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VOL. IV.
CP^USTj^CEA IsrOLLTTSCA.
T E S TA.CEA. .

O MAPvE,0 LITTUS.verum recretimiciue
^'r^C^OV. qitani iniilta iiiveiiitis , qiiam rtiulta
dictatis /

if "%

L O K D O ]N",

I'KIITTED tor J. Walker, Wilkie and. Rohuxjcm . I.Ifwvi . JfJiitc Cochrcvie i- (":' Zciufman .Mirst .
Sxcs Ornie inui Brown J ScA.Arck R.Bcddnin . CadeH kHavies. J.Earding . J. Ricliardson , J Booth,
if, JJjinmim and J,Jo7uu-on ^- C'J 'i

•'4>.

BRITISH ZOOLOGY,

BY

THOMAS PENNANT, Esq.

A NEW EDITION.

IN FOUR VOLUMES.

VOL. IV.

Class V. CRUSTACEA.
VI. VERMES.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR WILKIE AND ROBINSON; J. NUNN ; WHITE
AND COCHRANE; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND
BROWN; CADELL AND DAVIES; J, HARDING J J. BOOTH;
J. RICHARDSON ; J. MAWMAN ; J. AND A. ABCH ;
R. BALDWIN; AND J. JOHNSON AND CO.

1812.

lO

(O

V. 'i

ADVERTISEMENT,

X WISH it had been in my power to
have given a perfect conclusion to the
Zoology of our country: but my small
acquaintance with Insects, and the
fourth division of the Vlth class, Litlio-
phyta and Zoophyta, forbad me to meddle
with them. The Public has little reason
to regret this omission, since the universal
genius John Reinhold Forster, has
hinted * a design-f- of undertaking the first ;
and my late worthy friend Mr. Ellis,
(whom LiNN/EUS so justly stiles Lynceiis)
has in a great measure executed the last,

* Catalogue of British Insects. 2.

t [This design has never been executed. Mr, Donovan
has pubUshed fourteen volumes of the Natural History of
British Insects J Mr. Marsham one volume of an Entomo-

voL. IV. a

Q0961S

11 ADVERTISEMENT.

In my arrangement of the present work,
I have taken the hberty of making a
distinct class of the Crustaceous Ani-
mals ; and separated them from Insects,
among which they are usually placed.

I have paid implicit respect to the Swe-
dish Naturalist, in my classing of the
Vermes and Shells. I have, on an-
other occasion,* given my sentiments of
that wonderful man, (after Ray) the great-
est illuminator of the study of Nature. I
have borrowed from him the Latin trivial
names ; sometimes given translations of
them ; sometimes given other English
names, when I thought them more apt.

Gratitude prompts me to mention a
most irreparable loss in my amiable friend

logia Britannica ; Mr. Kirby a Monographia ^pum An^
glicE; Mr. Haworth is proceeding with the Lepido-
pters, Britannica ; and several valuable papers on this por-
tion of Natural History are to be found in the Transac-
tions of the Entomological and Linricean Societies. Doctor
Solander gave to the world an account of Zoophytes, by
the late John Ellis, Esq., which contains most of the
British species. Doctor Titrton has included the Zoophytes
and the Vermes Infusoria into his British Fauna. Ed.
* Synopsis of Quadrupeds, Preface vii.

ADVERTISEMENT. Ill

Benjamin Stillingfleet, Esq. in
whom were joined the best heart and the
ablest head. Benevolence and innocence
were his inseparable companions ; retire-
ment his choice, from the most affection-
ate of motives.* How great, yet how un-
necessary, was his diffidence in public !
How ample his instruction in private !
How clear his information ! How delicate
the conveyance ! The pupil received ad-
vantage, edified by the humility of the
master. Thoroughly imbued in Divine
Philosophy, he had an uncommon insight
into the uses of every object of Natural
History ; and gave sanction to those stu-
dies, which, by trivial observers, were held .
most contemptible. The end of his labors
was the GOOD OF mankind. He attempt-
ed to destroy the false shame that attend-
ed the devotee to Ornithology, the chace
of the Insect, the search after the Cockle,
or the poring over the Grass. He proved
every subject to be of the greatest service

* Mr, Gray's Letters, 288.

a 2 . ■ ,

IV ADVERTISEMENT.

to the world, by the proper remarks that
might be made on them. The traveller,
the sailor, the husbandman might, if they
pleased, draw the most useful conclusions
from them. The reader may receive the
proof from his translations of various es-
says, the productions of the Linn^an
school; his own Calendar of Flora,
and Observations on Grasses. How
much to be lamented, is this short cata-
logue of the works of so great, so good a
man! I speak not of his Essay on Music,
as foreign to the subject. Some of his
remarks appear in my British Zoology.
He thought me so far deserving of his
encouragement, as to dedicate part of his
time to farther acts of friendship. I re-
ceived the unfinished tokens of his regard
by virtue of his promise ; the only papers
that were rescued from the flames, to
which his modesty had devoted all the
rest.

Defended by so great an example (how-
soever unequally I may follow it), there is
hardly any need for an apology for the

ADVERTISEMEMT.

subject of the following sheets. But if any
should require one, I take the liberty of
delivering it in the words of my ever re-
gretted friend :

' From a partial consideration of things,
' we are very apt to criticise what we
' ought to admire ; to look upon as useless
' what perhaps we should own to be of
' infinite advantage to us, did we see a

* little farther ; to be peevish where we
' ought to give thanks; and at the same
' time to ridicule those, who employ their
' time and thoughts in examining what
' we were, i. e. some of us most assuredly
' were, created and appointed to study.
' In short, we are too apt to treat the
' Almighty worse than a rational man
'would treat a good mechanic; whose

* works he would either thoroughly exa-
' mine, or be ashamed to find any fault
' with them. This is the effect of a par-
' tial consideration of Nature ; but he who

* has candor of mind, and leisure to look

* farther, will be inclined to cry out ;

VI ADVERTISEMENT.

' How wond'rous is this scene ! where all is form'd
' With number^ weight, and measure ! all design'd

* For some great end ! where not alone the plant
"^ Of stately growth ; the herb of glorious hue,

' Or food- full substance ; not the laboring steed,

* The herd, and flock that feed us ; not the mine
' That yields us stores for elegance, and use ;

^ The sea that loads our table, and conveys

' The wanderer man from clime to clime, with all

' Those rolling spheres, that from on high shed down

' Their kindly influence j not these alone,

^ Which strike ev'n eyes incurious, but each moss,

' Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank

' Important in the plan of Him, who fram'd

' This scale of beings ; holds a rank, which lost

' Would break the chain, and leave behind a gap

^ Which Nature's self would rue. Almighty Being,

^ Cause and support of all things, can I view

^ These objects of my wonder ; can I feel

' These fine sensations, and not think of thee ?

^ Thou who dost thio' th' eternal round of time ;

' Dost thro' th' immensity of space exist

' Alone, shalt thou alone excluded be

^ From this thy universe ? Shall feeble man

' Think it beneath his proud philosophy

* To call for thy assistance, and pretend

' To frame a world, who cannot frame a clod ? —

' Not to know thee, is not to know ourselves ?

' Is to know nothing — nothing worth the care

' Of man's exalted spirit — all becomes

' Without thy ray divine, one dreary gloom ;

' Wheke lurk the monsters of phantastic brains,

' Order bereft of thought, uncaus'd effects.

ADVERTISEMENT. Vil

*■ Fate freely acting, and unerring Chance.

' Where meanless matter to a chaos sinks

' Or something lower stilly for without thee

'It crumbles into atoms void of force,

' Void of resistance— it eludes our thought.

' Where laws eternal to the varying code

' Of self-love dwindle. Interest, passion, whim

' Take place of right and wrong, the golden chain

' Of beings melts away, and the mind's eye

' Sees nothing but the present. All beyond

' Is visionary guess — is dream — is death.'

^% The Editor takes this opportunity of re-
peating his obligations to the reverend Hugh
Davies for the vast additions made to this vo-
lume ; his valuable communications are distin-
guished by an asterisk : the Editor, in this, as
in the preceding volumes, is answerable for
those parts included in a crotchet. Ed.

On examiniug the complete copy of tliis new Edition, which has
been sent to him previous to its pubHcation, the Editor is extremely
sorry to find, that owing to his not havina: seen impressions of the
Plates to the fourth Volume, (and a few of tlie tliu-d,) after the in-
scriptions and references had been engraved upon tliem, a number of
mistakes have been committed. The correction of these, by refei-
ence to the description, i;) the text, or the List of Plates preiixed to
the Volume, is a matter of great ease; but to save trouble to the
reader, a list of them will be found at the end of this Volume,
October, 1812,

IX

LIST OF PLATES.

VOL. IV.
Class V. CRUSTACEOUS.

Genus L CRAB.

Frontispiece.

Plate I.

Fig. 1 Pea Crab. _^

2 Minute Cr.

3 Long-horned Cr.

4 Broad-footed Cr.

II.

1 Common Cr.

2 Cleanser Cr.

III.

Black-clawed Cr.

IV.

1 Velvet Cr.

2 Cleanser Cr. Var.

V.

1 Wrinkled Cr.

2 Angular Cr.

VI.

1 Bristly Cr.

2 Great-clawed Cr.

VII.

Long-clawed Cr. M. and F.

VIII.

1 Spinous Cr.

2 Four-forked Cr.

IX,

1 Spider Cr.

2 Var.

3 Slender-legged Cr.

X.

1 Weymouth Cr.

2 Uneven Cr.

3 Rough Cr.

LIST OF PLATES.
Genus IL LOBSTEK

Plate XI.

Fig, Common Lobster

XIL

Spiny Lo.

XIII.

1 Norway Lo.

2 Phantom Lo.

XIV.

Long-clawed Lo.

XV.

Plated Lo.

XVI.

1 Craw-fish Lo.

2 Shrimp Lo.

XVII.

1 Prawn Lo.

2 Linear Lo.

XVIIL

Hermit Lo.

ONISCI, &c.

XIX. 1 Oniscus Psora.

2 On. linearis.

3 On. marinus.

4 On. oceanicus.

5 On. entomon.

6 On. oestrum.

7 Pkalangium Balosnae,

Class VL worms.

DIV. I. INTESTINAL.

XX. 1 Greater Dew-worm.

2 Lesser Dew-worm.

3 Lug Dew-worm.
XXI. 1 Marine Hair-worm.

2*2 Naked Tube-worm.

3 Geometrical Leech, (from Roe=

sel's Insects.)

4 Tuberculated Leech.

•5 Glutinous Hag. (See vol. iii, lOg.)

LIST OF PLATES,

^

Div. IL MOLLUSCA.

Plate XXII.

Fig. Tawny Aplysia *

XXIII.

1 Depilatory Ap.

2 Warty Doris.

XXIV.

Lemon Doris.

XXV,

1 Aculeated Aphrodita.

2 Scaled Aph.

3 Scarborough Ascidia.

XXVI.

1 Amber Doris.

2 Pedunculated Aphrodita.

3 Annulated Aph.

4 Little Aph.

XXVII.

1 Blue Nereis.
2RedN.

*2 Far. ?

XXVIII.

1 Five-rowed Holothuria.

2 A. Terebella conchilega.

XXIX.

Great Cuttle.

XXX.

Eight-armed C.

XXXI.

1 Middle C.

2 Small C.

XXXIL

1 Dotted AsTERiAS. —

2 Hispid AsT.

XXXIII.

Flat A ST.

XXXIV.

1 Lizard AsT.

2 Beaded Ast.

XXXV.

Pectinated Ast.

XXXVI.

1 Eatable Echinus.

2 Oval EcH.

XXXVII.

Purple EcH.

XXXVIII.

1 Echinus pulvinulus.

2 Lepas convexula.

3 Variable Razor shell

(per

feet).

Xll

LIST OF PLATES.

Div. m. SHELLS.

* MULTIVALVE.

Plate XXXIX. Fig.

1 Hairy Chiton.

2 Marginated Ch,

xxxix:

3 Smooth Ch.

XL.

1 Common AcoRN Shell.

2 Sulcated A.

3 Cornish A.

4 Elongated A.

XLI.

1 Striated A.

2 Anatiferous A.

XLII.

1 Dactyle Phola$.

2 White Ph.

XLIII.

1 Curled Ph.

2 Little Ph.

#*

BIVALVE.

XLIV.

Abrupt Mya.

XLV.

Sand M.

XLVI.

1 Painter's M.

2 Pearl M.

XLVTI.

Dubious M.

XLVIII.

1 Pod Razor Shell.

2 Scymeter R.

XLIX.

1 Sheath R.

S Pellucid R.

3 Sub-oval R.

4 Kidney R.

L-

t Delicate Mya.

2 Variable Razor Shell (worn)

3 Rayed Tellina.

LI.

1 FlatT.

2 Plain T.

LIST OF PLATES.

xm

Plate LIL Fig.

1 Simpleton Mactra-

2 Solid Tellina.

*2 Far.

3 Horny T.

LIII

1 Aciileated Cogki.k.

2 Fringed C.

3 Edible C.

LIV.

1 Smooth C.

2 Chione Venus.

3 Strong Mactr A fo/c^^.

LFr

1 Subtruncated M.

2 Strong M. • '

3 Large M.

LVI.

Icelandic Venus.

LVII.

1 Warted V.

2 Casina V.

3 Antiquated V. (Far.)

LVIII.

1 Yellow DoNAx.

2 Purple D.

3 Waved Venus,

4 Indented V.

5 Maiden V.

LIX.

1 Antiquated V.

2 Wrinkled V. _

3 Oval V.

LX.

1 Golden V.

2 Decussated V.

3 Fading V.

LXI.

1 Orbicular Arca. -

2 Fringed A.

LXII.

Great Scallop.

LXIII.

1 Lesser Sc.

2 RedSc.

LXIV.

1 Variegated Sc.

2 Writhed Sc.

3 Worn Sc.

LXV.

Larger Axomia. This adheres

to the Common Oyster,

XIV

LIST OF PLATES.

^LATE LXVL

Fig.

1

Rugged MussELo

2

Edible M.

3

Pellucid M.

LXVIL

1

Crooked j\f .

2

Great M. (Young).

3

Nacre Razor Shell,

LXVIII.

Umbilicated Mussel.

LXIX.

Great M.

LXX.

Swan M.

LXXL

Duck M.

LXXII.

Brittle Pinna.

*** UNIVALVE.
With a regular Spire.

LXXII I.

1 Common Gowrie.

2 Wood Dipper.

3 CylindricD.

4 Open D.

LXXIV.

1 Oval Volute.

2 Transparent Dipper.

LXXV.

1 Massy W^helk.

2 Reticulated W.

*2 (Far. J

LXX VI.

Waved W.

LXXVII.

Striated W.

LXXVIII.

Corvorant's foot Strombus.

LXXIX.

1 Urchin Murex.

2 Horny M.

LXXX.

Angulated M. Engraven also in

Frontispiece.

LXXXL

/Vntique M.

LXXXII.

1 Polished Snail.

2 Ribbed MuREX.

3 Shortened M.

4 Lipped Wreath.

5 Bamffian Murex.

6 Spot W^helk.

LIST OF PLATES.

XV

Plate LXXXII.

LXXXIII.

LXXXIV.

LXXXV

LXXXVI.

LXXXVII.

LXXXVIII.

LXXXIX.

Fig. 7 Various colored More X.

8 White Wreath.

9 Bilineated Whelk.

1 Livid Top.

2 ConuleT.

• 3 Umbilical T.

4 Tuberculated T.

5 Land T.

1 Perriwinkle Wreath.

2 Barred Wr.
*2 (Far.)

3 Doubled Wr.

4 Auger Wr.

5 Bident Wr.

1 Studded Murex.

2 Elegant Wreath.
■■ 3 Dusky Wr.

4 Smooth Snail.

6 Fascia ted S.

1 RockS.

2 Flats.

3 Horny S.

*3 — (young J,

4 Whirl S. _

1 Exotic S.

2 Viviparous 3

3 Garden S.

1 — — (Young),

2 Zoned S.

3 Streaked S.

4 Shrub S.

5 Grey S.

6 Mottled S.

1 Lake S.

2 Marsh S.

3 Mud S.

4 EarS.

XVI

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate LXXXIX. Fie

XC.

XCI.

5 Eight-spired Snail.

6 Olive S.

7 Laver Wreath.

8 Smoothed Snail.

1 Livid Nerite.

2 River N.

3 Strand N.
Tuberculated Haliotis.

B. Without a regular Spire^

XCII. 1 Common Limpet.

2 (Far.)

3 Striated L.
XCIII. 1 Bonnet L.

2 Inclining L.

3 Slit L.

4 Transparent L.

«4 cFu^.j

5 Common Tooth«shell.
XCIV. 1 Spiral Serpule.

2 Complicated S.

3 Tvi^ined S.

XCV. 1 Honey-combed S ABEL LA.

2 Tube Sa.

CLASS V.

CRUSTACEA.
CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS,

VOL. IV.

CLASS V.
CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS,

GENUS I. CANCER. CRAB.

Feet eight or ten, rarely six, two of them

clawed.
Eyes two, remote, for the most part fixed on a

stalk, moveable.
Tail foliated, and short, lodged in a groove in

the body.

C. Lin. Syst. I03g. G?}!. Lin. Herlst. Cane. g5. t. 2. /. j. PisuM.
2964. 21. Pea.

i_/'R. With rounded and smooth thorax, en-
tire and blunt. With a tail of the size of the
body, which commonly is of the bulk of a pea.
Inhabits the mussel, and unjustly has ac-
quired the repute of being poisonous. The
swelling after eating of mussels is wholly con-
stitutional ; for one that is affected by it, hun-
dreds remain uninjured. Tab. i. Jig. 1.

B 2

CANCER. CR/IB. Class V,

Crabs, either of this kind, or allied to them,
the antieiits believed to have been the con-
sentaneous inmates of the pimicE, and other
bivalves ; which being too stupid to perceive
the approach of their prey, were warned of it
by their vigilant friend. Oppian tells the fable
prettily.*

Off-paKOv av ^vt^iac, &c.

In clouded deeps below the Pinna hides.
And thro' the silent paths obscurely glides ;
A stupid wretch, and void of thoughtful care.
He forms no bait, nor lays the tempting snare. .
But the dull slug2:ard boasts a Crali his friend.
Whose busy eyes the coming prey attend.
One room contains them, and the partners dwell
Beneath the convex of one sloping shell ;
Deep in the wat'ry vast the comrades rove.
And mutual int'rest binds their constant lovcj
That wiser friend the lucky juncture tells.
When in the circuit of his gaping shells
Fish wand'ring enter ; then the bearded guide
Warns the dull mate, and pricks his tender side;
He knows the hint, nor at the treatment grieves.
But hugs th' advantage, and the pain forgives :
His closing shells the Pinna sudden joins.
And 'twixt the pressing sides his prey confines ;
• Thus fed hy mutual aid, tlie friendly pair
Divide their gains, and all the plunder share.

* Halicul. lib. ii. He calls the crab Ilij-'voiJ'jAa^, «f\s/05Pz?m«>5

Class V. CANCER. CRAB.

C. Lin. syst. 1040. Gm. Lin. Basfcr, ii. p. 26. tab. iv. /. 2. Minutus.
2qQ5. Gronov. Zooph. No. 1. 2. Minute.

g62. Herhst. Cane. 110. t. 2. /. 32.

Cr. with a smooth and somewhat square tho-
rax ; the edges sharp; horns short; less than
the last.

Inhabits our shores amono; Ahce. Tab. i.

C Lin. Syst. 1040. Gm. Lin. Easier, W.p. 26, tah. iv. y. 3. 3. Longi=

2Q66. Gronov. Zooph. No. Herhst. Cane. QQ. ^. 2. /. 23. ^ cordis.

Long-horned.
968. .

Cr. with a round smooth thorax; with large " "'".'-
claws; very long horns ; size of the last. .■

Inhabits our shores. Tab. i. Jig. 3. ...

Cancer latipes. Rondel. 565. variegatus. Plancus, 34. tah. 4. Latipes.

Gronov. Zooph. No. 934. iii. fg. 7. Broadfoot.

Cancer latipes parvus obiongus Herhst. Cane. 267. t. 21. y.

120.

Cr. with a sub-cordated body ; short feelers ;
angular claws ; five small teeth on each side ;
the hind legs ovated. Tab. i. Jig. 4. ,; ^ -

CANCER. CRJB. Class V.

5. M-«NAS. (;, X2«. Sh'st. 1043. Gm. Lin. Faun. Suec. No. 2026. Gro^
Common. _, ..,..„ n, ■,

2971. Busier, u. ^a&. u. /. nov. Zoopk. Q55.

1. iZerZ;^^. Cane. 145. f. J.f. 46.

Cr. with three notches on the front ; five ser-
rated teeth on each side ; claws ovated ; next
joint, toothed ; hind feet subulated ; dirty green
color ; red when boiled.

Inhabits all our shores ; and lurks under the
AlgcB, or burrows under the sand. Is sold, and
eaten by the poor of our capital. Tab. ii.Jig. 1.

6. Depura= C.Lin. Syst. 1043. Xo. 23. Seb. Mus. i'll (ah, xviii. Jig. Q.
Gm. Lin. 2972. Herlst. Cane. 148. t. 7. f. 48.

TOR.

Cleanser.

Cr. with a sub-cordated body ; thorax on each

side quinque-dentated j front indented ; claws

angulated ; second joint spined ; hind legs have

, the two last joints ovated and ciliated. Tab. ii.

(Var. a.) With a tuberculated surface.

Inhabits generally the deeps ; feeds on dead
fish : hence called the purifier or cleanser, as
causing the removal of putrid bodies. Tab. iv,
fg' 2.

Class V. CANCER. CRAB.

C. Lin. Syst. 1044. G?». Lin. pise. 560. Faun. Suec. No. 7- Pagurus.

2973. Gronov. Zooph. No. 2028. Black-clawed.

967. Merrefs Pinax.

Belon. aquut. 368. Rondel. Herhst. Cane. iQb. t. g.f. 59.

Cr. with a crenated thorax; smooth body;
quinque - dentated front ; smooth claws with
black tips ; hind feet subulated. •.' .

Inhabits the rocky coasts ; the most delicious
meat of any ; casts its shell between Christmas
and Easter.

The tips of the claws of this species are used
in medicine ; intended to absorb acidities in the
stomach and bowels. Tab. iii.

Herhst. Cane. 242. t. 17. f- duloso, rcstro bifido, pone 8. Bufo.

95. oculos dentecrasso, manibus load.

Lin. Tr. ii. 357- pedibusque teretibus. H.

C. thorace cordato rugoso no- Davies Mss. '~ •

* On the back are four elevations, two occupy
the hinder part, the other two the foremost.

Herbsfs figure is imperfect with regard to the
AntenncE ; but an accurate drawing of it was
presented to the Linnean Society in January ■ " '
1793, by the Rev. Hugh Davies, who disco- -.; :
vered the species in the Menai on the Atigle-
sey coast in the year 1792.

CANCER. CRAB. Class V.

9. Velui-i- - HerhsL Cane. ]ol. t.7. f. ig-

NUS.

VeiveL

Cr. with the thorax quinque-dentated ; body
covered with short brown velvet-like pile ;
claws covered with minute tubercles ; small
spines round the top of the second joint ; hind
legs broadly ovated. This is among the spe-
cies taken notice of by Aristotle* on account
of the broad feet, which, he says, assist them in
swimming : as web-feet do the water-fowl.

Inhabits the western coasts of Anglesey.
Tab. iv.Jig. 1. ' ■ ..

10. CoRRU- HerlsL Cane. 151. t. 7./. 50.

GATUS.

TVri?ikled. ^ . , , . . 1^1

Lr. With the thorax quinque-dentated ; serrat-
ed ; body wrinkled transversely ; claws fur-
nished with a single spine on the iirst and se-
cond joint; fangs serrated; last pair of legs
ovated.

Found on the shores of Skie, opposite to
Loch Jam. Tab. v. Jig. 1.

il. Angola- Herlst. Cane. 85. t. i. /. 13, ■

TUS.

Angular. ^^^ ^^j^j^ ^ rectangular body ; the thorax armed
near the corner with two spines ; the claws very

* Be Part. Anim. lib. iv. c. 8.

Class V. CANCER. CR.^B. 9

long ; the upper fangs black ; legs slender and
subulated.

JVeymoath. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. V. fg. 2.

C Lin, syst. \0'^5. Gm. Lin. Cancer hlrsutus. Rondel. 568. 12. Hirtel-

2977. Faun. Suec. No. HerhsL Cane. 152, t. 7. f. dl. ^^."^"

Bristly.
2029. ^

Cr. with a hair}'^ thorax ; on both sides slightly •'■;; \ ■'■'
quinque-dentated ; clav, s ovated, slightly echi-
nated, and hairy ; feet, bristly and subulated.
A small species ; of a reddish color.
Found beneath stones. Tab. \\. Jig. 1.

Herlst. Cane. 102. t. 2. f. 26. .■:;:: 13. Platy-

CHELES.

Cr. with a tridentated front; thorax entire; Great-clawed.
claws of a large size; depressed, and greatly
ciliated on the outside ; only three subulated
legs on each side ; body little bigger than a
horse-bean, and almost round ; AntenncB very - .

long and turning back, when not in use.

Inhabits the Algce. on the coast of Anglesey,
and the Hebrides. Tab. vi. fig. %

Herlst. Cane. \Q5. t. 12. /. 72. 14. Cassive-

LAUNUS.

Cr. with bifurcated front; a spine at the corner ""^'^"''^^ •
of each eye ; another on each side of the thorax
towards the tail ; body ovated and smooth ;

10

CANCER. CRAB.

Class V.

13. Floki-

DUS.

Purplish
Irouin.

Antennae of the length of the body ; the claws
above ; as long again as the body : feet subu-
lated. Tab. vii. J7g. inf.

The supposed female ; of the same form ; only
the claws not half so long. Tab. \\i.Jig. sup.

Inhabits the deep near Holyhead and Ked-
Wharf, Anglesey. Dredged up.

Cancer. Gm. Lin. 2968. Lin. Tr. ix. 85. t. 2.f. 1, Jig. 120.
Sel. JSlus. iii. t. \g. f. 18. Herlst. Cane. 264. t. 21.

* C R. with a front slightly emarginate : AntenncB
minute; thorax quadrilobate, smooth, uneven,
of a purplish brown ; claws large and strong ;
legs eight, short; length two inches, breadth
two inches and an half.

Sent from Scotland to Mr. Montag-u.

16. Maja. Cancer Maja. Gm. Lin. SgjQ-
Spinous. c. spinosus. Seh. Mus. iii.
tal. xxii. f. 1. Gronov.
Zooph. No. 973.

Fans, Trold Crabber. Ponfop,
Norway n. I76. tah.p. I77,
Herlst. Cane. 2lQ. t. 15. f. 87.
C. horridus. Br. Zool. iv. 7.

Cr. with a projecting bifurcated snout, the end
diverging ; body heart-shaped ; and with the
claws and legs covered with long and very
sharp spines. A large species.

Inhabits the rocks on the eastern coast of
Scotland. Common to NGTway and Scotland,
as many of the marine animals and birds are.
Tab. viii. Jig. 1 . .

Class V. CANCER. CRAB, 11

Iierlst. Cane. 235. I7. Tetra-

ODON.

Cr. with a quadri-furcated snout; the two mid- '^"^^''-f"^^^^-
die spines the longest; thorax spiny; body-
heart-shaped and uneven; claws long; legs
slender. "-^ ''^■--■-^

Inhabits the Isle of Wight. Tab, viii. Jig. 2»

Cancer. Lin. sysl. 1044. Gm. Faun. Suec. No. 2030. Jon- 18. Arane-
Lin. 2976. sion Exang. tab. v. Jig. 13. ^.^

Herlst. Canc.206. t.l3.f.8\.

Cr. with a bifid snout; bristly thorax; body,
heart-shaped, and tuberculated ; claws long
and oblongly ovated ; legs slender, long and
subulated. Tab. \x. Jig. I.

Inhabits our shores. Often covered with a
byssus, as in specimen. Tab. ix. Jig. 2, v ,;

Cancer. Scorpio. Gm. Lin. 2978. Herlst. Cane 237- IP- Phalajj-

Lin. Tr. vi. 389. ^-31. „/ ^^j^'l* - ,

■ iilenaer-leg a.

Cr. with a bifid snout; heart-shaped, small tu-
berculated body ; long claws ; legs of a vast
length, very slender, and hairy.

Inhabits the depths on the coasts of An-
glesey.* Tab. ix. Jg. 3.

* Invests itself occasionally in leaves of Fuci to ensnare its
prey.. Ed. - i/;., .0 -.:i;;^i , r \ .i;:-i .;Vi.^.o , '. .'j. - -.hji.^

12 CANCER. CRAB. Class V.

20. Dorset- Herhst. Cane. 235.

TENSIS.

JFeymouth.

Cr. with a cordated body, rugged and bentj
with a few spines ; very thick, and long claws ;
and very slender legs, the first pair much longer
than the rest. ,•...,' ■■■'.■

IVeymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. ^. Jig. 1.

21. TuBERO- ; Herhst. Cane. 2o6.
sus.

Uneven. --, .

Cr. with a tuberous, smooth back; small claws,
and short legs ; snout slightly bifid.

From the same cabinet. Tab. x. Jig. Q.

22. TuME- Lin. Tr. I::. 86. t.2. f. S.f

FACTUS.

Swolen ji /~x . 1 • r f • 1

laeked. Cr. With an entire front, forming the segment
of a circle ; antenncE minute ; thorax bluntly
rhomboidal, entire, smooth, with three eleva-
tions near the hinder angle; claws of a mode-
, rate size ; legs eight, small ; smoother and of a

paler color than the preceding species, to which
it bears a strong resemblance. - . .

Taken at JVeyniouth by Mr. Bryer.

•f This reference and that in sp. 24 were erroneously trans=
posed mpp. 86, 8?, of the ninth vclume of the Linna^an Trans*
actions.

Class V. CANCER. CRAB. 13

HerlsL Cane. 236. 23. Asper

Hough.

Cr. with a cordated body; bifid snout; legs
and claws short ; those ' and the body rough
and spiny.

From the Portland cabinet. Tab. x. Jig. 3.

Lin. Tr. ix. t. 2. /. 2. 24. Denti-

CULATU.S

* Cr. with a front of five subconic divisions, ^" ^^uMie .
the middle one longest; the foremost half of
the thorax nearly the segment of a circle, the
hinder contracted and subangular, the whole ' ,

uneven and rough ; each side divided into five
bluntly pointed processes, besides one over each
eye ; eyes very prominent ; claws of a moderate
size ; greatest diameter rather less than an inch.
Communicated to Mr. Montagu by the late
Mr. Boys from the coast near Sandwich.

14 ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

GENUS II. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.

Body cylindric.
AxTENN^ long.
Tail long.

L Gamma- Cancer. Lin. Sysf. 1050. G?h. Herbst. Cane. ii. 42. t. 25.
Rus. Lin. 2QS5. f. 1.

Astacus. hondel. o38. :.

L. With a smooth thorax ; short serrated
snout; very long antennce ; and between them
two shorter, bifid ; claws and fangs, large, the
greater tuberculated, the lesser serrated on the
inner edge ; four pair of legs ; six joints in the
tail ; caudal fins rounded.

Inhabits all the rocky shores of our island ;
but chiefly where there is a depth of water. In
Llyn, in Caernarvonshire, a certain small lob-
ster, nothing different except in size, burrow^s in
the sand.

Brought in vast quantities from the Orkney
isles, and many parts of the eastern coast of
Scotland, to the London markets. Sixty or
seventy thousand are annually brought, in

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. 15

well-boats, from the neighborhood of Montrose
alone.*

Lobsters fear thunder ; and are apt to cast
their claws on a loud clap. I am told they
will do the same on firing a great gun; and
that when men of war meet a lobster-boat, a
jocular threat is used, That, if the master
does not sell them good lobsters, they will
salute him.

The habitation of this species is in the clear-
est water ; at the foot of rocks that impend
over the sea. This has given opportunity of
examining more closely into the natural history
of the animal, than of many others who live in
an element that prohibits most of the human
researches, and limits the inquiries of the most
inquisitive. Lobsters are found on most of the
rocky coasts of Great Britain. Some are
taken by the hand ; but the greater quantity in
pots, a sort of trap formed of twigs, and baited
with garbage; they are formed like a wire
mouse-trap, so that when the lobster gets in,
there is no return. These are fastened to a
cord sunk into the sea, and their place marked
by a buoy. :

They begin to breed in the spring, and con-
tinue breeding most part of the summer. They
propagate more hitmano ; and are extremely

* ToviXin Scotland, 1772. part W. p. 146.

Iff ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

prolific. Doctor Easier says he counted 1 2,444
eggs under the tail, besides those that remained
in the body, unprotruded. They deposit these
eggs in the sand, where they are soon hatched.

Lobsters change their crust annually. Pre-
vious to their putting off their old one, they
appear sick, languid, and restless. They totally
acquire a new coat in a few days ; but during
the time that they remain defenceless they seek
some very lonely place, for fear of being attack-
ed and devoured by such of their brethren that
are not in the same weak situation.

It is also remarkable, that Lobsters and
Crabs will renew their claws, if by accident
they are torn off; and it is certain they will
grow again in a few weeks.

They are very voracious animals, and feed
on sea-weeds, on garbage, and on all sorts of
dead bodies. ■ . • :■

In addition to this, I beg leave to give an ac-
curate account of the natural history of this
animal, communicated to me by the ingenious
Mr. Travis, surgeon, oX. Scarborough.

' Scarborough, 25th Oct. 1758.
' SIR,
* We have vast numbers of fine Lobsters on
^ the rocks, near our coast. The large ones are
^ in general in their best season from the middle

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. m

of October till the beginning of Jlla/i/. Jklelny
of the small ones, and some few of the larger
sort, are good all the summer. If they be four
inches and a half long or upwards, from the
tip of the head to the end of the back shell,
they are called sizeable Lobsters. If only
four inches, they are esteemed half size ; and
w^hen sold, two of them are reckoned for one
of size. If they be under four inches, they
are called pazvks, and are not saleable to the
carriers, though, in reality, they are in the
summer months superior to the large ones in
goodness. The pincers of one of the lobster's
large claws are furnished with knobs, and those
of the other claw are always serrated. With
the former it keeps firm hold of the stalks of
submarine plants, and with the latter it cuts
and minces its food very dextrously. The
knobbed or numb claw, as the fishermen call
it, is sometimes on the right and sometimes
on the left, indifferently. It is more danger-
ous to be seized by them with the cutting
claw than the other; but in either case, the
quickest way to get disengaged from the crea-
ture is to pluck off its claw. It seems pecu-
liar to the Lobster and Crab, when their claws
are pulled off", that they will grow again, but
never so large as at first.

VOL. IV. c

ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class ?.

* The female or hen Lobster does not cast
her shell the same year that she deposits her
ova, or, in the common phrase, is in berry.
When the ova first appear under her tail, they
are very small and extremely black ; but they
become in succession almost as large as ripe
elder-berries before they be deposited, and
turn of a dark brown color, especially towards
the end of the time of her depositing them.
They continue full and depositing the ova m
constant succession, as long as any of that
black substance can be found in their body,
wdiich, when boiled, turns of a beautiful red
color, and is called their coral. Hen Lobsters
are found in berry at all times of the year, but
chiefly in winter. It is a common mistake,
that a berried hen is always in perfection for
the table. When her berries appear large
and brownish, she will always be found ex-
hausted, watery, and poor. Though the ova
be cast at all times of the year, they seem
only to come to life during the warm summer
months of July and August. Great numbers
of them may then be found, under the appear-
ance of tadpoles, swimming about the little
pools left by the tides among the rocks, and
many also under their proper form, from half
an inch to four inches in length.

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. 19

' In casting their shells, it is hard to conceive
how the Lobster is able to draw the fish of
their large claws out, leaving the shells entire
and attached to the shell of their body; in
which state they are constantly found. The
fishermen say the Lobster pines before cast-
ing, till the fish in its large claw is no thicker
than the quill of a goose, which enables it to
draw its parts through the joints and narrow i

passage near the trunk. The new shell is
quite membraneous at first, but hardens by
degrees. Lobsters only grow in size while
their shells are in their soft state. They are
chosen for the table, by their being heavy in
proportion to their size ; and by the hardness
of their shells on their sides, which, when in
perfection, will not yield to moderate pres-
sure. Barnacles and other small shell-fish
adhering to them are esteemed certain marks
of superior goodness. Cock Lobsters are in
general better than the hens in winter; they
are distinguished by the narrowness of their
tails, and by their having a strong spine upon
the center of each of the transverse processes
beneath the tail, which support the four mid-
dle plates of their tails. The fish of a Lob-
ster's claw is more tender, delicate, and easy
of digestion than that of the tail. Lobsters

c 2

ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

* are not taken here in pots, as is usual where
' the water is deeper and more still than it is

* upon our coast. Our fishermen use a bag-
^ net fixed to an iron hoop, about two feet in

* diameter, and suspended by three lines like
' a scale. The bait is commonly fish-guts tied
' to the bottom and middle of the net. They
' can take none in the day-time, except when
' the water is thick and opake ; they are com

' monly caught in the night, but even then it is
' not possible to take any when the sea has that

* luminous appearance which is supposed to

* proceed from the nereis noctiliica. In sum

* mer, the Lobsters are found near the shore,
' and thence to about six fathoms depth of
' water ; in winter, they are seldom taken in

* less than twelve or fifteen fathoms. Like

* other insects, they are much more active and
' alert in warm weather than in cold. In the

* water they can run nimbly upon their legs or
, * small claws, and if alarmed can spring tail-

* foremost, to a surprising distance, as swift as

* a bird can Hy. The fishermen can see them

* pass about thirty feet, and by the swiftness of
' their motion, suppose they may go much far-
' ther. AthencEus remarks this circumstance,

* and says, that the hicurvated Lobsters ziill

* spring with the activity of dolphins. Their

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.

eyes are raised upon moveable bases, which
enables them to see readily every way. When
frightened, they will spring from a consider-
able distance to their hold, in the rock ; and
what is not less sm'prising than true, will
throw themselves into their hold in that man-
ner, through an entrance barely sufficient for
their bodies to pass ; as is frequently seen by
the people who endeavour to take them at
Filei/ Bridge. In frosty weather, if any hap-
pen to be found near the shore, they are quite
torpid and benumbed. A sizeable Lobster is
commonly from one pound to two in weight.
There was one taken here this summer which
weighed above four, and the fishermen say
they have seen some which were of six pounds,
but these are very rare.

... '. * I am, Sir, c^t.'

I conclude with saying, that the Lobster was
well known to the antients, and that it is well
described by Ainstotle, under the name of
AcraKo; ; * that it is found as far as the Helles-
pont, and is called, at Constantinople,^ Liczuda,
and Lichuda. Tab. xi.

* Hist, an, lib. iv. c, 2.

f Belon Hist. Poisions. 357.

22 ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

2. HoMAP.vs. Cancel. Lin. Syst. 1053. Gm. Ilcrlst. Cane. ii. 84. t. 31.

Spiny. Lin. 2988. /.I.

Locusta. la Langonste. Ru7i- Pallnuius homarus. Bosc.

del. pise. 535. Hist. nat. des Crust, ii. Q2.

L. with a broad front, armed with two large
spines, and between them a smaller, guards to
the eyes, which are prominent ; antmiide longer
than body and tail, spiny at their origin ; be-
neath them two lesser; claws short, small,
smooth ; fangs small, single, hinged ; legs slen-
der and smooth ; body and thorax horrid with
spines ; tail longer than that of the common
Lobster \ on each part, above, is a white spot,
the bottoms are crooked and serrated ; the
tail-fin, partly membranaceous, partly crusta-
ceous.

Inhabits our rocky coasts ; often taken about
the promontory of Llyn., and Bar^dsey isle.

The French name of this species has been
barbarously translated into the Long-oyster.
Tab. xii.

g. Arctus. C. Lin. syst. 1053. No. 75. SquiUa lata. Rondel. 545.
Broad. Cm. Lin. 29g3. Faun. Suec. Herhst. Cane. ii. 80. t. 30.

No. 2040. /.I.

L. Avith two broad serrated plates before the
eyes ; short furcated antewKS; body and tail
flat and broad.

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.

Size of the spiny Lobster.

Found by Doctor Borlase on Careg Killas,
in Mounts-Bay. Is common to the four quar-
ters of the world.

Cancer Norvegicus. Lin. ii. 175. tah, p. 177. 4. Norvegi-

Syst. 1053. Gm. Lin.2Q8g. Herhst. Cmc. ii. 52. t. 26. cus.

Sundfiord. Pontop. Norway. f.3. - - Norway.

L. with a long spiny snout; thorax slightly
spiny ; body marked with three ridges ; claws
very long, angular, and (along the angles) spiny;
antenncE long ; legs slender, clawed ; tail long,
elegantly marked with smooth and short-haired
spaces, placed alternately.

Common length, from tip of the claws to the
end of the tail near nine inches. Tab. xiii. ji<^. 1 .

Leo. Rondel. 5^2. Ilerlst. Catic. li. 5S. i. 27. f.3. 5. Bamffius.

JjOiig-clawcd.

L. w^ith a smooth thorax, with three sharp slen-
der spines in front ; claws six inches and a half
long, slender and rough ; fangs strait ; legs weak,
bristly ; antennae slender, two inches and a half
long ; tail and body about five inches.

Taken near Bamjf. Communicated to me
by the Reverend ]Mr. Ccrdijier, and engraven
from his beautiful drawing;. Tab. xiv.

ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

6, Strigo- Cancer. Liti. SysL 1052. Gm. Ilerhst. Cane. n.4g. t.26.f. 2.

sus.
Plated.

Lin. 2984. Galathea strigosa. Bosc. ii. 87,

L. M'ith a pyramidal spiny snout ; thorax ele-
gantly plated; each plate marked near its junc-
tion with short st?'ice ; claws much longer than
the body, thick, echinated, and tuberculated ;
the upper fang trifid ; has three pairs of legs,
spiny on their sides, and one pair much smaller;
tail broad.

The largest of this species is about six inches
long.

Inhabits the coasts of Anglesey ; under stones
and fiici. Very active. If taken, slaps its tail
against the body with much violence and noise.
Tab. XV,

7. AsTACus. Cancer. Lin. Sijst. 1051. Ilerht. Cane. u. 38. t. 23. f.g.
Craw-Jish. Q,n, Lin. 2985. Ast. fluviat. Bosc. ii. 62.

L. with a projecting snout slightly serrated on
the sides ; a smooth thorax ; back smooth, with
two small spines on each side ; claws large, be-
set with small tubercles ; two first pair of legs
clawed ; the two next subulated ; tail consists
of five joints; the caudal fins rounded.

Inhabit many of the rivers of England ;
lodged in holes, which they form in the clayey

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. . U

banks. Cardan says that this species is a sign
of the goodness of water ; for in the best water,
they are boiled into the reddest color. * Tab.
xvi./o-. 1.

Squilla Cfangon. Rondel. 547. Squilla fusca. Baster, ii. 30. 8. Squilla.
Cancer Squilla. Lin. Syst. ial.in.fg.5. Prawn.

1031. Gm. Lin. 2988. Squilla Gibba. Rondel. 5 Ag.

Faun. Suec. No. 2037- C. Squilla. Herhst. Cane. ii.
Squilla Batava. Seh. Mus. iii. 55. t. 21. f. 1.

p. 55. tah.-x.yii. Jig. Q. 10. Astacus serratus. Br. Zool.

iv. 19. ...

; fe;;3i i:' I:-- ■' ■.-_-- -■■■■■ ■ ■■ •■ -

L. with a long serrated snout bending upwards ;
three pair of very long filiform feelers ; claws
small, furnished with two fangs ; smooth tho-
rax; five joints to the tail; middle caudal fin
subulated ; two outmost flat and rounded.

