leaves few, long and linear.

G8. fistulosa: stems thick, hollow, erect, 2-3 feet high,
slightly branched; radical leaves twice pinnate, with small
cuneate segments divided into 3-5 lobes, those of the stem

246 SUMMER FLOWERS.

with long hollow stalks bearing a few pinnate segments with
linear lobes ; umbels terminal, the central main one with three
rays, each supporting numerous sessile fertile flowers, and few
or no pedicellate barren ones, while those which terminate the
branches have usually five rays, and only pedicellate, barren
flowers ; partial involucres of a few small narrow bracts, the
general one either entirely wanting or reduced to a single
bract ; fruits in compact globular heads.— Water Dropwort.—
Wet meadows and marshes. Fl. July, August.

G. pimpinelloides: stems erect, firm, almost solid, 1-2 feet
high or more, with a few long branches; leaves much more
divided than in the last; the upper ones usually with long,
narrow segments, those of the radical ones much shorter and
broader, and sometimes very numerous ; umbels of 8—15 rather
short rays; general involucre of a few small, linear bracts,
sometimes wanting, partial ones of several small, linear bracts.
—Meadows, pastures, and marshes. Fl. July.

da. Lachenalii and G&. silaifolia are closely allied plants
found in salt marshes.

** Segments of stem-leaves numerous, broadly wedge-shaped or
oblong.

C=. crocata: stem stout, branched, 3-5 feet high; leaves
twice or thrice pinnate, the segments broadly cuneate or
rounded, deeply cut into 3-5 lobes; umbels on long, terminal
peduncles, with 15-20 rays, the bracts of the involucres small
and linear, several in the partial ones, few or none under the
general umbel; fruit somewhat corky.—Ditches, and sides of
streams. Fl. June, July.

G8. Phellandrium: stem rooting at the base, erect, elon-
gated and creeping, or floating, the flowering branches erect
or ascending ; stem-leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with small

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 247

oblong entire or cuneate, lobed segments; when under water,
the lobes are long, narrow, sometimes capillary; umbels on
short peduncles, opposite to the leaves or in the forks of the
branches, the rays seldom above twelve; partial involucre of
small, narrow bracts.—Ditches, ponds, and streams. Fl. July.

(118) Atthusa. Foo.’s Parstey.

#. Cynapium: annual; stems erect, glabrous, leafy, 1-2
feet high, with forked branches, emitting a nauseous smell
when rubbed; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, the segments
ovate-lanceolate, more or less deeply cut into narrow lobes;
umbels on long peduncles, either terminal or opposite to the
leaves, of 8-12 rays, usually without general involucres ; partial
involucres of 2—3 long linear bracts, towards the outside of the
umbels, and turned downwards.—A common weed in fields
and gardens. Fl. July, August.

(119) Meum. Sprienet.

M. Athamanticum: stems 1-2 feet high, leaves mostly
radical, tufted, bipmnate, their segments deeply cut into nu-
merous very fine, short, bristle-like lobes, and appearing.
whorled or clustered along the common stalk ; the stems bear
a few smaller, less divided leaves; umbels terminal, of 10-15
rays, with one or two narrow bracts to the general involucre,
and a small number of short, slender bracts, to the partial one,
—Bald-money.—Mountain pastures. Fl. June, July.

(120) Crithmum. Sampuire.

C. maritimum: stems glabrous, seldom above a foot high,
almost woody at the base, the young branches, foliage, and
umbels, thick and fleshy ; leaves twice or thrice ternate, with

248 SUMMER FLOWERS.

few lanceolate linear segments; umbel of 15-20 or more rays,
with an involucre of several small linear or lanceolate bracts.—
Clefts of rocks by the sea. Fl. August.

(121) Pastinaca. Parsnip.

P. sativa: annual or biennial; stem erect, 2-3 feet high;
leaves pinnate, coarse, downy, with 5-9 sharply-toothed, and
more or less lobed segments; upper leaves small and less
divided; umbels of 8-12 rays, usually without involucres ;
fruits flat and oval.—Pastures and thickets, on calcareous
soils. Fi. July.

(122) Heracleum. Cow Parsnip.

H. Sphondylium: stems four feet high, coarse, rough with
short stiff hairs; leaves very large, pinnate, with 3-7 large
broad segments, which are three-lobed or pinnatifid and
toothed ; umbels large, flattish, of about twenty rays; outer
petals much larger than the rest; carpels nearly orbicular,
flat. —Hogweed.—Pastures, hedges, and thickets. Fl. July.

(123) Tordylium. Haxrrworr.

T. maximum: annual; stems erect, two feet or more high,
rough with short, stiff hairs; leaves pinnate, with 5-9 lan-
ceolate, almost ovate, coarsely toothed segments; umbels ter-
minal, of 8-10 short rays, with a few rather long, narrow
bracts to the involucres; petals small pink.—-Waste and cul-
tivated lands; rare. Fl. June, July.

(124) Coriandrum., Corianper.

C. sativum: annual; stems erect, branching, glabrous,
1-11 feet high, emitting a very disagreeable smell when

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 249

rubbed ; lowest leaves once or twice pinnate, with broadly-
ovate or cuneate, deeply cut segments, the others more divided,
with linear segments ; umbels terminal, of 5-8 rays, without
general involucre, and only a few small slender bracts to the
partial ones; flowers white, the outer petals larger.—A weed
of cultivation. Fl. June. |

(125) Conium. Hemtock.

C. maculatum : annual or biennial ; stem erect, branching,
3-5 feet high, smooth, glaucous, spotted, emitting a nauseous
smell when bruised ; leaves large, much divided into numerous
small ovate or lanceolate deeply-cut segments; umbels ter-
minal, of 10-15 rays; bracts short, lanceolate, those of the
general involucre variable in number, those of the partial ones
almost always three, turned to the outside of the umbel.—
Hedges and borders of fields, etc. Fl. June, July.

(126) Smyrnium. ALexanpers.

S. Olusatrum: annual or biennial; stems coarse, erect, 2—4
feet high, glabrous ; lower leaves twice or thrice, upper ones
once ternate, the segments broadly ovate, coarsely toothed or
three-lobed ; umbels terminal, of 8-12 rays; flowers greenish
yellow, crowded in the partial umbels; fruits black, aromatic.
—Meadows and waste places. Fl. May, June.

(127) Scandix. SuepHerp’s-NEEDLE.

S. Pecten: annual; stem branching, erect, or spreading,
3-1 foot high, hairy; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with
short segments cut into linear lobes; umbels terminal of 2-3
rays, without general involucres ; partial involucres of several
lanceolate bracts, often 2-3 lobed at the top; flowers small

250 SUMMER FLOWERS.

and white, with a few large outer petals; carpels cylindrical
and ribbed, terminated in a stiff, flattened beak three times
their length, sometimes compared to the tooth of a comb.—
Venus’s Comb.—A cornfield weed. Fl. June to August.

(128) Anthriscus. CueErvit.

A. sylvestris: stems hairy, erect, branched, 2-3 feet high ;
lower leaves on long stalks, twice pinnate, with ovate-lanceo-
late, pointed, deeply pinnatifid, toothed segments, upper leaves
smaller, all hairy; umbels numerous, of 8-10 rays, without
general involucre, the partial ones of several bracts ; fruits
smooth, shining, narrowed at the top into a short beak.—
Hedges, borders of fields, etc. Fl. May, June.

A. vulgaris: annual; stems erect, branched, hairy, two
feet high ; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, pinnately-lobed and toothed segments ; umbels
small, on short peduncles, opposite to the leaves, of 3-7 rays,
without general involucres, and but few bracts to the partial
ones; fruits covered with short hooked bristles, narrowed at
top into a short smooth beak.—A weed of cultivation. Fl.
May, June.

(129) Cherophyllum, Cuervit.

C. temulum: biennial; stem erect, 2-3 feet high, rough
with short reflexed hairs; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, with
ovate or wedge-shaped pinnatifid or toothed segments, more
or less hairy ; umbels of few rays, without a general involucre,
the partial involucres of 5-6 broadly lanceolate bracts.—
Hedges and thickets. Fl. June, July.

(1380) Myrrhis. Cicxry.
M. odorata: stem erect, branching, hairy, 2-3 feet high,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 251

highly aromatic; leaves large, twice or thrice pinnate, with
numerous lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, and toothed segments ;
umbels terminal, not large, of 8-10 rays, without general invo-
lucre, the bracts of the partial ones numerous, lanceolate, acu-
minate ; fruits, when ripe, nearly an inch long.—Mountain
pastures, indigenous or naturalized. Fl. May, June. ©

(131) Torilis. Hepner Parstey.

T. nodosa: annual; stems procumbent or spreading, scarcely
a foot long ; leaves twice pinnate, with small, narrow, pointed
segments; umbels forming little heads, closely sessile, opposite
to the leaves, composed of 2-3 exceedingly short, scarcely dis-
tinct rays, sometimes of a simple cluster; fruits covered with
short, straight or hooked bristles. —Roadsides and waste places.
Fl. May, June. |

T. Anthriscus: annual; stem erect, 2-3 feet high, with
slender, wiry branches; leaves once or twice pinnate, the seg-
ments lanceolate, pinnatifid, or coarsely toothed; umbels on
long slender peduncles, of 3-8 rays; involucres, both general
and partial, of small subulate bracts, one close under each
ray; fruit a small burr—Hedge Parsley.— Hedges, roadsides,
and waste places. Fl. July, August.

T. infesta: annual; smaller and more spreading than the
last ; general involucre entirely wanting or reduced toa single
bract, often lanceolate ; bristles of the fruit less curved, with
a minute hook at the top.—Cultivated and waste places. Fl.
July, August.

(182) Daucus. Carror.

D. Carota: annual or biennial; stem 1-3 feet high; leaves
twice or thrice pinnate, with deeply three-lobed or pinnatifid,

252 SUMMER FLOWERS.

lanceolate or linear segments; umbels terminal, large, with
numerous crowded rays, the inner ones very short, the outer
much longer, and closing over after flowering; bracts of both
involucres usually divided into 3-5 long linear lobes; fruit
covered with prickles.—Fields, pastures, and waste places,
especially near the sea. Fl. June, July.

Var. maritimus : leaves somewhat fleshy with shorter seg-
ments ; umbels more spreading, and prickles more flattened.—
Sea coasts.

(133) Bryonia. Bryony.

B. dioica: tuberous; stems climbing to a great length
by means of spirally-twisted tendrils; leaves palmately 5-7-
lobed, the lobes toothed ; flowers dicecious, the males broadly-
campanulate pale yellow in stalked racemes, the females
smaller nearly rotate; berries red.—Red Bryony.—Hedges
and thickets. Fl. June to September.

(134) Lonicera. Honrysuck.e.

L. Periclymenum: shrub; stems scrambling over bushes
and trees to a considerable height; leaves ovate or oblong,
the lower ones contracted, stalked, the upper ones rounded
and closely sessile, but not united; flowers closely sessile, in
terminal stalked heads, pale yellow, reddish outside.— W ood-
bime.— Woods and hedges. I'l. June to September.

(135) Linnea.

I. borealis: evergreen ; stems creeping and trailing to the
length of one foot or more; leaves opposite, small, broadly-
ovate ; flowering branches short, erect, with 2-3 pairs of
leaves, two-flowered ; flowers bell-shaped, gracefully drooping,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 253

fragrant, pale pink.— Woods: chiefly fir woods, in Scotland.—.
Fl. July.

(136) Sambucus. Exper.

S. nigra: small tree or shrub ; leaves pinnate, with 5-7 ovate,
pointed, sharply-toothed segments; flowers white or cream-
coloured, in broad cymes of about five main branches, many
times divided; fruits black.—Woods, coppices, and waste
places. Fl. June.

S. Ebulus: stems erect, thick, pithy, 2-3 feet high; leaf-
segments 7-11, lanceolate, serrated, with a smaller one on
each side of the leafstalk, looking like stipules; cymes with
three primary branches ; flowers white, or tinted outside with
purple ; fruits black.—Danewort.—Roadsides and rubbishy
wastes. Fl. August.

(137) Viburnum.

V. Lantana: shrub, much branched, covered with soft,
mealy down; leaves ovate, cordate at the base, with small
pointed teeth, whitish and downy beneath; flowers small,
white, in dense cymes, 2—3 inches across ; berries oblong, pur-
plish-black—Wayfaring Tree.—Woods and hedges. FI.
May.

V. Opulus: shrub, everywhere glabrous; leaves divided
into 3-5 broad, angular, pointed, coarsely-toothed lobes, the
slender leafstalks beset with glands; flowers white, in cymes,
the outer ones becoming enlarged, and perfectly barren ; ber-
ries globular, blackish-red.—Guelder Rose.—Hedges and cop-
pices. Fl. June, Juiy. The Guelder Rose seen in shrubberies
is a variety, in which all the flowers are enlarged and barren,
and the cyme becomes globular.

254 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(138) Rubia. Mapper.

R. peregrina: stems straggling, dwarf, or trailing over
bushes to the length of several feet, clinging by means of
short recurved prickles; leaves 4—6, in a whorl, ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, nearly sessile ; flowers small, greenish, in loose
axillary or terminal panicles, rather longer than the leaves;
fruit a small black two-lobed berry.—Dry woods and stony
places. Fl. June to August.

(139) Galium,
* Flowers yellow.

G. cruciatum: stems prostrate or creeping, the flowering
ones erect or ascending, 4-14 foot long, hairy; leaves in
whorls of four, ovate, hairy on both sides; flowers small,
yellow, in little leafy axillary cymes or clusters, the fertile
ones few and often five-lobed ; fruits small, smooth, almost
succulent.—Crosswort.—Hedge-banks and bushy places. FI.
May, June. ,

G. verum: glabrous, or with only a slight asperity on the
edges of the leaves; stems 4-1 foot high, much branched at
the base, decumbent or ascending; leaves small, linear, in
whorls of 6-8 ; flowers small, yellow, numerous, in an oblong
terminal panicle ; fruits small, smooth.—Ladies’ Bbedstraw.—
Banks and pastures. Fl. July, August.

** Flowers white.
+ Fruits smooth or granulated.
{ Leaves in whorls of four.

G. palustre: stems one foot or more long, glabrous, with
few spreading branches, almost always rough on the angles ;
leaves mostly four in a whorl, linear or oblong, obtuse, usually
rough on the edges; flowers small, white, not numerous, in

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 255

spreading panicles; fruit rather small, slightly granulated.—
Marshes and wet places. Fl. July.

G. uliginosum differs chiefly from this in having the leaves
six or eight in a whorl, narrower, and terminated by a fine
point.

tf Leaves in whorls of six or eight.

G. saxatile: stems much branched, often tufted at the base,
the flowering ones numerous, weak, six inches rarely a foot
high, smooth or nearly so on the angles; leaves 6-8 in a
whorl, occasionally on the barren shoots only 4—5, the lower
ones small and obovate, the upper narrow, all with a little
point at the tip, the edges smooth or rough; flowers, nume-
rous, white, in short terminal panicles, their lobes scarcely
pointed ; fruits small, more or less granulated.—Open heaths
and pastures.—Fl. June to August.

G. Mollugo: stems 1-3 feet long, smooth, shining, more or
less branched ; leaves usually eight in a whorl, obovate, oblong,
or linear, more or less rough on the edges, always terminated
by a little point; flowers white, numerous, in large terminal
panicles, their lobes ending in a small point; fruit small,
smooth or slightly granulated.— Hedges, thickets, and rich
pastures. Fl. July, August. »

A more erect narrower-leaved form closely allied to this, is
called G. erectum.

tt Fruits bristly.

G. Aparine: annual; stems several feet in length, scram-
bling over bushes, to which they cling by means of recurved
prickles on their angles and on the edges and midribs of
the leaves ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear or linear-lanceolate ;
peduncles opposite and axillary, rather longer than the leaves,
bearing a loose cyme of 3-10 small, greenish-white flowers ;

256 SUMMER FLOWERS.

fruits covered with hooked bristles, forming small adhesive
burrs.—Cleavers, or Goosegrass.—Hedges and thickets. FI. .
June, July.

Allied plants, with more slender, shorter, and less hispid
stems, and smaller fruits, are sometimes called G. Vaillantii
and G. spurium. Another related plant, a cornfield species,
is G. tricorne, but it is altogether smaller, with shorter leayes,
and 1—3-flowered peduncles, and has the fruit granulated only,
and not bristly.

(140) Sherardia. Frevp Mapper.

S. arvensis: annual; stems decumbent, branched, seldom
over six inches high; leaves about six in a whorl, the lower
ones obovate, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute, rough-
edged; flowers small, blue or pink, in little terminal heads,
surrounded by a broad, leafy, eight-lobed involucre ; calyx-
teeth enlarged after flowering, forming a little leafy crown at
the top of the fruit.—Cultivated and waste places. Fl. June

to August.
(141) Centranthus.

C. ruber: stems stout, tufted, glabrous, somewhat glau-
cous, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers
numerous, red, rarely white, in dense cymes, forming a hand-
some oblong, terminal panicle ; border of the calyx unrolling
in the ripe fruit into a bell-shaped feathery pappus.—Red
Valerian.—Naturalized on chalk cliffs and old walls. Fl.
June to September.

(142) Valeriana. Vaerian.
* Lower leaves undivided.

V. dioica: stem emitting creeping runners, the flowering

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 257

ones erect, 6-8 inches high; radical leaves on long stalks,
ovate, entire, the stem-leaves few, mostly pinnate, with a large
oval or oblong terminal segment; flowers small, pale rose, in
terminal corymbs, mostly unisexual, the corolla tube short.—
Boggy meadows. Fl. June. |

**® Leaves all pinnate.

V. officinalis: stems erect, 2—4 fect high, nearly simple,
hairy at the base; leaves pinnate, with 9-21 or more large,
lanceolate segments, with a few coarse teeth; flowers small,
white or tinged with pink, in broad terminal corymbs.—All-
heal.— Damp woods, sides of ditches and streams, ete FI.
June.

(143) Dipsacus. Traset.

D. sylvestris :. biennial ; stems erect, 4—5 feet high, prickly,
as well as the midribs, peduncles, and involucres; leaves ses-
sile, long, lanceolate, entire or coarsely-toothed, the upper
ones broadly-connate at the base; heads of flowers at first
ovoid, but gradually becoming cylindrical, nearly three inches
long, the involucre of 8-12 long, unequal, stiff, linear, prickly
bracts, usually curved upwards; flowers pale lilac.— Roadsides
and waste places. Fl. July.

The Fullers’ Teasel (D. fulionum) is believed to be a culti-
vated variety, differing only in the scales of the receptacle
being hooked.

D. pilosus: biennial ; stems 2—4 feet high, branching, with
stiff spreading hairs or bristles; leaves with a large ovate
coarsely-toothed terminal segment, and 1-2 pairs of smaller
ones ; flowers white, forming globular, hispid heads, barely an
inch in diameter, on long peduncles.—Moist hedges, thickets,
and banks. Fl. August.

258 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(144) Scabiosa. Scasiovs.
* Florets five-lobed. .

S. Columbaria: stems 1-2 feet high, glabrous or hoary ;
leaves pinnate, with an ovate or oblong terminal segment, and
several smaller ones, the stem-leaves few, with linear segments,
entire or pinnatifid ; flower-heads pale purplish-blue, the outer
florets larger and more oblique; involucres short; involucel
with a scarious, cup-shaped border, in the centre of which ap-
pears the summit of the fruit crowned by the five bristles of
the calyx.—Pastures and waste places. Fl. June to August.

** Florets four-lobed.

S. arvensis: stems erect, hairy near the base, 1-3 feet high ;
leaves variable, the radical ones lanceolate, stalked, the upper
ones broader at the base, sessile, all coarsely toothed or slightly
lobed, or deeply-cut or pinnate; flower-heads large, pale lilac-
purple, on long peduncles, the outer florets much larger and
more oblique than the central ones; mvolucre short; fruit
crowned by the 8-10 radiating bristles of the calyx.— Pastures
and cornfields. Fl. July, August.

(145) Anthemis. CHAMoMILE.
* Ray-florets without a style.

A. Cotula: annual; stems erect, branching, one foot high
or more, glabrous, with a disagreeable smell; leaves bipin-
natifid, with narrow linear, pointed, entire or divided lobes ;
flower-heads in a loose terminal corymb; involucre slightly —
cottony, the inner bracts scarious at the top; receptacle con-
vex, lengthening out as the flowering advances, with linear-
setaceous scales; ray-florets white, without any trace of style ;
achenes rough with glandular dots, without any border.—
Waste places.—A common weed. Fl. June, July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 259

** Ray-florets having a style.

A. arvensis: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, downy, much
branched, sometimes decumbent, the leafy branches termi-
nating in single flower-heads ; leaves bipinnatifid, hairy, the seg-
ments linear-lanceolate; flower-heads solitary, the ray-florets
white, always having a style ; receptacle conical, with lanceolate
scales beween the florets.—Cultivated fields. Fl. June, July.

Var. maritima, with a stem of more spreading habit, thicker
leaves, a flat receptacle, and subulate scales, has been called
A. anglica.—North-east coast.

A. nobilis: stem procumbent or creeping, branched, the
flowering branches short, ascending, leafy; leaves bipinnate,
the leaflets linear-subulate, somewhat downy, pleasantly aro-
matic; flower-heads on terminal peduncles, with white rays ;
inner involucral bracts scarious at the top; scales of the re-
ceptacle broad, obtuse.—Commons and sandy pastures. Fl.
July, August.

(146) Achillea.

A. Ptarmica: stems erect, glabrous, 1-2 feet high, nearly
simple; leaves broadly linear, regularly serrate; flower-heads
few, in a loose terminal corymb; florets of the ray 10-15,
short, broad, white—Sneezewort.—Moist hilly pastures. Fl.
July, August.

A. Millefolium: stems numerous, short, leafy, the flower-
ing ones erect, almost simple, about one foot high; leaves
oblong or linear, finely cut into a multitude of short, narrow,
deeply pinnatifid segments; flower-heads numerous, small,
ovoid, in a dense terminal corymb; the ray-florets 5-6 in each
head, white or pink.— Milfoil or Yarrow.— Pastures, meadows,
and waste places. Fl. June to August.

260 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(147) Chrysanthemum.
* Ray-florets white.

C. Leucanthemum : stems erect, simple or slightly branched,
1-2 feet high; leaves obovate, coarsely-toothed, on long stalks,
those of the stem narrow, sessile; flower-heads solitary on
long terminal peduncles, rather large; involucral bracts bor-
dered by a brown, scarious edge.—Oxeye Daisy.—Pastures,
banks, etc. Fl. June to August.

C. Parthenium: biennial; stems erect, hranching, a foot
or more high; leaves pimnate, the segments ovate or oblong,
pinnatifid, toothed ; flower-heads numerous, about half an mch
in diameter, in a terminal corymb; achenes crowned by a
minute toothed border.—Feverfew.—Roadsides, and in waste
places. Fil. June, July. This plant is often called Pyrethrum
Parthenium, and is a strongly scented aromatic medical herb,
with bitter tonic properties.

C. inodorum: annual; stem erect or spreading, branched,
1-14 feet high; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with numerous
narrow-linear, almost capillary lobes; flower-heads rather
large, on terminal peduncles; involucral bracts with a brown
scarious edge ; receptacle convex or hemispherical, not conical ;
achenes ribbed, crowned with a minute entire or four-toothed
border.—Fields and waste places. Fl. July, August.

Var. maritimum: stems diffuse; leaves rather fleshy ;
flowers smaller.— Sea coast.

** Ray-florets yellow.

C. segetum: annual; stem glabrous, erect, one foot high
or more, with spreading branches; lower leaves obovate and
stalked, the upper ones narrow and stem-clasping, with a few
teeth at the top; flower-heads rather large, on terminal pe-

ee eT Se

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 261

duncles ; involucral bracts broadly scarious; florets of the ray
and disk yellow.—Corn Marigold.—A cornfield weed. Fi.
- June to August.

(148) Matricaria. Win CHAMomILe.

M. Chamomilla: annual, closely resembling Anthemis
Cotula ; stems erect, branching ; leaves bipinnatifid, with short
narrow linear segments; flower-heads rather large, on ter-
minal peduncles, the involucral bracts nearly all of the same
length, with scarious edges ; ray-florets white ; receptacle much
elongated as the flowering advances, scaly between the florets ;
achenes without any border.—Fields and waste places. FI.
June, July.

(149) Bidens.

B. cernua: annual; stems erect, 1-2 feet high, with spread-
ing branches; leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrated ; flower-heads
drooping, on terminal peduncles, the florets yellow, usually all
tubular, but occasionally a few of the outer ones become ligu-
late; awns of the achenes usually.2-3, rarely 4.—Bur Mari-
gold.— Wet ditches and marshes. Fl. July to September.

B. tripartita differs chiefly in the leaves being stalked,
and deeply cut into 3-5 lanceolate segments, in the flower-
heads being rather less drooping, and in the achenes usually
having only two awns or bristles.

(150) Eupatorium.

E. cannabinum: stems erect, 3-4 feet high; leaves divided
into three broadly lanceolate, coarsely-toothed lobes, slightly
downy ; flower-heads numerous, in compact terminal corymbs,
pale reddish-purple; involucres cylindrical, of few unequal
bracts, usually containing five florets—Hemp Agrimony.—
Banks and moist bushy places. FI. July, August.

262 SUMMER FLOWERS,

(151) Erigeron.

E. acris: annual or biennial; stems erect, $-1 foot high, —
slightly branched, rough with short hairs; leaves linear or
lanceolaté, entire; flower-heads rather small, forming a short
loose panicle ; florets numerous, mostly filiform and short, the
outer ones pale purple, projecting slightly beyond the invo-
lucre.—Fleabane.— Pastures, roadsides, and waste places. Fl.
July, August.

(152) Solidago. Goxpren Rop.

S. Virgaurea: stems erect, stiff, nearly simple, $—2 feet
high ; leaves obovate, stalked, those of the stem oblong or lan-
ceolate; fiower-heads crowded in a narrow-oblong terminal
panicle, with a spreading ray of 10-12 bright yellow florets.—
Woods. Fl. July to September.

(153) Senecio. GrovunpseL.
* Ray-florets small, revolute.

S. sylvaticus: annual ; stems 1-2 feet high, erect, branched,
downy; leaves deeply pinnatifid, downy with oblong unequally-
toothed segments ; flower-heads numerous, in a loose corymb ;
the outer florets ligulate, but small and rolled back.—Banks,
waste places, and borders of woods. Fl. July to August.

S. viseosus resembles this, but is coarser, and covered with
a short, viscous, strong-smelling down.

** Ray-florets spreading, conspicuous.

S. Jacobeea: stems 2—4 feet high, erect, scarcely branched,
except at top; lower leaves oblong-ovate, lyrate pinnatifid,
those of the stem sessile; bipinnatifid, with oblong deeply-
toothed segments; flower-heads rather large, bright yellow, in
a compact terminal corymb ; involucral bracts tipped with

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 263

black ; ray-florets 12-15, linear-oblong; achenes of the disk
covered with short hairs, those of the ray glabrous.—Ragwort.
—Roadsides, waste places, and bushy pastures. FI. July to
September. It sometimes assumes the spreading inflorescence
of S. aguaticus, in which the achenes both of the disk and ray
are however always smooth. :

S. erucefolius resembles this, but the leaves are more re-
gularly divided into narrower segments, the terminal ones not
very different from the others; and the achenes of the ray-
florets are hairy like those of the disk. [See also p. 58.]

(154) Inula.

I. Helenium: stems stout, erect, scarcely branched, 3-5
feet high; leaves often a foot long, oblong, narrowed into a
stalk; the upper ones clasping the stem, downy beneath ;
flower-heads very large, the ray-florets numerous, linear,
yellow ; involucral bracts broadly ovate, softly hairy.—Ele-
campane.— Moist pastures. Fl. July, August.

I. Conyza: biennial; stems hard, erect, 2-3 feet high,
roughly downy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, downy, the upper
sessile; flower-heads numerous, in a terminal corymb; the
ray-florets numerous but very small.—Ploughman’s Spikenard.
—Hedges, banks, and roadsides. Fl. July to September.

(155) Pulicaria, Frraspane.

P. dysenterica: stems erect, 1—2 feet high, loosely branched,
downy or woolly; leaves oblong, waved, clasping the stem
with rounded auricles, woolly; flower-heads pedunculate,
axillary or terminal, corymbose, with a ray of very numerous,
linear, spreading bright yellow florets; Wet pastures, ditches,
and roadsides. Fl. August.

264 SUMMER FLOWERS.

P. vulgaris resembles this, but has narrower, less woolly
leaves, and the flower-heads are much smaller, the florets of
the ray being very short; the minute outer scales of the
pappus are also distinct, not forming a little cup as in P. dy-
senterica.

(156) Gnaphalium.
* Flower-heads diccious.

G. dioicum: flowering stems almost simple, 2-5 inches
high; leaves obovate or oblong, the upper ones linear, cot-
tony beneath; flower-heads 3-4 together, in compact, termi-
nal corymbs, dicecious; inner bracts of the involucre in the
males with broad, white, petal-like tips, spreading like ligulate
fiorets: in the females narrow, white-tipped, not spreading.—
Cat’s-ear.—Mountain pastures. Fl. June, July.

*% Flower-heads hermaphrodite. |

G. sylvaticum: stems simple, erect, 2-8 inches high ; leaves
linear, cottony on the under side; flower-heads small, cylin-
drical or ovoid, solitary or in little clusters in the axils of the
upper leaves, forming a long leafy spike; the involucres
scarcely cottony, with brown, shining bracts.—Woods and
heaths. Fl. July to September.

G. uliginosum: annual; stems much branched, cottony
six inches high; leaves linear or narrow-oblong, the upper ones
waved; flower-heads small and clustered, many together,
within a tuft of rather long leaves at the extremity of the
branches ; involucral bracts brown and scarious.—Wet sandy
places. Fl. July, August.

(157) Filago. Cupweep.

F. germanica: annual; stems erect, cottony, 6-8 inches
high, simple or branched at the base, each branch terminated

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 265

by a single globular cluster of flower-heads, or throwing out
immediately under it 2-3 branches, each ending in a similar
cluster; leaves erect, lanceolate or linear, pointed or obtuse,
sometimes slightly spathulate ; flower-heads very small, 20-80
in each cluster, the involueres ovoid-conical, more or less an-
gular, pale yellow or brown, the bracts usually acute.— Dry
pastures, and stony or sandy wastes. Fl. July, August.

F. apiculata and F. spathulata are sometimes distinguished
from the above, by their shorter or longer, and more or
less obtuse or acute floral leaves, by the quantity of cotton on
their involucres, and by their obtuse or acute bracts.

F. minima: annual; more slender and smaller than the
last, which it resembles ; stems more irregularly branched at
top, leaves smaller, clusters of flower-heads smaller and more
numerous, consisting of 3-10 minute conical heads.—Fields,
and stony or sandy wastes. Fl. June to September.

(158) Arctium. Burpocx.

A. Lappa: biennial; stems stout, erect, branching, 3-5 feet
high ; leaves heart-shaped, large, sometimes 14 feet in length,
the upper ones broadly ovate, green above, white and cottony
beneath ; flower-heads in terminal panicles; involucres nearly
globular, the bracts numerous with spiny hooked points, gla-
brous or covered with loose, white, cottony wool; florets pur-
ple, equal.— Waste places, roadsides, ete. Fl. July, August.
This varies much in the size of the flower-heads and in some
other points, and is sometimes divided into five species.

(159) Carlina. Carine TuistLe.

C. vulgaris: biennial; stem erect, corymbose, 6-8 inches
high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, very

266 SUMMER FLOWERS.

prickly ; flower-heads hemispherical, 3-4 in a small terminal
corymb, the outer involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, bor-
dered with very prickly teeth or lobes, the inner ones linear,
entire, with smooth and shining, horizontally-spreading tips.
—Dry, hilly pastures and fields. Fl. July to September.

(160) Carduus. Tuisrie.

* Pappus of simple hairs.

C. nutans: biennial; stems erect, cottony, 2-3 feet high ;
leaves deeply pinnatifid, very prickly, their edges decurrent
along the stem, forming narrow very prickly wings; flower-
heads large and drooping, crimson, solitary or 3-4 in a loose
corymb; involucral bracts numerous, with a stiff, narrow-
lanceolate appendage, ending in a spreading prickle.-—Musk
Thistle—Waste places. Fl. July, August.

C. acanthoides much resembles this, but is usually taller
and rather more branched; the leaves narrower and more
prickly ; the stem more thickly covered with prickly append-
ages, decurrent from the base of the leaves; the flower-heads
smaller, globular, drooping; and the numerous narrow in-
volucral bracts ending in a linear, spreading prickle.

** Panpus of feathery hairs.
+ Leaves decurrent, forming prickly wings to the stem.

C. lanceolatus ; biennial ; stems stout, 3-4 feet high, winged
and prickly ; leaves waved pinnatifid, with short narrow lobes,
the terminal one longer and lanceolate, all ending in a stiff
prickle, rough above, with short almost prickly hairs, white
and cottony beneath; flower-heads few, ovoid, the involucral
bracts lanceolate, cottony, ending in a stiff, spreading prickle ;
florets purple.—Fields, pastures, and waste places. Fl. June
to September. .

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. £ 267.

C. palustris: annual or biennial; stems nA scarcely
branched, 4—5 feet high, quite covered with the prickly de-
current margins of the leaves; leaves long, narrow, pinnatifid
with numerous ovate wavy prickly lobes, and a few rough hairs
scattered on both surfaces; flower-heads pane
ovoid, usually collected in clusters, forming an irregular ter-
minal corymb ; involucral bracts numerous, with very small
somewhat prickly points, the inner ones often coloured ; florets
purple.—Wet fields and meadows. Fl. July, August.

tt Leaves sessile or very partially decurrent.

C. arvensis: stems erect, 3-4 feet high; leaves narrow,
pinnatifid, very prickly, either embracing the stem with prickly
auricles or shortly decurrent; flower-heads in loose terminal
corymbs, dicecious ; the males nearly globular, with project-
ing purple florets, the females with much longer involucres
and shorter florets; involucral bracts numerous, appressed,
with small prickly points.—Cultivated and waste places. Fi.
July.

C. heterophylius :. stems stout, 3—4 feet high, deeply fur-
rowed, with a little loose cottony wool, not prickly; leaves
clasping the stem, with scarcely decurrent auricles, lanceolate,
glabrous above, cottony white beneath, bordered with small,
bristly but scarcely prickly teeth, sometimes slightly lobed ;
flower-heads large, growing singly on long peduncles; involu-
cral bracts glabrous, lanceolate, obtuse, or with a very minute
not prickly point.—Mountain pastures. Fl. July, August.

C. pratensis: stems 1-2 feet high, usually simple, with a
single ovoid flower-head, or occasionally divided into 2-8 long
one-headed branches; leaves sinuate or shortly pinnatifid, the
stem-leaves lanceolate, bordered with short, slightly prickly
teeth ; heads somewhat cottony ; involucral bracts lanceolate,

ee

268 SUMMER FLOWERS.

attenuate, appressed.—Wet meadows and pastures. Fi.
June. This plant is sometimes regarded as a variety of C. tube-
rosus. Luxuriant specimens, with more divided leaves, some-
times slightly decurrent, have been named C. Forstert.

(161) Silybum. Mixx Tuist ie.

S. Marianus: annual or biennial; stems 2-3 feet high,
slightly branched, nearly glabrous; leaves smooth, shining
above and variegated by white veins, the lower ones deeply
pinnatifid with broad very prickly lobes, the upper ones clasp-
ing the stem by prickly auricles scarcely decurrent; flower-
heads large, drooping, solitary at the ends of the branches,
with purple florets; involucral bracts, broad at the base, with
a stiff, spreading, leafy appendage, ending in a long prickle;
hairs of the pappus simple.— Waste places. Fl. June, July.

(162) Centaurea.

* Involucral bracts not prickly.

C. nigra : stems erect, hard, branched, 1—2 feet high; leaves
linear-lanceolate or oblong, the upper ones ertire or nearly
so, the lower with a few coarse teeth; involucres globular, on
terminal peduncles, the bracts closely imbricate, so as only to
show their appendages, which are brown or black, and deeply
fringed, except on the innermost, where they are shining
and jagged; florets purple, all equal or the outer row much
larger and neuter; fruits crowned by a ring of very minute,
scaly bristles, occasionally intermixed with a few longer, very
deciduous ones.—Knapweed.— Meadows, pastures, and way-
sides. Fl. June to August.

Var. Jacea : appendages of the involucral scales much paler,
with a much shorter fringe, or jagged.—Sussex, rare.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 269

C. Scabiosa: stem 2-3 feet high, stoutish, branched at the
base ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with linear or lanceolate lobes,
ofteu coarsely-toothed or lobed; flower-heads large, with pur-
ple florets, the outer ones always enlarged and neuter ; involu-
eral bracts broad, bordered only with a black appressed fringe,
leaving the green centre exposed; pappus of stiff hairs or
bristles nearly as long as the achene. —Pastures, waste places,
roadsides, etc. Fl. July to September.

C. Cyanus: annual; stems erect, branching, two feet high,
cottony; leaves narrowish, the lower ones toothed, the upper
linear and entire; involucres solitary, on long terminal pedun-
cles, ovoid, the bracts appressed, bordered by a fringe of very
small teeth ; central florets bluish purple, the outer ones much
larger, bright blue.-—Cornflower or Bluebottle-—A cornfield
weed. Fl. June to August. In our gardens where this plant
is cultivated as an annual flower, it yields various colours.

** Involucral bracts ending in a long stout prickle.

C. Calcitrapa: annual; stems somewhat cottony, spread-
ing or prostrate, seldom above a feot high; leaves pinnatifid,
with a few long linear or lanceolate lobes ; flower-heads sessile
among the upper leaves or in the forks of the branches, not
large, the florets purple; involucral bracts ending in stiff
spreading spines, with 1-2 smaller prickles at their base;
achenes without any pappus.—Waste places and roadsides,
most abundant near the sea. Fl. July, August.

(163) Serratula. Sawworr.

S. tinctoria: stem stiff, erect, scarcely branched, 1-3 feet
high ; leaves pinnate, with lanceolate, pointed, finely-toothed
segments, the terminal one largest ; upper leaves toothed only,
or with a few lobes at their base; flower-heads in a terminal

270 SUMMER FLOWERS.

corymb, partially dicecious; florets purple.—Open woods,
thickets, and bushy pastures. Fl. August.

(164) Lapsana. NippLewort.

L. communis: annual; stem 1-3 feet high, with stiff hairs
at the base, branched and glabrous upwards; leaves hairy,
lyrate, the terminal lobe ovate, coarsely-toothed, upper ones
narrow, entire; flower-heads on slender peduncles, in a loose
panicle or corymb, yellow; involucre of about eight nearly
equal scales.—A common weed. Fl, July, August.

(165) Thrincia.

T. hirta: leaves oblong or linear, coarsely-toothed, sinuate
or shortly pinnatifid, hispid with forked hairs; peduncles six
inches high, with a single small head of bright yellow flowers ;
involucres glabrous, of 10-12 nearly equal bracts, with several
_small imbricated ones at the base; achenes of the outer row
curved, slightly tapering at the top, with a very short, scaly
pappus.—Dry open pastures and waste places. Fl. July to
September.

(166) Leontodon. Hawxsir.

L. hispidum : leaves long, narrow, coarsely-toothed or pin-
natifid ; the whole plant more or less hispid with erect, stiff,
short hairs ; peduncles $—1 foot or more long, slightly swollen
at the top, with a single rather large yellow flower-head; in-
volucre-bracts narrow, hispid, the inner row much longer than
the outer ones; achenes long, striate, and transversely rugose ;
pappus of about a dozen brown, feathery hairs, as long as the
achene, surrounded by 5-6 others not a quarter that length.
—Meadows and pastures. Fl. July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 271

(167) Oporinia.

O. autumnalis: leaves all radical, long, narrow, pinnatifid
with a few narrow lobes ; flower-stems erect, with 1-2 single-
headed branches; flower-heads yellow; involucres oblong,
tapering at the base into the enlarged summit of the peduncle,
with closely-appressed imbricated bracts, nearly always hairy ;
achenes long, striate, transversely wrinkled; pappus brown,
feathery.— Meadows,pastures, and waste places. Fl. August.

Var. Taraxaci: dwarf; flower-stems often simple; flower-
heads rather larger ; involucre more or less covered with black
hairs.—Scotch Highlands.

(168) Hieracium. Hawkwerp.

* Peduncles radical, one-flowered.

H. Pilosella: leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, tapering
at the base, white beneath with short stellate down; pedun-
cles radical, with a single head of lemon-coloured flowers,
often tinged with red on the outside; achenes short in pro-
portion to the pappus.—Dry pastures, banks, and roadsides.
Fl. May to July.

** Stems several-flowered or many-flowered.

H. murorum: leaves spreading, rather large, ovate or ob-
long, stalked, sometimes obtuse and nearly entire, more fre-
quently pointed and coarsely-toothed, persistent at the time
of flowering ; flower-stems erect, 1-2 feet high, with 1-2 leaves
near the base ; flower-heads large, yellow, usually 3-4, some-
times 20-30, in a loose terminal corymb ; involucres and pe-
duncles more or less clothed with black glandular hairs, in-
termixed with a shorter rusty-coloured down, the outer scales
few and much shorter than the inner.—Banks, old walls,
meadows, pastures, and open woods. Fl. July to August.

272 SUMMER FLOWERS.

Mr. Bentham includes as a variety, H. vulgatum (sylvati-
cum), which has a much more leafy stem.

H. umbellatum: stems leafy, erect, rigid, 1-3 feet high,
hairy at the base; leaves narrow-lanceolate or oblong, the
lower ones stalked, all tapering at the base; flower-heads nu-
merous, on rather short lateral branches towards the summit
of the stem, several of which start from so nearly the same
point as to form an irregular umbel; involucres and pedun-
cles glabrous or shortly downy ; scales of the involucre regu-
larly imbricated, the outer ones usually spreading at the tips.
—Woods, stony places, and banks. Fl. July to September.

H. sabaudum: stems 1-3 feet high, stout, equally tall with
H. umbellatum, but without radical leaves at the time of
flowering, less rigid and more hairy; leaves larger, broader,
and more toothed, the upper ones shorter, rounded at the base,
sometimes almost stem-clasping ; flowering branches forming
a loose corymb, never an umbel.— Woods, sa and shady
places. Fl. August and September.

(169) Picris.

P. hieracioides: biennial; stem 1-3 feet high, covered
with short, rough, minutely-hooked hairs; leaves lanceolate,
the lower tapering into a stalk, the upper stem-clasping ; pe-
duncles rather long and stiff; pappus dirty white, the hairs
usually very feathery, except a few of the outer ones of each
achene.—Roadsides, borders of fields, and waste places. FI.
July to September.

(170) Cichorium. Cutcory.

C. Intybus: stems hispid, 1-3 feet high; leaves spreading
on the ground, hairy, runcinately pinnatifid, with a large ter-

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 273

minal lobe and smaller lateral ones, all pointed and coarsely-
toothed, the upper leaves small, less cut, embracing the stem
by pointed auricles ; flower-heads in closely-sessile clusters of
two or three along the stiff, spreading branches, the florets
large, bright blue.—Succory.—Dry wastes, roadsides, and
borders of fields. Fl. July, August.

(171) Sonchus. Sowruistxe.

S. arvensis: stems 2-3 feet high; leaves long, runcinately-
pinnatifid or sinuate, the lobes lanceolate or triangular, bor-
dered by small prickly teeth, the upper ones clasping the stem
with short broad auricles; flower-heads large, bright yellow,
in loose terminal panicles, the branches, peduncles, and invo-
lucres more or less hispid with brown or black glandular hairs.
—A cornfield weed. Fl. August.

S. oleraceus: annual; stem thick, hollow, 1—4 feet high,
glabrous; leaves thin, pinnatifid, with a broad, heart-shaped
or triangular terminal lobe, bordered with irregular, pointed
or prickly teeth, and a few smaller_lobes or coarse teeth along
the broad leafstalk, the upper leaves narrow and clasping the
stem with short auricles ; flower-heads rather small, pale yel-
low, in a short corymbose panicle, sometimes almost umbellate.
—A weed of cultivation. Fl. June to August.

Var. aspera: leaves darker, less divided, but much more
closely bordered with prickly teeth; clasping auricles broader,
rounded, and more prickly toothed. |

(172) Crepis. Hawx’s-Brarp.

C. virens: annual or biennial; stems erect or ascending,
1-3 feet high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves linear or lanceo-
late, toothed or pinnatifid, with triangular or narrow, but short

T

274: SUMMER FLOWERS.

lobes, the upper leaves clasping the stem by pointed spreading
auricles; flower-heads small, yellow, in loose, often leafy pa-
nicles ; involucres often slightly hispid, becoming conical after
flowering, the outer bracts narrow-linear, and rather close.—
Pastures, dry banks, roadsides, and waste places. Fl. June to
September.

C. paludosa: stems erect, scarcely branched, nearly gla-
brous, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate, coarsely-toothed, with a
few small lobes along the stalk, those of the stem broadly-
oblong or lanceolate, pointed, toothed, and clasping the stem
by large, pointed auricles; fiower-heads yellow, rather large,
in corymbs of 8-10, the involucres more or less hairy, with
black spreading hairs.—Moist, shady situations. Fl. July to
September.

(173) Hypocherris,

H. glabra: annual ; stem branched, leafless, glabrous, 3-10
inches high; leaves oblong, dentate-sinuate; flower-heads
small, yellow, the florets scarcely longer than the involucres ;
pappus feathery, sessile on the wrinkled achenes of the outer
florets, supported on a slender beak in the central ones.—
Sandy situations. Fl. July, August.

H. radicata: leaves all radical, spreading, narrow, more or
less toothed or pinnately lobed, hispid on both sides ; stems
erect, leafless, 1-2 feet high, divided into two or three long
branches, each bearing a few small scales, and terminated by
a rather large head of flowers; involucres nearly an inch long,
shorter than the florets; achenes transversely wrinkled, all
narrowed into a long, slender beak, with a feathery pappus.—
Cat’s-ear.—Meadows, pastures, waysides, and waste places.
Fl. July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 275

(174) Helminthia. Ox-roneve.

H. echioides: annual or biennial; stem coarse, erect, 1-3 feet
high, rough with short, stiff, almost prickly, often hooked hairs ;
leaves lanceolate, sinuate or coarsely-toothed, rough, the upper
ones clasping the stem, or shortly decurrent; flower-heads
small, crowded, on short peduncles, forming an irregular ter-
minal corymb.—Hedge-banks, fields, and waste places.—F1.
July to September.

(175) Tragopogon. Sausrry.

T. pratense: stem erect, slightly branched, 1-2 feet high ;
radical and lower leaves linear, keeled, dilated at the base,
glabrous, slightly glaucous; peduncles long, thickened at the
summit, each with a single head of yellow flowers; involucral
bracts narrow-lanceolate ; florets sometimes not half as long ;
achenes long, striate, the slender beak as long as the achene
itself, the hairs of the pappus long and very feathery.—Yellow
Goat’s-beard.— Meadows and rich pastures. Fl. June.

T. porrifolium resembles the last, but is generally of more
luxuriant growth, the peduncles more thickened at the top, the
involucres longer in proportion to the florets, and the beak of
the achenes and pappus longer. I¢ also has deep violet or
purple flowers.

(176) Lactuca, Lerrvce.
* Leaves smooth-keeled, on long stalks.

LL. muralis: annual or biennial ; stems glabrous, erect, two
feet high, with slender branches, forming a loose terminal
panicle; leaves few, thin, rather large, with a broadly-trian-
gular, toothed or lobed terminal segment, and a few irregular
smaller ones below, the upper ones small, narrow, entire or

T 2

276 SUMMER FLOWERS.

toothed ; flower-heads small, yellow, on slender pedicels ; in-
volucres of five equal linear bracts, with 1-3 very small outer
ones, containing 4-5 florets ; beak of the black achenes much
shorter than the achene itself—Woods and shrubby places.
Fl. July to August.

** Leaves sessile, with a bristly keel.

L. virosa: annual or biennial; stem erect, stiff, 2-4 feet
high, with short, spreading branches, glabrous, except a few
stiff bristles or small prickles on the edges and midrib of the
leaves ; leaves spreading, broadly-oblong, toothed ; flower-
heads in a leafy panicle; florets 6-12, pale yellow; achenes
much flattened, obovate-oblong, striated, nearly black, with a
slender beak about their own length.—Dry, stony wastes,
banks, and roadsides. Fl. July, August.

L. Scariola, which is allied to this, has upright leaves,
arrow-shaped at the base, and the achenes are pale-coloured.

(177) Barkhausia.

B. taraxacifolia : biennial; leaves chiefly radical, runcinately
pinnatifid, with a large, terminal, coarsely-toothed lobe ; stems
erect, 1-2 feet high, bearing a few small, narrow leaves;
flower-heads small, forming a loose, terminal, flat corymb ;
florets yellow, purple beneath ; achenes all terminated by a
slender beak about the length of the achene itself.—Dry pas-
tures and waste places, chiefly in limestone districts, Fl.
June, July.

B. footida, an allied plant, growing about a foot high, has
irregularly-pinnatifid leaves, few flower-heads on long pedun-
cles, and the beak of the outer achenes very short, often
scarcely distinct, whilst that of the inner ones is long and
slender, carrying up the whole pappus above the tips of the
involucral bracts.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 277

(178) Lobelia.

L. Dortmanna: aquatic; leaves tufted, nearly cylindrical,
hollow, forming a dense green carpet at the bottom of the
water; flowering-stems erect and simple, rising 6-8 inches
above the surface of the water, almost leafless; flowers pale
blue, drooping, in a simple terminal raceeme.—Common in the
lakes of Scotland, Ireland, and west of England. Fil. July.

(179) Jasione.

J. montana: annual or biennial ; stems short, decumbent or
ascending, sometimes nearly erect, one foot high, with spread-
ing branches; leaves linear or lanceolate, waved on the edges,
hairy ; flower-heads on long terminal peduncles, the involucral
bracts broadly ovate, the flowers or florets small, pale blue.—
Sheep’s-bit.—Heathy pastures, banks, etc. Fl. June, July.

(180) Phyteuma. Rampion.

P. orbiculare: stems simple, erect or slightly decumbent,
4-1} foot high; radical leaves ovate, cordate, on long stalks,
those of the stem narrow-oblong or lanceolate, the upper ones
sessile; flowers deep blue, in a globular terminal head, sur-
rounded by a few short, broadly lanceolate bracts. — Chalk
downs of southern England. Fl. August.

(181) Campanula, Beii-rLower.

* Calyx-tube and capsule short, broad.
+ Capsule opening at the sides.
{ Capsule sessile, erect.
C. glomerata: stem firm, erect, a foot high or more, hairy ;
lower leaves stalked, the rest sessile, broadly lanceolate, clasp-
ing the stem by their cordate base, roughly hairy; flowers

278 SUMMER FLOWERS.

sessile, deep blue, in small clusters in the upper leaves, the
uppermost ones forming a compact leafy head.—Dry pastures.
Fl. July, August. In very dry soils it sometimes becomes
much dwarfed, sometimes reduced to one or two inches in
height, and single-flowered.

If Capsule stalked, nodding.

C. Trachelium: stem 2-3 feet high, erect, simple, leafy ;
leaves on long stalks, broadly heart-shaped coarsely-toothed,
the upper ones small, ovate-lanceolate; flowers large, deep
blue, 2—3 together in short leafy racemes in the upper axils
or at the summit of the stem, sometimes solitary ; calyx with
broad lanceolate segments.—Hedges and thickets. Fl. July,
August.

C. latifolia: stems 2-3 feet high, erect, simple, leafy ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, toothed, narrowed at the base, the
lower ones stalked; flowers large, blue or white, solitary in
the axils of the upper leaves, forming a leafy raceme, the
uppermost exceeding the leaves; calyx with long lanceolate
segments.— Woods and thickets. FT'l. July, August.

C. rotundifolia: radical leaves orbicular or heart-shaped,
those of the stem narrow-lanceolate or linear, entire; stems
ascending or erect, 6-18 inches high, often branched, with a
few elegantly drooping blue, bell-shaped flowers, in a loose
raceme or panicle, sometimes solitary.— Harebell.— Hilly
pastures, heaths, banks, and roadsides. Fl. July, August.

tt Capsules opening at top.

C. hederacea: stems slender, prostrate, branched, thread-
like; leaves small, delicate, mostly orbicular or broadly heart-
shaped, with a few broad, angular teeth ; flowers on long, fili-
form peduncles, drooping in the bud, nearly erect when fully
out, and often drooping again as the fruit ripens: corolla

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 279

narrow-bellshaped, pale bluish-purple ; capsule almost globu-
lar, opening in three valves between the calycine teeth.—
Moist shady pastures and woods. FI. July, August. Some-
times called Wahlenbergia.

** Calyx tube and capsule long, narrow, prismatical. —

C. hybrida: annual ; stems erect or decumbent, branched
at the base, 6-8 inches high, hairy ; leaves oblong, waved ;
flowers blue, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, remark-
able for their long, narrow, triangular ovary and capsule,
crowned by the linear or oblong leafy segments of the calyx ;
capsule opening by short clefts close under the segments of

the calyx.—A cornfield weed. Fl. July, August. Sometimes
called Specularia.

(182) Oxycoccus.

O. palustris: shrub; stem creeping, wiry; leaves small,
evergreen, ovate or lanceolate, the edges rolled back, glaucous
beneath ; flowers drooping, on long, slender peduncles ; the
corolla deeply divided into four lobes, which are turned back,
exposing the stamens; berry globular, red.—Cranberry.—
Peat-bogs. Fl. June, July.

(183) Erica. Hearn.
* Corolla shorter than the calyx.

E. vulgaris: shrub; stems tufted, about a foot high;
leaves small, short, opposite, linear, rigid; flowers small,
purplish-pink or white, on short pedicels along the upper
branches, forming irregular, leafy racemes ; calyx coloured like
the corolla, which is concealed by it, and is deeply four-lobed. -
—Ling.—Dry heaths; abundant. fF. June, July. Now
generally separated under the name of Calluna.

280 SUMMER FLOWERS.

** Corolla longer than the calyx.

E. cinerea: shrub; stems one foot or more high, bushy;
leaves linear, pointed, three in a whorl, with clusters of small
leaves in their axils; flowers numerous, reddish purple, in
very showy, dense terminal racemes, the corolla ovoid.—
Scotch Heather.—Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and English moors,
covering immense tracts. Fl. July to October.

E. Tetralix: shrub; stems about a foot high, bushy at the
base, with short, erect flowering branches; leaves in fours,
linear, ciliate with short stiff hairs, the branches and upper
leaves clothed with a short, whitish down; flowers rose-
coloured, ovoid, forming little terminal clusters or close um-
bels.— Boggy heaths. Fl. July, August.

E. Mackaiana, a plant with shorter and broader leaves of
a darker green, from Cunnamara, in Ireland, which is closely
related to EL. Tetralizx, is sometimes regarded as distinct, some-
times as a mere variety.

(184) Pyrola, Wunrer-cReen.

P. minor: leaves stalked, broadly ovate or orbicular, entire
or slightly crenated, with a minute tooth or gland in each
notch; peduncle erect, 4-8 inches high, leafless; flowers
drooping, white or pinkish, in a short, loose raceme, the petals
ovate or orbicular, free, concave closing over the stamens.—
Woods and moist shady places. Fl. July.

P. rotundifolia is a somewhat larger plant, with larger and
whiter flowers, chiefly distinguished by having a long pro-
truding much curved style.

P. media is intermediate in size, and is distinguished by
having a long protruding nearly straight style. :

Both the latter plants are found in woods and moist shady
places, but are more rare than P. minor.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 281

(185) Monotropa.

M. Hypopitys: stem 6-8 inches high, bearing oblong or
ovate concave scales instead of leaves; flowers few, in a short
terminal raceme; the whole plant pale yellowish-brown.—
Yellow Bird’s-Nest.—Fir, birch, and beech woods. FI. June.

(186) Hottonia, Warer Vioxer.

H. palustris: aquatic; branches whorled, leafy, entirely
submerged ; leaves alternate deeply pinnatifid, with narrow-
linear lobes; flower-stem erect, leafless from the centre of the
whorl, rising out of the water, bearing whorls of 3-6 hand-
some, pale purplish-lilac flowers.—Featherfoil—Pools and
ditches. FI. May to June.

(187) Primula, Primrose.

" P. farinosa: leaves obovate-lanceolate, glabrous above, and
usually covered underneath with white meal, which is also
observable on the peduncles and calyx ; peduncles much longer
than the leaves, supporting a compact umbel of small, pale-lilac
flowers, having a yellow eye; the corolla lobes narrow, and
deeply notched.— Mountain pastures in northern England and
Scotland. Fl. June, July.

P. scotica, which has broader leaves, and shorter and
broader lobes to the corolla, is sometimes regarded as a variety
or more northern form of P. farinosa. [See also p. 59.]

(188) Lysimachia. Loosxstnire.

* Stems erect.

L. vulgaris: stem branched, 2-3 feet high, downy; leaves
rather large, broadly lanceolate or ovate, in whorls of 3-4;

282 , SUMMER FLOWERS,

flowers in short, compound racemes or panicles, in the upper
axils and at the summit of the branches, forming a terminal,
leafy panicle, the corolla yellow, subcampanulate, deeply di-
vided into five broad lobes; stameus connected into a cup at
the base.— Wet, shady banks. Fl. July.

** Stems trailing.

L. nummularia: stems prostrate, 1-2 feet long, often root-
ing at the nodes; leaves opposite, broadly ovate or rounded,
very obtuse; flowers large, yellow, solitary, on short axillary
pedicels, the corolla concave, deeply divided into five ovate
lobes ; stamens slightly connected at the base.—Moneywort or
Herb Twopence.—Banks, hedges, and moist pastures. Fl.
June, July.

L. nemorum: stems slender, procumbent, 4-1 foot long;
leaves opposite, broadly ovate, acute; flowers rather small,
solitary, axillary, on slender pedicels longer than the leaves,
the corolla rotate, bright yellow; stamens quite free.—Woods
and shady places. Fl. June to August.

(189) Anagallis. PimperNe..

A. arvensis: annual; stems procumbent, 3-1 foot long;
leaves opposite, broadly ovate, sessile, entire, dotted beneath,
flowers bright red, occasionally pink, or white.—Shepherd’s
Weather-glass—A common cornfield weed. Fl. June to
August.

A. tenella: stems slender, procumbent, and rooting, only a
few inches long; leaves small, orbicular, opposite; flowers
pale pink, on long, slender pedicels, the corolla narrow-cam-
panulate, of delicate texture.—Wet mossy banks and bogs.
Fl. July, August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 283

(190) Samolus. Brookweren.

S. Valerandi: root-leaves glabrous, obovate, spreading ;
flowering stems 4-1 foot high, slightly branched, bearing a
few oblong leaves, and loose racemes of small white flowers.—
Maritime marshes, chiefly along the west coast. Fl. July.

(191) Statice.

S. Limonium : radical leaves obovate or oblong, entire, gla-
brous, narrowed into a long stalk; flower-stem erect, leafless,
}—] foot or more high, repeatedly forked, so as to form a broad
corymbose panicle, with a membranous bract at each division,
the flowers numerous, in short, rather loose spikes at the end
of the branches; calyx scarious, pale purple, with five short,
broad teeth, subsequently much enlarged ; petals bluish-purple.
—Sea Lavender.— Maritime sands and salt marshes. FI. July,
August.

(192) Armeria. Turuirv.

A. vulgaris: tufted; leaves numerous, radical, all narrow-
linear, entire; stems simple and leafless, 3-6 inches high,
bearing a globular head of pink flowers, the petal-like border
of the calyx crowned by five very short, slender teeth.— Muddy
or sandy seashores. Fl. July, August.

(193) Plantago, Pranvarn.
* Leaves strongly ribbed longitudinally.

P. major: leaves broadly ovate, with about seven promi-
nent ribs converging at the base into the longish footstalk ;
spike long, slender, tapering, formed of small sessile flowers ;

284 SUMMER FLOWERS.

capsule two-celled, with several seeds.—Roadsides and waste
places. FI. June to August.

P. media: leaves ovate, nearly sessile, hoary, marked with
5-7 ribs; spike dense, cylindrical ; capsule two-seeded.—Dry
limestone pastures. Fl. June to August.

P. lanceolata: leaves lanceolate, slightly hairy, with 3-5
ribs; spike ovoid or oblong; capsule with two seeds.—Rib-
wort.—Meadows, pastures, and waste places. Fl. June, July.

** Leaves without prominent ribs.

P. maritima: leaves narrow-linear, fleshy, entire, or slightly
toothed; spike cylindrical; ovary two-celled.—Muddy salt-
marshes. Fl. August, September.

P. Coronopus: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, or pinna-
tifid with linear segments, hairy; spikes cylindrical; ovary
four-celled.—Star of the Earth.—Dry, stony or sandy sie
Fl. June to August.

(194) Littorella, SHoreweep.

L. lacustris: leaves tufted, narrow-linear, entire ; flowers
small, moncecious, the males singly or two together, on short
peduncles, the females sessile among the leaves.—Margins of
lakes and pools. Fl. June.

(195) Pinguicula. Burrerworr.

P. vulgaris: leaves spreading, ovate or oblong, somewhat
succulent, covered with crystalline points which give them a
wet, clammy appearance ; flower-stalks 3—5 inches high, bear-
ing one handsome, bluish-purple flower, the broad campanu-
late throat of the corolla attached laterally to the receptacle,
and projected below into a slender spur about its own length.
—Bogs. Fi. May, June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 285

Var. grandiflora: larger-flowered and very handsome, with
broader lobes to the corolla.— Bogs of south-western Ireland.

(196) Utricularia. Buiapprerworr.

U. vulgaris: aquatic; root-like, floating branches, $-1 foot

long or more; leaves numerous, capillary, much divided, more
or less interspersed with little green vesicles; flower-stems
6-8 inches high, bearing a few rather large yellow flowers, the
corolla with a short, conical, more or less curved spur, and a
broad convex palate.-—Deep pools and water-channels. FI.
June, July.
_ U. minor differs chiefly in the small size of its parts, the
floating branches being very slender, the leaves small, ‘fine,
with few forked lobes and few bladders, and the flowers half
the size, pale yellow, with a very short spur.

(197) Ilex. Hotty.

I. Aquifolium: shrub or small tree, much branched, ever-
green ; leaves shortly stalked, ovate, shining, entire, waved,
bordered with strong prickly teeth; flowers white, in dense
clusters in the axils of the leaves ; berries bright red or yellow.
—Hedges and woods. Fl. June.

(198) Fraxinus, Asu.

F. excelsior: tree; leaves opposite, deciduous, pinnate,
with 4-8 pairs of ovate-lanceolate toothed leaflets; flowers
(before the leaves) like clusters of stamens issuing from buds
of the last year’s shoots; clusters surrounded by a few small
woolly scales, and in reality consisting of a number of pedi-
cels arranged in a short raceme, each pedicel bearing a pair of

286 SUMMER FLOWERS.

sessile anthers with an ovary in the middle; capsules com-
monly called keys, having large oblong wings.—Woods and
hedges. Fl. May.

(199) Ligustrum, Priver.

L. vulgare: shrub; leaves nearly evergreen, lanceolate or
oblong, entire; flowers white, in short compact panicles at the
ends of the branches; berries black, globular.—Hedges and
thickets. Fl. June.

(200) Convolvulus. Binpweep.

C. arvensis: stems twining or prostrate, about two feet
long; leaves stalked, ovate-sagittate, with pointed basal lobes ;
peduncles axillary, usually two-flowered, the corolla delicate
pink, or nearly white, an inch or more in diameter, handsome.
—Fields and pastures; a troublesome weed, but withal one of
the most beautiful of our wild plants, and varying considerably
in the colour of its flowers. Fl. June, July.

(201) Calystegia, Binpweep.

C. sepium: stems twining, climbing to the length of many
feet over hedges and bushes ; leaves ovate-triangular, pointed,
with broad, angular basal lobes; peduncles axillary, bearing a
single large pure white flower, with a pair of large, leafy bracts
enclosing the calyx.—Hedges and bushy places. Fl. July,
August.

C. Soldanella, found in maritime sands, has short, prostrate
stems, small thick broadly rounded or kidney-shaped leaves,
having broad rounded or angular lobes at the base, and large
light pink flowers.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 287

(202) Cuscuta. Dopprr.

* Corolla tube with inconspicuous appressed scales.

C. europea: annual leafless parasite ; plant pale greenish-
yellow, sometimes reddish; flowers in sessile, globular clus-
ters ; the corolla tube at first broadly cylindrical, longer than
the calyx, with broad short lobes, and very minute, scarcely
perceptible scales inside.—Parasitic, chiefly on herbaceous
stems. Fl. August.

** Corolla tube with prominent scales,nearly closing the orifice.

C. Epithymum: annual leafless parasite ; stems red,
thread-like, much finer than in the last; flower-heads small,
globular, very compact; the corolla tube cylindrical, with
pointed, spreading lobes, the scales prominent, almost closing
the tube.—Parasitic on small shrubs, chiefly thyme, heath,
ete. Fl. July, August.

(203) Polemonium.

P. ceruleum: root leaves pinnate, forming dense tufts, and
made up of 11-21 lanceolate, entire leaflets ; stems erect, 14-2
feet high, bearing a few small pinnate leaves; flowers in a
showy terminal corymbose panicle, blue or white.—Jacob’s
Ladder or Greek Valerian.—Bushy, hilly places. Fl. July.

(204) Erythrea. Crnravry.

E. Centaurium: annual; stems erect, from 2-12 inches
high, branched in the upper part; leaves broadly ovate, form-
ing a spreading radical tuft, the upper ones in distant pairs,
ovate-oblong or narrow-linear ; flowers pink, usually numerous,
in a terminal, repeatedly-forked cyme or panicle, the corolla

288 SUMMER FLOWERS.

with a slender tube, and a spreading, five-cleft limb.—Dry
pastures and sandy places. Fl. July, August. The following
are probably forms or varieties :—

E. pulchella: more branched, with numerous flowers, the
tube of the corolla not much longer than the calyx, and the
lobes of the limb narrow.—Sandy places.

E. latifolia: dwarf with rather large flowers and broad
leaves.—Sandy sea shores.

E. littoralis: much branched, usually small, with very
narrow leaves and rather large flowers, often dwindled down
to a simple stem half an inch high, with a single flower.—
Sandy sea shores.

(205) Gentiana, GenTIAn.

G. Amarella: annual; stems erect, much-branched, 1-1
foot high, often with a purplish tinge; leaves ovate or lanceo-
late ; flowers numerous, crowded, or sometimes forming a loose,
oblong, leafy panicle, pale purplish-blue; calyx divided to the
middle into five narrow-lanceolate, nearly equal lobes; corolla-
tube broad, fringed at the throat, the limb spreading, divided
into five ovate or oblong lobes.—Dry hilly pastures. Fl.
August, September.

G. campestris much resembles this, but is usually stouter,
more branched, and more crowded with leaves and flowers;
it is known by the parts of the flower being in fours, not in
fives, and by two of the lobes of the calyx being broadly ovate,
overlapping two other narrow ones. [See also p. 59.]

(206) Chlora.

C. perfoliata: annual; stems erect, stiff, }-2 feet high,
pale glaucous green ; leaves in a spreading tuft, elliptic-oblong,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 289

those of the stem in distant pairs, perfoliate; flowers bright
yellow, in terminal cymes, the corolla nearly rotate.—Yellow-
wort.—Dry pastures and waste places, in limestone districts.
Fl. July, August.

(207) .Villarsia.

V. nympheoides: aquatic; stems creeping and rooting at
the base, branching and ascending to the surface of the water,
bearing a single leaf at each upper branch, and a terminal
floating tuft of leaves and peduncles; leaves long-stalked,
deeply cordate; peduncles terminated by a rather large yellow
flower.—Ponds and still waters. Fl. July, August.

(208) Datura. THorN-appLe.

D. Stramonium: annual; stems coarse, glabrous, 1-2 feet
high, with spreading, forked branches; leaves large, ovate,
with irregular angular teeth; flowers solitary, on short pe-
duncles, in the forks or at the ends of the branches; calyx
loosely tubular; corolla white, fragrant; capsule roundish-
ovate, very prickly, with numerous wrinkled seeds.—A road-
side weed, but scarcely naturalized. Fl. July.

(209) Hyoscyamus. Hensane.

H. niger: annual or biennial, hairy, viscid, with a nau-
seous smell: annual plants erect, about one foot high, the
leaves sessile, the upper ones clasping the stem, ovate, irre-
gularly pinnatifid: biennial plants producing a tuft of large,
stalked, elliptic, radical leaves which perish, and in the follow-
ing year a coarse branched stem 1-2 feet high ; flowers in one-
sided leafy spikes,rolled back at the top before flowering ; calyx
persistent round the fruit, strongly veined, with five stiff, broad,

U

290 SUMMER FLOWERS.

almost prickly lobes; corolla Inrid-yellow, with purplish
veins.— Waste, stony places, roadsides, ete. Fl. July.

(210) Solanum.

S. Dulcamara: stem shrubby at the base, with straggling
branches; leaves stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadly
cordate at the base, entire, or sometimes with an additional
smaller segment on one or both sides, glabrous or downy;
flowers small, purple, with yellow anthers, in loose cymes, on
lateral peduncles shorter than the leaves; berries small, ovoid,
red.—Bitter-sweet,— Hedges and thickets. Fl. June, July.

S. nigrum: annual; stems -erect, about a foot high, with
spreading branches, glabrous or nearly so; leaves stalked,
ovate with coarse angular teeth; flowers small, white, in con-
tracted cymes on short, lateral peduncles; berries small, glo-
bular, black.—A common weed of cultivation. FI. June to
September. :

(211) Atropa. Derapty Nieursuape.

A. Belladonna: stems stout, erect, branching, glabrous or
slightly downy, three feet high; leaves stalked, large, ovate,
entire, with a smaller one usually proceeding from the same
point; flowers solitary, in the forks of the stem, and in the
axils of the leaves, lurid purple; berry large, globular, shining
black, surrounded by the leafy calyx-lobes.—Dwale.— Waste
stony places. Fl. June to August.

(212) Echium. Vrrer’s Buctoss.

HE. vulgare: biennial; stems erect, 1-2 feet high, with stiff,
almost prickly hairs; leaves lanceolate, stalked, those of the

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 291

stem linear-lanceolate ; flowers showy, reddish purple, turning
to bright blue, in numerous one-sided spikes, forming a long
terminal panicle; corolla limb very oblique.—Roadsides and
waste places. Fl. June, July.

(213) Lithospermum. Gromwe...

* Nuts wrinkled.

L. arvense: annual ; stems erect, branched, about a foot high,
hoary with appressed hairs ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or nearly
linear; flowers small, white, sessile, in leafy terminal cymes ;
nuts conical, hard, deeply wrinkled.— Bastard Alkanet.—Cul-
tivated and waste places. Fl. May, June.

**& Nuts smooth.

I. officinale : stem erect, branched, 1-14 foot high; leaves
lanceolate; flowers small, yellowish white; nuts hard, white,
very smooth and shining, without wrinkles.—Waste places,
roadsides, etc. Fl. June to August.

(214) Borago. Borace.

B. officinalis: annual ; stem erect, with spreading branches,
1-2 feet high ; leaves obovate or oblong, narrowed at the base
into long stalks, the upper more shortly stalked, narrower ;
flowers on long pedicels, in loose forked cymes, drooping, clear
blue, the dark anthers very prominent.— Waste ground. FI.
June, July.

(215) Lycopsis. Buexoss.

L. arvensis: annual; stems procumbent at the base,
branched, 1-2 feet long, covered with stiff hairs; leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong-linear, waved, often toothed, the upper ones

U 2

292 SUMMER FLOWERS.

sessile or stem-clasping ; flowers in simple or forked, terminal,
one-sided spikes ; corolla pale blue, the tube always curved in
the middle-—A common weed of cultivation. Fl. June.

(216) Anchusa. ALKANET.

A. sempervirens: stems straggling, coarsely hairy; leaves
broadly ovate; flowers in short, one-sided spikes, leafy at the
base, and placed in the axils of the stem-leaves; corolla rich
blue.— Waste places. Fl. May, June.

(217) Myosotis. Scorrion-crass.

* Hairs of the calyx appressed.

M. palustris: stems weak, ascending, }—14 foot high, nearly
glabrous; leaves oblong bluntish, nearly glabrous; flowers
bright clear blue, with a yellow eye, rather large; calyx never
divided below the middle.—Forget-me-not.— Wet ditches and
sides of streams. Fl. June to August.

M. repens, which is more hairy, with narrower lobes to the
calyx, reaching to about the middle; and M. ceespitosa, which
has a smaller corolla, with the limb often slightly concave,
are varieties sometimes considered distinct.

** Hairs of the calyx spreading or hooked.
+ Pedicels equalling or exceeding the calyz.

M. sylvatica: stems one foot high, roughly hairy; leaves
oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, handsome, blue, the limb
spreading flat; calyx cleft nearly to the base, with narrow
segments.—Mountain pastures and shady situations. Fl.
May, June.

The alpine form, with larger flowers, is by some distin-
guished as a species, under the name of M. alpestris.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 293

M. arvensis: annual or biennial; stem weak, a foot high ;
leaves oblong, acute, hairy; flowers small, blue; the corolla
with a short, eoncave limb; calyx deeply cleft, the narrow
segments erect when in fruit.—Cultivated ground and bushy
places. Fl. June to August.

tt Peduncles shorter than the calyx.

M. collina: annual; stems much branched, hairy, seldom
six inches high ; leaves in radical tufts, oblong obtuse ; flowers
in slender racemes, the corolla very small, bright blue, with a
small, concave limb.—Dry, open places. Fl. May.

M. versicolor is a little hairy annual, something like the
last, but with a more simple and erect stem, a spreading tuft
of radical leaves, and small nearly sessile flowers; the corolla
at first pale yellow, turning blue as it fades.

(218) Cynoglossum. Hovunn’s-roneur.

C. officinale: biennial ; stem stout, erect, branched, about
two feet high, with rough hairs; leaves lanceolate, or the
lowest ones oblong, the uppermost sessile and clasping the
stem, all hoary with dense soft appressed down; racemes
numerous, mostly simple, forming a terminal leafy panicle,
the corolla small, dull purplish-red.—Roadsides and waste
places. Fl. June, July.

(219) Salvia. Sace.

S. pratensis: leaves ovate, heart-shaped or oblong, coarsely
toothed, wrinkled; stem 1-14 feet high, downy, with a few
narrow leaves near its base; flowers in a long, handsome, ter-
minal, almost simple whorled spike, the corolla near thrice as
long as the calyx, rich blue, with a long arched upper lip.—
Dry pastures, rare. Fl. July.

294. SUMMER FLOWERS.

S. Verbenaca: stems hairy, erect, 1-2 feet high, slightly
branched; leaves stalked, ovate, coarsely toothed or lobed,
wrinkled, the upper ones sessile, the bract-like floral leaves
small, heart-shaped, entire ; flowers in terminal hairy spikes,
small, blue; the corolla seldom twice as long as the calyx.—
Waste places, roadsides. Fl. June to October.

(220) Lycopus. Gipsyworr.

L. europeeus: stems erect, branching, slightly hairy, two feet
high; leaves ovate-oblong, deeply toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers
smaJl, numerous, in dense axillary whorls or clusters, whitish
with purple dots.—Wet ditches and marshes. Fl. July,
August.

(221) Nepeta. Carminr.

N. Cataria: stems erect, branching, 2-24 feet high, hoary
with minute down; leaves ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed ;
flowers rather small, pale blue or nearly white, crowded in
compact cymes, forming short, oblong spikes at the ends of
the branches.— Hedges, roadsides and waste places. Fl. July,
August. [See also p. 61.]

(222) Mentha. Muxnr.

* Calyx-throat naked.
+ Flowers in spiked whorls or terminal heads.

M. sylvestris: stems 1-2 feet high, erect, slightly branched,
and, as well as the whole plant, hoary with short down; leaves
closely sessile, broadly lanceolate or narrow-ovate; flowers
small, numerous, pinkish, in dense cylindrical spikes, usually
several together, forming an oblong terminal panicle.—Horse
Mint.—Wet pastures, sides of ditches, etc. Fl. August,
September.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 295

M. rotundifolia is a greener, and more: hairy plant, with
broadly ovate or orbicular leaves, and terminal cylindrical
spikes of small pale pink flowers; and M. viridis, has glabrous
green stems and leaves, the latter acutely lance-shaped, and
lax cylindrical terminal flower spikes. This last is the common ~
Mint of our gardens.

M. piperita: stems 1-1} foot high, erect, glabrous, or
nearly so; leaves stalked, ovate-oblong, serrated ; flowers lilac,
in blunt rather dense spikes, the lower whorls often distant.
—Peppermint.—Wet places, rather rare. Fl. July, August.

M. aquatica: stems 1-11 feet high, much branched, softly
hairy, or sometimes nearly glabrous ; leaves stalked, ovate or
slightly heart-shaped ; flowers in dense, terminal, globular or
oblong heads, pale lilac.—Wet ditches, marshes, and edges of
streams. Fl. July, August.

+t lowers in distant axillary whorls.

M. sativa: stems more or less spreading or ascending ;
leaves stalked, ovate or elliptical serrate; flowers all in dis-
tinct axillary whorls, without any terminal head or spike, the
calyx tubular, with spreading teeth.—Wet places. Fl. July,
August.

M. arvensis: stems low, spreading, branched, hairy, 1-1
foot long, rarely erect; leaves stalked, ovate, toothed ; flowers
all in axillary whorls, mostly shorter than the leafstalks, the
calyx campanulate.—Fields and moist places. Fl. July to
September.

** Calyx-throat closed with hairs.

M. Pulegium: stems prostrate, much branched, rooting;
leaves small, elliptical, entire or slightly crenate, the floral
ones still smaller; flowers in dense axillary whorls.—Penny-

296 SUMMER FLOWERS.

royal.—Wet ditches, and marshy places. Fl. August, Sep-
tember.

(223) Origanum. Marsoram.

O. vulgare: stems erect, 1-2 feet high, hairy; leaves
stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly toothed; flowers
purplish, rarely white, in globular compact heads, forming a
terminal trichotomous panicle.—Edges of woods, and hilly
pastures, especially in limestone districts. Fl. July, August.

(224) Thymus. Tuyme.

T. Serpyllum : stems procumbent, slender, much branched,
perennial, scarcely woody at the base, forming low dense tufts, .
almost covered with the purple flowers; leaves very small,
ovate or oblong, fringed at the base, the floral leaves similar
but smaller; flowers in short, terminal, loose, leafy spikes.—
Dry hilly pastures. Fl. July, August.

(225) Marrubium. Horeuounp.

M. vulgare: stem 14 foot high, with spreading branches,
thickly covered with white cottony wool; leaves stalked, or-
bicular, soft, much wrinkled ; flowers in dense whorls or clus-
ters in the axils of the upper leaves, small, dirty white.—
Roadsides and waste places. Fl. July.

(226) Galeopsis. Hump-Nerrie.

* Calyx-teeth not longer than the tube.
G. Ladanum: annual; stems 6-8 inches high, with spread-
ing, almost decumbent branches, covered with short soft down,
not swollen under the nodes ; leaves narrow-ovate or lanceolate,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 297

coarsely toothed ; flowers purple, in dense whorls in the upper
axils, the upper ones forming a terminal head.—Cultivated
-and waste places. Fl. August, September.

** Calyx-teeth long and almost prickly.

G. Tetrahit: annual; stems coarse, 1-2 feet high, swollen
under the nodes, with spreading branches, and stiff, spreading
hairs; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed ; flowers nume-
rous, forming close whorls in the axils of the upper leaves,
pale-purplish or white.—Cultivated and waste places.—FI.
July, August.

Var. versicolor, larger, with larger flowers, which are yellow
with a purple spot on the lower lip.—Fields.

(227) Stachys. Wounpworr.

* Stems erect.

S. Betonica: stems 1-2 feet high, downy or hairy ; leaves
mostly radical, oblong, cordate at the base, coarsely crenate,
the upper ones few, distant, sessile; flowers purple, in dense
whorls, collected in a close terminal, oblong head or spike;
the upper lip of the corolla ovate, erect, slightly concave.—
Betony.—Woods and thickets. Fl. July, August. It is
sometimes called Betonica.

S. sylvatica: stem stout, erect, branching, 2-4 feet high,
coarsely hairy; leaves all stalked, cordate, ovate, crenate;
flowers in distant whorls, forming long terminal spikes, dark
reddish-purple, the lower lip variegated with white.—Shady
banks, and edges of woods. Fl. July, August.

S. palustris: stems tall, stout, with short hairs; leaves
oblong or lanceolate, slightly cordate at the base; flowers pale
bluish-purple, forming shorter and more crowded spikes than
in the last.—Ditches, and moist banks. Fl. August.

298 SUMMER FLOWERS.

** Stems decumbent.

S. arvensis: annual; stems slender, hairy, branched, de-
cumbent or slightly ascending; leaves small, ovate, scarcely
cordate ; flowers small, of a pale purple, in loose, leafy spikes.
—Fields and waste places. Fl. July, August.

(228) Leonurus. Mornerwort.

L.. Cardiaca: stems stiff, hairy or downy, 2—4 feet high ;
leaves stalked, broad, palmately cut into 5-7 coarsely toothed
lobes, the floral leaves narrow, 3-lobed or entire; flowers in long
interrupted, terminal, leafy spikes, pink or nearly white.—
Waste places, hedges, etc. Fl. July, August.

(229) Ballota. Brack Horenounp.

B. nigra: stems erect, hairy, branching, 2-3 feet high,
with a strong, disagreeable smell; leaves stalked, ovate or
cordate, coarsely toothed; flowers in dense axillary clusters,
often slightly stalked, purplish, the lower lip 3-lobed, spread-
ing.— Hedges and roadsides. Fl. July, August.

(230) Scutellaria, Sxuxtcar.

S. galericulata: stems slightly branched, ascending, 3-1
foot high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, slightly toothed; flowers
nearly sessile, opposite, in axillary pairs along the greater
part of the stem, and all turned to one side, the corolla dingy
blue, with a very slender tube considerably enlarged at the
throat.—Wet, shady, or stony places. Fl. July, August.

(231) Prunella, Ser-Heat.

P. vulgaris: stem procumbent, rooting at the base, with
ascending flowering branches, }—1 foot high; leaves stalked,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 299

ovate, nearly entire ; flowers in dense spikes, violet-purple, the
upper lip bending over the lower.—Pastures, banks, ete. Fl.
July, August.

(232) Calamintha. Cataminr.

* Calyx-tube gibbous at the base beneath.

C. Acinos: annual; stems branched, 6-8 inches high,
slightly downy; leaves small, narrow-ovate, slightly toothed ;
flowers pale purple or white, in axillary whorls on short, erect
pedicels.— Basil Thyme.—Fields. Fl. July, August.

** Calyx-tube equal at the base.

C. officinalis: stems hairy, ascending or erect, with strag-
gling branches, 1 foot high; leaves broadly ovate, toothed ;
flowers pinkish-lilac, in small loose cymes, forming terminal,
one-sided, leafy panicles; calyx tubular, ribbed, half as long
as the corolla, the teeth with long cilia.—Hedges, roadsides,
and waste places. Fil. July to September. Mr. Bentham
makes the two following plants varieties of this :-—

C. Nepeta: leaves ovate, nearly entire ; flower-cymes con-
tracted into loose whorls, the corolla half as long again as the
calyx, which is shortly ciliate—Dry open, sunny banks.

C. sylvatica: stem taller; leaves larger, broadly ovate,
sharply toothed ; cymes loose, the flowers showy, the corolla
fully twice as long as the calyx.— Woods in the Isle of Wight.