Frequent in several shores, amidst loose
stones ; sometimes found at sea, and taken on
the surface over thirty fathoms depth of water ;
cinereous when fresh; of a fine red when
boiled. Tab. x\ii. Jig. 1.

Astacus Squilla. Br. Zool. iv. 19. 9. Albes-

cens.

L. with a snout like the prawn, but deeper and if'^/'ife.
thinner ; and feelers longer in proportion to the
bulk; the sub-caudal fins rather larger ; is at full
growth not above half the size of the former.

* Quoted by P/o/. Hist. St affords. \Sb.

36

ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

Inhabits the coasts of Kent; is sold in Lo?!-
do7i under the name of the white shrimp, as it
assumes that color when boiled.

iO. Cram- Cancer Crangon. Lin. Syst.

GON. JQ32. Cm. Lin. SQSy.

Shnmp. ., .„ . -r, „

bquilla marina Jiatava. Baster.

ii. 27. tal. in. Jig. 1. 11.

RcBsel i?isect. iii. tal. Ixiil.
Herlst. Cunc. ii. 75- ^. 2|

/. 3. 4.
Crangon vulg. Bosc. ii. 96.

L. with long slender feelers, and between them
two thin projecting lamincB ; claws with a single
hooked moveable fang ; three pair of legs ;
seven joints in the tail ; the middle caudal fin
subulated; the four others rounded and fring-
ed ; a spine on the exterior side of each of the
outmost.

Inhabits the sandy shores of Britain, in vast
quantities. The most delicious of the genus.
Tab. xvi. Jig. 2.

11. LiNEA- Cancer. Lin. Sysf. 1056} J^S-^-

^is- Lesser garnel or shrimp. Mar- Herhst. Cane. ii. 142.

■^"^^'^'"' tens Spitzherg. 115. (al. P. f.Q.A. 10. B.

t. 26.

L. with long slender claws, placed very near the
head, with a slender body, and six legs on
each side ; is about half an inch long.

Found in the sand, on the shore oi Flint -
shire; is very frequent in Spitzbergen. Tab,
xvii. f.g. 2.

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. - 27

Soiverly Brit. Misc. 47. t. 23. ' 12. SpiNUS.

Spine-Lacked,

*L. with four antenncE above half the length of
the body; thorax with a serrated ridge, and
a tooth on each side of it ; third joint of the
body with a spine ; caudal fins five, the mid-
dle one subulate, the others oblong-oval, cili-
ated at the edges ; length about one inch and
three quarters.

Found among oysters on the Scottish coast.

xi

Lin. Tr. vii. 66. t. 6.f. 3. Merum anlmalculum In coral- 13. Phasma*

C. linearis. Gm. Lin. SggS. linis, &c. Baster. i. 43. tah. P^^^^ntom.

C. Atomos, Lin. Syst. 1056. 4.^g. 11.

Br, Zool. i\.p.2l. t. xii.y.

32.

*L. with four antemicE, the upper pair of near- ^
ly the length of the body, the other pair half
that length, with two unequal pairs of cheliform
palpi, or feelers ; two large imperfect claws,
and six legs j body slender of six joints, the first
joint armed with two spines, the second joint,
and the head, with one spine each, all pointing
forwards. Color olive-green. Length three
quarters of an inch. Tab. xiii, Jig, 2.

28 ASTACUS. LOBSTER, Class V.

14. LocnsTA. C. Locusta. Gm. Lin. 2992, Oniscus Gammarellus. Pal-
Looiisi. p^^^^ g^^^^ 2Q^2. las Misc. ZooL t. 14./. 25.

Linn. Tr. ix. Q2. lab. 4. Jig. 1.

*h. with four rather short antennce, one pair
about one third part longer than the other;
body of fourteen joints, very smooth ; on each
of the three last joints of the body is a small
fasciculus of spines ; claws four, imperfect ; legs
ten, the four anterior, smaller; caudal fins
five, subulate ; color sandy ; length about an
inch.

Common on most of our shores.

15. PuLEX. C. Lin. Syst. 1055. "No. 81. Herlst. Cane. ii. 130. t. 36.
^^^'^^' Gm. Lin. 2992. f.i.5.

Linn. Tr. ix. 93. t. 4,/. 2.

L. with five pair of legs, and two pair of claws
imperfect ; with twelve joints in the body.

Very common in fountains and rivulets;
swims swiftly in an incurvated posture on its
back ; embraces and protects its young between
the legs ; does not leap.

* Resembles much the C. Locusta; is about
half its length ; wants the fasciculi of spines ;
the color paler, and sometimes tinged with
green.

Class V. ASTACUS.

LOBSTER.

^

C. saltator. Linn. Tr. ix. g4.

t. 4./. 3.
Oniscus Locusta. Pallas Misc.

Zool. t. 14. /. 15.

Rcesel Insect, iii. tah. 62.
C. Locusta. Br. Zool. iv. 21.
Herlst. Cane. ii. 127- t- 36.
/.I.

I6. Salta.

TOR.

Active.

*L. with two large antenncE of about equal
length with the body, the foremost half ciliated
at the joint, and two others minute ; body ob-
long, compressed, very smooth, of twelve joints;
eyes reticulated ; legs twelve, the foremost pair
very small ; length about three quarters of an
inch ; color sandy.

The most common on all our sandy shores.

Cancer. Lin.Syst.lObQ. Gm. Herhst. Catic. ii. 145. 17. Salinds,

Lin. 2993. ^^^^'

L. with jointed body; hands without claws;
antenncE shorter than the body ; ten pair of legs ;
tail filiform, subulated ; very minute.

Discovered by Doctor Maty in the salt pans
at Lymington.

Cancer. Lin. Syst. 1056. Gm. Herhst. Cane. ii. 121. t. 35. 18. Stagna-

im. 2993. /• 8-— 10. i-^s.

Shaw in Linn. Tr. i. 103. t. g.

L. with jointed body; legs eleven on each side;
tail bifid; head of the male armed with two
singular fangs.

gQ ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

Inhabits the crannies of rocks, in fresh
waters ; suspected by Linnctus to be the larva
of an Ephemera.

[Accurately described by Dr. Sliaxv. Ed.

IQ. Mantis. C Lin. Syst. 1034. No. 76. Gm. Lin. 2gg0.

Mantis.

L. with short antemice ; short thorax\ and two
pinnated substances on each side ; three pair of
claws with hairy ends ; the body long, divided
by eight segments ; two fins on each side of the
tail ; tail conoid, with spines on the margin.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.

20. Bernar- Cancer. Lin. Syst. IO49. Gm. Herlst. Cane. ii. 14. t. 22.

DUS.

Hermit.

Lin. 2982. /, 6.

C. with rough claws ; the right claw is the
longer ; the legs subulated, and serrated along
the upper ridge ; the tail naked and tender, and
furnished with a hook, by which it secures it-
self in its lodging.

This species is parasitic, and inhabits the
empty cavities of turbinated shells, changing
its habitation according to its increase of growth,
from the small ?ierite, to the large whelk. Na-
ture denies it the strong covering behind, which
it has bestow^ed on others of this class, and

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. 31

therefore directs it to take refuge in the desert-
ed cases of other animals.

Aristotle describes it very exactly under the
name of Ka^Kiviov. * By the moderns it is call-
ed the hermit, from retiring into a cell. Tab.
xviii.

Linn. Tr. ix. 88. i. 3./. 1, 2. gi. Subter-

RANEUS.

*L. with one pair of antenn<£, of the length of ^^^^^''''^'^^^
the body, and a second pair between them,
short and bifid ; body long, smooth, of six seg-
ments ; one claw very large, sometimes ex-
ceeding the body in size, compressed; legs
eight ; caudal fins seven, the middle one point-
ed, the others broad and rounded.

Length about two inches. Color different
shades of yellow.

- Linn. Tr. ix. 89. t.3.f.5. 22. Stella-

TUS.

*L. with a trifid serrated snout, and one pair Star-spotted.
of antennce of the length of the body, and a
second pair short and bifid ; the body is linear,
of six smooth joints, anterior part of the thorax
spinous J claws rather broad, imperfect, legs
eight J caudal fins five, the middle one bifid.
Length about two inches. Color sandy.

* RiU. an. lib, iv. c. 4. lih. r. c, 15.

32 ASTACUS. LOBSTER, Class V*

23. MuLTi- Miiller Zool. Dan. ii. 34. /. 66. Linn. Tr. ix. gO. t. 5./. 3^

I'ES.

any-joo e . ^.^^ ^^j^j^ ^^^^^ antmuce of about the length of
the thorax, the middle pair bifid ; no snout of
claws ; body slender, of seven joints ; legs very
small, fourteen on each side ; caudal fins five,
the middle one bifid, the interior margins of
the others ciliated. Length one inch.

24. GiBBO- Linn.Tr.v£..^\.t.b.f.A.

sus.
Jnciirvnled. ^(.r • i t i i

*L. with a direct, compressed, serrated snout,
with two antenncB of about the length of the
body, another pair short and bifid ; body slen-
der of six joints, the third joint somewhat
elongated and curved. Color red. Length
about an inch.

25. LuTO- Linn. Tr. ix. gfi. t. 4./. 4. Baster. op. suhs. ii. 31. t. 3./. 7. 8.

REUS.

*L. with one (the lower) pair of ante?2na of
about half the length of the body, and another
pair very short; the body very smooth, com-
pressed, of twelve joints ; claws two, large,
flat, ovate, imperfect ; caudal fins slenderer
and shorter than those of C. Salt at or ; legs
ten, the two foremost pairs much the smaller.
Length about an inch. Color sandy.

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. SS

Lm.Tr.iK.g7.t.4.f.5. .-.v!', j'r 26. Grossi-

MANUS.

*L. with one (the higher) pair of anteJincE the handed.
longer, but somewhat shorter than the body,
which is slender, compressed, smooth, of
eleven joints ; claws four, imperfect, the se-
cond pair larger, ciliated ; legs ten^ the four
foremost much smaller; caudal fins five, fork-
ed. Length about half an inch. Color sandy.

ijw. Tr. ix. 98. #. 4./. 6. 27- Talpa.

■ ' Mole-handed.

^ L. Avith four, rather short antenncE, all ci-
liated at the ends, the outward pair double the
length of the inner; body slightly depressed,
of numerous joints, (about twenty) ; the hinder
. part contracted, much ciliated, and terminated
with two long setiform appendages tufted with
hairs ; claws four, the first pair perfect, the
second broad, fiat, and toothed around Avith
spines; legs ten, slender, the two hindmost
pairs very hirsute. Length about four lines.
Color pale sandy.

Lin. Tr. IX. 99. t. o.f. 1. 28. RuBRl-

* L. with four antennce, the higher pair nearly
the length of the body, the foremost joints of

VOL. IV. D

CATUS.

Reddish.

34 ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

all ciliated ; body slender, compressed, smooth,
of twelve joints ; claws, two pairs of equal
size, imperfect ; legs ten ; caudal fins two pairs,
ends forked. Length half an inch. Color
reddish.

Sg. Falca- Li7i. Tr. ix. 100./. 5./. 2.

TUS.

Hooh-fanged. * ^ ^^,jj.j^ ^^^^, cmteuncE ciliated beneath ; body
slender, smooth, compressed, of twelve joints ;
claws, two pairs of very unequal size, imper-
fect, the second pair the larger, and spinous at
the edges ; legs ten, the two anterior pairs very
minute. Caudal fins three pairs, subulate.
Color varied crimson. Length half an inch.

30. Rhom- Li7i. Tr. vii. Qb. i. 6./. 1.

BOIDALIS.

RhomlwidaL .^ j^ ^^j^j^ ^^^^ aiitowcE not twicc the length of
the snout ; front broad, contracted into a
strait subulate snout ; eyes remarkably pro-
minent and reticulated ; thorax somewhat ob-
tusely quadrangular, with five large tubercles ;
claws two, equal, perfect, rather large 3 legs
eight, subulate, with a spine beneath on the
first joint of each. Color olive green. Length
a quarter of an inch.

Found among sertulari(E,

Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. 35

Lin. Tr. y'll 65. t. 6./. 2. SI.Maxil-

LARIS.

* L. with four short aiitenna; front concave, ^^^(^hh^f-'^'^-
armed with two transverse denticulated incLv-
nice (or jaws); body oblong, of six joints,
about twice its diameter in length ; legs ten,
subulate, uniform. Color brown. Length one-
fourth of an inch. - ,

Lin. Tr. vii. (jy. t. O.f. 4. 32. Palma-

TUS.

* L. with four antenna, somewhat unequal, ^'«^-^'«"'^^^-
and shorter than the body ; one pair of large
imperfect claws, and six strong legs ; body
compressed, of thirteen joints ; caudal fins

two pairs, subulate. Color yellowish green.
Length three-eighths of an inch.

Lin.Tr.Vn.lO. t. Q.f. 5. C.Esca. Gm, Lin. 2gg3.} 33. ScOR-

PIOIDES.

* L. with a body somewhat oval, much com- ^ZueT'
pressed, of three joints : tail subulate, of eight
articulations ; caudal fins, two, subulate. A
description of the head and concomitant parts
cannot be given, as the unique subject was
mutilated. Length quarter of an inch.

D 2

ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.

34. Articu- Lin. Tr. vii. 70. t. 6.f. 6.

LOSUS,

Jointed.

* L. with two unequal pairs of rather short
antennce ; claws two pairs, of a very singular
construction. Legs ten ; body compressed of
ten joints; caudal fins flat, slender. Length
half an inch.'j"

\ The numerous additions to this genus were principally dis-
covered by Mr. Montagu on the south coast of Devonshire. Ed.

Class V. ONISCUS. 37

GENUS III. ONISCUS.

Jaw truncated, denticulated.

Lip bifid.

Feelers unequal, hinder the longest.

Antenna setaceous.

Body oval.

Feet fourteen.

Gm. Lin, 3010. ' Idotea Psora. Bosc. Hist, des 1. Psora.

Crust, ii. 80. ^"^"'fy-

[O. WITH the abdomen smooth underneath ;
tail semi-ovalj sharp pointed. Tab. xix.Jig. 1.

Gtn. Lin. 30U.? Pallas spic. Zool. ix. 68. t. 4.2. Linearis.

. ! vc 1 « * 1 r, - --^ Dentate-

f-^'-*^^' tailed.

[O. with a sub-semicylindrical body ; head slen-
derer ; exterior antemice less than the length
of half the body, the intermediate very small ;
color brownish, with a paler stripe down the
back. Tab. xix, Jig.^. ' •

3. Marinus. Gm. Lin. 3011.

Semicylin- q balthicus. Pallas spic. B. C. D

dric.

ONISCUS. Class V.

Zool. ix. m. t. 4. /. 6. A.

[O- with an hard subcylindrical body ; tail ovate-
oblong pointed ; length not exceeding an inch.
Tab. xix. Jig. 3.

4. OcEANi- Gm. Li7i. 3012. Ligia oceanicus. Bosc. Hist,

T../ff--f J des Crust, ii. IQO.

Bijid-taued.

[O. with a body of an oval form, tail bifid, each
division also bifid. Tab. xix. Jig. 4.

5. Entomok. Gm. Lin. 3010. Pallas spic. Zool. ix. 64. t. 6.

Feur-feelered. Asellus marinus, cornubiensis /. 1— 6.

alius. Rati ins. 43. Idotea entomon. Bosc. ii. 178.

[O. with an hard ovate body, growing slenderer
towards the tail ; tail oblong, of three hard im-
bricated pointed scales above, and one blunt
beneath; antenme four; color a dirty white,
inclining to cinereous on the back ; length more
than two inches. Tab. xix. Jig. 5.

6. tEsTRUM. Gm. Lin. 3010. /. 13.

' " " ' Pallas spic. Zoel. ix. 74. t. 4. Idotea oestrum. Bosc. ii. 179-

[O. with a thick, oblong, softish body, becoming
broader towards the tail ; the abdomen covered

Class V. ONISCUS.

with six membranaceous, transversely striated
scales or plates. Tab. xix. Jig. 6.

Gm. Lin. 300g. t. 4. /. 12. 7, Asilus.

Pallas, spic. Zool. ix, 71- Gronov. Zooph. 997, Two-plated.

[O. with an hard convex body j head narrower;
tail semi-oval ; abdomen of the female covered
with two or three lammce, which conceal the
eggs; color of the back blackish brown.

This insect is found throughout the vast ex-
tent of the eastern and western oceans, in the
mediterranean and the northern seas, and in-
fests all the softer species of fish.

Pellet.

Pallas spic. Zool. ix. 7O. t. 4. /. 18. 18.* 8. Globa-

TOR.

[O. much resembling the preceding species, but
smaller; rolls itself like the land species, the O.
Armadillo.

Adams in Lin. Tr. v. /. 8. /". 3, 4. n. Bidenta-

TUS.

[O. with seven scales, the last bidentate ; abdo- ^'""^^'^•
men without plates ; upper side marked with
six transverse rows of ochreous spots ; length
half an inch. Observed in Milford Haven.

40 ONISCUS. Class V.

10. HiRsu- Moni. In Lin. Ti\ vii. 71- f-6.f. 7-

TUS.

Hirsute,

[O. with an oval body, having six convex hirsute
joints, independent of the head and posterior
plate ; the latter large, convex, rounded at the
end, furnished on each side with a long serrated
fin ; legs eight, provided with double claw^s ;
color variable bro^vn ; length one eighth of an
inch,

11. Cylin- Mont. In Lin. Tr. vii. 71. t. 0'. f. 8,

DRACEUS.

[O. with a smooth, glossy, cylindric, and very
convex body ; central caudal fin subovate, Avith
' two small lateral ones on each side; cmteimce
four, of unequal size ; feet fourteen, armed with
a single claw ; color pale yellow, clouded with
cinereous ; length an inch, breadth less than a
quarter of an incl I. Ed.

12. Testu- Monl. In Lin. Tr. ix. 10^. t. 5. f. 5.

DO.

Torloise,

* O. subovate, of eight joints, ridged along the
back, the four first large, concealing the anterior
legs. Front emarginate ; antenna four, short ;
tail obtuse. Color dull red. Length two lines.

Class V. ONISCUS.

.rj.

Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 103. t. v. /. 6.

* O. slender, subcylindric, of eight joints ; tail
of five truncated divisions ; antenna: four, short ;
the anterior pair of legs considerably the largest ;
color pale, clouded with rufous. Length five
lines. ' ';"-- ' ' ' .'. ' *

. ' - Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 103. t. iii. /. 3, 4.

* O. body obovate, distorted, of about fourteen
indistinct joints, the eight foremost terminated,
at the ends, each with an oar-like cifv^us, the
six posterior joints have also aVn, branched at
the ends into fasciculi or tufts. The female,
like others of this genus, has large abdominal
valves to protect the eggs, which in this are
very numerous, and of a pale orange color.
Color orange. Length scarcely half an inch.
Inhabits the thorax of Cancer subterraneus.

13. Graci-
lis.
Slender.

14. Thora-
cicus.

Thoracic.

Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 104.

* O. body ovate, distorted, of thirteen joints,
forming as many scallops at the sides. Color
pale greenish. This is likewise a parasitic spe-
cies, inhabiting the same part of the prawn as
the former of C. mbterraneiis ; the distortion of

15. Squil-

LARUM.

Prawn-tho-
racic,

42 ONISCUS. Class V.

each is occasioned by tlieir confined liabitation.
Length rarely half an inch.

16. LoNGi- Sowerly Br. Misc. 31. /. xv.

CORNIS.

ong- orne . ^ q body of ten segments, the fourth as long as
six others ; antennce of five joints ; the eight
fore legs hairy on the inside, the others smooth.
Eves black. Taken near Inch-Keith*

Class V. PHALANGIUM. 43

f')f> GENUS IV. PHALANGIUM.

* Mouth with two filiform palpi.
Mandibles horny, the second joint cheliform,

with a moveable acute tooth.
Antenna none. (Milller says Antennce pe-

difhrmes.J •

Eyes four.
Feet eight.
Abdomen generally rounded.

Gm. Lm.2g4,2. ' ' "' 1. Bal^na-

RUM.

male.

* P. With two palpi; snout projecting, su-
bulate; abdomen dilated, spiny.
Tab. xix. Jig, 7.

Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 100. t. v. f. 7. g. Spino-

SUM.

Riifous-

* P. body linear, of five segments, snout long, hrotvn.
cylindric, deflected ; no feelers ; legs long, slen-
der, spinous. Color rufous brown. Length of
the body one quarter of an inch.

44 PHALANGIUM. Class V.

3. AcuLEA- Moiit. in Lin. Tr. ix. 101. t. v. /. 8.

TUM.

Busky-hlacL ^ ^ y^^^^ jj^^^^^, ^^ ^^^ Segments ; snout cylin-
dric, tubular, deflected ; feelers four, the upper
pair cheliform, the others minute ; legs longer
in proportion than those of the preceding spe-
cies, slender and spinous. Color dusky black.
Less than the last.

4. HiR3U- Lin. Tr. v. 7. t. ii. /. 1, 2.

TUM.

«"i/- * p_ body oval, flat, v/ith ten angles, marked
with a transverse band near the middle; the
projecting part of the head serrated on the inte-
rior side ; feet bristly ; tail cylindrical, obtuse.
Color pale brown. Length one third of an
inch. Milford Haven.

5_ Gros- Lin. Tr. ii. 357- Gm. Lin. 2942.

SIPES.

Large-footed. ^ ^ ^^-^j^ ^^^^, palpi; body filiform, cylindric;
shoulders tuberculated ; feet about six times
the length of the body. Color a dull red.
Found in Aiiglesey and Milfor-d Ka*ven, -

CLASS VI.

VERMES.

WORMS.

DIV. I. INTESTINAL.
II. MOLLUSCA.
III. TESTACEOUS.

CLASS VI.

VERMES.

WORMS.

MlHI CONTUENTl SESE PERSUASIT RERUM NATURa, NIHIL
INCREDIBILE EXISTIMARE DE EA.

Plinii lib. xi. c. 3.

»oLOW, soft, expanding, tenacious of life,
sometimes capable of being new formed from
a part j the enliveners of wet places ; without
head or feet; hermaphroditical ; to be distin-
guished by their feelers.

Not improperly called by the antients, im-
perfect animals ; being destitute of head, ears,
nose, and feet, and for the most part of eyes ;
most different from insects; from which Lint-
N^us has long since removed these works of
Nature.

They may be divided into Intestixal,

4S WORMS. Class VI.

Soft or Mollusca,* Testaceous, Litiio-
PHYTEs, and Zoophytes.

The Intestinal (heretofore styled the
earthly) perforate all things by help of the
great simplicity of their form. The Gordius
pierces the clay, that the water may perco-
late; the LuMBRicus, the common soil, least
it should want moisture; the Teredo, wood,
to promote its decay. In like manner, Pho-
LADEs, and some sorts of mussels, penetrate
even rocks, to effect their dissolution.

The Mollusc A are naked, furnished with
arms ; for the most part wander through the
vast tract of ocean; by their phosphoreous
quality illuminate the dark abyss, reflecting
lights to the heavens ; thus what is below
corresponds with the lights above.

These Mollusca often become the inhabitants
of testaceous calcareous covers, which they
carry about with them, and often they them-
selves penetrate calcareous bodies ; like in-
sects, are multiplied into infinite variety; and
exhibit, both in form and colors, splendid

* Mollusca signifies a tribe of animals which are so called
as being soft or fleshy, and are destitute of any bones, those in-
ternal/w/cra or props to the muscles of other animals, — Quadru-
peds, Birds, Fishes, or Reptiles. H. D.

Class VI. WORMS. 49

examples of the excelling powers of the all-
mighty Artificer. Nor are they without their
uses ; several species afford a delicious and
nourishing nutriment. The healing art calls
in the snail in consumptive cases; and the
shells calcined are of known efficacy in stub-
born acidities. Shells are the great manure
of lands in many parts of these kingdoms.
The pearls of Great Britain have been cele-
brated from the time of Cofsar.

vol.. IV.

50

CLASS VL

VERMES.

WORMS.

Div. 1. INTESTINAL.

GENUS I. ASCARIS.
Body slender, filiform, attenuated at each end.

1. Vermicu- Ascaris. Lin. Syst. IO76. Gm. Lin, 302g.

LARIS.

enmcu ar, ^g^^ wi\h faint annular riigce ; thicker at one
end than the other ; mouth transverse.

Inhabits, according to Linnaus, boggy places,
and under the roots of decayed plants ; found
in the rectum of children and horses ; often
observed in the dung of the last ; emaciates
children greatly ; is sometimes vomited up.

Marina. Gm. Lin. 3035. Gordius marinus. Lin. Syst. 1075.

Marine.

Asc. filiform, twisted spirally and lying flat.

Class VI. ASCARIS. . i. 51

Common in the intestines of the herring and
other sea-fish. Aristotle* remarks that the
Balleriis and Tillo are infested in the dog-days \

with a worm that torments them so much,
that they rise to the top of the water, where the
heat destroys them. Bleaks are observed to
rise at certain seasons to the surface, and tum-
ble about for a considerable space, in seeming
agonies. I suspect them to be affected in the
same manner with those Aristotelian fish. Tab.
XKi.Jig, 1.

Ascarls. Lin. Sysf. IO76. Gm. Lin. 302g. 3. Lumbri-

COIDES.

Asc. with a slender body, subulated at each
end ; but the tail triangular ; grows to the
length of nine inches; viviparous; and pro-
duces vast numbers.

Inhabits the human intestines. ">

Turton Br. Faun. 125. Rediopusc. iil. t. 17. J". 3. 4. Canis.

[Asc. with head flattened, winged on each side
with a membrane ; tail pointed.
In the intestines of a dog.

* Hist, an. lib. viil. c. 20.

E 2

52 ASCARIS. Class VI.

5. FeLIS. " Turton Bi\ Faun. 125. Itedi an. viv. in an. viv. t. 13. J". 8.

[Asc. head with a greyish white oblong vesicle
on each side, which is obtuse and pellucid on
the hind part.
In the cat,

6. Cati. Turton Br. Faun. 125. Goeze Eingew. 80.

[Asc. head without the oblong vesicles on each
side.

In the intestines of the cat.

7. Equi. 'Tu/fon Br. Faun. 125. Goeze Eingao. 6'2- t. 1./. 1—3.

[Asc. with a whitish cylindrical taper body,
sometimes a foot and an half in length, and
as thick as a man's little finger; often marked
with brown patches.
In the horse.

8. CaRbonis. Turton Br. Faun. 125. Lin. Tr. v. 24.

[Asc. with a yellowish-brown body, coiled up
into a ball or mass.

In the crop of the common Corvorant and of
the Shag.

Class VI. ASCARIS. i$

Turio7i Br. Faun. 126. p. Lacus-

TRIS.

[Asc. body lying flat, spirally twisted, tapering
at both extremities.

Found in the intestines of the Stickleback
and liver of the Pike. Ed,

TRICOCEPHALUS. Class VI.

GENUS II. TRICOCEPHALUS.

Body round, variously twisted, thickest in front.

furnished with a slender proboscis.
Tail long, capillary, tapering to a point.

1, HoMlNiS Ttirton Br. Faun. 126. Lond. Med. Soc. v. i. 3.

[Tr. body of a pale color, crenate above, smooth
underneath, two inches long ; head obtuse, fur-
nished w ith a proboscis, which it can protrude
and draw in at pleasure; tail or thinner part
twice the length of the body.
In the human intestines.

2. Equi. Tnrton Br. Faun. 126. Gozee Eingev. l\8. t. 6./. 8»

[Tr. resembles the last, but rather longer.
In the intestines of the horse. Ed.

Class VI. FILARIA. 53

GENUS m. FILARIA.

Body round, filiform, smooth, of equal thick-
ness.
Mouth dilated, with a roundish concave lip.

Gm. Lin. 3040. Ph. Tr. Air. il 774. 1. Scara-

Turton Br. Faun. 126. b^i.

[Found in the Scarabceus Jimetarius.

Mart'm Lister says that he took three, out of
the belly of one beetle, of a dark hair color,
with whitish bellies, somewhat thicker than
hog's bristles ; and one out of another beetle
which was of a lighter color and measured
five inches and an half.

Gm. Lin. 3040. Turlon Br. Faun. 126, 2. Carabi.

Found in one of the species of Carabus,
Ed.

56 LIGULA. Class VL

GENUS IV. LIGULA.

Body long, slender, flattened, with a visible

groove on each side.
Mouth or vent : none apparent.

1. Abdomi= Ligula. Gm. Lin. 3042. 1078. Fauji. Suec. No,

NALis. Fasciola intestinalis. £r. Zoo/. 2076.

Abdominal. . ^ t - ^ ■, ■ , ■

,/; IV. c>5. Lin. oyst. ea. vi. 70- taO. v».

Fasciola intestinalis. Lin. SysL y "• 1 .

L. with a long slender body, if extended ; when
contracted, of a sub-oval fonn.

Inhabits the intestines of fresh-water fish
discovered in breams and sticklebacks.

Class VI. ECHINORINCHUS. 57.

GENUS V. ECHINORINCHUS.

Body long, cylindrical.

Mouth with a cylindrical retractile proboscis,
crowned with hooked prickles.

TurtonBr. Faun. 126. Mull. Zoo!. Dan. i. iSQ. f. I.Candidus.

37./. 7. 10.

[EcH. body about three inches long, pale opake,
varying in color, slightly wrinkled. Ed.*

• Animals of this genus are found in the intestines of quadru-
peds, birds, and fishes, but never in those of men. Forty-eight
species are enumerated by Midler and some northern naturalists.
Ed.

58 FASCIOLA. FLUKE. Class VI.

GENUS VI. FASCIOLA. FLUKE.

Body oblong; a pore or sucker at the extre-
mity, and another on the belly.

1. Hei'A- Fasciola. Lin. Syst. 1077. Rcesel. app. iah. xxxli. ^. 5.
TicA. Gm. Liti. 3053. Faun. Suec. Borlase Nat. Hist. Corn-

Liver. No. 2075. Jmcen. Acad. wall, tab. xx. Jig. \0.

F. with an ovated body, a little sharper on
the fore part; in the centre is a white spot,
with a line of the same color passing towards
each extremity.

Infests the livers of sheep and hares.

2. Trachea. Montagu in Me7n. TFern. Soc. 1Q4. t. 7./. 4.

Poultry.

[F. with a round body, acuminated at the pos-
terior end ; a large arm or stalk extends from
the side, and terminates in an aperture, used
as a sucker, by which it adheres to the trachea ;
color red ; length about an inch ; breadth not
half a line.

Found in the trachea of poultry, and pro-
bably of partridges and pheasants, occasioning
the complaint called in De^comhirCy the GapeSj

Class VI. FASCIOLA. FLUKE. 6g

and which prevails in other parts of the king-
dom ; cured in America, where it is also known,
by introducing a feather into the mouth and
throat of the bird, and twisting it round, by
which means the animal is entangled and with-
drawn. Ed.

60 • T.^NIA. TAPEWORM. Class VL

GENUS VII. T^NIA. TAPEWORM.

Body flat, composed of numerous joints.
Head, with four orifices for suction below the

mouth.
Mouth terminal, generally crowned with a

double series of retractile hooks.

* Mouth armed ; body with a vesicle behind.

1. Viscera- Turlon Br. Faun. 126. Ph. Tr. xliii. 305. f. 1 — 8.

LIS.

[T/E. Pea shaped, inclosed in a vesicle, broad on
the fore part, jointed behind.

In the liver, placenta, &c. of mankind.

2. Cellu- Ticrton Br. Faun. 126. Werner verm. int. 2. t. \,f. 1 — 8.
LOSA.

[TyE. solitary inclosed in cartilaginous vesicle
and two tailed tunic.

In the cellular covering of the human mus-
cles.

** iMouth armed ; body without the terminal
vesicle.

3. Solium. Titrton Br. Faun. 12?. Carlisle in Lin. Tr. ii. 250. tah. 25.

[T^. with long, narrovr articulations, and mar-
ginal mouths, one on each joint, generally alter-

Class VI. T^NIA. TAPEWORM. Qi

nate, by which it attaches itself to the intes-
tines. Grows from the length of three to
sixty feet.

Found in the human intestines.

Mr. Carlisle states, that the natives of En-
glcmd have this species and rarely any other,
while those of Switzerkmd have the Tania
lata, &c.

Turton Br. Faun. 127- Shaw Nat. Misc. t. 241. 4. Vulgaris.

[T^. with short and broader articulations, and a
mouth in the centre of each ; the body tapering
to each end ; tail ending in a rounded joint ;
length from three to fifteen feet.
In the human intestines.

Turton Br. Faun. 127- Lin. Tr. il. t. 25./. g. 11. 5. Cateni-

FORMIS.

[T^. with oblong-elliptic articulations and single
marginal mouths.

Resembles the Tee. solium, but the mouths
are mostly opposite.

In the intestines of the dos; and cat.

Turton Br. Faun. 127- Goeze Eingew. t. 20. a. J'. 1 — 5. 6. Cerebra-

LIS.

[T^. with a body not larger than a grain of
sand, armed on the head with from thirty to

T^NIA. TAPEWORM. Class VI.

forty hooks; several, united at the base to a
large common vesicle, affix themselves to the
brain or its coats, and occasion the disease in"
sheep known by the name of Duni or rickets.

\* Mouth unarmed.

7. Lata. TurtonBr. Faun. 127. Carlisle in Lin. Tr. ii. /. 25.

/. 12—14.

[Tji.. with very short broad joints, knotty in the
middle ; a single central mouth in each ; color
white ; length from eighteen to one hundred
and twenty feet.

In the human intestines.

8. OviNA. Turton Br. Faun. 127- Carlisle in Lin. Tr. ii. p. 25.

/. 15, 16.

[T^. with very short and narrow joints rounded
at the ends ; the lateral vesicle pellucid, distinct,
with double marginal lateral mouths. Ed.

Class VI. LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM. 63

GENUS VIII. LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM.

Body slender annulated, furnished with lateral

pores.
Mouth simple, nearly terminal.

Lumbricus. Lin. Syst. IO76.

Faun. Suec. No, 2073.

1. Terres

Gm. Lin. 3083.

Raii insect. 1 .

TRIS.

Earth.

L. with a hundred and forty rings ; head taper ;
mouth, at the end, round ; fore part of the
worm cylindric, the rest depressed ; at about
one third of its length is a prominent annulated
belt ; on each side of the belly a row of minute
spines, distinguishable only by the touch, as-
sistant in motion. Tab. xx. Jig. 1.

A variety only of the former ; excepting in (a.) Minor.
size, resembling it. Raii insect. 2.

Inhabits the common soil, and by perforat-
ing, renders it apt to receive the rain ; devours
the cotyledons of plants, or part of the seed that
vegetates ; comes out at night to copulate ; is
the food of moles, hedge-hogs, birds, &c. In
English, the Dew or Lobworm. Tab. xx.

64 LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM, Class VI.

(B.) Intesti- Inhabits the lesser intestmes of the human
Intestinal, species, chiefly of children ; does not differ in
the lest from the former kinds.

Marinus. L. marinas. Lhi. Sijst. IO77. Annicole. Bnsc. Hist. nat.

■^''^- Gm. Lin. 3084. Fwan. des Vers. i. 161.

Suec. No. 2074. Belon aq. Nereide lumbricride. Pallas

444. , in nov. act. Petrop. ii. tab.

L. with round mouth, and circular body annu-
lated with rreater and lesser rings : the first
prominent ; on each of them are two tufts of
short bristles placed opposite; the tail-part is
smooth ; elegant ramifications are observed to
issue from anions the tufts in the livin^ worm:
is soft and full of blood.

Inhabits sandy shores, burying itself deep ;
but its place distinguishable by a little rising,
with an aperture on the surface ; of great use as
a bait for fish. Tab. xx. J/'g. 3.

3. Thalas- Turton Br. Faun. 128. Thalasscmc des rocliers. Bosc.

Spicil. Zool. t. \. f. 6.

[L. with a striated body of a dirty red with
shining red spots, grey beneath, thicker at one

Class VI. LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM.

end, rather pointed at the other ; mouth placed
above with a saffron funnel.

Found on the shores of Cormvall.

Turton Br. Faun. 128. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. xi. f. 7, 8. 4. Oxydrus.

L. with an annulated whitish-livid body, very
sharp at the hinder extremity, obtuse before,
with a cylindrical retractile proboscis.
On the Sussex coast. Ed.

VOL. IV.

66 SIPUNCULUS. TUBE-WORM. Class VL

GENUS IX. SIPUNCULUS. TUBE-JWRM.

Body slender, lengthened.

Mouth at the very end, attenuated, cylindric.

Aperture on the side of the body.

1. NxJDUS. SipuncuUis. Lhi. Sysf. lO'S. Rondel. ZoopJi. 110. Ges-

Naked. ^^^_ ^.^^_ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^_ ^^^^^

Vermis macrorhynchopterus. Syrinx. Bohedsch. marin. Q3.

taV. vii. Jig. Q. 7.

S. with a cylindric extended mouth, lacini-
ated round the inner edges ; body rounded,
taper, at the end globose; about eight inches
long; aperture at the side, a little below the
mouth. Tab. xxi. Jig. 2.* 2.
Inhabits the sea.

g. Saccatus. Gm. Lm. 3095. Mont, in Lin. Tr. vil. 75. Gesner aq. 1026.

[S. covered with a skin not adhering close to the
body as in the preceding species.

This animal, which was supposed to be ex-
clusively a native of the American and Indian
seas, has been found by Mr. Martin at Teigji-
mouth.

Class VI. SIPUNCULUS. TUBE-WORM. 6?

Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 74i 3. Strombus.

[S. with a body in its contracted state more
taper than cyHndric ; when extended, the an-
terior part half the size of the posterior ; mouth
surrounded with lacmice or short feelers ; body
smooth, except about the middle, which is ra-
ther verrucose ; color livid ; utmost length about
four inches ; diameter one eighth of an inch. •

The animal is parasitical, taking possession
of the old shells of Strombus Pes Pelica?iL
Ed.

f2

m PLANARIA. Class VI.

GENUS X. PLANARIA.

Body gelatinous, flattish.
Mouth terminal.
Pores two ventral.

1. Lactea, Gm. Lin. 3O9O. . Kirhy In Lin. Tr. ii. 317.

Hirudo alba.

[Pl. of an ovate form when at rest, but linear
when in motion, and is then six or eight lines in
length ; color of a delicate white, through which
appear the elegant ramifications of the viscera.

Found in slow^ streams among the Lemna
gibba.

2. FuscA. Gm. Lin. 30Q0. Hirudo nigra.

Pall. spic. Zool. X. 21. i. 1. Kirhy in Li?i. Tr. ii. 317.
/.13.

[Pl. of a deep rich black color ; circular when
at rest, when in motion, linear, and increases
from one to three lines in length.

Found on aquatic plants in slow streams.
Ed.

Class VI. HIRUDO. LEECH. ^69

GENUS XI. HIRUDO. LEECH.

Body oblong ; moves by dilating the head and
tail, and raising the body into an arched
form.

H. Lin. Syst. IO79. Gm.

Raii insect. 3.

1. Medici

Lin. 3095.

Gesner pise, 425.

NALIS.

Faun. Suec. No. 2079-

Medicinal.

L. with a brown body, marked with six yel-
low lines.

Inhabits standing waters. The best of phle-
botomists, especially in hcemorrhoids. The
practice is as old as the time of Pliny, who
gives it the apt name of Jiirudo sanguisuga.
Leeches were used instead of cupping-glasses
for persons of plethoric habits, and those who
were troubled with the gout in the feet. He
asserts, that if they left their head in the wound,
as sometimes happened, it was incurable ; and
informs us, that Messalimis, a person of consu-
lar dignity, lost his life by such an accident.*

* Lih. xxxii. c. 10.

70 HIRUDO. LEECH. Class VI.

2. Sangui- H. Lin. Syst. Gm. Lin. 30Qo. Hirudo maxime apiul nos vul-

SUGA.

Horse.

Faun. Suec. No. 2078. . garis. Raii insect. 3.

L. with a depressed body ; in the bottom of
the mouth are certain great sharp tubercles or
whitish caruncles. The slenderest part is about
the mouth ; the thickest toM'ards the tail ; the
tail itself very slender ; the belly of a yellowish
green ; the back dusky.

Inhabits standing waters.

Leeches are good barometers, when pre-
served in glasses, and predict bad weather by
their great restlessness and change of place.

1. PlSCIUM.

H. geometrica.

Gm.

Lin.

Lin. Syst. 1080. Faun. Suec

(ifonicirical.

3097.

-

No. 2083.
Rcpsel. App. tab. xxx'u.f. 1.4

L. with a filiform body ; greenish, spotted with
white; both ends dilatable, and equally tena-
cious.

Inhabits the same places ; moves as if mea-
suring like a compass, whence the name ; found
on trout and other fish, after the spawning sea-
son. Tab. xxi. Jig. 3.

Class VI. HIRUDO. LEECH. 71

H. Lin. Sysi. 1080. Gm. Lin. Himdo marina. Rondel, a- 4. ]VIuri-
3098. Faun. Suec. No. gnat. cata.

2080- Mus. Ad. Fr. i. Hirudo piscium. Baster, i.
93. ■• ^ 82. tab. X. /. 2. . ■ .

L. with a taper body ; rounded at the greater
extremity, and furnished with two small horns ;
strongly annulated, and tuberculated upon the
rings ; the tail dilated.

Inhabits the sea; adheres strongly to fish,

and leaves a black mark on the spot. Tab. xxi.

/^•4. -^^ .

Turton Br. Faun. 129- 5. Octocu-

LATA.

[L. with body elongated, yellow brown, some-
times spotted ; eight eyes in form of a crescent ;
length an inch and an half.
Inhabits stagnant waters.

Turton Br. Faun. I29. - Q, Stagna-

LIS.

[L. with elongated pellucid body, whitish with
grey dots, plaited at the sides ; eyes two ;
length nine lines.

Found in wet hollows.

72 HIRUDO. LEECH. Class VI.

7. COMPLA- ■ Tiirton Br. Faun. \2i).

NATA.

[L. with a grey dilated body, serrate at the sides,
and a double tubercled line on the back ; head
pointed, white ; eyes, six ; tail articular ; length
four lines.

Inhabits slow streams.

8. CiRCU- Turton Br. Faun. 129. Sow. Br. Misc. 76.

LANS.

[L. with an oblong body pointed towards the
head, convex above, flat beneath, of a dull
red color j sufficiently transparent to shew the
circulation of the blood ; length one inch.
Found in the Thames.

i). Crinata. Turton Br. Faun. 129. Lin. Tr. vi. 318. t. 29.

[L. with the body of tlie shape of a pear, convex
on the upper surface, flat beneath -, crenulate at
tlie sides ; color greenish grey ; length half an
inch. Inhabits shallow streams. Ed.

Class VI. GORDIUS. HAIR-WORM. -^3

GENUS XII. GORDIUS. HAIR-WORM.

Body filiform, of equal thickness, smooth.

Gordius. Lin. Syst. 1075. Vitulus aquaticus. Gesner aq. 1. Aquati-
Gm. Lin. 3082. Faun. Suec. Drap;eneau aquatique. Bosc. ^^^'

No. 2068. Hist. nat. des Vers. i. 230.

G. of a pale color, with the ends black.

Inhabits boggy places, and clay at the bot-
tom of water.

G. Lin. Syst. 1075. Gm. Lin. 3083. Faun. Suec. Ne. 206g. 2. Argilla-

CEOS.

G. of an uniform yellow color. ^^°'^'

Montagu in Lin. Tr. vii. 74. 3. Annu-

LATUS.

[G. of a garnet red color, with a pure white line
along the back, and another on each side, divid-
ed by two rows of minute white spots. Length
six or seven inches; diameter not exceeding
one line.

Taken by dredging, in old shells, and among
corallines.

74 GORDIUS. HAIR-WORM. Class VL

4. Mari- Mon/agu In Lin. Tr. vii. 72. Lineus longissimus. Sow. Br.

^^^- Sea long-worm. jBor/ase Corw- misc. f.viii.

wall. 255. i. 26. f. 13. Mem. JVern. Soc. 557-

[G. of a filiform shape, but rather decreasing
towards the extremity ; skin smooth, slimy ;
mouth small, placed beneath longitudinally ;
color dusky brown, with a tinge of green,
marked by five longitudinal lines of a paler
hue ; grows at lest to the length of thirty feet,
but possesses a singular power of expanding
and contracting itself; one about eight feet in
length, put by Mr. JMontagu in spirits, con-
tracted to one foot, but at the same time in-
creased in bulk.

This curious worm is not uncommon on the
southern coast of Deconshire ;^' the largest are
taken by dredging in old bivalve shells. Ed.

* It has also been found on the coast of Ajiglesey, under
stones, in deserted hollows formed there by crabs for their
retirement. H. D.

Class VI. LIMAX. SLUG. To

Div. II. y . r

MOLLUSC A.

Animals of a simple form, (naked) without a
shell ; furnished with members.

GENUS XIII. LIMAX. SLUG.

Body oblong ; attenuated towards the tail.
Buckler fleshy above, formed convexly; flat

beneath.
Hole, a lateral, on the right side, for its geni-

'- tals, and discharge of excrements.
Feelers four, two having eyes at the extremity.

L. Lin. Syst. 1081. Gm. List. Angl. 131. 1. Ater.

Lin. 3099. Gesner aq. 254. Black.

Faun. Suec. No. 2088.

Sl. wholly black. . - - .

L. rufus. Lin. Syst. 1081. List. Angl. App. 6 tab. ii. 2. Succi-

Gm. Lin. 3100. fig. 1. ^^^^'

„ „ ,^ Brown,

Faun. Suec. No. 2O89.

Sl. of a brownish color.

76 LIMAX. SLUG. Class VI.

3. Cine- h. maximus. Lin. Sy si. 1081. List. A)igl. 127.

REUS.

Cinereous.

cinereus. Gm. Lin. 3180. L. maximus. Br. Zool. iv.
Faun. Suec. No. 2O9O. List. 41.

Angl. App. 6. tab. ii. Jig. 2.

Sl. with a cinereous ground ; the head reticu-
lated with black ; on the back three pale lines
and four dusky ; the last spotted with black.

These vary ; at times, part is of an amber
color. The largest of the genus, five inches
long.

4. Agres- L. Lin. Syst. 1082. G)n. Lin. Limax cinereus parvus imma-

TTS. 3]Q], culatus. List. Angl. 130.

Field. °

Sl. small, and of an uniform cinereous color ;
are very common in gardens, and destructive to
plants.

These have sometimes been swallowed by
persons in a consumptive habit, who thought
them of service.

5. Flavus. L. Lin. Sysi. 1082. Gm. Lin. Faun. Suec. No. 2O92.

Yellovi

3102. L. Filans. Lin. Tr. 1. 183.

Sl. of an amber color, marked with white.

[Either this animal or a species nearly allied
to it, distinguished by Mr. Hoi/ in the first vo-

Class VI. LIMAX. SLUG. if

lume of the Linnaan Transactions, under the
name of Lima.v Jilans, has the faculty of form-
ing a thread like the spiders or caterpillars.
That gentleman observed* one hanging from
a Scotch fir four feet from the branch of the
tree, and four feet and an half from the ground,
to which it was approaching by the elongation
of the thread, at the rate of about an inch in
three minutes. Ed.

* On the 11th of October 1811, I observed the same phaeno-
menon. This was suspended from a projecting part of a build-
ing. H. D.

78^ APLYSIA. Class VI.

GENUS XIV. APLYSIA.

Body covered with reflexible membranes.
Shield, a horny, on the back, guarding the

lungs.
Aperture on the right side.
Vent on the extremity of the back.
Feelers four resembling ears.

1. Depi- a. Tentaculorum membrana- Lepus marinus. Plin. lib, ix.

LANS. rumque margine cum disco c. 48.

Depilatory. ^ ° ^, , , ■

concolore; pulmonibus na- Itonael. pisc. 520.

belliformibas, fusco albldo- Leinsea. Bohadsch.* tah, 1.5.

que variis. Gm. Lin. 3103.

* Apl. Its color is different shades of brown
tinged with blue or purple; lungs fan-shaped,
variegated with stripes of dusky brown and
white.

As the lungs are visible without dissection,
we have risked a specific distinction, by means
of this part, with regard to this and the follow-
ing species. There are already instances of
specific characters taken from the interanea of
this tribe of animals. See Ascidia. Gm. Lin.

* De quibusdam animalibus marinis, &c. Dresdce, 1761.

mibus phoeniceis.

H. Da.

2. MUSTE

vies. 3Iss.

LINA.

Tawny.

Class VI. APLYSIA. 79

Bohadsch has given us the colors as above,
and in tab. iv. f. 21, 22. figures of the lungs,
which resemble in some measure a lady's fan.

A. unicolor, mustelina;
pulmonibus »picifor-

* This species is of a deep tawny, or yellowish
brown color, except the shield, which is a dull
brown, and the part, which by its situation
corresponds with what Bohadsch deems the
lungs in his subject, which is crimson. Not-
withstanding these parts differ so much in color
and form, as represented in the figures given
by Bohadsch and Mr. Knapp, they are surely
designed for the same use.

Mr. Knapp observes, " this part apparently
" performs the office of spiracles, being in a
" constant state of contraction and expansion ;
"this fabrication, when the animal is at rest,
" is concealed by one of the lobes E* and the
" shield."

The figure is the production of the accurate
pencil of /. L. Knapp, Esq. who found the
subject in deep water near Tenby, Pembroke-
shire. Tab. xxii.

80 APLYSIA. Class VI.

3. ViRiDis. Laplysia. Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. p. 76. tab. "J. f. \.

Green.

* Apl. with the fore part of the body like a
common Umax or slug ; tentacula two, all (ex-
.. cept the under part which is paler) of a bright

grass-green color, marked on different parts
with azure spots ; the shield is not discernible.
This beautiful animal, not having what is
deemed in this genus the second, or foremost
pair of tentacula, tends to confirm Bohadsch's
assertion that the genus has really but one pair
of feelers, as the two other appendages, in the
front of the head, are altered in their form and
appearance according to the will of the animal,
and sometimes to that degree, that they have
not at all the resemblance of horns or tenta-
cula. This observation consequently seems to
justify his definition of the genus, corpus subo-
ratum, dorsum labiosum, tentacula in fronte
duo aur'iformia.*

* Mr. Montagu, In his description of this species, takes an
opportunity of controverting the generally received opinion, that
the Apl. depilans has an offensive smell, or is poisonous to the
touch. Mr. Sowerly makes the same remark, and seems to at=
tribute to it the merit of producing the Tyrian dye. Ed.

Class VI. TRITONIA. 81

GENUS XV. TRITONIA.

Body oblong, creeping, pointed behind, convex

above, flat or grooved underneath.
Mouth at one of the extremities, surrounded

with tentacula.
Branchi^ projecting and disposed along the

back, in scales, tubercles, or vascular tufts.

Base. Hut. nat. des Vers. i. Limax papillosus. Lin. Syst. 1. PapiL'

91. 1082.

Metn. Wern. Soc. 556. Doris papillosa. Gvi. Lin.

3104.

[Tr. The body covered above with papilla:
which serve as braiichice ; the line along the
back smooth.

Inhabits the shores near Leith. Ed.

LO:-A.

VOL. IV. G

8^^ DORIS. Class VI.

GENUS XVI. DORIS. '

Body oblong, flat beneath, creeping.
\ Mouth placed below.

Vent behind; surrounded with a fringe which

serves as branchice.
Feelers from two to four, retractile.

1. Argo. Doris. Zm. 5'y5/. 1083. Gm. Bohudsck. talw. Jig. 4. 5.
Lemon. t • „ „

Li?i. 3107.

D. with an oval body, convex, marked with
numerous punctures ; of a lemon color ; the
vent beset with elegant ramifications.

Inhabits different parts of our seas ; called,
about Btnghthelmstone, the sea-lemon. Tab.
xxiv.

Verru- Doris. Lin. St/si. 1083. Gm. Tritonia verrucosa. So^c. //w/.

COSA.

Lin. 3103. desVers.h.

J Far/ 1/.

Mem. JFern. Soc. 556.

D. of an ovated form, convex, tubcrculated.
Inhabits the sea near Aberdeen. Tab. xxiii.

Class VI. DORIS. 83

Doris fusca. Gm. Lin. 3\QQ.'i 3. Elec-

TRINA.

D. with the front abrupt ; body has the appear- ^mler.
ance of a snail ; bilamellated ; size of the figure ;
amber-colored.

Taken oE Anglesey. Tab. xxvi. fg. 1,

Mont. In Lin. Tr. vii. 78. t. 7. /. 2. 3. 4. Pinna-

TIFIDA.

* D. grey spotted with olive green; body slen-
der, somewhat taper, with two rows of ovate
greenish pedunculated appendages on the back,
and two trumpet-shaped feelers. Length three
tenths of an inch.

Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 78. t. 1 . f. 5. 5_ Cjeru-

LEA.

* D. green ; body linear, covered with blue cla-
vated tubercles ; feelers four ; length a quarter
of an inch.

Mont. \n Lin. Tr.Vix.'l^. t. D. clavigera. G/b. Zin, 3104. ? g Flava
7./. 6.

* D. withalongish obovatebody, white, spotted
with yellow, with ^fasciculus of orange-colored
club-shaped processes on the back ; feelers four,
v/ith four other long upright appendages on the
back, two of them near the head, the other two
near the vent ; lencrth half an inch.

G 2

DORIS. Class VI.

7. Marci- d. iggvis. Gm. Lin. 310G.? Blo7i(. in Lin. Tr. vli. 79- t. 7-

NAT A. y. ^

y- /•

* D. ovate, white with a tinge of pink, sur-
rounded with a membranaceous undulated mar-
gin ; feelers two ; length a quarter of an inch.

S. Macu- Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 80. t. 7- /• 8. 9.

LATA.

* D. slender, tapering to a point behind, with ;
several pairs of subclavated sexpartite pedun-
cles along the back; feelers two, trumpet- \
shaped; color pale yellow spotted with pink; "■
length a quarter of an inch. '

_ ' i

■ •■ ■ - ;|

«^. LoNor- Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. !07. t. 7. f. 1. ]

COKNIS. !

* D. slender, tapering to a point behind ; with \
a y^/.?cicM/w5 of club-shaped peduncles near the \
head, and four transverse series of subulate cirri

on the body ; feelers four, two of them octiform,
and above half the length of the body; the
other two short; color yellowish white; length
half an inch.

Class VI. DORIS. 05

Mont, in Test. Br. ix. IO7. t. 7. /. 2. 10. Nodosa.

* D. front bilobate; body obovate, convex,
surrounded by a broad membranaceous margin,
with eight papillcE on the back, and near the
posterior end a fasciculus of plumose appen-
dages ; feelers two short, with perfoliated,
retractile tips; color whitish; length half an
inch.

The seven preceding species were discovered
by Mr. Montagu on the southern coast of
Devonshire.

86 APHRODITA. Class VI.

GENUS XVII. APHRODITA.

Body oval ; numbers oi fasciculi, serving the
uses of feet, on each side.

I\IouTH cyUndric, retractile, placed at the ex-
tremity.

Feelers two, setaceous.

1. AcuLEA- Aph. Lin. SijsL 1084. Gm. tab. xc. 1. 111. tab. 4./.

. '^,^\ , Lin. 3107. Faun. Suec. No. 7. 8.

Aculeatea.

2099. Sea mouse. Dales Harwich.

Busier, ii. 62. tab. vljig- 12. 394.

3Ius. Ad. Ft. i. 93. Boate's Nat. Hist. Ireland,

Eruca marina. Seb. Mus. \. 1 72.

Aph. with the back cloathed with short brown
fur ; the sides, with rich pavonaceous green
hairs, mixed with sharp spines ; vent covered
with two scales; belly covered with a naked
skin ; mouth placed beneath ; each foot consists
of a fasciculus of five or six strong spines ; on
each side about thirty-six ; grows to the length
of between four and five inches.

Inhabits all our seas ; often found in the
belly of the cod-fish. Tab. xxv. fg. 1.

Class VI. APHRODITA. 87

Aph. Lin. Syst. 1084^ Gm. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. 7. /. 14. 2. Squama-

TA.

Scaled.

Li?!. 3108} Aph. clava. Mo72i. in Liji.

Easier, ii. 66. tai. vi. fg. 5. Tr. ix. 108. t. 7. /. 3 ? ?

Aph. with the back covered with two rows of
large scales, deciduous ; about an inch long.
Taken off Anglesey. Tab. xxv. Jig. %.

Aph." with two rows of scales on the back, 3. Pedun-

placed alternately; the mouth cylindric, pro- PedunciL
jecting; an inch long. °'^^ '

; TdikQii 0^ Brighthelmstone. Tab.xxvi.Jig.2,.

Aph. oblong ; fusiform ; annulated ; smooth, 4. Annu-

r ■ ^ • LATA.

exceptmg a row 01 mmute spines, one on Annulated.
each ring, running along the back ; feet small ;
size two inches and a quarter ; of a pale yel-
low color.

Tab. xxvi. fig. 3.

Aph. lepidota. Gm. Lin. Pallas Miscel. Zool. 209. tah. 5. Minuta.
3108. viii. /g. 1. 2. vii. 15. Little.

Aph. with small scales; slender; not an inch
long.

Taken off Anglesey. Tab. xxvi. Jig. 4.

83 APHRODITA. Class VI.

6. ScABRA. G7n. Lin. 3108. Mem. Wern. Soc. 557-

* Aph. oblong; th^ back scaly and rough, with
about twenty feet on each side.
Leith shore and Bt^ighthelmstone.

7. Imbri- Gm. Lin. 3108. Mem. JFern. Soc 557.

CATA.

* Aph. oblong A^ith smooth variegated scales.
Shore near Leith and the Orkneys.

Class VI. AMPHITRITE.

■oni L.Q ;uii '::'. 3:-;;.'i: ; i-'r. ;, ■■ ■ • - - ^ - ;■ ■
& 'k) ■ !-:■.'■• ■ [ ,'■--'■'■ -

GENUS XVIII. AMPHITRITE.

* Body issuing from a tube, annulated.

Feet small, numerous.

Tentacula two, close together, feathered.

Mont. mLin. Tr. ix. lOQ. tah. 8. 1. Infundi-

BULUM.

* Amph. Body long, tapering, extendible from
three or four inches to eight or ten; of an
orange color, divided by whitish ringlets into
about an hundred and fifty or sixty joints ;
feelers two, each composed of about thirty-
seven purple-colored rays, connected nearly to
the ends by a transparent web, in which last
particular it differs from every other known
species ; these feelers are semicircular when
spread, uniting into a nearly regular circle ; its
tube is elastic, of a greenish color.

Found near Kingsbridge, Devonshire, at the
lowest ebb of spring-tides.

Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 80. tah. 7. f. 10. g VoLUTA-

CORNIS.

* Amph. with a scutellum of ten smooth yel- Convoluted.
lowish joints, and a pencil of bristly tubercles

90 AMPHITRITE. Class VI.

on each side at each joint ; feelers full an inch
long, elegantly plumose, convoluted, and of a
yellowish mottled brown color ; the body scaly
on the back, of about eighty segments, and of a
purplish color. This species does not seem
furnished with a tube or case ; it is about five
inches long, and half an inch in diameter.

Taken by dredging for oysters on the south-
ern coast of Devonsliire.

3. Venti- Gm. Lin. 3111. Sabella Penicillus. Mont. Test.
LABRUM. Corallena tubularia melltensis. Br. 5i\.

•^'""° Ellis corall. 92. t. 34. Mem. IFern. Soc. 558.

Sow. Br. Misc. tab. 12.

* Amph. with the fibres of the feelers ciliated
on the inner edge; one feeler has fifty-four
fibres, the other thirty-six ; body verrucose ;
proboscis, none; length about eight or nine
inches.

Inhabits the Sabella Penicillus^ and is found
on several parts of our coasts.

4. Rosea. '^°«'- B''- ^^'^' 67- i

Rosy.

* Amph. with the fibres of the feelers beauti-
fully spotted with crimson ; feet golden ; length
somewhat more than one inch.

Class VI.

AMPHITRITE.

-91

Gi7i Zm. 3111. Mem. Wern Soc.

* Amph. with a long round body of seventeen
segments ; color orange ; horns two branched.
Found on the shore near Leith.

5. Cristata.

Soiv. Br. Misc. tah. 31. Turton Br. Fami. 137-

[Amph. with a yellow body, striped with black;
feelers pale, with black spots; proboscis, bell-
shaped at the end ; length about an inch.
Inhabits the Serpula triquefra. Ed.

6. Campa-

NULATA.

Gm. Lin. 3111.
Mont. Test Br. 545.
Nereis cylindrarla.

*

.1 ;. Misc. 117. t. ix.f. 1—13. 7. Auri-

Nereis pectinata. Sow. Br. coma.
Pallas Misc. t. 51. '

Amph. with a smooth body; color, of the
various prismatic tints ; feelers, fourteen on
each side, gold-colored; feet, pencil-like, four-
teen on each side, also gold-colored.

Inhabits the Sahdla tubiformis.

92 SPIO. Class VI.

GENUS XIX. SPIO.

Body projecting from a tube, jointed and fur^

nished with dorsal fibres.
Feet rough with bristles, placed towards the

back.
Tentacula two, long, simple.
Eyes two, oblong.

1. Seticor- Gm.Lin.3l0g. Tur ton Br. Faun. 137.

NIS.

[Sp. Body whitish, with a tinge of green, and a
red line down the middle of the back; teiita-
cula, thin, capillary, striate ; length about three
inches.

Inhabits the sea, Eij.

Class VI. NEREIS. m

GENUS XX. NEREIS.

Body long, slender.

Feet formed like a pencil of rays, and nume-
rous on each side. i
Mouth at the extremity, unguiculated. -
Feelers above the mouth, simple.

N. segmentis xxiii. corpore Noctiluca marina. Amcen. A- 1. Nocxr-
vix conspicuo. Lin. Syst. cad. ^^. ^^^^.^'^'

MjOCtiluC6Tlt

1085. Gm. Lin. 3115. Easier, i. (ah. iv. Jig. 3.

These are the animals that illuminate the sea,
like glow-worms, but with brighter splendor.
I have at night, in rowing, seen the whole
element as if on fire round me ; every oar
spangled with them ; and the water burnt with
more than ordinary brightness. I have taken
up some of the water in a bucket, seen them
for a short space illuminate it; but when I
came to search for them, their extreme smail-
ness eluded my examination.

Nereis. Lin. Sysf. 1086. Faun. Suec. No. 20g5. /> C^RULEA.

Gm. Lin. 3117. Blue.

N. smooth ; depressed ; with 1 84 segments of
a bluish-green color, semi-pellucid ; a longitu-

94 NEREIS. Class VI.

dinal sulcus runs along the belly, about four
inches lono;.

Inhabits the deeps. Tab. xxvii. Jig. 1.

3. ViRiDis. Gm. Lin. 3117. Adams in Lin. Tr. v. 8.

* N. filiform, of one hundred and thirty seg-
ments, flattish ; the scales of the feet lanceo-
late ; two short cirri on the tail ; three feelers
on each side of the head ; color green ; length
about two or three inches.

Found on Fucus pinnatijidiis near Tenhy.

4. Tricolor. 3Ionf. in Liti. Tr. vii. 82.

* N. nearly cylindric, of about four hundred seg-
ments ; no feelers ; color, of the most beautiful
prismatic tint, except the tail, which is orange
red ; length one foot ; size^ that of a goose
quill ; but can extend itself to three feet, and the
size of a raven's quill.

Found under a stone among the rocks at
Milt07i.

5. Marga- ^^onf- in Li'i. Tr. vii. 82.

RITA.

* N. with a cylindric body of about seventy-
four segments, with a short filamentous appen-
dage to each foot; front divided into three

Class VI. NEREIS. &5

lobes, the middle one of which has two feelers ;
color changeable greenish bronze, beneath of a
paler and pearly appearance; length five or
six inches.

Inhabits the same place as the last.

Mont, in Lin, Tr. vii. 83. 6. Lineata.

* N. with a flattish body, of one hundred and
twenty segments and six feelers ; tail with two
short appendages ; color, yellow with purple
spots disposed lengthways in six lines ; length
one inch and a half.

Taken by dredging in deep water.

Mont, in Lin, Tr. vii. 84. y. Octewta-

CULATA.

* N. with a flattish body, of between eighty
and ninety segments, with two long and six
short setaceous feelers ; four eyes ; along the
back is a purple line, and a yellow spot at each
joint; length three inches.

Found with the preceding.

Mont, in Lin, Tr. ix. 111. t. 6. J". 3. g_ Pinni-

GERA.

* N. with a long slender body of about eighty
segments, furnished along the sides with long

90 :NEREIS. Class VL

flat appendages ; eyes four ; length one inch
and a half. The posterior part in Mr. Mon-
tagus figure is much more slender than the
foremost, and is very reasonably supposed by
him to be a reproduction.

g. Mollis. Gm. Lin. 31 16, Mem. Wern, Soc. 557-

* N. with IdL^evdX fasciculi of hair above the feet.
A rare species in the Frith of Forth.

10. Lamel- Gm. Lin. 3120. Mem. Wern. Soc. 557.

LIGERA.

* N. round, tapering at each end ; the proboscis
stellated with four fleshy points ; eyes two,
black : segments, above two hundred ; length
two feet.

il. RuFA. N. versicolor. Gm. Lin. Scolopendra marina. Lin.

^^d- 3115. Sjjst. 1064.?

N. with a very slender depressed body ; two
black spots on the front ; attenuated at the end,
when it dravv s in its forceps ; a blood-red lon-
gitudinal line along the middle of the back;
the segments very numerous ; about four inches
long.

Taken otf Anglesey, Tab. xxvii. Jig. £.

Class VI. NAIS. „ 97

GENUS XXI. NAIS.

Body creeping, long, linear, depressed, pel-
lucid.
Bristles on each side instead of feet.
Tentacula, none.
Eyes two or more.

Gm. Lin. 3121. Shaw's NaL 3Iisc. i. 270. 1. Serpen-

Rcesel: ins. iii. 567- 1. 92. '^^•^'^'

[N. with red spiral intestines and triple black
collar ; body slender, serpentine ; length about
nine lines.

Common in stagnant waters. Ed.

Gm. Lin. 3121. 1085. Br. Zool. iv. 46. 2. Probos-

[^ Nereis lacustris. Lin. SysL Shaw's Nat, Misc. tab. 37Q. cidea.

N. with a linear jointed body, with a filiform
foot issuing from each; the whole animal of the ,
size of a short bristle of a hog ; an object of the
microscope.

Inhabits wet places.

VOL. IV. . H

98 NAIS. Class VI.

. DiGl- Cm. Lin. 312\. 452.

TATA. Shaw's Nai. Misc. tah. Turton Br. Faun. 137.

[N. with single lateral bristles, but chiefly
distinguished by six retractile processes at the
end of the tail ; length four lines.

In stagnant waters towards the decline of
summer; rare. Ed.

Class VI. ASCIDIA. .99

GENUS XXII. ASCIDIA.

Body fixed to a shell, rock, &c. forming a

sheath.
Apertures two, one on the sumniit, the other

lower.

Asc. rustica? Br. Zool. iv. 48. 1- Ebora-

CENSIS.

Scarloroitgh,

Asc. with scabrous extremities ; one end bend-
ing upwards ; middle part smooth ; lower flat ;
of a brown color.

Taken off Scarborough. Tab. xxv. Jig. 3.

Asc. subovalis, depressa, laevis, virescens, interaneis purpureo- 2. Vires-

fuscis, orificiis lutescentibus. M.S. H. Davies. cens.

Green-.

* Asc. gelatinous, diaphanous, closely adhering
to the inside of dead oyster-shells.

The length from one to two inches ; breadth
from one half to one inch. The upper aperture
is surrounded by eight crimson spots, the lower
by six only.

Taken by dredging in the Menai, on the
coast of Anglesey, in the year 1 800.

H 2

100 ASCIDIA, Class VI.

3. RoSTlCA. Mem. JFern. Soc. 556.

* Asc. subconic in the younger state ; in a more
advanced state cylindrical ; rough ; color ferru-
ginous, apertures red j length two inches ; eat-
able.

On roots of Fucus digit at us near Leith.

4. Prunum. Gm. Lin. 3124. Mem. Weni. Soc. 551 .

* Asc. oval, smooth, somewhat transparent ;
sheath white ; one aperture on the side.

Leith shore, on Fuci.

5. CoNCHi- Gm. Lin. 3124. Mem. JFern. Soc. 557.

LEGA.

* Asc. compressed, covered with fragments of
shells ; sheath white, changing into blue, oval
or cylindric.

Leitk shore, on Fuci.

Animals of this genus have the faculty of
squirting out the water they take in.

Class VI. DERRIS. IQl

GENUS XXIII. DERRIS.

Body detached, cylindrical, composed of arti-

"!:■-' culations.

Mouth terminal.

Head with two simple cirri at the top.

Adams in Lin. Tr. iii. 67.

Turton Br. Faun. 132.

1. SaST GUI-

f. 13. f. 1,2.

NEA.

[D. body covered with a membranaceous trans-
parent coat, through which the internal parts
are visible ; head extended beyond the outer
skin, connected to the anterior part of the body
by a membranaceous covering forming a neck ;
mouth with two lips, one straight and fixed,
the other hooked and moveable ; length rather
more than an inch.

A new genus, formed by Mr. Adams, of which
this is the only species now known. Ed.

103 ACTING, Class VL

GENUS XXIV. ACTINIA.

Body wrinkled, affixing itself to some other

substance.
Aperture, one at the extremity, from which

issue numberless tentacula.

1. Sulcata, H3'c]ra cereus. Gm. Lin. 3867- ner, Ph. Tr. 1761. J5. 78.

Sulcaied. j^ydra tentaculis denudatis, tab. 1. l.fg. I. A.B.

numerosissimis, corpore Ion- Ellis Zooph. 2.
gitudinaliter sulcato. Gcert-

Ac. with a body marked with trifurcated sulci ;
and summit surrounded with long; slender ten-
taenia, from 120 to 200 in number; color of
the body pale chesnut ; of the tentacula a sea-
green, varied with purple.
, Inhabits the rocks of the Coimish and Angle-
sey seas.

2. Pedun- Hydra Bellls. Gm. Zm. 3868. pore verrucuso. Ibid, Jig. 2.

CULATA. Hydra calvciflora, tentaculis A. B. C.

Stalked. ^ .,./ . . ^„. ^ ,

retracliubus variegatis cor- IlUls Zoopn. 2.

Ac. with a long cylindric stalk, expanding at
top, and tuberculated. The tentacula disposed

Class VI. ACTINIA. 103

in several ranges, short, and when open, form a
radiated angular circumference, like a beautiful
flower, with a smooth polygonal disc ; the color
of the stalk, a fine red ; of the tentacida varied
with several colors. This species is retractile.
Inhabits Cornwall.

Hydra gemmacea. Gm. Lin. bus glandulls longitudina- 3. Verru-

3868. liter striata. Ibid. Jig. 4. ^°^'^"

Hydra discifloraj tentaculis re- A. B.

tractilibus subdiaphanis ; Ellis Zooph, 3.

corpore cylindrico, miliari- j

Ac. with a long cylindric stalk; marked with
elegant small tubercles, disposed in strait lines
from top to bottom ; the circumference of the
mouth striated, surrounded with short petals,
like those of the sun-flower ; and those again
with white tetit acuta, barred with brown. When
drawn in, it assumes the form of a bell ; and
the lines of tubercles converge to the central of
the summit. Body of a pale red.
Inhabits Cornwall.

Studded,

i04 ACTINIA. Class VI.

4. Hemi- Hydra mcsambryanthcmum. gine tuberculato. Ibid. Jig.

SPHEuicA. Gm. Li77. 3868. 5.A. B.

Hydra disciflora, tentaculis re- Ellis Zooph. 4.

tractilibus, exlimo disci mar-
Ac. ^vith a smooth short thick stalk ; the edge
of the disc surrounded with a single row of
tubercles ; the teiitacula numerous and slender.
Color a dull crimson. Retractile, and flings
itself in that state into the form of a conoid
button.

Inhabits most of our rocky shores.

5. Penta- Hydra dianthus. Gm. Lin. Ti. I767. p. 436. iah. xix.

PETA1.A. gyfig. f, S.

'i '■J ' Actinia dianthus. £//« Ph. Ellis Zooph. 7.

Ac. with a circular contracted mouth ; the disc
divided into five lobes covered with several series
of short subulated tentacida. Stalk short and
thick. ¥/hen contracted, assumes the form of
a long white fig;.

Inhabits the rocks near Hastings, Sussea\

6. IMacu- a. effceta. Adams in Lin. Tr. v. 8. Twion Br. Faun. p. 50. 131.

LATA.

* Ac. with very numerous retractile short white
feelers ; base crenated ; body grooved ; the lower

Class VI. ACTINIA. 105

part of an obscure red, the upper transparent,
white with purple spots.

Found at Milford Haven on the dead shells
of the larger species oi Mure.v.

Lin. Si/sl. 1088. Act. plumo- Adams in Lin. Tr. v. Q. 7. Senilis.

sa. Gm. Lin. 3132? Act. crassicornis. Skaiv's Nat.

Busier opusc. subs. t. \3. f. Misc. t. 330.

2.f

* Ac. subcylindric, transversely wrinkled ; co-
lor, white or pink, when at rest; exterior coat
smooth. , , ^-^

Found on rocks near Tenby.

Gm. Lin. 3131. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558. g. RuFA.

* Ac. reddish, with a rose-like aperture and
pale tentacula. :

Leiili shore, also Orkney and Shetland isles.

Gm. Lin. 3132. Mem. fVern. Soc. 558. g_ Crassi-

cornis.

* Ac. red; tentacula of an elongated conic
form.

Orkney, Shetland, and Western islands.

f Gmelin, in his edition of Linnceus, refers to this figure for
his Act. plumosa ; the Act. senilis of Linnceus he calls crassi-
formis. H. D.

106 ACTINIA. Class VI.

10. TuuN- . Gm. Lin. 3133. Mem. Went. Soc. bbS.

CATA.

* Ac. reddish, with a tinge of yellow, convex,
smooth, transparent.
Shetland islands.

11. Equina. Sow. Br. Misc. t. 4. Tiirton Br. Faun. 130,

[x\c. greenish, with a rosy foramen or mouth;
tentacula of a light rosy color, with an aperture
at the extremity of each, their number about
one hundred and forty.

Frequently thrown on the coast near Yar-
mouth after storms.

12. Ane- Act. equina. Lift. Si/sl. Shaw's Nat. Misc. t. 26, 27.

MONE.

Ac. shape nearly cylindric, short, with the inte-
rior tentacula ramified, the exterior conic and
obtuse ; color red.

Found adhering to rocks on most of our
coasts.

13. Caryo- Tur ion Br. Faun. 131. Martin's JForms. i. 1. t. \.f. 1.

PHYLLUS.

Ac. red brown, with small pencil-form ten-
tacula. Ed.

Class VI. MAMMARIA. 107

GENUS XXV. MAMMARIA.

Body smooth.

Mouth above, without cirri. .

Aperture one.

Gm. Lin. 3135. Mem. JFern. Soc. 55?. !• Mammil-

la.

* M. Conically ventricose ; white.

Found on the shore near Leith, adhering to
fuci.

108 HOLOTHURIA. Class VI.

GENUS XXVI. HOLOTHURIA.

Body not affixed, naked, gibbous.
Tentacula, many atone extremity, surromid-
ing the mouth.

1. Pentac- Hoi. Lifi, Si/st. 1091. Gm. ner. Ph. Tr. 1761. p. 75.

TBS. Lin.3\3Q. tab. i. h. fig. 3. A. B.

Hydra corolliflora tentaculis Lin. Tr. ix. t. 7. f. 4. Var.
retractilibus frondosis. Gcert-

H. with an incurvated cylindric body, marked
with five longitudinal rows of papilla ; out of
the centre of each issue, at will, slender feelers
like the horns of snails; the upper extremity
retractile ; when exerted, assumes a cordated
form, surrounded at the apex with ten tenta-
cula, elegantly ramified, of a yellow and silver
color.

Found on the shore between Penzance and
New land. Supposed to inhabit the deep.

The figure engraven to illustrate this genus
was dredged up near TVeymouth. Tab. xxviii.

fg- ^-

Aristotle and Pliny make use of the words

Class VI. HOLOTHURIA. 1Q9

oxo^ov§ia, and Holothuria ;^ but 1 should ima-
gine, from the context, that they intend those
marine bodies, which modern naturalists style
Zoophyta, perhaps Alcyonia : for both of the
former make them analogous with plants. Yet
Aristotle hints that they have life ; a discovery
assumed in later times.

* Aristot. Hist. An. lih, i. c. 1. de Part. An. lih, iv. c. 5. -"
PUnii Hist. Nat. lib. ix. c. 47.

110 LUCERNARIA. Class VI.

GENUS XXVII. LUCERNARIA.

Body gelatinous, wrinkled, branched.
Mouth beneath.

1. AuRicu- Gm. Lin. 3151. Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 113. t. 7./. 5.

LA.

* Lu. In make this animal resembles a bottle,
with a romid short neck ; the extremity expand-
ed, and surrounded with eight fasciculi of feel-
ers, which are repeatedly subdivided; color
extremely variable ; length an inch or more ;
breadth as much.

Taken in Salcomb Bai/, Devonshire, adhering
to alg(B.

Class VI. TEREBELLA. Ill

GENUS XXVIII. TEREBELLA.

* Body oblong, creeping, naked, furnished with

branchicE. at the sides, often inclosed in a
tube.

Mouth at the end, with lips, and a club-
shaped j^^ro^o^cw.

Teeth none.

Tentacula numerous, capillary, ciliated, sur-
rounding the mouth.

Mont, in Lin. Tr. Ix. 110. tal. 4. fg. 2. 1. TenTA-

CULATA.

* Te. with a long slender body, composed of
above two hundred annulations, each furnished
with two fasciculi of very minute bristles ; no
eyes ; from the sides issue very long red capil-
lary appendages, like so many worms, writhing
in all directions ; mouth beneath ; color, olive
green above, dull orange beneath; length eight
or nine inches.

Found in wood in the deserted habitation of
a Pholas.

112 TEREBELLA. Class VI.

CoNCHi- Gm. Lin. 3113. N. conchllega. Br. Zool. iv.

LEGA. Nereis conchilega. Pallas 47-

Misc. 131. i. 8. /. 17. Sabella conchilega. Mont.

22? Tes^ Br. 547-?

Te. with a flat body attenuated toward the tail ;
about thirteen feet on each side ; the mouth
encircled by a series of very fine filaments.

Inhabits the Sabella riid'is of this work.
Tab. xxviii. fg. 2. A. A.

Class VI. LERN^A, 113

GENUS XXIX. LERN^A.

Body oblong, roundish, Avhich affixes itself to

other animals by its tentacula.
Thorax heart-shaped.
Tentacula two or three, in form of arms.

■ L. Lin. Syst. 10g3. Gm. Lin. 3144. Faun. Suec. No. 2102. i. Salmo-

NEA.

Salmon.

Le. with an ovated body, cordated thorax, and
two linear arms approaching nearly to each
other.

Inhabits the gills of salmon. Observed in
great numbers on the first arrival of that fish
out of the sea ; but after being a little time in
fresh waters, drops off and dies. The salmon
is reckoned in highest season when these vermes
are found in them. Called by the fishermen,
salmon-lice.

Soio. Br. Misc. d%. 2. Sprat-

* Le. body shaped like an oat grain, red, with
two green oviducts, resembling tails ; head with
two barbs.

Found tormenting and feeding on the sprat.

VOL. IV. I

114 LERN^A. Class VI.

3. Cypri- Gm. Lin. 137. Faun. Succ. 2102. Turton Br. Faun. 137-

NACEA.

[Le. body about half an inch long, pale and
rather pellucid, protruding from a kind of
sheath ; tliorax cylindrical, forked ; tentacula
lunate at the point.

On the carp and roach.

4. Encra- Turton Br. Faun. UQ.

SICOLI.

Le. differs from the L. sprattcB in the body
not tapering to a point, and in having the ovi-
ducts very long, filiform, and white.

Found by Dr. Turton on the anchovy and
sprat in Sxoansea bay. Ed.

Class VI. SEPIA. CUTTLE. ' 115

GENUS XXX. SEPIA. CUTTLE.

Arms eight, placed round the mouth, with small

concave discs on their insides.
Tentacula often two, long.
Mouth, formed like a horny beak.
Eyes, placed beneath the tentacula.
Body fleshy, a sheath for the breast.
Tube at the base of the last

Loligo, sive Calamarus. Mat- Sel. HIiis. iii. tab. iv. Jig. 1, i, Loligo.

thiol, in Dioscorid. 32?. 2. Great.

Loligo magna. Rondel. 506. Faun. Suec. No. 2107.

Le Casseron. Belon aquat. Borlase Cornwall, tab. xx.

342. fg. 27.
Sepia. Lin. Sysl. IO96. No.

4. Gm. Lin. 3150.

S. with short arms and long tentacula ; the lower
part of the body rhomboid and pinnated, the up-
per thick and cylindric.

Inhabit all our seas ; are gregarious ; swift
in their motions ; take their prey by means of
their arms ; and embracing it, bring it to their
central mouth. Adhere to the rocks, when •
they wish to be quiescent, by means of the con-
cave discs that are placed along their arms.

Tab. xxix.

i3 ■

116 SEPIA. CUTTLE. Class VI.

2. OcTOPO- Le Pourpre, Belon aqicat. Sepia. Lin. Sysl. 1045. No. 1.

r- ;?^^* / 336. S. octopus. Gm. Lin. 314Q.

htglit-armed. _ _ .....

Polypi prima species. Rondel. Seh. Mus. iii. tab. ii. Jig. 1 .

513.

S. with a short round body, without fins or ten-
tacula ; with only eight arms ; connected at
their bottom by a membrane. This is the
Polypus of PVuii/, which he distinguishes from
the Loligo and Sepia, by the Avant of tentacida.
Inliabits our seas. In hot climates these are
found of an enormous size. A friend of mine,
long resident among the Indian isles, and a
diligent observer of nature, informed me that
the natives affirm, that some have been seen
two fathoms broad over their centre, and each
arm nine fathoms long. When the Indians
navigate their little boats, they go in dread
of them ; and least these animals should fling
their arms over, and sink them, they never sail
without an ax to cut them off. Tab. xxx.

5. Media. S. Lin. Syst. 10C)3. Gm. Loligo Parva. Rondel. 508.

Middle.

Lm. 3150. Seh. AIus. iii. tab. iv.Jig. 5.

S. with a long, slender, cylindric body ; tail
finned, pointed, and carinated on each side ;

Class VI. SEPIA. CUTTLE. 117

two long ientacula ; the body almost transpa-
rent ; green, but convertible into a dirty brown,
confirming the remark of Pliny,^' that they
change their color through fear, adapting it,
Chameleon like, to that of the place they are in.
The eyes are large and smaragdine. Tab.
xxxi. >V. 1. • . - - ,

S. Lin. Syst. IO96. Gm. Lin. 3151. Seplola. Rondel. 51Q. 4. Septola.

Small.

S. with a short body, rounded at the bottom ; a
round fin on each side ; two tentacula.
Taken off Flintshire. Tab. xxxi. Jig. 2.

La Seiche. Belon aquat. 338. S. officinalis. Liji.Syst. 10Q5. 5. Offici-

Matthiol. in Dioscorid. 326. Gm. Lin. 314Q. J'J^^-^^',

Ojjicmal.
Sepia. Rondel. 498. Faun. Suec. No. 2706. Amcen.

Seh. Mus. iii. tah. iii. Jig. 1, Acad.

2. ~

S. with an ovated body ; fins along the whole
of the sides, and almost meeting at the bottom ;
two long tentacula; the body contains the bone,
the cuttle-bone of the shops, which was formerly
used as an absorbent.

The bones are frequently flung on all our
shores ; the animal very rarely.

* LiJ). ix. c. 29,

lis SEPIA. CUTTLE. Class VL

This (in common with the other species)
emits, when frightened or pursued, the black
liquor which the antients supposed darkened
the circumambient wave, and concealed it from
the enemy.

1,rjT:lx avte oo'AO(poO(rvvrja-iy &c.

Th' endauger'd Cuttle thus evades his fearij.
And native hoards of fluid safety bears.
A pitchy ink peculiar glands supply.
Whose shades the sharpest beam of light defy.
Pursu'd he bids the sable fountains flow.
And wrapt in clouds eludes th' impending foe.
The fish retreats unseen, while self-born night.
With pious shade befriends her parent's flight.*

The antients sometimes made use of it instead
of ink. Persius mentions the species in his
description of the noble student.

.Tani liber, et bicolor positis membrana capillis,
Inque manus chartas, nodosaque venit arundo.
Turn querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat humor ;
Nigra quod infusa vanescat Sepia Lympha.'j'

' .At length, his book he spreads ; his pen he takes :

His papers here, in learned order lays ;
And there, his parchment's smoother side displays.
But oh ! what crosses wait on studious men.
The Cuttle's juice hangs clotted at our pen.
In all ony life such stuff I never knew.
So gummy thick — Dilute it, it will do.
Nay, 71010 'tis water ! Dry den.

* Jorteis Translation of Oppians Halieid. HI. iii. f Sat. iii.

Class VI. SEPIA. CUTTLE. tig

This animal was esteemed a delicacy by the
antients ; and is eaten even at present by the
Italians. Rondeletius gives us two receipts for
the dressing,* which may be continued to this
day. Athen(£us'\ also leaves us the method of
making an antique Cuttle-fish sausage ; and we
learn from Aristotle,'^ that those animals are in
highest season, when pregnant.

* De Pise. 510. t Lib. vii. p. 326.

I Lib. viii. c. 30. Hist. An. . "

120 TRITON. Class VI.

GENUS XXXI. TRITON.

Body oblong.

Mouth with an involute spiral proboscis.
Arms, six on each side, divided nearly to the
base; the hinder chaliierous.

1. LiTTO- Gm. Lin. 3143. Ellis in Ph. Tr. 50. part ?.

REUS. Turton Br. Faun. 138. 847. tah. 34. A.

[Tr. Body oval, dilated, lobed in the lower end ;
^ head oblong, rounded; mouth placed at the
base of the arms or tentacula; proboscis long,
tapering to a point.

Found on submarine rocks. Ed.

Class VI. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. mi

GENUS XXXII. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE.

Body gelatinous, orbicular, convex above ; flat

or concave beneath.
Mouth beneath, in the middle.
Tentacula placed below.

Borlases Cornwall, p. 256. ial.xxv. jig. 7, 8. 1. Fusca.

r- Brown.

M. with a brown circle in the middle ; sixteen
rays of the same color pointing from the cir-
cumference towards the centre. On the cir-
cumference a range of oval tubercles, and
crooked fangs placed alternately. Four ragged
tentacula extend little farther than the body.

.'' Borlase's Cormvall,-p.S57- tab. xxv. Jig. Q, \0. 2. Purpura.

'':;. Purple.

M. with a light-purple cross in the centre ; be-
tween each bar of the cross, is a horse-shoe-
shaped mark of deep purple ; from the circum-
ference diverge certain rays of pale purple.
Four thick tentacula, short, not extending far-
ther than the body.

122

MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. Class VI.

3. TUBER-
CULATA.

Tubercled,

Borlases Cornwall, p. 257. tah. x'uv. Jig. 11, 12.