C. Clinopodium : stems erect or ascending, branched, softly
hairy, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate, slightly toothed, soft,
hairy ; flowers purple, in dense cymes, forming compact
whorls or heads in the axils of the upper leaves, or at the
ends of the branches, surrounded by subulate, hairy bracts.
—Wild Basil.—Hedges and woods. Fl. July, August.

3800 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(233) Teucrium. GerrmanpeER.

T. Scorodonia: stems erect, hairy, 1 foot high, slightly
branched, almost woody at the base ; leaves ovate or lanceolate,
coarsely toothed, wrinkled, downy; flowers of a pale yellow,
in pairs, forming terminal and axillary one-sided racemes.—

Wood Sage.—Woods and hedges. Fl. July, August.

(234) Verbena. Vervarn.

V. officinalis: stem nearly glabrous, erect, 1-2 feet high,
with long, spreading, wiry branches; leaves obovate or ob-
long, stalked, coarsely toothed or eut, the upper ones few,
lanceolate ; flowers very small, lilac, in long slender spikes.
—Roadsides and waste places. Fl. July, August.

(235) Veronica. SPrreEpWELt.

* Flowers in terminal racemes.

V. spicata : stems ascending or erect, $—1 foot high, usually
simple ; leaves oblong or the lower ones ovate, downy, slightly
crenate; flowers clear blue, in dense terminal spikes.— Hilly
pastures, in limestone districts, rare. Fl. July, August.

V. serpyllifolia: stems shortly creeping, much branched,
forming dense, leafy tufts, the flowering branches ascending,
2-6 inches high; leaves ovate, slightly crenate, glabrous ;
flowers very small, pale blue or white with darker streaks,
sessile or shortly stalked, in terminal racemes, the bracts
rather large and leaf-like.—Pastures, fields, and waste places.

Fl. May, June.
' V. arvensis: annual; stems hairy, 2-6 inches high, erect,
simple, or sometimes diffuse and branching at the base ; leaves
ovate, toothed, the upper floral ones lanceolate ; flowers small,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 301

sessile, forming terminal, leafy racemes, blue or nearly white.
—Cultivated and waste places. Fl. May, June.

** Flowers in axillary racemes.

V. officinalis: stems much branched, creeping and rooting,
4-] foot long; leaves obovate or oblong, toothed, hairy ;
spikes or racemes hairy, axillary, sometimes proceeding from
the upper axils, the flowers nearly sessile, small, pale blue.—
Dry banks and heaths. FI. June to August.

V. Anagallis: stems erect, branching, $-2 feet high, gla-
brous; leaves lanceolate, sessile or clasping, toothed; ra-
cemes numerous, axillary, opposite, ze. in the axils of both
leaves of each pair, the flowers small, pedicellate, pale blue.—
Wet ditches, and by streams and ponds. FI. July.

V. Beccabunga: stems procumbent or floating at their
base, rooting, the flowering branches ascending, glabrous;
leaves stalked, oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed ; flowers small,
blue, in opposite axillary racemes.—Brooklime.— Wet ditches,
and by streams and ponds. Fl. June, July.

V. scutellata: stems slender, ascending or spreading, about
6 inches high, glabrous, rarely downy ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late ; flowers few, in slender racemes, alternately from one
axil only of each pair of leaves, small, pale pinkish-blue.—
Marshes, ditches, and wet places. Fl. July, August.

V. Chameedrys: stems weak, ascending, about a foot long,
with two opposite lines of hairs; leaves stalked, ovate-cordate,
crenate, hairy; racemes longer than the leaves, with large
bright blue flowers, on longish pedicels; capsule flat, very
broad at the top.— Woods, banks, etc. Fl. May, June.

V. montana resembles this, but is more diffuse, with looser
and more slender racemes of flowers, the stem hairy all round,
and the capsule broadest in the middle.

302 SUMMER FLOWERS.

*** Flowers solitary, axillary.

V. hedereefolia : annual; stems procumbent ; leaves broadly
orbicular, with 5-7 coarse teeth, the middle one broad,
rounded ; flowers pale blue, the sepals broadly heart-shaped.
—A weed of cultivation. Fl. May, June.

V. agrestis: annual; stems hairy, branched, procumbent,
4-1 foot long; leaves ovate, toothed, the lowest opposite,
but mostly alternate, each with a single small blue or pink-
ish-white flower in its axil, the sepals oblong; capsule of 2
ovoid, erect lobes.—A common weed. Fl. April to September.

V. polita is a variety with ovate sepals, and larger blue
flowers ; and the allied V. Buxbaumii, another weed of culti-
vation, closely resembles this species, but is larger in all its
parts, with the flowers bright blue, and the lobes of the cap-
sule broad and divaricate.

(236) Verbascum. Muvtern. .

V. Thapsus : biennial ; stem stout, erect, simple or branched,
2-4: feet high, clothed with soft woolly hairs; leaves oblong,
pointed, narrowed at the base into two wings running down
the stem, the lower ones often stalked; flowers in a dense,
woolly terminal spike, sometimes a foot or more long, the
corolla large, yellow, three of the filaments covered with
yellowish woolly hairs.—High Taper.—Roadsides and waste
places. Fl. July, August.

V. nigrum: stem sparingly clothed with woolly hairs, 2-3
feet high, ending in a long, simple or slightly branched ra-
ceme ; leaves crenate, nearly glabrous above, the lower ones
large, cordate-oblong, on long stalks ; flowers numerous, small,
yellow, with bright purple hairs to the filaments.—Banks and
waysides. Fl. July, August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 303

(237) Sibthorpia.

S. europea: stems very slender, creeping, rooting at the
nodes; leaves small, stalked, orbicular, deeply cordate at the
base, crenate, hairy ; flowers minute, axillary, the corolla with
the two upper lobes yellowish, the three lower broader and
pink.—Cornish Moneywort.—Moist, shady places. Fl. July,
August.

(238) Linaria. Toap-ruax.
* Stems erect.

L. vulgaris: stems 1-3 feet high, glaucous green; leaves
crowded, linear or narrow-lanceolate; flowers large, yellow,
forming a short handsome terminal raceme ; spur of the
corolla long and pointed ; the projecting palate of the lower
lip of a bright orange colour, completely closing the tube.—
Hedges, and borders of fields. Fl. June, July.

L. minor: annual; stems much branched, 3-4 inches high,
slightly glandular, downy ; leaves linear, obtuse; flowers very
small, on long axillary peduncles, pale purple or violet, with
a short blunt spur—A weed of cultivation. Fl. June to
August.

** Stems trailing.

L. Cymbalaria: stems slender, glabrous, trailing, often
rooting at the nodes ; leaves stalked, nearly reniform, broadly
5-lobed, almost fleshy ; flowers small, axillary, pale lilac, with
a rather short spur, the palate yellowish—Old walls, and
stony places, naturalized. Fl. all the year.

L. spuria: annual; stems hairy, slender, branching, pro-
strate, j-1 foot long ; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular ; flowers
solitary, in the axils of the upper smaller leaves, small yel-

304 SUMMER FLOWERS.

lowish, with a purple upper lip, the spur slender, recurved.
—Cornfields. Fl. July, September.

L. Elatine, also a weed of cultivation, closely resembles
this, but is still more slender; leaves angular or hastate at
the base, the lowermost ovate, the peduncles more slender,
glabrous, and the spur of the corolla straight.

(239) Antirrhinum. Swnappracon.

A. majus: stems branched, erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous ;
leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, entire; flowers large, pur-
plish-red, the corolla above an inch long.—Rocks, old walls,
and stony places. Fl. July to September.

(240) Scrophularia. Fieworr.

S. nodosa: stems erect, 2-3 feet high, glabrous, sharply
quadrangular, the short stock emitting a number of green
knots or tubers; leaves broadly ovate or heart-shaped, acute
serrated ; panicle loosely pyramidal or oblong, the corolla
lurid greenish-purple.—Moist hedges and thickets. Fl. June,
July.

S. aquatica: stem 2-5 feet high, the angles projected into
narrow wings; leaves cordate-oblong, obtuse; panicle long,
narrow, the flowers dull purple.—Ditches and sides of streams.
Fl. July, August. [See also p. 60.]

(241) Digitalis, Foxe.ove.

D. purpurea: biennial; leaves long-stalked, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, coarsely veined, downy; flowering stems 2-4 feet
high, terminating in a long stately raceme of purple flowers,
the corolla 14 inch long, beautifully spotted and hairy inside.
—Dry hilly wastes, and roadsides. Fl. June to August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 305

(242) Pedicularis. Lovuseworr.

P. palustris: annual; stems glabrous, erect, or in dry
situations decumbent at the base, much branched, one foot, or
in water two feet high ; leaves pinnate, with short ovate deeply
cut segments, the floral ones twice pinnate; flowers almost
sessile in the axils, deep purple-red, the calyx broad, with
two broad, short, irregularly cut or jagged lobes, and the
upper lip of the corolla with two minute teeth below its
middle.—Red Ratile.—Wet meadows and watery ditches.
Fl. June, July.

P. sylvatica: stems prostrate or spreading, branching, sel-
dom above six inches long; leaves pinnate, with deeply cut,
small segments ; flowers sessile in the upper axils, pink-red,
the calyx broadly oblong, with five unequal teeth, the upper lip
of the corolla with one minute tooth on each side, under the
point.—Moist heathy pastures and meadows. Fl. June, July.

(243) Bartsia.

B. Odontites: annual; stems erect, branching, a foot high,
downy; leaves lanceolate, toothed; flowers purplish-red, in -
numerous one-sided spikes, the upper lip of the corolla longer
than the lower one.—Fields and waste places. Fl. July,
August.

(244) Euphrasia. Evyesrient.

E. officinalis : annual; stem 2-8 inches high, usually much
branched, glabrous or slightly downy; leaves small, sessile,
opposite, ovate, deeply toothed, the teeth of the upper ones
finely pointed; flowers in loose, terminal, leafy spikes, the
corolla white or reddish streaked with purple, and having a

xX

306 SUMMER FLOWERS.

yellow spot in the throat.—Heaths and pastures. Fl. July
to September.

(245) Rhinanthus. Rarrue.

R. Crista-galli: annual; stems erect, glabrous or slightly
hairy, 3-1 foot high, simple or slightly branched ; leaves oppo-
site, lanceolate, and coarsely-toothed, the floral ones broader,
shorter, and more cut at the base; flowers in a loose leafy
spike, yellow, often with a purple spot on the upper, or on
both lips.—Meadows and pastures. Fl. June.

(246) Melampyrum. Cow-wueat.

M. pratense: stem erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly
so, 3-1 foot high, with very spreading, opposite branches ;
leaves lanceolate, the floral ones distant from each other,
short, and often toothed at the base; flowers yellow, in dis-
taut axillary pairs, all turned one way.—Woods and bushy
places. Fl. July, August.

(247) Orobanche. Broomrape.

O. major : plant at first pale-yellow, soon becoming a dingy
purplish-brown ; stem simple, stout, erect, 1-2 feet high, with
lanceolate scales; flowers closely sessile, forming a dense
spike half the length of the stem, the corolla-tube nearly as
broad as long, curved, with a very oblique limb, the upper lip
entire or shortly two-lobed, the lower one three-lobed ; upper
part of the style and stamens usually covered with short glan-
dular hairs, which are wanting in the lower parts.— Parasitical
on the roots of the Broom, more rarely on those of the Furze.
Fl. June, July.

Several other species are found, though less frequently, as—

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 307

O. elatior, a tall yellowish species, with the stamens hairy ;
O. rubra, red-brown ; O. caryophyllacea, light or dark-brown ;
and O. minor, light yellowish-brown, the three latter being
seldom over a foot high, with a short flower-spike.

(248) Salicornia, Guassworr.

S. herbacea: annual; stems erect, glabrous, succulent,
jointed, leafless, six inches high, with few erect branches, or
when luxuriant branching from every joint: often procumbent
and rooting, extending to a foot or more, and in favourable
situations hardening and acquiring the appearance of under-
shrubs, but probably not lasting beyond the second year ;
flowers immersed in the upper joints forming terminal, suc-
culent, cylindrical spikes, each joint having six flowers, three
in a triangle on each side, the perianth succulent, fiat, nearly
closed at the top, the stamens protruding through the mi-
nutely three- or four-toothed orifice; style included, divided
into 2-3 stigmas; nut enclosed in the unchanged, succulent
perianth.—Salt-marshes and muddy sea-shores. Fl. August,
September.

(249) Sueeda.

S. maritima: annual or biennial; stems erect or procum-
bent, much branched, seldom a foot high; leaves acute, semi-
cylindrical, succulent; flowers small, green, sessile, solitary,
or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.—Salt-marshes and
maritime sands. Fl. July to September.

(250) Salsola. Saurworr.

S. Kali: annual; stems procumbent, glabrous, much
branched, 4-1 foot long; leaves awl-shaped, ending in a
a2

308 SUMMER FLOWERS.

stout prickle, the uppermost nearly triangular; fiowers sessile
in the upper axils, the inconspicuous perianth regular, five-
cleft.—Sea-coasts. Fl. July, August.

(251) Beta. Bert.

B. maritima: stems erect or spreading, branched, two
feet high; leaves broad, triangular-ovate, thick, green, the
upper ones small, narrow ; flowers green, single or clus-
tered, in long, loose, terminal spikes, often branching into a
leafy panicle ; the ripe perianth forming a hard, angular, often
prickly mass, enclosing a single horizontal seed.—Sea-shore,
Fl. July to September.

(252) Chenopodium. Goosrroor.

* Perianth covering the seed-like fruit.
+ Leaves undivided.

C. Vulvaria: annual; stems procumbent, branched ; leaves .
small, ovate, entire, covered with granular mealiness, and re-
warkable for a strong stale-fish smell when rubbed; flower-
clusters in short axillary and terminal racemes.— Waste, rub-
bishy places. Fl. August, September.

C. polyspermum : annual; stems procumbent or spreading,
much branched, sometimes erect; leaves green, ovate; flower-
clusters small, in short axillary spikes, the upper ones forming
a narrow terminal panicle.—Waste places. Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

tt Leaves angular-lobed.

C. album : annual ; stems erect, 1-2 feet high, mealy ; leaves
ovate or rhomboidal, sinuately toothed or angular, the upper
ones narrow, entire; flower-clusters in compound, branched,
nearly leafless racemes.— Waste places. Fl. July, August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 309

C. urbicum: annual; stems erect, slightly branched, 1-2
feet high, not mealy; leaves long-stalked, triangular, sinu-
ately-toothed ; flower-clusters in erect, nearly leafless, com-
pound spikes.—Waste places. Fl. August.

C. murale: annual; stems erect or decumbent, much
branched, a foot high; leaves rhomboid, ovate, coarsely-
toothed ; flowers chiefly axillary, in branched, spreading, leaf-
less cymes.— Waste places. Fl. August, September.

** Perianth not covering the seed-like fruit.

C. rubrum: annual; stems erect, a foot high ; leaves rhom-
toid, irregularly sinuate-toothed ; flowers in erect, compound,
dense leafy spikes, mostly with only 2-3 segments to the peri-
anth, the seed erect, not horizontal.— Waste places, especially
near the sea. Fl. August and September.

C. Bonus-Henricus: stems a foot high, scarcely branched ;
leaves broadly triangular, sinuate or slightly toothed ; flowers
numerous, in clustered spikes, forming a narrow terminal pa-
nicle.—Good King Henry.—Waste ground near villages and
dwellings. Fl. May to August.

(253) Atriplex, Oracue.

ae: patula: annual; stems erect or prostrate, more or less
mealy-white ; leaves stalked, usually hastate, sometimes op-
posite, the upper ones narrow, entire; flowers clustered in
slender spikes, forming narrow, leafy, terminal panicles ; seg-
ments of the fruiting perianth ovate or rhomboidal, pointed,
often toothed at the edge and warted or muricate on the back.
—Waste places and sea-coasts. Fl. June to September.

Mr. Bentham places as varieties the four following plants
often distinguished as species :—

A. deltoidea, erect or spreading ; lower leaves broadly tri-

310 SUMMER FLOWERS.

angular or hastate, often coarsely and irregularly-toothed.—
Waste ground and sea-shores.

A. erecta: stem erect; leaves lanceolate, the lower ones
broader and hastate.—Cultivated ground.

A. angustifolia: stem spreading or decumbent; leaves
mostly lanceolate, or the upper ones linear.— Waste places.

A. littoralis: stems erect; leaves still narrower than in
the last, often toothed.—Sea-shores.

A. rosea: annual; stems procumbent, the whole plant
frosted with a white scaly meal; leaves broadly triangular or
rhomboidal, coarsely-toothed ; fruiting perianth mealy-white,
thick, rhomboidal or orbicular, often warted, the segments
united to above the middle.—Sea-coasts.—Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

(254) Ceratophyllum. Hornworr.

C. demersum: aquatic; stems floating, submersed ; leaves
whorled, twice or thrice forked, with subulate segments, usually
slightly-toothed on the edge; flowers small, sessile, axillary,
without any real perianth, the males consisting of 12—20 ses-
sile, oblong anthers, the females of a small ovary with a simple
style.—Pools, slow streams, and shallow lakes. Fl. June, July.

(255) Callitriche. Water Srarwort.

C. aquatica: aquatic; stems slender, glabrous, floating in
water, or creeping and rooting im wet mud; leaves obovate or
oblong, or the lower submerged ones narrow-linear, and ob-
tuse or notched at the top: the upper ones obovate, and spread-
ing in little tufts on the surface of the water, or all submerged
and linear; flowers minute, the males consisting of a single
stamen with a conspicuous filament, the females of a sessile

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 311

or stalked ovary, with two erect or recurved styles.—Shallow
waters or wet mud. Fl. May to September.

(256) Urtica, Nerr.e.

U. urens: annual, with stiff, stinging hairs; stems erect,
branching, 4-1 foot high, glabrous ; leaves ovate, deeply
toothed ; flowers in small, loose, almost sessile, axillary clus-
ters.—Cultivated and waste places. Fl. June to October.

U. dioica: stems erect, 2—3 feet high, with copious stinging
bristles ; leaves cordate-ovate, coarsely-toothed ; flowers dice-
cious, both males and females clustered in axillary, branched,
spreading spikes.— Hedges and waste places, Fl. July, August.

(257) Parietaria, Prxuirory.

P. officinalis ; stems branching, diffuse or procumbent, 4-1
foot long, downy with short soft hairs; leaves stalked, ovate
or oblong, entire ; flowers in sessile clusters—Old walls, and
waste, stony places. Fl. July to September.

(258) Humulus. Hor.

H. Lupulus: stems twining to a considerable height oyer
bushes and small trees; leaves opposite, stalked, broadly
heart-shaped, deeply 3—5-lobed, sharply-toothed, rough but
not stinging ; flowers dicecious : the males in loose panicles in
the upper axils, small, yellowish-green ; the females in shortly
stalked, axillary, ovoid or globular spikes or heads, conspicuous
for their broad, closely-packed bracts, each with two sessile
flowers in its axil, the perianth a concave scale enclosing the
ovary; scales of the spike becoming enlarged after flowering,
concealing the seed-like fruits.—Hedges, thickets, and open
woods. Fl. July.

“She SUMMER FLOWERS.

(259) Rumex. Dock.

* Leaves never hastate at the base, sometimes obtusely auricled,
+ Inner perianth-segments entire.
ft Segments cordate-ovate.

R. crispus: stem 2-3 feet high, with few branches ; leaves
long narrow, waved or crisped; whorls of flowers crowded in
a long narrow panicle, one of the segments of the fruiting
perianth bearing an oblong coloured tubercle or grain.—
Roadsides and waste places. Fl. June to August.

tt Segments ovate, not cordate.

R. Hydrolapathum: stem 3-5 feet high, slightly branched ;
leaves long, lanceolate, pointed; panicle long, dense, leafy at
the base, the branches scarcely spreading ; inner perianth-
segments ovate, entire or scarcely toothed, with a large oblong
tubercle on all three.—Edges of streams, pools, and ditches.
Fl. July, August.

R. conglomeratus: stem 2-3 feet high; leaves cordate-
oblong, pointed ; panicle with spreading branches and distant
whorls; inner perianth-segments narrow-ovate, equal, each
with an oblong tubercle.—Waste places. Fl. June to August.

R. sanguineus: stem two feet high, branched : leaves lan-
ceolate, cordate at the base; panicle leafy at the base, with
stiff, slender, spreading branches, the whorls of flowers dis-
tinct ; imner perianth-segments narrow, entire or scarcely-
toothed, one with a large tubercle——Roadsides and waste
places. Fl. June to August.

tt Inner perianth-segments toothed.
R. obtusifolius: stem 2-3 feet high, slightly branched ;
leaves cordate-oblong, obtuse; whorls of flowers distant;
inner segments of the perianth bordered below the middle by

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 313

a few small teeth, usually ending in a narrow entire point.—
Waste ground. Fl. July to September.

** Leaves hastate, i.e. with acute basal auricles.

R. Acetosa: stems scarcely branched, 1-2 feet high ; leaves
oblong, sagittate at the base, very acid; flowers dicecious, in
long, terminal, leafless panicles, usually turning red, the inner
segments of the fruiting perianth enlarged, orbicular, entire,
almost petal-like.—Sorrel.— Meadows and pastures. Fl. May,
June. ;

R. Acetosella: stems slender, }—1 foot high, often turning
red; leaves narrow-lanceolate, sagittate, the lobes of the base
usually spreading ; flowers small, dicecious, in slender terminal
panicles ; inner perianth-segments broadly ovate or orbicular,
scarcely enlarged.—Sheep Sorrel.—Dry open pastures. Fl.
May to July.

(260) Oxyria.

O. reniformis: leaves glabrous, cordate-orbicular or kidney-
shaped, acid; stem slender and almost leafless, 6-10 inches
high, terminating in a simple or slightly-branched raceme;
flowers small.—High mountain ranges. Fl. July, August.

(261) Polygonum.

* Stems prostrate wiry branched, or simple and floating.

P. aviculare: annual; stems often 1-2 feet long; stipules -
white, scarious, becoming ragged at the edges; leaves small,
narrow-oblong ; flowers small, shortly stalked, clustered in
the axils of the leaves.—Knotgrass.—Cultivated and waste
places. Fl. May to September.

P. maritimum is distinguished by its thicker stems, larger

314 SUMMER FLOWERS.

thicker and more glaucous leaves, larger scarious stipules,
and larger flowers.

P. amphibium: stems usually floating in water, rooting at
the lower nodes ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, spreading on the
surface ; spikes terminal, solitary, supported on short pedun-
cles above the water, dense, cylindrical, rose-red.—Ponds and
watery ditches. Fl. June to September. On dry ground it
becomes a prostrate weed.

** Stems twining.

P. Convolvulus: annual; stems glabrous; stipules short;
leayes stalked, heart-shaped or broadly sagittate, pointed ;
flowers in little loose clusters, the lower axillary, the upper
forming loose irregular, terminal racemes.—Cultivated and
waste places. Fl. July to September.

P. dumetorum is more luxuriant, and the three angles of
the fruiting perianth are more or less expanded into white
scarious wings.

*** Stems erect or ascending.

P. Bistorta: leaves long-stalked, ovate, subcordate ; stems
simple, erect, 1-2 feet high, terminating in a dense, oblong,
or cylindrical spike of pretty pink flowers.—Bistort or Snake-
weed.—Moist pastures and meadows, Fl. June.

P. Persicaria: annual; stems erect or spreading, branched,
glabrous, 1-2 feet high; leaves lanceolate, often marked in
the centre with a dark spot; stipules more or less fringed at the
top with short fine bristles; spikes terminal, rather numerous,
oblong or cylindrical, dense, the flowers reddish, or sometimes
green.— Roadsides and waste places. Fl. June to September,

P. lapathifolium, which closely resembles this, is distin-
guished by the pedicels and perianths being dotted with small

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 815

prominent glands, the plant being usually pale-green, and
the stipules seldom fringed,—W aste damp places.

P. Hydropiper: annual; stems 1-2 feet high, often de-
cumbent at the base; stipules fringed; leaves lanceolate,
wavy; flowers in slender, drooping spikes, the clusters of
flowers almost all distinct, the perianths dotted with small
glands,—Water-pepper.—Wet ditches and edges of streams.
Fl. August, September.

(262) Thesium.

T. linophyllum: stems glabrous, procumbent or ascending,
6-8 inches long; leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers small, in a
terminal, leafy raceme, greenish-white.-—Chalky pastures, pa-
rasitical. Fl. June, July.

(263) Euphorbia. Sruxee.
* Glands of the nvolucre rounded on the outer edge.

E. Helioscopia: annual; stems erect, }-1 foot high, simple,
or with a few branches ascending from the base; stem-leaves
obovate or broadly oblong, the floral ones broadly obovate or
orbicular, very obtuse, minutely-toothed ; umbel of five rays,
each ray once or twice forked at the end, flowers and floral
leaves crowded into broad leafy heads ; glands of the involucre
entire and rounded.—Waste and cultivated ground. Fl. June
to September.

** Glands of the involucre crescent-shaped, with the horns
turned outwards.
+ Florai leaves all distinet.
E. Peplus: annual; stems erect, glabrous, 4—] foot high,
branching from the base; stem-leaves obovate, entire, the
floral-leaves broadly ovate or cordate; umbel of 2-3 repeatedly

316 ~ SUMMER FLOWERS.

forked rays ; flower-heads small; glands of the involucre
crescent-shaped, with long points; seeds pitted.—Cultivated
and waste places. Fl. July, August.

EK. exigua: annual; stems slender, glabrous, erect or ascend-
ing, 3-8 inches high; stem-leaves numerous, small, narrow,
the floral ones usually lanceolate ; umbels of 3-5 rays, some-
times contracted into terminal heads, more frequently elon-
gated and forked; glands of the involucre crescent-shaped,
with fine points; seeds slightly wrinkled.—Cornfields. Fl.
June to August.

E. Lathyris: annual or bi¢nnial; stem tall, stout, three
feet high, smooth, glaucous ; stem-leaves narrow-oblong, the
upper broader, all opposite; umbels of 3—4 long rays, once or
twice forked, with large ovate-lanceolate floral-leaves ; glands
of the involucre crescent-shaped, with short blunt points.—
Naturalized about cottage gardens. Fl. June, July.

++ Floral leaves connate.

E. amygdaloides: stems erect, reddish, almost woody, 1-2
feet high; leaves rather crowded towards the middle of the
stem, lanceolate or narrow-oblong, the upper more distant and
shorter; umbel of five long rays, not much divided, with a
few axillary peduncles below it; floral-leaves of each pair
always connected into one large orbicular one, pale yellowish-
green; glands of the involucre crescent-shaped, with rather
Woods and thickets. Fl. March, April. [See

long points.
also p. 16.]

(264) Mercurialis, Mercury.-

M. annua: annual; stems erect, glabrous, $-1 foot high,
with opposite branches; leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely-
toothed, of a thin texture; male flowers clustered along slen-

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 317

der peduncles nearly as long as the leaves ; females 2-3 toge-
ther in the axils of the leaves, usually on separate plants.—
Cultivated and waste places. FI. August, September.

(265) Aristolochia. Brrruworr.

A. Clematitis : stems erect, simple, 14 foot high, smooth ;
leaves broadly cordate ; flowers axillary, clustered, yellow, the
tube slender with an oblique mouth.—Stony, rubbishy places,
naturalized. Fi. July, August.

(266) Paris. Hers Paris.

P. quadrifolia: stems ?—1 foot high, with a whorl of four
broadly-ovate or obovate leaves at top; perianth yellowish-
green, stalked, the four outer segments uarrow-lanceolate, the
four inner ones linear and rather more yellow; berry bluish-

black.— Woods and shady places. Fl. May, June.

(267) Tamus. Buack Bryony.

T. communis: stems slender,;smooth, twining to a consi-
derable length over hedges and bushes ; leaves shining, heart-
shaped, with a tapering point; flowers small, yellowish-green,
the males in slender ofteri-branched racemes, the females in
short close racemes; berries scarlet.— Hedges, open woods,
and bushy places. Fl. June.

(268) Acorus. Sweet Fac.

A. Calamus: aquatic, leaves highly aromatic, linear, erect,
2-38 feet long; flowering-stem simple, erect, the long linear
leaf-like spathe forming a flattened continuation ; spike sessile,
appearing lateral, cylindrical, very dense, yellowish-green.—
Sweet Sedge.—Edges of lakes and streams. Fl. June.

318 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(269) Typha, Bu i-rusa.

T. latifolia: aquatic ; stems erect, reed-like, 3-6 feet high ;
leaves long, erect, linear, sheathing at the base, flat above;
flowers in a dense continuous spike, often more than a foot
long, the upper male portion yellow, the lower part dark
brown. —Cat’s-tail or Reed-mace.—Margins of ponds, lakes,
and ditches. Fl. June, July.

T. angustifolia, which is not quite so common, differs
chiefly in the interruption in the spike between the male and
the female flowers, for a space varying from a few lines to an
inch in length, and in having narrower stiffer leaves, and more
slender spikes.

(270) Sparganium. Bur-rzep.

S. ramosum: aquatic; leaves long, linear, sheathing at the
base ; stems erect, two feet high or more, with a few branches
at the summit, each bearing several smaller male heads, and
below them a few larger female heads, which are glabrous
with prominent stigmas.—Margins of ponds, lakes, and
streams. Fl. July.

S. simplex is rather smaller, with narrower leaves, the
flower-heads much fewer towards the top of the simple stem ;
and S. natans has weaker stems, long narrow floating leaves,
and very few flower-heads.

(271) Lemna. Dvexkweep.

L. trisulca : aquatic ; fronds floating, thin, oblong, minutely-
toothed at the top,,and ending in a little stalk at the base,
with young ones growing at right angles from opposite sides,
each with a single root beneath.—Ponds and still waters. Fl.
June, but rarely.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 319.

I. minor: aquatic; fronds floating, small, broadly ovate or
orbicular, thickish, cohering three or four together, with one
root under each, not stalked.—Ponds and still waters. Fl.
June, July, not unfrequent.

L. gibba: aquatic; fronds floating, obovate, larger and
much thicker than the last, flat above, spongy and almost
hemispherical beneath, with a single root to each.—Ponds
and still waters, rather rare. Fl. June, July, rarely.

L. polyrrhiza: aquatic; fronds larger, floating, broadly
ovate or orbicular, thickish, each with a cluster of roots be-
neath.—Still waters. Fl. not observed.

(272) Potamogeton, Ponpwerp.
* Upper leaves floating on the surface of the water.

P. natans: aquatic; leaves opaque, ovate or oblong, usually
rounded, sometimes cordate or tapering at the base, marked
by several longitudinal nerves, the submerged ones thinner
and narrower, all stalked or reduced to a mere stalk; spike
dense and cylindrical.—Stagnant or running waters. FI.
June, July.

P. heterophyllus resembles this, but is smaller, and has
the lower submerged leaves sessile or nearly so, linear, and
1-3 nerved ; while P. lucens, which is larger, has the lower
leaves lance-shaped, with 5-7 longitudinal nerves.

** Leaves all submerged.
+ Leaves alternate.

P. perfoliatus: aquatic; leaves broadly ovate, thin, obtuse,
completely clasping the stem, the auricles united on the oppo-
site side, spike shortish.— Rivers and ponds. Fl. July.

P. crispus: aquatic; leaves thin, narrow-oblong or broadly

820 SUMMER FLOWERS,

linear, obtuse, waved and sinuated on their edges; . spikes
small.—_-Ponds, streams and ditches. Fl]. June.

P. pusillus: aquatic; stems thread-like; leaves narrow-
linear, 1-3 inches long, not dilated at the base into a scarious
sheath ; spike short, close.—Pools and still waters. Fl. June,
July.

P. pectinatus: aquatic; stems thread-like ; leaves narrow
linear, 2-3 inches long, dilated at the base into a rather long
sheath, scarious at the edge; spike slender, interrupted.
Pools and still waters. Fl. June, July.

tt Leaves opposite.

P. densus: leaves short, ranged in two rows on opposite
sides of the stem, submerged, thin, broadly lanceolate, folded
and clasping the stem at their base; spikes 2—4-flowered, be-
coming reflexed.—Shallow pools and ditches. F'l. June, July.

(273) Zannichellia. Hornep Ponpweep.

Z. palustris: aquatic; stems slender, branched, floating ;
leaves finely linear, mostly opposite, with a small, sheathing,
membranous stipule; flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so.—
Ponds or lagoons of fresh or brackish water. Fl. June to
August.

(274) Stratiotes. Water Soxprer.

S. aloides: aquatic; leaves tufted at the bottom of the
water, sessile, long, narrow, succulent, bordered by small
pointed teeth ; flower-bracts with delicate dicecious peduncles,
bearing a spathe of two bracts, which enclose several stalked
male flowers with twelve or more stamens, and one solitary
sessile female. The plant rises to the surface to flower and

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. rs 4 |

then sinks again.—Lakes and ditches ; common in the fens
of the eastern counties. Fil. July.

(275) Hydrocharis. Frocsir.

H. Morsus-rane: aquatic; stems floating, runner-like,
with tufts of thick, entire, stalked, orbicular-cordate leaves ;
flowers dicecious: the males on short peduncles, bearing 2-3
flowers on long pedicels, enclosed at the base in a spathe of two
thin bracts, each flower with the outer segments pale-green,
the inner ones large white, and having 8-12 stamens ; the fe-
males resembling the males, but with the spathe sessile among
the leaves, and the flowers with six styles having 2-cleft stig-

mas.—Ditches and ponds. Fl. July, August.

(276) Anacharis.

A. Alsinastrum: aquatic, dark-green, much-branched, en-
tirely floating under water; leaves numerous, opposite or in
whorls of 3-4, sessile, linear-oblong, transparent; female
flowers, the only ones known in this country, sessile in the
upper axils, the slender perianth-tube elongated, so as to
reach the surface of the water, where it terminates in 3-6
small spreading segments.— Ponds, canals, and slow streams,
in which it spreads so rapidly as to choke up the channels ;
recently introduced from North America. Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

(277) Iris. Frac.

I. Pseudacorus : aquatic; stem two feet high ; leaves sword-
shaped, the lower ones longer, stiff and erect, glaucous-green ;
flowers 2-8, large, erect, bright yellow, the outer perianth-

segments spreading, broadly ovate, clawed, the inner oblong,
¥

3822 SUMMER FLOWERS.

erect.—Yellow Flag—Wet meadows and watercourses. Fl.
June and July.

I. footidissima: leaves narrow, sword-shaped, deep green,
having a peculiar smell when bruised; flowers smaller, seve-
ral together, dull livid purple, rarely pale-yellowish white, the
outer perianth-segments narrow-ovate.—Gladdon, or Roast-
beef-plant.— Woods and shady places.—Fl. May to July. The
smell of this plant is sometimes compared to that of roast beef,
and Hooker and Arnott have a curious remark, that in Devon-
shire it is so frequent that one can hardly avoid walking on it
when herborizing, and being annoyed by the smell.

(278) Gladiolus. Cornruac.

G. communis: stem 13-2 feet high; leaves linear-lanceo-
late; flowers red, all turned to one side, sessile, the perianth
about 14 inches long, the expanded part of the segments ob-
long-lanceolate, the uppermost broader and rather longer than
the others.—New Forest and Isle of Wight. Fl. June. The
English plant is sometimes considered to be G. allyricus.

(279) Listera. TwaysBriape.

L. ovata: stem 1-14 foot high; leaves two, broadly ovate ;
flowers small, green, in long slender racemes; lip with two
lmear parallel lobes.—Moist pastures and woods. Fl. June.

L. cordata: stem 4—6 inches high, slender; leaves two,
small, broad or cordate at the base; flowers very small,
greenish, in a short raceme; lip linear, with four lobes.—
Mountain heaths. Fl. July.

(280) Epipactis. Hetiesorine.
E. latifolia: stem 2-3 feet high; leaves strongly ribbed,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 323

ovate, stem-clasping, the upper ones narrower, lower bracts
often longer than the flowers; flowers pendulous, in a long,
one-sided raceme, greenish with a purple lip—Woods and
shady places. Fl. July, August.

E. palustris: stem 1-14 feet high; leaves lanceolate;
bracts all shorter than the flowers; racemes loose, the flowers
slightly drooping, pale greenish-purple, the lip white, streaked
with pink.—Moist places. Fl. July, August.

: (281) Cephalanthera.

C. grandiflora: stem 1-14 foot high; leaves prominently
veined, broadly ovate, the upper ones broadly lanceolate ;
flowers large, yellowish white, in a loose leafy spike, the bracts
all longer than the ovary, and the lower ones leaf-like and
longer than the flowers.— Woods and thickets. Fl. June.

C. ensifolia has narrower leaves and white flowers; and C.
rubra has narrower leaves and red flowers. Both are rare.

(282) Orchis,
* Spur conical, nearly as long as the ovary.

O. latifolia: tubers palmate; stems one foot high; leaves
large, oblong, blunt, not always spotted ; flowers purplish-rose,
dotted and marked with purple; lip 3-cleft; stalks of the pol-
len-masses each having a distinct gland.—Marshes and moist
meadows. FI. June, July. |

** Spur slender, longer than the ovary.

O. pyramidalis: tubers entire; stem 1-14 foot high; leaves
lanceolate; spike dense, ovoid, oblong, 2—4 inches long;
flowers rosy or purplish-red ; lip broad, 3-lobed ; stalks of the

¥- 2

824 SUMMER FLOWERS.

pollen-masses connected by a common gland.—Pastures in
limestone districts. Fl. July.
[See also p. 69. ]

(283) Gymnadenia.

G. conopsea: tubers palmate; stem 1-2 feet high; leaves
linear or narrow-lanceolate; spike oblong or cylindrical ;
flowers light rosy-purple, small, sweet-scented, with a long
slender spur.—Heaths and pastures. Fl. June, July.

(284) Habenaria.

H. bifolia: stem 1-1} foot high; leaves two, rather large,
broadly ovate or oblong; flowers pure white or with a slight
greenish tinge, large and sweet-scented, in a loose spike, 3-8
inches long ; lip linear, entire, the spur slender, twice as long.
—Moist pastures and meadows. Fl. June, July.

H. albida: stem 6-8 inches high; leaves few, oblong;
spike dense, cylindrical, 1-2 inches long, with numerous
small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented flowers; lip with three
deep acute lobes, the middle one largest.—Mountain pastures.
Fl. June, July.

H, viridis: stem 6-8 inches high; leaves few, ovate or ob-
long ; flowers yellowish-green, in a close spike; lip linear,
with three teeth, the middle one smallest—Frog Orchis.—
Dry hilly pastures. Fl. June, July.

(285) Aceras.

A. anthropophora: stem 8-9 inches high; leaves ovate,
oblong, or nearly lanceolate; spike slender, 2—4 inches long,
the flowers small, dull yellowish-green, the lip narrow-
linear, twice as long as the sepals, and fancifully compared to

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 325

a hanging man, two lateral lobes representing the arms, and
the middle one, which 1s longer and 2-cleft, the body and legs.
—Man Orchis.—Dry chalky pastures. Fl. June.

(286) Asparagus.

A. officinalis: stems erect, much-branched, 1-2 feet high,
elegantly feathered by the numerous clusters of fine subulate
leaves; flowers small, greenish-white, hanging, 2-3 together
in the axils of the principal branches; berries small, red,
globular.—Maritime sands. Fl. June, July. The garden
Asparagus is a form improved by cultivation.

(287) Simethis.

S. bicolor: leaves radical, long, linear, grass-like; stem
leafless, one foot high, with a loose terminal panicle of erect
flowers; perianth spreading, of six oblong segments, white,
purplish on the outside.—Sandy heaths in Kerry and Dorset-
shire. Fl. May.

(288) Narthecium. Boe AsPHopEt.

WN. ossifragum: stem stiff, erect, 4-1 foot high; leaves
linear, vertically flattened, sheathing at their base in two op-
posite ranks; flowers bright yellow, in a stiff terminal raceme.
—Bogs and wet moors. Fl. June, July.

(289) Tofieldia. Scorrisn Aspuopet.

T. palustris: leaves small, sword-shaped ; flower-stem 6-8
inches high, terminated by a globular or ovoid spike of small
yellowish-white flowers.—Mountain bogs. Fl. July.

826 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(290) Allium. Garuic.
* Stems leafy.

A. oleraceum: stems 1-2 feet high; leaves narrow-linear,
nearly flat, rather thick, their sheathing bases covering the
stem a considerable way up; spathe-valves with long, linear
points ; flowers pale-brown, in loose umbels, intermixed with
bulbs.—Cultivated and waste places. Fl. July, August.

A. vineale: stem two feet high, leafy below ; leaves terete,
hollow; flowers pale rose-colour with green keels, in globose
umbels, having bulbs intermixed with the flowers.—Crow
Garlic.—Cultivated and waste places. Fl. July.

** Stems leafless.

A. ursinum: leaves thin, flat, spreading, ovate-lanceolate ;
flower-stem scarcely a foot high, bearing a loose umbel of
about a dozen white flowers, the perianth-segments lanceolate,
spreading.—Ramsons.— Woods and shady places. Fl. May,
June.

A. triquetrum: leaves broadly linear, flat but folded and
keeled ; flower-stem 6-8 inches high, bearing a loose, slightly
drooping umbel of rather large white flowers, the perianth-
segments oblong, not spreading.—Hedges in Guernsey. FI.
May, June. 7

(291) Butomus. FLowerine Rusu.

B. umbellatus : aquatic; leaves long, erect, triangular ;
flower-stem leafless, 2—4 feet high, rush-like, bearing a large
umbel of showy, rose-coloured flowers, the perianth an inch
across, of six ovate, spreading segments.— Watery ditches and
sides of rivers.—Fl. June, July.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 327

(292) Alisma, Warer Pranrarn.

A. Plantago: leaves radical, ovate or lanceolate; flower-
stem 1-3 feet high, with whorled unequal branches, forming
a loose pyramidal panicle; flowers rather small, very pale
rose-colour, on long whorled pedicels.— Watery ditches, ponds,
and edges of streams. Fl. July, August.