M. with fifteen rays pointing to and meeting at
a small spot in the centre. Round the edges
are small oval tubera ; four plain tentacula
extending far beyond the body.

4. Undu-

LATA.

Waved.

Borlases Cornwall, p, 257- tah. xxv. Jig. 15.

M. Avith undulated edges, and fangs on the
projecting parts ; four orifices beneath ; be-
tween which rises a stem, divided into eight
large ragged tentacula.

5. LUNU-
LATA.

Lunulated.

Borlase's Cornwall, p. 258. tal. xxv. Jig. iQ, 17=

M. with the circumference tuberculated on the
edges ; in the centre of the lower part are four
conic appendages forming a cross ; several
others, like seiTated leaves, surround it. Eight
tentacula, not exceeding the edges of the body ;
eight semilunar apertures, one between each
pair of tentacula.

Class VI. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. m

Borlases Cornwall, p. 257. toJ}- xxv. Jig. 13, 14. 6. Simplex.

Armless.

M. with a plain circumference ; four apertures
beneath; no tentacula.

Macartney in PA. Trans. 1810. partn. p. 265. 7. Scintil-

LANS.

[M. nearly spherical, with an irregular depres-
sion on one side, formed of an opaque sub-
stance, projecting a little way inwards ; mi-
nute; luminous.

Mull. Zool. Dan. i. 22. tah. 31acarlnei/'mPh.Trans. 1810. 8. Hemi-

7. Jig. 1.5.? pari ii. p. 206.

[M. of a faint purple color; diameter about
three quarters of an inch ; margin of the um-
bella undivided, and surrounded internally by a
row of pale brown spots, and numerous small
twisted tentacula; four opaque lines cross in
an arched manner from the circumference to-
wards the centre of the animal ; an opaque
irregular sloped process hangs down from the
middle of the umbella, divided at the extremity
into four tentacula, covered with little cups or
suckers.

These two species described by Mr. Macart-

SPH^RICA.

124 MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. Class VL

nej/, in the Philosophical Transactions, in a very
ingenious dissertation upon luminous animals,
contribute greatly to give that phosphoric appear-
ance to the sea which is so generally observed,
and which has been attributed to so many
causes. The former are found in such quanti-
ties in Milford H ven, that a pint of these
McduscE have been obtained by filtration from a
gallon of the sea-water in a luminous state. Ed.

y, ^QUO= Gm. Lin. 3153. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558.

REA.

* M. orbicular, somewhat plane j margin in-
flected, viliose, tentaculated.

Found in the Orkney and Shetland islands.

10. AURITA. Gm. Lin. 3153. Mem. Wern, Soc. 558.

* M. orbicular, with four cavities beneath.
Orkney and Shetland isles.

11. Cruci- G^n. Lin. 3153. Tiirton Br. Faun. 13Q.

ATA.

[M. body like a transparent jelly; margin
fringed with fine fibres ; disk marked with a
white cross, each arm of which has a blackish
spot.

Found on the Sussex coast.

Class VI. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. 125

Gtn. Lin. 3154. Turton Br. Faun. 139. 12- Capil-

LATA.

M. body whitish, semipellucid, convex, fra-
gile ; margin with sixteen indentures.

On the Kentish coast. Ed.

These animals inhabit all our seas ; are gre-
garious ; often seen floatins; with the tide in vast
numbers ; feed on insects, small fish, &c. which
they catch with their claspers or arms. IMany
species, on being handled, affect with a nettle-
like burning, and excite a redness. The an-
tients, and some of the moderns, add something
more.* They were known to the Greeks and
Ilomans,'\ by the names of Uvsv[xa, ^axxaca-inog,
and Pubno marinus, Sea-Lungs. They attri-
buted medicinal virtues to them. Dioscorides'^
informs us, that if rubbed fresh on the diseased
part, they cured the gout in the feet, and kibed
heels, ^^lian^ says, that they were depilatory,
and if macerated in vinegar, would take away
the beard. Their phosphoric quality is well

* Prurltum in pudendis, et tiredinem in manibus et oculis
movent, atque acrimonia sua, venerem sopitam, vel extinctam
excitant. Rondel. 532. In several languages they are called by
an obscene name.

\ Arist. Hist. An. lib. v. c 15. Dioscorides notis MatlhioL
341. Plinii, lib. ix, c. 4?.

X P. 341. § De Animal, lib. xiii. c. 2?.

126 MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. Class VI.

known ; nor was it overlooked by the antients.
Flini/ notes, that if rubbed with a stick it will
appear to burn, and the wood to shine all over.*
The same elegant naturalist remarks, that when
they sink to the bottom of the sea, they portend
a continuance of bad weather. I must not
omit, that Aristotle, and Athenmis after him,
give to some species the apt name of KvtJ>j, or
the iiettle, from their stinging quality. t

The antients divided their Kvih, into two
classes, those that adhered to rocks, the Actinia
of Linnceus ; and those that wandered through
the whole element. The last are called by later
writers UrticcE Solutce ; by Liniiceus, Medus<2 ;
by the common people Sea Gellies and Sea
Blubbers.

I do not find that the moderns make any use
of them. They are left, the prey of basking
sharks, perhaps of other marine animals.

* Lib. xviii. c. 35.

t Arist, Hist An. lib. v. c. 1 6. Afhencetts, lib. iii. p. QO.

Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEJ-STJR. 127

GENUS XXXIII. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR.

Body depressed; covered with a coriaceous
coat; furnished with five or more rays,
and numerous retractile tentacula.

Mouth in the center.

* Five-Rayed.

AsT. Lin. Syst. IO99. Gm. Stella coriacea acutangula lu- 1. Glaci-

Lin. 3162. tea vulgaris Lluidii. iiwcAif, alis.

^ „ ,7 , . -.T ^ Cojnmon.

Faun. Suee. No. 2113. p. 31. tab. xxxvi. No. 6l.

AsT. with five rays depressed; broad at the
base ; sub-angular, hirsute, yellow ; on the
back, a round striated opercule.

These are found sometimes defective, or with
only four rays. See Liitckius, tab. xxxv.
Jig. 60.

Common in all our seas ; feed on oysters,
and are very destructive to the beds.

THRATA.

Cancellated

Stella pentapetalos cancellata Linckii, p. 32. tah. xiv. No. 2. Cla-
anomalos. 23. and tab. vii. No. g.

AsT. with five short thick rays; hirsute be-
neath ; cancellated above.

Found with the former ; more rare.

128 ASTERIAS, SEA-STAR. Class VL

3. OcuLATA. Pentadactylosaster oculatas. Liiicku,p. 31. iah.-xxxvi.
Dotted. No. 62.

AsT. with smooth rays, dotted or punctured ;
of a fine purple color.

Anglesey. Tab. xxxii. Jig. 1.

4. Irregu- Astropecten irregularis. Linckii, p. 27. iah. vi. Jig. 13.

LARIS.

AsT. with five smooth rays; the sides sur-
rounded with a regular scaly rim ; on the
mouth, a plate in form of a cinquefoil ; of a
reddish hue.

5. HisriDA. Stella coriacea acutangulahispida. Linckii, p. 31. tah.ix.
Hispid. Xo. 19.

AsT. with five rays, broad, angulated at top ;
rough, with short bristles ; brown.
Anglesey. Tab. xxxii. Jig. 2.

(3. GiEBOSA. Pentacero3 gibbus et plicatus, Borlases Cormvall, p. 260.
Gwboiis. altera parte concavus. Linck- iah. xxv. Jig. 25, 26.

a, p. 25. tab. iii. No. 20.

A ST. with very short broad rays slightly pro-
jecting ; a pentangular species, much elevated,
small, covered with a rough skin; brown; the
mouth in the midst of a pentagon.

Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. , 129

Stella quinquefida paltnipes. Pontoppidans Norway, part 7- Pla-
Linckiifp. 2g. tab. i.fg. 2. ii. 179- ^^rT"^*

AsT. with five very broad and membranaceous
rays, extremely thin and flat.

Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. xxxiii.

Pentadactylosaster spinosus re- Borlase's Cornwall, p. 25Q. g_ Spinosa.
gularis. Linckii, tab, iv. tab. xxv. Jig. 18. Spiny.

No. 7. • - -.- _^,

AsT. with five rays of almost equal thickness,
I beset with numerous spines.

Gm,Lin.3l6l. Mem. Wern. Soc. 55g. Q Rubens

Linckii, t. vii. y. g. /. ix. x. Adams in Lin. Tr. v. 10.
fig- 19, &c.

* AsT. stellated with four or six, but generally
with five lanceolate convex spiny rays ; varies
infinitely in color.

Ldth shore and islands of Scotland.

[And, according to Mr. Adams, not uncom-
mon in Milford Haven, where it is found four-
teen inches in diameter, and of a pale orange
color. Ed.

VOL. IV, K

iso ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.

10. Eques- Gm. i««. 3164. /. 42. ^ xxxlii./. 53. •

'^^^^' Linckii, t. xii./. 21. t. xxvi. Sel. Mus. iii. L viii, /. 6. 8..

* AsT. disk reticulated, and punctured ; tuber-
cles, five ; margin somewhat jointed. A singu-
lar series of tentacula beneath.

Newhaven.

[A beautiful specimen found on the coast
near Brodie House in Scotland is figured by
Mr. Soxverby. Br, Misc. tab. 63. Ed.

** Five-Rayed, with slender or serpentiform
rays.

il. MiNUTA. Hirsuta, seu Stella grallatoria Linckii, p. 50.

Minute. Ycl macrosceles Luidii. Adams in Liii. Tr. v. Q.

AsT. with a round body, and five very slender
and long hirsute rays.

Found by Mr. Lluyd near Tenby.

12. Lacer- Stella lacertosa. Linckii, p. AT. tal.n. No. A.

TOSA.
T '« >/7

AsT. with five smooth slender rays, scaled,
jointed, white. Linckius calls this Lacertosa,
from the likeness of the rays to a Lizard's tail.
Anglesey. Tab. xxxiv. Jig. 1 .

Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR, ISl

AsT. with a pentagonal indented body, smooth is. Sph^ru-
above the aperture; below five-pointed; be- Beaded.
tween the base of each ray a small globular
bead ; the rays slender, jointed, taper ; hirsute
on their sides.

A7iglesey. Tab. xxxiv. Jig. 2.

Borlase's Cornwall, p. 26O. tal. xxv.Jig. 24. 14. Penta-

PHYLLA.

Cinguefoil,

AsT. with the body regularly cinquefoil; rays
very slender; hirsute on the sides, tessulated
above and below with green, sometimes with
sky-blue.

Cornwall. -

Borlase's Cornwall, p. 259, iah. rxv-Jig. 21. ^15. Varia,

Pied.

AsT. with a circular body, with ten radiated
streaks; the ends of a lozenge form; the rays
hirsute, annulated with red.
CormvalL

K 2

13£

ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR, Class VI.

16, Acu- ^"2' ■^"'' 3166.
LEATA. Borlases Cornwall, p. 259.
Radiated. , , /? ,„

tab, XXV. Jig. ig.

Linckii, tab. xx\i.Jig. 42. iai.
x\.fg.7l.

AsT. with a round body, with streaks from its
centre alternately broad and narrow ; the rays
slender, hirsute.
CornxcalL

17. Has-

TATA.

Javelin.

Borlase's Cornicall, p. itoQ. tal. Kxv.Jig. 22.

AsT. with a pentagonal body indented; of a
deep brow^nish-red hue, marked with ten och-
raceous streaks ; five of the streaks slender,
with javelin-shaped extremities ; rays hirsute,
jointed.
Cornwall.

18. FiSSA.

Indented.

Borlase's Cornwall, p. 269. tab. xxv.Jig. 20.

AsT. with a circular body, with five equidistant
dents, penetrating deep into the sides ; five light-
colored streaks darting from the centre ; rays
slender, hirsute.
CornxcalL

Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR, 13^

Borlases Corniuall, p. 260. tah, -xxv.^g. 23. ' jg. Nigra.

Black.

AsT. with a pentagonal body, black, with five
radiating streaks of white; rays hirsute oliva-
ceous, tessulated with deeper shades.
Cornwall. ■ :

Mont, in Lin- Tr. vii. 84. 20. Brachi-

»»"■■• ATA.

* AsT. with a subpentangular body, covered '

with small oval scales ; rays, five, very long,
slender, tapering ; the sides fiirnished with ,
moveable spines ; diameter of the body scarcely
half an inch ; length of the rays seven or eight
inches, a disproportion not before observed in
any species of Asterias : color purplish brown
or bluish ash.

Found in sand in Salcombe Bay.

^% A¥ith more than five Rays.

Stella decacnemos rosacea, seu decempeda Cornuhiensium. gj. Bifida.
Linckii, p. 55. tah. xxxvii. Jig. 66. Bifid,

AsT. with ten slender rays, beset with tendrils
on their sides ; the mouth surrounded with short
filiform rays.
Coimxvall.

1S4 ASTERIAS. SEA^STAR. Class VI.

22. Pecti- Gto. ZJM. 3166. Adams in Lin. Tr. V. 10.*

NATA. Stella decacnemos barbata, seu A. decacnemos. Br. ZooL

Pectinated. fimhrhta.Barrelier. Lhickii, iv. 66.

p. 5b. ial. xxii.v'n.Jig. ()4/. ;

AsT. with ten very slender rays, with numbers
of long beards on the sides ; the body small, sur-
rounded beneath with ten small filiform rays.

Inhabits the western coasts of Scotland, and
is very common in Milford Haven. Tab. xxxv.

23. Endeca. Gm. Lin. 3l62. Linckii, t. 14. t. 25. t. 15, 16.

Sow. Br. Misc. tal. 24. /. 26. t. 17. /. 27.

* AsT. with nine oblong, tapering rays, gene-
rally distinct, five, three, one ; of a purplish
brown color above; every part covered with
pectinated tubercles ; of a paler color beneath ;
diameter above three inches.

It varies with five, eight, or ten rays.

Found by James Brodie, Esq. in the Moray
Frith. '.

* A very accurate description of this species is given by Mr.
Adams, on whose authority the editor has adopted the Linncean
trivial name. Ed.

Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. 135

- ■■ -lis

Gm. Lin. 3l60.

xvii. fg. 28.

/ai.

xxxii. 24. Pappo-

Stella dodecactis Helianthemo

similis, Linckii, p. 42. tah.

/^•52. .

SA.

Twelve-rayecL

AsT. with twelve broad rays finely reticulated,
and roughened with fasciculated long papilla on
the upper part ; hirsute beneath ; red.

These vary into thirteen, such as the Triscai-
decactis of Linckius. tab. xxxiv. Jig. 54. I
have had one of fourteen rays.

Asterias caput medusse. Lin. Linckii, t. IB. f. 29. t. IQ. y". 25. Caput
Syit. 1101. Gm. Lin. 3167. 30, t. 20. f. 32. Medusa.

Soe-Soele. Pontop. Norway,
ii. 180.

AsT. with five rays issuing from an angular
body; the rays dividing into innumerable
branches, growing slenderer as they recede
from the base ; the most curious of the genus.

Found in the north of Scotland. The late
worthy Doctor IVilliam Borlase informed me
that it had been taken off Cornwall.

Aristotle and Pliny* called this genus Ao-rij^,

* Aristot. Hist. An. lib. v. c. 15. Plinii Hist. Nat. lib. x.
c. 60.

136 ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.

and sfelia marina, says the first, from their re-
semblance to the pictured form of the stars of
heaven. They asserted that they were so ex-
ceedingly hot, as instantly to consume what-
soever they touched.

Class VI. ECHINUS, 137

GENUS XXXIII. ECHINUS.

Body covered with a sutured crust, often fur-
nished with moveable spines.
Mouth quinquevalve, placed beneath.

Echinus. Lin. Syst. 1102.

E%(vo^ wa. Aristot. Hist. An.

1. Escu-

G»t. Zin. 3168. List.Angl.

lib. iv. c. \».

LENTUS.

Eatable.

169. tab. iii.

EcH. of a hemispherical form, covered with
sharp strong spines, above half an inch long;
commonly of a violet color, moveable ; adherent
to small tubercles elegantly disposed in rows.
These are their instruments of motion, by which
they change their place.

This species is often taken in dredging, and
often lodges in cavities of rocks just within low-
water mark. Tab. xxxvi. Jig. 1.

Are eaten by the poor in many parts of Eti-
gland, and by the better sort abroad. In old
times a favorite dish. They were dressed with
vinegar, honied wine, or mead, parsley and
mint; and esteemed to agree with the stomach.*

* Athenceus, lib. iii. p. gi.

158 ECHINUS. Class VI*

They are the first dish in the famous supper of
LuciiUus* when he M^as made Flainen Marti-
aUs, priest of Mars. By some of the conco-
mitant dishes, they seemed designed as a whet
for the second course, to the holy personages,
priests, and vestals, invited on the occasion.
Many species of shell fish made part of the
feast. The reader will perhaps find some
amusement in learning the taste of the Roman
people of fashion in these articles.

^c^fm", the species here described. ''"

Ostrece crudes, raw oysters.

Pelorid(£,-\ a soxioi My a, still used as a food
in some places.

Sphondyli, a sort of Bivalve, with strong
hinges, found in the Mediterranean sea. Not
the gristly part of oysters, as Doctor Arhuthwt
conjectures.

Patina Ostrearum. Perhaps stewed oysters.

Pelorides. Balani nigri et albi >• two kinds
oi Lepades.

Sphondyli, again.

Glycymerides.'^ A shell. I suspect to be
the same with the Mactra lutraria of this
work.

* Macrolius, as quoted by Arhuthnot.

t Rondel. Testacea,p. 11. % Ibid. p. 13.

Class VI. ECHINUS. iSd

Miirices, Purpura. Turbinated shells, whose
species I cannot very well determine, there be-
ing more than one of each in the Italian seas.

Echinus spatagus. Lin. Syst. Ech. cordatus. Br. Zool, 2. Spata-

llOi. Gm. Lin. 31Q\). List. iv. 6q. 2^;

Uval.
App. tab.'i.fg. 13.

EcH. of an oval shape, gibbous at one end,
and marked with a deep sulcus at the other ;
covered with slender spines resembling bristles.
Shell most remarkably fragile.

Length, two inches. Tab. xxxvi. Jig. 2.

Gm. Lin. 3ig7' Ech. lacunosus. £r. Zoo/, iv. ^. 3. Purpu-

REUS.

EcH. of a cordated depressed form; on the
top, of a purple color, marked with a quadrefoil,
and the spaces between tuberculated in waved
rows ; the lower sides studded ; and divided by
two smooth spaces.

Length, four inches. When cloathed, is co-
vered with short thickset bristles mixed with
very long ones.

Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. xxxvii.

Doctor Borlase gives a figure of an Echinus,
found in Mount's Bay, that resembles in shape

Purple.

140 ECHINUS. Class VI.

the above ; but I cannot, either from descrip-
tion or print, determine whether it be the young,
or distinct. Vide Nat. Hist. Comzvall, p. 278.
tab. xxviii. Jig. 26.

4. CiDARIS. Gm. Lin. 3174. Mem. Wern. Soc. 359-

* EcH. hemispheeric, depressed, with five linear
flexuous ambulacra or avenues, the intervening
compartments alternately bifarious.

Var. a. Gm. Lin. 3174- a. ? Soiv. Br. Misc. tah. 44.

* This variety is covered with spines of very
different sizes, the largest are flat, and in length
nearly equal to the diameter of the body, blunt
at the ends, and some of them partly spatulate.

Found on the coast of Shetland.

5. Placenta. Gm.Lin.2\g5. Mem. Wem. Soc. 5bQ.

* EcH. subconic, of ten compartments, each
alternate, one narrower ; five plain avenues de-
hiscent or gaping at the ends.

From the isle of Fulah ; rare,

6. PuLviKu- * EcH. of a form nearly hemisphasric, some-
what depressed, with five linear truncated ave-

Class VI. ECHINUS. 141

nues, two of them shorter than the others ; the
(anus) vent is round, placed about midway
between the mouth and the margin, with four
pores at the top; color whitish; somewhat
concave beneath; often nearly circular, some-
times more ovate ; diameter not exceeding three
tenths of an inch.

I have seen none of this delicate species till
after it had lost its spines, and have only found
it in Red Wharf sands in Anglesey. Tab*
xxxviii.^^. 1, ^* Jig' 3, much magnified.

142 CHITON. COAT OF MAIL, Class VI.

Div. III. TESTACEA.

VERMES.

Of the soft kind, and simple make, commonly
covered with a calcareous habitation, or shell.

Sect. I. MULTIVALVE SHELLS.
GENUS I. CHITON. COAT OF MAIL.

Ajtimal, or inhabitant of its shell, a Doris.
Shell plated, consisting of many parts, lying
upon each other transversely.

1. CRINITUS. Gm. Lin. 3206. Moni. Test. Br. 4.

^«»''y- Lin. TV. viii. 20.

\-/H. with seven valves ; thick set with short
hairs ; five-eighths of an inch long.

Inhabits the sea near Aberdeen. Tab. xxxix.
Jig. I. of the natural size; Jig. A. 1. magnified.

Class VI. CHITON. COAT OF MAIL, 143

Lin. Tr. viii. 20. Mont. Test. Br. 3. id. Sup. 1. 2. DISCORS.

* Ch. with seven valves ridged, having a broad
margin, with slight appearances of net-work;
the four middle valves divided transversely;
the hinder part rough, the foremost smoothish ;
length half an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu in Salcombe
bay ; rare. Variety of the next species ?

Gm. Lin. 3206. Mont. Test. Br. 1. id. Sup. 3, margi-

Lin. Tr. viii. 21. t. 1. f.2. 1. natus.

marginated.

Ch. with eight valves; with a serrated reflect-
ed margin, smooth; size of the figure. Tab,
xxxix. Jig. S. : ;.

Inhabits the sea near Scarborough.

Gm. Lin. 3202. Mont. Test. Br. 5. 4^ fascicu-

Lin. Tr. viii. 21. t. l.f.l. laris.

* Ch. with eight valves, the sides thickly set with
small tufts of whitish hairs ; length five eighths
of an inch ; breadth two eighths of an inch.
Adheres to rocks in the sea.

144

CHITON. COAT OF MAIL, Class VI.

5. Lmvis.
smooth.

Q. CINE-
RBU3.

Gm. Lin. 3206.
Lin. Tr. viii. 21.

Mont. Test. Br. 2.

Ch. with eight valves ; quite smooth, with a
longitudinal mark along the back, a little elevat-
ed. Size of a wood-louse. Tab. xxxix. Jig. 3.
Inhabits the shores of Loch Broom in /Vest
Ross-shire.

Gm. Lin. 3204.

Lin. Tr. viii. t. l.f.3.

Mont. Test. Br. 3.

* Ch. with eight valves, smooth, ridged, body
reddish, the margin subciliated; length a quar-
ter of an inch.

Found on oysters on the Dorsetshire coast.

7. ALBUS. Gm. Lin. 3204.

Lin. Tr. viii. 22. i. l.f. 4.

Mont. Test. Br. 4.

* Ch. with eight valves, smooth, scarcely ridg-
ed ; body white ; smaller than the preceding.

Adheres to shells smd/uci in the sea near
Poole,

Class VI. CHITON. COAT OF MAIL. 145

Gm. Lin. 3203. Mefti. Wern. Soc. 628. 8. RUBER.

* Ch. with eight valves, arcuated, somewhat
striated ; body red.

Found on stalks of fucus digitalis near
Dunbar.

The name Chiton, taken from yjrujv, lorica, a
coat of mail. All this genus are inhabitants of
the sea, and are found adhering to stones,
shells, or submarine plants.

\^^\. IV.

146 LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL. Class VI.

GENUS II. LEPAS.* ACORN-SHELL.

AxiMALj a Triton.

Sh ELL of several erect unequal valves, fixed by
a stem : or sessile.

1. BALANUS, Lepas. Lin. Syst. 1107. Gm. Common English Barnacle,

com7non. Lin. 3207- Faun. Suec. No. Ellis Ph. Tr. 1758. tab.

2122. xxxiv. ^g. 17.

Lin. Tr. viii. 23. Mont. Test. Br. 6.

* L. with a shell of six unequal valves, conoid,
truncated, sulcated, strong, rough, lid or oper-
culum pointed. In this species the points of
the four divisions of the opeixulum lie close to-
gether, but are not connected, and the trans-
verse sti^ice of the upper pair are themselves
transversely striated, and the lower pair have
each a longitudinal furrow : size, an inch or an
inch and half in diameter at the base, and one
half or three quarters of an inch at the top ;
height from half to one inch and a quarter.

Found adhering to rocks, oysters, and shell-
fish of various sorts. Tab. x\. Jig. 1.

Class VI. LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL.

147

L. Lin. Syst. 1108. Gni. Lin,
3207. Faun. Suec. No. 2123.
List. Angl. iah. v. Jig. 41.

Lin. Tr. viii. 23.
Mont. Test. Br. 7.

* L. with six unequal valves, conoid, truncated,
sulcated, smooth ; operculum obtuse ; at each
of the ends of the lower divisions of the opercu-
lum there is a groove and process, which unite
with a similar groove and process in each cor-
responding part of the upper division; the
transverse strice on the upper pair are plain, or
not striated ; an unerring character by which it
may be distinguished from L. Balanus ; size
at the base from one quarter to six-eighths of an
inch, height from a quarter to half an inch.
Adheres to the same bodies. Tab. xl.Jig. Q.

2. BALA-
NOIDES.

sulcated.

Lepas Cornubiensis. Ellis Ph.

JV. 1758. iah. xxxiv. Jig.

16.
Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornioa II.

Lepas punctata. Lin. Tr. viii. 3. cornubi-

24.?
Balanus punctatus. Mont.Test.

Br. 8. t. \.f.5.}

ENSIS.

Cornish.

L. in form of a limpet, with a dilated bottom,
and rather narrovv^ aperture ; the shell sulcated
near the lower edges ; lids obtuse. Diameter
a quarter of an inch. Tab. xl.Jig. 3.

L 2

148 LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL. Class VI.

4. STRIATA. Lepas intertexta. -£2/2. TV. viii. Balanus striatus. Mont. Test,
striated. gg. Br. 12. id. Sup. 2.

L. with the shells lapping over each other,
and obliquely striated ; breadth a quarter of
an inch. .. - ~ , . .

The sea near JVeymouth. Tab. xYx. Jig. L
From the Portland cabinet.

5. CO- Lin. Tr. viii. 24. Mont. Test. Br. 12.

NOIDES.

* L. with a conic shell, valves pointed, aper-
ture much contracted ; size a quarter of an
inch.

Affixed to Lepas anatifrra near Weymouth.

6. COSTATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 24. Mont. Test. Br. II.

* L. with a shell nearly conic ; numerous ribs
diverging from the aperture ; lids pointed, white.

Coast of Pembrokeshbx.

7. TiNTiN- L. Lin. Syst. 1108. Gm. Lin. TV. viii. 25.

NABULUM. Lin_ 3208. Mont. Test. Br. 10.

hell.

L. with a shell of twelve compartments, the six
prominent purple; and striated lengthways:

Class VI. LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL. 149

the six depressed are greyish, and striated
across ; as large as a walnut.

Found frequently adhering to the bottom of
ships, in great clusters. Probably originated
in hot clinaates.

Lin. Tr. viii. 23. Mont. Test. Br. 8. id. Sup. 1. 8. RUGOSE

* L. Avith a shell somewhat cylindrical, lids
sharp pointed, length three quarters of an inch.

Dorsetshire coast. . ' -

Gm. Lin. 3213. Bal. clavatus. Mont. Test. Br. 9- elon-

Lin. Tr. viii. 26. 10.

GAT A

* L. with an elongated club-shaped shell; aper-
ture diverging, operculum obtuse. The parti-
cular characters of this species are its extraor-
dinary height (those found on the coast of
Anglesey measuring full one inch and three
quarters), and its invariably wide-gaping aper-
ture, the reverse of all the other species : is
from two tenths to a quarter of an inch broad ;
the operculum is precisely of the same struc-
ture with that of L. balanoides., unless the stride,
which cross the upper divisions of the opercu-
lum, assume more of the form of laminae, and
have in a great measure the appearance of being
imbricated. Tab. xl. Jig. 4.

\50 LEPAS. JCORN-SHELL. Class VI.

10. SPON- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 2. fal. 17. /. 4. 5. 6.

GEOSA.

* L. with an ovate shell, and six wrinkled pointed
valves furnished M'ith numerous spines ; oper-
ciikim of four valves, the anterior pair rough
with decussated strice ; length half an inch ;
breadth less.

11. CON- * L. with a smooth, truncated, subdiaphanouSj
elliptic shell ; operculum convex. This deli-
cate species, which I do not find described, is
very frequent on the coast of Anglesey, on rocks
and limpets ; the shell is evenly truncated ; its
height is not quite one half of its length ; aper-
ture very large ; operculum regularly convex,
higher than the sides, smooth, unless there be a
faint stria on each side of the juncture of the
larger divisions of the operculum, each of the
ends of which form the segment of a circle;
and the juncture of them with the lesser parts
is transverse, and at about one fourth of their
length from the end ; the color of it is a faint
purple; the size little more than the twentieth
part of an inch. Tab. xxxviii. Jig. 2. much
magnified.

Class VI. LEPAS. BARNACLE. 151

Gm. Lin. 3208.

Mont. Test. Br

13.

12. DIADE

Lin. Tr. viii. 27.

MA.

13. SCAL-
PELLUM.

* L. with a shell somewhat depressed, hemi-
spheric, of twelve copartments, six flat trans-
versely striated, the others prominent with lon-
gitudinal ridges ; one inch high, full two inches
diameter at the base.

Common on the northern coast. ;.

** Barnacle.

Gm. Lin. 3210. Mont. Test. Br. 18. t. I. f. 4.

Lin. Tr. vili. 27.

* L. with a shell of thirteen valves, compressed,
smoothish, placed on a scaly stalk ; five eighths
of an inch long, three eighths broad.

Found near Sandwich and Plymouth.

Gm. Lin. 3210. Mont. Test. Br. \Q. ^^- jt^,^^^'

FERA.

Lin. Tr. viii. 28.

* L. with a shell of five valves, compressed,
striated, placed on a stalk ; one inch long, three
quarters of an inch broad.

On drifted wood on the south coast of De-
"conshire.

152

LEPAS. BARNACLE. Class VI.

15. AKTATI- \i. Lin. StjsI. WOQ. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr.xm. 2^-.
FERA. 32\\.Faun.Suec.No.2\20. Mont. Test. Br. \5.

List. Conch, tab. 439.

L. consisting of five shells, compressed, affixed
tO' a pedicle, and in clusters. Tab. xli. Jig. 2.
Adheres to ships bottoms by its pedicles^
The tentacula from its animal are feathered ;
and have given our old English historians and
naturalists the idea of a bird. They ascribed
the origin of the Bernacle Goose to these shells.
The account given bv the sage Gerard, is so
curious, that I beg leave to transcribe it.

' But what our eyes have scene, and hands
* have touched, ^\e shall declare. There is a
' small island in Lancashire called the Pile
' of Foulders, wherein are found the broken
' pieces of old and bruised ships, some whereof
' have been cast thither by shipwracke, and
^ also the trunks and bodies with the branches
' of old and rotten trees, cast up there likewise;
' whereon is found a certaine spume or froth
' that in time breedeth unto certaine shels, in
' shape like those of the Muskle, but sharper
' pointed, and of a whitish colour; wherein is
' contained a thing in form like a lace of silke
' finely woven as it were together, of a whitish

Glass VI. LEPAS. BJRNJCLE.

1.75

colour ; one end whereof is fastened unto the
inside of the shell, even as the fish of Oisters
and Muskles are : the other end is made fast
unto the belly of a rude masse or lumpe,
which in time commeth to the shape and form
of a bird: when it is perfectly formed, the
shell gapeth open, and the first thing that
appeareth is the foresaid lace or string ; next
come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as
it groweth greater it openeth the shell by de-
grees, till at length it is all come forth, and
hangeth onely by the bill : in short space after
it commeth to full maturitie, and falleth into
the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and grow-
eth to fowle bigger than a Mallard and lesser
than a Goose, having blacke legs and bill of
beake, and feathers blacke and white, spotted
in such manner as is our Mag-Pie, called in
some places a Pie-Amiet, which the people
oi Lancashire call by no other name than a
tree Goose : which place aforesaid, and all
those parts adjoining, do so much abound
therewith, that one of the best is bought for
three-pence. For the truth hereof, if any
doubt, may it please them to repaire unta me,
and I shall satisfie them by the testimonie
of good witnesses.' Vide Herbal, p. 1587,
1588.

K54 LEPAS. BARNACLE. Class VI.

This genus is called by Llnnceus, Lepas, a
name that is given by the antients to the Pa-
tella. Shells of this class are called by Aristotle,
Ba.xavoi,f from the resemblance some of them
bear to acorns. We have seen before, in the
account of the supper of Lentulus, that they
were admitted to the greatest tables.

16. SUL- Lin. Tr. vili. 29. Mont. Test. Br. I7. t. \.f. 6.

CATA.

* L. with a shell of a somewhat triangular
form ; of five valves, furrowed ; color white ;
the dorsal valve striated lengthways ; length a
quarter of an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu on the coast
near Portland.

17. FASCi- Lin. Tr. vili. 30. Mont, Test. Br. bb"! . id. App.

cuLARis. ]63. id. Snp.5.

* L. with a shell of five valves, smooth, the

ridge valves widened at the base with a sharp

prominent heel ; about the size of L. aiiatjfera.

Discovered by Ellis in St. Georges Channel.

f Hist. an. lib. v. c. 15.

Class VI. LEPAS. BARNACLE, U5

Gm. Lin. 3213. 3IoJit. Test. Br. Sup. 6. tab. 28. /. 5- 18. polli-

CIPES.

* L. with an erect compressed shell, of many
smooth valves ; four of them larger and above
twenty smaller, placed on a short coriaceous
scaly stem; length, including stem, about two
inches and an half.

Mont. Test. Br. App. l64. ig. membra-

NACEA.

* L. with a shell of five valves, connected by
broad membranes, and supported by a short
pedicle ; length half an inch ; breadth a quarter
of an inch.

\56

PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE. Class VL

GENUS III. PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE.

Animal, an Ascidia.

Shell, two large valves open at each end, with

several lesser shells at the hinge.
Hinges folded back, united with a cartilage.
Tooth incurvated in the inside beneath the

hinge.

1. DACTY- Ph. Lin. Syst. 1110- Gm.
LUS. ^^K. 3214. Faujt. Suec.

('- y ^- jy^_ 2124. List. Angl. App.

tab. xi. Jig, 3.

Lin. Tr. vili. 30.
3IonL Test. Br. 20,

Ph. with an oblong shell, marked with echi-
nated strice ; the tooth broad ; the space above
the hinge reflected, and cancellated beneath;
breadth four inches and a half; length one inch
and a quarter. Tab. liYn. Jig. 1.

2. CANDIDA.

white.

Ph. Lin. Syst. 1111. Gm.
Lin. 321.5. List. Angl. tab.
V. fig- 39-

Lin. Tr. viii. 31.
Mont. Test. Br. 24.

Ph. with a brittle shell, and smoother than the
former ; the tooth very slender ; breadth an inch

Class VI. PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE. 157

and an half; length near an inch. Tab. xlii.

Gm. Lin. 3215. ' 3Ion(. Test. Br. 26. 3. STRIATA,

Lin. Tr. viii. 32.

* Ph. with a shell somewhat oval, striated in
many various directions ; length half an inch,
breadth three quarters.

Probably not a native of our shores.

Ph. Lin. Syst. 1111. G»u

Faun. Suec. No. 2125.

4. CRIS

Lin. 32 16. Soleu crispus.
ib. 3228. List. Angl. tab.

Lin. Tr. viii. 32.
Mont. Test. Br. 23.

PATA.

curled.

y.Jig. 38.

Ph. with a strong oval shell ; the half next to
the hinge waved and striated ; tooth large and
strong ; breadth three inches and a half ; length
one inch and three quarters. Tab. xliii.^^. 1.

Lin. Tr. viii. 33. 3Iont. Test. Br. 22. t. \.f. 7. 8. 5. PARVA.

little.

Ph. with a shell thinner than the former; and
the tooth very slender and oblique -, in exter-
nals resembling the preceding, only never found
larger than a hazel nut. Tab. xliii. jig. 2.

This genus takes its name from ^ujXs-m, to
lurk in cavities. A shell of the name of pholls

158 PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE. Class VI.

and pholas is mentioned by Ajistotle and
Athoiceus; but I suspect it to be the dactylus
of Fl'iny. A species now called clatyl, abound-
ing within the rocks of the Mediterranean^ is
much admired as a food.*

I have often taken them out of the cells they
had formed in hard clay, below high-water
mark, on many of our shores. They also per-
forate the hardest oak plank that accidentally
is lodged in the water. I have a piece filled
with them, which was found near Pensacola
in JVest Florida, and presented to me by that
ingenious naturalist the late John Ellis, Esq.

I have also found them in masses of fossil
wood, in the shores of Abergeleu in Denbigh-
shire. The bottoms of the cells are round, aiid
appear as if nicely turned with some instru-
ment.

* Pliny, lib, ix. c. 6l. Armstrong s Hist. Minorca, 173,

Class VI. MYA. GAPER. 159

Sect. II. BIVALVE SHELLS.

GENUS IV. MYA. GAPER.

Animal, an Ascidia.

Shell gaping at one end.

Hinge, for the most part, furnished with a
thick, strong, and broad tooth, not in-
serted into the opposite valve.

M. Truncata. Lin. Syst. 1 1 12.

Lisi. Angl. tab. v. Jig. 36.

1. TRUN

Gm. Lin. 3217- Fuun.Suec.

Lin. Tr. viii. 35.

CATA.

No. 2126.

Mont. Test. Br. 32.

abrupt.

M. with a broad, upright, blunt tooth, in one
shell ; the closed end rounded ; the open end
truncated, and gaping greatly ; the outside yel-
low, marked with concentric wrinkles; length
an inch and an half, breadth three inches.
Tab. xliv.

Lodged under muddy ground, near low- water
mark ; discovered by an aperture in the slime,
beneath which it is found in coarse gravel.

160 MYA. GAPER. Class VI.

2. GLYCI- Gm. Lin. 3222. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. IQ.

MEKES. l^in. Tr. viii. 34.

* M. with a shell gaping at each end, very
strong, lamellated, oblong-ovate, transversely
wrinkled, striated, the primary hinge tooth very
strong ; length five inches, breadth ten inches.

Said to have been found between the Dogger
Bank and the eastern coast of England ?

3. DECLi- Lin. Tr. viii. 30. Mya pubescens. Mont. Test.

7^^- Br. 40.

sloping^

M. with a brittle half-transparent shell, with a
hinge slightly prominent ; less gaping than the
tnincata ; near the open end sloping down-
wards.

Frequent about the Hebrides ; the fish eaten
by the gentry.

NUIS.

4. PR^TE- Lin. Tr. viii. 37- Tellina fragilis. Br. Zool. iv.

Mont. Test. Br. 41. t. 1. 86.

/.2.

M. wdth a thin brittle whitish ovate shell,
having a few concentric stria;; hinge tooth
broad, and hollowed in the middle, or spoon-

Class VI. MYA. GAPER. 161

shaped, in each valve ; length one inch, breadth
two inches. Tab. 1. Jig: 1.

On the western coast, from Poole to Fal-
mouth.

Lin. Tr.vni. 37. Mont. Test. Br. 4:2. t. \.f. I. 5. distorta.

* M. with a shell somewhat ovate ; valves dis-
torted, convex, hinge tooth strong ; shell white,
brittle, nearly transparent; length three quar-
ters of an inch, breadth one inch.

Found by Mr. Montagu in limestone near
Plymouth.

Lin. Tr. vlii. 37- 6. batava.

* M. with a shell nearly oval, rounded at each
end ', length one inch, breadth one inch and
three quarters.

Pound in the river Kennet, near Nezohury,
Berkshire.

M- arenaria. Lin. Syst. 1112. Lin. Tr, vlii. 33. - arena-

Got. Lin. 3218. Faun. Suec. Mont. Test. Br. 30. ria.

No. 2127. sand.

M. with a tooth like that of the My a decUvis ;
mouth large ; rough at the base ; the whole
shell of an ovated figure, and much narrower at

VOL. IV. M

162 MYA. GAPER. Class VI.

the gaping end. Three inches and a half
broad; two inches long in the middle. Tab.
xlv.

PICTO- M. p'lctorum. Lin. Syst. 11 12. Li7i. Tr. viii. 38.

^^^' Gm. Li?i. 3218. Faun. Siiec. Mya ovalls. Mont. Test. Br.

No. 219. 34.

List. Angl. Jpp. tal. l.Jig.4.

M. with an oval brittle shell. The primary
hinge tooth on one valve is crenulated, and
received into a corresponding double tooth on
the other valve. Breadth from three to four
inches ; length two. Inhabits rivers. Tab. xlvi.

Mi-

Used to put water colors in; whence the
name. Otters feed on this and the other fresh-
water shells.

9. OVATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 3g. M. ovalis. Mont. Test. Br. 34.

* M. with an ovate shell, narrower at one end ;
hinge tooth the same as in the last, but near
the posterior end ; length one inch and three
quarters, breadth tliree inches and a quarter.

Found wdth the 31. pictorum in the rivers
Oiize, in Yorkshire ; Avon, Somersetmire ; and
the NezD River, near London.

Class VL MYA. GAPER. . 163

Lin. Syst. 1112. Gm. Lin. Scheffer Lapland, 145. 10. tiarga-

3219. Faun. Suec. No. Lin. Tr. y'm. 40. ritifera.

tiecirl.
2130. Mont. Test. Br. 33. ^

List. Angl. App. tab. I. Jig. 1.

M. with a very thick coarse opake shell ; often
much decorticated ; oblong, bending inward on
one side, or arcuated ; black on the outside ;
usual breadth from five to six inches ; length
two and a quarter. Tab. xlvi. Jig. 2.

Inhabits great rivers, especially those which
water the mountanous parts of Great Britain.

This shell is noted for producing quantities
of pearl. There have been regular fisheries
for the sake of this pretious article in several
of our rivers. Sixteen have been found within
one shell. They are the disease of the fish,
analogous to the stone in the human body. •
On being squeezed, they will eject the pearl,
and often cast it spontaneously in the sand of
the stream.

The Conwy was noted for them in the days
of Camden. A notion also prevales, that Sir
Richard TVynn, of Givydir, chamberlain to
Catherine queen to Charles II. presented her
majesty with a pearl (taken in this river) which
is to this day honored with a place in the regal

M 2

iCi MYA. GJPER. Class VI.

crcAvn. They arc called bv the If'clsh, Cregin
Diluic, or Deluge Shells, as if left there by the
flood.

The //•/ ill Ciunberlaud was also productive
of them. The famous circumnavigator, Sir
John Haickins,^' had a patent for fishing that
river. He had observed pearls plentiful in the
Straits of JMagellan^ and flattered himself with
being inriched by procuring them within his
own island.

In the last century, several of great size were
gotten in the rivers of the county of Tyrone and
Donegal, in Ireland. One that weighed 36
carats Mas valued at 40/. but being foul, lost
much of its worth. Other single pearls were
sold for 4/. \Qs. and even for 10/. The last
was sold a second time to Lady Glenlealy, who
put it into a necklace, and refused 80/. for it
from the Duchess of Ormond.]'

Suetonius reports, that CcCsar was induced
to undertake his British expedition for the sake
of our pearls ; at comparing the sizes of v.hich
he was so expert, as sometimes to have ascer-
tained the weight by his hand only. J I ima-
gine that Caesar only heard this by report; and

* Camden, ii. 1003. f Ph. Tr. Alridg. ii, S3 1.

% Sucton. Fit. Jul. Cess. c. xliv.

Class VI. MYA. GAPER. I6t

that the cr3^stalline balls in old leases, called
mineral pearl, were mistaken for them.*

^Ve believe that Ccesar was disappointed of
his hope : yet we are told that he brought home
a buckler made Mith British pearl,! which he
dedicated to, and hung up in the temple of
Venus Genetrii\ A proper offering to the
Goddess of Beauty, who sprung from the sea.
I cannot omit mentioning, that notwithstanding
the classics honor our pearl with their notice,
yet they report them to have been small and
ill colored ; an imputation that in general they
are still liable to. Pliny]^ says, that a red
small kind was found about the Thracian Bos-
phorus, in a shell called Mya, but does not
give it any mark to ascertain the species.

Lin. Tt.\i\\..22. ]\Iya Pholadla. Mont. Test. \\. dubia.

Br, 28. dubious,

M. with a rudiment of a tooth within one shell;
with an oval and large hiatus opposite to the
hinge. Shells brown and brittle.

Shape of a, pistac/iia nut. Length of a horse-
bean. Tab. xlvii.

* JVoodwarcTs Metliod of Fossils, 2Q. pari ii,
+ Plinii, lib, ix. c. 35. Tacitus Fit. ylgricolce.
X Plinii, lib. ix. c. 35o

166 MYA. GAPER. Class VI.

Found near IVeymouth. From the Port-
land cabinet.

12. IN^QUI- Lin. Tr. viii. 40. (. \.f. 6. Mont. Test. Br. 38.

VALVIS.

* M. with a shell somewhat triangular; strong,
opake white; one valve nearly double the size
of the other; back swelling out and bending
inwards; in size rather smaller than a horse-
bean.

Coasts of Kent, Cornwall, and Devonshh^e^

13. BIDEN- Lin. Tr. viii. 41. Mont. Test. Br. 44.

TATA.

* M. with a shell somewhat oval, flattened ; at
the hinge one valve has two broad diverging
teeth ; the other valve has none ; color dull
white. Minute.

Found by Mr. Montagu in old oyster-shells
in Salco7nbe Bay.

14, SUBOR- Lin. Tr. viii. 41. Mont. Test. Br. 39.

BICULARIS.

* M. with a shell in some degree spherical ; a
single hinge tooth in one valve received into a
double tooth on the other, with lamellated side
teeth ; length three-eighths of an inch, breadth
half an inch ; resembles Tellina cornea.

Class VI. MYA. GAPER. 167

Discovered by Mr. Montagu in hard lime-
stone at Plymouth.

■:■;..■..-• :; Monl. Test. Br. Sup. 20. ' . 15. DECUS-

SATA.

* M. with a white ovate shell, with irregular
concentric ridges decussated by regular longi-
tudinal sftics, which form tubercles at the an-
terior end ; margin waved ; length half an inch,
breadth rather more.

IVith of Forth ; rare,

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 2\. i6. purpu-

rea.

* M. shell slightly wrinkled transversely, whit-
ish, with a purple tinge near the beak ; minute.

Taken amongst coralline in deep water ; De-
vonshire coast.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 22. ih. \Q6. I?, ferru-

GINOSA.

* M, with a white subovate shell, moderately
convex with obsolete wrinkles j beak obtuse,
near one end front margin nearly strait;
breadth half an inch, length a quarter of an
inch.

Found on Belton sand near Dunbar in Scot-
land.

168 MYA. GAPER. Class VI

18. NITENS. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. l65.

* M. "^vith an ovate shell regularly striated con-
centrically ; color pink and white ; a single
tooth in one valve enters a cleft in the other ;
about a quarter of an inch long, and three-^
eighths of an inch broad.

Near Dunbar ; extremely rare.

Cl. VI. LIGULA. SPOON-HINGE SHELL, m

GENUS V. LIGULA. SPOON-HINGE
SHELL.

Animal, an Ascidia. ■■. ;

Shell equi valve. -

Hinge, with a broad tooth on each valve pro-
jecting inwards, furnished with a cavity

, for the reception of the connecting car-
tilage.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 23. tah. 26./. 3. j, Prisma-

TICA.

* Li. shell oblong, flat, thin, glossy, white, con-
siderably attenuated at one end, and obsoletely
striated concentrically ; beak nearer the smaller
end; length three-eighths of an inch, breadth
six-eighths.

Coast of Devonshire.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 25.

* Li. with a white, sub-ovate, sub-pellucid shell,
wrought with distant, obsolete, elevated, longi-
tudinal stricB ; inside plain ; margin smooth ;
diameter one-tenth of an inch.

SUBSTRI-
ATA.

no LIGULA. SPOON-HINGE SHELL. Cl. VI.

Taken by deep dredging on the Devonshire
coast; very rare; discovered by Mr. 3Ion~

tagu.^ ■

* Mr. 3Ioniagu, in the Supplement to his Testacea Briian-
oiica, expresses a wish that the Mya prcetenuis, M. pulescens,
M. disiorta, and the Mactra tenuis, M. compressa, M. Boysiig
should be comprehended in this new genus. We lament, in
common with others, that it should have received a name which
had been previously appropriated to one of the Vermes Intestinot^

Class VI. SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL, 171

GENUS VI. SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL,

Animal, an Ascidia.

Shell oblong, open at both ends.

Tooth, a subulated, at the hinge, turned back,

often double ; not inserted in the opposite

shell.

Lin. Syst. 1113. Gm. Lin.

List. Conch, tab. 40g.

1. SILIQUA.

■ 3223. Faun. Suec. No.

Lin. Tr. viii. 43.

pod.

2131. Lisi. Angl. tah. v.

Mont. Test. Br. 46.

M- 37.

S. with a strait shell, equally broad, com-
pressed, with a double tooth at the hinge,
receiving another opposite ; and on one side
another tooth sharp pointed, and directed down-
wards. Color olive, with a conoid mark of an
ash color, dividing the shells diagonally; one
part striated lengthways, the other transversely.
Breadth usually five or six inches, sometimes
nine. Tab. xlviii. Jig. 1 .

Lin. Sy

St. 1113. Gm.

Lin.

Lin. Tr. viii. 42.

2. VAGINA,

3223.

List. Conch.

tah.

Mont. Test. Br. 48.

sheath.

410.

S. with a shell nearly cylindrical, one end mar-
ginated ; the hinge consisting of a single tooth

172 SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL. Class VI.

in each shell placed opposite. Shell yellow,
marked much like the former; usually about
five or six inches broad. 7'ab. xlix. ^g. 1 .
Inhabits Red Wharf, Anglesey. "^

5. NOVA-
CULA.

Li7i. Tr. viil. 44.

Monl. Test. Br. 47-

* S. with a strait shell somewhat compressed;
single bent hinged-tooth in each valve; has
much the appearance of the S. Siliqua, but the
teeth turn conti'ary ways, and when closed,
clasp into each other.

Found near Llaugharne, Caermarthenshire.^
by Mr. Montagu.

4. ENSis. Lin. Syst. J 114. Gm. Lin.
scymeter, 2,224:. List. Angl. App. tab.

ii. Jig. Q. List. Conch, tab.

411.

Lin. Tr. vlii. 44.
Mont. Test. Br. 48.

S. with a shell bending like a scymeter, with
hinges like those of the Siliqua; and colored
and marked like it. The shell thin, and round-
ed at each end. Usual breadth four or five
inches. Tab. xlviii. fig. 2.

* First noticed by the reverend Hugh Davies. Ed.

Class VI. SOLEX. RAZOR-SHELL. 173

Lin. Tr. viii. 44. Mont. Test. Br. 49. 5. pelluci.

DUS.

pellucid.

S. sub-arcuated and sub-oval ; with the hinge
consisting of a sharp double tooth on one side,
receiving a single one from the opposite, with a
process in each shell, pointing towards the car-
tilage of the hinge. Shell fragile, pellucid j
about an inch broad.

Inhabits Red JFharf, Angleseij.^ Tab. xlix.

Lin. Syst. 1114- Gm. Zz?z. TV. viil. 45. 6. legumejt.

Lin. 3224. List. Conch. Mont. Test. Br. 50. sub-oval,

tal. 420.

S. with a strait sub-oval shell ; with teeth ex-
actly resembling those of the last, furnished
likewise with similar processes ; one end is
somewhat broader than the other. Usual
breadth about two inches and an half. Shell
sub-pellucid, radiated from the hinge to the
margin.

Inhabits the same place. Tab. xlix. fig. 3.

* Discovered about the year 1770, by the Rev. Hugh Davies,
on the coast of EJionydd, Caernarvonshire, and afterwards at
lied JFharf. Ed.

174 SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL, Class VI.

7. ANTi- Solen coarctatus. Gm. Lin. S. antlquatus. Lin, Tr. viii.
QUATUS. 3227? 46.

S. with a kidney-shaped shell; with a single
tooth in one valve locking; in between two teeth
in the opposite. The shell covered with a rough
epidermis. Breadth nearly two inches ; length
seven-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea near JVei/mouth.

This species borders on the my<£, and con-
nects the genera. Tab. xlix. Jig. 4.

f5, JKACILIS. 3IonL Test. Br. 51. id. Sup. 26.

* S. with an oblong pellucid shell, rounded at
the ends ; hinge near the middle ; a single subu-
late tooth in one valve, and a double dissimilar
recurved in the other ; breadth an inch and an
half, length half an inch.

Found on the Dorsetshire coast.

g. VESPER- Lin. Tr. \'m. 47. Tcllinadcpressa. -Br. Zoo/. 4to.

TINUS. Mo?iL Test. Br. 54. iv. 73. /. 47./- 27-

Gm. Lin. 3228.

* S. with an oblong-ovate shell, compressed, a
single hinge tooth of one valve received into a

Class VI. SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL. 175

forked one in the other ; length one inch and a
quarter, breadth two inches and an half. Tab.

!. Lin. Tr. viii. 47. Gm. Lin. 3226. iO. mijtu^

Moni. Test. Br. 33, ■ TUS.

* S. with an oval shell, abrupt at one end close
to the hinge, the other end of the valves tooth-
ed; length a quarter of an inch, breadth half
an inch.

Found by Mr. Montagu burrowed in liixie-
stone at Plymouth, ,~'~--'

/, ' : . .,

Zin. TV. viii, 48. Mont. Test. Br. b65. 11. squa-

MOSUS,

* S. with a shell somewhat circular, with two
forked hinge-teeth diverging from the beak;
length three-eighths, breadth half an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu in Salcombe
Bay.

Lin. Tr. viii. 48. Mont. Test. Br. 566. id. 12. pinna.

Sup. 27.

* S. with an ovate compressed shell, the valves
from the hinge forming a strait line ; delicate,
white, transparent, with frequent concentric
wrinkles ; one tooth in each valve.

First observed by Mr. Pcmiajit at JFey-
mouth. Tab. Ixvii. Jig. 3.

176 SOLEN". RAZOR-SHELL. Class VI.

I am not acquainted with the natural history
of the sixth and seventh. The four first lurk
in the sand near low-water mark, in a perpen-
dicular direction : and when in want of food,
elevate one end a little above the surface, and
protrude their bodies far out of the shell. At
approach of danger, they dart deep into the
sand, sometimes at lest two feet. Their place
is known by a small dimple on the surface.
Sometimes they are dug out of the sand with a
shovel ; at other times are taken by a bearded
dart suddenly struck into them. They were
used as a food by the antients. AtkeucEus*
(from Sophron) speaks of them as great delica-
cies, and particularly grateful to ^vidows :

Maxf ai v-iyy^M cc/j>.sv£^ rovnya,

TK'jy.vy.oBi>Jv xoyyjjXiov yj,^^y yv/iy.r/.ujv Xiyyvsv[/,(i^

Oblongce conchse solenes, et came jucunda
Conchylium, viduarum mulierum cupediae.

These are often used as a food at present;
and brought up to table fried in eggs.

* Lih. iii. 0. 86.

Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. 177

GENUS VII. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE.

Animal, a Tethys. .!.••.

Shell generally sloping on one side. .
Teeth, three at the hinge ; side teeth in one
of the valves flat or wanting.

* Ovate, thickish.

Lin. Tr. viii. 48. id. iii. 252. 1. macu-

LATA.

T. with a shell nearly ovate ; thick, striated in a
decussated manner, irregularly spotted.
Found at Tenby ^ South Wales.

** Ovate compressed. _

Gm. Lin. 3235. T. Bor-

Lin. Tr. viii. 4g.

2. FERRCEN-

nii. ib. 3231.

Mont. Test. Br. 55.

SIS.

carnation.

T. oblong, depressed; originally covered with
a thick brown epidermis. When naked, of a
whitish color rayed with red, and crossed again
with minute concentric strice. Usual breadth
one inch and three quarters. Tab, 1. Jig. 3.

VOL. IV. N

178 TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.

3. iN^QUi- ■ Gm. Lin. 3233. Mont. Test. Br. 75. id.
VALVIS. ^-^^ j,^ ^j;j_ ^Q^ g^p^ 27.

* T. with an oblong shell, one end contracted into
the form of a beak, one valve flat ; length half
an inch, breadth one inch ; nearly allied to the
genus Sokn.

Small ones found on the Kentish coast.

4. siMUis. Mo72tt Test. Br. App. l67- Soiv. Br. Misc. 29. /. 75.

* T. with an ovate compressed shell, both valves
diagonally striated , five-tenths of an inch over
the surface ; beak not curved.

Sussex coast near Brighton.

;■>. iJONA- Gm. Lin. 3234. T. trifasciata. Br. Zool. iv

ciXA. Un. Tr. viii. 50. t. 1. f. 7- 88.

Mont. Test. Br. 58.

* T. with an ovate shell, much compressed,
smooth, the fore part very obtuse ; length half
an inch, breadth one inch.

Q. LASKEYi. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 28.

* T. with an ovate-oblong shell, smooth, pur-
plish white, in one valve are two approximate

Class VL TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. I79

sub-bifid teeth; one in the other valve which
locks between the two opposite ; length half an
inch, breadth three quarters of an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Laskey in the Frith of
Forth.

Gm. Liti. 3239. T. Iseta. Mont. Test. Br. 7. punicea.

Lin. Tr. viii. 50. 57.

* T. with an oval flat equi-lateral shell, most
densely striated transversely ; length three
quarters of an inch, breadth one inch and an
half.

Found between Weymouth and Portland.

Gm. Lin. 3238. T. squalida. Mont. Test. 8. depressa.

Lin. Tr. viii. 51. Br. 56.

* T. with a shell of unequal sides, flat, most
delicately striated transversely, thin, somewhat
transparent ; of a pale orange color ; length
four-tenths of an inch, breadth six-tenths.

Found near Poole, at Weymouth, and on the
coasts of Cornwall and Devonshire.

Gm. Lin. 3239. Mont. Test. Br. Ql. g. pabuLA,

Lin. Tr. viii. 52.

* T. with an ovate compressed shell, inflected^
somewhat rostrated at the fore part, one valve

N 2

18tt TELLINA. BENT-WEBGE. Class VI.

smooth, the other in some measure striated,
stricE reflected ; length four-tenths of an inch ;
breadth six-tenths.

Found on the south-west coasts of Anglesey ;
Tenby, South JVales ; and at Kingsbridge, De-
*vo7is]nre ; also isle of Piirbeck, De'vonshire.

10. TtNUis. Lin. Tr. viii. 52. T. planata. Br. Zool. Iv.

Mont. Test. Br. 59. 87.

T. with a very flat delicate shell, marked with
concentric lines of red; the space about the
hinge brown. Breadth, tu'o4hirds of an inch.
Common. Tab. li. jig. 2.

I. STRIATA. Gm- Lin. 3238. Mo7if. Test. Br. 60.

Lin. Tr. viii. 53.

* T. w-ith a shell of unequal sides, rounded at
each end, white with a rosy tinge, pellucid ;
length one inch ; breadth five-eio;hths of an
inch. This may be distinguished from T. tenuis
by its regular transverse st)^ice, and strong late-
ral teeth.

Discovered by Mr. Bryer between JVey-
mouth and Portland.

Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. 381

*** Suborbicular. ' '

Lin. Tr.y'iii. 53. f. l.f. 8. Mont. Test. Br. 6i 12. fausta.

* T. with a suborbicular shell, stricB transverse,
most minute, faint; length one inch, breadth
one inch six-eighths.

Coast oi Dorsetshire. ■ - '^

Gm. Lin. 3240. T. proficua Mont. Test, Br. 13. reticu-

Lin. Tr. viii. 54. f. I. f. Q. 67. lata.

* T. with the shell of a lenticular form, com-
pressed, reticulated ; diameter one inch.

Found on the north shore, Poole, and at IFei/
mouth.

Lin. Tr. viii. .54. Mont. Test. Br. 68. t. 2. j4,_ r^DULA.

* T. with an orbicular shell, convex with nume-
rous, transverse, concentric, sharp-edged strice;
diameter an inch and an half.

Found abundantly on the coasts of Cornwall
and Devonshire ; less frequently at Llaugharne,
Caermarthenshire.

182 TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.

]3, CRASSA. Venus crassa. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 55.

fi<^t- 3288. Mont. Test. Br. 65.

T. with very thick, broad, and depressed
shells, marked with numerous concentric strics.
Breadth, an inch and three quarters ; length,
an inch and a quarter.

Has the habit of the Venus borealis ; but the
sides of this are unequal, one being more ex-
tended than the other. Tab. li. Jig. 1.

16. LACTEA. Gr,i. Lin. 3240. Mont. Test. Br. 70. t. 2.

Lin. Tr. viii. 56. /. 4.

* T. with an orbicular, gibbous, white, pellu-
cid smooth shell ; diameter three quarters of
an inch. This is distinguished at once by a
deep groove that runs fr6m the beak by the
side of the teeth in each valve.

Found on the coast of Lli/n in Caernar-
"xioiuhire. and in various parts, but not com-
mon.

17. ROTTJK-- Lin. Tr. viii. 56. Mont. Teit. Br. 7I. t. 2.

DATA.

/. 3.

* T. with a shell rather convex, orbicular, hav-
ing two teeth in each valve, one of them forked,

Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE,

the other diverging; somewhat transparent,
white with faint transverse stri<£ ; diameter
one inch.

Coasts of Devonshire and Cormvall.

,mi:a

l>y: Ijfti. ;./j:/..r: ...^,

-

Lin. Tr. viii. bQ.

Mo7i{. Test. Br. 72.

18. FLEXU
OSA.

* T. with a shell very convex or somewhat
globular, very brittle, having a groove from the
beak to the margin; diameter three-eighths of
an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu in Cornwall;
found also on the south coast of Devonshire.

Gm. Lin

. 3240.

Mont. Test. Br. 73.

ig, CARNA

Lin. Tr.

viii. 57.

RIA.

* T. with an orbicular smooth shell, flesh co-
lored or rosy ; obliquely striated ; st7ncE reflexed
on one part ; diameter about one inch.

Accidentally only thrown upon our shores.

Gm. Lin. 3240. Mont. Test. Br. 6q» oq, bimacu-

Lin. Tr. viii. 57. , lata.

* T. with an orbicular shell, tending to triangu-
lar ; smooth, whitish with two blood-red spots at
the beak ; diameter about half an inch.

Found upon the Lancashire, Hampshire, and
Dorsetshire coasts.

184 TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.

21. SOLIDU- T. solidula. Lin. Tr. viii. 58. List. Angl. tah. iv.Jig.25.
LA. Mont. Test. Br. 63. T. carnaria. Br. Zool. iv. I

fiesh-colorei.

T. with a strong and rounded shell, generally of
a bloom color within and without ; externally
marked with belts of deeper red. Breadth about
seven-eighths of an inch. Tah. lii. jig. 2.
Sometimes found quite white, ^sjig. 2. A.

22, CORNEA. Lin. Syst. 1120. No.TQ. Gm. Lin. Tr. viii. 59.

horny. Lin. 3241. Ca.rdmmcorntum. Mont. Test.

Faun. Suec.No. 2138. Br. 86.
List. Angl. App. tah. i.Jig- 5.

T. with round shells very convex, marked with
a transverse furrow; color brown. Size of
a pea.

Inhabits ponds and fresh waters. Tab. lii.

A- 3.

23. LACUS- ^'"- -^"'' 3242. Cardium lacustre. Mont,

TRis. Lin. Tr, viii. 60. Test. Br. 89.

* T. with a rhomboidal shell, flattish, smooth ;
beak pointed, horn-colored ; diameter three or
four tenths of an inch. Inhabits fresh water.

Discovered by Mr. Sxvainson in a river near
Bulstrode, and also by Mr. Montagu in JVilt-
shire and Devonshire.

Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. 185

Gm. Lin. 3242. Cardium amnicum. Mont. 04, amnica.

Lm. Tr. viii. 60. TesL Br. 86.

T. rivalis. ib. Hi. 44. it. 13. '"•^•.

/ 37-38. .'^ . ■'.■- :• VA;- .. '^P-' '-■ y ■

* T. with a shell somewhat obliquely oval,
sulcated transversely ; length three-eighths of
an inch; breadth half an inch. ._,...

Found in rivers in JViltshire and Dorset-
shire.

Gm. Lin. 3244. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 2?.

* T. with a white shell transversely striated,
orbicular; fore part angular, with two large
distant teeth in one valve, and one large bifid
tooth in the other ; length half an inch, breadth
somewhat more.

Found off Cramond island, Fiiih of Forth.

25. POLY-

186 CARDIUM. COCKLE. Class VI,

GENUS VIII. CARDIUM. COCKLE.

Animal, a Tethys.

Shell nearly equilateral, equivalve.

Teeth two, near the beak: a larger (placed

remote) on each side; each locking into

the opposite.

1. MEDIUM. Gm. Lin. 324:6. Mont. Test. Br. 83.

Lin, Tr. viii. 6l.

* C. with a shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
rather angular ; valves angular, furrowed,
smooth; diameter one inch.
Found at Hartlepook, Durham.

2. EXIGUUM. Gm. Lin. 3255. 31ont. Test. Br. 82.

Lin. Tr. viii. 6l.

* C. with a shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
rather angular ; the grooves strongly striated
transversely ; diameter half an inch.
Sandwich and Falmouth harbour.

Class VI. CARDIUM. COCKLE. 187

Lin. Sysf. 1122. No. 78. Lin. Tr. viii. 62. 3. aculea-

Gm. Lin. 324?. Mont. Test. Br. 77. tum.

, _ aculeated.

C. with high ribs radiating from the hinge to
the edges; each rib sulcated in the middle;
and near the circumference beset with large .
and strong processes, hollowed. One side of
the shell projects further than the other, and
forms an angle. Color yellowish brown. As
large as a fist ; the marginal circumference ten
inches and a half.

Found off the Hebrides and Orknies; [also on
the Devonshire coast.

Tab. liii. Jig. 1 . , ■ '

Lin. Tr. viii. 62. Sow. Br. Misc. 65. t. 32. 4, spikosum.

* C. with a shell somewhat obliquely heart
shaped, abrupt at one end; the larger ridges
spiny.

Devonshire coast.

Lin. Syst. 1122. No. 79. Gm.

Lin. 3247.
Faun. Suec. No. 2139-

Conch, tuh. 324
Lin. Tr. viii. 63.
Mont. Test. Br. 78.

5. ECHINA
TUM.

ecliinated.

List. Angl. tab. v.Jig. 33.

C. smaller than the former, being little more than
six inches in circumference ; the color white ;

188 CARDIUM. COCKLE. Class VL

the ribs echinated higher up ; has only six-
teen ribs, the former twenty-one ; the shape
rounder.

Found dead on many of our shores.

6. CILIARE. Lin. SijsL 1122. No. 80. Lin. Tr. viii. 64.

fringed. Cm. Lin. 3248. MonL Test. Br. 79.

C. with a very brittle and delicate shell ; of a
pure white ; eighteen ribs rising into thinner
spines. Of the size of a hazel nut. Tab. lii.

7. TUBERCU- ^'''- Lin. 3247. 31o)it. Test. Br, 78.

LATUM. Lin. Tr. vlii. 63. '

*' C. with a shell somewhat heart-shaped, the
furrows marked with a ciliated line, with many
bent spines.

Found at the mouth of the E.r, Devotishire^
and on tlie Dorsetshire coast.

. L^VIGA-

Lin. Syst. 1123. No. 88.

Lin. Tr. viii. 60.

TUM.

Gm. Lin. 3251.

Mont. Test. Br. 80.

smooth.

C. of a sub-oval shape, somewhat depressed ;
of a deep brown color, with obsolete longitu-
dinal stricE ; and a few transversal, concealed

Class VI. CARDIUM. COCKLE.

by a thin epidermis. Circumference six inches
and an half. Common. Tab. liv. /ig. 1.

Lin. Syst. 1124. No. gO.
Gm. Lin. 3252.

Lin. Tr. viii. 65.
Mo?it. Test. Br. 76.

Q. EDULE
edible.

Faun.Suec. No. 2141. List.

Angl. tab. v.fg. 34.

C. with twenty-eight depressed ribs, trans-
versely striated; one side more salient than
the other.

Common on all sandy coasts, lodged a little
beneath the sand ; their place marked by a de-
pressed spot. Delicious and wholesome food.
Tab. liii. Jig. 3.

Lin. Tr. viii. 66. ' Mont. Test. Br. 83. 10. rubrum.

* C. with a shell somewhat circular, convex ;
the primary hinge teeth faint, the lateral more
discernible ; size one-eighth of an inch. . ._'_'[

Devonshire and Kentish coasts. /: .' '

Lin. Tr. viii. 66. Mont. Test. Br. 81. 11. Nopo-

. SUM.

* C. with a shell somewhat circular, compress-
ed, with twenty-four obtuse tuberculated ridges;
diameter three quarters of an inch.

Discovered at Falmouth by Mr. Montagu.

190 CARDIUM. COCKLE. Class VI.

12. ARCUA- Lin.Tr.\ni.67. Monf. Tesl. Br. 85. i. 5. f. 2.

TUM.

* C. with an orbicular shell ; the stria trails-
verse, arcuated.

Mr, Montagu discovered this elegant species
in Falmouth harbour.

13. DiscORS. T. pisiformis. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 67.

3241.? MonL Test. Br. 84.

* C. with a shell somewhat orbicular, very
convex, the valves obliquely striated; size of
a pea.

14. ELONGA- Lin. Tr. viii, 67. 3Ionf. Test. Br. 82.

TUM.

* C. with a shell somewhat oval and angular,
compressed, with twenty-one rounded ridges,
lightly rugged ; diameter a quarter of an inch.

Salcombe bay, Devon.

15. MURICA- Lin. Tr. viii, 68. MonL Test. Br. 85.
TULUM.

* C. with a shell heart-shaped, opaque and
white, with a muricated margin ; minute.

Shepey island, Kent.

Class VI. CARDIUM. COCKLE. '^M', 191

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 30. i6. fascia-

7 V TUM.

* C. with an orbicular shell, pellucid ; with
about twenty-seven smooth, glossy, flattened
ribs ; color rufous white, with a few brown
stripes ; length three quarters of an inch, breadth
somewhat more. •

On the Cornish and Devonshire coasts.

392 MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE. Cl. VI.

GENUS IX. MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED
COCKLE.

Animal, a Tethys.

Shell unequal-sided, equivalve.

Tooth, middle, complicated ; with a little con-
cavit}'' on each side ; the lateral teeth re-
mote, mutually received into each other.

1. DEAL- M. pellucida. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 68. t. \,f. 10.

3260.? Mont, Test. Br. Q5. t. 5.

BATA.

*

M. with an ovate gaping shell, the middle
hinge tooth complicated, with a lateral small
tooth ; length an inch and a quarter, breadth an
inch and three quarters.

Found at Weymouth.

2. GLAUCA. Gm. Z.W. 32(>0. Mont. Test. Br. b'l.

Lin. Tr. viii. 68.

* M. with an ovate dull white shell, radiated
with grey, most delicately striated transversely ;
the anterior end wrinkled ; length three inches
and an half, breadth four and an half.

Cl. VI. MACTRA. FLJT-SIDED COCKLE. 193

Found only by Miss Pocock ; Hale sands,
Cornwall.

Lin. Tr. vili. 6g. Cardium edentula. Mont. 3. radiata.

Test. Br. Sup. 2g.

* M. with a thin brittle shell, somewhat trian-
gular, compressed, whitish, radiated, most de-
licately striated ; diameter two inches.
Found at Portsmouth after a storm.

Lin. Syst. 1126. No. 99.

Lin. Tr. viii. 6g,

4. STULTO.

Gm. Lin. 3258.
Telllna radiata. Br. Zool.

Mont. Test. Br. 94.

RUM.

simpleton's.

iv. 87.

M. with very convex shells of a faint ash-color,

radiated with red, tinged within with a faint

purple ; breadth an inch and a half. Tab. lii.

Jig. 1. . ■ . ... . '_

Lin. Syst. 11 26. No. 100.

List. Angl. tab. iv.

5. SOLIDA

Gm. Lin. 325Q.

fig- 24.

strong.

Faun. Suec. No. 2140.

Lin. Tr. viii. 70.
Mont. Test. Br. 92.

M. with very strong shells ; in a live state,
smooth, white, glossy, and marked M'ith a few
transverse strue. Tab. Iv. Jig. Q.

In dead shells, the stri<£ appear like high
ribs. Tab. liv. Jig. 3.

VOL. IV. o

194 MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE. Cl. VL

6. SUBTRUN- Xiw. Tlr. viii. 71. f. \. f- 10. M. stultorum. Br. Zool. iv.

CATA. Mont. Test. Br. 93. id. Sup. 92.

37. t.27.f. I.

* M. with a smooth, strong, triangular shell,
beak more prominent than common. Tab. Iv.

7. LISTERI. Gm. Lin. 3261. Venus borealis. Br. Zool. iv.

Lin. Tr. viii. 71, 96.

M. compressa. Mont. Test. List. Angl. t. 4. f. 23.
Br. q6.

M. with thin shells much compressed, marked
with slender concentric stri(^. Length one
inch and a half, breadth near two inches.

8. TENUIS. Lin. Tr. viii. 72, Mont. Test. Br. 572. id.

Sup. t. 17- /■ 7-

* M. with a flat equilateral shell, somewhat
triangular ; the hinge-tooth in one valve forked,
with the side teeth distant , diameter a quarter
of an inch.

At Southampton and 1 Fey mouth.

Cl. VI. MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE, I9;

Lin. Tr. viii. 72. Mont. Test. Br. QQ. t. 3.f. 5. 9. triangu-

laris.

* M. with a somewhat triangular shell; one
strong forked hinge -tooth in one valve, on the
other a triangular depression between two small
teeth; minute.

Inhabits the south coast of Devonshh^e.

Lin. Tr. viii. 72. ib. vi. Mont, Test. Br. Q8. t. 3. 10. BOYSli,

^.18./. 9. 12. /. 7. __.

* M. with a smooth ovate shell ; hinge-tooth
strong, a little prominent; size of a horse-
bean.

Found in Salcombe and Biddeford bays ; also
in Kent.

Lin. Sysf. 1126. No. 101. List. Angl. tab. iv. 11. lutra-

Gm. Lin. 325g. fg. IQ. ^^■^-

tCLT^G

Faun. Suec. No. 2128. Lin. Tr. viii. 73. " '

Mont. Test. Br. 100.

M. with an oblong thin shell; one side much
extended, and gaping ; for w^hich reason Li?i-
nceus once placed it among the MycB. Breadth
five inches ; length two and a half.

Inhabits the sea near the mouth of rivers;

o 2

196 MACTRA. FLJT-SIDED COCKLE. Cl.VI.

and even sometimes within the mouth. Tab.
Iv. Jg. 3.

12, HIANS, Mya oblonga. Cm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 74.

3221. 31on(. Test. B' . 101.

* M. with an oblong russed shell, the anterior
extremity gaping, and the margin having some
degree of flexure ; length two inches and two
and a half, breadth four or five inches.

On the Dorset, CornxcaU, and De'vomhire
coasts. ^

13. TRUNo Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 34.

CATA.

* ]\I. with a triangular shell, very strong,
smoothish, sides flattened, truncated ; length
an inch and a half, breadth an inch and three
quarters.

Frith oi Forth.

14. CINEREA. Munt. Test. Br. Sup. 3.5.

* M. with a thin, subtriangular, truncated shell,
of a cinereous color ; back large and very pro-
minent.

Weymouth.

Ol. VI. MACTRA. FLJT-SIDED COCKLE. W7

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 37- 15. MiwuTis-

* M. with a white, smoothish, triangular shell ;
back prominent ; single large tooth in one valve^
enters between two in the other. One of the
most minute of bivalves.

198 DONAX. TVEDGE-SHELL. Class VI.

GENUS X. DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL.

Animal, a Tethys.

Shell with the frontal margin veiy blunt.
Hinge with two teeth on the middle, and
sometimes one marginal, somewhat remote.

l.TRUNCU- Lin. Si/si. 1127- No. 105. Conch, tab. 376. s. 217.

LDS. Gm. Lin. 3263. Lin. Tr. vi. t. 16. /. 13— iC.

■^ ° Faun. Suec. No. 2142. List. ih. viii. 74.

Jngl. tab. y. fig. 35. Mont. Test. Br. 103.

D. with a glossy shell, of a Avhitish color tinged
with dirty yellow, and marked lengthways with
many elegant minute strice ; the inside purple.
Breadth an inch and a tenth. Tab.Wm.Jig. 1.

2. COMPLA- Lin. Tr. vlii. 75. Mont. Test. Br. 106. t. 5.f. 4.

NATA.

* D. with an oblong shell, very smooth or
glossy ; edges perfectly entire ; length five-
eighths of an inch, breadth an inch and a
quarter.

Inhabits the coasts of Devon, Dorset, and
CorjizvalL

Class VI. DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL. 199

,in. Syst. 112?. No. IO7.

Li7i. Tr. viii. 76.

3. DENTICU.

G)n. Lin. 3263.

. Mont. Test. Br. 104.

LATA.

purple.

D. of a cuneiform shape; extremely blunt at
one end, striated like D. trwiculus, serrated at
the edges; color within purple; transversely
tinged with the same on the outside. Breadth
a little superior to D. trimculus. Tab. Iviii.

.fig' 2^ , . , ..

Lin. Tr. viii. 76. Mont. Test. Br. IO7. t. b.f. 2 4. plebbia,

* D. with an ovate smooth shell ; edges entire,
hinge-teeth strong ; length an inch and a half,
breadth three quarters of an inch.
Weymouth.

Lin. Tr. viii. 77. Mont. Test. Br. 573. id. 5. CASTANEA.

Sup. t. 17. /. 2.

* D, with an ovate smooth shell, transverse worn
wrinkles, M'ith two hinge-teeth in each valve,
one very large, the other small ; length a quarter
of an inch, breadth three-eighths.

Discovered by My. Montagu in St. Austle

bay

£00 DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL. Class VI.

6. IRUS. izw. y- . viii. 77. Tellina cornubiensis. Br.

cornish. Mont. Test. Br. 108. 573. Zool. iv. 89.

Borlase Cornwall, t.2Q.f. 23.

* D. with an oval shell encompassed with up-
right membranaceous ridges ; length half an

inch, breadth three quarters.

7. RUBRA. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 38.

* D. with a smooth wedge-shaped shell, red-
dish, abrupt at one end, beak obtuse; very
minute.

Amongst coralline in deep water, very rare.,

Glass VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. 20)

GENUS XL VENUS. FENUS-SHELL.

>■- • ' ' .

Animal, a Tethys.

Hinge with three teeth near to each other ■
one placed longitudinally, and bent out-
wards.

* Fore-part spiny.

Lin. Tr. viii. 78. Mont. Test. Br. 5>Tl. id. I. SPiNr-

Sup. t. 17. f. 1. ^^'''•

* V. with a somewhat triangular shell ; ridges
numerous ; anterior edges spinous.

Found in sand from Salcotnbe bay, rare.

** Without spines. (A.) Somewhat beart-
shaped.

Gm. Lin. 326g. " Mont. Test. Br. 1]2. 574. 2. VERRU-

Lin. Tr. viii. 78. V. erycina. Br. Zool. iv. g4. ^o^^'

V. with a very thick shell, marked with high-
ridged ribs transversely; undulated longitu-
dinally.

Circumference about five or six inches.
Tab. Ivii. J'. I,

i02 VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. Class VL

3, LACTEA. Zi«. TV. viii. 79. Mont. Test, Br. Sup. AQ.

* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped compressed
shell ; ridges concentric, strong, obtuse ; blunt
at one end ; diameter an inch and a half.
JVestern coast.

4. CASINA. Gm. Lin. 3269. Mont. Test. Br. Sup.

Lin. Tr. viii. 79. /. 2.f. 1. V. erj'cina. Br. Zool. Iv. 94.

* V. shell with transverse reclining bent edged
ridges ; hind margin crenulated ; strong ; vvhite,
with stripes of reddish brown from the beak to
the margin ; circumference about five or six
inches. Tab. Ivii. Jig. 2.

Found in the Meuai, between Caeniari'on-
shire and Anglesey.

5. LAMINOSA. V. cancellata. Gm. Lin. 3270. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 38.

* V. with an ovate shell ; ridges numerous,
concentric, sub-membranaceous, nearly erect;
with an heart-shaped depression, of the color of
the shell, near the hinge; length one inch^
breadth an inch and a quarter.

Isle of May, in the Frith of Forth.

Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL, 203

V. Paphia /3, Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. vili. 80. 6. fasciata,

3268.? Mont. Test. Br. WO.

* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell ; ribs
transverse, broad, depressed ; diameter scarcely
one inch ; canaliculated behind the depression ;
an inch and an half in diameter; strong; white,
streaked, with brownish angular lines.

Found on the western shores and on the
coasts of Wales and of Caithness.

Lin. Tr. vili. 81. Mo7it. Test. Br. 121. t. 3./. 3. 7. miijima.

* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell, rather
compressed, glossy, transversely striated, with
two red spots at the margin ; diameter a quarter
of an inch. . _

Falmouth.

Lin. Tr. viii. 81. t. 2./. 2, Mo7it. Test. Br. 131- 8. SULCATA,

* V. with a somewhat triangular shell ; smooth,
faintly wrinkled ; simis oblong-oval, the inner
edge minutely toothed j diameter about an inch.

North of Scotland.

e04 VENUS. VENUS-SHELL, Class VL

g. scOTICA. Liti. Tr. vtii. 81. t. 2. /. 3. Mon(. Test. Br. Sup. 44.

'^ V. with a somewhat heart-shaped flat shell; fur-
rows transverse, parallel, regular, edge smooth ;
length five-tenths of an inch, breadth eight-
tenths.

Discovered by Mr. M'-Leay on the Coith-
iK'ss-shire coast.

iO. SUBCOR- V. cancellata. Gnz. Z,f«.3270? Mont. Test. Br. 121. t. 3.
DATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 82. /. 1.

* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell, with
strong longitudinal ribbed stricE, and distant
transverse ridges ; edges faintly crenated ; dia-
meter a quarter of an inch.

TVeymouth.

11. DYSERA. Gni. Lin. 3268. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 42.

* V. with a subcordate shell ; ridges distant,
transverse, reflected ; edges crenulated ; beak
small ; diameter not quite three quarters of
an inch.

Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. 205

List. Conch, tab. 282. V. striatula. Mont. Test. j2. CALLINA.

Gm. Lin. 3270. Br. 1 13. wrinkled.

Lin. Tr. viii. 82. V. rugosa. Br. Zool. iv.
- 95. ■

V. with thick shells, marked A\ith rugose con-
centric St rice ; length an inch, breadth an inch
and a quarter.

A variety, with stri(£ less elevated, and mark-
ed with yelloAvish ziggag lines. List. Conch.
282. Tab. lix.Jig. 2. ' '

Lin. Tr. vlii. 83. Mo)it. Test. Br. 577- id. 13. triangU"*

Sup. t. 17./. 3. . LARIS.

* V. with a somewhat triangular shell ; hinge
strong; one valve has three teeth, the other
two, and a crescent-shaped, lateral thin plate ;
diameter half an inch.

Found by Mr. Montagu on the coast of
Devonshire ; very scarce.

Lin. Syst. 1131. No. 123. i?«. TV. viii. 83. 14. islan=

Gm. Lin. 3271- Munt. Test. Br. 114. dica.

Faun. Suec. No. 2144. List. V. mercenaria. Br. Zool. iv. Iceland.
Angl. tah. iv. fg. 22. 94.

Conch, tah. 272.

V. with a strong, thick, weighty sliell, covered
with a brown epiderwis ; jiurc white within ;

206 VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. Class VI.

slightly striated transversely. Circumference
above eleven inches.

[Not uncommon on many parts of our coast,
but seldom taken alive except by deep dredg-
ing. Tab. Ivi. Ed.

15. CHiONE. Gtn. Lin. 3272. Mont. Test. Br. 115.

Lin. Tr. viii. 84.

* V. with a shell somewhat wrinkled trans-
versely ; of a bright chesnut color ; hind hinge-
tooth lance-shaped; length three inches, breadth
three inches and three quarters.

Common on the Cornish coast, also on the
Dorsetshire coast, in Cheshire, and on the
south west coast of Anglesey. Tab. liv. Jig. 2.

16. ovATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 83. f. 2. /. 4. Mont. Test. Br. 120.

oval.

V. with ovated shells, striated elegantly from
hinge to margin, and slightly striated trans-
versely. Size of a horse-bean. Tab. lix.

Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. 207

Gm. Lin. 3270. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 48. 17. cuineen-

SIS.

* V. with a subcordate cinereous shell, white
within ; ridges numerous, close, regular, sharp ;
margin entire.

Abbs Head in the Finth of Forth.

Lin. Syst. 1133. No. 132. Mont. Test. Br. 123. t. 3. 18. deflo-
Gm. Lin. 3274. /. 4. rata.

T- rr ■■ or fading.

Lm. Ir. viu. 85. .

V. with thin oval shells, striated lengthways,
semipellucid ; rayed with purple and white,
both within and without. Size near an inch
and a half in breadth. Tab. Ix. fg. 3.

Gm. Lin. 3277.

Mont. Test. Br. 122.

Q. GRANU

Lin. Tr. viii. 85.

LATA.

* V. with a somewhat orbicular shell; ridges
net-like or decussated ; the edge crenulated ; a
blackish heart-shaped depression near the hinge ;
diameter one inch.

Found on the coast of Llyn, and at Fal-
mouth.

208 VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. Class VI.

(B.) Somewhat orbicular.

20. REFLEXA. Mo?it. Test. Br. Sup. 40. l68.

* V. with a suborbicular shell ; ridges nurne-
rous, thin, reflected ; Avith an heart-shaped de-
pression of a different color from the shell, near
the hinge.

Found on the coast of south Dex'on, and in
Scotland,

21.TIGERI- Gm. Lin. 3283. Mont.Test. Br. \\Q. t. A.

NA. Lin. Tr. viii. 86. f. 2./. S. f. \.

* y . with an orbicular shell, compressed ; ridges
decussated, with an oval depression near the
hinse : diameter scarcely one inch.
Found on the Dorsetshire coast.

22. ORBiciJ- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 42.

LATA.

* V. with a white orbicular shell, depressed,
cancellated ; beak very small, with a minute
iieart-shaped depression; lateral tooth much
more remote than in the preceding, which this
species in some measure resembles ; diameter
iive-eighths of an inch.
Near Dmibar.

Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. 209

Lin. Tr. viii. 86. Mo7it. Test. Br. 118. 23. undata.

waved.

V. with thin convex orbiculated shells, of a
white color tinged with yellow, and marked with
thin concentric stricE ; waved at the edges.
Size of a hazel nut. Tab. Iviii. fig. 3.

Lin. Syst. 1134. No. 142. Lin. Tr. viii. 87- t. 3./. 1. 24. exoleta.
Gm. Lin. 3284. Mont. Test. Br. 1 16, antiquated.

V. with orbicular shells, with numerous trans-
versal stria ; white, glossy.

Diameter about two inches. Tab. Xix.Jig. 1.