A. ranunculoides: leaves narrow-lanceolate, sometimes
reduced to a linear leafstalk; flower-stems simple, with a
single terminal umbel, rarely a second whorl below it; flowers
larger than in the last, sometimes nearly an inch diameter ;
pale purple.—Wet ditches and bogs. Fl. June, July.

(293) Actinocarpus. Srar-rrvir.

A. Damasonium: aquatic, annual; leaves glabrous, radical,
long-stalked, ovate or oblong; fiower-stems erect, 3—9 inches
high, bearing a terminal umbel and a few whorls of flowers
lower down, the inner segments of the perianth delicate, white,
with a yellow spot at the base; carpels six, radiating horizon-
tally like a star.— Watery ditches and pools. Fl. June, July.

(294) Sagittaria. Anrow#eap.

S. sagittifolia: leaves radical, on long stalks, the blade
long, sagittate ; flower-stem leafless, erect, longer than the
leaves, bearing several distant whorls of rather large white
flowers.—Ditches and shallow streams. Fl. July, August.

(295) Triglochin. Arrow-erass.

T. palustre: leaves slender, rather succulent, dilated and
sheathing at the base; flower-stems 4-1 foot high, bearing a
slender spike of very small, yellowish-green flowers ; ripe fruit
linear.— Wet meadows and marshes. Fl. June, July.

328 SUMMER FLOWERS.

T. maritimum is very near this, but is usually rather stouter,
with more succulent leaves, and the ripe fruit is ovoid or ob-
long.—Salt marshes,

(296) Juncus. Rusu.

* Leaves none ; barren and fertile stems subulate, with sheath-
ing scales at the base.

+ Panicle lateral.

J. communis: stems leafless, densely tufted, cylindrical,
2-4 feet high, erect but soft and pliable, sheathed at the base
by a few brown scales; some barren resembling leaves, others
bearing towards the top a panicle of flowers ; the flowers brown
in close dense clusters (J. conglomeraius), or paler in loose
open panicles (J. effusus) ; perianth-segments very pointed ;
capsule about as long, very obtuse or even notched.—Wet
situations. Fl. July.

J. glaucus: stems seldom two feet high, thin, hard, stiff,
often glaucous; panicle erect, loose, branched ; perianth-seg-
ments lanceolate-subulate; capsule shining brown, rounded
or almost pointed.—Wet places. Fl. July, August.

+t Panicle terminal.

J.maritimus: stems 2-3 feet high, tufted, rigid, and sharp-
pointed; flowers numerous, in loose, irregularly compound
panicles ; perianth-segments lanceolate, acute; capsule ellip-
tical, rather shorter.— Maritime sands. Fl. July, August.

J. acutus : stems 3-6 feet high, very rigid, prickly-pointed ;
flowers numerous, in compound panicles; capsule roundish-
ovate, considerably longer than the perianth-segments.—Ma-
ritime sands. Fl. July, August.

** Stems all leafy.
+ Leaves rounded or subcompressed, jointed internally.

J.articulatus : stems erect, 1-3 feet high; leaves sheathing

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 829

the stem below, cylindrical upwards, hollow, but divided inside
by cross partitions of pith, which give them the appearance of
being jointed; flowers in little clusters, arranged in a com-
pound terminal panicle; perianth-segments all pointed, or the
inner ones obtuse; capsule more or less pointed.—Boggy
places. Fl. June to August. 3

J. obtusifilorus differs only from the common larger erect
form of J. articulatus in having all the segments of the pe-
rianth obtuse or nearly so, and about as long as the very
poimted capsule.— Marshes, rather rare.

tt Leaves grooved above, not jointed internally.

J.compressus: stems 1-14 foot high, erect, rather slender,
with a few nearly radical leaves shorter than the stem, and
1-2 higher up, all narrow and grooved ; flowers scarcely clus-
tered, in a loose terminal panicle, shining brown; perianth-
segments obtuse; capsule roundly-ovate, about as long.—
Wet. marshy places, especially near the sea. Fl. June to
August.

J. bufonius: annual; stems numerous, forming dense tufts,
1-8 inches high, branching and flowering almost from the
base; leaves chiefly radical, short, slender, angular, grooved ;
flowers solitary along the branches, the lower bracts leaf-like ;
perianth-segments narrow, pointed, pale-green, with scarious
edges; capsule oblong, shorter.—Wet places. FJ. July, Au-
- gust.

*** Leaves all radical, numerous.

J. squarrosus : leaves all radical or nearly so, short, nume-
rous, very narrow, grooved, stiff, spreading ; flower-stem nearly
a foot high, rigid, with a terminal panicle; flowers usually
distinct ; perianth-segments rather broad, glossy brown, with
broad scarious edges.— Moors and heaths. Fl. June, July.

330 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(297) Luzula, Woop-rvusu.

L. sylvatica: stems 14—2 feet or more; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, hairy; flowers in large, loose, compound panicles, the
perianth-segments broad, bristle-pointed, equalling the cap-
sule-—Woods. Fl. May, June.

L. spicata: stems 3-12 inches high; leaves short, hairy;
flowers small, in dense clusters, all sessile, forming an ovoid or
oblong terminal spike, more or less drooping.—Lofty moun-
tains. Fil. July. [See also p. 73.]

(298) Carex. Sener.

* Spikelets several, the terminal one composed of male and fe-
male flowers intermixed.

C. arenaria: creeping ;. stems 1-1} foot high, leafy at the
base; spikelets large, ovoid, simple, sessile, crowded 8-10 to-
gether in a terminal spike.—Maritime sands. Fl. June, July.

** Spikelets several, one or more terminal ones wholly male.
+ Styles bifid or two-cleft.

C. cxspitosa: stem 1-3 feet high, densely tufted ; leaves
narrow ; spikelets 3-6, each 4-14 inch long, the terminal
one and the upper portion or whole of the next male, the re-
mainder female, the lowest usually shortly stalked, with one or
two of the outer bracts leafy ; glumes dark-brown or black,
often with a green midrib.— Pastures, meadows, and marshes.
Fl. May to July. Mr. Bentham includes as varieties :—

C. rigida: a dwarf alpine form, six inches high, with short,
flat, and rigid leaves.— Wet mountainous places.

C. stricta: stems about two feet high, glaucous with nar-
row leaves, rather long spikelets, the fruits arranged in 8-9
rows.—Marshes.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 331

tt Styles trifid, or three-cleft.

C. distans: stems tufted, slender, 1-2 feet high; leaves
flat, rather narrow; spikelets few and far apart, the terminal
one male, the others female, oblong-cylindrical, }-] inch long,
stalked, the stalks enclosed in the long sheaths of the leafy
bracts ; glumes brown.—Marshes and wet moors. Fl. June,
July.

C. capillaris: stems slender, densely tufted, 3-9 inches
high, longer than the leaves; terminal spikelets male, small ;
female spikelets 2-3, much lower down, on long threadlike
peduncles, pale coloured, loose-flowered ; glumes very scarious
on the edges.—Alpine meadows. Fl. June.

C. limosa: stem slender, one foot high; leaves narrow;
terminal male spikelet 4-1 inch long; females 1 or 2, on slen-
der stalks, drooping, rather loose ; bracts leafy ; glumes rather
dark-brown, ovate, the upper ones pointed.—Bogs and moun-
tain marshes. Fl. June. [See also pp. 73—76.]

(299) Schenus. Boce-rvusu.

S. nigricans: stems stiff, rush-like, about a foot high ; leaves
short, stiff, almost radical; spikelets several, dark, shining
brown, almost black, closely sessile, in compact terminal
heads, with an involucre of 2-3 broad brown bracts, one of
which has a stiff, erect; leaf-like point.—Bogs and marshes,
chiefly near the sea. Fl. June.

(300) Blysmus.

B. compressus: stems 6-8 inches high ; leaves flat, keeled ;
spike terminal, about an inch long, consisting of 10-12 oblong
6-8 flowered spikelets, closely sessile on opposite sides of the
axis, the broad, brown, glume-like outer bract shorter than
the mature spikelet.—Bogs and marshes. Fl. June, July.

Bow SUMMER FLOWERS.

B. rufus: stems }—1 foot high, stiff, slender, with few very
narrow leaves near the base; spike terminal, consisting of
about six sessile 2—4 flowered spikelets, dark, shining brown,
almost black, nearly concealed by the outer bract, which is
dark brown, and shining.— Marshy places. Fl. July.

(301) Eleocharis.

E. acicularis: plant small, slender, tufted, the fine subulate
stems scarcely two inches high, with short sheaths at their
base, most of them bearing a single terminal oblong spikelet,
of a dark brown colour, the outer bract similar to the glumes ;
flowers usually 6-8 in the spikelet.—Wet sandy places. FI.
July, August.

E. palustris: stems numerous, erect, densely tufted, $-1
foot high, leafless; spikelets solitary and terminal, oblong;
glumes numerous, closely imbricated, brown, with scarious
edges, green on the midrib, the outer bract only differing from
the glumes in being rather larger.—Edges of pools and watery
ditches. Fl. June.

E. multicaulis is very much like this, but smaller, the
stems more slender, many of them barren and leaf-like, and
the spikelets rather smaller.—Marshy places.

(302) Scirpus. C1ius-RusH.
* Hypogynous bristles none.

S. fluitans: aquatic; stems long, slender, branching, either
floating in water, or forming soft densely matted masses on its
margin; leaves linear-subulate ; spikelets solitary, terminal,
oblong, greenish, the outer bract without any leafy point.—
Pools and still waters. Fl. June, July.

S. setaceus : stems slender, 2-3 inches high, forming dense

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 333

tufts, with 1-2 short, subulate leaves on each stem, sheathing
it at the base; spikelets ovoid, solitary, or 2-3 together in a
little cluster, appearing lateral, the subulate point of the outer
bract forming a continuation of the stem ; glumes broad, short,
dark brown, with a green midrib.— Muddy places, margins of
pools, ete. Fl. July. 7

** Hypogynous bristles 4-6.

S. ceespitosus: stem 4—1 foot high, densely tufted ; spike-
lets solitary and terminal, ovoid, brown, the outer bract like
the glumes but larger, with an almost leafy tip, about the
length of the spikelet; flowers usually 6-8 in the spikelet.—
Marshes and bogs. Fl. June to August.

*** Hypogynous bristles 6.
t Stem triangular ; panicle leafy.

S. maritimus: stems sharply triangular, 2-5 feet high;
leaves long, flat, pointed, often far exceeding the stem; spike-
lets rich brown, ovoid or lanceolate, sometimes only 2-3 in a
close sessile cluster, more frequently 8-10 in a compound
cluster, the outer ones stalked; glumes notched, with a fine
point.—Salt marshes. Fl. July.

S. sylvaticus: stems triangular, 2-3 feet high; leaves long,
grass-like; spikelets ovoid, dark shining green, very nume-
rous, in clusters of 2-3 together, forming a terminal, much
branched, compound umbel or panicle, with an involucre of
2-3 linear leaves ; glumes keeled and pointed.—Moist woods,
and banks of rivers. Fl. July.

tt Stem triangular ; panicle leafless.
S. triqueter : stems acutely triangular, 2-3 feet high, leaf-

less; spikelets ovoid 8-10 or more, the central ones sessile,
the others stalked, forming a compound lateral cluster or um-

bd-t SUMMER FLOWERS,

bel, the stiff, triangular outer bract continuing the stem for an
inch or more; glumes brown, broad, usually notched or fringed
at the top, with a minute point.—Marshes and edges of pools.
Fl. August.

+++ Stem terete.

S. lacustris: stems stout, erect, 2—6 or 8 feet high, cylindrical
at the base, tapering upwards, sometimes obtusely triangular
near the top, with a single short leaf near the base; spikelets
ovoid or oblong, rather numerous, in a compound lateral um-
bel or cluster, the outer bract continuing the stem; glumes
numerous, broad, brown, fringed at the edge, notched at the
top, with a little point in the notch.—Bull-rush.— Margins of
lakes and ponds. Fl. June, July.

(308) Eriophorum. Corron-sepez.

_E. vaginatum: stems tufted, one foot high or more, with
one or two linear, almost subulate leaves; upper sheaths in-
flated, without any or only a very short blade; spikelet soli-
tary, terminal, ovoid, deep olive-green ; hypogynous bristles
numerous, forming at length dense cottony tufts.——Bogs and
wet moors. [f'l. May.

E. polystachyum : leaves few, mostly radical, triangular, or
channelled ; stems 1-14 feet high, with a terminal umbel of
2-3 to 8-10 or more spikelets, the inner ones sessile, the outer
ones more or less stalked, often drooping; spikelets ovoid
or oblong; hypogynous bristles very numerous, forming dense
cottony tufts, often attaining 1-14 inch in length.— Bogs and
wet moors. Fl. May, June.

E. gracile is a small form, with very slender leaves, and few
almost erect spikelets; and E. latifolium, a tallish slender
plant, with the leaves nearly flat. Both are rare.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 3835

(804) Rhynchospora. Bueax-seper,

R. alba: stems 6-9 inches high, slender, forming dense
tufts ; leaves chiefly radical, short, subulate, the floral ones
scarcely exceeding the flowers; spikelets nearly white, in a
small, loose terminal cluster, often with one or two smaller
clusters on slender peduncles in the axils of the next leaves.—
Turfy bogs. Fl. July.

(805) Milium. Mur.uet-crass.

M. effusum: stem tall, slender, 4-5 feet high; leaves
short, flat; panicle long, loose, slender, spreading.— Moist
woods. Fl. June, July.

(306) Digraphis.

D. arundinacea: stems reed-like, 2-3 feet high; leaves
rather broad, long; panicle upright, with short spreading
branches; spikelets numerous.—River-banks and marshes.
Fl. July. The Ribbon-grass of gardens is a variety with va-
riegated leaves.

(307) Phleum. Car’s-raiL-cRass.

P. pratense: stem 1-3 feet high; leaves rough on the
_ edges ; spike or spike-like panicle cylindrical, very compact,
1—4 inches long ; outer glumes truncate at top, with broad
scarious edges.—Timothy-grass.—Meadows and pastures. Fl.
June to October. |

P. arenarium : annual; stem erect, 6-8 inches high ; leaves
short; spike about an inch long, dense, nearly cylindrical,
tapering at the base; spikelets about 14 line long; outer
glumes lanceolate, tapering into a short point.—Maritime
sands. Fl. June.

336 SUMMER FLOWERS,

(308) Alopecurus. Fox-rait-erass.
* Outer glumes glabrous.

A. agrestis: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, erect, slightly
decumbent at the base; leaves short, with long, scarcely loose
sheaths ; spike 2-8 inches long, thin, tapering; two outer
glumes united to about the middle.— Waste places, roadsides,
etc. Fl. May to September.

** Outer glumes hairy on the keel.

A. pratensis : stems erect, scarcely decumbent at the base,
1-2 feet high; upper sheaths loose; spike 2-3 inches long,
dense, obtuse, hairy; outer glumes free or scarcely united at
the base.—Meadows and pastures. FI. May, June.

A. geniculatus: stem procumbent at the base; upper
sheaths loose; spike 1-2 inches” long, cylindrical; outer
glumes united at the base.—Moist meadows, marshy places.
Fl. June, July. Sometimes the stems thicken at the base
into a kind of bulb, and it is then called A. bulbosus.

(309) Lagurus. Harz’s-rTatL-crass.

L. ovatus: annual; stems erect, 4-1 foot high; leaves
hoary with soft down, their sheaths rather swollen ; spikelets
1-flowered, crowded in an ovoid or oblong, softly hairy head,
4—1 inch long.—Maritime sands in the Channel Islands. FI.

June,

(310) Polypogon. Brarp-crass.

P. monspeliensis : annual; stems procumbent at the base,
rarely erect, 1-1} feet high; leaves flat, rather flaccid ; pani-
cle contracted into a slightly branched spike, 2-3 inches long,
yellowish shining green, and thickly bearded with numerous

a

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 337

straight smooth awns, which are 3-4 times as long as the
spikelets.—Fields, near the sea, rare. Fl. July, August.

(311) Agrostis. Brnt-crass.

A. alba: stem procumbent at the base, 1-2 feet high;
leaves flat; panicle slender, spreading when in flower, con-
tracted after flowering; outer pales thin, awnless or rarely
with a minute awn from its base.—Pastures and waste places.
Fl. July.

A. vulgaris: smaller and dwarfer than the last; panicle
spreading both before and after flowering.—Pastures and
waste places. Fl. July.

A. canina: similar to the foregoing, hut the panicle less
spreading, and the outer pales bear on their back below the
middle a fine awn, which slightly protrudes beyond the glumes.
—Moist heaths. Fl. July.

(312) Apera. Wrvp-crass.

A. Spica-venti: annual; stems 1-2 feet high, slender,
elegant; leaves narrow; panicle long, spreading, with slender,
hair-like branches, and little shining spikelets, the outer pales
with a hair-like awn, three or four times their own length.—
Fields and sandy pastures. Fl. June, July.

A. interrupta has the spikelets shorter and more crowded,
in a narrow panicle, with nearly erect branches.—Sandy fields.

(813) Ammophila. ’ Sea-reep, or Marra.

A. arenaria: stems stiff, erect, 2-3 feet high ; leaves narrow,
erect, glaucous, rolled inwards on their edges; panicle coun-
tracted into a close, narrow-cylindrical, tapering spike, 5-6
inches long.—Maritime sands. Fl. July.

338 SUMMER FLOWERS.

(314) Calamagrostis, Sma.i-reep.

C. Epigeios : stems 3-4 feet high, erect, firm ; leaves long,
narrow, somewhat glaucous; panicle branched, not spreading,
from a few inches to near a foot long, often purplish; outer
glumes very narrow-lanceolate, pointed, almost subulate.—
Moist woods and thickets. Fl. July.

C. lanceolata is usually more slender, with a much looser
panicle, more frequently assuming a shining purple colour.

(315) Aira, Harr-cRrass.

A. ceespitosa: stems 2-4 feet high; leaves stiff, flat, rough
above, forming dense tufts; panicle 4-1 foot long, very ele-
gant, with spreading, slender, almost capillary branches, the
spikelets silvery-grey or purplish; outer pales scarcely pro-
jecting from the glumes, with a fine hair-like awn inserted
near the base, not so long as the glume.—Moist, shady places.
Fl. June, July.

A. flexuosa; stems rather slender, 1-1} foot high; leaves
narrow, rolled inwards on the edges, almost subulate ; panicle
spreading, 2-3 inches long; spikelets very shining, the fine
hair-like awns protruding beyond the glumes.—Heaths and
hilly pastures. FI. July.

A. caryophyllea: annual; stems slender, graceful, six
inches high; leaves short, fine; panicle loose, spreading, with
long, capillary branches, the awns shortly protruding from the
glumes.—Sandy and hilly pastures. Fl. June, July. [See
also p. 77. |

(316) Avena. Oar.

A. fatua: annual; stems erect, glabrous, 2-3 feet high ;
panicle loose, of large spikelets, hanging from filiform pedicels

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 339

of unequal length, arranged in alternate bunches along the
main axis; awn twice as long as the spikelet, twisted at the
base, abruptly bent about the middle.—Haver.—A common
weed of cultivation. Fl. June, July.

A. pratensis: stems erect, 1-14 foot high; leaves scabrous ;
panicle slightly compound or reduced to a simple raceme, the
spikelets erect, 3-4-flowered, glabrous, shining; awn twice
the length of the glumes.—Meadows and limestone pastures.
Fl. July.

(317) Trisetum.

T. flavescens: stems erect, 1-2 feet high ; panicle oblong,
3-5 inches long, with slender, somewhat spreading branches,
the spikelets erect, shining, often yellowish ; awn twisted, but
short, very fine and hair-like.—Dry meadows and pastures.
Fl. July.

(318) Arrhenatherum. Fatse Oat, or Oat-erass.

A. avenaceum: stems erect, 2-3 feet high; leaves few,
flaccid ; panicle narrow, loose, 6-8 inches long, spreading only
whilst in flower; outer pales with a fine bent awn on the
middle of the back about twice its own length.—Meadows,
hedges, and thickets. Fl. June, July.

(319) Holcus. Sorr-crass.

H. lanatus: roots fibrous ; stems 1-2 feet high, clothed, like
the leaves, with short down ; panicle 2-3 inches long, whitish,
or sometimes reddish; outer glumes obtuse, concealing the
awn of the pales.— Meadows, pastures, and waste places. Fl.
June, July.

H. mollis: similar to the last, but creeping ; outer glumes

Z 2

340 SUMMER FLOWERS,

tapering to a fine point ; awn of the pales usually projecting
beyond the glume.—Pastures and hedges. Fl. July.

(820) Spartina.

S. stricta: stems stiff, erect, 1-2 feet high; leaves short,
erect, flat, excepting at the top, the edges always rolled in-
wards when dry; panicle 3—4 inches long, consisting of 2—4
erect, spike-like branches, with the spikelets arranged in two
rows, erect, turning to one side; glumes downy.—Muddy ©
salt-marshes. Fl. August.

(821) Lepturus.

L. incurvatus: annual; stems decumbent, branched at the
base, the flowering-stems curved upwards or erect, 83-9 inches
high; leaves short, fine, the uppermost close under the flowers ;
spike 2—4 inches long, usually curved, the spikelets imbedded
in the axis, which breaks off readily at every notch.—Sea
Hard-grass.—Salt-marshes and maritime sands. Fl. August.

(322) Nardus. Mar-erass.

N. stricta: stems densely tufted, erect, wiry, 4—1 foot high ;
leaves fine, stiff, bristle-like ; spike erect, slender, simple, one-
sided, often assuming a purplish hue —Moors, heaths, and
hilly pastures. Fl. July.

(828) Elymus. Lymr-crass.

E. arenarius: stems 2—4 feet high; leaves stiff, glaucous,
rolled inwards on the edges, ending in a hard point; spike
close, 3-4: inches to 8-9 inches long, the spikelets in rather
distant pairs; glumes lanceolate.—Maritime sands. FI. July.

E. geniculatus is arelated plant, with the spike much elon-

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 341

gated aud abruptly bent down, the spikelets distant, and the
glumes enlarged, awl-shaped.—Salt marshes, rare.

(324) Hordeum. Barry.

H. pratense: stems erect or decumbent, two feet high ;
leaves glabrous and rather narrow; spike 11-2 inches long,
close, cylindrical; flowers of the central spikelet only perfect,
the outer glumes of all the spikelets awn-like from the base.—
Moist meadows and pastures. Fl. June.

H. murinum: annual; stems decumbent at the base, 1-2
feet long; leaves often hairy; spike dense, cylindrical, 3-4
inches long, thickly beset with the long rough awns; outer
glumes of the three spikelets all awn-like, but those of the
central spikelet somewhat broader at the base and ciliate.—

Mouse Barley.—Waste places, roadsides, etc. Fl. June to
August.

(825) Triticum. Wuear-crass.

T. repens: stems stiff, ascending or erect, 1-3 feet high,
sometimes glaucous; spikelets placed on alternate sides of a
spike, 2-6 inches long; glumes 5-7 ribbed, acute, or termina-
ting in an awn. —Couch-grass.—Fields and waste places. Fl.
July.

T. junceum, a plant with glaucous herbage and very blunt
glumes to the spikelets, is common on sandy sea-shores.

T. caninum also closely resembles 7. repens, but the stems
are tufted, more leafy, and less glaucous; the glumes rather
thinner, with five prominent ribs, and terminating in a rather
long awn.— Woods and banks. Fl. July.

(826) Lolium. Ryz-erass.

L. perenne: stems erect or slightly decumbent, 1-14 foot

342 SUMMER FLOWERS.

high, leafy below; spike 1-1 foot long, distichous, the spike-
lets at a considerable distance from each other, longer than
the glumes.— Meadows, pastures, and waste places. Fl. June.
L. temulentum: annual; stems erect, three feet high;
spike long, the outer glume of the spikelets usually as long as
the spikelet itself; pales sometimes with an awn longer than
themselves. — Darnel.—Fields and waste places. Fl. July.

(327) Brachypodium. [arse Brome-erass.

B. sylvaticum : stems rather slender, erect, 2—3 feet high ;
leaves flat, rather long; spike simple, drooping; spikelets
usually 6—7, each an inch or more in length, nearly cylindrical,
becoming flattened when in fruit; outer pales ending in an
awn, usually as long as or longer than the glume itself.—
Woods, hedges, and thickets. Fl. July.

B. pinnatum has the spikelets more erect, the flowering
glumes smaller, and more open, and the awn very much
shorter.—Dry limestone wastes. Fl. July,

(328) Bromus. Bromu-erass.
* Outer pales narrow-lanceolate.

B. erectus: stems erect, two feet high; leaves narrow;
panicle 3-5 inches long, compact, the branclies erect ; spike-
lets not numerous; awn straight, scarcely half as long as the
pale.—Fields and waste places. Fl. July.

B. asper: annual or biennial ; stems 3-6 feet high; leaves
long, flat, with long hairs on their sheaths; panicle loose, with
long, drooping branches, bearing a few loose spikelets above
an inch long; awn straight, shorter than the pale.—Hedges
and thickets. Fl. July, August.

B. sterilis : annual or biennial; stems erect, 1-2 feet high ;

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 343

leaves softly downy; panicle six inches long or more, with
numerous drooping branches, the spikelets linear-lanceolate ;
awns much longer than the pales.—Waste places, waysides,
etc. Fl. June, July.

** Outer pales oblong, turgid.

B. arvensis: annual or biennial; stems erect, 1-3 feet
high, softly downy or glabrous; panicle small, slender, elon-
gated or compact, nearly erect, more frequently more or less
drooping ; pales always short, oblong or ovoid, turgid, closely
packed ; awn slender, usually about the length of the glumes.
—Cultivated and waste places. Fl. June, July. ©

The following closely allied plants are included in B. arven-
sis by Mr. Bentham :—

B. secalinus: a tall cornfield variety, with a loose, more or
less drooping panicle, the flowers not so closely imbricated,
becoming quite distinct and spreading when in fruit.

B. mollis: common in open waste places, with a more erect
panicle, either short and compact or long and slender, the
whole plant softly downy,

B. racemosus: like the last, but much more glabrous.

(329) Festuca,

* Awns none, or very short.

F. ovina: stems densely tufted, 3-14 foot high; leaves very
narrow, almost cylindrical; panicle rather compact, 14-4
inches long; glumes narrow, glabrous, or downy, almost al-
ways bearing a fine point or awn.—Hilly pastures. Fl. June.

F. rubra, found in lght sandy or loose stony places, re-
sembles this, but has the rootstock more or less creeping.

F. pratensis: stems 2-3 feet high; leaves flat ; panicle

344 SUMMER FLOWERS,

narrow, erect, subsecund, slightly branched, 5-6 inches long.
—Meadows and moist pastures. Fl. June, July.

Var. loliacea: spikelets almost sessile, in a simple spike.—
Meadows.

Var. elatior: taller, reed-like, with broader leaves, the pa-
nicle more branched and spreading.—Banks of rivers and wet
places.

** Awns as long as or longer than the glumes.

F. Myurus: annual; stems tufted, one foot high; leaves
narrow, convolute ; panicle slender, one-sided, 2-6 inches long,
contracted, sometimes reduced to a simple spike, the branches
always short and erect; glumes narrow, the outer ones very
unequal, the pales ending in an awn at least as long as them-
selves.—Sandy places, roadsides, etc. Fl. June, July.

(330) Dactylis, Cock’s-roor-crass.

D. glomerata: stems coarse, 1-2 feet high; leaves flaccid,
rough on the edges; clusters of spikelets dense and ovoid, col-
lected into a close spike of about an inch, or in a broken spike
of several inches long, or on the branches of a short, more or
less spreading panicle; each spikelet much flattened, ovate ;
glumes lanceolate, ciliated on the back.—Meadows, pastures,
and waste ground. Fl. June, July.

(331) Cynosurus, Doe’s-TarL-cRass.

C. cristatus: stems slender, wiry, erect, 1-2 feet high;
leaves short, narrow; flowering spike semicylindrical, oblong
or nearly linear, 1-3 inches long, the clusters regular, all
turned to one side.—Dry, hilly pastures, and downs. FI.
August.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 345

(332) Briza, QuaKz-cRass.

B. media: stems erect, rather stiff, 1-14 foot high; leaves
flat, narrow, few; panicle 2—4 inches long, loose, spreading,
the spikelets hanging from the long, slender branches, at firs:
orbicular, then ovate, variegated with green and purple.—
Meadows and pastures. Fl. June.

B. minor: annual; stems erect, 1-1 foot high; panicle
spreading, much-branched, slender, the spikelets numerous,
bluntly triangular. —Fields and waste places. Fl. June.

(333) Poa, Mrapow-erass.
* Pales rounded on the back.

P. maritima: stems decumbent or erect, a foot high; leaves
short, narrow, usually convolute; panicle erect, rather stiff,
3-4 inches long, the branches erect, or the lower ones spread-
ing; spikelets not numerous, shortly stalked, all turned to
one side of the branches.—Maritime sands. Fl. June, July.

P. distans is very near this, but the leaves are flatter, the
stems taller and more slender, and the panicle more spreading,
with long, slender branches.

P. procumbens is a dwarfer plant, with decumbent stems,
6-8 inches long, flat leaves, and a more compact, branched,
one-sided panicle.

P. rigida: annual; stems tufted, six inches high, stiff, erect
or slightly decumbent at the base; panicle lanceolate, one-
sided, about two inches long, rather crowded, the branches
slightly spreading.— Waste, dry, or stony places. Fl. June.

** Pales keeled.

P, nemoralis: stems 1-2 feet high, erectish, but weak and
slender; leaves narrow; panicle contracted or spreading, with
slender branches. —Woods and shady places. Fl. June, July.

346 SUMMER FLOWERS.

P. alpina: stems tufted, $—-1 foot high; leaves short, broad,
mostly radical; panicle close ovoid, about two inches long,
spreading; spikelets crowded, ovate, 3-5-flowered.—Alpine
pastures. Il. June, July.

(334) Glyceria.

G. aquatica: aquatic ; stems stout, reed-like, 4-6 feet high ;
leaves flat, very rough on the edges; panicle much branched,
spreading, nearly a foot long, the spikelets numerous.— Wet
ditches and shallow waters. Fl. July.

G.. fluitans: aquatic; stems 2-3 feet high, rather weak,
creeping at the base; leaves often floating ; panicle erect and
slender, a foot long, the branches few, usually erect; spikelets
$-l inch long.—Flote-grass—Wet ditches and stagnant
waters. Fl. June to September.

(335) Catabrosa. Water Harr-erass.

C. aquatica: aquatic; stems glabrous, procumbent, creep-
ing at the base or floating, often 2-3 feet long; flowering
branches erect; leaves short, flat, flaccid; panicle 4—6 inches
long, with unequal, slender, spreading branches, in rather dis-
taut whorls.—Shallow pools and ditches. Fl. June, July.

(386) Melica. Metic-erass.

M. uniflora: stems 1-2 feet high, slender, elegant ; leaves
long and narrow ; panicle reduced to an almost simple raceme
with 3-4 spikelets, or having a few long, slender distant
branches, each bearing several spikelets, the spikelets brown-
ish, erect, containing one flower.—Woods and shady places.
Fl. May, June.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 347

M. nutans: stems 1-2 feet high, slender, erect; leaves
erect, flat; panicle one-sided, 2-3 inches long; spikelets
10-15 drooping, two-flowered ; outer glumes brown or purple
with scarious edges.— Woods and shady rocky places. FI.
June.

(337) Arundo. Rexep.

A. Phragmites: aquatic; stems stout, 5-6 feet high or
more, leafy all the way up; leaves broad; panicle from a few
inches to a foot long, with numerous branches, more or less
drooping, purplish-brown, the spikelets very numerous, narrow;
pales surrounded by silky hairs which lengthen as the seed
ripens, giving the panicle a beautiful silvery appearance.—
Wet ditches, marshes, and shallow waters. Fl. July.

There are many other wild flowers to be occasionally found
in the summer season, but those we have noticed are the most
likely to be met with, and a knowledge of these will fur-
nish a key to the rest. |

348

AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

“Tt was an eve of Autumn’s holiest mood.
The corn-fields, bathed in Cynthia’s silver light,
Stood ready for the reaper’s gathering hand ;
And all the winds slept soundly. Nature seemed
In silent contemplation to adore
Its Maker. Now and then the aged leaf
Fell from its fellows, rustling to the ground;
And, as it fell, bade man think on his end.
On vale and lake, on wood and mountain high,
With pensive wing outspread, sat heavenly Thought,
Conversing with itself. Vesper looked forth
From out her western hermitage, and smiled ;
And up the east, unclouded, rode the moon
With all her stars, gazing on earth intense,
As if she saw some wonder working there.”

Pollok.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Ar this season many summer flowers will be lingering on,
some almost exhausted with their summer’s bloom, and others
blossoming anew at intervals with almost pristine vigour.
These we must not stay to gather. Our object must be ra-
ther to pluck a few fresh illustrations from the Flora of the
waning year; and we shall take them in the order which

has been adopted in treating of the flowers of the foregoing
seasons,

ILLUSTRATIONS. 349

The Grass of Parnassus* is by some botanists classed
amongst the Thalamiflores, and referred to the Hypericaceous
family already adverted to, but by others it is included with
that of the Droseras, or removed to that of the perigynous
Saxifrages. It is a very pretty dwarf perennial herb, produc-
ing a tuft of stalked smooth heart-shaped leaves, and slender
erect flower scapes, six to ten inches high, bearing a single
sessile leaf below the middle, and terminated by a rather large
white spreading flower. This flower has a calyx of five ovate
segments, a corolla of five distinct obovate petals; five sta-
mens, which are perigynous, and alternating with them five
fringed glands or nectaries, which may be taken to represent
groups of imperfect stamens; these glands are short and thick,
placed opposite the petals, and margined with ten or twelve
white filaments, each bearing a small globular yellow gland.
There is a one-celled four-valved ovary, tipped by four sessile
stigmas, and growing into a roundish capsule. The plant is
found not unfrequently in boggy and moist heathy situations,
flowering in the wane of summer.

Belonging to the Calyciflores is the Dwarf Furze,+ a humble
and often prostrate plant found decorating heaths and sandy
wastes during the latter part of the floral season, and belong-
ing to the family of Leguminous plants. It differs from the
Common Furze (Ulex europeus) chiefly in its smaller size.
This latter is, however, rather. a spring or early summer-
flowering plant. The present smaller species is, like the
larger, a thorny shrub, but, instead of growing into an erect
branching bush, its branches are procumbent, spreading along
upon the surface of the heathy waste or stony bank on which
it grows. The main branches are thickly clothed with short

* Parnassia palustris—Plate 22 C.
+ Ulex nanus—Plate 22 D.

350 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

intricate branchlets, thorny at the points and branched at the
base, slender, smooth, and striated. The leaves are, for the
most part, reduced to thorns very much resembling the branch-
lets, so that the stems seem to be formed of an intricate mass
of sharp thorns. The flowers spring from the axils of the
smaller thorns, which branch out from the primary ones, and
are scarcely so long as the latter: indeed

é “‘ Every flower has a troop of swords
Drawn to defend it.”

The flowers consist of a calyx, coloured yellow like the corolla,
and divided nearly to the base into two concave segments,
which are entire or minutely-toothed at the tips ; a papiliona-
ceous corolla, also yellow, the petals scarcely separating even
when the flower is fully blown, but consisting of the usual
standard keel and wings; ten stamens, united by their fila-
ments into a complete sheath around the ovary, which becomes
a turgid, few-seeded pod, scarcely longer than the calyx.
Nearly related to the Umbelliferous family, and like it one
of the epigynous Calyciflores, is the common Ivy,* a woody
evergreen climber, belonging to the Araliaceous family. ‘The
earlier-formed stems of this very beautiful plant climb up
against trees or walls or rocks, clinging as they go by means
of small root-like protuberances, and spreading out the leaves
right and left flat against the body to which they adhere. In
this way its stems cover a large space. The dark green
glossy leaves borne on this part of the plant are angular and
three- or five-lobed, this being the form to which the term ivy-
leaved is applied. Wheu the plants have grown to a consider-
able height, or to what may be considered mature age, they
throw out bushy tufted branches, like those of other shrubs,

* Hedera Helix—Plate 22 E.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 351

and on these, which bear the flowers, the leaves are ovate.
Sometimes the Ivy may be seen climbing flat against the sur-
face of a wall till it reaches the top, and then developing a large
branched head, as if planted on the wall top.

** Emong the rest, the clamb’ring yvie grew,
Knitting his wanton arms with grasping hold,
Lest that the poplar happely should rew
Her brother’s strokes, whose boughs she doth enfold
With her lythe twigs, till they the top survew,
And paint with pallid green her buds of gold.”
Spenser.

The flowering branches bear a short raceme or panicle of
several nearly globular umbels of yellowish-green flowers.
These consist of a very slight entire calyx-border about half
way up the ovary, five short broad petals, five erect stamens,
and the styles cohering into a single mass. The cells of the
ovary are from five to ten in number, and the berry, which is
smooth and black, contains from two to five seeds. The Ivy
is made the emblem of friendship, from the closeness of its
adherence to the tree on which it-has once fixed itself. It has
also been called “ the critic’s ivy.” The plant was dedicated
by the ancients to Bacchus, whose statues were often found
crowned with a wreath of its leaves. The priests of the Greeks,
it is said, presented a wreath of Ivy to newly-married persons,
as a symbol of the closeness of the tie which ought to bind
them together.

The Devil’s-bit,* an example of the Dipsacaceous family,
belongs to the same series of epigynous Monopetals as the
family of Composites. It is found abundantly in meadows
and pastures, and in heathy places, and is a perennial herb,
with a short thick root-stock, ending abruptly as if it had been

* Scabiosa succisa—Plate 23 A.

302 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS,

bitten off, whence the vulgar name. The leaves mostly spring
from the root, and are stalked, ovate or oblong, entire, nearly
or quite free from hairs; those of the stems are few, opposite,
oblong, and occasionally slightly toothed. The stems grow
from one to two feet high, and produce from one to three or
five heads of flowers, a pair of flowering branches springing
from one or both of the upper pairs of leaves, according to the
vigour of the plant. The flower-heads are surrounded by an
- involucre of two or three rows of lanceolate bracts, the outer
of which are as long as the flowers, the inner ones passing
gradually into the scales of the receptacle. Unlike those of
the allied Teasels, these bracts are not prickly. The recep-
tacle bears a globular head of florets, between which small
pointed scales are placed. The florets are nearly equal, the
outer series being scarcely larger than the others; they con-
sist of an ovary crowned by the little cup-shaped calycine
border with four bristle-shaped teeth, a four-lobed tubular co-
rolla, four stamens inserted in the corolla tube, and having
free anthers, and a long simple style. Each of the florets is
inserted in an involucre, which is tubular and angular, bor-
dered by very small green teeth, and completely enclosing the
ovary and fruit. It flowers towards the latter part of summer,
and during autumn. This genus is represented in gardens by
the Sweet Scabious or Blackamoor’s Beauty, an annual of not
unfrequent occurrence, especially in cottage gardens.

The Ericaceous family has been already referred to, but is
very well illustrated by a favourite autumn-blooming shrub,
the Strawberry Tree or Common Arbutus.* This shrub,
which is frequent in hilly districts in the south of Europe, is
found abundantly about the Lakes of Killarney, but is even
better known as a very ornamental garden shrub, an evergreen

* Arbutus Unedo—Plate 23 B. 3

ILLUSTRATIONS. 3538

always pleasing in habit and foliage, and in the autumnal sea-
son becoming decorated with the greenish-white pitcher-shaped
flowers of the present season, and the large red strawberry-like
fruits produced by the preceding year’s flowers, so that, the
fruit taking a year to arrive at maturity, the shrub has perfect
flowers and ripe fruit all at one time. The Arbutus forms a
tall evergreen shrub or bushy tree, sometimes of considerable
size, furnished with shortly-stalked, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
toothed leaves, shining on the upper surface. The flowers
grow in terminal drooping panicles, consisting of an inferior
calyx of five small sepals, an ovoid or pitcher-shaped, waxy-
looking corolla, of a greenish-white often tinged with pink, ten
enclosed stamens, and a five-celled ovary, which becomes a
globular berry, red and granulated on the surface, and thus
having, when seen at a distance, considerable resemblance to
a strawberry, whence the name of Strawberry Tree. The
flowers have been compared by Miss Twamley to pearls :—
* Small bell-shaped flowers, each of an orient pearl

Most delicately modelled, and just tinged

With faintest yellow, as if, lit within,

There hung a fairy torch in each lamp-flower.”’

A beautiful autumnal flower is the Caiathian Violet, or
Marsh Gentian,* a type of the Gentianaceous family. It isa
perennial herb, growing in moist heaths and pastures, with an
upright stem, six inches to a foot high, bearing opposite ob-
long-lanceolate leaves on the lower part of the stem, and linear
ones above, all blunt at the point and rather thick in texture.
The flowers are nearly sessile, and grow in pairs from the axils
of the upper leaves. The calyx is tubular, with five narrow
lobes ; and the corolla has a narrowly-bell-shaped tube an inch
and a half long, without hairs in the throat, and a five-lobed

* Gentiana Pneumonanthe—Plate 23 C.

354 ‘' AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

limb, with short, broad, spreading lobes, of a deep blue within,
marked with a broad greenish band down the middle of each
segment, and yellowish towards the base. There are five
stamens affixed to the corolla tube, two stigmas, and a one-
celled ovary. This genus contains some of the most beautiful
of dwarf herbaceous plants known, some of which are met with
in gardens. One of them, G. acaulis, the Gentianella of gar-
dens, a native of the South of Europe, is not uncommon, and
a good deal resembles one of our native species, G. verna.

Our autumnal flora furnishes us with another illustration
of the Labiate family, in the Pennyroyal,* one of the Mint
genus, and a familiar medicinal herb. It is a prostrate, power-
fully-scented plant, with slender stems rooting at the joints as
they slowly spread over the surface, ascending at the points,
and furnished with small ovate-obtuse, slightly-crenated leaves,
which become still smaller towards the top, where they serve
as bracts to the axillary verticillasters or half-whorls of flowers.
The flowers are small, with a tubular calyx, divided into five
regular lobes, the throat closed with hairs, and a labiate co-
rolla, tubular below and somewhat bell-shaped above, with a
four-lobed limb, the upper lobe broader and sometimes slightly
notched ; within the corolla are four equal stamens, a single
style cleft at top into two stigmatic lobes, and rising up from
the centre of the four-lobed ovary, which becomes developed
into four smooth nuts. To the same genus belong the various
‘Mints, several of which are familiar as culinary or medicinal
herbs.

Among the Monochlamyds occur a group of plants of weedy
character, called the Chenopodiaceous family. An example of
it is seen in the Many-seeded Goosefoot,+ an annual weed found

* Mentha Pulegiwm—Plate 23 D.
+ Chenopodium polyspermum—Plate 23 E.

ILLUSTRATIONS. 355

in the southern and central parts of England. It is a spread-
ing, much-branched plant, variable in size, with entire ovate-
elliptic leaves, and clusters of minute flowers in short axillary
spikes. As usual in the family, the perianth consists of five
thin green sepals, within which are five stamens, and an ovary
crowned by two styles. This ovary grows into a lenticular
fruit, enclosed within, but not covered by, the perianth.
Though an inconspicuous and weedy race, so far as our native
species are concerned, the Chenopodiaceous plants are not
without their beauty and utility ; for amongst them are com-
prised the Spmach and Beet of our culinary gardens, and the
Mangel-Wurzel of our fields; while others yield abundance
of soda, and some are famous anthelmintics.

Of autumnal Monocotyledons, we find the Meadow Saffron,*
which illustrates the family of Melanthaceous plants. It has
considerable first-sight resemblance to the autumn-flowering
Crocuses (Crocus sativus and C. nudiflorus), but is at once dis-
tinguished by the flowers having six stamens instead of three,
and by other peculiarities. The plant is one of those with that
xind of solid bulb-stem called a corm, which is large and ovate.
\t the flowering period there are no leaves, the corm ending in
a sheath of brown scales which enclose the base of the flowers.
These flowers have a funnel-shaped six-parted perianth, like
that of Crocus, with a long slender tube running down in a
stalk-like form, and enclosing in its base the ovary, which is
underground ; the colour is a bright light purple. There are
six stamens inserted in the throat of the tube of the perianth,
and three long filiform styles running up from the ovary the
full length of the long tube, and terminating in somewhat cla-
vate stigmas. The capsule is three-celled, containing nume-
rous seeds. The leaves are produced in spring along with the

* Colchicum autumnale—Plate 24 A.

cs)
>
La?)

356 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

capsules, which are elevated above ground by the lengthening
of the stalks. These leaves are broadly lance-shaped, eight or
ten inches long, not unlike those of the tulip, except that they
are smooth dark green instead of glaucous. The corms and
the seeds of this plant, which is found abundantly in moist
rich pastures in various parts of England, are very powerful
medicinal agents, extensively employed in modern practice.

The little family of Restiaceous plants is represented in our
flora by a small aquatic tufted plant, found in the Hebrides
and in Ireland, and called the Jointed Eriocaulon.* The plant
has a slender rootstock, creeping in the mud under water, and
forming tufts of linear, soft, pellucid, beautifully-cellular leaves,
one to three inches long, from among which rises the pe-
duncle, two inches to a foot high, bearing a head of numerous
compact small flowers, the central of which are chiefly males,
and the outer ones chiefly females, all intermixed with small.
bracts, of which the outer ones are rather larger, forming an
involucre round the head. The perianth is very delicate, of
four segments, with a minute black gland on the two inner:
ones; the male flowers contain four stamens, and the females
a two-lobed ovary, with two long subulate stigmas.

A more detailed summary of the flowers of the pleasant
autumn season, when vegetation becomes languid with its
summer’s efforts, will be given in the following pages; mean-
while we may ask with the poet—

“Who loves not Autumn’s joyous round,
Where corn and wine and oil abound ?

Yet who would choose, however gay,
A year of unreserved decay ?”

* Eriocaulon septangulare—Plate 24 B.

3957

SUMMARY OF AUTUMN FLOWERS.
[I.—GROUPS AND ORDERS.]

EXOGENOUS PLANTS or DICOTYLEDONS.

Leaves with netted veins. Flowers usually quinary—the
parts in fives, or quaternary—the parts in fours. Embryos
with two (rarely more) cotyledons; hence dicotyledonous.

Thalamifiores: Polypetalous dichlamydeous plants, with
the petals distinct (separable) from the calyx, and the stamens
hypogynous ; Orders numbered 1 to 7.

* Ovary apoearpous.

1. Ranunculaceous plants—herbs or climbing shrubs ; stamens
indefinite, inserted on the receptacle.

** Ovary syncarpous.
+ Placentas parietal (i.e. seeds attached to sides of carpels).
t Stamens six, united in two sets.

2. Fumariaceous plants—herbs; flowers. very irregular, with
two sepals and four petals.

tt Stamens tetradynamous, distinct.

3. Cruciferous plants—herbs; flowers regular, of four sepals and
four petals, arranged crosswise.

++ Placentas axile (i.e. seeds attached to axis of carpels).
t Flowers regular.
§ Sepals overlapping at the edge (umbricate).
|| Ovary one-celled ; stamens distinct.

4, Caryophyllaceous plants—herbs ; leaves opposite, undivided,

358 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

without stipules; flowers symmetrical, with 4-5 sepals and
petals, and definite stamens.

\||| Ovary many-celled,
(a) Stamens monadelphous.

5, Geraniaceous plants—herbs ; flowers symmetrical, with five
sepals and petals; carpels fixed around a persistent central
axis.

(b) Stamens polyadelphous.

6. Hypericaceous plants—shrubs ; leaves opposite, often dotted ;
sepals and petals five, stamens indefinite.

§§ Sepals parallel at the edge (valwate).

7. Malvaceous plants—herbs or shrubs; sepals and petals five,
surrounded by an involucre of three or more bracts; stamens
united by their filaments into a column around the pistil.

Calyciflores: Polypetalous dichlamydeous plants, with the
petals usually distinct, and the stamens perigynous or epi-
gynous; Orders 8 to 12,

* Ovary superior, the calyx distinct from the carpels ; (stamens _
perigynous) .

8. Leguminous plants—shrubs or herbs; flowers very irregular,
papilionaccous ; stamens ten, all or nine of them united;
ovary a legume or pod.

9. Crassulaceous plants—herbs, with succulent leaves; flowers
regular, isomerous; carpels as many as the petals free.

** Ovary superior or half inferior, the calyx adhering more or
less to the carpels ; (stamens perigynous).

10. Saxifragaceous plants—herbs; flowers regular; stamens
5-10, separate.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 359

*** Ovary inferior ; (stamens epigynous).
11. Umbelliferous plants—herbs; fruit dry, of two carpels, se-
parating from the axis.
12. Araliaceous plants—shrubs ; fruit succulent, of more than
two carpels, not separating.

Monopetals: Dichlamydeous plants, with the petals united
(from the base more or less upwards) into a single piece;
Orders 13 to 18.

* Stamens epigynous ; (ovary inferior).
+ Stamens attached to the corolla, separate.

13. Dipsacaceous plants—herbs; flowers in compact heads or
spikes; calyx surrounded by an involucre; stamens equal-
ling in number the divisions of the corolla, the anthers free.

tt Stamens attached to the corolla, cohering by their anthers.

14. Composite plants—herbs ; florets in heads ; stamens equalling
in number the divisions of the corolla, the anthers united
into a ring around the style. |

** Stamens hypogynous.

15. Ericaceous plants—shrubs; stamens as many or twice as
many as the corolla lobes; anthers opening by two pores.

** Stamens perigynous.
+ Seeds attached to a free central placenta.
16. Primulaceous plants—herbs; stamens attached to the tube
of the corolla, isomerous, opposite its lobes.

tt Seeds attached to a parietal placenta.
t Corolla regular.

17. Gentianaceous plants—herbs ; stamens attached to the
tube of the corolla, isomerous, alternating with its lobes.

360 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

tt Corolla more or less irregular.

18. Labiate plants—herbs; corolla two-lipped ; stamens didyna-
mous; ovary four-lobed, the lobes one-seeded.

Monochlamyds: Perianth single, consisting of a calyx only.

19. Chenopodiaceous plants—herbs; perianth small, inferior;
carpels solitary, one-seeded.

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS or MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Leaves with parallel veins. Flowers usually ternary—the
parts in threes. Hmbryos with one cotyledon, hence Mono-
cotyledonous. This group includes Orders 20 to 24.

* Flowers perfect, with a petal-like whorled perianth.
+ Ovary inferior.
20. Orchidaceous plants—herbs ; flowers six-leaved, irregular ;
stamens and style united into a central column.

tt Ovary superior.

21. Liliaceous plants—herbs; flowers six-leaved, the segments
sometimes combined, regular; anthers turned inwards ; style
and ovaries consolidated.

22. Melanthaceous plants—herbs; flowers six-leaved, regular,

long-tubed ; anthers turned outwards; styles distinct ;
ovaries subterraneous in the flowering stage, separable.

** Flowers glumaceous, or formed of imbricated colourless
scales, not truly whorled.

+ Ovary 2-8-celled.

23. Eriocaulaceous plants—aquatic herbs, with spongy cellular
leaves, and unisexual flowers in small crowded scaly heads.

+t Ovary one-celled.

24. Graminaceous plants—herbs, with grassy sheathing leaves,
the leaves split on the side opposite the blade.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 361

[II.—GENERA OR FAMILIES.]

1. Ranunculaceous Plants. RanuncuLaces.

(1) Ranunculus—calyx of five, rarely three, sepals ; petals five,
the nectariferous pore naked, or covered by a scale ; carpels
collected into globular or elliptical heads.

2. Fumariaceous Plants. Fumariacez.

(2) Fumaria—calyx of two sepals; petals four, the upper one
spurred at the base ; fruit indehiscent, one-seeded.

3. Cruciferous Plants. Crucirers.

* Fruit a silique or pod.

(3) Diplotaxis—calyx spreading; pod compressed; seeds oval-
oblong in two rows.

** Fruit a silicule or pouch.

(4) Senebiera—pouch kidney-shaped, 2-celled, entire or notched
so as to be almost two-lobed; cells one-seeded.

4. Caryophyllaceous Plants. CaryorHyiuaces.

* Calyx with 2-4 scales or bracts at its base.

(5) Dianthus—calyx tubular, with 2-4 opposite imbricated basal
scales ; petals five, clawed, crenate or jagged; stamens ten ;
stigmas two; capsule one-celled; seeds peltate.

** Calyx without basal scales.

(6) Saponaria—calyx tubular, naked at the base ; petals clawed,
two-cleft ; stamens ten; stigmas two; capsule one-celled ;
seeds globose or reniform.

362 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

5. Geraniaceous Plants. Gerraniacea.

(7) Geranium—stamens ten; fruit beaked, separating into five
one-seeded capsules, each with a long awn, glabrous inter-
nally, and ultimately recurved.

(8) Erodium—stamens five fertile; fruit beaked, separating into
five one-seeded capsules, each with a long awn, bearded in-
ternally, and becoming spirally twisted.

6. Hypericaceous Plants. Hyprrricaces.

(9) Hypericum—calyx five-parted or five-sepaled ; styles three ;
capsule more or less perfectly three-celled.

7. Malvaceous Plants. Matvaces.

(10) Malva—calyx surrounded by an involucre of three leaves ;
styles numerous ; carpels numerous, one-seeded, arranged in
a circle.
(11) Althzea—calyx surrounded by an involucre having from
six to nine divisions ; fruit one-seeded, collected into a five-
lobed head.

8. Leguminous Plants. Leeumrnosz.

* Stamens monadelphous.

(12) Ulex—calyx coloured, with two bracts, two-lipped ; pod oval-
oblong, turgid, few-seeded.
(18) Ononis—calyx-campanulate, five-cleft, with linear segments ;
standard large, streaked ; keel pointed; pod turgid, ses-
| sile, few-seeded.

** Stamens diadelphous.
(14) Melilotus—calyx tubular, five-toothed; corolla deciduous ;
keel simple; wings shorter than the standard ; pod longer
than the calyx, one or few-seeded, indehiscent.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 3638

(15) Trifolium—calyx tubular, five-cleft ; corolla persistent ;
keel shorter than both wings and standard ; pod small, in-
dehiscent, shorter than the-calyx, 1-2 rarely 3-4-seeded.

9. Crassulaceous Plants. CrassuLacesm.

(16) Sedum—sepals five, cohering at the base, often foliaceous ;
petals five, spreading ; stamens ten.

10. Saxifragaceous Plants. Saxirracacez.

(17) Parnassia—calyx deeply five-cleft ; petals five ; stamens
five, accompanied by five scales, each having a tuft of glo-
bular-headed filaments.

‘11. Umbelliferous Plants, UmMBELLIFERS.

* Albumen solid.

+ Fruit ovate or elliptical, rounded or slightly compressed
dorsally.

t Vitte single between the ribs.

(18) Foeniculum—fruit nearly taper; carpels with five prominent
obtusely-keeled ridges, of which the lateral form a margin,
and are rather broader than the others.

tt Vitte two or more between the ribs.

(19) Silaus—fruit nearly taper; carpels with five sharp winged
equal ridges, of which the lateral form a margin; inter-
stices with many vitte.

tt Fruit much compressed dorsally.

(20) Angelica—fruit two-winged on each side; carpels with
three dorsal raised filiform ridges, and two marginal ones
dilated into a wing twice as broad as the rest; interstices
with single vitte.

364: AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

(21) Archangelica—fruit two-winged on each side; carpels with
thick dorsal ridges, and two marginal ones dilated into a
wing twice as broad as the rest, without vitte ; seed with
numerous vitte.

(22) Peucedanum—fruit surrounded by a flat dilated margin ;
carpels with equidistant ridges, the three dorsal filiform,
the two lateral more obsolete, contiguous to the dilated
margin ; interstices with single vittex.

** Albumen furrowed or involute at the margin.

(23) Physospermum—fruit contracted at the side, double; car-
pels roundish or réniform-globose, with five fine slender
filiform equal ridges, of which the lateral are placed within
the margin ; interstices with single vitte.

12. Araliaceous Plants. ARALiacem.

(24) Hedera—calyx-limb of five teeth; petals, stamens, and
styles 5-10; berry five-celled, five-seeded, crowned with
the calyx.

13. Dipsacaceous Plants. Duipsacacea.

(25) Scabiosa—inner calyx of five bristles, outer membranous
and plaited ; receptacle scaly ; fruit nearly cylindrical, with
eight excavations.

14. Composite Plants. Composirz.

* Florets all tubular, or those of the disk tubular with the
outer ones ligulate, forming a ray ; style not swollen below
its branches (Corymbifere).

+ Pappus none, or consisting of a mere border.
{ Receptacle scaly ; (heads radiant).

(26) Anthemis—involucre hemispherical, the scales nearly equal,

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 365

scarious at the margin; receptacle conical, paleaceous ;
pappus a membrane.

tt Receptacle without scales ; (heads discoid).

(27) Artemisia—involucre ovate or round; florets all tubular,
those of the disk hermaphrodite, five-toothed, of the ray
slender, less numerous, entire, female ; receptacle naked or
hairy ; pappus none.

(28) Tanacetum—involucre hemispherical; floretsalltubular, those
of the disk hermaphrodite, five-lobed, of the ray female, three-
lobed; receptacle naked ; pappus membranous, entire.

tt Pappus pilose.

{ Anthers without bristles at the base.

(29) Senecio—involucre with bracteoles at the base, the scales
scorched at the apex; flowers flosculous or radiant; recep-
tacle naked; pappus soft, hairy.

(30) Aster—involucre imbricated, the scales linear, acute ;
flowers radiant, of the ray female, in a single row, oblong;. |
receptacle naked ; pappus hairy.

(31) Chrysocoma—involucre imbricated, hemispherical or ovate,
the scales linear; florets all hermaphrodite, tubular ; recep-
tacle excavated ; pappus hairy, ciliated.

ti Anthers with two bristles at their base.

(32) Inula—involucre imbricated; flowers radiant or tubular ;
receptacle naked ; pappus hairy, simple.

(33) Pulicaria—involucre imbricated ; flowers radiant; recep-
tacle naked ; pappus double, the outer membranous.

** Florets all tubular ; style swollen below its branches
(Cynarocephalez).

+ Pappus pilose in many rows, equal, long, the haurs united
into a ring at the base.

(34) Onopordum—involucre imbricated, the scales pungent ;

366 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

receptacle excavated like honey-comb ; fruit compressed,
four-cornered, furrowed transversely.

tt Pappus pilose in many rows, unequal, the second row
longest, equal to or shorter than the fruit.
(35) Centaurea—involucre imbricated, the scales leafy, sca-
rious, or spiny in various ways ; receptacle paleaceous, the
scales jagged; fruit inserted obliquely at the base.

*#** Florets all ligulate ; style not swollen (Cichoracee).
+ Pappus sessile, in one row.

(36) ‘Crepis—involucre double, the outer row short; receptacle
naked ; fruit terete, not ribbed, narrowed upwards or
beaked ; pappus of simple hairs, which are usually white.

(37) Hieracium—involucre imbricated ; receptacle naked, or
with a few short hairs; fruit terete, ribbed, truncate and
margined above; pappus of stiff tawny hairs.

tt Pappus sessile, in many rows.
(38) Sonchus—involucre oblong, imbricated, ovate at the base ;
receptacle naked; pappus short, hairy ; fruit compressed,
striated longitudinally.

15. Ericaceous Plants. Ericacez.

(89) Arbutus—calyx five-parted ; corolla globose or ovate-cam-
panulate, with a small contracted border ; stamens ten, with
flattened filaments; anthers furnished with two reflexed
awns ; berry globose, granular.

16. Primulaceous Plants. Primunacez.

(40) Cyclamen—calyx campanulate, five-cleft ; corolla with the
tube ovate, the limb five-parted and reflexed; stamens in-
serted in the base of the tube; fruit globose, coriaceous,
or rather fleshy, many-seeded.

GENERA OR FAMILIES. 367

17. Gentianaceous Plants. GerenTIANAces.

(41) Gentiana—calyx 4—5-cleft ; corolla funnel- or salver-shaped,
with a 4—5-cleft limb.

18. Labiate Plants. Lasiarz.

(42) Mentha—calyx equal, five-toothed ; corolla with a short
tube, four-cleft, nearly regular; stamens four, equal, erect.
(43) Lamium—calyx bell-shaped, five-toothed ; corolla-tube en-
larged at the throat, the upper lip erect, arched or concave,
the lower spreading with a broad middle lobe, and two
minute lateral ones; stamens four, the two lower longest.

19. Chenopodiaceous Plants. CueNopopiacea.
(44) Chenopodium—perianth 3-5-parted, persistent, unaltered ;
stamens five, springing from the receptacie ; stigmas 2-3.

20. Orchidaceous Plants. OrcHipacrem.

(45) Spiranthes—sepals coloured, and with the petals converg-
ing, parallel with the lip; lip shovel-shaped, unguiculate,
with two fleshy projections at the base; column club-
shaped, with two teeth at the apex:

21. Liliaceous Plants. Lintacez.

(46) Scilla—perianth-segments spreading deciduous; filaments
filiform, smooth, inserted into the base of the perianth.

22. Melanthaceous Plants. MeantTHace2.

(47) Colechicum—perianth with a long tube, and a campanulate
six-parted limb ; stamens inserted in the orifice of the
tube; capsules three, inflated, erect, united at the base,
many-seeded.

368 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

23. Eriocaulaceous Plants. Eriocaviacres.

(48) Eriocaulon—barren flowers central, the perianth 4-6-cleft,
its inner segments united nearly to the summit; stamens
4-6: fertile flowers in the circumference, the perigone
deeply four-parted ; stigmas 2-3.

24. Graminaceous Plants. GraMINAce®.

(49) Leersia—panicle loose; spikelets one-flowered, consisting
of only two keeled glumes.

(50) Cynodon—panicle digitate ; spikelets one-sided,one-flowered,
attached to a flat rachis ; glumes two, keeled, nearly equal ;
pales two, keeled, the upper enwrapped by the lower.

(51) Poa—panicle loose; spikelets two- or many-flowered, ovate ;
glumes two, rather unequal, usually keeled; pales two,
nearly equal, awnless, scarious at the top.

(52) Molinia—panicle contracted, elongate; spikelets two- or
many-flowered, lanceolate; glumes two, acute, unequal;
pales two, nearly equal, awnless.

[III—SPECIES AND VARIETIES. ]

(1) Ranunculus. Crowroor.
* Leaves smooth.

R. sceleratus: annual; stems 1-2 feet high; lower leaves
broad, stalked, tripartite, the segmeuts blunt crenate, upper
leaves trifid, inciso-dentate ; flowers very small, pale yellow.
—By ditches and ponds. FI. June to September.

** Leaves hairy.
R. hirsutus: annual; stems 4-18 inches high; radical
leaves with three stalked, trifid, and cut leaflets, peduncles

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 869

furrowed ; flowers pale yellow.—Damp wastes and meadows.
Fl. June to October.

(2) Fumaria. Fumrrory.

F. officinalis: annual; stem much-branched; leaves much
cut ; flowers rose-coloured, sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
toothed, narrower and two-thirds shorter than the corolla;
fruit globose, truncate, slightly emarginate—A common
weed. Fl. June to September.

F. capreolata: annual; stem climbing by means of. the
twisting petioles; leaves much cut; flowers cream-coloured,
tipped with red, sepals ovate, acute, toothed, as broad as the
corolla and half its length; fruit globose, emarginate.—Cul-
tivated ground. Fl. June to September.

(3) Diplotaxis.

D.tenuifolia: stem 1-1} foot high, shrubby below, branched,
glabrous, leafy ; leaves glaucous, linear-lanceolate, very acute,
sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, the segments linear, remotely
dentate; flowers large, yellow; plant fetid.—Old walls and
wastes. Fl. June to October.

(4) Senebiera.

S. didyma: annual; stem spreading, prostrate, a foot or
more in length; leaves pinnatifid; flowers small, white, in
long, lax, slender clusters; pouch notched, of two wrinkled
lobes; style extremely short.—Waste ground near the sea.
Fl. July to September.

(5) Dianthus. Purnx.

D. prolifer: annual; stem erect, wiry, 1-14 foot high;
2B

370 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

flowers capitate, small, rose-pink, the bracts ovate-obtuse,
membranous, overtopping the calyx.—Gravelly pastures. Fl.
July to September.

(6) Saponaria, Soaprworr.

S. officinalis: stem 1-2 feet high, stout, erect, leafy ; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, ribbed; flowers fasciculate, corymbose,
flesh-coloured or pale pink, large and handsome, the petals
retuse, crowned.—Roadsides and hedges, mostly near villages.
Fl, August, September.

(7) Geranium. Crane’s-BILL.

G. Robertianum : annual or biennial ; stems $—1 foot high,
bright red; leaves ternate, the segments divided; flowers
small, reddish-purple, with hairy sepals.—Hedge-banks, Fl.
June to October.

(8) Erodium.

E. cicutarium: annual ; stem hairy, tufted ; leaves pinnate,
the leaflets deeply pinnatifid; flowers small, purple or pink-
ish, in an umbel.—Waste places. Fl. June to September.

(9) Hypericum,
* Stamens in five bundies.

H. Androsemum : stem two feet high, shrubby, compressed,
two-edged; leaves cordate-ovate, with a strong aromatic smell
when rubbed; flowers large, in terminal cymes, yellow, the
sepals unequal, subcordate-ovate, the petals oval, obtuse.—.-
Tutsan.—Hedges and thickets. Fl. July to September.

** Stamens in three bundles.

H. perforatum : stem erect, 1-2 feet high, two-edged ; leaves

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 371

elliptic-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; flowers
small, yellow; sepals erect, lanceolate, acute, denticulate
near the apex ; petals obliquely-oblong.—St. John’s-wort.—
Thickets and hedges. Fl. July to September.

(10) Malva, Mattow,

M. sylvestris: stem erect, 2-4 feet high; leaves kidney-
shaped, with seven deep crenate lobes; stipules lanceolate ;
flowers large, purple, on axillary aggregated peduncles, the
petals much longer than the hairy calyx; fruit-stalks erect,
the fruit glabrous.—Waste places. Fl. June to September.

M. rotundifolia: annual; stem decumbent ; leaves roundish-
heartshaped, with five shallow, acutely-crenate lobes-; stipules
ovate-acute ; flowers small, purple ; fruit-stalks decurved, the
fruit pubescent.— Waste places. Fl. June to September.

(11) Althea.

A. officinalis: stem 2-3 feet high, covered thoughout with
soft, velvety pubescence ; leaves soft on both sides, cordate or
ovate, 3-5-lobed ; peduncles axillary, many- flowered, shorter
than the leaves; flowers pale rose.—Marsh Mallow.—Marshes
near the sea. Fl. August, September.

(12) Ulex. Furze.

U.nanus: stem procumbent, with the primary spines short,
spreading, branched at their base only; flowers smaller and
of a deeper golden yellow than the common Furze, the calyx
nearly glabrous, with scarcely perceptible bracts.—Dry heaths.
Fl. August to October.

(13) Ononis. Rest-Harrow.

O. arvensis: stem procumbent, uniformly hairy, usually
2.B 2

372 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

without spines, rooting at the base; leaves trifoliate, the leaf-
lets broadly-obloug; flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, pink,
the standard streaked with darker lines; pods ovate, erect,
shorter than the calyx.—Barren sandy places. Fl. June to
September.

O. antiquorum: stem erect or ascending, bifariously hairy,
usually spinous ; leaves trifoliate, the leaflets oblong; flowers
axillary, solitary, stalked, pink ; pods ovate, erect, longer than
the calyx.—Barren places and pastures. Fl. June to Sep-
tember.

(14) Melilotus. Metitor.

M. officinalis: annual or biennial; stem erect, 2-3 feet
high; leaflets serrate, truncate, narrowly ovate; stipules se-
taceous, entire; flowers in lax lateral racemes, yellow; corolla
twice as long as the calyx, the wings keel and standard equal ;
pods ovate-acute, hairy.—Waste places. Fl. June to Sep-
tember.

M. alba: stem erect, 3-4 feet high; leaflets obovate, the
upper ones oblong, serrate, obtuse ; stipules awl-shaped, entire ;
flowers white, in lax racemes; corolla twice as long as the
calyx, the wings and keel equal, shorter than the standard;
pods ovate-obtuse, glabrous.—Sandy and gravelly places. Fl.
July to September.

(15) Trifolium. Curover.
* Flowers stalked, white.

T. repens: stems creeping; leaflets obovate or obcordate,
often with a dark spot at their base ; flowers in roundish heads,
white, the standard striated ; peduncles axillary, longer than
the leaves, the flowers at length deflexed; calyx glabrous.—
Dutch or White Clover.— Meadows and pastures. FI. May to
September.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 373

** Hlowers sessile.

+ Calyx not inflated.

T. pratense : stem erect, 1-2 feet high ; leaflets oval, emargi-
nate, the upper ones entire, apiculate; flowers purplish, some-
times white, the heads ovate, dense, sessile; calyx 10-nerved,
hairy.—Purple Clover.—Mountainous pastures, fields. Fl.
May to September.

T. arvense: annual; stem erect, or in a maritime form,
procumbent, finely hairy ; leaflets linear-oblong ; flowers small,
whitish, almost concealed by the very hairy calyx, the heads
nearly cylindrical, stalked; calyx 10-nerved, hairy.—Hare’s- »
foot Trefoil—Sandy fields. FI. July to September.

tt Calyx with the upper lip inflated after flowering.

T. fragiferum: stem creeping ; leaflets obovate, emarginate,
minutely serrate; flowers purplish-red, the heads globose, large,
remarkable when in fruit for their curious calyces; peduncles

axillary longer than the leaves ; calyx of the fruit membranous
reticulated downy.—Damp pastures. Fl. July to September.

(16) Sedum.

S. Telephium: stem erect, 1-2 feet high; leaves large and
broad, oval-oblong, dentate, smooth, rounded at the base, and
sessile ; flowers purple, handsome, in dense corymbs.—Orpine,
or Live-long.—Hedge-banks ona gravelly soil. Fl. July to
September.

(17) Parnassia.

P. palustris: leaves mostly radical, cordate, stalked ;. the
stem-leaves amplexicaul; petals white, veined, with a short
claw; filaments of the petaloid scales 9-13; glands of the
scales yellow.—Wet, boggy places. Fl. August to October.

374 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

(18) Foniculum. Frenne.

F. vulgare: stem terete below, 3-4 feet high, completely
filled with pith, branching; leaves decomposite, the segments
elongate, capillary; umbels of many rays, concave, large;
flowers yellow ; whole herb aromatic.—Rocky banks near the
sea. Fl. July to September.

(19) Silaus.

S. pratensis: stem angular, 1-2 feet high; leaves mostly
radical, those of the stem decreasing upwards, 3-4 times pin-
nate, the leaflets lanceolate, entire or bifid, the terminal tri-
partite ; flowers pale yellow, with an involucre of 1-2 leaves.
—Damp meadows and pastures. Fl. June to September.

(20) Angelica.

A. sylvestris : stem 2-3 feet high, slightly downy above, pur-
plish ; leaflets equal, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, often subcordate
at the base, inciso-serrate not decurrent, lateral ones rather
unequal at the base ; flowers pinkish-white, with an involucre
of about three leaves.— Wet places. Fl. July to September.

(21) Archangelica.

A. officinalis: stem 3-5 feet high, the foliage, stalks, and
flowers bright green; leaves 2-3 feet wide, the leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, all sessile, partly decurrent, the terminal one trifid ;
petioles much dilated at the base-—Watery places. Fl. July
to September.

(22) Peucedanum.

P. officinale: stem terete, striated, 2-3 feet high; leaves
five times tripartite, the leaflets linear-acute, flaccid, very long,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 875

narrow ; flowers yellow, in large umbels of twenty or more
rays; general involucre three-leaved, deciduous; pedicels
much longer than the fruit.—Hog’s Fennel or Sulphur-weed.
—Salt marshes, rare. Fl. July to September.

(23) Physospermum.

P. cornubiense: stem 1-3 feet high, erect, round, striated,
minutely scabrous, bearing a few small ternate leaves, with
linear-lanceolate, entire segments, the uppermost: represented
by a barren lanceolate-acute sheath ; radical leaves triternate,
the leaflets wedge-shaped, cut, or deeply three-lobed, with
acute segments ; flowers white, in terminal umbels.—Cornwall
and Devon. Fl. August, September.

(24) Hedera, Ivy.

H. Helix: shrubby, climbing by means of rootlike fibres ;
leaves coriaceous, ovate or cordate, and five-lobed with an-
gular lobes, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong,
acute, entire; umbels simple, erect, collected in panicles.—

Rocks, old walls, and hedges. Fl. October, November.
(25) Scabiosa.

S. succisa: stems 1-2 feet high; leaves mostly from the
root, stalked, ovate-oblong, entire, those of the stem with a
few teeth; flowers deep blue, in roundish heads. —Devil’s Bit.
—Pastures and heaths. Fl. August to October.

(26) Anthemis.

* Scales of the receptacle awl-shaped, acute.

A. Cotula: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, branched, angular,
furrowed ; leaves bipinnatifid nearly glabrous, the lobes linear,

376 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

acute, mostly entire; heads solitary, on long terminal stalks,
the disk florets yellow, those of the ray white; involucral
scales obtuse, with white membranous margins; fruit terete,
tubercular-striated ; whole plant fetid and acrid.—Fields and
waste places. Fl. July to September.

** Scales of the receptacle thin, membranous, obtuse.

A. nobilis: stem procumbent, one foot long, much branched ;
leaves bipinnate, the leaflets linear-subulate, slightly downy
and fleshy, acute; heads solitary, terminal, the florets of the
disk yellow, of the ray white; fruit subtrigonous, smooth ;
whole plant pleasantly aromatic. — Chamomile. — Gravelly
places. FI. July to September.

(27) Artemisia.
* Receptacle hairy.

A. Absinthium: stem bushy, 1-2 feet high; leaves silky,
in many deep lanceolate-obtuse segments; heads drooping,
hemispherical, in erect aggregate leafy panicles; floral-leaves
simple; florets dull yellow, the outer row female.—Worm-
wood.— Waste ground. Fl. July to September.

** Receptacle naked.

A. Vulgaris: stem 2-3 feet high, erect, leafy ; leaves woolly
aud white beneath, pinnatifid, with lanceolate-acuminate cut
aud serrated segments ; heads ovate, the clusters leafy, nearly
simple, erect ; flowers few, reddish or brownish yellow.—Mug-
wort.—Waste ground. Fl. July to September.

A. maritima: stem decumbent or ascending, woolly, much
branched ; leaves downy, pinnatifid, with linear, obtuse seg-
ments; racemes unilateral, the heads drooping, oblong ;
florets few, all perfect ; reddish-yellow,—Salt marshes. Fl.
August, September.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 377

(28) Tanacetum. Tansy.

T. vulgare: stem 2-3 feet high; leaves bipinnatifid, the
leaflets serrated ; heads in a terminal corymb; florets golden
yellow; whole plant powerfully scented.—Way-sides. FI.
August, September. |

(29) Senecio.
* Florets all tubular, no ray.

S. vulgaris: annual; stem 6-12 inches high, branching ;
leaves half-clasping, pinnatifid, the segments distant, oblong,
obtuse, and together with the rachis and auricles acutely and
unequally toothed, the lower ones narrowed into a stalk ;
heads small, in clustered racemes ; florets yellow.—Groundsel.
—Common everywhere. Flowers the whole year.

** Florets of the ray small, and rolled back.

S. sylvaticus: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, erect, more
or less branched, hairy ; leaves deeply piunatifid, downy, the
segments oblong, unequally toothed ; heads corymbose ; florets
yellow, those of the ray sometimes wanting.—Dry and gravelly
hills. Fl. July to September.

*#** Florets of the ray spreading, conspicuous.

S. Jacobea: stem 2-3 feet high, smooth, striated, branched,
leafy ; leaves glabrous, the radical ones oblong-obovate, attenu-
ated below, lyrate-pinnatifid, stalked, those of the stem sessile,
bipinnatifid, with spreading, oblong, deeply and irregularly-
toothed and cut segments, the lowermost of them much divided,
clasping ; florets yellow, the heads collected in erectly-
branched corymbs.—Ragwort.—Waste ground. Fl. July to
September.

378 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

(30) Aster.

A. Tripolium: stem 1-2 feet high, erect, hollow, leafy,
many-flowered, smooth corymbose; leaves linear-lanceolate,
fleshy, smooth ; flower-heads large, with a yellow disk, and
bright blue rays, the rays often wanting.—Muddy salt marshes.
Fl. August, September.

(31) Chrysocoma.

C. Linosyris: stem smooth, $-1 foot high; leaves numer-
ous, narrow-linear, entire; flower-heads yellow, in compact
terminal corymbs.— Rocky cliffs, on the south and west
coasts. Fl. August, September.

(32) Inula.

I. Helenium: stem 3-4 feet high, round, furrowed, solid,
leafy, branched above ; leaves unequally dentate, downy be-
neath, cordate-ovate, acute, clasping, the root-leaves stalked
elliptic-oblong; heads few together or solitary, terminal,
very large, the florets bright yellow.—Elecampane.—Moist
pastures. Fl. July to September.

I. Conyza: stem 1-2 feet high, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, downy, denticulate, the lower ones narrowed into a
footstalk ; heads corymbose, the florets yellow, those of the
circumference between tubular and ligulate, with a short ligule
on the inner side.— Plowman’s Spikenard.—Calcareous soils.
Fl. July to September.

(33) Pulicaria.

P.. vulgaris: annual; stem 6-12 inches high, leafy, much
branched, downy; leaves lanceolate, wavy, narrow at the

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 879

base and somewhat clasping; heads small, lateral and ter-
minal, hemispherical, with very short rays; florets yellow.—
Moist sandy heaths. Fl. August, September.

(34) Onopordum.

O. Acanthium: biennial; stem erect, many-headed, 4-5
feet high, woolly, with broad spinous wings, branched ; leaves
elliptic-oblong, woolly on both sides, sinuate, spiny, decur-
rent ; involucre nearly globose, large, somewhat cottony, the
scales fringed with minute spinous teeth; florets purple—
Cotton Thistle.—Waste ground. Fl. August, September.

(35) Centaurea.

* Involucral scales with a scarious, jayged, or pectinated, not
decurrent appendage.

C. nigra: stem 1-2 feet high; leaves scabrous, lanceolate,
sinuate-dentate, the upper entire or nearly so, stem-clasping ;
heads usually not radiant; florets all fertile, purple or rarely
white; involucre globular, nearly black externally, the appen-
dages of the outermost scales smaller and narrower than the
others, those of the innermost row roundish, dark brown,
membranous, jagged, all contracted just below the appendage.
Knapweed.— Pastures and roadsides. Fl. June to September.

** TInvolucral scales lanceolate, their upper half with a sca-
rious fringed decurrent margin.

C. Scabiosa: stem 2-3 feet high, rough, furrowed ; leaves
hispid, pinnatifid, roughish, the segments lobed, with callous
points, the lobes of the upper ones entire; heads on long,
naked stalks, solitary; involucres rather woolly, the scales
pale, blunt, with dark acute membranous pectinated decur-
reiit appendages; florets purple, the outer row radiant.—

8380 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

Great Knapweed.—Fields and hedges. Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

*** Involucral scales horny at the end, with palmate spines.

C. solstitialis: annual; stem 1-2 feet high, branched,
spreading, winged with the decurrent bases of the linear-lan-
ceolate entire hoary leaves, the root-leaves lyrate ; heads ter-
minal, solitary; involucral scales woolly, palmately-spinous,
the central spine of the intermediate scales very long, needle-
shaped; florets yellow.—Yellow Star-thistle.-—Cornfields and
waste places near the sea. Fl. July to September.

(36) Crepis.

C. virens: annual; stem 1-3 feet high, subcorymbose ;
leaves very variable, lanceolate, remotely-dentate, runcinate or
pinnatifid, the uppermost linear-arrowshaped, clasping, with
flat margins; outer involucral scales adpressed-linear, inner
ones glabrous within; florets yellow.—Common in dry pas-
tures and wastes. Fl. June to September.

C. paludosa: stem two feet high, leafy, simple, angular,
subcorymbose ; leaves large, ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, run-
cinate-dentate, narrowed into a footstalk, glabrous, the upper
ones ovate-lanceolate, cordate, clasping, acute, entire or den-
tate; involucral scales lanceolate, much attenuated, glandular-
pilose, the outer ones short ; florets yellow.—Damp woods and
shady places. Fl. July to September.

(37) Hieracium. Hawk-weep.

H. vulgatum: stem erect, leafy, 1-3 feet high, with several
leaves, the radical ones few, persistent, all oblong-lanceolate,
narrowed into a footstalk, usually coarsely-toothed, the teeth
ail pointing upwards; heads panicled; involucre pubescent ;

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 3881

florets yellow.—A very variable plant.—Woods, banks, and
walls. Fil. July to September.

H. boreale: stem erect, scabrous, 1-2 feet, hispid below,
leafy, slightly-branched and corymbose above; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate, sinuate-dentate or nearly entire, the
lower ones narrowed into a dilated petiole, the upper sessile
with a rounded base, the uppermost small; radical leaves
evanescent ; corymb irregular ; involucral scales with a slightly
hispid keel; florets yellow.—Thickets. Fl. August, Septem-
ber. |

(38) Sonchus, Sow-ruisrie.

S. arvensis: stem 3—4 feet high, simple, leafy ; leaves long,
acute, lanceolate, runcinate, finely-toothed, cordate at the base,
the uppermost entire ; heads corymbose, large; florets yellow ;
involucre and peduncles glandular-hairy ; root creeping.—
Cornfields. FI. August, September.

S. palustris: stem 4-6 feet high, simple, leafy ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, the lower runcinate, the upper simple, all
arrow-shaped, spinosely-ciliated, with acute auricles; heads
corymbose ; florets lemon-coloured ; involucre and peduncles
glandular-hairy ; root without scions.—Marshes, rare. FI.
July to September.

(39) Arbutus,

A. Unedo: an evergreen tree, with rough bark; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, serrated, coriaceous, glabrous; panicle ter-
minal, nodding, pedicels glabrous, the flowers whitish, pendu-
lous; fruit globular, granulated, red, resembling a strawberry,
but dry and flavourless.—Strawberry Tree.—Lakes of Kil-
larney. Fl. September, October.

882 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

(40) Cyclamen. Sow-sreap.

C. europeeum : tuberous; leaves long-stalked, heart-shaped,
with shallow angular lobes, blotched with white above, pur-
plish beneath; flowers pale rose-coloured or whitish, with two-
horned spots at the mouth.—Woods in Sussex and Kent, rare.
Fl. August, September.

(41) Gentiana, Gentian.

* Throat of corolla fringed with long hairs.

G. Amarella: annual, very variable in size and in the
number of the flowers ; stem 3-12 inches high, erect, square,
much-branched ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, the radical
ones obovate; flowers pale purple, the corolla salver-shaped,
five-cleft ; calyx-segments five, nearly equal, linear-lanceolate.
—Dry limestone pastures. Fl. August, September.

G. campestris : annual ; stem 3-10 inches high ; leaves ellip-
tic-oblong ; flowers blue, salver-shaped, four-cleft, the tube of
the corolla slightly thicker upwards ; calyx-segments four, the
two outer ones very large, ovate—Dry limestone pastures.
Fl. August, September.

**® Throat of corolla naked, not fringed.

G. Pneumonanthe: stem 4—10 inches high, leafy, simple,
erect or ascending ; leaves linear, obtuse ; flowers very large,
mostly solitary, slightly stalked, bell-shaped, five-cleft, deep
blue, with five greenish bands down the middle of each seg-
ment.—Calathian Violet.—Moist turfy heaths. Fl. August,
September.

(42) Mentha. Munv.