Variety of the same, marked strongly with
numerous strice, and longitudinally with a few
short yellowish lines. Vide List. Conch, tab.
292, 293. Tab. Ivii. Jig. 3.

Common.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 43. ^. 26. /. 1. 1. 1. 25. COM-

PRESSA.

* V. with a strong, suborbicular, compressed
shell, irregularly wrinkled, white; beak pro-
minent, oblique, with two large hinge-teeth in
each valve ; diameter from half to one inch.
Dunbar.

VOL. IV. p

CIO VENUS. FENUS-SHELL. Class VI.

C. Oval; somewhat angular above the
cartilage.

26. DECU3- Li7!. Syst. 1135. No. 149. Lin. Tr. \ni.8S. t. 2. f. 6.

SATA. Q„i^ £in^ 32g4, 3Io}i(. Test. Br. 124.

Faun. Suec. No. 2146. LisL V. literata. Br. Zool. iv. 96.
Conch, tab. 400. Jjg. 23Q.

* V. with a strong ovate shell ; the fore part
somewhat angular, marked in a net-like man-
ner, w ith frequent crenulated stria ; length an
inch and three quarters, breadth two inches
and a half. Tab, Ix. Jig. 2.

27. PULLAS. Lin. Tr. viii. 88. t. 2./. 7. Mont. Test. Br. 125.

TRA.

* V. with an oblong ovate shell ; the fore part
angulated ; strice most delicate, decussated ;
of a pale brown or dull white color; very
nearly allied to the preceding, but may be dis-
tinguished to a certainty by three hinge-teeth,
like those of a comb, in each valve ; length an
inch and three-eighths, breadth two inches.
Inhabits the sea; common.

Class VI. VENUS. FENUS-SHELL. 211

' Moni. Test. Br. Sup. 48. 28. SUBSTRI-

ATA.

* V. with a shell transversely ovate, subpellu-
cid, concentrically wrinkled, wrought with faint
undulated, longitudinal stria; margin plain;
length half an inch, breadth somewhat more.
Frith of Forth ; rare.

Lin. Tr. viii. 89. Mont. Test. Br. 127- t. 3./. 6. 29. perfo-

RANS.

* V. with a shell somewhat rhomboidal, the
fore part abrupt, wrinkled j the hind part stri-
ated transversely j hinge with three teeth, two
long ones bent, the third small ; length three
eighths of an inch, breadth five-eighths.

Found by Mr. Montagu buried in limestone
at Pli/mouth.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 49. 30. suB-

RHOM-

* V. with a subrhomboidal shell, rounded at
one end, abrupt at the other ; with irregularly
concentric wrinkles, decussated by fine longitu-
dinal strice. : ■ ■ . , , .
Frith oi Forth.

p 2

212 VENUS. FENUS-SHELL. Class VI.

31. viRGi- Gm. Lin. 3294. Mont. Test. Br. 129.

NBA. Lin. Tr. viii. 8Q. t. 2. V. rhomboides. Br. ZooL

f. 8. iv. 97.

V. with depressed rhomboidal shells, marked
with concentric and very neat st}'i(£, of a pale
brown color variegated. Length three quarters
of an inch, breadth an inch and three quarters.
Tab. Iviii. Jig. 5.

32. DANMo= Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 45.

NEA.

* V. with a thick shell, transversely ovatCj
sub-compressed, with many regular concen-
tric, smooth ridges ; margin crenated, an effec-
tual distinction between it and V. scotica, which
it otherwise resembles; length one inch, breadth
an inch and a quarter.
Devonshirt,

33. AUREA. Gm. Lin. 3288. Tellina rugosa. Br. ZooL

Lin. Tr. viii. 90. t. 2. J. 9. 4to. iv. 75.

Mont. Test. Br. 129.

* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell, po-
lished, delicately ridged, striated lengthways;
groove indistinc^. Tab. Is.. Jig, \.

Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL, £13

Lin. Tr. \'m. QO. 34. sinuosa.

-''•■■«'''•'' ■ ■-- ■ indented.

V. with thin convex shells, with a very deep
obtuse simis, or bending on the front. Size of
the figure.

Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. Wm. Jig. 4. , ; ,. .,! . ^. ,..,

^

214 CHAMA. Class VI,

GENUS XII. CHAMA.

Animal, a Tethys.

Shell strong.

Hinge rugged, gibbous.

Teeth obliquely inserted into opposite valves.

1. COR. Gm. Lin. 3299. Mont. Test. Br. 134.

Lin. Tr. viii. 90.

* C. with a smooth and somewhat globose
shell; beaks recurved and convoluted like a
ram's horn.
Scotland,

Class VI. ARCA. ARK-SHELL.

GENUS XIII. ARCA. ARK-SHELL,

Animal, a Tethi/s. - - ■

Shell equivalve.

Teeth of the hinge numerous, inserted between
each other.

* With the edge entire ; beaks inflected.

Lin. Syst. 1140. No. 16q. Mytilus. Maithiol. apud DioS' l. mom.

Gm. Lin. 3306. cor. lib. ii. c. 5. p. 301. distorted.

Borlase's Nat. Hist. Cornw. Lin. Tr. viii. gi.

tah. xxviii. fg. 15, l6. Mont. Test. Br. ISQ. t. 4./. 3.

List. Conch, tah. 368. A. tortuosa. Br. Zool. iv. 97.

A, with a rhomboid shell, deeply striated from
the apex to the edges ; breadth half an inch.

Inhabits Cornwall; found also near Wey-
mouth; extremely rare.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 51. 2. FU3CA,

* A. with a finely reticulated shell, of an uni-
form purplish brown color, destitute of any
colored bands ; length three quarters of an
inch, breadth an inch and a half.

Found in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Scot-
land.

1215 ARCA. ARK-SHELL. Class VI.

3. MINUTA. G}n. Lin. 3309- Moni. Test. Br. 140,

Liii. Tf. viii. 92.

* A. with an oblong-oval shell, one end round-
ed, the other somewhat abruptly angular:
length three-eighths of an inch, breadth half
an inch.

Not uncommon at Saudzvich,

** Edge crenated or notched ; beaks
recurvated.

4. LACTEA. Lin. Syst. 1140. No. I73. Mont. Test. Br. \3&.

Gm. Lin. 330g. A. barbata. Br. Zool. iv. gS.

Lhi. Tr. viii. 92.

A. with oblong shells faintly striated ; beset
with Bi/ssus so as to appear bearded. In En-
gland of the size of a horse-bean, the foreign
specimens much larger. Tab. Ixi. Jig. 2.

*^* Edge crenated ; beaks inflected.

6, GLYCY- Gm. Lin. 3313. Lin. Tr. viii. 93. t. 3.f. 3.

MERIS.

* A. with a somewhat circular shell, gibbous,
rather striated ; beaks incurvated ; margin ere-

Class VI. ARCA. ARK-SHELL. 217

nated; teeth of the hinge about ten, quite
transverse.

Found on the coast of CormvaU, and on the ' •
shores of Guernsey.

Lin. Syst. 1143. No. \M. Moht. Test. Br. 136. 6. pilosa.

Gm.Lin.33U. A. Glycymeris. Br. ZooL iv, orhcular.

List. Conch, tah. 2^1. jig. 82. gS.

Lin. Tr. viii. 94. t. 3./. 4. ' /

A. with thick orbicular shells, marked with
concentric strice ; white zigzagged with ferrugi-
nous ; edges crenulated ; hinge in the middle,
and hinge teeth oblique. Diameter about two
inches. Tab.\\i.Jig.\. ,

Lin. Syst. 1141. No. 184. Lin. Tr. vlii. 95. 7. nucleus.

Gm. Lin. 3314. Mont. Test. Br. 141. silvery.

A. with unequally triangular shells; smooth,
pure white without, silvery within ; margin
finely crenated. Size of a pea.

Gin. Lin. 3308. Mo7it. Test. Br. Sup. 55. t. 27. f. 7. 8. rostrata.

* A. with a somewhat ovate convex shell trans-
versely striated; the hind part rounded, the
fore part produced into a bent lip.

St. Abb's head. Frith of Forth. ' ■

218 ARCA. AUK-SHELL. Class VI.

9. TENUIS. Mo7it. Test. Br. Sup. 56. i. 2Q^ f. 1.

* A. with a smooth subcordate shell, white with
an olivaceous epidermis ; beaks near one end
slightly inflected; greatest diameter a quarter
of an inch.

Found on the shore near Dunbar.

Class VI. PECTEN. SCALLOP. 9A9

GENUS XIV. PECTEN. SCALLOP,

Animal, a Tethys.

Valves generally unequal rayed, with auricles

near the hinge.
Hinge toothless, having a small ovated hollow.

nyima-i^Hn; ■ >■••'■ ..

' • * One shell flattish.

' Lin. Syst. WAA. No. 185. Ostrea maxima. Lin. Tr,

1. MAXIMUS

': Gm. Lin. 3315. viii. 96.

great.

Faun. Suec. No. 2148. Mont. Test. Br. 143.

List. Angl. tab. v. Jig. 29.

P. with fourteen rays, very prominent and
broad ; striated lengthways above and below ;
ears equal. Grows to a large size. Tab. Ixii.

Found in beds by themselves ; are dredged
up, and pickled and barrelled for sale.

The antients say, that they have the power
of removing themselves from place to place by
vast springs or leaps.* This shell was called
by the Greeks Krf(^^ by the Latins Pecten, and
was used by both as a food ; and when dressed

* Arist. Hist. An. lib, iv. c. 4.

220 PECTEN. SCALLOP. Class VL

with pepper and cummins, was taken medici-
nally.^

The elegant fig-ure of the crouching Venus, in
the Maffei collection, is placed sitting in a shell
of this kind. The sculptor probably was taught
by the mythology of his time, that the goddess
arose from the sea in a scallop. This perhaps
may have been the concha venerea of Pliny, so
styled from this circumstance.

Another shell (CyprcEa) has the same name,
for a different reason.

The scallop is commonly worn by pilgrims
on their hat, or the cape of their coat, as a
mark that they had crossed the sea in their way
to the Holy Land, or to some distant object of
devotion.

2. JACOB^US. I'in. Syst. 1144. No. 18f). Lin.Tr. \'n\. Q7-

lesser. Q^_ i^in. 3316. Mont. Test. Br. 144.

List. Conch, tah. l65.Jig.2.

P. with fifteen broad rays, rounded on the fiat
side, and most finely transversely striated ; an-
gulated on the convex, and striated lengthways ;
ears nearly equal ; concave and smooth on the
upper side.

A rare species in Great Britain. Tab. Ixiii.

* AthencEUS, lib, iii. p. QO.

Class VI.

PECTEN. scallop:

221

:^i ■

** Both shells convex.

Pecten tenuis, subrufns, ma-
culosus, circiter 20 striis
majoribus, at laevibus, do-
na tus. List. Angl. p. 185.
tah. v.Jig. 30.

Gm. Lin. 3325 .

Lin. Tr. viii. 98. ih. vi, t. li

/. 7, 8.
Moni. Test. Br. 145.
O. subrufus. Br. Zool. v

100.

P. with twenty narrow rays, finely striated;
ears nearly equal, and also striated; the shell
thin and generally of a pale red color.

A species seldom exceeding two inches and a
quarter in length ; the breadth nearly the same.
Tab. Ixiii.^V. 2.

3. OPERCU=
LARIS.

red.

Lin. Syst. 1146. No. 199.

Lin. Tr. viii. 97.

4. VARIUS.

Gm. Lin. 3324.

Monl. Test. Br. 146.

variegated.

List. Conch, tah. IJS.Jig. 15.

P. with about thirty echinated imbricated rays ;
shells almost equally convex ; one ear vastly
larger than the other. General length two
inches and a half; breadth a little less. Color,
a sordid red mixed with white.

Often found in oyster-beds, and dredged up
with them. 77/;^. Ixiv. ^o'. 1.

222 PECTEN. SCALLOP. Class VI.

5. LINEATUS. Lin. Tr. viii, gg, Mont. Test, Br. UJ.

* P. uith a shell of unequal valves, and twenty
rays ; rough lengthways with points, the lower
valve more convex.

Found at IVei/tnouth, in Corrrwall, and De-
'vonshire.

60 siNuosus. Pecten minimus angustior in- Lin.Tr.xm.^g.

writhed. equalls fere et asper, &c. P. distortus. Mont. Test. Br.

List. Angl. p. 186. tah. v. 148.

/g. 31. P. pusio. Br. Zool. iv. 101.
Gin. Lin. 331Q.

P. with above forty small rays ; with unequal
ears ; the surface always irregularly waved or
deformed, as if by some accident ; but this ap-
pearance regularly maintained. Length about
two inches. Color commonly of a brilliant
red. Tab. Ixiv. Jtg. 2.

OBSOLE- Lin. Tr. viii. 100. Mont. Test. Br. 14g.

TUS.

P. with one large striated ear, with smooth
equal shells ; eight obsolete rays ; of a dark
purple color. A small species three quarter
of an inch long. Tab, Ixiv, Jig, 3.

Class VI. PECTEN. SCALLOP. 223

Lin. Tr. viii. 100. i.3.f. 5. Mont. Test. Br. 150, t. 4./. 4. 8. l^vis.

smooth.

P. with unequal ribbed ears; the rest of the
shell entirely smooth. Very small.

Anglesey ; [also Falmouth and Salcombe bay.

Lin. Syst. WAQ. No.20\.} Mont. Test. Br. 151. id. g. glaeer.
Gm. Lin. 3334. Sup. 5g. #. 28. /. 6. furrowed.

Lin. Tr. viii. 101.

P. with a very thin shell ; fifteen faint rays ;
equal ears. The inner side of the shells marked
with rays, divided by a single sulcus.
Anglesey. A scarce species. Small.

Gm. Lin. 3232. Pecten fragilis. Mont. Test. 10. fragilis.

Br. Sup. 62.

(

* P. with a white, fragile, subovate shell, of
equal valves, but unequal sides, with twenty-
five imbricated rays ; margin entire ; auricles
pointed ; length three quarters of an inch ;
breadth half an inch.
Taken by the trawl on the coast of Devon.

'224 PECTEN. SCALLOP, Class VI.

11. SUBAU- Pecten subauriculatus. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 63. t. 2Q.f. 2.
RICULATUS.

* p. with an ovate, oblong, Avhite pellucid shell,
strLe numerous, longitudinal, of equal valves
and equal sides, with small auricles ; the mar-
gin slightly arcuated ; length a quarter of an
inch, breadth an eighth of an inch.

Taken with the last, in deep water.

12. SIMILIS. Mem. Tfern. Soc. 387. t. 8. f. 8.

* P. so named from its resemblance to P. lavis;
a thin semitransparent shell, with unequal ears
of a compressed globose form, perfectly smooth
and beautifully clouded with brown. N. Bri-

tain.

Glass VI. OSTREA. OYSTEU. 225

GENUS XV. OSTREA. OYSTER.

Animal, a Tethys. ' ^ , .

Shell inequi valve, rough with imbricated
scales. •' ^■'- '-'■-■■ ':.''"

Lin. Syst. WAB. A'o. 211. List. Atigl. tah.iv. Jig. 26. 1. edulis,

Gm. Lin. 3334. Lin. Tr. viii. 101. edihle.

Faun. Suec. No. 2149. Mont. Test. Br. 151.

O. commonly of an orbicular form, and very
rugged. A description of so well known a
shell is needless. Varies in size in different
places. Figured with an Anomia (A.) on it.
Tab. Ixv. Jig. 2.

Britain has been noted for oysters from the
time of Juvenal,^' who satyrizing an epicure^
says, .; - . .

Circceis nata forent, an
Lucrinuilt! ad Saxum, Rutiipinove edita fiindo,
Ostrea, callebat primo deprendere morsu.

He, whether Circes rock his oysters bore.

Or Lucrine lake, or distant JtichhorougWs shore.

Knew at first taste.

The luxurious Romans were very fond of this
fish, and had their layers or stews for oysters.

"' Satyr, iv. V. 140.
VOL. IV. Q

226 OSTREA. OYSTER. Class VI.

as we have at present ; of which Sergiiis Ora-
ta^ was the inventor, as early as the time
of L. Crassus the orator. He did not do
this for the sake of indulging his appetite, but
through avarice, and made great profits from
them. Or at a got great credit for his Lucrine
oysters ; for, says Pliny, the British were not
then known.

The antients eat them raw, and sometimes
roasted. They had also a custom of stewing
them with mallows and docks, or Avith fish, and
esteemed them very-, nourishing, f

Britain still keeps its superiority in oysters
over other countries. Most of our coasts pro-
duce them naturally, and in such places they
are taken by dredging, and are become an ar-
ticle of commerce, both raw and pickled. The
very shells, calcined, become an useful medi-
cine as an absorbent ; and in common with those
of other species, prove an excellent manure.

Stews or layers of oysters are formed in
places, which nature never allotted as habita-
tions for them. Those near Colchester have
been long famous ; at present there are others,
which at lest rival the former, near the mouth of
the Thames. The oysters, or their spats, are

* Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. ix. c. 54. f Athenceus, lib. ui.p.Q2.

Class VI. OSTREx\. OYSTER. 227

brought to convenient places, where they im-
prove in taste and size. It is an error to sup-
pose, that the fine green observed in oysters
taken from artificial beds, is ovving to copperas;
it being notorious how destructive the sub-
stance or the solution of it is to all fish. I
cannot give a better account of the cause, or
of the whole treatment of oysters, than what is
preserved in the learned Bishop Sprat's History . -
of the Royal Society, from p. 307 to 309.

' In the month of Mai/ the oysters cast their
^ spaun, (which the dredgers call their spats;)
' it is like to a drop of candle, and about the
' bigness of a halfpenny.

' The spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-
' shells, pieces of wood, and such-like things,
^ at the bottom of the sea, which they call
' cultch.

' 'Tis probably conjectured, that the spat in
'' twenty-four hours begins to have a shell.

' In the month of Mat/, the dredgers (by the
• law of the Admiralty court) have liberty to
" catch all manner of oysters, of what size
■ soever.

' When they have taken them, with a knife
'' they gently raise the small brood from the
' cultch, and then they throw the cultch in
' again, to preserve the ground for the future,

Q 2

2C8

OSTPtEA. OYSTER.

Class VI.

unless they be so newly spat, that they cannot
be safely severed from the cultch ; in that
case they are permitted to take the stone or
shell, &c. that the spat is upon, one shell
having many times twenty spats.

' After tlie month of ]\Iai/, it is felony to
carry away the cultch, and punishable to take
any other oysters, unless it be those of size,
(that is to say) about the bigness of an half-
crown piece, or ^hen the two shells being
shut, a fair shilling will rattle between them.

' The places where these oysters are chiefly
catcht, are called the Pont-BurnJunn, Mai-
den, and Colnc waters ; the latter taking its
name from the river of Colne, which passeth
by Colnt-Chcster, gives the name to that
town, and runs into a creek of the sea, at a
place called the Hythe, being the suburbs of
the town.

' This brood and other oysters they can-y to
creeks of the sea, at Brkkel-Sea, Mersey^
Langno, Fiugrcgo, JFiveuho, Toksbury, and
Saltcoase, and there throw them into the
channel, which they call their beds or layers,
where they grow and fatten, and in two or
three years the smallest brood will be oysters
of the size aforesaid.

' Those oysters which they would have green,

Class VI.

OSTREA. OYSTER.

229

' they put into pits about three feet deep in the
' salt-marshes, which are overflowed only at
' spring-tides, to which they have sluces, and
' let out the sault-water until it is about a foot
' and half deep.

' These pits, from some quality in the soil
' co-operating with the heat of the sun, will
' become green, and communicate their colour
' to the oysters that are put into them in four
'-or five days, though they commonly let them
' continue there six weeks or two months, in
' which time they will be of a dark green.

' To prove that the sun operates in the

greening, Tolesbiay pits will green only in
' summer ; but that the earth hath the greater
' power, Brickel-Sea pits green both winter
' and summer : and for a further proof, a pit
' within a foot of a greening-pit will not green;
•' and those that did green very well, will in
' time lose their quality.

' The oysters, when the tide comes in, lie
' with their hollow shell downwards, and when
' it goes out, they turn on the other side ; they
' remove not from their place, unless in cold
' weather, to cover themselves in the ouse.

' Tlie reason of the scarcity of oysters, and
' consequently of their dearness, is, because
* they are of late years bought up by the Dutch.

230 OSTREA. OYSTER. Class VI,

* There are great penalties, by the iVdmiralt}'"
' court, laid upon those that fish out of those
' grounds which the court appoints, or that
' destroy the cultch, or that take any oysters
' that are not of size, or that do not tread
^ under their feet, or throw upon the shore,

* a fish which they call a Five-finger* resem-
^ bling a spur-rowel, because that fish gets into
' the oysters wiien they gape, and sucks them
' out.

' The reason why such a penalty is set upon

* any that shall destroy the cultch, is, because
' they find that if that be taken away, the ouse

* will increase, and the muscles and cockles will
' breed there, and destroy the oysters, they

* having not whereon to stick their spat.

' The oysters are sick after they have spat ;

* but in June and July they begin to mend, and
Mn August they are perfectly well : the male
^ oyster is black-sick, having a black substance
' in the fin ; the female zvhite-sick, (as they
^ term it) having a milky substance in the fin.
' They are salt in the pits, Salter in the layers,
^ but Salter at sea.'

To this I beg leave to join a sort of present
state of this article, borrowed from the 84th

* AsTEPaAS glacialis, the common Sea Star.

Class VI.

OSTREA. OYSTER.

231

page of the History of Rochester j in 1 2mo. pub-
lished in 1776.

' Great part of the inhabitants of Stroud are
' supported by the fisheries, of which the oyster
■ is most considerable. This is conducted by
a company of free dredgers, established by
prescription, but subject to the authority and
government of the mayor and citizens of Ro-
chester. In 1729 an act of parliament was
obtained, for the better management of this
fishery, and for confirming the jurisdiction of
the said mayor and citizens, and free dredgers.
The mayor holds a court of admiralty every
year, to make such regulations as shall be
necessary for the well conducting this valu-
able branch of fishery. Seven years appren-
ticeship entitles a person to the freedom of
this company. All persons catching oysters,
not members of the fishery, are liable to a
penalty. The company frequently buy brood
or spat from other parts, which they lay in
this river, where they soon grow to maturity.
Great quantities of these oysters are sent to
London j to Holland, Westphalia, and the ad-
jacent countries.'

232 ANOMIA. JNOMIJ. Class VI.

GENUS XVI. ANOMIA. ANOMIA.

Shell inequivalve.

Valve one, perforated near the hinge ; affixed
by that perforation to some other body.

I. EPHIP- Lin. Sysi. 1150. No. 218. Lin. Tr. v'ni. 102.

PIUM. (5^_ 2:in. 3340. Mont. Test. Br. 153.

IdTfTpT

" ' List. Conch, tab. QQ^. Jig. 3^.

A. with tlie habit of an oyster; the one side
convex, the other flat ; perforated, adherent to
other bodies, often to oyster-shells, by a strong
tendinous ligature ; color of inside perlaceous.
Size near two inches diameter.

Tab. \kv. Jig. \. Jig. 2. A. shews the exte-
rior side of the shell ; and the interior of the
upper valve adhering to an oyster.

'. SQUA-

Lin. Syst. 1131. No. 221.

Mont. Test. Br.

156.

il.

MDLA.

small.

Gm. Lin. 3341.
Lin. Tr. viii. 102.

5Gl.

A. with shells resembling the scales of fish ;
very delicate and silvery ; much flatted j per-
forated ; very small.

Class VI. ANOMIA. JNOMIJ. ' 233

Adheres to oysters, crabs, and lobsters, and
shells. ''5i^^ > ^

Gm. Lin. 3346. Mont. Test. Br. 157. i- 4. 3. aculea-

TA

Lin. Tr. viii. 103. /. 5.

* A. with a somewhat orbicular spiry shell ;
beak smooth, bending downwards ; diameter
three-eighths of an inch.

Found in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Red-
wharfhcii^ Anglesey.

Gm. Lin. 3346.

Mont. Test. Br. 153.

157-

4. UNDU

Lin. Tr. vili. 103.

^.4./. 6.

LATA.

* A., shell with a crenated margin ; the evener
valve very thin and smooth, having a large oval
perforation ; the convex valve has longitudinal
waved strice, transversely decussated by others
which are curved.

In the sea, attached to shells.

Lin. Tr. vili. 104. t. 3. /. 6. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 64. 5. CYMBI-

FORMIS.

* A. with an oblong shell, rough, somewhat
striated ; the beak incurvated ; flatter valve
perforated.

Discovered by Mr. M''Leay on the coast of
Caithness-shire.

234 ANOMIA. ANOMIJ. Class VI.

The fossil species of the Anomia genus are
uncommonly numerous in this island, in our
chalk-pits and limestone-quarries ; but are fo-
reign to the work in hand. The reader who
wishes to be acquainted with their appearance,
may satisfy himself, by consulting Listers His-
tory of Shells, appendix to the 3d book, tab.
447, &c. and Hist, an, Angl. tab. viii. and ix.
Plofs Hist. Oxfordshire, tab. iii. and his His-
tory of Staffordshire, tab. xi.

Class VI. MYTILUS, MUSSEL, 235

GENUS XVII. MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

Animal, allied to an Ascidia.

Shell often affixed to some substance by a
beard.

Hinge without a tooth, marked by a longitu-
dinal hollow line, sometimes crenulated.

C':i --y : .-• •• '

Gm. Lin. 3350.

Moni. Test. Br. l66.

1. CUISTA

Lin. Tr. viii. 104.

GALLI.

* M. with a plaited spinous shell, marked near
the margin with a series of protruding points.
Found adhering to bottoms of ships.

Lin. Syst. 1156. No. 249-

Lin. Tr viii. 105.

2. RUGOSUS

Gm. Lin. 3352.

Mont. Test. Br. l64.

nigged.

List.Angl. tab. iv. Jig. 21^

M. with a brittle shell, very rugged, and in
shape most irregular; usually oblong, and
rounded at the ends. Length nearly an inch.
Color whitish.

Always found lodged in limestone. The out-
side generally appears honey-combed ; but the
apertures are too small for the shell to pass

edihle.

MYTILUS. MUSSEL. Class VI.

through, without breaking into the cell they are
lodged in. Multitudes are found in the same
stone ; but each has a separate apartment, with
a different external spiracle. 2\ib. Ixvi.y/g*. 1.

EDULis. Lm. SysL 1157. -A'o, 253. List. Angl. iah. iv. Jig. 28.
Gm. Lin. 3353. Lin. Tr. viii. 105.

Faun. Suec. No. 2156. Mont. Test. Br. ISQ.

M. with a strong shell, slightly incurvated on
one side : angulated on the other. The end
near the hinge pointed ; the other rounded.
When the epidermis is taken off, is of a deep
blue color. lYib. Ixvi. Jig. 2.

Abundance of small pearls, called seed-pearls,
were, till of late, procured from this species of
mussel for medical purposes ; but I believe they
are now disused, since crabs-claws and the like
have been discovered to be as efficacious, and a
much cheaper absorbent.

Found in immense beds, both in deep water
and above low-water mark. A rich food, but
noxious to many constitutions. Affect with
swellings, blotches, &c. falsely attributed to the
pea-crab. The remedy oil, or salt and water.

Nefraiidentiir gloria sua littora. I must, in
justice to Lancashire, add, that the finest mus-
sels are those called Llambleton Hookers, from

Class VI. MYTILUS. MUSSEL. 237

a village in that county. They are taken out
of the sea, and placed in the river IFeir, within
reach of the tide, where they grow very fat and
delicious.

Lin. Tr. viii. 106. (. 3. /. 7- Motit. Test. Br. l60. 4. incur-

VATUS.

M. very crooked on the side, near the end ;
then greatly dilated, and covered with a thick
rough epiderviis. Within has a violet tinge.

Found on the coast of Anglesey, near Priest-
holme ; usually an inch and an half long. Tab,
Ixvii. fig. 1 .

crooked.

Lin. Tr. viii. lOJ.

Mont. Test. Br. l60.

5. PELLUCl
DUS.

pelhicid.

M. with a delicate transparent shell, most ele-
gantly rayed lengtlnvays, with purple and blue ;
like the former in shape, but more oval. Com-
monly shorter than two inches.

Anglesey. Found sometimes in oyster-beds ;
sometimes in trawling over slutchy bottoms.
Tab. Ixvi. fg. 3.

238 MYTILUS. MUSSEL. Class VI.

6. UNGULA- Gm. Lin. 3354. Lm. Tr. viii. 107.

TUS.

* M. with a smooth curvated shell, the posterior
margin inflected; hinge at the extremity fur-
nished with two teeth.

Found on the Coiiiish coast.

7. uMBiLi- Lin. Tr. viii. lOg. Mont. Test. Br. l64, id. Sup. 71.f

CATUS.

nmhiiicated.

M. with a strong shell, and the space opposite
to the hinge deeply inflected or umbilicated;
the form nearly oval. The length sometimes
five inches. A rare species, and new. Some-
times dredged up off Priestholme island, Angle-
sey. Discovered by the reverend Hugh Davies.
The pea-crab found in this species of a larger
size than usual. Tab. Ixviii.

8. MODIOLUS. Lin. Syst. 1158. No. 256. Lin. Tr. viii. 107.

g''^«^- Gm. Lin. 3354. Mont. Test. Br. l63. id. Sup,

List. Conch, tab. 356. Jig. 65.

195.

M. with a strong shell, with a blunted upper
end ; one side angulated near the middle ; from

t Supposed by Mr. Montagu to be only a liisus of M. Modio'
Ins, Ed,

Class VI. MYTILUS. MUSSEL. 239

thence dilating towards the end, which is round-
ed. The greatest of B?itish mussels. Length
from six to seven inches.

Lies at great depths. Often seizes the bait
of the ground lines, and is taken up with the
hooks. Tab. Ixix. Young. M. curtus. Tab.
Ixvii. Jig. 2. ";; : ■■-:'■■''. ■.'•;.', ./■ ' , . .

Lin. Syst. 1158. No. 257- Li7i. Tr. \\n. \0q. t. Z. A. f. 9. cygneus.

Gm. Lin. 3355, 2. /3. t. 3. A./. 3. "'^«"-

List. Angl App. tab. i.fg. 3. Mont. Test. Br. 179.

M. with a thin brittle shell, ver}'" broad and
convex, marked with concentric stria;. Atte-
nuated towards one end ; dilated towards the
other. Decorticated about the hinge. Color,
dull green. Length six inches ; breadth three
and an half.

Inhabits fresh waters. Pearls are found in
this and the following species. Tab. Ixx.

duck.

Lin. Syst. No. 2bS. Gm. Lin. List. Angl. tab. i. Jig. 2. 10. a^jati-

3355. Lin. Tr. \in. 110. Nus.

Faun. Suec. No. 2158. 3Iont. Test. Br. 171.

M. with a shell less convex and more oblong
than the last. Very brittle, and semi-transpa-
rent. Space round the hinges like the last.
Length about five inches ; breadtji two and a
quarter.

^40 MYTILUS. MUSSEL, Class VI.

Inhabits fresh waters.

Crows feed on these mussels ; and also on
different shell-fish. It is diverting to observe,
that when the shell is too hard for their bills,
they will fly with it to a great height, drop the
shell on a rock, and pick out the meat, when the
shell is fractured by the fall. Tab. Ixxi.

J I. DiscoRS. Gm. Lin. 3356. Mont. Tesi. Br. 167.

Lin. Tr. viii. 111. ^ 3./. 8.

*' M. with an oval shell, horn-colored, partly
diaphanous, very convex, striated lengthways
on the fore-part, and crossways on the hinder,
with sixteen or eighteen distant ribs.

On the south coast of JVales, Southampton.,
Poole, and llfracombe, Devo}isIiire,

12. VRJSci- Lin. Tr. viii. 1 12. Moni. Test. Br. \Qb.

sus.

t. 4. /. 2.

* M. with an oblong, deformed, wrinkled shell,
the hinge at the extremity ; length a quarter of
an inch, breadtli half an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu on the Devon-
shire coast and in fVales.

Class VI. MYTILUS. MUSSEL,

Lin.Tr.y'm. \12.^ Mont. Test. Br. \73, 13. STRIA-

TUS.

* M. with a striated shell ; beaks protruding ;
white, pellucid; minute; inhabits the sea.
Found at Reculver and Sandzvich.

Mont. Test. Br. 169. id. Sup. 65. t. 26. /. 4. 14. discre=.

PAKSo

* M. with a very flat, pellucid, brittle, suboval
shell, with eight or nine distinct ribs.

Upon the western shores of England and
Scotland.

Gm. Lin. 3362. Sow. Br. Misc. tah. 16. 15. stagka-

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 68. ^^s,

* M. shell oval, somewhat plane, ribbed trans-
verselv.

■ Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 69. I6. dectts-

SATUS.

^' M. with a shell longitudinally ovate, thin, pel-
lucid ; delicately decussated ; the umbo at the
smaller end ; sides equal : diameter about one
eighth of an inch.
Scottish coast.

VOL. IV, - R

242 MYTILUS. MUSSEL, Class VI.

17. PLICA- Gm. Lin. 3358. Moni. Test. Br. Sup. 70.

TUS.

M. with a very thin pellucid rhomboidal shell,
slightly plaited and wrinkled, truncated on one
side close to the tnnbo ; length less than half an
inch ; breadth double its length.
Isle of Sky.

Class VI. PINNA. NACRE. 243

GENUS XVIIL PINNA. NJCRE.

Animal, a Slug.

Shell fragile, furnished with a beard; gapes

at one end.
Hinge without a tooth.

Lin. Syst. I16O. Gm. Lin. Moni. Test. Br. I78. 1. pecti-

3364. P. fragilis. Br. Zool iv. 1 14. nata.

Lin. Tr. viii. 113. . . _ .

P. with a very thin semi-pellucid whitish shelly
most opake near to the apex. Marked on the
surface with longitudinal slender ribs, rough-
ened with concave scales ; and the whole tra-
versed by innumerable fine strice. In young
shells the ribs and scales are almost obsolete.
The valves of lesser transverse diameter. The
largest about five inches and a half long ; and
three and a quarter broad in the broadest part.
The figure is of a broader specimen than usual.
Dredged up at JVey mouth. From the Port-
land cabinet. Tab, Ixxii.

Iritile,

R2

a44 PINNA. NJCRE. Class VI.

S. INGENS.

Lin. Tr. viii. 112. Sup. 72.

Munt. Test. Br. 180. id. Mem. JFern. Soc. 102. il. 394.

* P. with a very riigjored shell ; 7^i/o'(e extendrng
lengthways from the beak in an irregularly con-
centric manner, and inflected in a right angle
toward the hinge. Length twelve inches j
breadth seven inches. H. D.

I saw specimens of this vast Pimm found
among the farther Hebrides, in the collection of
Doctor JFalker, at Moffat. They were very
rus;aed on the outside, but I cannot recollect
whether they were of the kind found in the
Meclitei'rcmeau or IVest Indies.

3. MDRrCATA.

Gin. Lin. 3364. ]\Io7it. Test. Br. 183. t. 5.

Lin. Tr. viii. 113. /. 3.

* P. A\ ith a striated shell ; scales concave, ovate
pointed ; length five inches ; breadth two inches.
Found near Weymoutli by Dr. Pidteney.

Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. 245

Sect. III. UNIVALVE SHELLS.

* With a regular spire. , ,

GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL.

Shell univalve, consisting of compartments or
cells, communicating 'with each other by
means of perforations in the sepia or par-
titions.

* Spiral ; spires or volutions connected.

Lin. Tr. \ni. 114. Mont. Test. Br. igi. t. 6. 1. LACUS-

/. 3. id. Sup. 88. TRis.

* N. with a spiral shell, compressed, umbili-
cated, ridged ; of three spires, above convex
and connected, apertures half oval; partitions
three rayed, perforated ; diameter one fourth
of an inch. Fresh water.

On flags and carkes in Ke7it and Biickuig-
hamsliwe. ■

246 NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. Class VI.

2. ROTATUS. Lin. Tr. viii. 114. ISQ. /. 15. /. 4. id. Sup.

N. calcar. Mont. Test. Br. 76.

* N. with a spiral smooth shell ; aperture half
heart-shaped ; of six cells marked with elevat-
ed, flexuous striiS ; ridge very entire ; minute.
Inhabits the sea.

3, LiEviGA- Lin. Tr. viii. 115. Mont. Test. Br. 188. id.

TUL^S. Sup.75. t.l8.f.7,8.

* N. with a spiral sliell and smooth joints
minute.

Inhabits the sea.

4. DEPRESSU- Lin. Tr. viii. 115. Mont. Test. Br. I90. id.

^'^^- Sup. 78. t. 18./. 9.

* N. with a spiral shell somewhat umbilicated
on the sides, joints numerous, depressed ; color
dull white ; minute.

Found very rarely at Reculver in Kent.

5. UMEILI"

Lin. Tr. viii. 115.

Mont. Test. Br. 19I. id.

CATUtHS.

Sup. 78. t. 18. /. 1.

* N. with a spiral shell; umbilicated joints
furrowed ; minute. An inhabitant of the sea.
Sandwidh

Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. 247

Gm. Lin. 3370. Mont. Test. Br. 18?. Sup. 6. CRISPDS.

Lin. Tr. viii. 115. . /. 18. /. 5.

* N. with a spiral shell; half heart-shaped
aperture ; spires connected ; about twenty
joints, crenated; minute; inhabits the sea.

Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and on the south
coast of JVales.

Gm. Lin. 3370. Mont. Test. Br. 186. id. 7- BECCARU.

Lin. Tr. viii. 1 16. Sup. 74. t. 18. /. 4.

* N. with a spiral shell, aperture obovate, vo-
lutions four or five, swelling, connected ; joints
furrowed.

Inhabits the sea. ' ' .

* N. with the volutions reversed ; agrees with var. b.

' PERVERSUS.

the preceding in every other respect.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 81. /. 18. /. 3. 8. INFLATUS.

* N. with a spiral, brown, opaque shell, ^^ith
three lobated volutions ; the anterior end sub-
globose ; minute.

Sand on the coast of Drcon ; rare.

i£48 NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. Class VI.

CRASStf- Lin. Tr. vlil 117. Monf. Test, Br. ig\. id.

^^^' Snp.79.t.m.f.2.

* N. with a thick shell, umbilicated on both
sides ; joints marked with lines ; minute. An
inhabitant of salt water.

Exceedingly rare. From Recidvei\

10- iOEATU- Serpuk Nautiloides. Gm. Lin. Serpula lobata. Mont. Test.
Lin. Tt. \iii. i 1 7«

* N. with a shell rather plane, confluent, verru-
cose, spiral ; septa very delicate, and half-moon-
shaped ; minute.
Inhabits the sea.

**' Longish, and somewhat strait.

li. ssMJLi- ^'•'^- ■^"^- 3372. Mont. Test. Br. 19G. id.

Tcus. Lin. Tr.y'ni. 118. Slip. 80, i. lQ.f.3.

^ N. with a strait shell, the end spirally bent,
spires contiguous; minute; inhabits the sea.
Saudiiich and Skeppy island.

Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. 249

Lin. Tr. vili. 118. Mont, Test. \Q5. \2. carina-

TULUS.

* N. with an oblong shell, ridged, aperture
narrow oval.

Found at Seasaiter and Sandzvich; rare.

Gm. Lin. 3373. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 82- 13. legu-

Lin. Tr. viii. 118. L Ip. /. 6. *^^^-

* N. with a compressed shell, jointed, margi-
nated on one side ; with a lateral siphon ; mi-
nute. Inhabits the sea.

Lin.Tr.y'in.UQ. Mont. Test. Br. \QT. id. Sup. 14. rectus.

82. t. 19. /. 4. /. 7.

* N. with a bent shell ; joints smooth depress-
ed ; very minute ; inhabits the sea.
Sandwich.

Gm. Lin. 3373. Mont. Test. Br. I97. t. 6. 15. radi-

Lin. Tr. viii. 119. /. 4. t. 14. /. 6. <=^^A-

* N. with a strait shell, oblong-ovate, joints
swollen, smooth ; minute ; mhabits the sea.
Sandxiich.

250 NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. Class VI.

16. SUBAR- Lin. Tr. viii. UQ. Mont. Test. Br. I98. t. 6.f. 5-

COATOS.

* N. with a shell somewhat cylindric and bent
with three globose joints, the others indistinct ;
minute ; inhabits the sea shore.
Sandzvich.

17. JUGOSUS. N. obliquus. Gm. Lin. 3372. Mont. Test. Br. I98. t. 14.
Lin. Tr. viii. IIQ. J". 4.

* N. with a subcylindric, subarcuate shell, with
nine globular ribbed joints.

Found on the Kentish coast by Mr. Boj/s.

18. COSTA- -Lin. Tr. viii. 120. ./. 5. Var. /3. Sup. t. ig.

Tus. Mont. Test. Br. 199. t. 14. /. 2.

* N. with a shell strait and subcylindric, having
twelve swollen ribbed joints.

By ]\Ir. Boys on the Kentish coast.

19. SDEAR- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 80. t. I9. /.I.

CUATULUS.

* N. with a white, glossy, semipellucid shell,
subcrenated, subconvoluted, the anterior part
strait, the posterior half convoluted ; minute.

Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL, 0,51

Monf,Test.Br.Sup.S6.t.ig.f.5. 20. spinu-

/^\\*' LOSUS.

* N. with a shell with three globose articula-
tions of a pale chesnut color, covered with
reflected spines ; minute.

Mo)iL Test. Br. Sup. 86. 21. bicari-

NATUS.

* N. with a subcylindric shell, bent, having
eleven subglobose bicarinated orbiculations ;
minute.

MonL Test. Br. Sup. 87- t. 30. /. g. ' 22. linea-

ris.

* N. with a strait smooth glossy shell, some-
what tapering, a little compressed, with faint
iibs at the smaller end ; minute.

CYPR.EA. GOWRIE, Class VI.

GENUS XX. CYPR^A. GOWRIE.

Animal, a Slug.

Shell sub-oval, blunt at each end.
Aperture the length of the shell, longitudinalj
linear; toothed.

a. PEDicu- Lin. Sijst. 1180. No. 364. Lin. Tr. \ in. 120.

^"3. Gm. Li7i. 3418. C. arctica. Mont. Test. Br»

List. Angl. tab. in- Jig- 17- 201. id. Stip. 88.

Conch, tab. 706, 707- Jig.
' 56 and 57.

C. with numerous sttiiT, some bifurcated. Va-
ries with having three brown spots on the back.
Tab. Ixxiii. Jig. 1.

BULLATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 121. 3Iont. Test. Br. 202. t. 6.

* C. with a smooth subglobose shell ; smaller
than the preceding. Inhabits the sea near Te?i-
bi/, and in Devonshire.

This genus is called Cijpra;a, and Venerea,
from its being peculiarly dedicated to Venus ;
who was said to have endowed a shell of this

Class VI. CYPR^A. GOWRIE.

genus with the powers of a Remor^a, so as to
impede the course of the ship which was sent
by Periander, tyrant of Corinth, with orders to
castrate the young nobility of Corcyra*

* Plinii lib, ix. c. 25. xxxii. c. I.

254 BULLA. DIPPER, Class ¥L

GENUS XXL BULLA. DIPPER,

An IMA Lj of some species, a Slug.
Shell sub-ovaL

Aperture oblong, smooth; one end a tittle
convoluted.

I, hiG'!^ ARIA, Lin. Syst. 1184. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. Viu. 125. i&. ii. 15.
leood. 3425. Mont. Test. Br. 205.

List. Conch, tab. 714. Jig. 71.

B. of an oval form, and striated transversely.
Is narrower towards one end, which is a little
umbilicated. Of a dirty color, like some woods,
whence the trivial name. The inside of the
shell visible to the very end, through the colu-
mella. Length about two inches. Tab. Ixxiii.

fS- 2-

'&'■

2 AMPULLA. ■^"'- '%^^- ^^^'^- ^"- ■^^^- ^lont. Test. Br. 206. t. 7-
ohhise. Gm. Lin. 3424. /. 1 .

Lin. Tr. viii. 124.

B. with a brittle shell, more obtuse at the end ;
and the inner side lapping over the columella, so
as to render it invisible.
Found near JP^eymouth.

Class VI. BULLA. DIPPER. 255

Gm. Lin. 3424. Mont. Test. Br. 208, id. 3. aperta.

Lin. Tr. viii. 121. Sup. 94.

* B. with a pellucid shell, somewhat orbicular,
faintly striated crosswise, entirely gaping j dia-
meter from half to one inch.

Found on the coast of Anglesey and Lljn,
and on the western and southern coasts.

Lin. Tr. viii. 122. Mont. Test. Br. 215. t. 7. 4. catena.

I.

I; * B. with an oval pellucid shell, striated cross-
wise, spiral ; and obtuse ; minute. Lihabits
the sea.

Found among sand, by Mr. Montagu, in
Bigberry bay, Devonshire.

Lin. Tr. viii. 122. ih. v.t.l. f. 9, 10, 11. 5, EMARG£-

NATA.

* B. with a gibbous shell ; aperture emarginate.
Inhabits the sea.

Found near Pembroke by the late Mr.
Adams.

^56 BULLA. DIPPER, Class VL

6. I>ENTICU- Lm. Tr, \lii. 122. ih. V. L I. f. 3, 4, 5,

LATA. ,

* Bo with an oblong, subequal, smooth, obtuse
shell ; aperture with a sharp tooth at the end ;
small.

Also found near Pembroke by the same gen-
tleman.

7. PLUMULA. Lin. Tr. \i\u 123. Mont. Test. Br. 214. t. 15.

* E. with a depressed, ovate-oblong, gaping
shell i length an inch and an half; breadth an
inch and a Quarter.

JL

Discovered by Mr, Montagu at Milton
sands, De'vonsJnre,

g. HALio- Lin. Tr. vili. 123, Mont. Test. Br. 211. ^ 1.

TOIDEA- r 0.

* B. with a pellucid sub-oval shell; aperture
dilated ; length three quarters of an inch :
breadth half an inch.

Devonshire and Dorsetshire.

Class VI. BULLA. DIPPER. 257

Gm. Lin. 3424. 106. ^.6.^.1. g. hydatIS.

Lin. Tr. vlii. 123. ib. ix. Mont. Test. Br. 217.

* B. with a pellucid orbicular shell, faintly
striated lengthways ; umbilicated at the end ;
diameter one inch ; inhabits the sea. .

Western coast. .

Gm. Lin. 3434-. - Mont. Test. Br. 2\Q. 10. AKERA.

Lin. Tr. viii. 125.

* B. with a pellucid ovate shell; end abrupt,
caniculated ; size of an hazel nut; inhabits
the sea.

Scotland, Dorsetshire, Portsmouth.

Lin. Tr. y'lu. \2Q. Voluta Jonensis. Br. Zoo/. 4to. 11. diapha-

Mont.^Test. Br. 225. t. 7- iv. 101.* faZ). Ixsi. /g. 87- ^■^•

f.Q.

* B. with a very thin brittle shell, with two
small spires ; length three eighths of an inch ;
breadth two eighths of an inch; inhabits the
sea. Tab. Ixxiv. Jig. 2.
Devonshire.

VOL. IV.

258 BULLA. DIPPER. Class VI.

12. FONTI- Gm. Lin. 3427- Moni. Test. Br. 226. id-

NALis. Lin^ TV. viii. 126. Sup. g6.

* B. with an ovate pellucid shell ; spires re-
versed, and faint ; aperture ovate-oblong ;
length half an inch ; breadth a quarter of an
inch.

Running and stagnant waters.

13. RIVALIS. Lin. Tr. y'm. \26. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. gj.

* B. with an oval pellucid shell ; spire reversed,
pointed, but little prominent; aperture ovate-
oblong ; length half an inch ; breadth a quarter
of an inch.

In streams in Hmyipshire.

14. HYPNO- Gm. Lin. 3428. Mont. Test. Br. 228.

^^^' Lin. Tr. viii. 127-

* B. with an ovate pellucid shell; spire reversed
and prominent ; aperture ovate lanceolate ; size
of an oat grain.

In ponds and ditches about London and
elsewhere.

Class VI. BULLA. DIPPER. 259

List. Conch, tab. 714. fg. 70. Lin. Tr. viii. 127- 15. cylin-

DRACEA.

B. white, cylindric, a little umbilicated at the "^ *" "^'
end.

About twice the size of a grain of wheat.
TabAjiyim.. Jig. S- ' '■' ■■ ' " "* '^

Lin. Tr. viii. 128. iJfowif. Test. Br. 223. ^ 7-/. 3. jg^ qbtusa.

* B. with subcylindric shell ; spire a little pro-
minent ; length a quarter of an inch ; breadth
one eighth of an inch.

Coasts of Kent, Dorsetshire, and South
Wales.

Lin. Tr. viii. 128. B. truncata. Mont. Test. Br. ,„

17. RETDSA.
223. /. 7./. 5. id. Sup. 98.

* B. with a subcylindric shell ; spire abruptly ,
umbilicated ; length one eighth of an inch.

Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire.

Lin. Tr. viii. 12Q. Merit. Test. Br. 222. t.'J.f.^. ,_

^ ' "^ 18. UMBILI-

CATA.

* B. with an oblong oval shell ; spire obtusely
umbilicated ; length one eighth of an inch ; in-
habits the sea.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu at Falmouth.

s 2

260 BULLA. DIPPER. Class VL

ig. PATULA. Lin. Tr. viii. 121. Mo7tf. Test. Br. 207. id.

*'?"''• .. Sup. 93.

B. with one end much produced, and fusiform ,
the aperture very patulous.

IVeymouth. From the Portland cabinet
Tab. Ixxiii. fig. 4.

20. FLEXILIS. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. 168.

* B. with a pellucid horn-colored shell, flexible
when moist, much more wrinkled than the B.
haliotoidea, which it otherwise much resembles;
length half an inch.

Class VI. VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Q6l

GENUS XXII. VOLUTA. VOLUTE,

AnimaLj a Slug.

Aperture narrow, without a beak.

Columella plaited.

Lin. Sysi. 1187. No. 3Q4. Lin. Tr. viii. 129. 1. tornati-

Gm. Lin. 3437- Mont. Test. Br. 231 . "^^s.

T . _ , , owe/.

L%st. Conch, tah. 835.

V. exactly oval ; acuminated at each end ; with
a single fold near the mouth, or upper part of
the columella. With five spires. Striated spi-
rally. Pale red, with white fascia.
Anglesey. Tab. Ixxiv. Jig. 1.

Lin. Tr. viii. 130. Mont. Test. Br. 234. Sup. 2. denticu-

t. 20. /. 3. LATA.

* V. with an ovate shell ; spire raised, pointed ;
columella with three plaits ; lip toothed ; length
half an inch : breadth scarcely a quarter of an
inch.

Found plentifully at Plymouth., Barnstaple,
&c.

262 VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Class VI.

3. ALBA. Lin. Tr. viii. 130. Mont. Test. Br. 235. id.

Sup. 101.

* V. with an oval shell ; spire obtuse ; aperture
contracted ; length one tenth of an inch ; inha-
bits the sea.

Sandxiich and Sheppy island.

4. SPIRALIS. Lin. Tr. viii. 130. Turbo spiralis. Mont. Test.

Br. 323. t. 12./. g.

* V. with a conic shell ; the first volution with
transverse spiral ribs at the base, but longi-
tudinal towards the end ; minute.

Found by ]\Ir. Boys at Sandmch, and in
Salcombe bay by Mr. Montagu.

5. UNIDEN- Lin. Tr. viii. 131- Turbo unidentatus. Mont.

TATA. J'g^t^ jBr_ 324.

* V. with a conic smooth shell ; five or six vo-
lutions, not much raised ; columella with a sin-
gle tooth ; minute.

Found by IMr. Montagu on the Pecten maii-
mus, in Salcombe bay, Devonshire.

Class VI. VOLUTA. VOLUTE. 363

Ziw. TV. viii. 131. Turbo interstinctus. Moni. 6. inter-

Tesi. Br. 324. t. 12./. 10. stincta.

* V. shell pyramidal with five plane volutions,
ribbed lengthways ; columella toothed; minute;
inhabits the sea.

Found in sand from Bigberry bay.

Lin. Tr. vili. 131. Mont. Test. Br. 325. Sup, 7. PLlCATAt

t.2\.f.2.

* V. with a smooth rather slender shell, six
flattish volutions, columella plaited ; minute ;
inhabits the sea.

Found in sand from Bigberry bay, by Mr.
Montagu.

Lm. Tr. viii. 132. Turbo pallidus. ilfowi. Te^f. 8. ambigua.

Br. 325. id. Sup. \33.\

* V. shell smooth, tapering, with six or seven
flattish volutions; columella slightly plaited;
aperture suborbicular; minute; inhabits the
sea.

Salcombe bay.

264 VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Class VL

9. PALLIDA. Gm. Lin. 3444. - Mont. Test. Br. 232.

Lin. Tr, viii. 132.

* V. with an oblong-ovate entire shell; spire
obtuse ; columella with four plaits ; length half
an inch ; breadth a quarter of an inch : inhabits
the sea.

Tetihy.

10. CATE- izH. r?-. viii. 133. 3Iont. Test. Br. 236, i. 6.

NAT A. f 2.

* V. with an ovate veiy glossy shell ; spire
abrupt ; columella with four plaits ; minute ;
inhabits the sea.

Discovered by Mr. Szcainson in St. Austle
bay.

11. LjEVIP. Lin. Tr. viii. 133. Cypraea voluta. Monl. Test.

Br. 203. t. 6.f. 7.

* V. with a very smooth shell ; spire obtuse ;
columella with two plaits ; lip gibbous, faintly
toothed ; length scarcely half an inch.

Salcombe bay.

Class VI.

VOLUTA. VOLUTE.

26

■

- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. gg. ,

12. TRIPLI-

CATA.

* V. with a smooth ovate shell ; chesnut brown ;
six volutions, first very large ; aperture narrow ;
pillar with three plaits; length scarcely half
an inch. - '

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 100. 13, bideu-

TATA.

* V. with a sti'ong conic white glossy shell, of
six or seven volutions; pillar furnished with
plaits like teeth ; length a quarter of an inch.

Found near DiDihar, and on the DevomJiire
coast.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 101. 14. hyali-

NA.

* V. with a smooth pellucid shell ; six flat vo-
lutions and obtuse apex.

Shell bank near Dunbar.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 102. J3_ bulla-

OIDES.

* V. with a pale ovate horn-colored shell, hav-
ing eleven or twelve flat subimbricated volu-
tions ; aperture contracted, with one strong
spiral ridge on the columella, which is extended
into a canal ; length three eighths of an inch.
In Mr. Laskeys cabinet.

266 VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Class VI.

16. HETERO- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. 169.

CLITA.

* V. with a white glossy tapering shell, of eight
or nine reversed volutions ; aperture narrow,
with one plait on the colmnella ; length one
quarter of an inch; breadth one third of the

length.

Dunbar; extremely rare.

Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK. 267

GENUS XXIIL BUCCINUM. WHELK,

Animal, a Slug.
Shell spiral, gibbose.

Aperture ovate, ending in a short canal,
bending to the right.

Lin. Stjst. 1202. 'No. 467.

List. Conch, tab. q65.

1. LAPIL

Gm. Lin. 3484.

Lin. Tr. viil. 135.

LOS.
ynassy.

Vaun. Suec. No. 2l6l.

Mont. Test. Br. 23g. id.

List. Angl. tab. Vn.Jig. 5, 6.

Sup. 104.

B. with about five spires, often obsolete ; inside
of the mouth slightly toothed. A very strong
thick shell, of a whitish color.

Varieties, yellow ; or fasciated with yellow
on a wiiite ground ; or sulcated spirally, and
sometimes reticulated.

SeeJigu7TS I. 1. 1, tab. Ixxv.

In many, which I suspect to be shells not
arrived at full growth, the lip is thin and cul-
trated. Length near an inch and a half.

Inhabits (in vast abundance) rocks near low-
water mark.

This is one of the English shells that pro-
duces the purple dye, analogous to the purpura

BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.

of the antients : our shell has been made use of
as an object of curiosity.

The antient has been long since superseded
by the introduction of the insect Coccus Cactiy
or the Cochineal beetle. The shells were of
the genus of Alurez, mentioned by Linnaeus,
pp. 1214, 1215. But one was a sort of Bucci-
num. Pliny describes both.* The finest was
the Tyr'ian.

' Tyrioque ardebat Murice lana \

A strong expression of Virgil^ who describes
the cloth,

' Glowing with the Tyrian Murex.'

The species of shells are found in various
parts of the Mediterrcmean. Immense heaps
of them are to be seen about Tarentum'\ to this
day, evincing one place where this pretious
liquor was extracted.

The process of obtaining the English Pur-
pura is well described by Mr. IViUiam Cole, of
Bristol, in 1684, in the following words: J

' The shells being harder than most of other
' kinds, are to be broken with a smart stroke
' with a hammer, on a plate of iron, or firm

* Lib. ix. c. 36. f Baron Riedesel's Travels, p. 174.

+ Ph. Tr. Ah: ii. 826.

Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK. Q69

piece of timber, (with their mouths down-
wards) so as not to crush the body of the
fish within ; the broken pieces being picked
off, there will appear a white vein, lying
transversely in a little furrow or cleft, next to
the head of the fish, which must be digged
out with the stiff point of a horse-hair pencil,
being made short and tapering. The letters,
figures, or what else shall be made on the
linen, (and perhaps silk too) will presently
appear of a pleasant light-green color, and if
placed in the sun, will change into the follow-
ing colors, i. e. if in winter, about noon ; if in
the summer, an hour or two after sun-rising,
and so much before setting ; for in the heat
of the day, in summer, the colors will come
on so fast, that the succession of each color
will scarcely be distinguished. Next to the
first light-green, it will appear of a deep-
green, and in a few minutes change into a
sea-green, after which, in a few minutes more,
it will alter into a watchet-blue ; from that, in
a little time more, it will be of a purplish-red;
after which, lying an hour or two, (supposing
the sun still shining) it will be of a very deep
purple-red, beyond which the sun can do no
more.
* But then the last and most beautiful color.

270

BUCCINUM. WHELK. Cl a s s VI.

after washing in scalding water and soap, will
(the matter being again put into the sun or
wind to dry) be of a fair bright crimson, or
near to the prince's colour, which afterwards,
notwithstanding there is no use of any stip-
tick to bind the colour, will continue the
same, if well ordered ; as I have found in
handkerchiefs, that have been washed more
than forty times ; only it will be somewhat
allayed, from what it was, after the first
washing. While the cloth so writ upon lies
in the sun, it will yield a very strong and
foetid smell, as if garlick and assa-Jcetida
were mixed together.'

2. PERDIX.

Gm. Lin. 3470.
Lin. Tr. viii. 133.

Mont. Test. Br. 244. t.
/. 5.

* B. with an oval shell, inflated, something
furrowed, brown, waved, with white aperture,
without teeth; size of an hazel nut; inhabits
the sea.
JVeymoufh.

Class VT. BUCCINUM. WHELK. 271

Gm. Lin. 3476.

Mont. Test. Br. 244.

3. BILINEA=

Lin. Tr. viii. 134.

TUM.

* B. with a smooth ovate shell, with a double
row of tubercles on the largest volution ; inha-
bits the sea. Tab. Ixxxii. Jig. 9.

Lin. Tr. viii. 135. Mont. Test. Br. 243. t. 3. 4. hepati-

/.I.

CUM.

* B. with an ovate-oblong shell, somewhat
plaited ; spire pointed, raised ; the inner part
of the lip wrinkled ; length one inch ; breadth
five eighths of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Rarely found at JVeymouth.

Lin. Tr. viii. 136. Mont. Test. Br. 245. 5. linea-

TUM,

* B. with an oblong shell, spire pyramidal,
pointed ; size of a wheat grain ; inhabits the
sea ; not the B. lineatum of Gmel'm.
. Cormvall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire.

272 BUCCINUM. WHELK, Class VI.

6. GLACiALE. Gm. Lin. 3491. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. IO9,

Li7i. Tr. viil. 136.

* B. with a smooth ovate-oblong shell, some-
what striated, the last volution subcarinated ;
size of the end of a thumb.

Discovered among the Orknei/ islands by

7. UNUATUM. Li7i. Syst. 1204. No. 47o. List. Conch, fal. q62. Jig.
waved. q,^^_ £j„, ^40)2. 14.

Faun. Suec. No. 2l63. Lin. Tr, vlil. 137-

List. Angl. tab. iii. fg. 2. Mont. Test. Br. 237.*

B. with seven spires, spirally striated, and
deeply and transversely undulated. Length
three inches.

Inhabits deep water. Tab. Ixxvi.

(Var. a.) B. leve teiiue striatum et undatum. List. Angl. p. 157.

.STRIATUM. tah.m.fg.3.

striated. ' *■

B. with eight spires, with elevated str'ue, undu-
lated near the apex. Length near four inches.
Tab, Ixxvii.

Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK. 273

Lhi. Syst. 1204. No. 476. Lisf. Conch, tab. Q66.^g. 21. 8. reticu-
Gm. Lin. 3495. Lin. Tr. viii. 13?. latum.

Mont. Test. Br. 240. Beticulated.

B. with spires scarcely raised, and strongly
reticulated ; of a deep brown color, and of an
oblong oval form. The aperture white, glossy, , .

and denticulated. Size of a hazel-nut. Tab.
Ixxv.Jig. 2. etjig. *2. (t young).

Lin. Tr. vlii. 138. t. 4./. 8. Mont. Test. Br. 242. t. g. f. 7. 9. ambi-

GUUM.

* B. with a somewhat pyramidal shell, striated
across, ribbed lengthways ; lip thinner ; length
five eighths of an inch ; breadth three eighths
of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Near JFeymouth.

Lin. Tr. viii. 138. t. 4.f. 4. B. minutum, Br. Zool. iv. 10, MACULA.

Mont. Test. Br. 241. t. 8. 122.

/. 4.

B. with five spires, striated spirally; ribbed
transversely. Size less than a pea.

Found on the western coasts : also in Norxvay.
Vide Act. Nidr. torn. iv. tab. \6. Jig. 25.

Tab. Ixxxii. Jig. 6.

t The Buccinum pullus of the preceding edition. Ed.
VOL. IV, T

BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.

11. ciNC- Lin. Tr. viii. ISQ. 3Iont. Test. Br. 246. t. 15.
TUM. y; 1,

* B. a conic shell, with numerous ribs, sharp
pointed ; length a quarter of an inch ; inhabits
the sea.

Near JVeymouth, by Mr, Bryer ; rare.

12. MINI- Lin. Tr. viii. ISQ. Mont. Test. Br. 24?. t. 8.
MUM, /. 2 id. Sup. lOg.

* B. an acuminated shell, with conspicuous
ribs and transverse strics ; length two tenths of
an inch.

Found on the south coast of Devonshire,

13. TERRES- Lin. Tr. viii. 139- Munt. Test. Br. 248. t. 8.

TRE. y. 3.

* B. with a subulate smooth shell, sutures of the
volutions conspicuous, oblique; minute.

Inhabits heathy ground, upon the roots of
grass and under moss on Barham downs.

Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK. ^75

Lin. Tr. viii. 140. . . 14. obtusu-

LUM,

* B. shell ventricose, with three volutions;
aperture oval; minute.

Faversham creek ; rare.

Lin. Tr. viii. 140. ih. iii. t. 13. /. 34. 15. breve.

* B. shell with five longitudinally ribbed volu-
tions, striated across ; minute.
On the coast of Pembrokeshire.

Lin. Tr. viii. 140. il. iii. t. 13. y. bQ. \Q. minu-

TUM.

* B. shell with three longitudinally ribbed volu-
tions; minute.

On the coast of Pembrokeshire.

Lin. Tr. viii. 140. il. iii. t. 13. f. 78. I7. L/EVE.

* B. smooth shell, with three volutions; tail
elongated; minute.

On the coast of Pembi^okeshire.

tS

BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VL

18. OBTUSIS- Lin. Tr. viii. 140. ilu iii. t. 13. f. g. 10.

SIMUM.

* B, smooth shell, with three volutions ; aper-
ture narrow ; tail elongated ; minute.
On the coast of Pembrokeshire,

Class VI. STROMBUS. SCREW-SHELL. 277

GENUS XXIV. STROMBUS. SCREW^ .
SHELL.

Animal, a Slug. .....

Shell univalve, spiral.

Aperture much dilated, and the lip expanding,

produced into a groove, bending to the

left.

Lin. Syst. 1207. No. AQQ. Lin. Tr. viii, 141, !• pes peLe-

Gm. Lin. 350?. Mont. Test. Br. 253. ^^^^' ,

-I-. fi nr ^ T- - corvorant s

Faun. Suec. No. 2l64. List. yj,g^^

Conch, tab. S66.jig. min.

Str. with ten spires, tuberculated along their
ridges, with the lip expanding and digitated.
The spires end in a most exquisite point.
Length about two inches. Extent of the ex*
panse an inch and a quarter. Tab. Ixxviii,

Lin. Tr. viii. 14?- Mont. Test. Br. 255. id, 2. COSTATUS,

Sup. App. 169.

* Str. with a subulate shell; lip rounded; length
half an inch; inhabits the sea.

Cormvall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire; rare.

^7.8 STROMBUS. SCREW-SHELL. Class VI.

3. TURBO- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 110. Sup. id. I70. t. 30. /. 7-

FORMIS.

* Str. shell of seven plain volutions, with about
eighteen transverse ribs ; aperture suborbicu-
lar ; apex obtuse ; minute.

Mr. Montagu suggests, in his Appendix, that
it may prove a variety of the Strombus costatus.

Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. 279

GENUS XXV. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

Animal, a Slug.

Shell spiral, often rough with knobs. "
Aperture oval ; the beak narrows into a strait
canal or gutter, a little ascending. * '

* Sutures rough, with curled scales, tail short.

Lin. Syst. 1206. No. 526. Lin. Tr. viii. 142. 1. ERINA-

Gm. Lin. 3530.
Gualtieri tah. 49. Jig. H.

Gm. Lin. 3530. Mont. Test. Br. 250. ^^^V?-

urcliin.

M. with an angular shell, surrounded with tu-
bular ribs ; each rib ending with its mouth on
the angle. Consists of six spires on the whole;
a most rugged shell. The aperture exactly
oval ; the gutter or canal covered. Length near
two inches. Tab. Ixxix. Jig. L

** With a strait elongated tail; gutter
covered.

Lin. Tr. viii. 147- Mont. Test. Br. 25?. 2. carina-

TUS.

M. with five or six spires, the body ventricose : ""^" "^^ '
the spires rising into angulated ridges. The
aperture semicircular. Length near four inches.

280 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VL

From the Portland cabinet. Tab. Ixxx.
and Frontispiece.

3. GRACILIS, Lin. Tr. viii. 143. Mo?7f. Test. Br. 267. t. 15.

/. 5. id. 586.

* M. with a tapering shell; volutions ribbed and
striated in a decussated manner ; sutures plane;
length seven eighths of an inch; breadth two
eighths.

Discovered by Mr. Mojitagu on the sands of
Biddeford bay.

4.. ATTENU= Lin. Tr. viii. 143. Mont. Test. Br. 266. t. Q.

* M. with a slender tapering shell; the volutions
scarcely prominent, Avith nine equi-distant con-
spicuous ribs ; length half an inch ; breadth
one eighth of an inch.

Discovered by Mr. Montagu in sand from
Falmouth harbour and at Biddeford.

5. NEBULA. Lin. Tr. viii. 143- Mont. Test. Br. 267. t. 15.

various- f Q

colored.

* M. with a tapering shell, and eight ribbed vo-
lutions, most delicately reticulated; tailobhque;
length half an inch ; inhabits the sea. Tab.
Ixxxii. Jig. 7-

Devonshire and south TFales coasts.

ATUS.

Glass VI. MUREX, ROCK-SHELL, 285

Lin. Tr. viii. 144. ' ' i¥ow^. Te^^ B?-. 268. I. Q. G. septa jr.

/- , GULARIS,

* M. with an oblong shell, and seven longitudinal

ribs, which reach the whole length, but little

swelling ; length five eighths of an inch.

Falmouth diudi J Vey month.

\

Lin. Tr. viii. 144. Act. Nidr. iv. t. l6. /. 26. ~. costatus.

Mont. Test. Br. 2Q5. ,.., , . .; rihled,

M. with an oblong shell of six spires, neatly
ribbed; minute.

Anglesey.

Inhabits also Norway. Tab. Ixxxii. Jig. Q,

Lin. Tr. viii. 144. M. acuminatus. Br.Zool. iv. 8. turri-

Mont. Test. Br. 262. t. g. 125. cula.

* M. with a shell tapering to a fine point, striated
across, seven volutions ribbed, angular; length
three fourths of an inch ; breadth one fourth of
an inch; inhabits the sea.

Kent, Devonshire, and south fVales.

Lin. Tr. viii. 145. Mont. Test. Br. 263. g. rufds.

* M. with a shell tapering to a point ; six volu-
tions, with fifteen or sixteen ribs transversely

282 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VL

striated ; length three eighths of an inch ;
breadth one eighth of an inch; inhabits the
sea.

Found on the Dorsetshire and Dei:onshire
coasts.

10. siNUO- Lin. Tr. viii. 145. Mont. Test. Br. 264. t. g.

sus.

/• 8.

* M. with a shell tapering to a point, six volu-
tions, and seven raised transversely striated
ribs ; tail very short ; the fore part of the lip
divided ; length three fourths of an inch ; breadth
a quarter of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Found at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer.

Jl. SUBAN- M. subantiquatus. Lin. Tr. M. antiquas. Mont. Test. Br ,

TIQUATUS. ^.-^ ^47_ 25-,.

suuantique.

M. with eight spires finely striated ; the first
very ventricose. Color a dark dirty yellow.
Length three inches and a half.

antique.

12. ANTi- Lin. Syst. 1222. No. 558. M. antiquus. Liii. Tr. viii,
-^!^",^: Gm. Lin. 3546. 145.

Faun. Suec. No. 2l65. List. M. despectus, 3Iont. Test.
Angl. tah. 3. fg. 1. Br. 256. id. Sup. iii.

M. with eight spires; the first large, ventri-
cose, and produced ; the others more promi-

Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Q8t

nent than those of the preceding. Striated and
somewhat rugged. The outside white, the in-
side glossy and yellow. Length nearly five ,
inches.

Inhabits the deep sea. Dredged up in plenty
with oysters. Eaten by the poor ; but oftener
used for baits for cod and ray. Tab. Ixxxi.

Lin. Syst. 1244. No. 565. Conch, tah. Q13. Jig. 5. 13. corneus.

Gm. Lin. 3552. Lin. Tr. viii. 14?. homey.

List. Angl. tab. iii. Jig. 4. Mont. Test. Br. 258.

M. with a narrow oblong shell of eight striated
spires. Snout much produced. Color pure
white, covered with a brown epidermis. Length
near three inches. Tab. Ixxix. Jig. 2.

Lin. Tr. viii. 148.

* M. with a rough shell, ending in a sharp
point ; volutions rounded, ribbed, and striated ;
length scarcely half an inch; breadth one
eighth of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Falmouth haxbouT ; Saicombe h&.\.

Mont. Test. Br.26l. f.Q.

14. LINEA-

/•4.

RIS.

284 MUREX. ROCK'SHELL. Class VL

15. puRi'U- •^2«- I''', vlii. 148. Mont. Test. Br. 260. t. g.

REUS /. 3.

* M. with an oblong, caudate shell ; volutions
round, cancellated, or cross-barred ; length five
eighths of an inch ; breadth one quarter of an
inch.

Rare species, found by Mr. Montagu in 6'^'/-
comhe bay.

16. ML-RiCA" Lin. Tr. vlii. i4g. Mont. Test. Br. 262. t. g.

TUS. f, 2.

* M. with an oblong Vv rinkled shell ; volutions
tumid, A'iith longitudinal ribs, and raised tuber-
culated strict ; length half an inch ; breadth a
quarter of an inch.

Also discovered by Mr. Montagu in Sal-
comhe bay.

17. BAMFFi- Lin. Tr. viii. 149. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. \ 17.

us.

* M. with a white tumid shell ; ribs acute,
plaited longitudinally; length one inch ; breadth
half an inch. Tab. Ixxxii. //g-. o.
Coast near Bawff.

Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. ost

Lin. Tr. viii. UQ. ih. iii. Qs. 18. MINU-

TISSIMUS.

* M. with a shell having five spirally striated
volutions; ribs distant; canal covered; this
minute species inhabits the sea.
Pembroke.

Gm. Lin. 3531. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. I70. \g. gyri»

NUS.

* M. with a strong, brown, conic shell, of four
volutions, regularly covered with chesnut color-
ed tubercles : aperture orbicular ; minute.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 1 14. ' ~ pq_ acciuc-

TUS.

* M. with a shell of six or seven finely striated,
ribbed volutions ; aperture oblong ; canal short ;
length four tenths of an inch ; breadth one tenth
of an inch.

Frith oi Forth ; extremely rare.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 115. t. 30. /. 6. ' gi. guBU-

LATUS.

* M. with a slender white shell, of about fifteen
scarcely raised volutions, with two rows of
beads, divided by a depressed line; aperture

286 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VI.

small; canal short, bent to the left; length
three eighths of an inch.

22. PROXi- Mont. Test Br. Sup. 118. f. 30./. 8.

MUS.

* M. with a thick white shell, of six volutions,
crossed by eleven strong ribs ; aperture ovate-
oblong; outer lip broad and reflected; canal
short ; length nearly half an inch.
Tyningham sands near Dunbar.

23. DECOL- Lin. Syst. 1226. No. 578. Gm. Lin. 3563.

LATUS.

A species offered with doubts. Perhaps
accidentally mutilated. Minute. Let the cri-
tical conchyliologist consult tab. Ixxxii. Jig, 3.

### Turrited, tapering, tail very short.

24. FUSCA- Gm. Lin. 3562. Turbo tuberculata. Br. Zool.

"^us- Lin. Tr. viii. UQ. t. 4. /. 6. iv. I29.

Mont. Test. Br. 269.

M. with a pyramidal shell ; the upper stricB of
the volution denticulated ; length an inch and
an half. Tab. Ixxxv. Jig. 1.

Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. 287

Lin. Tr. vili. 150. 25. reticu-

LATUS.

* M. with a pyramidal shell, reticulated with
rows of tubercles ; canal scarcely discernible ;
minute ; inhabits the sea.

Found from Kent to Cornwall, and on the
coast of south Wales.

Lin.Tr. win. 150. Mont. Test. Br. Q'JO. id. 26. tuber-

Sup.UQ. CULARIS.

* M. with a pyramidal shell, having nine or ten
tuberculated volutions, divided by a faint line
or suture ; minute ; inhabits the sea.

Sparingly found at the mouth of the Aim,

Lin. Tr. viii. 151. Mont. Test. Br. 271. 27. adver=

sus.

* M. with a pyramidal shell; volutions reversed,
marked with a triple row of tubercles ; the mid-
dle one smallest ; length about half an inch.

Cornish and Devonshire coasts.

288 TROCHUS. TOP. Class VI.

GENUS XXVI. TROCHUS. TOP.

Animal, a Slug.
Shell conic, spiral.
Aperture sub-triangular.

* Umbilicated, erect, columella perforated.

1. MAGUS. Li7i. Syst. 1228. No. 585. Lin. Tr. viii. 151.

tuherculated. Cm. Lin. 3567. Mont. Test. Br. 283.

Tr. with a perforated base ; somewhat de-
pressed ; striated ; with the ridges of the spires
rising into blunt distinct tubercles. Color
white, zig-zagged with red.

When the upper coat is taken off, the next is
of a rich mother-of-pearl color.

Ajiglesei/. Tab. Ixxxiii. Jig. 4.

2. CINEREUS. L/n. Tr. viii. 152. Mont. Test. Br. 28Q. id. ■

Sup. 119.

* Tr. a tapering umbilicated shell, with distinct
plane volutions.

Class VI. TROCHUS. TOP. ^ 289

Lin. Tr. vlii. 152. Br. 284. 3. lineatus.

T. cinerarius. Mont. Test, Br. Zool. iv. 127. ciuereuus.

Tr. with a perforated base ; spires a little pro-
minent. Of a cinereous color, striped obliquely.
Size of a pea. .

Anglesey.

List. Conch, tah. 641. Jig. 31, Lin. Tr. vlii. 153. 4. umbili-

32. Mo7it. Test. Br. 28(5. catus.

List. Angl. tab. in.Jig. 15. i. umbuicaris. Br. Zool. iv.

126.

Tr. with a perforated base, and of a convex
conic form ; dirty white waved with purple.
Varies much in colors.

A most common shell on all our shores.
Tab. Ixxxiii. Jig. 3.

Lin. Tr. viii. 153. Mont. Test. Br. 280. /. 10. 5. tumidus.

/• 4.

* Tr. with a somewhat conic striated shell,
volutions plane, prominent ; minute ; inhabits
the sea.

Devonshu^e coast, adhering to shells.

VOL. IV. u

-290 TROCHUS. TOP. Class VI.

6. Fuscus. Lhi. Tr. viii. 154.

* Tr. with an umbilicated shell, and five mar-
gined volutions ; aperture nearly circular j mi-
nute ; inhabits the sea.

Perhaps a variety of T. tumidus ?
Common near Sandwich.

** Imperforated, erect, umbilicus closed.

7. CRASSUS, Lin. Tr. viii. 154. Mont. Test. Br. 281.

* Tr. Avith a somewhat ovate imperforated
shell; columella with one tooth; length one
inch, diameter nearly the same ; inhabits the
sea.

Found in abundance on the western coast
and elsewhere.

8. PAPILLO- Lin. Tr. viii. 155. Mont. Test. Br. 275. t. 10.

SUS. /. 3.

* Tr. with an imperforated conic shell ; volutions
rather plane, Avith two nodulated lines along each
volution ; base tumid.

Ccrmiall, Poole, and Weymouth.

Class VL TROCHUS. TOP.

Lin. St/st. 1231. No. 599. LisL Angl. tab. in. Jig. g. ziziphi-

Gm. Lin. 357g. 14. Faun. Suec. No. 2[68. ^us.

List. Conch, tab. 616. No. I. Lin. Tr. viii. 155.

Mont. Test. Br. 274.

Tr. with a sharp apex ; bottom imperforated ;
with a stria elevated above the rest. Each is
smooth. The color livid, much spotted with
deep red. Tab. Ixxxiii. Jig. 1.

Lin. Syst. 1230. No. 598? , 10. co>ruLUS.

Connie,

Tr. with an imperforated base, and a prominent
line along the spires. Scarcely distinct from
the last. Tab. Ixxxiii. fig. 2.

Lin. Tr. viil. 156. Mont. Test. Br. 277. h. exiguus.

* Tr. with an imperforated conic, striated shell ;
volutions marked with four or five crenated
ridges ; length three eighths of an inch ; breadth
a quarter of an inch ; inhabits the sea shore.
Southern and western coasts.

u 2

292

TROCHUS. TOP.

Class VI.

12. ERT- Gm. Lin. 3581.

Lin. Tr. viii. 156.

THROLEU- Trochus pyramidalis parvus, Tr. striatas Mont. Test. Br.

ruberrimus fasciis crebris '2'J8. id. Sup. \ig.

exasperatus. List. Conch. Tr. exasperatus, Br. Zool. ir.

tab. 6l6. fg. 2. 126.

* Tr. shell imperforated, conic, smooth, striat-
ed across ; volutions closely connected.

13. TERRES-
TRIS.

land.

Lin. Tr. viii, 157.

Mont. Test. Br. 287-

Tr. minute, conic, livid.

A new species, discovered in the mountains
of Cumberla?id, by Mr. Hudson. Tab. Ixxxiii.

fig- -5.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. 293

GENUS XXVII. TURBO. WREATH-
SHELL,

Animal, a Slug.
Aperture round, entire.

* Allied to the genus Nerita ; the columnar
margin of the aperture even, imperforated.

Lin. Tr. viii. 158. t. 4. /. 7- Mont. Test. Br. 586. id. 1. JUGOSUS.

Sup. t. 20. f. 2.

* T. a somewhat ovate ventricose shell ; with
four ridged volutions ; diameter three eighths
of an inch.

Isle of Purbeck, and in Cornxvall. ~

Lin. Syst. 1232. No. 607- Lin. Tr. viii. 158. t. 4./. 8, 2, litto-

Gm. Lin. 3588. Q, 10, 11. ^^^-^'t;

List. Angl. tab. iii. fg. Q. Mont. Test. Br. m\. pernwinMe.
Faun. Suec. No. 216q.

T. with five spires, the first ventricose, in
younger subjects striated spirally j in the old
smooth, and of a dusky color. Tab. Ixxxiv.

M 1-

294 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

Abundant on most rocks, far above low*-
water mark. The Sicedisli peasants believe,
that when these shells creep high up the rocks,
they indicate a storm from the south.

They are called PcrriwhMes ; are sold com-
monly in London, and eaten by the poor ; as
they are in most parts of the kingdom.

3. RUDIS. Lin. Tr. viii. log. Mont. Test. Br. 304. t. A^. f. 12. 13.

* T. with a subovate, rather obtuse shell ; volu-
tions tumid ; diameter three quarters of an
inch.

Found on the banks of the Tamar, in Dor-
setshire, Kent, and Caithness.

4. CRASSIOR. Lin. Tr. vlii. ISQ. Mont. Test. Br. 3O9. id.

Sup. t. 20. f. I.

* T. with a conic rough shell, striated length-
ways ; the first volution somewhat ridged ;
length half an inch; breadth a quarter of an
inch.

Sandwich and Biddeford bay.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. 295

Lin. Tr. viii. l60. Mont. Test. Br. 303. id. ,5. tene-

'•■■"■ Sup. t. 20. f. 4. BR03US.

* T. with a subconic shell, rather obtuse, the
first volution exceedingly tumid ; diameter a
quarter of an inch.

On rocks on the western coast.

Lin. Tr. viii. 16O. Mont. Test. Br. 403. 6. futrmvs.

* T. with a conic pointed shell ; aperture pear-
shaped ; length three eighths of an inch ; breadth • :
two tenths of an inch.

Isle of Purbeck and coast of Devonshire.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 132. /. 30. /. 5. 7. calathiis-

cus.

* T. with a brown conic shell, of six elegant
longitudinally tuberculated volutions ; aperture
suborbicular ; lip denticulated ; length a quarter
of an inch.

Shores of the isle of Jwa.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 136. 8. semistri-

ATUS.

* T. with a thick white conic shell, of five or six
slightly rounded, but well defined and partially

296 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

striated volutions ; length one eighth of an inch ;
minute.

South Devonshire coast ; not common.

g. ziczAC. Gm. Lin. 3587- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 135.

Lin. Tr. viii. l60. t. 4./. 14.

* T. with a somewhat conic, pointed, substriated
shell ; the first volution ridged at the base ;
length one inch ; breadth half an inch.
Sunderland, in the county of Durham.

10. FTILCI- Lin.Tr.\in.\Q\. Mont. Test. Br. 232.

DUS.

* T. with a siibconic smooth shell ; three volu-
tions, the first very large; point very small,
obtuse; minute.

Cornxvall and Pembrokeshire.

** Solid; imperforated.

H. CIMEX. Cm. Lin. 358Q. Mont. Test. Br. 3\b.

Lin. Tr. viii. l6l.

* T. an obloncf-ovate shell : stri<x decussated
with conspicuous dots ; length one eighth of an
inch ; breadth one tenth of an inch.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. qqt

Found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devon-
shire, Dorsetshire, ^xid Kent ; rare.

Gm. Lin. 3589. Mont. Test. Br. 319. 12. pullus.

Lin. Tr. viii. 162, ■ .

* T. with an ovate smooth imperforated shell ;
aperture lengthened forwards, according to Lin-
nceus ; Montagu says suborbicular. Length
three eighths of an inch ; breadth half an inch ;
inhabits the sea.

Devonshire, Cornxvall, and Weymouth.

Lin. Tr. viii. 162. Mont. Test. Br. 326. id. 13. SEMICOS-

Sup. #.21./. 5. TKTM3.

* T. shell conic, short, with four or five rounded
volutions, the first volution faintly ribbed to-
wards the apex, at the base lightly striated
across ; very minute ; inhabits the sea.

Found only by Mr. Mo7itagu on the south-
ern coast of Devonshire.

Lin. Tr. viii. 162. Mont. Test. Br. 320. 4. ruber.

* T. shell with five smooth, glossy, rounded
volutions ; suture fine ; apex pointed ; aperture

TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Glass VI.

suborbicular, a little reflected on the columellar
pillar; minute; inhabits the sea.
Cormvall and Pembroke.

15, UNIFAS- Lin. Tr. viii. l63. Mont. Test. Br. 327. id.
ClATUS. Sup. t. 20. /. 6.

* T. with a conic smooth shell and five rather
plane fasciated volutions ; minute ; inhabits
the sea.

Devonshire, Southampton, and Pembroke,

16. NIVOSUS. -^^"- ^'■- ^'ii- 1^3. iJfo??;. ?'«/!. Br. 326.

* T. smooth subpyramidal shell, with five or six
rounded volutions, point obtuse, pillar smooth ;
minute.

In sand on the south coast of Devonshire;
rare.

17. LABio- -^'"- ■^''" ^^i^- ^^'^' '^''' slbus. Br. Zool. iv.

sus. Helix labiosa. Mont. Test. ISO.

£r. 400. t. 13. /. 7-

T. with eight spires, striated transversely
white. Tab. Ixxxii. Jig. 8.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. "^m

Lin. Tr. viii. l64. Mont. Test. Br. 318. 18. ulvjE.

ulva.

T. with four spires, the first ventricose; of a
deep brown color; aperture oval. Size of a
grain of wheat. Tab. Ixxxix. Jig. 7.

Inhabits the Ulva Lactuca on the shores of
Flintshire.

Lin. Tr. viii. l64. Mont. Test. Br. 317- t. 12. ig, ventro-

/. 13. SUS.

* T. a conic smooth shell, with six round volu-
tions ; aperture subovate ; margin very entire ;
minute; inhabits the sea.

Not uncommon on the Kent and Dorsetshire
coasts.

Lin. Tr. viii. l65. Mont. Test. Br. 3l6. 20. sdbum-

BILICATUS.

* T. with a conic subumbilicated shell ; volu-
tions, four or five tumid ; aperture perfectly
oval ; length one eighth of an inch ; breadth
one tenth of an inch.
Weymouth.

300 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VL

21. CIKGIL- Lin. Tr. viii. l65. MonL Test. Br. 328. t. 12.

^"^- /. 7. irf. Sup. 125.

* T. with a conic shell ; six flattish faintly
striated closely connected volutions ; length a
quarter of an inch ; breadth one eighth of an
inch.

Found abundantly at Plymouth and Sal-
comhe.

22. INTER- Lin. Tr. viii. \QQ. Mont. Test. Br. 329. id.

R^PTUS. Sup. t. 20./. 8.

* T. with a conic pointed whitish shell ; volu-
tions flattish, marked with interrupted longitu-
dinal ochraceous lines ; minute ; inhabits the
sea.

Rarely found on the coasts of Pembrokeshire
and Dewnshire.

23. MAMMiL- -^^"' ^''- ■^i"' *^^' Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 126.

LATUS.

* T. with an imperforated subovate shell ; volu-
tions striated with raised dots, and somewhat

angular with some longer strice.
Scilly rocks.