M. Pulegium: stem prostrate; leaves stalked, elliptical,

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 883

obtuse, slightly crenate, all similar ; flowers in distant, globose,
many-flowered semi-whorls, small, lilac. A small, creeping,
powerfully-scented medicinal herb. — Penny-royal. — Wet
places. Fl. August, September.

° (43) Lamium.

L. amplexicaule: annual; stem dwarf, decumbent; leaves
roundish-cordate, obtuse, inciso-crenate, the lower ones stalked,
the upper sessile, clasping; flowers in 1-3 compact semi-whorls,
the corolla purple, its tube slender, much longer than the
softly hairy calyx; lateral lobes of the lower lip of the corolla
toothless—Henbit Nettle—Waste and cultivated ground.
Fl. May to September. .

L. purpureum: annual, with low spreading stems; leaves
cordate-obtuse, crenate-serrate, stalked, the upper ones
crowded, shortly-stalked, ovate; flowers pale purple, the lip
spotted with red, the lateral lobes of the lower lip of the
corolla with two teeth.— Red Dead-nettle-—Waste and culti-
vated ground. Fl. May to September.

(44) Chenopodium, Goosrroor.

C. polyspermum: annual; stem erect or procumbent ;
leaves ovate-elliptical, sessile, acute or obtuse; flowers in
axillary leafless cymose or spicate racemes, small, incon-
spicuous.— Damp waste places. Fl. August, September.

(45) Spiranthes. Lapy’s Tresses.

S. autumnalis: tuberous; stem 4-6 inches high; radical
leaves ovate-oblong, those of the stem bract-like ; spike spiral,
dense; flowers greenish-white, the column and its lid acute
with an obtuse-ovate membranous process between them. on

884 AUTUMN FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

each side.—Dry chalky and gravelly places. Fl. August,
September.

(46) Scilla. Suri.

S. autumnalis: bulbous; leaves linear, numerous; flowers
purplish-blue, with a green line down the back, in perfection
before the leaves appear, forming a slightly corymbose raceme
on a scape 46 inches high; peduncles ascending, without
bracts.—Dry pastures in the south and west. Fl. August or
September.

(47) Colchicum.

C. autumnale: tuberous; leaves flat, lanceolate, erect, a
foot long, and often an inch broad, dark green, smooth;
flowers several, bright purple, rising from the root with very
long tubes, the germen at first remaining under ground, ap-
pearing in the spring with the leaves—Meadow Saffron.—
Meadows. Fl. September, October.

(48) Eriocaulon.

E. septangulare : aquatic: stem varying in height according
to the depth of the water, usually with six or eight, rarely seven
or ten angles, each corresponding with a bundle of vessels sur-
rounding a central bundle ; scapes striated, longer than the cel-
lular compressed subulate glabrous leaves; flowers four-cleft,
hairy at the extremities, each flower with a broad, blunt, black
scale in front, shorter and broader than the flower.—Pipewort.
—Peaty lakes and pools.

(49) Leersia.

L. oryzoides: stem 1-2 feet high, the leaves and sheaths
very rough; panicle loose, with wavy branches, usually more

SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 385

or less included in the leaf-sheaths; spikelets’ numerous, all
turning in one direction, half-oval, the keel ciliate -—Marshy
ditches in the south. Fl. August, September.

(50) Cynodon.

C. Dactylon: roots creeping; stem with long branched
scions, flowering stem 4-6 inches high, terminating in a single
cluster of 3-5 digitate, spreading, many-flowered slender
spikes; spikelets purplish; leaves on the barren shoots flat,
spreading.—Sandy shores of Devon and Cornwall. Fl. August,
September.

(51) Poa.

P. annua: annual; stem ascending or procumbent; leaves
flaccid, often wavy, broad; panicle spreading erect with a tri-
angular outline; the branches patent or divaricated ; spikelets
ovate-oblong.—Very common. Fl. March to November.

(52) Molinia.

M. coerulea: stem 1-2 feet high, the upper part naked;
leaves long, linear, attenuated ; panicle erect, elongate, narrow,
the spikelets 1-3-flowered. The var. depauperata has the
few spikelets one-flowered.— Wet heaths. Fl. July to Sep-
tember.

2C

386

WINTER FLOWERS AND FRUITS.”

“The seasons came and went, and went and came,
To teach men gratitude; and, as they passed,
Gave warning of the lapse of time, that else
Had stolen unheeded by. The gentle flowers
Retired, and stooping o’er the wilderness,
Talked of humility and peace and love.”

Pollok.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Or real genuine winter flowers we have none, and in their
stead we introduce the Holly and the Mistletoe, the emblems
of the closing year. True that here and there stray flowers
of various forms may meet the eye, but they are the chance
productions of favoured spots or of favoured seasons, some
remnants of the past, some mayhap, like the Primrose, har-
bingers of the coming year, and not one of them to be de-
pended on. We must be content with the coloured berries of
the Holly and the Mistletoe.

The Holly* belongs to the regular-flowered Monopetals,
and affords an illustration of the Aquifoliaceous family. It
is a small bushy evergreen tree or large shrub, of erect habit,
furnished with abundant leaves, which are of a shining green,
thick, stalked, ovate, and much waved at the margin, where

* Ilex Aquifolium—Plate 24 C.

ILLUSTRATIONS, 387

they are provided with strong coarse very prickly teeth. The
leaves of the Holly however are not always prickly, especially
on the upper part of the tree, which fact has led to the poetic
fancy of Southey, who writes—
* Below, a circling fence, its leaves are seen
Wrinkled and keen ;
No grazing cattle through their prickly round
Can reach to wound ;

But as they grow where nothing is to fear,
Smooth and unarm’d the pointless leaves appear.”

The flowers grow in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves ;
they are white, with a calyx of four, or rarely of five small
teeth ; a regular monopetalous corolla, with a short tube, and
a limb deeply divided into four or five segments; as many
stamens as there are lobes of calyx or corolla; and a four-
celled ovary crowned by four minute sessile stigmas. The
ovary becomes a bright red (sometimes yellow) berry, or rather
a small drupe enclosing four nuts, containing each a single seed.
These coral-coloured berries of the Holly give the plant a
brilliant appearance at a time when there is little of brilliancy
left to us in the vegetable world :
“Summer trees are pretty—very,
And I love them all;
But this Holly’s glistening berry
None of them excel.
While the fir can warm the landscape,
And the ivy clothes the wall,
There are sunny days in winter
After all!”
_ The Mistletoe* is one of the Calyciflores, and a member of
the Loranthaceous family. It is a singular plant, a real
parasite, growing on, and deriving its nourishment from a

* Viscum album—Plate 24 D.

388 WINTER FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

great variety of trees, and occurring very commonly in the
south and west of England. The stems, which become woody
when old, consist of repeatedly-forked succulent branches,
which grow into dense tufts two or three feet in diameter, of
a yellowish-green colour, attached by a thickened base to the
branches of the foster trees. The leaves are narrow oblong
or ovate, lanceolate, obtuse, one pair growing at the end of
each branchlet. The flowers are sessile in the axils of some of
these pairs of leaves, the male and female ones produced on se-
parate plants. The males, which grow three or five together
in a somewhat cup-shaped fleshy bract, are without evident
calyx, but have a corolla of four ovate fleshy petals, united at
the base, the anthers being sessile in the centre of the petals,
and opening by several pores. The females are solitary, or
rarely two or three together, in a cup-shaped bract, with an
obscure entire superior calycine margin, four minute some-
what triangular petals, and a stigma sessile on the ovary.
The fruit is a white semi-transparent berry, enclosing a single
seed, which is surrounded by a mass of very glutinous pulp.
The Mistletoe is ever associated in our ideas with the fes-
tival of Christmas, and with the well-known custom of deco-
rating churches and houses with evergreens at that season—
a custom which has been in existence ever since Christianity
has been planted amongst us, and appears to have been
derived from a similar practice of the Pagans. The plant is
sometimes—but now, at least, very rarely—found upon the
Oak. The Druids held it in high veneration when it was
seen growing on that tree; and at certain seasons, especially,
it is said, at Yuletide or Christmas, they were accustomed to
gather it with great solemnity. ‘‘ When the end of the year
approached, they marched with great solemnity to gather the
Mistletoe, in order to present it to God, inviting all the

ILLUSTRATIONS. 3889

world to assist at the ceremony, in these words—‘ The new
year is at hand, gather the Mistletoe!’ Their sacrifices being
ready, the priest ascended the Oak, and with a golden hook
cut the Mistletoe, which was received in a white garment,
spread for the purpose. Two white bulls that had never been
yoked were then brought and offered to the Deity, with prayers
that He would prosper those to whom He had given so precious
a boon.” ‘The new year’s day of the Druids did not however
exactly correspond with ours, for according to Toland it was
the 10th of March; and this idolatrous veneration was confined
to the Mistletoe of the Oak, — on account of its rarity.
Now, however,
** Past is the time when, bending low,

Druids revered thee, Mistletoe!

Error’s broad shades are chased away

By Revelation’s brilliant ray, -

And superstition can no more

Bid us an humble plant adore.

Yet who, in hour of Christmas mirth,

Can place thee o’er the social hearth,

With ivy and with holly gay,

Or twine thee with the fragrant bay,

Nor lift with joy his heart above,
Nor hymn the notes of praise and love ?”

The Mistletoe has in later times been rather associated
with mirth and glee, than with religious superstition—“ Forth
to the woods did merry men go, to gather in the Mistletoe ;”
and then, they “opened wide the baron’s hall to vassal,
tenant, serf, and all.”

The popular regard in which it came to be held appears
—so says Mr. Lees—“‘to have arisen from a superstition
extending back as far as Druidical times, when the young
bride wore a branch of Mistletoe suspended from her neck,
which was supposed (as it was considered a remedy against

390 WINTER FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

barrenness) to ensure an offspring as numerous as the spotless
berries produced by the plant itself. So that formerly it seems
to have been the exact converse of the dreaded Willow; for
while those that had lost their loves were conducted to that
hopeless barren tree, or, at least, recommended to sojourn
beneath its shade, those damsels who were not in such an
unfortunate predicament were either merrily or strategetically
escorted to the Mistletoe, whose berries being pure white, of
course could not fail to intimate the bridal wreath and white
satin ribbon. Archdeacon Nares, who has written very learn-
edly on this subject, and seems to be a great friend to the
mystic rites of the Mistletoe, deprecates any unreasonable
resistance on the part of ladies taken to or caught under
the sacred plant; as he states that a non-performance of the
usual ceremonial brings in its train all the evils of old-maiden-
ism ”—whatever they may be. It appears that in the berries
of the plant alone resided its privilege ; one of these was to
be plucked at every salute, and various authorities insist that
when the last berry was plucked from the bush its potential
and venerated character ceased.

The habit of the Mistletoe is very peculiar. Unlike the
Ivy, which like it grows upon trees, but derives support only,
and not nourishment, from that to which it has attached
itself, the Mistletoe is a true parasite, sucking the vitals of
its prop. It is doubtless planted by those members of the
feathered tribe, the mistle-thrush especially, which feed upon
its berries, the viscid juice causing the seeds to adhere to the
under side of the branches when brought in contact with them
by the birds in the process of cleaning their bills. _In this
position the seeds germinate, and the young plants insinuate
their root-point into the sap-wood of the tree, forming there,
instead of roots, in each case, an ever-active sucker, by means

ILLUSTRATIONS. 391

of which they appropriate to themselves the juices of the tree
on which they grow.

It is a rather singular coincidence that the two plants so
intimately associated in our Christmas festivities should be
also associated by their products. Thus the viscid substance
called birdlime is obtained, by maceration and trituration, not
only from the bark’ of the young shoots of the Holly, but
also from the glutinous berries of the Mistletoe.

Though wild flowers are wanting in the cheerless winter,
and we have been content to record the Holly and Mistletoe
as illustrations of the hiemal flora (albeit at that season it is
their fruits and not their flowers which are their attractive
features), the field botanist is not to conclude that the winter
is to him a period barren of interest, for at that season the
Cryptogamic tribes abound in full perfection. There are the
Fungi, with their various forms and brilliant colours, as Mr.
Berkeley’s ‘ Outlines of British_Fungology’ bears evidence,
—its glowing pictures and its stores of information being
enough to tempt every reader to become a fungologist. There
are the Lichens, those time-stains of grey and yellow, which
give a venerable air to wall and tower, or paint the rock with
tints of orange or sienna. And then there are the Mosses,
green and beautiful plant miniatures, abounding everywhere,
on moors and rocks, in woods and fields, on walls, by streams,
in bogs, wherever the soil or atmosphere is moist, so that
no mean portion of the earth’s clothing is furnished by them.
These, and more than these, of the cryptogamic stores, which
Nature spreads before her votaries even in the bieak and
barren winter, furnish material for a life-time study, and are
full of interest for those who deign to study them. Our

892 WINTER FLOWERS AND FRUITS.

task, however, is accomplished, and we can only point out
these as fresh fields and pastures new, to those who can brace
their nerves for a pleasant winter’s ramble.

“These as they change, Almighty Father, these
Are but the varied God. The rolling year
Is full of thee. Forth in the pleasant Spring
Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness and love
Wide flush the fields; the softening air is balm;
Echo the mountains round; the forest smiles ;
And every sense and every heart is joy.
Then comes thy glory in the Summer months,
With light and heat refulgent. Then thy sun
Shoots full perfection through the swelling year ;
And oft thy voice in dreadful thunder speaks,
And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve,
By brooks and groves in hollow-whispering gales.
Thy bounty shines in Autumn unconfined,
And spreads a common feast for all that lives.
In Winter awful thou! With clouds and storms
Around thee thrown, tempest o’er tempest rolled,
Majestic darkness! On the whirlwind’s wing
Riding sublime, thou bid’st the world adore,
And humblest nature with thy northern blast.

So roll your incense, herbs, and fruits, and flowers,
In mingled clouds to Him, whose sun exalts,
Whose breath perfumes you, and whose pencil paints.”
Thomson.

393

GLOSSARY.

Abortive, defective, barren.

Abrupt, appearing as if suddenly
terminated or broken off.

Acerescent, persistent and increasing
in size.

Acerete, having contiguous parts or

__ organs naturally grafted together.
Acerose, linear and sharp-pointed,
as in the leaves of the fir-tribe.

Achene, a dry, hard, single-seeded
indehiscent fruit, with the peri-
carp inferior, and consequently
invested by the calyx, as in the
seeds of compound flowers.

Achlamydeous, without any distinct
perianth, as in the willows.

Acicular, of slender form, like a
needle.

Acotyledonous, wanting cotyledons.

Aculeate, sharply pointed or prickly.

Acuminate, ending in a long, taper
point.
Acute, when the extremities present
an angle less than a right angle.
Adherent, having parts originally or
normally distinct, united or grafted
together.

Adnate, attached throughout the
long length, as in the case of
anthers when their lobes are at-

tached throughout their whole
length to the filament, or of sti-
pules when they adhere to the
peduncles, ete.

Adpressed, having one part lying
close to another throughout its
length, as hairs to the surface of
a leaf.

Aggregated, having similar but dis-
tinct parts crowded together.

Albumen, a substance of a farina-
ceous, oily, or horny consistency,
found in many seeds, surrounding
the embryo wholly or in part.

Alternate, having the parts or or-
gans so placed, that the one is not
directly before or over-against the
other.

Amplexicaul, having the peduncle,
leaf, or stipule dilated at the base,
and extended partially round the
stem, so as to clasp it.

Angular, having a determinate num-
ber of angles. :

Annual, applied to those plants
which produce seed and die in
the same year in which they ger-
minate.

Anther, that portion of the stamen
which contains the pollen, most

2D

394

frequently formed of two distinct
cells, and generally attached to-
wards the summit of a filament.

Antheriferous, bearing or supporting
the anthers.

Apetalous, applied to flowers which
are destitute of true corolla.

Apex, the opposite extremity of any
organ to that by which it is at-
tached, which is considered its
base.

Apiculate, terminating in a sharp
but short point.

Apocarpous, having the carpels quite
free from adhesion, as in the
Buttercup.

Appendage, a part superadded to
another, as the leaves to the stem.

Appressed, closely applied to some
other part throughout its whole
length, as the pubescence on some

~ leaves and branches.

Aquatic, living or growing in water.

Aril, Arillus, an expansion of the
placenta, rising around certain
seeds in the form of an integu-
ment, generally more or less fleshy,
as in the genus Euonymus.

Aristate, awned.

Articulation, a point where a discon-
tinuity of tissue naturally takes
place, without the appearance of
its having been torn asunder, as
where leaves fall from the stem.

Articulated, furnished with articu-
lations.

Artificial, a term applied to some
characteristic by which a plant
may be distinguished or sepa-
rated from others, without refer-
ence to those other circumstances
by which its affinities are esta-
blished.

GLOSSARY.

Ascending, starting horizontally or
rising obliquely from the base,
curving upwards, and ultimately
attaining a vertical position, as in
many stems.

Attenuated, gradually diminished in
breadth towards either extremity.

Auricle, a prolonged appendage at
the base of some leaves.

Auriculate, having auricles or ear-
like appendages.

Awn, a stiff bristle-like appendage,
such as may be met with on the
glumes and pales of grasses.

Awned, furnished with an awn.

Axil, the upper angle formed by the
attachment of a leaf or branch to
its support.

Avile, of or belonging to the axis.

Axillary, situated in an axil.

Axis, an imaginary line forming a
centre round which an organ is
developed.

Baccate, bearing berries.

Bark, the external coating of the
stems and roots of flowering
plants.

Basal, attached to another part at
that extremity by which it is
joined to its support.

Beak, a long slender termination.

Beaked, terminated by a beak, as
the pod of the Radish.

Bearded, bearing tufts of hair-like
pubescence.

Beli-shaped, having a tubular and
inflated form, resembling a bell,

as the corolla of many Campa-
nulas.

Berry, a succulent seed-vessel, with
the seeds embedded in pulp.

Biennial, applied to those plants
which produce only leaves during

_ GLOSSARY. 395

the first year of their growth, and
in the second bear seed, and then
die.

Bifid, divided about halfway to the
base into two parts.

Bilobed, divided into two lobes, as
the anthers of most flowers.

Bipartite, deeply divided into two
parts, the incision extending be-
yond the middle.

Bipinnate, having the leaflets on the
secondary petioles of a doubly
compound leaf arranged in a pin-
nate manner, the secondary pe-
tioles themselves being similarly
disposed.

Bipinnatifid, having the divisions in
a pinnatifid leaf themselves di-
vided in a pinnatifid manner.

Bisaccate, having two bags or sacs.

Biternate, having the leaflets of a
doubly compound leaf arranged
in a ternate manner.

Bloom, a whitish, waxy secretion
produced on the surface of some
fruits, as in the plum.

Blunt, terminating in a rounded
manner, without tapering.

Bony, hard and brittle, and of close
texture, as the stones of plums, etc.

Bracts, the leaves more or less modi-
fied in form, which are seated on
the peduncles and pedicels: fre-
quently reduced to mere scales ;
sometimes highly coloured.

Bracteate, having bracts.

Bracteoles, small bracts seated on
the flower-stalk.

Bristle, any short or stiff hair.

Bristle - pointed, terminating gra-
dually in a fine point.

Bush, a low shrub, densely branched
from the surface of the ground.

Cespitose, densely crowded -in turf-
like patches.

Calyciflores, a group of dicotyle-
dons, in which the stamens ad-
here to the calyx, whether they
are perigynous or epigynous.

Calycine, of the nature or appear-
ance of a calyx.

Calyx, the outermost whorl of the
perianth, composed of the sepals,
either free or cohering; in those
flowers which have only a single
floral whorl, it is generally consi-
dered a calyx rather than a corolla.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Capillary, hair-like, both as to size
and form.

Capitate, applied to those slender
organs, such as the style, in which
the summit is swollen out, some-
what like the head of a pin.

Capitule, an inflorescence consisting
of numerous flowers, sessile or
nearly so, collected into a dense
mass at the summit of a pe-
duncle. :

Capsule, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel,
with one or more cells, and many
seeds.

Carpel, one of the parts, whether
combined or distinct, which com-
pose the innermost of the four
sets of floral whorls, into which a
complete flower is separable.

Cartilaginous, tough and hard, like
the skin of an apple pip.

Cathkin, a form of spiked inflores-
cence, in which the flowers are
unisexual and closely crowded,
-and the place of each perianth is
supplied by a bract.

Cell, one of the hollow divisions of

the seed-vessel, or anther.
2D 2

396

Chaffy, furnished with chaff.

Channeled, hollowed out and gutter-
like.

Ciliate, furnished with cilia, or stif-
fish hairs, so as to form a fringe
on the margin of an organ.

Clavate, slender at the base and
gradually thickening towards the
apex, so as to become club-shaped.

Claw, the narrowed base of a petal.

Clustered, similar parts collected in
a close, compact manner.

Cocci, the closed cells of a fruit
which separate from each other
when ripe, as in the Spurge.

Column, the solid body formed by
the union of the filaments and
style, as in Orchids.

Commissure, the face by which the
two parts of the fruit of the Um-
bellifers cohere.

Compact, closely agglomerated or
pressed together.

Complete, where no essential part is
wanting, as where a flower is fur-
nished with both stamens and
pistils.

Cone, a dense aggregation of scale
like carpels, arranged round an
axis, as in the fir tribe.

Compressed, flattened lengthwise, as
in the pod of a pea, or in some
stems.

Conical, approaching the form of a
cone.

Connate, when the bases of two op-
posite leaves are united round the
stem, so that this appears to pass
through them.

Connective, a portion of the stamen,
distinct from the filament, which
connects the cells of the anthers.

Connivent, converging.

GLOSSARY.

Continuous, where there is no break
in the arrangement of parts; the
opposite of interrupted.

Contorted, when an organ is folded
or twisted back upon itself.

Convolute, rolled up in a longitudi-
nal direction, so that one edge
overlaps the other, as the spathe
of an Arum.

Cordate, resembling the heart in a
pack of cards.

Coriaceous, leathery.

Corky, resembling cork in texture.

Corm, the swollen, succulent, bulb-
like mass which composes the
stem of certain monocotyledons,
as in the Crocus; frequently
termed a solid-bulb.

Corolla, the floral whorl next in
succession within the calyx, com-
posed of petals, which are free or
more or less united together.

Corolline, of or belonging to a corolla.

Coronet, certain appendages, free or
united, seated on the inner surface
of the perianth, as the cup in
Narcissus, or the scales in Silene.

Corymb, an inflorescence of which
the branches originate at different
parts along the main axis, and
elevate all the«flowers to about
the same height.

Corymbose, approaching the form
assumed by the corymb.

Cottony, bearing long soft entangled
and interlaced hairs.

Cotyledon, a seed-lobe, or seed-leaf
as it is often called; some em-
bryos possess only one (monoco-
tyledons), others have two (dico-
tyledons), or more.

Crenate, having a series of rounded
marginal prominences.

ae, a

GLOSSARY. 397

Orescent-shaped, approaching the
figure of a crescent, as the glands
on the involucre of Euphorbia.

Crest, an irregular, elevated, notched
ridge, resembling the crest of a
helmet.

Crisped, curled.

Cryptogam, a term applied to the
lower tribes of plants, which are
not furnished with true flowers.

Cryptogamic, having the character-
istics of the cryptogams, that is,
not bearing true flowers.

Culm, the stem of a grass.

Cuneate, wedge-shaped.

Cupuliferous, bearing cupules or in-

‘ yolucres composed of bracts ad-
hering by their bases, and forming
a sort of cup in which the fruit is
seated, as in the oak or nut.

Cuspidate, gradually tapering into a
sharp stiff point. '

Cylindrical, approaching closely to
the form of a cylinder; as the
stems of grasses.

Cyme, an inflorescence in which nu-
merous peduncles are given off in
all directions from the summit of

- a branch, and these bear a termi-

nal flower and secondary pedicels -

from below it, as in the common
elder.

Deciduous, applied to trees or shrubs
the leaves of which are shed an-
nually, so that the branches be-
come bare ; the opposite of ever-
green ; applied also to other organs
which fall off after their functions
have been performed.

Decompound, Decomposite, subdi-
vided to a considerable extent.

Decumbent, reclining upon the sur-
face of the earth, but with a ten-

dency to rise again towards the
extremity.

Decurrent, prolonged below the
point of insertion, as if running
downwards, as in the leaves of
most thistles. °

Dehiscent, bursting by a regular line
of suture.

Dentate, toothed.

Denticulate, furnished with small
teeth.

Diadelphous, having the stamens
united into two distinct sets or
bundles.

Dichotomous, forked or subdivided
once or repeatedly, with the
branches in pairs.

Dichlamydeous, having both calyx
and corolla.

Diclinous, applied to those plants
of the same species which bear
unisexual flowers on distinct
plants.

Dicotyledons, plants whose seeds
have two or more cotyledons or

~seed-lobes.

Dicotyledonous, possessing two coty-
ledons.

Didynamous, having four stamens,
of which two are longer than the
other two.

Diffuse, spreading widely in an irre-
gular horizontal manner.

Digitate, applied to simple leaves,
where the lobes are very narrow
and cut nearly to the base of the
limb ; and to compound leaves,
where the leaflets are all placed at
the very extremity of the petioles.

Diccious, bearing unisexual flowers
of the same species on distinct in-
dividual plants.

Discoid, disk-like, round, and some-

398

what thickened, with the margins
also rounded.

Disk, a fleshy expansion between the
stamens and pistil, occurring in
some flowers, and considered to
result from the abortion of an
inner whorl of stamens ; also the
central portion occupied by the
flowers in a capitule.

Dissected, having the segments very
numerous and deeply cut, as in
some leaves.

Dissepiment, the vertical partitions
in the interior of an ovary, divi-
ding it wholly or partially into two
or more cells.

Distichous, longitudinally arranged
in two rows, on opposite sides of
a common axis.

Distinct, wholly unconnected with
adjoining parts or organs.

Diwaricate, branching off and
spreading irregularly at an obtuse
angle.

Dorsal, attached to the back of any
organ.

Downy, covered with short weak
close hairs. :

Drupaceous, possessing the charac-
ter of a drupe.

Drupe, an indehiscent, superior,
one-celled fruit, fleshy externally
and bony within, containing one
or two seeds, as the plum, peach,
etc.

Elliptical, approaching the form of
an ellipse, that is an oval rounded
at the ends, or an oblong widened
in its smaller diameter.

Emarginate, slightly notched at the
summit.

Embryo, the rudiment of a plant
contained in the seed.

GLOSSARY.

Endogen, the same as a monocoty-
ledon.

Endogenous, possessing the internal
structure of monocotyledons,
that is with the newest cellular
and vascular tissue of the stem
produced within the older, and
not collected in concentric rings.

Entire, without any traces of divi-
sion, incision, or separation.

Epigynous, having the outer whorls
of the flower adherent to the
ovary, so that their upper por-
tions alone are free, and appear
to be seated on it, as in the Um-
bellifers.

Equal, where one part is of the same
general form, disposition, and size,
as some other part with which it
is compared; synonymous with
regular.

Epipetalous, growing on the petals.

Erect, when any part or organ stands
perpendicularly, or very nearly so,
to the surface to which its base is
attached.

Evergreen, bearing green leaves all
the year round.

Ezxogen, the same as-a dicotyledon.

Exogenous, the peculiar structure
of dicotyledonous stems, wherein
the successive deposits of newly
organized wood are exterior to the
old ones, and form concentric
layers.

Faicate, plane and curved, with the
edges parallel, like a sickle.

Fasciculate, where several similar
parts originate at the same spot,
and are collected, as it were, into
a bundle.

Filament, the stalk which in many
stamens supports the anther.

GLOSSARY. 399

Filiform, cylindrical and slender,
like a thread.

Flaccid, bending without elasticity.

Fleshy, firm but of succulent texture.

Floret, one of the little flowers in a
head, as in Composite.

Flosculous, when the corolla of a
floret is tubular.

Flower, the apparatus destined for
the production of seed, and ne-
cessarily including one or other,
or both, of the sexual organs.

Foliaceous, of the nature of a leaf.

Follicle, a one-valved inflated peri-
carp, Opening by a suture along
one of the sides to which the seeds
are attached.

Forked, separating into two distinct
branches, more or less apart.

Foveolate, impressed with small
holes or depressions.

Fringed, clothed with hair-like ap-
pendages or cilia on the margin.
Fugacious, soon falling off or perish-

ing, as the calyx of poppies.

Funnel-shaped, tubular, small below
and widening upwards.

Furcate, forked.

Furrowed, marked by depressed
lines.

Germen, the same as Ovary; the
base of the pistil, containing the
ovules.

Germination, the act by which seeds
begin to grow.

Gibbous, convex as though swollen.

Glabrous, wholly destitute of pubes-
cence.

Gland, a secreting organ of cellular
tissue, sometimes sunk or some-
times elevated. ‘

Glaucous, dull green with a pecu-
liar whitish-blue lustre.

Globular, nearly spherical.

Giume, the outermost husks of the
floral envelopes of grasses.

Glumaceous, resembling the dry
scale-like glumes of grasses.

Granulated, covered with, or com-
posed of, small tubercles resem-
bling grains.

Granule, a-‘small grain ; also a small
wort-like appendage on the calyx
of certain species of dock.

Gynandrous, having the stamens and
style coherent into a common
body.

Hair, capillary expansions of cellu-
lar tissue, which coat the surface
of various parts of many plants.

Hastate, shaped like the head of a
halbert, the base diverging on each
side into an acute lobe.

Herbaceous, not woody; any por-
tion of a plant which is more
particularly green and succulent.

Hermaphrodite, where both stamens
and pistil occur in the same flower.

Hiemal, belonging to winter.

Hirsute, hairy.

Hispid, hairy, the hairs long and
rigid.

Hoary, greyish-white.

Horizontal, when a plane surface
lies perpendicularly to the axis of
the body which supports it, as
most leaves.

Horny, of a hard close texture, re-
sembling horn.

Hypocrateriform, that form (of co-
rolla) in which the tube is long and
cylindrical, and the limb fiat,
spreading at right angles to it.

Hypogynous, seated below the base
of the ovary, but not attached to
the calyx.

400 GLOSSARY.

Imbricate, overlapping.

Immersed, when one part or organ
is completely imbedded in an-
other.

Impari-pinnate, unequally pinnate,
that is, pmnate with an odd termi-
nal leaflet.

Incised, cut.

Incurved, gradually bending from
without inwards.

Indefinite, where the number of any
particular description of organ is
uncertain.

Indehiscent, without dehiscence, or
regular line of suture.

Inferior, placed below another or-
gan ; used especially to express the
connection of the tube of a calyx
with the ovary.

Inflated, bladdery.

Inflorescence, the general arrange-
ment or disposition of the flowers.

Interrupted, haying symmetry or
regularity of outline or composi-
tion partially destroyed.

Involucel, a partial involucre.

Involucre, a whorl of bracts, free or
united, seated on the peduncle,
either near to or at some distance
below the flower or flowers.

Inwolute, rolled inwards at the edge,
as some leaves.

Irregular, wanting symmetry ; also
unequal.

Isomerous, having an equal number
of parts.

Joints, certain parts where the uni-
formity of the tissue is altered,
and where it may readily be rup-
tured or falls asunder in decay.

Keel, a projecting ridge, rising along
the middle of a flat or curved sur-
face ; also the two lowermost and

more or less combined petals of a
papilionaceous corolla.

Keeled, furnished with a keel.

Knotted, swollen at intervals into
knobs, somewhat resembling a
knotted cord.

Labellum, the lip of a flower.

Labiate, a tubular calyx or corolla
with the limb divided into two un-
equal portions, or lobes placed
above and below, like the lips of a
mouth.

Lanceolate, narrow and tapering at
each end, like the head of a
spear.

Lateral, fixed on or near the side of
any organ.

Lax, loose.

Leaf, an appendage to the stem,
composed of cellular tissue with
fibres of vascular tissue inter-
mixed.

Leaflet, each separate portion or
subordinate expansion in the
limb of a compound leaf.

Legume, tiie one-celled and two-
valved seed-vessel of Leguminosee.

Lenticular, of the form of a double-
convex lens.

Leprous, covered with flat seurfy
scales.

Ligule, a membranous appendage
at the summit of the sheathing
petiole, in grasses.

Ligulate, strap-shaped.

Limb, the superior flat expanded
part of a petal or leaf.

Linear, having the margins parallel,
and the length considerably longer
than the breadth.

Lip, a term applied to each of the
two large divisions of an un-
equally parted monopetalous co-

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a
:
4
‘
}

ET EI ADL A ea

GLOSSARY. 401

rolla; also applied to one of the
segments of an irregular perianth,
when of a shape remarkably diffe-
rent from the rest, as in Orchids.

Lobe, a rounded projecting part of
some organ.

Lobed, divided into lobes.

Loose, having the separate parts
arranged at some distance from
each other upon a common axis.

Lurid, of a dingy brown; grey with
orange.

Inrate, haying several pairs of small
lobes near the base, with deep
sinuses between them.

Marginal, placed upon, or attached
to, the edge of any thing.

Mealy, covered with a scurfy pow-
der.

Membranaceous, Membranous, thin,
and more or less transparent.

_ Mericarp, one of the carpels in the

fruit of Umbellifers.

Midrib, the principal nerve or vein,
which runs-from the base to the
apex of a leaf.

Milk, an opaque white juice, found
in many plants.

Monadelphous, having the filaments
of the stamens all united in one
set or bundle.

Monochlamydeous, having only one
whorl to the perianth.

Monocotyledons, plants whose seeds
have only one cotyledon.

Mono otyledonous, possessing but

_ one cotyledon.

Monopetals,a group of dicotyledons,
in which the corolla is monopetal-
ous.

Monecious, bearing two kinds of
unisexual flowers on the same
individual plant.

Monopetalous, having the corolla in
one piece which is formed by the
union of several petals.

Mucronate, abrurtly pointed by a
sharp spinous process.

Multifid, having deep and numerous
subdivisions or laciniations.

Muricated, rough, with short hard
tubercular excrescences.

Nectariferous, possessing a nectary ;
also secreting nectar, that is,
a sweetish exudation, secreted by
glands in different parts of plants.

Nectary, any supplementary organ
in the flower, whether glandular
or not, which cannot readily be
referred to the parts forming the
floral whorls ; also certain parts
of the whorls themselves, of ano-
malous character, whether secret-
ing nectar or not.

Nerves, the fibrous bundles extend-
ing through the leaves, . often
ramified, like veins or nerves in
the animal structure.

_Nerveless, without nerves.

Netted, resembling network.

Nodding, having the summit so
much curved that the apex is
directed perpendicularly down-
wards.

Node, one of the parts of the stem
from whence a leaf springs, espe-
cially when a little thickened or
swollen.

Nodose, knotted.

Nut, ahard indehiscent pericarp.

Ob, in composition signifies that the
point of attachment is at the oppo-
site extremity to where it occurs
in the form defined by the simple
word; thus o0b-clavate is the in-
verse of clavate, the attachment

402

being at the thicker end; od-
cordate, is the inverse of cordate,
the attachment being at the nar-
row end; 0b-ovate, is the inverse
of ovate, the attachment being at
the narrow end.

Oblique, when the parts of an organ
are so divided that the sides are
more or less unequal.

Oblong, of a bluntly elliptical shape,
where the major and minor axes
bear a proportion to each other
of about four to one.

Obtuse, blunt.

Ochrea, a tubular membranous sti-
pule, through which the stem
seems to pass.

Ochreate, furnished with ochrea.

Opposite, applied to similar parts or
organs when so arranged in pairs,
that one of them is immediately
on the opposite side of some inter-
posed body, or of the axis about
which they are disposed ; thus—
oppositiflorus is where the pedun-
cles are opposite ; oppositifolius,
where the leaves are opposite.

Orbicular, perfectly or very nearly
circular.

Ovary, the lowermost portion of the
pistil, containing the ovules, and
ultimately becoming the fruit.

Ovafe, of the form of an egg, if
applied to a solid body; or of
the figure presented by a longitu-
dinal section of an egg, if applied
to a superficial area.

Ovoid, a solid with an ovate figure.

Ovule, the rudimentary state of a
seed.

Palate, the inferior surface of the
throat in ringent and personate
corollas.

GLOSSARY.

Pales, the membranaceous bracts
forming the perianth of grasses ;
also the chaff-like scaly bracts on
the receptacle of some Compo-
sites.

Palmate, having the arrangement of
parts on any organ such as to
imitate the form of an open hand.

Palmatifid, having the subdivisions
of a simple organ (usually a leaf)
arranged palmately.

Panicle, an infiorescence where the
rachis either subdivides into seve-
ral branches, or is furnished with
distinct branching peduncles.

Panicled, having the flowers arrang-
ed in a panicle.

Papilionaceous, an irregular corolla
composed of five petals, the upper
of which forms the standard ; two
others, placed laterally, the wings ;
and two (opposite the standard,
and more or less cohering) form
the keel.

Papillose, covered with small elon-
gated cellular protuberances.

Pappus, the peculiar limb to the
calyx of the florets of Composite
flowers, and frequently hairy or
downy as in thistles.

Parallel, where the axes of two
parts lie parallel to each other. —

Parasite, a plant which grows on
some other plant, and obtains
nourishment directly from its
juices.

Parietal, attached to the inner sur-
face of the pericarp.

Partite, divided nearly to the base.

Patent, spreading.

Pectinate, pinnatifid with the seg-
ments parallel, narrow, and close,
like the teeth in a comb.

GLOSSARY.

Pedate; having the parts arranged
in a palmate manner, with the
addition of further subdivisions
in the lateral portions.

Pedicel, the partial stalk or imme-
diate support of a flower in an in-
florescence composed of flowers
arranged upon a main peduncle.

Pedicellate, furnished with a pedicel.

Pedunele, the main stalk or support
to the inflorescence, more espe-
cially when this is limited to a
solitary flower.

Pedunculate, furnished with a pe-
duncle.

Pellucid, perfectly or partially trans-
parent.

Peltate, where a support is inserted
at some distance within the mar-
gin, and is not in the same plane
as the flat surface which rests up-
on it.

Pendent, pendulous, inclined so that
the apex is pointed vertically
downwards.

Pentadelphous, having the stamens
arranged in five sets or bundles.
Pentamerous, having the parts in

fives or multiples of five.

Perennial, enduring for several
years.

Perfoliate, applied to clasping leaves
which have their basal lobes uni-
ted, so that the axis about which
they are placed appears to pass
through them.

Perianth, the external floral whorl

or whorls which surround the

stamens and pistil, including the
parts answering to calyx and
corolla, when they are so much
alike as not to be readily distin-
guishable.

403

Perigone, almost the same as Peri-
anth, but more especially used
when the floral envelopes are re-
duced to a single floral whorl,
possessing a calyx-like character.

Perigynous, having the ovary free,
but either the stamens or corolla
adherent to the calyx. —

Persistent, remaining beyond the
period when similar parts in other
plants become mature and fall;
not falling off but remaining
green as the leaves of evergreens.

Personate, a form of monopetalous
bilabiate corolla, in which the
orifice of the tube is closed by an
inflated projection of the throat.

Petal, one of the foliaceous expan-
sions of that part of the floral
whorl, termed the corolla.

Petaline, of or belonging to a petal.

Petaloid, having a thin membranous
character and coloured, thus as-
suming the more usual character
of the petals of flowers.

Petiole, the stalk or support by
which the blade, or limb of a
leaf, is attached to the stem.

Pilose, hairy.

Pinnate, Pinnated, having the leaflets
arranged on opposite sides of a
common petiole ; confined to pairs
of leaflets that are equally or
paripinnate ; if terminated by an
odd leaflet, they are unequally, or
impari-pinnate.

Pinnatifid, having the lateral inci-
sions (in a simple leaf) extending
towards the axis; approaching
the form termed pinnate.

Pistil, the female part of a flower,
composed of the ovary with its
ovules, and the stigma or stigmas,

404

with sometimes (usually) an inter-
vening style.

Pistiliate, furnished with pistils;
generally applied to unisexual
flowers.

Pitcher-shaped, tubular, bulging be-
low and contracted towards the
orifice.

. Pith, the central column of cellular
tissue, in the stems and branches
of exogenous plants.

Placenta, that part of the ovary
which supports the ovules.

Plaited, plicate, or folded longitudi-
nally.

Plicate, folded together in regularly
disposed longitudinal plaits.

Plumose, applied to hairs invested
with branches, arranged like the
beard on a feather.

Pod, a two-valved seed-vessel, one-
celled as in the legume or pod of
the pea, and two-celled as in the
silique of the wall-flower.

Pollen, the granular contents of an
anther, either free and resembling
dust, or variously agglutinated
into waxy masses.

Pollen-mass, an agglutinated mass
of pollen, such as occurs in Orchids.

Polyadelphous, having the stamens
combined in several sets or bun-
dles.

Polygamous, bearing on the same
plant three descriptions of flow-
ers; viz., hermaphrodite, male,
and female.

Polypetalous, having two or more
petals, and these perfectly distinct
from each other.

Pome, ‘a fleshy many-celled fruit,
matured from an inferior ovary.

Pore, an aperture in the covering

GLOSSARY.

of any body, as in that of the an-
thers of heaths, which open by a
hole or aperture, instead of the
usual slit for the escape of the
pollen.

Porose, having pores.

Pouch, a little bag ; also the short
silicules of some Crucifers, as in
Alyssum.

Prickle, a more or less conical eleya-
tion of the substance of the bark,
hard and sharp-pointed.

Prismatical, approaching the form
of a prism, presenting angles dis-
posed longitudinally.

Procumbent, lying upon or trailing
along the ground.

Prostrate, procumbent.

Pubescence, elevated extensions of
the cellular tissue of the epider-
mis, assuming the character of
soft downy hairs.

Pubescent, furnished with pubes-
cence.

Pulp, soft and juicy tissue.

Quadrangular, approximating to
the form of a quadrangular
prism.

Quaternate, Quaternary, having the
parts arranged by fours.

Quinate, Quinary, having the parts
arranged by fives, as the five petals
of a buttercup, the five leaflets of
a digitate leaf, etc.

Raceme, a form of inflorescence,
where the flowers are furnished
with pedicels arranged at intervals
upon a common axis.

Racemose, arranged in racemes.

Radiant, Radiate, arranged like
rays spreading from a common
centre.

Radical, proceeding from a point

GLOSSARY.

close to the summit or crown of
the root.

Ray, the outer florets in the flower-
head of Composites; the outer
flowers, when differently formed
from the inner, in umbels; also
the branches of an umbel.

Receptacle, a part which bears or
receives other parts, commonly
applied to that which bears the
flowers, as the expanded top. of
the peduncle of a dandelion, the
inner surface of a fig, etc.

Recurved, bent backward.

Reflex, Reflexed, very much curved
backwards.

Regular, uniform in structure or
condition; as where subordinate
parts of the same kind closely re-
semble each other, and are sym-
metrically arranged.

Remote, thinly set on the axis.

Reniform, kidney-shaped, that is,
like a longitudinal section through
a kidney.

Reticulate, resembling network.

Retuse, having a slight depression or
sinus at the apex.

Rhizome, a prostrate or subterranean
stem, from which roots are emit-
ted, and scaly leaves or branches
given off at the knots.

Rhomboid, Rhomboidal, rudely ap-
proximating to the form of a
rhombus, that is to say, a quadran-
gular figure (not a square) whose
sides are equal.

Rib, any strongly-marked nerve in
the leaf, but more especially the
cential longitudinal one.

Ribbed, having one or more strongly
marked nerves, proceeding from
the base to the apex:

405

Ridge, an elevated line on the car-
pels of Umbellifers, of which some
are primary and some secondary.

Rigid, almost or quite without flexi-
bility.

Ringent, applied to bilabiate corollas
whose lips are widely separate.
Root-stock, a subterranean or pros-
trate stem, which emits roots from

its lower surface.

Rosulate, having the parts more or
less laminated, and arranged in a
whorl round an axis, in a manner
somewhat resembling the disposi-
tion of the petals of a rose.

Rotate, wheel-shaped ; having a mo-
nopetalous corolla, with a very
short tube and spreading limb.

Rudimentary, either in an early state
of development, or in an imper-
fectly-developed condition.

Rugose, having the surface covered
with wrinkles.

Runcinate, having the large marginal
incisions (in a leaf) directed in a
curved manner towards the base.

Saccate, resembling a bag or sac.

Sagittate, pointed at the apex, and
with the base prolonged backwards
from the sides into two acute ears,
like an arrow head.

Salver-shaped, hypocrateriform.

Samara, a compressed, few-seeded,
coriaceous or membranaceous in-
dehiscent pericarp, with a mem-
branaceous expansion or wing at
the end or edges, as in the fruit of
the Sycamore.

| Sapwood, the outermost layers in

the trunks of exogenous trees.
Scabrous, harsh or rough to the

touch, from the presence of stiff

pubescence or scattered tubercles.

406

Scape, a long naked peduncle, rising
from the crown of a root or asub-
terranean stem.

Scariose, Scarious, thin, dry, and
membranous.

Scattered, without any apparent
symmetry of arrangement.

Scorpioid, having the main axis of
inflorescence curved in ‘a circinate
manner, like the tail of a scorpion.

Scurfy, bearing minute scales of
membranous matter on the sur-
face.

Secund, having the organs (generally
applied to flowers) all turned to
the same side of the axis round
which they are arranged.

Seed, the fertilized ovule.

Semi, in composition, implies a
partial or imperfect exhibition
of the particular effect implied by
the term with which it is com-
pounded.

Sepal, one of the foliaceous expan-
sions of that part of the floral
whorl called the calyx.

Sepaline, having reference to sepals.

Serrated, having sharp marginal ser-
ratures pointed forward, like the
teeth of a saw.

Sessile, applied when an organ is
attached to its support without
the intervention of some inter-
mediate part: thus, sessilifolius
when a leaf is without petiole,
sessiflorus when a flower is with-
out a pedicel.

Seta, any stiff bristly hair or straight
slender prickle.

Setaceous, having the characters of
setze.

Setose, covered with sete.

Sheath, a petiole, or a portion of it,

GLOSSARY. :

embracing the stem to which it is
attached; a part rolled round a
stem or other body.

Shrub, a woody plant which does
not form a true trunk, like a tree,
but has several stems rising from
the roots.

Silicle, Silicula, formed like a si-
lique, but about as broad as long
or broader.

Siliculose, bearing silicles.

Silique, Siliqua,an elongated, dry, bi-
valvular, pod-like ‘fruit, with a
transverse internal membrane.

Siliquose, bearing siliqua.

Silky, having very long and fine
hairs, with a glossy appearance
like silk.

Simple, the opposite of compound ;
without subordinate parts.

Sinuate, Sinuated, having alternate,
rounded, rather large lobes and
sinuses at the margin.

Sinus, the re-entering angle or de-
pression between two projections
or-prominences.

Solitary, not closely associated with
another object of the same deserip-
tion.

Spadix, the axis of a spiked, often
fleshy inflorescence among mo-
nocotyledons, when the flowers
are densely aggregated, usually
accompanied by one or more
spathes.

Spadiceous, of or belonging to a
spadix.

Spathaceous, furnished with, or hay-
ing the general appearance of a
spathe.

Spathe, a foliaceous or membrana-
ceous involucre, of one or few
sheathing bracts, more or less en-

GLOSSARY.

veloping the flowers in certain
monocotyledons.

Spathulate, more or less rounded
towards the summit and narrowed
towards the base.

Spike, an inflorescence similar to the
raceme, only that the flowers have
no pedicels ; also, those forms in
which spikelets are arranged in
close and alternating series upon a
common rachis, as in some grasses.

Spikelet, a small spike, of which
several, aggregated round a com-
mon axis, constitute a compound
spike; more especially applied to
the spiked arrangements of two
or more flowers of grasses, which
are variously disposed round a
common axis.

Spine, a stiff, sharp-pointed process,
containing some portions of woody
tissue, degenerated branch, leaf,
stipule, ete.

Spinous, bearing or covered with
spines.

Spongy, having the cellular tissue
copious, forming a sponge-like
mass.

Spreading, having a gradual out-
ward tendency, or bending from
an axis.

Spur, a tubular expansion of some
part of a flower.

Spurred, having a spur.

Stamen, that organ of the flower .

which contains the pollen.
Staminate, bearing stamens ; usually
applied to unisexual flowers.
Standard, the dorsal petal in a pa-
pilionaceous flower.
Stellate, disposed in a radiating
manner round a centre.
Stigma, that portion of a pistil,

407

generally its summit, by which the
fertilizing influence of the pollen
is conveyed to the ovules.

Stigmatic, of or belonging to the
stigma.

Sting, a sharp, somewhat stiff hair,
seated on a gland which secretes
an acrid fluid.

Stipule, a foliaceous appendage, va-
rious in character, produced on
each side the base of certain pe-
tioles.

Striated, marked with streaks or
little furrows.

Style, the shaft which, in most
flowers, is interposed between the
stigma and ovary.

Sub, in composition, somewhat ; im-
plying a near approach to the con-
dition indicated by the term with
which it is joined: thus, sub-
rotund is roundish.

Subulate, awl-shaped.

Succulent, having abundant cellular
tissue, replete with juices.

Suckers, tubercular processes on the
stems of certain flowering para-
sites, by which they imbibe nou-
rishment from the plants to which
they attach themselves.

Superior, placed above another or-
gan; applied especially to indicate
the position of the ovary with
respect to the calyx.

Sword-shaped, straight and flat, with
the point acute.

Symmetrical, when the parts of
one series of organs agree with

. those of another in number, as in
a flower which has five sepals,
five petals, five or ten stamens, etc.

Syncarpous, bearing fruit composed
of cohering carpels.

408

Syngenesious, having the stamens
coherent by their anthers.

Tapering, gradually diminishing in
diameter.

Tendril, a twisting, thread-like por-
cess, forming a modified condition
of some appendage to the axis of
vegetation.

Terete, nearly cylindrical, but some-
what tapering into a very elon-
gated cone.

Terminal, situated at the extremity
of some part.

Ternate, Ternary, arranged by threes
about the same part.

Tetradynamous, having six stamens,
four longer than the other two.

Thalamiflores, a group of dicotyle-
dons, in which the several petals
are distinct from the sepals, and
the stamens are hypogynous.

Thorn, the same as spine.

Tetramerous, having the parts in
fours or multiples of four.

Tooth, a small projection of the
margin of some laminated part.

Toothed, furnished with teeth.

Triadelphous, having the stamens
collected into three distinct sets
or bundles.

Triandrous, having three stamens.

Triangular,aplane surface approach-
ing a triangle in shape.

Trichotomous, subdivided, with the
divisions in threes,

Tricoccous, composed of three cocci.

Trifid, divided into three subordi-
nate parts, the incisions extending
about half-way towards the base.

Trifoliate, Trifoliolate, having the
leaflets disposed in threes at the
extremities of their petioles.

Trigonous, triangular.

GLOSSARY.

Tripartite, subdivided into three
parts, much beyond the middle or
nearly to the base.

Trimerous, having the parts in threes
or multiples of three,

Tripetalous, consisting of three pe-
tals.

Triternate, having the petiole twice
branched in a ternate manner,
each partial petiole bearing three
leaflets.

Truncate, terminating abruptly, as
though shortened by the removal
of the extremity.

Tube, the tubular portion formed by
the cohesion of the subordinate
parts composing a floral whorl.

Tuber, a fleshy, swollen, subterranean
rhizome, like the potato.

Tubercle, a small wart-like excres-
cence.

Tubercled, Tuberculate, bearing or
covered with tubercles.

Tuberous, resembling a tuber.

Tubular, hollow and cylindrical.

Tumid, swollen and inflated.

Turbinate, top-shaped.

Turgid, thick, as if swollen, but not
inflated.

Twining, twisting in spiral folds
round a support.

Umbel, a form of inflorescence in
which all the pedicels start from
the summit of a.peduncle.

Umbellate, arranged in umbels.

Under-shrub, a plant only partially
shrubby, the ends of the newly-
formed branches continuing her-
baceous, and dying away in winter.

Unilateral, disposed along one side.

Unisexual, applied to flowers which
have either stamens alone or pistils
alone,

Ce ey

OO ———— ——

GLOSSARY. 409

Urceolate, shaped like a pitcher with
a contracted mouth.

Unsymmetrical, having the parts
neither equal nor proportional in
number.

Viricle, a little bladder filled with air
attached to the stems of certain
aquatic plants.

Valve, distinct portions of certain
organs which become detached by
regular dehiscence along definite
lines of suture, as the valves of
anthers and the valves of carpels.

Valvate, united by the margins only,
not overlapping.

Ventricose, bellied or swelling out
on one side.

Vertical, having the axis perpendi-
cular to the part from which it
arises.

Verticillasters, short cymes in the
axils of the leaves of labiate

plants, giving the appearance of
whorled flowers.

Viscid, glutinous and clammy.

Vitta, a narrow elongated receptacle
of aromatic oil occurring, variously
disposed, in the fruits of Umbelli-
fers.

Waved, Wavy, having an alternate-
ly convex or concave surface or
margin.

Waxy, resembling wax in texture.

W hori, an arrangement in which the
parts are set in a circle round an
axis all on the same plane.

Whorled, disposed in whorls.

Wing, a membranous expansion ;
also each of the two lateral petals
in a papilionaceous or other irre-
gular flower, when these differ
from the rest.

| Woolly, having long curled hairs,

matted together like wool.

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Abele, 65.

Acer, 30. |
campestre, 50.
Pseudo-platanus, 8, 50.

Aceras, 176.
anthropophora, 324.

Achillea, 160.
Millefolium, 259.
Ptarmica, 259.

Aconitum, 144.
Napellus, 187.

Acorus, 174.
Calamus, 123, 317.

Actza, 28.
spicata, 44.

Actinocarpus, 177.
Damasonium, 327.

Adonis, 143.
autumnalis, 184.

Adoxa, 34.
Moschatellina, 57.

7&thusa, 157.
Cynapium, 247.

Agrimonia, 153.
Eupatoria, 229.

Agrimony, 229.

Agrimony, Hemp, 261.

Agrostis, 180.
alba, 337.
canina, 337.
vulgaris, 337.

Aira, 42, 180.
ceespitosa, 338.
caryophyllea, 338.
flexuosa, 338.
preecox, 77.

Ajuga, 36.
Chameepitys, 62.
reptans, 61.

411

INDEX.

Alchemilla, 32.
arvensis, 53.
vulgaris, 53.

Alder, 63.

Alehoof, 61.

Alexanders, 249.

Alisma, 177.
Plantago, 327.
ranunculoides, 327.

Alkanet, 292.

Alliaria, 29.
officinalis, 45.

Allium, 177.
oleraceum, 326.
triquetrum, 326.
ursinum, 326.
vineale, 326:

Allseed, 211.

Alnus, 37.
glutinosa, 63.

Alopecurus, 179.
agrestis, 336.
bulbosus, 336.
geniculatus, 336.
pratensis, 336.

Alsine, 148.
tenuifolia, 206.

Althea, 150, 362.
officinalis, 216, 371.

Alyssum, 29.
calycinum, 46.

Ammophila, 180.
arenaria, 337.

Anacharis, 175.
Alsinastrum, 321.

Anagallis, 166.
arvensis, 282.
tenella, 282.

Anchusa, 169.

Anchusa—continued.
sempervirens, 292.
Anemone, 28.
nemorosa, 5, 42.
Pulsatilla, 42.
Anemone, Wood, 5.
Angelica, 363.
sylvestris, 374.
Anthemis, 160, 364.
anglica, 259.
arvensis, 259.
maritima, 259.
Cotula, 258, 375.
nobilis, 259, 376,
Anthoxanthum, 42.
odoratum, 76.
Anthriscus, 158.
sylvestris, 250.
vulgaris, 250.
Anthyllis, 151.
Vulneraria, 217.
Antirrhinum, 172.
- majus, 304,
Apera, 180.
interrupta, 337.
Spica-venti, 337.
Apium, 156.
graveolens, 242.
Apple-tree, 54.
Aquilegia, 144.
vulgaris, 187.
Arabis, 29, 146.
hirsuta, 195.
petreea, 195.
Thaliana, 45.
Turrita, 45.
Arbutus, 366.
Unedo, 352, 381,
Archangel, 61.
2 ER

412

Archangelica, 364.
officinalis, 374.
Arctium, 161.
Lappa, 265.
Arctostaphylos, 33.
alpina, 56.
Uva-ursi, 56.
Arenaria, 30, 149.
peploides, 207.
serpyllifolia, 207.
trinervis, 48.
verna, 48.
Aristolochia, 174.
Clematitis, 116, 317.
Armeria, 166.
maritima, 1
vulgaris, 283.
Armoracia, 147.
rusticana, 201.
Arrhenatherum, 180.
avenaceum, 339.
Arrow-grass, 327.
Arrowhead, 327.
Artemisia, 365.
Absinthium, 376.
maritima, 376,
vulgaris, 376.
Arthrolobium, 31,
ebracteatum, 51.
Arum, 39.
maculatum, 67,
Arundo, 183.

Phragmites, 131, 347.

Asarabacca, 62.
Asarum, 36.
europseum, 62,
Ash, 104, 285.
Ash, Mountain, 54,
Asparagus, 176.
officinalis, 325.
Aspen, 66,
Asperula, 34.
odorata, 57.
Asphodel, Bog, 325.

Asphodel, Scottish, 325.

Aster, 365.
Tripolium, 378.

Astragalus, 152.
glycyphyllos, 225.
hypoglottis, 224.

Atriplex, 173.
angustifolia, 310.
deltoidea, 309,
erecta, 310,

INDEX.

Atriplex— continued.
littoralis, 310.
patula, 309.
rosea, 310.

Atropa, 168.
Belladonna, 290.

Avena, 180.
fatua, 338.
pratensis, 339.

Avens, 228.

Bald-money, 247.
Ballota, 170.
nigra, 298.
Balsam, Yellow, 89.
Baneberry, 44,
Barbarea, 145.
preecox, 194,
stricta, 194.
vulgaris, 45.
Barberry, 80.
Barkhausia, 164,
foetida, 276.
taraxacifolia, 276.
Barley, 341.
Barley, Mouse, 341.
Bartsia, 172.
Odontites, 305.
Basil Thyme, 299.
Basil, Wild, 299.
Bastard Alkanet, 291,
Beam-tree, 54.
Bearberry, 56.
Beard-grass, 336.
Bear’s-foot, 4-4,
Bedstraw, Ladies’, 99.
Bee Orchis, 126,
Beech, 66.

'| Beet, 308.

Bell-flower, 277.
Bellis, 34.
perennis, 12, 57,
Bent-grass, 337.
Berberis, 28.
vulgaris, 44, 80,
Berberry, 44,
Beta, 173.
maritima, 308.
Betonica officinalis, 297.
Betony, 297.
Betula, 37.
alba, 64.
glutinosa, 64.
nana, 64,

Bidens, 160.
cernua, 261.
tripartita, 261.

Bilberry, 57.

Bindweed, 286.

Bindweed, Larger, 106.

Birch, 64.

Birch, Common, 64.

Birch, White, 64.

Bird’s-foot, 53.

Birthwort, 116, 317.

Bistort, 115.

Bittersweet, 109, 290.

Blackberry, 230.

Blackthorn, 52.

Bladderwort, 285,

Blinks, 56.

Bluebell, 20, 73.

Bluebottle, 269.

Blysmus, 178.
compressus, 331,
rufus, 332.

Borage, 291.

Borago, 169.
officinalis, 291.

Box, 63.

Brachypodium, 182.
pinnatum, 342.
sylvaticum, 342.

Bramble, 230.

Brassica, 146.
campestris, 197.
monensis, 196.
cheiranthus, 196,
Napus, 197.
oleracea, 196,

Briza, 183.
media, 345,
minor, 345.

Brome-grass, 342.

Brome-grass, false, 342.

Brome-grass, soft, 130,

Bromus, 182.
arvensis, 343.
asper, 342.
erectus, 342.
mollis, 130, 343.
racemosus, 343,
secalinus, 343.
sterilis, 342.

Brooklime, 301.

Brookweed, 283.

Broom, 51.

Broomrape, 306.

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Broomrape, Lesser, 111.

Bryonia, 159.
dioica, 95, 252.
Bryony, 252.

Bryony, Black, 118, 317.

Bryony, Red, 95, 252.
Buckbean, 13, 60.
Buckthorn, 55, 90.
Buckthorn, Sea, 63.
Bugle, 61.
Bugle, Yellow, 62.
Bugloss, 291.
Bull-rush, 121, 318.
Bunium, 156.
flexuosum, 244.
Bupleurum, 157.
aristatum, 245.
rotundifolium, 245.
tenuissimum, 245.
Burdock, 265.
Burnet, Great, 233.
Burnet, Lesser, 233.
Butcher’s Broom, 71.
Butomus, 177.
umbellatus, 125, 326.
Butterbur, 58.
Buttercups, 43, 186.
Butterwort, 114, 284.
Buxus, 37.
sempervirens, 63.

Cabbage, 197.
Cakile, 146.
maritima, 199.
Calamagrostis, 180.
Epigeios, 338.
lanceolata, 338.
Calamint, 299.
Calamintha, 171.
Acinos, 299.
Clinopodium, 299.
officinalis, 299.
Nepeta, 299.
sylvatica, 299.
Callitriche, 173.
aquatica, 310.
Calluna, 279.
vulgaris, 279.
Caltha, 28.
palustris, 6, 44.
Calystegia, ‘167.
sepium, 106, 286.
Soldanella, 286.
Candytuft, 200.

INDEX.

Camelina, 147.
sativa, 202.

Campanula, 165.
glomerata, 277.
hederacea, 278.
hybrida, 279.
latifolia, 278.

rotundifolia, 21, 102,

278.
Trachelium, 278.
Capsella, 147.
Bursa-pastoris, 201.
Cardamine, 29, 146.
amara, 45.
hirsuta, 45.
impatiens, 196.
pratensis, 7, 45.
Carduus, 162.
acanthoides, 266.
arvensis, 267.
Forsteri, 268.
heterophyllus, 267.
lanceolatus, 266.
nutans, 101, 266.
palustris, 267.
pratensis, 267.
Carex, 41, 178.
acuta, 74.
ampullacea, 76.
arenaria, 330.
capillaris, 331.
ceespitosa, 330.
dioica, 73.
distans, 331.
flava, 75.
glauca, 75.
hirta, 75.
intermedia, 74.
limosa, 331.
panicea, 74.
pendula, 75.
pilulifera, 75.
preecox, 75.
remota, 74.
rigida, 330.
riparia, 76.
stellulata, 74,
stricta, 330.
sylvatica, 75.
vesicaria, 76.
vulgaris, 74.
vulpina, 74.
Gartind: 162.
vulgaris, 265.

413:

Carnation-grass, 74.
Carpinus, 38.
Betulus, 67.
Carrot, 251.
Catabrosa, 183.
aquatica, 346.
Catchfly, 204.
Catmint, 294.
Cat’s-ear, 264, 274.
Cat’s-tail, 121, 318.
Cat’s-tail-grass, 335.
Cauliflower, 197.
CelJandine, 190.
Celandine, Lesser, 4, 7.
Celery, 242.
Centaurea, 162, 366.
Calcitrapa, 269.
Cyanus, 269.
nigra, 268, 379.
Jacea, 268.
Seabiosa, 269, 379.
Solstitialis, 380.
Centaury, 287.
Centranthus, 159.
ruber, 99, 256.
Cephalanthera, 176.
ensifolia, 323.
grandiflora, 323.
rubra,: 323.
Cerastium, 30.
arvense, 49.
vulgatum, 49.
Ceratophylium, 173.
demersui, 310.
Cherophylium, 158.
temulum, 250.
Chamagrostis, 42.
minima, 76.
Chamomile, 258, 376.
Chamomile, Wild, 261.
Charlock, 197.
Charlock, Jointed, 198.
Cheiranthus, 28.
Cheiri, 7, 44.
Chelidonium, 144.
majus, 190.
Chenopodium, 173,367.
album, 308.
Bonus-Henricus, 309.
murale, 309.
polyspermum, 308, 354,
383.
rubrum, 309.
urbicum, 309.

414:

Chenopodium—conti-
nued.
Vulvaria, 308.
Cherry, 52.
Cherry, Bird, 52.
Chervil, 250.
Chickweed, 49, 56.
Chickweed, Mouse-ear,49.
Chickweed, Sea, 207.
Chickweed, Water, 92.
Chicory, 272.
Chlora, 168.
perfoliata, 289.
Chrysauthemum, 160.
inodorum, 260.
maritimum, 260.
Leucanthemum, 260.
Parthenium, 260.
segetum, 260.
Chrysocoma, 365.
Linosyris, 378.
Chrysosplenium, 33.
alternifolium, 55.
oppositifolium, 55.
Circzea, 155.
alpina, 240.
Lutetiana, 240.
Cicely, 250.
Cichorium, 163.
Intybus, 272.
Cicuta, 156.
virosa, 242.
Cinquefoil, 53, 227.
Cinquefoil, Marsh, 228.
Cleavers, 256.
Clematis, 143.
Vitalba, 183.
Cloudberry, 231.
Clover, 51, 219, 372.
Clover, Dutch, 220, 372.
Clover, Purple, 373.
Clover, White, 372,
Cochlearia, 147.
officinalis, 201.
anglica, 201.
danica, 201.
Cockle, Corn, 85, 206.
Cock’s-foot-grass, 344.
Codlins and Cream, 238.
Colchicum, 367.
autumnale, 355, 384.
Coltsfoot, 58.
Columbine, 187.
Colza, 197.

INDEX.

Comfrey, 60.
Conium, 158.
maculatum, 249.
Convallaria, 41.
majalis, 72, 127.
Convolvulus, 167.
arvensis, 106, 286.
Convolvulus major, 106.
Coral-root, 46.
Coriander, 248.
Coriandrum, 158.
sativum, 248.
Cornel, 98, 241.
Cornflower, 269.
Cornsalad, 57.
Cornus, 155.
sanguinea, 98, 241.
Corrigiola, 149.
littoralis, 209.
Corydalis, 147.
claviculata, 203.
lutea, 203. .
Corylus, 38.
Avellana, 66.
Cotoneaster, 32.
vulgaris, 54.
Cotyledon, 154.
Umbilicus, 234.
Couch-grass, 341.
Cowbane, 242.
Cowslip, 59.
Cow-wheat, 306.
Crab, 54.
Crakeberry, 63.
Crambe, 146.
maritima, 199.
Cranberry, 279.
Crane’s-bill, 49, 211.
Crane’s-bill, Meadow, 87.
Crategus, 32.
Oxyacantha, 53.
Crepis, 164, 366.
paludosa, 274, 380.
virens, 273, 380.
Cress, 200.
Cress, Belleisle, 45.
Cress, Bitter, 7, 45, 196.
Cress, Penny, 47.
Cress, Rock, 45, 195.
Cress, Thale, 45.
Cress, Tooth, 46.
Cress, Tower, 45.
Cress, Water, 193.
Cress, Winter, 45, 194.

Crithmum, 157.
maritimum, 247,
Crocus; 39.
vernus, 4, 68.
Crosswort, 254.
Crowberry, 63.
Crowfoot, 43, 185, 368.
Cuckoo-flower, 7, 45.
Cuckoo-pint, 67, 68.
Cudweed, 264.
Currant, Black, 56.
Currant, Common, 56.
Currant, Red, 10.
Cuscuta, 167.
Epithymum, 287.
europea, 287.
Cyclamen, 366.
europzeum, 382.
Cynodon, 368.
Dactylon, 385.
Cynoglossum, 169.
officinale, 293.
Cynosurus, 182.
cristatus, 344.
Cypripedium, 40.
Calceolus, 19, 71.

Dactylis, 182.
glomerata, 344.
Daffodil, 68.

Daffodil, Chequered, 72.

Daisy, 18, 57.
Daisy, Oxeye, 260.
Dandelion, 12, 58.
Danewort, 253.
Daphne, 36.
Laureola, 62.
Mezereum, 15, 62.
Darnel, 342.
Datura, 168.
Stramonium, 289.
Daucus, 159.
Carota, 251.
maritiuus, 252.
Dead-nettle, red, 383.
Delphinium, 144.
Consolida, 187.
Dentaria, 29.
bulbifera, 46.
Devil’s-bit, 351, 375.
Dewberry, 231.
Dianthus, 148, 361.
Armeria, 204.
ceesius, 204.

Dianthus—continued.
Caryophyllus, 204.
deltoides, 204.
plumarius, 84, 204.
prolifer, 203, 369.

Digitalis, 172.
purpurea, 111, 304.

Digraphis, 179.
arundinacea, 335.

Diplotaxis, 146, 361.
muralis, 198.
tenuifolia, 198, 369.

Dipsacus, 160.
fullonum, 257.
pilosus, 257.
sylvestris, 100, 257.

Dock, 312.

Dodder, 287.

Dog’s-tail-grass, 344.

Dogwood, 98, 241.

Doronicum, 34.
Pardalianches, 58.

Draba, 29.
aizoides, 46.
muralis, 46,
verna, 46.

Dropwort, 226.

Dropwort, Hemlock, 96.

Dropwort, Water, 246.

Drosera, 154.
longifolia, 237.
rotundifolia, 93, 237.

Dryas, 153.
octopetala, 229.

Duckweed, 123, 318.

Duckweed, Ivy-leaved122

Dwale, 290.

Earth-nut, 244,

Echium, 168.
vulgare, 290.

Elatine, 149.
hexandra, 209.
Hydropiper, 210.

Elder, 253.

Elecampane, 263, 378.

Eleocharis, 178.
acicularis, 332.
multicaulis, 332.
palustris, 332.

Eln, 62.

Elm, English, 62.

Elm, Wych or Witch, 16,

62.

INDEX.

Elymus, i181.
arenarius, 340,
geniculatus, 340.

Empetrum, 37.
nigrum, 63.

Epilobium, 155.
alpinum, 239.
alsinifolium, 239.
angustifolium, 238.°
hirsutum, 94, 238.
montanum, 238.
palustre, 239.
parviflorum, 238,
tetragonum, 239,

Epipactis, 175.
latifolia, 322.
palustris, 323.

Erica, 165.
cinerea, 103, 280.
Mackaiana, 280.
Tetralix, 280.
vulgaris, 279.

Erigeron, 161.
acris, 262.

Eriocaulon, 368.
septangulare, 356, 384.

Eriophorum, 178.
gracile, 334.

- polystachyum, 334.
vaginatum, 334.
Erodium, 150, 362.
cicutarium, 213, 370.

maritimum, 213.
moschatum, 213.

Eryngium, 156.
campestre, 242.
maritimum, 242.

Erysimum, 145.
cheiranthoides. 192.

Erythrea, 168.
Centaurium, 287.
latifolia, 288.
littoralis, 288.
pulchella, 288.

Euonymus, 33.
europzeus, 55, 90.

Eupatorium, 161.
cannabinum, 261.

Euphorbia, 174.
amygdaloides, 16, 316.
exigua, 316.
Helioscopia, 315.
Lathyris, 316.
Peplus, 315.

415

Eryngo, 242.
Euphrasia, 172.
officinalis, 305.

Eyebright, 305.

Fagus, 38.
sylvatica, 66.
Featherfoil, 281.
Fennel, 374.
Fennel, Hog’s, 375.
Festuca, 182.
Myurus, 344,
ovina, 343.
pratensis, 343.
elatior, 344.
loliacea, 344.
rubra, 343.
Feverfew, 260.
Figwort, 60, 304.
Filago, 161.
apiculata, 265.
germanica, 264,
minima, 265.
spathulata, 265.
Fir, Scotch, 67, 117.
Flag, 321.
Flag, Corn, 322.
Flag, Sweet, 317.
Flag, Yellow, 125, 322.
Flax, 87, 210.
Fleabane, 262, 263.
Flixweed, 193.
Flos Adonis, 185.
Flote-grass, 346.
Foeniculum, 363.
vulgare, 374.
Forget-me-not, 107, 292.
Foxglove, 111, 304,
Fox-tail-grass, 336.
Pragaria, 32, 153.
elatior, 229.
vesca,; 53.
Frankenia, 147.
levis, 84, 203.
Fraxinus, 167.
excelsior, 285.
Pritillaria, 40.
Meleagris, 71.
Frogbit, 119, 321.
Fumaria, 147, 361.
capreolata, 202, 369.
officinalis, 202, 369.
micrantha, 202.
parviflora, 202.

416

Fumitory, 202, 369.
Furze, 50, 371.
Furze, Dwarf, 349.

Gagea, 41.
lutea, 72.

Galanthus, 39.
nivalis, 3, 68.

Gale, 63.

Galeopsis, 170.
Ladanum, 296.
Tetrahit, 297.

versicolor, 297.

Galium, 159.
Aparine, 255.
cruciatum, 254.
erectum, 255.
Mollugo, 255.
palustre, 254.
saxatile, 255.
spurium, 256.
tricorne, 256.
uliginosum, 255.
Vaillantii, 256.
verum, 99, 254.

Garlic, 326.

Garlic, Crow, 326.

Gean, 52.

Genista, 31.
anglica, 51.
pilosa, 50.

Gentian, 59, 288, 382.

Gentian, Marsh, 353.

Gentiana, 35, 168, 367.
Amarella, 288, 382.
campestris, 288, 382.
Pneumonanthe 353,382
verna, 59.

Gentianella, 354.

Geranium, 30, 150, 362.
columbinum, 212.
dissectum, 212.
lucidum, 212.
molle, 49.
pratense, 87, 211.
pusillum, 212.
Robertianum, 211, 370.
sanguineum, 211,
sylvaticum, 211,

Germander, 300,

Geum, 152.
rivale, 228.
urbanum, 228,

Gilliflower, 192.

INDEX.

Gipsywort, 294.
Gladdon, 322.
Gladiolus, 175.
communis, 322.
illyricus, 322.
Glasswort, 307.
Glaucium, 144.
luteum, 190. -
Globe Flower, 187.
Glyceria, 183.
aquatica, 346.
fluitans, 346.
Gnaphalium, 161.
dioicum, 264.
sylvaticum, 264.
uliginosum, 264.
Goat’s beard, 275.
Golden Rod, 262.
Gold of Pleasure, 202.
Goldilocks, 43.
Good King Henry, 309.
Gooseberry, 56.
Goosefoot, 308, 354, 383.
Goose Grass, 256.
Gorse, 50.
Grass of Parnassus, 349.
Greek Valerian, 187.
Gromwell, 291.
Groundsel, 58, 262, 377.
Guelder Rose, 253.
Gymnadenia, 176.
conopsea, 324.

EZabenaria, 176.
albida, 324.
bifolia, 324.
viridis, 324.

Hair-grass, 77, 338.

Hammer-sedge, 75.

Hard-grass, Sea, 340.

Harebell, 21, 102, 278.

Hare’s-ear, 245.

Hare’s-tail-grass, 336.

Hartwort, 248.

Haver, 339.

Hawkbit, 270.

Hawk’s-beard, 273.

Hawkweed, 271, 380.

Hawthorn, 53.

Hazel, 66.

Heart’s-ease, 48.

Heath, 279.

Heath, Sea, 84, 203.

Heath, Scotch, 103.

Heather, Scotch, 280.
Hedera, 364.
Helix, 350, 375.
Helianthemum, 145,
canum, 190.
guttatum, 190.
vulgare, 83, 191.
surrejanum, 191.
Hellebore, 44.
Helleborine, 322.
Eielleborus, 28.
foetidus, 44.
viridis, 44.
Eielminthia, 164.
echioides, 275.
Frelosciadium, 156.
inundatum, 243.
nodiflorum, 243.
repens, 243.
Hemlock, 249.
Hemlock, Water, 242.
Henbane, 289.
Henbit, 61.
EZeracleum, 157.
Sphondylium, 248.
Herb Bennet, 228.
Herb Christopher, 44.
Herb Paris, 119, 317.
Herb Robert, 212.
Eiesperis, 145.
matronalis, 192.
EZieracium, 163, 366.
boreale, 381.
murorum, 271.
Pilosella, 271.
sabaudum, 272.
umbellatum, 272.
vulgatum, 272.
High Taper, 302.
Eiippocrepis, 3].
comosa, 52.
Eiippophae, 37.
rhamnoides, 63.
EZippuris, 155.
vulgaris, 94, 240.
Hogweed, 248. _
Holcus, 181.
lanatus, 339.
mollis, 339.
Holly, 285, 386.
Holly, Sea, 242.
EZolosteum, 30.
umbellatum, 49.
Honewort, 244.

Honeysuckle, 98, 252.

Hop, 311.

Hordeum, 181.
murinum, 341.
pratense, 341.

Horehound, 296.

Horehound, Black, 298.

Hornbeam, 67.

Hornwort, 310.

Horse-radish, 201.

Hiottonia, 166.
palustris, 281.

Hound’s-tongue, 293.

Houseleek, 235.

H{umulus, 173.
Lupulus, 311.

Hutchinsia, 29.
petrea, 46.

Hyacinth, 72.

Hyacinth, Grape, 72.

Hyacinth, Starch, 72.

Hiyacinthus, 41.
non-scriptus, 20, 72.

Hydrocharis, 175.
Morsus-rane, 119, 321.

Eiydrocotyle, 155.
vulgaris, 241.

Hiyoscyamus, 168.
niger, 289.

Hypericum, 150, 362.
Androsemum,213,370.
Elodes, 215.
hirsutum, 214.
humifusum, 214.
perforatum, 213, 370.
pulchrum, 86, 214.
quadrangulum, 214.

Hypocherris, 164.
glabra, 274.
radicata, 274.

Tberis, 147.
amara, 200.

Ilex, 167.
Aquifolium, 285, 386.

Illecebrum, 149.
verticillatum, 209.

Impatiens, 150.
fulva, 217.
Noli-me-tangere,

216.

Inula, 161, 365.
Conyza, 263, 378.
Helenium, 263, 378.

89,

INDEX.

Iris, 175.
foetidissima, 322.
Pseud-acorus, 125,321.
Isatis, 147.
tinctoria, 199.
Ivy, 350, 375.
Ivy, Ground, 61.

Jack-by-the-Hedge, 46.
Jacob’s Ladder, 105, 287.
Jasione, 165.
montana, 277.
Juncus, 177.
acutus, 328.
articulatus, 328.
bufonius, 329.
communis, 124, 328.
compressus, 329.
conglomeratus,
328.
effusus, 124, 328.
glaucus, 328.
maritimus, 328.
obtusiflorus, 329.
squarrosus, 329.
Juniper, 67.
Juniperus, 38.
communis, 67.

Kali, 197.

Kale, Sea, 199.
Knapweed, 268, 379.
Knapweed, Great, 380.
Knotgrass, 313.

125,

Lhactuca, 164.
muralis, 275.
Scariola, 276.
virosa, 276.

Ladies’ Bedstraw, 254.

Ladies’ Smock, 7.

Lady’s Fingers, 217.

Lady’s Mantle, 53.

Lady’s Tresses, 383.

Lady’s Slipper, 19, 71.

Lagurus, 179.
ovatus, 336.

Lamium, 36, 367.
album, 61.
amplexicaule, 61, 383.
Galeobdolon, 61.
purpureum, 61, 383.

Lapsana, 162.
communis, 270.

417

Larkspur, 187.

Lathrea, 36.
Squamaria, 60.

Lathyrus, 151.
Aphaca, 223.
macrorrhiza, 224.
Nissolia, 223.
pratensis, 91, 224.
sylvestris, 224.

Laurel, Spurge, 62.

Lavatera, 150.
arborea, 216.

Leersia, 368.
oryzoides, 384,

Lemna, 175.
gibba, 319.
minor, 319.
polyrrhiza, 123, 319.
trisulea, 122, 318.

Leontodon, 35, 163.
hispidum, 270.
Taraxacum, 11, 58.

Leonurus, 170.
Cardiaca, 298.

Leopard’s-bane, 58.

Lepidium, 147.
campestre, 200.
Smithii, 200.

Lepturus, 181.
incurvatus, 340.

Lesser Stitchwort, 207.

Lettuce, 275.

Lettuce, Lamb’s, 57.

Leucojum, 39.
estivum, 69.

Ligustrum, 167.
vulgare, 104, 286

Lilac, 104.

Lily-of-the-Valley,72,127.

Lime-tree, 86, 216.

Limnanthemum nym-
pheoides, 104.

Linaria, 171.
Elatine, 304.
Cymbalaria, 303.
minor, 303.
spuria, 303.
vulgaris, 303.

Ling, 279.

Linum, 149.
angustifolium, 210,
catharticum, 210.
perenne, 210.
usitatissimum, 87, 210.

418

Linden, 86, 216.
Linnea, 159.
borealis, 252.
Linseed, 87, 210.
Listera, 175.
cordata, 322.
ovata, 322.
Lithospermum, 169.
arvense, 291.
officinale, 291.
Littorella, 166.
lacustris, 284.
Live-long, 373.
Lobelia, 164.
Dortmanna, 277.
Lolium, 182.
perenne, 341.
temulentum, 342.
London Pride, 236.
Lonicera, 159.
Periclymenum, 98, 252.
Loosestrife, 281.
Loosestrife, Purple, 91,
237.
Lords and Ladies, 68.
Lotus, 151.
corniculatus, 221.
major, 221.
Lousewort, 305.
Lucerne, 218.
Lungwort, 60.
Luzula, 41, 177.
campestris, 73.
pilosa, 73.
spicata, 330.
sylvatica, 330.
Lychnis, 29, 148.
diurna, 48.

- Flos-euculi, 48.
Githago, 85, 206.
vespertina, 205.

Lycopsis, 169.
arvensis, 291.
europzeus, 294.

Lyme-grass, 340. ¢

Lysimachia, 166.
nemorum, 282.
nummularia, 282.
vulgaris, 281.

Lythrum, 154.
Salicaria, 91, 237.

Madder, 254.
Madder, Field, 256.

INDEX.

Madwort, 46. .
Malachium, 149.
aquaticum, 208.
Mallow, 85, 215, 371.
Mallow, Marsh, 216, 371.
Malva, 150, 362.
moschata, 215.
rotundifolia, 215, 371.
sylvestris, 85, 215, 371.
Maple, 50.
Mare’s-tail, 94, 240.
Marigold, Bur, 261.
Marigold, Corn, 261.
Marigold, Marsh, 6, 44.
Marjoram, 296.
Marram, 337.
Marrubium, 170.
vulgare, 296.
Mat-grass, 340.
Matricaria, 160.
Chamomilla, 261.
Matthiola, 145.
incana, 191.
sinuata, 192.
Meadow-grass, 77, 345.
Meadow Sweet, 226.
Meconopsis, 44.
cambrica, 189.
Medicago, 151.
lupulina, 218:
maculata, 218.
sativa, 218.
Medick, 218.
Medlar, 53.
Melampyrum, 172.
pratense, 306.
Melic-grass, 346.
Melica, 183.
nutans, 347.
uniflora, 346.
Melilot, 218, 372.
Mrelilotus, 151, 362.
alba, 219, 372.
arvensis, 218.
officinalis, 218, 372.
Mentha, 170, 367.
aquatica, 295.
arvensis, 295.
piperita, 295.
‘-Pulegium, 295,354,382.
rotundifolia, 295.
sativa, 295.
sylvestris, 294.
viridis, 295.

Menyanthes, 35.
trifoliata, 13, 60.
Mercurialis, 174.
annua, 316.
Mercury, 316.
Mespilus, 32.
germanica, 53.
Meum, 157.
Athamanticum, 247.
Mezereon, 14, 62.
Milfoil, 259.
Milfoil, Water, 240.
Mignonette, 191.
Mignonette, Wild, 82.
Milkwort, 50, 83.
Milium, 179.
effusum, 335.
Millet-grass, 335.
Mint, 294, 382.
Mint, Cat, 61.
Mint, Horse, 294.
Mistletoe, 387.
Moenchia, 30.
erecta, 48.
Molinia, 368.
ceerulea, 385.
depauperata, 385.
Moneywort, 282.
Moneywort, Cornish, 303.
Monk’s-hood, 187.
Monotropa, 165.
Hypopitys, 281.
Montia, 33.
fontana, 56, 92.
Moor-grass, 76.
Moschatel, 57.
Moss Campion, 205.
Motherwort, 298.
Mousetail, 42.
Mugwort,-376.
Mullein, 302.
Wuscari, 41.
racemosa, 72.
Mustard, 197.
Mustard, Garlic, 45.
Mustard, Hedge, 193.
Mustard, Mithridate, 47.
Mustard, Tower, 195.
Mustard, Treacle, 192.
Myosotis, 169.
alpestris, 292.
arvensis, 293.
ceespitosa, 292.

collina, 293.

Myosotis—continued,
palustris, 107, 292.
repens, 108, 292.
sylvatica, 292.
versicolor, 293.

Myosurus, 28.
minimus, 42.

Myrica, 37.

Gale, 63.

Myriophyllum, 155.
spicatum, 240.
verticillatum, 240.

Moyrrhis, 158.
odorata, 250.

Myrtle, Bog, 63.

Myrtle, Dutch, 63.

Narcissus, 39.
biflorus, 68.
Pseudo-Narcissus, 68.

Nardus, 181.
stricta, 340.

WNarthecium, 176.
ossifragum, 325.

Nasturtium, 145,

_amphibium, 194.

' officinale, 193.
palustre, 194.
sylvestre, 194.

Neottia, 39.
Nidus-avis, 69.

WNepeta, 36, 169.
Cataria, 294.
Glechoma, 61.

Nettle, 311.

Nettle, Dead, 61.

Nettle, Hemp, 296.

Nettle, Henbit, 383.

Nightshade, Deadly, 290.

Nightshade, Enchanter’s,

240

Nipplewort, 270.
Nonsuch, 218.
Nuphar, 144.
lutea, 188.
pumila, 188.
Nut, 66.
Nymphea, 144.
alba, 81, 188.

Oak, 66.
Oat, 338.
Oat, False, 339.
Oat-grass, 339.

INDEX.

C&nanthe, 157.
crocata, 96, 246.
fistulosa, 245.
Lachenalii, 246.
Phellandrium, 247.
pimpinelloides, 246.
silaifolia, 246.

CEnothera, 155.
biennis, 239.

Old Man’s Beard, 184.

Olive, Spurge, 62.
One-berry, 119.
Onobrychis, 152.
sativa, 225.
Ononis, 151, 362.
antiquorum, 371.
arvensis, 217, 371.
campestris, 217.
Onopordum, 365.
Acanthium, 379.
Ophrys, 40.
apifera, 126.
aranifera, 70.
fucifera, 71.
muscifera, 70.
Oporinia, 163.
autumnalis, 271.
Taraxaci, 271.
Orache, 309.
Orchis, 40, 176.
latifolia, 323.
maculata, 19, 70.
mascula, 70.
militaris, 69.
fusca, 70.

tephrosanthos, 70.

Morio, 69.
pyramidalis, 323.
ustulata, 69.
Orchis, Insect, 70.
Orchis, Fly, 70.
Orchis, Frog, 324.
Orchis, Man, 325.
Origanum, 170.
vulgare, 296.
Ornithogalum, 41.
nutans, 73.
umbellatum, 73.
Ornithopus, 31.
perpusillus, 52.
Orobanche, 172.
caryophyllacea, 307.
elatior, 307.
major, 306.

419

Orobanche —continued.
minor, 112, 307.
rubra, 307.

Orpine, 234, 373.

Osier, 65.

Oxalis, 30.
Acetosella, 9, 49.
corniculata, 50.

Oxlip, 59. —

Ox-tongue, 275.

Oxycoccus, 165.
palustris, 279.

Oxyria, 173.
reniformis, 313.

Oxytropis, 152.
campestris, 225.
uralensis, 225.

Peonia, 144.
corallina, 188.
Peony, 188.
Paigle, 59.
Pansy, 48.
Papaver, 144.
Argemone, 189.
hybridum, 189.
Rheeas, 82, 189.
somniferum, 188.
Parietaria, 173.
officinalis, 311.
Paris, 174.
quadrifolia, 119, 317.
Parnassia, 363.
palustris, 349, 373.
Parsley, Fool’s, 247.
Parsley, Hedge, 251.
Parsley Piert, 53.
Parsnip, 97, 248.
Parsnip, Cow, 248.
Parsnip, Water, 244.
Pastinaca, 157. .
sativa, 97, 248.
Pea, 223.
Pea, everlasting, 224.
Pear-tree, 54.
Pearlwort, 48, 206.
Pedicularis, 172.
palustris, 305.
sylvatica, 305.
Pellitory, 311.
Pennyroyal, 295,354, 383.
Pennywort, 234, 241.
Peplis, 152.
Portula, 237.

4.20

Pepper, Wall, 92, 235.

Pepper, Waiter, 210.

Peppermint, 295.

Pepperwort, Maithridate,
200

Periwinkle, 13, 59.
Peucedanum, 364.
officinale, 374.
Primrose Peerless, 68.
Pheasant’s Eye, 184.
Phleum, 179.
arenarium, 335.
pratense, 335.
Physospermum, 364.
cornubiense, 375.
Phyteuma, 165.
orbiculare, 277.
Picris, 163.
hieracioides, 272.
Pig-nut, 244.
Pimpernel, 282.
Pimpernel, Sea, 207.
Pimpinella, 157.
magna, 245.
Saxifraga, 245.
Pine, 67.
Pine, Ground, 62.
Pinguicula, 167.
vulgaris, 114, 284.
grandiflora, 284.
Pink, 84, 203, 369.
Pink, Cheddar, 204.
Pink, Clove, 204.
Pinus, 38.
sylvestris, 67, 117.
Pipewort, 384.
Plantago, 166.
Coronopus, 284.
lanceolata, 284.
major, 283.
maritima, 284.
media, 110, 284.
Plantain, 110, 283.
Poa, 42, 183, 368.
alpina, 346.
annua, 77, 385.
bulbosa, 77.
distans, 345.
maritima, 345.
nemoralis, 345.
pratensis, 77.
procumbens, 345.
rigida, 345.
trivialis, 77.

INDEX.

Plantain, Water, 327.
Polemonium, 167.
ceruleum, 105, 287.
Polycarpon, 149.
tetraphyllum, 209.
Polygala, 31.
vulgaris, 50, 83.
Polygonatum, 40.
multiflorum, 71.
officinale, 71.
Polygonum, 174.
amphibium, 314.
aviculare, 313.
Bistorta, 115, 314.
Convolvulus, 314.
dumetorum, 314.
Hydropiper, 315.
lapathifolium, 314.
maritimum, 313.
Persicaria, 314.
Polypogon, 179.
monspeliensis, 336.
Pondweed, 123, 319.

Pondweed, Horned, 320.

Poplar, 65.
Poppy, 82, 188.
Poppy, Horned, 190.
Poppy, Opium, 189.
Poppy, Welsh, 189.
Populus, 38.
alba, 65.
nigra, 66.
tremula, 66.
Potamogeton, 175.
crispus, 319.
densus, 320.
heterophylius, 319.
lucens, 319.
natans, 123, 319.
pectinatus, 320.
perfoliatus, 319.
pusillus, 320.
Potentil, 226.
Potentilla, 32, 152.
anserina, 227.
argentea, 227.
Comarum, 227.
Fragariastrum, 53.
reptans, 227.
Tormentilla, 226.
verna, 53.
Poterium, 153.
Sanguisorba, 233.
Primrose, 1, 59, 281.

Primrose, Evening, 239. —

Primula, 35, 166.
elatior, 59.
farimosa, 281.
scotica, 281.
veris, 59.
vulgaris, 1, 59.

umbellata, 59.

Privet, 104, 288.

Prunella, 170.
vulgaris, 298.

Prunus, 32.
Cerasus, 52.
communis, 52.
domestica, 52.
insititia, 52.
Padus, 52.
spinosa, 52.

Pulicaria, 161, 365.
dysenterica, 263.

_ vulgaris, 264, 378.

Pulmonaria, 35.
officinalis, 60.

Purslane, Sea, 207.

Purslane, Water, 237.

Pyrethrum Parthenium,
260.

Pyrola, 165.
media, 280.
minor, 280.
rotundifolia, 280.

Pyrus, 32.

Aria, 54.
Aucuparia, 54.
communis, 54.
intermedia, 54.
Malus, 54.
pinnatifida, 54.
torminalis, 54.

Quake-grass, 345.

Quercus, 38.
Robur, 66.
sessiliflora, 66.

Quicken-tree, 54.

Radiola, 150.
Millegrana, 211.
Radish, 198.
Ragged Robin, 48.
Ragwort, 263, 377.
Rampion, 277.
Ramsons, 326.

Ranunculus, 28, 143,
361.
acris, 186.
aquatilis, 43.
arvensis, 186.
auricomus, 43.
bulbosus, 43, 186.
Ficaria, 7, 43.
Flammula, 185.
hederaceus, 185.
hirsutus, 186, 368.
Lingua, 185.
parviflorus, 43.
Philonotis, 186.
repens, 43, 186.
sceleratus, 185, 368.
Rapeseed, 197.
Raphanus, 146.
Raphanistrum, 198.
maritimus, 198.
Raspberry, 230.
Rattle, 306.
Rattle, Red, 305.
Reed, 131, 347.
Reed-mace, 121, 318.
Reed, Bur, 318.
Reed, Sea, 337.
Reed, Small, 338.
Reseda, 145.
lutea, 82, 191.
Luteola, 191.
Rest-harrow, 371.
Rhamnuus, 33.
catharticus, 55, 90.
Frangula, 55.
Rhinanthus, 172.
Crista-galli, 306.
Rhynchospora, 178.
alba, 335.
Ribbon-grass, 335.
Ribes, 33.
Grossularia, 56.
nigrum, 56.
rubrum, 10, 56.
Ribwort, 284.
Roast-beef Plant, 322.
Rockcist, 83, 190.
Rocket, 192.
Rocket, Dyer’s, 191.
Rocket, London, 193.
Rocket, Sea, 199.
Rocket, Yellow, 45, 194.
Rock Rose, 191.
Rosebay, 238.

INDEX.

Rosa, 153.
arvensis, 282.
canina, 78, 232.
pimpinellifolia, 231.
rubiginosa, 231.
spinosissima, 231.
villosa, 232.
Rose, 231.
Rose, Dog, 78.
Rosewort, 234.
Rowan-tree, 54.
Rubia, 159.
peregrina, 254.
Rubus, 153.
ceesius, 230.
carpinifolius, 230.
Chamezmorus, 231.
corylifolius, 230.
fruticosus, 230.
glandulosus, 230,
Ideeus, 229.
saxatilis, 231.
suberectus, 230.
Rumex, 173.
Acetosa, 313.
Acetosella, 313.
conglomeratus, 312.
crispus, 312.
Hydrolapathum, 312.
obtusifolius, 312.
sanguineus, 312.
Rue, Meadow, 184.
Ruscus, 40.
aculeatus, 71.
Rush, 328.
Rush, Bog, 331.
Rush, Bull, 334.
Rush, Common, 124.
Rush, Club, 332.
Rush, Flowering, 125,326.
Rush, Wood, 73, 330.
Rye-grass, 341.

Saffron, Meadow, 355,384.

Sage, 293.

Sage, Wood, 300.

Sagina, 30, 148.
nodosa, 206.
procumbens, 48,

Sagittaria, 177.
sagittifolia, 327.

Saintfoin, 225.

St. John’s Wort, 86, 213,

371.

421

Salicornia, 172.
herbacea, 307.

Salix, 37.
alba, 69.

Caprea, 17, 65.
fragilis, 64.
pentandra, 64.
purpurea, 65.
repens, 65.
triandra, 64.
viminalis, 65.

Sallow, 17, 65.

Sallow Thorn, 63.

Salsify, 275.

Salsola, 173.

Kali, 307.

Salvia, 169.
pratensis, 113, 293.
Verbenaca, 294.

Saltwort, 307.

Sambucus, 159.
Ebulus, 253.
nigra, 253.

Samolus, 166.
Valerandi, 283.

Samphire, 247.

Sandwort, 48, 207.

Sanguisorba, 153.
officinalis, 233,

Sanicle, 241.

Sanicula, 156.
europea, 241.

Saponaria, 361.
officinalis, 370.

Sarothamunus, 31.
scoparius, 51.

Sauce Alone, 46.

Sawwort, 269.

Saxifraga, 32, 154.
aizoides, 235.
Geum, 237.
granulata, 10, 55.
Hirculus, 236.
hypnoides, 237.
oppositifolia, 55.
stellaris, 237.
tridactylites, 55.
umbrosa, 237.

Saxifrage, 55, 235.

Saxifrage, Burnet, 245.

Saxifrage, Golden, 55.

Saxifrage, Meadow, 10.

Scabiosa, 160, 364.
arvensis, 258.

422

Scabiosa— continued.
Columbaria, 258.
succisa, 351, 375.

Scabious, 258.

Scandix, 158.
Pecten, 249.

Schoenus, 178.
nigricans, 331.

Scilla, 41, 367.
autumnalis, 284.
verna, 20, 73.

Scirpus, 178.
ceespitosus, 333.
filuitans, 332.
lacustris, 334.
maritimus, 333.
setaceus, 332.
sylvaticus, 333.
triqueter, 333.

Scorpion-grass, 292.

Scorpion-grass, Water,

471.

Scrophularia, 36, 172.
aquatica, 304.
nodosa, 304,
vernalis, 60.

Scurvy-grass, 201.

Scutellaria, 170.
galericulata, 298.

Sea Lavender, 283.

Sedge, 73, 330.

Sedge, Beak, 335.

Sedge, Cotton, 334.

Sedge,Great Common,129

Sedge, Sweet, 317.

Sedum, 154, 363.
acre, 92, 235.
anglicum, 234.
Rhodiola, 234.

rupestre, 235.
Telephium, 234, 373.
villosum, 235.
Self-heal, 298.
Sempervivum, 154.
tectorum, 235.
Senecio, 34, 161, 365.
eruceefolius, 263.
Jacobeea, 262, 377.
sylvaticus, 262, 377.
viscosus, 262.
vulgaris, 58, 377.
Senebiera, 146, 361.
Coronopus, 199.

didyma, 369.

INDEX.

Serratula, 162.
tinctoria, 269.
Service-tree, Wild, 54.
Sesleria, 41.
cerulea, 76.
Shamrock, Irish, 9.
Sheep’s-bit, 277.
Shepherd’s-needle, 249.
Shepherd’s-purse, 201.
Shepherd’s Weather-glass,
282.
Sherardia, 159.
arvensis, 256.

Shoreweed, 284.

Sibbaldia, 152.
procumbens, 228.

Sibthorpia, 171.

europea, 303.

Silaus, 363.

pratensis, 374.
Silene, 148.
acaulis, 204.
anglica, 205.
infiata, 205.
maritima, 205.
noctifiora, 205.
Silybum, 162.
Marianus, 268.
Simethis, 176.
bicolor, 325.
Sinapis, 146.
alba, 197.
arvensis, 197.
nigra, 197.
Sison, 156.
Amomum, 243.
Sisymbrium, 145.
Trio, 193.
officinale, 192.
Sophia, 193.
Sium, 157.
angustifolium, 244.
latifolium, 244.
Skullcap, 298.
Sloe, 52.
Smyrnium, 158.
Olusatrum, 249.
Snake’s-head, 72.
Snakeweed, 115, 314.
Snapdragon, 304.
Sneezewort, 259.
Snowdrop, 3, 68.
Snowflake, 69.
Soapwort, 370.

Soft-grass, 339.
Solanum, 168.
Dulcamara, 109, 290.
nigrum, 290.
Solidago, 161.
Virga-aurea, 262.
Solomon’s-seal, 71.
Sonchus, 163, 366.
arvensis, 273, 381.
oleraceus, 273,
aspera, 273.
palustris, 381.
Sorrel, 313.
Sorrel, Sheep, 313.
Sorrel, Wood, 9, 49.
Sow-bread.
Sowthistle, 273, 381.
Sparganium, 174.
natans, 318.
ramosum, 318.
simplex, 318,
Spartina, 181.
stricta, 340.
Spearwort, 185.
Spearwort, Great, 185.
Specularia hybrida, 279.
Speedwell, 300.
Spergula, 149.
arvensis, 208.
Spergularia, 149.
rubra, 208.
marina, 208.

Spignel, 247.

Spikenard, Ploughman’s,
263, 378.
Spindle-tree, 55, 90.
Spirzea, 152. -
Filipendula, 226.
Ulmaria, 226.
Spiranthes, 367.
autumnalis, 383.
Spirodela,
polyrhiza, 123.
Spurge, 315.
Spurge, Wood, 16.
Spurry, 208.
Spurry, Sand, 208.
Squill, 73, 384.
Stachys, 170.
arvensis, 298.
Betonica, 297.
palustris, 297.
sylvatica, 297.
Squill, Spring, 20.

Starwort, 49, 207.
Star of Bethlehem, 73.
Star of the Earth, 284.
Star-fruit, 327.
Starwort, Water, 310.
Star-thistle, Yellow, 380.
Statice, 166.
Limonium, 283.
Stellaria, 30, 149.
glauca, 207.
graminea, 207.
Holostea, 49.
media, 49.
nemorum, 49,
Stitchwort, 49.
Stock, 191.
St. Patrick’s Cabbage,237.
Stratiotes, 175.
aloides, 320.
Strawberry, 53, 229.
- Strawberry, hautbois, 229
Strawberry, Wood, 53.
Strawberry-tree, 352,381.
Suceeda, 173.
maritima, 307.
Succory, 273.
Sulphur-weed, 375.
Sundew, 93, 237.
Sweet Briar, 232.
Sweet Flag, 123.
Sycamore, 8, 50.
Symphytum, 35.
officinale, 60.

Tamarisk, 88, 203.
Tamarix, 148.
anglica, 88, 203.
Tamus, 174.
communis, 118, 317.
Tanacetum, 365.
vulgare, 377.
Tansy, 377.
Tare, Hairy, 223.
Tare, Smooth, 223.
Taxus, 38.
baccata, 67.
Teasel, 100, 257.
Teasel, Fullers’, 257.
Teesdalia, 29.
nudicaulis, 47.
Teucrium, 171.
Scorodonia, 300.
Thalictrum, 143.
alpinum, 184.

INDEX.

Thalictum—continued.
flavum, 184.
minus, 184.

Thesium, 174.
linophyllum, 315.

Thistle, 266.

Thistle, Carline, 265.

Thistle, Cotton, 379.

Thistle, Milk, 268.

Thistle, Musk, 101, 266.

Thlaspi, 29.
arvense, 47.
perfoliatum, 47.

Thorn-apple, 289.

Thorow-wax, 245.

Thrift, 109, 283.

Thrincia, 163.
hirta, 270. |

Thyme, 296.

Thymus, 170.
Serpyllum, 296.

Tilia, 150.
europea, 86, 216.

Tilleea, 151.
muscosa, 233.

Timothy-grass, 335.

Toad-flax, 303.

Tofieldia, 177.
palustris, 325.

Toothwort, 60.

Tordylium, 158.
maximunt;~248.

.Torilis, 158.

Anthriscus, 251.
infesta, 251.
nodosa, 251.

Tormentilla reptans, 227. |

Touch-me-not, 88, 217.
Tragopogon, 164.
porrifolium, 275.
pratense, 275.
Traveller’s Joy, 183.
Trefoil, Birds’-foot, 221.
Trefoil, Hare’s-foot, 373.
Trefoil, Marsh, 60.
Trichonema, 39.
Bulbocodium, 68.
Trifolium, 31, 151, 363.
agrarium, 220.
arvense, 220, 373.
filiforme, 221.
fragiferum, 220, 373.
médium, 219.
minus, 221.

423

Trifolium—continued.
pratense, 219, 373.
procumbens, 220, 221.
repens, 220, 372.
scabrum, 220.
striatum, 219.
subterraneum, 51.
suffocatum, 51.

Triglochin, 177.
maritimum, 328.
palustre, 327.

Trigonel, 219.

Trigonella, 151. .
ornithopodioides, 219.

Trisetum, 180.
flavescens, 339.

Triticum, 182.
caninum, 341.
junceum, 341.
repens, 341.

Trollius, 143.
europeeus, 187.

True-Love, 119.

Tulip, 72.

Tulipa, 40.
sylvestris, 72.

Turnip, 197.

Turritis, 146.
glabra, 195.
Tussilago, 34.
Farfara, 58.
Petasites, 58.
Tutsan, 213, 370.

‘Twayblade, 322.

Typha, 174.
angustifolia, 318.
latifolia, 121, 318.

Ulex, 31, 362.
europeeus, 50, 349.
nanus, 349, 371.

Ulmus, 36.
campestris, 62.
montana, 16, 62.

Urtica, 173.
dioica, 311.
urens, 311.

Utricularia, 167.
minor, 285.
vulgaris, 285.

Vaccinium, 33.
Myrtillus, 57.
uliginosum, 57.

4.24,

Valerian, 256.
Valerian, Greek, 105.
Valerian, Red, 99, 256.
Valeriana, 159.
dioica, 256.
Valerianella, 34.
olitoria, 57.
Venus’s Bath, 101.
Venus’s Comb, 250.
Verbascum, 171.
nigrum, 302.
Thapsus, 302.
Verbena, 171.
officinalis, 114, 300.
Veronica, 171.
agrestis, 302.
Anagallis, 301.
arvensis, 300.
Beccabunga, 301.
Buxbaumii, 302.
Chameedrys, 301.
hedereefolia, 302.
montana, 301.
officinalis, 257, 301.
polita, 302..
scutellata, 301.
serpyllifolia, 300.
spicata, 300.
Vetch, 51, 222.
Vetch, Grass, 223.
Vetch, Horseshoe, 52.
Vetch, Kidney, 217.
Vetch, Milk, 224.
Vetchling, 223.
Vetchling, Meadow, 91.
Vernal-grass, 76.

INDEX.

Vervain, 114, 300.
Viburnum, 159.
Lantana, 253.
Opulus, 253.
Vicia, 31, 151.
Cracca, 222.
hirsuta, 223.
lathyroides, 51.
sativa, 51.
sepium, 222.
tetrasperma, 222.
sylvatica, 222.
Villarsia, 168.
nympheeoides, 104, 289.
Vinca, 35.
major, 59.
minor, 13, 59.
Viola, 29.
canina, 47.
hirta, 47.
odorata, 8, 47.
palustris, 47.
tricolor, 47.
arvensis, 48.
lutea, 48.
Violet, 8, 47.
Violet, Calathian, 353,
382.
Violet, Dame’s, 192.
Violet, Water, 281.
Viscum, 387.
album, 387.

Wahlenbergia,

hederacea, 279.
Wake-robin, 68.

THE END.

Wallflower, 7, 44.
Water Hair Grass, 346.
Water Lily, White, 81.
Water Lily, Yellow, 188.
Water Pepper, 315.
Water Soldier, 320.
Wayfaring Tree, 253.
Weld, 191.
Wheat-grass, 341.
Whin, 50.

Whin, Petty, 51.
Whitethorn, 53.
Whitlow-grass, 46.
Whortleberry, 57.
Willow, 64.

Willow, Bay, 64.
Willow, Crack, 64.
Willow, French, 238.
Willow Herb, 94, 238.
Wind-grass, 337.
Wintergreen, 280.
Woad, 199.
Wolf’s-bane, 188.
Woodbine, 98, 252.
Woodruff, 57.
Wormwood, 376.
Woundwort, 297.

Yarrow, 259.

Yellow Bird’s Nest, 281.
Yellow-wort, 289.

Yew, 67.

Zannichellia, 175.
palustris, 320.

JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, PRINTER,
LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

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PLATE I.

A.—Anemone nemorosa, Linneus: p. 6.

1. Cluster of young carpels.
B,—Caltha palustris, Linneus : p. 7.

1. Cluster of young carpels.

2. One of the carpels, separate.

3. The full-grown carpels or follicles.
C.—Cardamine pratensis, Linneus: p. 7.

1. The stamens and pistil.
D,—Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linneus: p. 8.

1. The stamens and pistil.

2. The ripe pod, with the valves separating.

Anemone nemorosa.

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Cardamine pratensis.

Cheiranthus Cheiri.

: W Fitch,del. et lith.

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PLATE IT.

A.—Viola odorata, Linneus: p. 8.

1. The stamens and pistil.

2. One of the spurred stamens, separate.

3. The pistil with its curved style.
B.—Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linneus: p. 9.

1. One of the flowers, separate.

2. The winged pair of fruits or samara.
C.—Oxalis Acetosella, Linneus: p. 10.

1. The stamens and pistils.

2. The pistil, with its five styles.
D,—Ribes rubrum, Linneus: p. 11.

1. A flower, separate.

2. One of the berries.

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PLATE ITT,

A.—Saxifraga granulata, Linneus : p. 11.
1. Two of the clustered tubers.
2. A flower, with the calyx and corolla removed.
3. The calyx surrounding the ovary, with its two styles.
B.—Leontodon Taraxacum, Linneus: p. 12.
1. One of the florets, separate.
2. One of the fruits or achenes, with the pappus expanded.
C.—Bellis perennis, Linneus : p. 13.
1. One of the ray florets, separate.
2. One of the disk florets, separate.
D.—Vinea minor, Linneus : p. 14.
1. A portion of the corolla-tube, showing the attachment
of the stamens to its inner surface.
2. A flower, with the corolla and two of the calyx-segments
removed, showing the ovaries, style, and pulley-shaped
stigma.

Saxifraga graruilate.

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PLATE IV.

A.—Menyanthes trifoliata, Linneus: p. 14.

1. A corolla laid open, showing the stamens attached to
the inner fringed surface.

2. The pistil.

3. One of the capsules.

B.—Primula vulgaris, Hudson: p. 1.

1. The pistil.

C.—Daphne Mezereum, Linneus : p. 15.

1. One of the perianths laid open, showing the stamens
attached to the inner surface.

2. The pistil.

3. A section of one of the berries.

D,—Euphorbia amygdaloides, Linneus: p. 16.

1. One of the small flower-heads, with crescent-shaped
glands, several erect male flowers, and a recurved
female flower.

2. One of the male flowers separated, consisting of a scale
and stamen only.

3. The seale of the male flower.

4. The tricoccous stalked ovary, with its three-cleft style,
forming the female flower, which has no perianth.

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PLATE YV.

A.—Ulmus montana, Smith: p. 16.
1. A perianth with stamens.
2. The pistil.
3. The winged seed.
B.—Salix Caprea, Linneus: p. 17.
1. A branch, with the male catkins.
2. One of the male flowers, separate.
3. A female catkin.
4, One of the female flowers, separate.
5. A seed_
C.—Orchis maculata, Zinneus: p. 19.

(The name is misprinted “ mascula’”’ on the plate.)

1. A flower, showing the three recurved sepals, two con-
vergent petals, and three-lobed lip.

2. The column and cells of the single perfect anther.

3. One of the pollen-masses.

D.— Cypripedium Calceolus, Linneus: p. 19.

1. Front view of the column, with its abortive central
stamen, and two lateral perfect ones.

2. Back view of the same.

Plate 65.

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PLATE VI.

A.—Crocus vernus, Willdenow: p. 4.
1. The base of the flower-tube, laid open in the upper part,
showing the attachment of the stamens.
2. One of the stamens.
3. The three-cleft stigma.
B.—Galanthus nivalis, Linneus : p. 3.
1. A stamen..
2. The pistil, showing the ovary at the base.
C.—Scilla verna,. Hudson : p. 20.
1. One of the flowers, separate.
2. A segment of the star-shaped perianth, with its stamen.
3. The pistil..
.=—Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Linneus: p. 20.
1. Portion of a flower, showing the pistil, and the insertion
of the stamens.
2. A transverse section of the ovary.

Crocus vernu

Scilla verna.

> W Fiver, delet ith.

PLATE VII.

A.—Berberis vulgaris, Linneus: p. 80.
1. A flower, separate.
2. A petal, with its two glands.
3. A stamen, showing the valves of its anthers.
4. The pistil.
5. One of the fruits.
B.—Nymphea alba, Linneus: p. 81.
1, 2. Different forms of stamens.
3. The pistil, with its sessile radiating stigma.
C.—Papaver Rheeas, Linneus : p. 82.
1. A stamen.
2. The pistil, with its sessile radiating stigma.
3. The ripe capsule, showing the apertures for the escape
of the seeds.
D.— Reseda lutea, Linneus : p. 82.
1. One of the flowers, separate.
2. One of the upper petals.
3. Other forms of petals.
4, The ovary, accompanied by a stamen.

Plate. 7.

Berberis vulgaris

Papaver Rheas.

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Reseda lutea.

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PLATE VIII.

A.—Helianthemum vulgare, Gertner: p. 83.
1. Back view of the calyx.
2. The pistil.
B.—Drosera rotundifolia, Linneus: p. 938.
1. One of the gland-fringed leaves.
2. The stamens and pistil.
C.—Polygala vulgaris, Linneus: p. 83.
1. A flower, seen from beneath.
2. Side view of a flower.
3. The pistil.
D,—Frankenia levis, Linneus: p. 84.
1. A portion of the stem, showing the opposite leaves, and
axillary clusters of smaller leaves.
2. A flower.
3. One of its petals.
4. The pistil.

Hehanthemum vulgare. Drosera rotundifolia,

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PLATE IX.

A,—Dianthus plumarius, Linneus: p. 84.
1. One of the clawed petals.
2. The pistil, with its two curved styles.
B.—Lychnis Githago, Lamarck : p. 85.
1. A petal with adherent stamens.
2. The pistil, with five styles.
C.—Malva sylvestris, Ixnneus : p. 85.
1. The disk-shaped fruit, composed of several contiguous
carpels, and surrounded by the calyx.
2. The staminal column with the stigmas protruding from
the centre. :
3. One of the stamens, separate.
4. The pistil separated from the column of stamens.
D,—Tilia europea, Linneus: p. 86.
1. One of the flowers, separate.

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PLATE X.

A.—Hypericum pulchrum, Linneus: p. 86.
1, One of the oblique petals.
2. One of the parcels of stamens.
3. The calyx surrounding the pistil, the petals and stamens
being removed.
B.—Geranium pratense, Linneus : p. 87.
1. The stamens and pistil.
C.—Linum usitatissimum, Linneus: p. 87.
1. The stamens and pistil.
2. The capsule surrounded by the calyx.
3. One of the seeds.
D.—Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, Linneus: p. 89.
1. A flower with most of the petals removed.
2. A young capsule.

Linum usitatissimum.

Impatiens Noli-me-tangere

Witch, delet bith.

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PLATE XI.

A.—Euonymus europeeus, Linneus : p. 90.

1. A flower.

2. A ripe fruit.

B.—Rhamnus catharticus, Linneus: p. 90.

1. A staminate or barren flower.

2. A pistillate or fertile flower.

3. The ripe fruit.

C.—Tamarix anglica, Webb: p. 88.

1. Portion of a branchlet, showing the close scale-like
leaves.

2. A flower separated from the spike.

3. The stamens and pistil.

D.—Rosa canina, Linneus : p. 78.

1. A vertical section of the flower, the petals being re-
moved, showing the ovaries attached to the inside of
the calyx-tube, with the stigmas just protruding from
the orifice.

2. A stamen.

3. One of the ovaries.

4. The ripe fruit.

Tamarix anglica.

W Fitch. del.cc titn.

Vincent Brooks, imp.

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PLATE XIT.

A.—Lythrum Salicaria, Linneus: p. 91.
1. A vertical section of a flower.
2. A capsule, bursting open.
B.—Hippuris vulgaris, Linneus: p. 94.
1, A flower, consisting of the ovary and style with one
stamen.
2. The stamen separate.
C.—Epilobium hirsutum, Linneus: p. 94.
1. The top of the ovary, with the calyx, stamens, and style.
2. One of the seeds.
D.—Lathyrus pratensis, Linneus: p. 91.
1. The standard or vexillum forming the dorsal petal.
2. The lateral petals or wings. |
3. The lower petal or keel.
4. One of the flowers complete.
5. The pod or legume.
E.—Bryonia dioica, Jacquin: p.95.
1. A male or staminate flower.
2. A female or pistillate flower.

ity

aiucar

15
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Ancent Brooks, Imp

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WA

PLATE XIII.

A.—Génanthe crocata, Linneus : p. 96.
1. A flower separated from the umbel.
2. One of the cylindrical fruits.
8. A transverse section of the fruit, showing the two car-
pels, and the ridges and vittez.
B.—Pastinaca sativa, Linneus: p. 97.
1. A flower detached from the umbel.
2. One of the flattened fruits.
3. A transverse section of the fruit.
C.—Sedum acre, Linneus: p. 92.
1. A leaf, showing the spur behind the point of attach-
ment.
2. The ripe follicles.
3. A flower.
4, The follicles or seed-vessels, before bursting.
D.—Cornus sanguinea, Linneus: p. 98.
1. One of the flowers.
2. A fruit.
E.—Montia fontana, Linneus: p. 92.
1. The calyx or flower-cup.

2,3. Different views of the corolla and stamens.
4, The pistil.

ym
Sedum acre.

Montia fontan

W Fitetudel.ct hth

PLEO

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PLATE XIV.

A.—Lonicera Periclymenum, Linneus: p. 98.
1. One of the tubular two-lipped flowers.
2. A cluster of the berries.
B.—Galium verum, Linneus : p. 99.
1. A flower complete.
2. The pistil separated.
C.—Centranthus ruber, De Candolle: p. 99.
1. One of the curious spurred flowers.
2. The ripe fruit, with its feathery pappus unrolled.
D.—Dipsacus sylvestris, Linneus: p. 100.
1. A flower with its bract.
2. A pistil.

Plate 14.

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PLATE XV.

A.—Carduus nutans, Linneus: p. 101.

1. One of the florets, separated from the capitule or head.
B,—Campanula rotundifolia, Linneus: p. 102.

1. The anthers and pistil, showing the inferior ovary.
C.—Erica cinerea, Linneus: p. 103.

1. One of the pitcher-shaped flowers.

2. A stamen, showing the appendage at the base of the

anther-cells, and the pores by which the pollen escapes.

3. The pistil.
D,—Ligustrum vulgare, Linneus: p. 104.

1. A flower.

2. A sprig bearing berries.

mpamula rotu

&
Weck

ligustrum. vulgare

Erica cimerea.

Witch del et lish

PLATE XVI.

A.—Villarsia nympheoides, Ventenat: p. 104.
1. A portion of the throat of the corolla, showing the at-
tachment of the stamens.
2. The pistil.
B.—Polemonium ceruleum, Linneus : p. 105.
1. A portion of the throat of the corolla, showing the in-
sertion of the stamens.
2. The pistil, surrounded by an annular disk.
3. A capsule.
C.—Convolvulus arvensis, Linneus : p. 106.
1. One of the stamens.
2. The pistil, surrounded by an annular disk.
D.—Solanum Dulcamara, Linneus : p. 109.
1. A flower, showing the connivent anthers.
2. One of the anthers separate, showing the terminal pores.
3. The pistil.

Convolvulus arvensis

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Vincent Brooks, Imp

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PLATE XVII.

A.— Digitalis purpurea, Linneus: p. 111.
1. The didynamous stamens, separated from the corolla.
2. The pistil.
3. A transverse section of the ovary.
B.—Orobanche minor, Sutton . p. 112.
1. A flower separated from the spike, with its bract.
2. The corolla laid open, showing the attachment of the
stamens.
3. One of the sepals.
4, The pistil with a bract and sepals, the corolla removed.
C.— Verbena officinalis, Linneus : p. 114.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The corolla laid open, showing the attachment of the
stamens, and surrounding the pistil.
D,.—Salvia pratensis, Linneus: p. 113.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The stamens, showing the short filament, with the elon-
gated connective bearing a perfect anther on its long
~ arm and an abortive one on its short arm.
8. Another view of the lower part of the connective.
4. The pistil, showing the four-lobed ovary.

I7
‘
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Plate

TUOPr.

Orobanche mii

MSs.

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Salhia.

Digitalis purpurea.

Verbena officinahs

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PLATE XVIII.

A.—Myosotis palustris, Withering: p. 107.
1. The corolla laid open, showing the stamens and the
scaly appendages of the throat.
2. The pistil with its four-lobed ovary.
B.—Pinguicula vulgaris, Zinneus: p. 114.
1. A flower with the corolla removed.
2. The two-valved one-celled capsule.
C.—Armeria maritima, Willdenow: p. 109.
1. A flower removed from the head.
2. One of the petals with a stamen attached to its base.
3. The pistil, with five hairy styles.
D.—Plantago media, Linneus: p. 110.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The pistil.

Armeria maritima lantago media.

Wich. delet iith. x Vincent Brooks, Irap.

PLATE -XIX.

A.— Polygonum Bistorta, Linneus: p. 115.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The pistil with its three styles.
B,—Aristolochia Clematitis, Linneus : p. 116.
1. A flower complete.
2. The pistil, showing the rayed stigma and epigynous sta-

mens.

3. A. capsule..
C.—Pinus sylvestris, Linneus: p. 117.

a
2.
3.

4.

One of the pairs of leaves, with its sheath.

One of the male catkins, with its bract.

An anther, with its two adnate cells, and scale-like con-

- nective.

One of the scales of the female catkin, with its two
naked ovules.

. Inner view of‘a similar scale when mature, with its two

winged seeds.

D.—Tamus communis, Linneus: p. 118.

1.
2.

3.

One of the male flowers with stamens.

One of the female flowers with inferior ovary and three-
branched style.

The style, separate.

4, A ripe berry.

Plate 19.

Pirus sylvestris. | Tamus communis |

W.Fitch, del. et iith. Vincent Brooks. hoy

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PLATE XX.

A.—Paris quadrifolia, Linneus: p. 119.
1. One of the awl-shaped stamens.
2. The pistil.
3. A ripe berry, with the persistent perianth.
B.—Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Linneus: p. 119.
1. The stamens removed from the flower. _
2. One of the stamens, separate.
3. The pistils, with six two-cleft stigmas.
C.—Ophrys apifera, Hudson: p. 126.
| 1. Front view of the lip.
2. Side view of the lip.
3. The column, showing the anther-case and pollen-masses.
4, One of the pollen-masses separate.
D.—Iris Pseud-acorus, Linneus: p. 125.
1. A stamen.
E.—Convallaria majalis, Zinneus: p. 127.
1. A flower with its pedicel and bract.
2. Vertical section of a flower, showing three of the sta-
mens and the pistil.
3. A ripe berry.

bo

aris quadrifolia.

ocharis Morsus-ranc.

D.

Ophrys apifera. . | Iris Pseud-acoriis

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PLATE XXTI.

A.—Butomus umbellatus, Linneus: p. 125.
1. A flower with the perianth removed.
2. One of the carpels.
3. A transverse section of the carpels.
B.— Typha latifolia, Linneus: p. 121.
1. A male flower, separate.
2. A female flower, separate.
C.—Acorus Calamus, Linneus: p. 123.
1. A flower with its green scales and stamens, and broad
sessile stigma.
2. One of the scales with its accompanying stamen, sepa-
rate.
8. An ovary.
D.—Potamogeton natans, Linneus : p. 123.
1. One of the flowers.
2. A stamen, separate.
3. One of the earpels.
E.—Lemna trisulea, Linneus : p. 122.
1. A frond with its branches and root.
2. A flower.
F,—Juncus effusus, Linneus: p. 124.
1. A portion of the cylindrical stem.
2. A flower.
3. A capsule with the dry persistent perianth.
G.—Carex riparia, Curtis: p. 129.
1. A flower of the male spikelet with its glume.
2. A flower of the female spikelet with its glume.

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PLATE XXII.

A,—Arundo Phragmites, Linneus : p. 131.

1. One of the flowers, separate.
B.—Bromus mollis, Linneus : p. 180.

1. One of the flowers, separate.

2. The pistil with its feathery styles.
C.—Parnassia palustris, Linneus : p. 349.

1. One of the fringed glands or nectaries.

2. The pistil with its sessile stigmas.
D.—Ulex nanus, Forster: p. 349.

1. A thorny branchlet with its flower.

2. The standard or dorsal petal.

3. The keel or lower combined petal.
E.—Hedera Helix, Linneus : p. 350.

1. A flower separated from the umbel.

Plate 22.

4
Brornus mollis

py \|E.

Ulex nanus. | Hedera Helix.

Witch del et hth Vineent Brooks, hnp.

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PLATE XXIII.

A.—Scabiosa succisa, Linneus: p. 351.
1. A flower separated from the head.
2. The pistil.
B.—Arbutus Unedo, Linneus: p. 352.
1. A stamen, showing its pores and awns.
2. The pistil.
3. Some of the ripe berries.
4, A transverse section of a berry.
C.—Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Linneus: p. 353.
1. A portion of the corolla, showing the attachment ot the
stamens to its inner surface.
2. The pistil.
D.— Mentha Pulegium, Linneus: p. 354.
1. A flower separated from the verticillaster or whorl-like
collection of flowers.
2. The pistil.
E.—Chenopodium polyspermum, Linneus: p. 354.
1. A flower, separate.
2. The fruit enclosed by the persistent perigone.

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f

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Scabiosa succisa.

is

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Gentiana Pneumonanthe

Mentha Palegium.

Chenopodium polyspermum

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PLATE XXIV.

A.—Colchicum autumnale, Linneus: p. 355.

1. A stamen.

2. The pistil invested by the base of the perianth-tube.

3. The three-celled capsule.
B.—Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering: p. 356.

1. A leaf.

2. One of the male flowers.

8. One of the female flowers.

4, The pistil with its subulate stigmas.
C,—Ilex Aquifolium, Linneus: p. 386.

1. An abortive flower.

2. A perfect flower.

3. A ripe berry.

4. A transverse section of the berry.
D.—Viscum album, Linneus : p. 387.

1. A cluster of male flowers.

2. A cluster of female flowers.

3. A ripe berry.

——* —) SE aT

Plate 24

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Ilex Aqu?folium |

Viscum album

Witch, delet lith

Vinwent Brooks, Imp.

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