Class VI. TURBO. TVREATH-SHELL. SOI

Solid, umbilicus perforated.

Lin. Tr. viii. 166. Mont. Test. Br. 308. 24. AURlcu-

LARIS.

* T. smooth conic shell ; volutions much round-
ed; aperture ear-shaped; length three eighths
of an inch, breadth two eighths of an inch ; in-
habits the sea.

Discovered and found by Mr. Montagu at
Southampton only ; and there not common.

Lin. Tr. viii. 167. Mont. Test. Br. 307. id. 25. vinctus.

Sup. t. 20. f. 3.

* T. a smooth conic shell ; with six round-
ed volutions, and rather obtuse apex; length
half an inch ; inhabits the sea.

Salcombe bay, adhering to algce. " —

Lin. Tr. viii. 167. Mont. Test. Br. 328. id. 26. quadri-

Sup. t. 20. /. 7. f ASCIATUS.

* T. with a smooth subconic shell, the first vo-
lution somewhat ridged ; pillars grooved, end-
ing in an umbilicus ; length a quarter of an
inch ; breadth one eighth of an inch ; found on
sea-weeds.

Falmouth.

302 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

27. ELEGANS. •^"^ Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 5. Mont. Test. Br. 342. id. Sup.

elegant. Gm. Lin. 3606. t. 22. f. 7-

Lin. Tr. viii. 167. T. tumidus. Br. Zool. iv. 128.

T. with five tumid spires, the first ventricose,
and all most elegantly striated i of a pale-red
color.

A rare shell. Inhabits woods in Cambridge-
shire, and some other counties in England.
Tab. Ixxxv. Jig. 2.

28. FONTi- H. piscinalis and H. pusilla. Lin. Tr. viii. l68.

NALis, Q^ ^.^ 3g27. id. H. Mont. Test. Br. 348. id. Sup.

fascicularis. 3641. t. 22. f. 4.

* T. with a subconic, umbilicated shell, volutions
round smooth ; diameter a quarter of an inch.
Adhering to Co7ifervce in fresh waters.

29. NAUTi- Gm. Lin. 36l2. H. nautileus. Mont. Test.

LEUS. lin. Tr. viii. 169. Br. 464.

* T. a flattish shell, volutions with raised annula-
tions, and a spinal dorsal ridge ; diameter one
eighth of an inch.

Found in ponds and ditches.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. $08

Lin. Tr. viii. l6g. 460. vign. I. f. 78. id. Sup. 30. crista-

H. cristata. Mont. Test. Br. ]47. "^^S-

* T. shell planish above, umbilicated beneath,
with three or four round volutions; minute;
inhabits fresh water. '

In the river Avon in fVilt shire, and near
Sandzvich. .

Lin. Tr. viil. 170. Mont. Test. Br. 43,g. t. \3. 31. depres-

* T. with a depressed shell, umbilicated beneath,
four volutions, aperture orbicular ; minute j in-
habits the sea.

Found only by Mr. Montagu in Cormvall
and Devonshire.

Cm. Lin. 3592. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 137. 32. calcar.

t. 29. /. 3.

* T. with an unbilicated depressed shell, of a
pale pink color, four volutions, the first fur-
nished with about thirteen large erect processes;
diameter one quarter of an inch.
Taken by Mr, Laskey in Jona.

304 TURBO. WREATH^SHELL. Class VI,

**** Cancellated.

S3. CLATH- Lin. St/sI. 1237- No. 631. List. Conch, tab. 58S.Jig. 51.

R"S. Qm_ £in^ 3603. Lin. Tr. viii. I7O.

barred. ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ y,^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^

120.

T. with a taper shell of eight spires, distin-
guished by elevated divisions, running from the
aperture to the apex. Tab. Ixxxiv. fig. 2.
A. vAR. Pellucid ; ridges very thin. Tab. Ixxxiv.

fjcr * O

These are analogous to that curious and ex-
pensive shell, the JVentle-trap.-\

34. PARVUS. Lin. Tr. viii. I71. Monf. Test. Br. 310.

* T. a pyramidal shell, with five or six volu-
tions ; ribs raised, distant ribs ; minute ; inha-
bits sandy shores.

t Mr. Montagu conjectures tiiat the animal which inhabits
this shell, might have contributed to supply the celebrated Ty~
rian dye, as a beautiful purple liquor can be obtained from it ;
but the color does not appear so permanent as that procured from
the Buccinum Lapillus ; the latter having been once fixed, is.
not affected by the application of acids, alkalis, or alkohol. See
Montagu s Sup. to Test. Br. p. 104. and p. 120^ Ed-

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. S05

Gm. Lin. 3504. Mo?ii. Test. Br. 306. t. 10. 35. stria-

Lin.Tr.xm.m. f. 5. . TULts.

* T. with a pyramidal shell somewhat cross-
barred or cancellated ; volutions closely con-
nected, intercepted by swelling belts ; size of a
grain of barley.

Falmouth, and on the southern coast of De-
vonshire; rare.

Lin. Tr. viil. \^2. Mont. Test. Br. 322. id. Sup. 36. reticu-

/.21./. I. ^^^^^•

* T. with a conic shell and tumid reticulated
volutions; minute.

Pembrokeshire and Seasalter, Kent.

Lin. Tr. vili. 172. Mont. Test. Br. 313. t. 15. 37- erye-

/. 8. id. Sup. 124. '^^^^•

* T. shell pyramidal, with seven small volu-
tions ; contiguous ribs, and ovate aperture ;
length a quarter of an inch.

Discovered on the shore at JVeyynouth by
Mr. Bryer.

VOL. IV, X

306 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

38. CONI- Lin. Tr. viii. 173. Mont. Ted. Br. 314 t. 15.

FERUS. y. g_

* T. with a pyramidal shell, and ribbed volu-
tions, ribs contiguous, with a series of minute
protuberances at the suture; length a quarter
of an inch.

Discovered at Weymouth by IMr. Bryer.

39. DENTi- Li7i. Tr. viii. 173. Mont. Test. Br. 315.

CCLATUS.

* T. Avith a conic shell, ribbed volutions ; ribs
oblique and minutely toothed at the suture ;
length a quarter of an inch, breadth scarcely
one eighth of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
JVeiimouth.

40. STRIA- Lin. Tr. viii. 173. Mont. Test. Br. 312.

TUS.

* T. vvith a somewhat pyramidal shell, striated
volutions ; sti^icB transverse, regular, and very
numerous ; length one eighth of an inch ; inha-
bits the sea.

On the Devonshire coast and Pembroke.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. 307

Lin.Tr, viii. 174. Mont. Test. Br. 311. t. 10. 41. costa-

f. Q. ' '^^^'

* T. with a subpyramidal shell, ribbed volu-
tions, and the aperture grooved at the mar-
gin ; length one eighth of an inch ; inhabits
the sea.

Found on the coasts of Pembrokeshire, De-
vonshire, Dorsetshire, Cornxtmll, and Kent.

Lin. Tr. viii. 174. Mont. Test. Br. 299. t. 12. 42. unicus.

/.2.

* T. with a pointed glossy shell, round striated
volutions ; length two tenths of an inch ; inha-
bits the sea.

Sandwich.

^TF-irTP "iT"

Turrited, tapering to a point.

L\n. Tr. viii. 175. Mont. Test, Br. 299. t. 12. 43. nitidis-

f ^ SIMUS.

* T. with an acuminated very glossy shell, and
nine somewhat globose volutions ; length one
eighth of an inch.

Discovered in sand from Falmouth by Mr.
Montagu.

X 2

308 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL, Class VI.

44. DUPLi- Lin. Syst. 1239. No. 645. LisL A?igl. tah. iii. Jig. 7.

CATUS. Gm. Lin. 36O7. Lin. Tr. vili. 175.

doubled.

T. with a strong taper shell, each spire marked
with two prominent strLe. Has about twelve
spires.

Found by Doctor Lister at Scarborough^
who says it was five inches long. Tab. Ixxxiv.

45. EXOLE- Gm. Lin. 3607. T. cinctus. Mont. Test. Br.

'^^^' Lin. Tr. viii. 176. 295.

* T. Avith a tapering shell, the volutions marked
with two obtuse distant ridges ; length two
inches and an half.

Found on the Lincolnshire and Lancashire
coasts, and at Sandwich.

46. TEREBRA. if/,. Syst. IISQ. No. 645. Faun. Suec. Nc^l^X.

"^^^''- Gm. Lin. 3608. Lin. Tr. viii. 176.

Seh. Mus. iii, tal. hi.fg. 40. MorJ. Test. Br. 2g3.
List. Angl. tab. iii. fig. 8.

T. with a taper shell of twelve spires, spirally
striated. Tab. Ixxxiv. jig. 4.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. 309

Lin. Tr. viii. 177. Mont. Test. Br. 300. t. 10. 47- trunca-

TUS.

/•7.

* T. with a cylindric shell ; volutions flattish ;
abrupt at the apex ; length two tenths of an
inch, breadth one tenth of an inch ; inhabits
the sea.

Southampton, Plymouth, JVeymouth, and
Poole.

Lin. Ti. viii. 178. Mont. Test. Br. 300. t. 10. 48. subtrun-

f. \. CATUS.

* T.with a subcylindric shell, volutions round-
ish, diminishing in size towards the end; su-
ture rather deep ; length two tenths of an inch ;
inhabits the sea.

Salcombe bay and Southampton.

Lin. Syst. 1249. ^o- List. Conch, tab. 41- ^g* 4g. bidens.

649. Gm. Lin. 36O9. maj. lident.

Li7i. Tr. viii. I78.

* T. with a pellucid shell ; volutions reversed ;
suture, somewhat crenated ; a double tooth
on the hind part of the aperture. Agrees

310 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

with the T. nigricans in the contrary turn of the
spires, which are twelve in number, and of a
dusky hue. Tab. Ixxxiv. Jig. 5.

On hollow and mossy trunks of trees.

50. LAMINA- Lin. 7V. viii. 179. Mont. Test. Br. SSg. t. 11,

TUS.

/•4.

* T. with a tapering, pellucid, smooth shell ; ten
volutions reversed ; aperture contiguous ; the
hind part with two teeth ; length three fourths
of an inch, breadth one eighth of an inch;
found on land.

Wiltshire, Kent, and Dorsetshire.

!l. BipLicA- Lin. Tr. viii. 186. Moyjt. Test. Br. 36l. t. 11.

TUS.

/. 5.

* T. with a tapering shell, opaque, striated ;
volutions reversed ; aperture less contiguous,
and with two teeth on the hind part; length
three fourths of an inch, breadth one eighth of
an inch.

Easton Gray, Wiltshire: it has also been
found in Hyde Park.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. 311

List. Angl. tab. u.Jtg. 10. T. perversus. Br. ZooL iv. 52. nisri-
Lin. Tr. viii. 180. 130. '^^^i^'

T. bidens. Mont. Test. Br. , "* ^'

357. t. 11./. 7. ■• ,

T. with eleven spires of a dusky color. The
mouth turned a contrary way to most others of
the genus. Length four tenths of an inch ;
very taper. -

Found in mosses, especially among the
Hypna. Tab. \xxxv. Jig. S.

Lin. Tr. vlii. 180.

3Io?it. Test. Br. 362. t. 11.

53. LABIA-

f.6.

TUS.

* T. with a tapering shell, opaque ; volutions
reversed, striated; aperture with two teeth,
the margin white, strong, dilated; length five
eighths of an inch, breadth one eighth of an
inch.

Found in ozier grounds at Battersea.

Gm. Lin. Sfiog. 3Io}it. Test. Br. 355. ^.11. 54. perver-

Lin. Tr. viii. 181. /. 12. id. Sup. 131. .®^^-

* T. with a tapering, pellucid shell ; eight volu-
tions reversed ; aperture without teeth ; length
a quarter of an inch.

TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

Not common ; but found in JViltshire, Dor-
setshire, Devotishire, and Cormvall.

55. TRIDENS. Gm. Lin. 36\l. Mont. Test. Br. 338. t. 11.

Lin. Tr. viii. 181. /. 2. id. Sup. 123.

* T. with a subcylindric smooth shell; six or
seven somewhat plane volutions ; aperture with
three teeth ; length a quarter of an inch.

Found on water plants, by the river Stour,
Dorsetshire.

56. JUNl- Lin. Tr. viii. 182. Mont. Test. Br. 340. t. 12.

PERI. f 12.

* T. with a subcylindric shell ; obliquely stri-
ated volutions ; aperture with seven teeth ;
length scarcely half an inch.

Found on the roots of juniper, in JViltshire
and Dorsetshire ; rare.

57. Musco- Gm. Lin. 36ll. Mont. Test. Br. 335. id. Sup.

RUM. Lin- Tr. viii. 182. t. 22. f. 3.

* T. Avith an ovate obtuse pellucid shell; six
volutions inclined to one side; aperture plain

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. M^^

or without teeth ; length one eighth of an inch.
Inhabits roots of trees, moss, &c. In most
parts of the kingdom.

Helix minuta. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 33?. t. 12. 58. sexden-

3660. /. 8. TATUS.

Lin. Tr. viii. 183.

* T. with an ovate obtuse smooth shell ; aper-
ture with six teeth, and the lip impressed; mi-
nute ; inhabits fresh water.

Kent, Cor m€ all, Devonshire, and Dorset-
shire.

Helix Vertigo. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 363. t. 12. 5g. vertigo.

3664. /. 6.

Lin. Tr. viii. 183. ,

* T. an oval shell, with five round somewhat
striated reversed volutions; aperture rather tri-
angular, toothed; minute.

On walls covered with ivy.

Helix Carychium. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 33Q. id. Sup. 60. cary-

3665. l.22.f.2. CHIUM.

Lin. Tr. viii. 184.

* T. with a somewhat conic smooth shell ;
aperture defended with two minute teeth, and

314 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

sometimes the rudiments of a third ; the least
of all land shells ; found among decayed leaves
and bark of trees.

Common in Kent; found also in Wiltshire,
Devonshire, and Dorsetshire.

61. ALBULUS. Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ih. iii. QQ. t. 13. /. I7, 18.

* T. shell with five longitudinally ribbed volu-
tions ; aperture somewhat orbicular ; minute.

62. SCRIP- Lin. Tr. viii. [Q5. ih. iii. 63. /. 13. /. 11, 12. .
TUS.

* T. with a smooth shell, and three volutions
marked w ith dusky lines, resembling letters ;
not unlike those of the genus opography ; mi-
nute.

63. SUBAR- Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ih. iii. 6Q. t. 13. /. 27, 28.

CUATUS.

* T. with a shell of ten longitudinally ribbed
volutions, and somewhat bent at the apex ;
color white; minute.

64. ADAMSii. •^^"- T^^- viii- 185. ih. iii. Q)&. t. 13. /. 31, 32.

* T. a shell with six spirally striated volutions,
ribs distant ; aperture oval ; minute.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. m5

Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ih. iii. 254. Qb. Divisus.

* T. a shell with four smooth and striated
volutions, aad an aperture somewhat ovalj
minute. - .

Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ih. v. j3. t. l. /. 18, IQ. QQ. SUBRU-

. FUS.

* T. with a smooth shell, and five somewhat
angular volutions ; minute.

Lin.Tr.y'in. 186. 67. retifor-

MIS.

* T. a tumid shell, with four reticulated volu-
tions, and somewhat oval aperture ; minute.

Sandzvich ; rare.

Lin. Tr. viii. 186. 68. fuscds.

* T. an opaque brown shell, with five striated
volutions, and sub-oval aperture; minute; in-
habits woods.

Bysingzvood near Feversham ; rare.

Lin. Tr. viii. 186. 69. striga-

TUS.

* T. with an opaque white shell; three volu-
tions, the first having three transverse stripes ;
aperture subovate ; minute.

Seasalter ; rare.

116 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

70. CARINA- Lin. Tr. viii. 186.
TULUS.

* T. with a tapering, opaque, white ridged
shell, of seven volutions ; aperture narrow and
marginated; minute.

Sandwich; rare.

71. RivuLus. Lin. Tr. viii. 186.

* T. with a striated shell, of four volutions,
opaque and white ; aperture marginated and
oval ; minute ; inhabits fresh water.

Near Feversham ; very rare. '

72. SANDVi- Lin. Tr. viii. 187-

CENSIS.

* T. with a white pellucid shell, three reticu-
lated volutions, and one toothed aperture ; mi-
nute.

73. MARGi- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 12S.

NATUS.

* T. with a subcylindric white very strong
shell ; six or eight striated transversely ribbed
volutions ; aperture oval ; length three eighths
of an inch, breadth one fourth of its length.

From Guernsey.

Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. 317

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 128. 74, disjunc-

TUS.

* T. shell slender, white, and smooth, umbi-
licated with six round volutions, separated by
a deep flat line ; aperture nearly orbicular j
length scarcely a quarter of an inch.
Tx- Scottish coast.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 129. 75. iNDis-

TINCTOS.

* T. with a subcylindric glossy white shell, of
five or six Avell defined and finely striated flat-
tish volutions ; aperture subovate ; minute.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. I29. 76. insculp-

TOS.

* T. with a taper, subumbilicated, subpellucid
white shell, having five or six moderately con-
vex striated volutions ; apex obtuse ; aperture
subovate ; pillar lip furnished with a small
tooth ; length one eighth of an inch, breadth
one third of its leng-th.
Devonshire coast ; rare.

S18 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.

77. siMiLLi- Mo7it. Test. Br. Sup. 136.

MU3.*

T. shell slender, white, of eight or nine volu-
tions, with fourteen direct elevated striae;
length three eighths of an inch.
Shores of the island of Jura.

* So named from its resemblance to the Turho elegantissimtes
of Mr. Montagu, the Helix elegantissimus of the Linncean
Transactions. H. D.

Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.

GENUS XXVIII. HELIX. SNAIL.

Animal, a Slug.
., ,- Shell spiral, sub-pellucid.

Aperture semi-lunar.

* Wreaths acutely angular.

Lin. Syst. 1241. No. 656. Faun. Suec. No. 2174, 1. lapicida,

Gm. Lin. 36)3. Lin. Tr. viii. 127- ^"/t.

List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 14. Mont. Test. Br. 435.

He. with five spires, externally carinated or
depressed to an edge. Umbiiicated ; of a deep
brown color.

A land shell. Inhabits clefts of rocks.
Tab. Ixxxvi. Jig. 1 .

Lin. Tr. viii. 18S. Mont. Test. Br. 428. t. 7. 2. subcari-

/. 9. NAT A.

* He. with an umbiiicated, striated, rather con-
vex shell, the volutions marked with three most
delicate raised lines ; diameter one tenth of an
inch ; inhabits the sea.

Coast of Kent and Devonshire.

320 HELIX. SNAIL. Class VL

3. PLANOR- Lin. Syst. 1242. No. 662. Faun. Suec. No. 2176.

BIS. Gm. Lin. 3617. Lin. Tr. viii. 188. f. b.f. 13.

List. Angl. tab. ii. fig 27. H. complanata. Mont. Test.
Gualtieri, tab. iv. fig. E. E. Br. 450.

He. with a very flat brown shell, slightly cari-
nated on the outside ; aperture oblique.
Inhabits ponds. Tab. Ixxxvi. Jig. 2.

4. PLANATA. Lin. Tr. viii. I89.

* He. with a carinated, umbilicated plane shell,
the carina or ridge on the middle of the volu-
tion ; aperture nearly oval ; diameter half an
' inch.

5. VORTEX. Lin. Syst. 1243. No. 667. Faun. Suec. No. 2178.

^^^'■^- Gm. Lin. 3620. Lin. Tr. viii. I89.

List. Angl. tab. ii. fig 28. 3Iotit. Test. Br. 454. id. Sup.

Gualtieri, tab. iv. fig. G. G. t. 25. /. 3.

List. Co7ich. tab. 13S. fig. 43. '

He. with a very flat thin shell, and six small
spires. The outmost carinated.

Found with the H. plaiwrbis. Tab. Ixxxvi.
M 3.

Class VI. HELIX. SNJIL. • ■ 3-^1

** Wreaths rounded and umbilicated.

Lin. Sj/si. 1243. No. 671. Faun. Suec. 2179- 6. cornea.

Gm. Lin. 3623. Lin. Tr. viii. I90. ^'°'""^-

List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 26. ilfow^ Tesf. Br. 448.
Gualtieri, tab. iv. D. D.

He. with four rounded spires ; umbilicated ;
of a horny appearance.

Found in dull deep rivers, and in ponds.
The largest of the British depressed species.
Tab. Ixxxvi.^^. 3. and j%. *3. *3. a young
shell.

Gm. Lin. 3624.

Mont. Test. Br. Abb. id.

7. SPIROR.

Lin. Tr. viii. IQl.

Sup. t. 25. f. 2.

BIS.

* He. with a concave shell, both sides plane,
whitish, and five round volutions ; diameter ^
three tenths of an inch; inhabits stagnant
waters and rivulets.

Gm. Lin. 3624. Mont. Test. Br. 457. id- 8. contor-

Lin. Tr. viii. igi. Sup. 146, t. 25. /. 6. TA.

* He. with a subumbilicated shell, plane, equal
on both sides, with pointed linear aperture;
size of a cabbage seed ; inhabits rivulets and
ditches.

VOL. IV. J

322 HELIX, SNJIL. Class VI.

y. ALBA. Gm. Lin. 3625. Moni.TesL Br.45Q.id. Sup,

Lin. Tr. viii. I92. t. 25. /. 7- ' '-

* He. an umbilicated shell, both sides striated,
with a wide aperture ; diameter a quarter of an
inch ; found in rivers and ditches.

lU. rONTA- Lin. Tr. viii. \Q3. . . ^ Mont. Test. Br. 462. t. Q.

NA. " /. 6. id. Sup. 146.

* He. with a flattish shell, bluntly carinated,
on one side umbilicated, having three volutions,
convex on both sides ; aperture half ovate ;
diameter scarcely two tenths of an inch ; inha-
bits fresh water.

n. PALU- Lin. Tr. viii. I93. Mont. Test. Br. 440.

DOSA.

* He. with an umbilicated shell, rather convex
above; aperture nearly orbicular, margined,
the margin reflected.

VAR. B.

Helix crenella. Mont. Test. Br. 441.

He. with striated or annulated volutions.
Found in lakes and banks of rivers.

Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL. 323

Gm. Lin. 3632. Moni. Test. Br. 437- id. Sup. 12. erice-

Lisf. Angl. tab. ii. fg. 13. t. 24. /. 2. '^^^^^'

Gualtieri, tab. iii. Jig. Q. H. albella. Br. Zool. iv. 132.
Lin. Tr. viii. I94.

He. with five spires rounded on the outside ;
thin, prettily fasciated along the spires with
brown and white ; deeply umbilicated.

Inhabits dry sandy banks. Tab, Ixxxviii.
Jig- 5.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. \.A3, ." 13. Marga-

rita.

* He. with an umbilicated shell, of four strong
convex volutions ; color white, with one faint
rufous white band ; aperture sub-truncated,
sub-orbicular; inside beautifully nacred; mi-
nute.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. UJ. t. 21. f. 3. 14. serpu-

LOIDES.

* He. with a white, glossy, depressed, umbili-
cated shell, of three plain distinct volutions;
aperture orbicular ; minute.

Y 2

3£4 HELIX. SNJIL, Class VL

15. CINGEN- Gualtieri, tah. 2. H? Mont. Test. Br. 418. id. Sup.

DA.

zoned.

Lin. Tr. viii. igS. t. 5. it. 24. /. 4.

y. 6. H. zonaria. J5r. Zool. iv.

137.

He. with five spires ; the first very ventricose;
slightly umbilicated ; fasciated spirally with nar-
row stripes of white, dusky, and yellow.
Inhabits dry banks. Tab. Ixxxviii. Jig. 2.

iO. viR- H, media. Gm. Lin. 3640. H. zonaria. var. Br. ZooL

GATA. Lin. Tr. viii. ig5. iv. 138.

Mont. Test. Br. 415. id. Sup.
148.

* He. with a white convex umbilicated shell and
brown stripe; aperture nearly orbicular; dia-
meter half an inch. Tab. Ixxxviii. Jig. 3.

17. CAPE- ^*'^- ^'■' ^"'- ^9^- Mont. Test. Br. 430. f. 11. , ,

RATA. y"' 11-

* He. with an umbilicated shell, somewhat
ridged, flattish, striated, the end black ; half an
inch broad, and a quarter of an inch high.
Found in hedges. -

Class VI.

HELIX. SNAIL.

525

H. turturum. Gm. Lin. 363Q.

Cochlea dilutfe rufescens, aut
subalbida, sinu ad umbili-
cum exiguo, circinato. Lisi.
Angl. tain. ii. Jig. 12.

Lin. Tr. viii. I96.
Mont. Test. Br. 420.
t. 23. /. 2.

18. RUFES.
Sttp> CEN3.

mottled.

He. with four spires, and minutely umbilicated ;
the exterior spire sub-carinated. Of a pale
brownish red mottled with white.

Inhabits woods. Tab. Ixxxviii. Jig. 6.

Lin. Tr. viii. I97.

Mont. Test. Br. 422. id. Sjip.
145. /. 23./. 1.

ig. CANTI-

ANA.

* He. with an umbilicated shell, faintly striated,
somewhat depressed; aperture nearly orbicu-
lar ; breadth three fourths of an inch.

Found in meadows and hedges.

H. nitens. Gm. Lin. 3633 ? H. nitens. Lin. Tr. viii. ig8. 20. nitens.
Cochlea terreslris umbiUcata t. 5. f. 7. pellucid.

pellucida flavescens. Gual- H. kicida. Mont. Test. Br.

tieri, tab. ii. fg. G. 425. id. Sup. t. 23. /. 4.

He. a very thin pellucid shell, of a yellowish-
green color ; very brittle ; with four spires, the
first very tumid.

Found by me only once; in Shropshire. [In-
habits woods and mossy places ; not uncom-
mon. Ed.

326 HELIX. SNAIL. Class VL

21. HISPIDA. Cm. Lin. 3625. Monl. Tesi. Br. 423. id. Sup.

Lin. Tr. \in. IQ8. ' t. 23. f. 3. ,

* He. with a convex umbilicated, hairy, dia-
phanous shell, having five volutions ; aperture
between orbicular and crescent shaped ; dia-
meter one fourth of an inch. . /. ii. ./• :. ..J
Found in moist meadows. J :: a . ..

22. RADiATA. Helix rotundata. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 432. id. Sup.
3633. t. 24. /. 3.

Lin. Tr. viii. IQQ.

* He. with an umbilicated, subcarinated, flat-
tish closely striated shell, convex beneath;
diameter a quarter of an inch.

Found in gardens, hedges, decaying wood,
&:c.

23, UMEILI- Lin. Tr. vili. 200. • Mont. Test. Br. 434. t. 13. ,

CATA. .-: ■: ■ ■■ f.2. id. Sup. i46. ■■' ■

* He. with a subconic, somewhat pellucid shell,
striated with five round volutions, and large
umbilicus; diameter one tenth of an inch;
animal black.

Found under stones, &c. . ■ .

Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL. 327

Lin. Tr. viii. 200. Mont. Test. Br. 42?. t. 11. 24. trochi-

f. Q. id. Sup. U5. roRMis.

* He. with a subumbilicated, subconic, smooth
shell; aperture somewhat crescent - shaped,
transversely compressed; diameter one eighth
of an inch.

Found in decaying trunks of trees. > l^

Helix aculeata. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 42Q. t. 11. 25. spinu-

3638. /. 10. ^OSA.

Lin. Tr. viii. 201.

* He. with a subconic umbilicated shell, having
five convex volutions -, girt with acute membra-
naceous ringlets ; the back ridged with minute
spines ; aperture suborbiculai' ; minute.

Found among mosses. ^

Lin. Tr. viii. 201. Mo7it. Test. Br. 428. t. 13. gg. LACUNA

f.6.

* He. shell subglobose and umbilicated, with
smooth tumid volutions ; pillar grooved ; dia-
meter a quarter of an inch j inhabits the sea.

3£8 HELIX. SNJTL. Class VI.

27- POMA- Pomatia. Dioscor. lib. ii. c. 9. Lisi. Jngl. tah. ii. Jig. 1.

TIA.

exotic.

p. 305. Gesner Aq. Qb5. Faun. Suec. No. 2183.

Lin. St/St. 1244. No. 677- i^?v. TV. viii. 201.

Gm, Zm. 3627. Mont. Test. Br. 405. ■: h. ;

He. with five spires most remarkably ventri-
cose ; slightly umbilicated ; fasciated with a
lighter and deeper brown.

Inhabits the woods of the southern counties
of England. .

A naturalized species, introduced, as is said,
by Sir Kenelm JDigby ; whether for medical
purposes, or as a food, is uncertain. Tradition
says, that to cure his beloved wife of a decay
was the object. a

They are quite confined to our southern
counties. An attempt was made to bring them
into Nu7'tha}nptomhire,* but they would not
live there.

These are used as a food in several parts of
Europe during Le?it ; and are preserved in an
escargatoire, or a large place boarded in, with
the floor covered half a foot deep with herbs,
in which the snails nestle and fatten. f They
were also a favorite dish with the Romans,
who had their cochlearia, a nursery similar to

*■ Morton, 415. f Addison's Travels, 272.

Class Vr. HELIX. SNAIL. 329

the above. Fulvius Hirpinus* was the first
inventor of this luxury, a little before the civil
wars between Ce^^ar and Po??2^ej/. The snails '^i^; j "
were fed with bran, and sodden wine. If we
could credit Varro,'\ they gi^ew so large that
the shells of some would hold ten quarts !
People need not admire the temperance of the
supper of the younger Plmi),X which consisted
of only a lettuce apiece, three snails, two
eggs, a barley cake, sweet wine, and snow, in
case his snails bore any proportion in size to
those oi Hirpinus. ' 6r>; .oq . ^ ,. . .. . ^

Its name is derived not from any thing relat-
ing to an orchard, but from llwf/,a, an operculum,
it having a very strong one. This seems to be
the species described by Pliny, lib. viii. c. 39,
which he says was scarce ; that it covered itself
with the opercle, and lodged under ground ;
and that it was at first found only about
the maritime Alps, and more lately near Ve-
litrce. Tab.\xY.w\\. Jig.l.

- * Pliny, lih. x. c. 56. f De Re Rustica, lib. iii. c. 14.

,XBpist. lib. i. Epist.xr,

330 HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.

28. ARBUS- Lin. S]/st. 1245. No. 680. Fami. Suec. A'b. 2184.

TORUM. Gra. Lin. 3630. Lin. Tr. viii. 202.

sliTuh

List. Angl. tab. ii. fg. 4. Mont. Test. Br. 413.

He. with a glossy shell, brown, marked with a
single black spiral fascia : the rim of the aper-
ture reflects a little ; sub-umbilicated. Varies
with deeper and lighter colors.

Inhabits woods. Tab. Ixxxviii. Jig. 4.

29. RESUPi- Lin. Tr. viii. 203.

NATA.

* He. shell with a large oval aperture, having
the volutions of the apex resupine ; minute.

Found at Sandwich ; very rare.

30. GLOBOSA. Lin. Tr. viii. 203. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 147.*

* He. with a smooth globular shell of two vo
lutions ; aperture orbicular ; minute.

Found at Sandxvich.

31. RETicu- Lin. Tr. viii. 203.

LATA.

* He. with a subumbilicated shell of one volu-
tion ; aperture round, marginated, beautifully
reticulated; minute; extremely rare.

From Reculve?\

* Supposed by Mr. Montagu to be the fry of some other spe-
cies, as •well as the H. coarctata, Ed,

Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL. 331

Lin. Tr. viii. 204. 32. TJNISPI-

RALIS.

* He. with a shell of one volution, umbilicated
on both sides ; aperture round 5 minute.

Found near Sa?tdwich.

• ■■r''. Lin. Tr. viii. 204. ' 33. STRIATA.

* He. with a striated shell, aperture suboval,
volutions supradorsal ; minute.

Y o\xu^ nediV Saridzvkh.

Lin. Tr. viii. 204. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 147, 34. COARC-

TATA.

* He. with a shell of two volutions ; aperture
roundish, contracted at the umbilicus ; minute.
Found near Sandivich.

Lin. Tr. viii. 204. ih. iii. 67. t- 13. /. 35, 36. 35. tobu-

LATA.

* He. with a shell of three longitudinally stri-
ated volutions: this singular shell, instead of
an umbilicus, is perforated by a tube which
appears above the surface ; minute.

5S2 HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.

36. VARIE- ii??. TV. viii. 204. ih.m.67-

GATA.

* He, with a smooth shell of four volutions,
the first tumid, marked with red lines ; mi-
nute. -

37. FASCI- Lin. Tr. viii. 205. ih. v. t. I. J. 20, 21.

ATA.

* He. with a smooth subumbilicated shell of
three volutions, the first tumid, with a large
aperture; minute.

38. NITIDIS- -^2W. Tr. viii. 203. ih. v. f. I. f. 22 — 24.

SIMA.

* He. with a shell of two volutions, most deli-
cately transversely striated ; minute.

39. BICOLOR. -t"'- T^- viii. 205. ih. v. t. 1. /. 25, 26, 27-

* He. with a smooth shell of two volutions,
scarcely umbilicated ; minute.

Class VI.

HELIX. SNAIL.

33t

*"#* Wreaths rounded, imperforated.

Lin. Sy St. 1247- No. 6qO.

Faun. Suec. No. 2185.

40. vivi-

Gm. Lin. 364(5.

Lin. Tr. viii. 205.

PARA.

List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 18.

Mont. Test. Br. 3S6. id.

viviparous

Conch, tab. 126. Jig. 26.

Sup. 141.

: <JI fi© * ; V

5- ..,-0& -i-^ -'f ^'io

He. with six ventricose spires, umbilicated.
The aperture almost round. Color brown, with
dusky spiral y?w«>.

Inhabits stagnant waters, and semi-stagnant
rivers. Tab. Ixxxvii. Jig. 2. When young.
Tab. Ixxxviii. Jig. 1. g i, , rs id

Lin. Syst. 1247. Gm. Lin. List. Conch, tab. 57.

3647. Lin. Tr. viii. 206.

Gualtieri, tab. i. Jig. P. Mont. Test. Br. 411. H. hor-
List. Angl tab, ii. Jig. 3. tensis 412.

41. NEMO-
RALIS.

variegated.

He. with a glossy shell ; very thin and pellu-
cid ; the aperture awry. Varies infinitely :
often yellow, or light green, or red fasciated
with black or white, along the spires -, often
quite plain.

Inhabits woods and gardens.

334

HELIX. SNAIL.

Class VI.

garden.

42. horte::!- H. aspersa. Gm. Lin, 3631,
SIS. Cochlea vulgaris major pvilla

maculata et fasclata horten-
sis. List. Angl. lah. n.Jig, 2.
Gualtieri, tah. I. Jig. C.
Helix lucorum. Lin. Syst.
1247. No. &Q2.

List. Conch, tah. 4g. Jig. 47.

The common garden snail.
Lin. Tr. viii. 208.
H. aspera. Mont. Test. Br.

407.

He. in form like the last, but lesser, and not
umbilicated and clouded, or mottled with
browns.

These are often used with success in con-
sumptive cases. Tab. Ixxxvii. Jig. 3.

43. FUSCA.

Lin. It. viii. 2O9.

Mo7it. Test. Br. 424. t.
J. 1. id. Sup. 148.

13.

* He. with a smooth diaphanous shell, having a
lunated aperture, without an umbilicus; breadth
three eighths of an inch, height one fourth
of an inch.

**#*

Shell tapering.

44. ELEGAN-
TISSIMA.

Lin. Tr. viii. 2O9.

Mont. Test. Br. 298. t. 10.
/. a. id. Sup. 124.

* He. with a tapering slender shell, having
from nine to thirteen volutions, obliquely sul-

Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL. 335

cated; length a quarter of an inch; inhabits
the sea.

Lin. Tr. vni. 20Q. Mont. Tesl. Br. SQQ. i. 15. 45. decus-

f J SATA.

* He. with a slender tapering shell, decus-
sated ; aperture angular at each end ; eight or
nine volutions ; length three tenths of an inch,
breadth one tenth of an inch ; inhabits the sea.

Lin. Tr. vili. 210. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 142. 46. subu-

LATA.

* He. with a slender tapering, very smooth
shell, striped ; aperture ovate ; length three
fourths of an inch. Western coast.

Turbo politus. Gyn. Zirt. 3612. Mont. Test. Br. 3Q8. 4^7. polita.

H. polita. Lin. Tr. viii. 210. T. Isevis. Br. Zool. iv. 130.

* He. with a pyramidal glossy shell; with eight
spires striated transversely; length about the
third of an inch.

Found on the shores of Anglesey [and on
the western coast.] Tab. Ixxxii. Jig. 1 .

336 HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.

48. BIFAS- Lhi. Tr. viii. 210. T. fasciatus. Br. Zool. iv.

S'Mp. ;. 22. /.I.

* He. with a subumbilicated, pyramidal ob-
long rough shell; volutions roundish; aper-
ture ovate ; length one inch.

Wales and western coast. Tab. Ixxxw.Jig. 5.

49. ocTONA. Gm. Lin. 3653. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 144.

Lin. Tr. viii. 211. t. 5./. 10.

* He. with a somewhat perforated, pyramidal
shell of eight volutions ; aperture roundish ;
size of a grain of rye.

Found in wet meadows; doubtful if an
English species.

-50. OCTAN- Lin. T)-. viii. 211. H. octona. Br. Zool. iv.

FRACTA. Mont. Test. Br. 3gQ.i.U. 138.

/. 8. id. Sup. 144.

* He. with an imperforated, pyramidal sub-
striated shell, having eight volutions ; aperture
ovate ; length five eighths of an inch, breadth
two eighths of an inch.

Rarely found in stagnant waters in Cornwall
and Dorsetshire. Tab. Ixxxix. Jig. 5.

Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.

'm

Lin. Tr. viii. 212. Mont. Test. Br. 394. t.

51. LACK-

/.3.

HAMENSIS

* He. with an ovate oblong subperforate shell ;
aperture lunated, roundish ; margin reflected ;
length five eighths of an inch, breadth one
quarter of an inch.

Found only in Lackham woods, and Bow-
wood, JVilt shire. . p.^.^..,, ,,:^ .v.^>^w• ,;«::.« ,,;>*.» i-

Gm.Lm.366l. ' .' Mont. Test. Br. 3QI. id. 52. obscu-

Lin. Tr. viii. 212. t. 5. Sup. 146. t. 22. /, 5. ^'

f-n.

* He. with an opaque, brown, horn-colored
shell, subperforate, ovate oblong ; volutions
from five to seven, somewhat wrinkled -, aper-
ture lunated, roundish, white; length three
eighths of an inch, breadth exceeding onf
eighth.

Found on trunks of trees. ..: ..

Gm.Lin.366\. Mont. Test. Br. SgO. Sup. 53. lubrica.

Lin. Tr. viii. 213. f. b. t. 22. /. 6. smooth.

f. 12. -v-' .- , -, -*.^

* He. with an imperforate, subpyramidal shell,
with five or six somewhat convex volutions;
minute.

Inhabits moist woods. Tab. Ixxxv. Jig. 4.
VOL. IV. Z"""

33S HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.

54. VITREA. Lin. Tr. viii. 213- Monf. Test. Br. 321. t. 12.

f.2.

* He. with a somewhat cylindric shell of four
rounded volutions ; aperture suboval, contract-
ed towards the end ; columella visible to the
extremity ; length one eighth of an inch.

55. PUNC- Lin. To-, vm. 21 A. Turbo puiictura. 3/ow^. TV^^

TURA. 5^ 3^,0 M2. /. 5.

* He. with a conic shell, of six globose reticu-
lated volutions ; aperture suborbicular ; length
one eighth of an inch, breadth a thirtieth of an
inch. Inhabits the sea on the coast of Devon
- and Cornwall.

56. ARENA- Lin. Tr. viii. 214. ih. iii. Q6. T. decussatus. Mont. Test.
"^^- t. 13. /. 33, 34.? Br. 322. t. 12. /. 4.

* He. with a conic shell, of five rounded decus-
sated volutions ; minute.

Found on the coast of Devonshire.

Class W. HELIX. SNAIL.

####* Ovated, imperforated.

Lin. Syst. 1249. No. 703. Faun. Suec. No. 2188. 57. stag-

Gm. Lin. 3657. Lin. Tr. viii. 214. ^/a?^°

LisL Ar.gl. tub. ii. fg. 21. Mont. Test. Br. 36?. t. l6.
Conch, tab. 123. Jig. 2\. /. 8. - ■ ■

He. with six spires ; the first very large and
ventricose, and the last quite pointed. Very
brittle. Length two inches one eighth.

Inhabits still waters ; is, with others of the
kind, the food of trouts. Tah. Ixxxix. Jig. 1.

LIS.

Gm. Lin. 3658. Mont. Test. Br. 3Qg. t. \6. 58, fragi-

Li7i. Tr. viii. 215. /. 7-

* He. with round, pellucid, imperforate, ovato-
subulate shell ; aperture ovate oblong.
Found in fresh waters.

zsi

540 HELIX SNAIL. Class VI.

59. PALUS- Lin. Tr. viii. 2l6. t. 5. /. 8. H. stagnalis. B. Br. Zool. iv,
TRIS. MonL Test. Br 373. t. 1(5. 139-

/. 10. id. Sup. 138.

* He. ^vith an oblong shell ; volutions some-
what rounded ; aperture ovate ; most delicately
striated spirally and transversely; length one
inch, breadth three eighths of an inch.

Found in ditches and rivulets. Tab. Ixxxix.
^•2 - ■■ l .'

60, FOSSA- Lin. Tr. viii. 21?. t. 5. Mont. Test. Br. 372. t. 10.
^^''' /. 9- /■ 9-

* He. with a subovate shell, having five or six
rounded volutions ; suture conspicuous ; aper-
ture ovate ; delicately pellucid ; it greatly re-
sembles the //. pahistris, but is not striated,
and is inferior in size ; length three eighths of
an inch, breadth one eighth.

Found in ditches.

Cl. DETRiTA. Lin. Tr. viii. 217- Mo7it. Test. Br. 384. /. 11.

/■I.

* He. with a conic shell, whitOj with transverse
brown lines ; aperture ovate ; length three
quarters of an inch, breadth three eighths of an
inch. Inhabits stagnant waterSo

Class VI. HELIX. SNJIL. Ml

Lin. Tr. viii. 218. 376. t. 16. /. 4. id. Sup. 62. SUCGI-

H. putris. Mont. Test. Br. 13Q. ^^A.

* He. with an oblong, tawny, diaphanous shelly
of three volutions ; aperture ovate ; length three
quarters of an inch, breadth scarcely half an
inch. - - -

Found in wet meadows.

Lin. Syst. 1249. ^o- 705. Faun. Suec. No. 218Q. 63. P0TRIS.

Gm. Lin. 365Q. Lin. Tr. viii. 21Q. ^^^

List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 24. H. peregra. Mont. Test.
Conch, tab. 123. fg. 23. Br. 373. i- 16. /. 3.

He. with the first spire vastly large and tumid;
the two others very small.

Inhabits ponds, &c. Tab. Ixxxix. Jig. 3.

Lin. Syst. 1249. No. 707. Faun. Suec. No. 2I9I. 64. tenta-

Gm. Lin. 3662. Lin. Tr. viii. 220. culata.

List. Angl. fab. ii. Jig. I9. Mont. Test. Br. 389.
Conch, tab. 132. fg. 32.

He. of an oval sub-conic form, with five spires.
Clouded with brown.

Inhabits ponds. Tab. Ixxxix. Jig. 6.

S42 HELIX. SNJIL. Class VL

65. CANALls. Lin. Tr. viii. 220. Mont. Test. Br. 30Q. t. 12.

/. 11.

* He. with a conic shell, of five roundish
smooth volutions ; columella grooved ; length
three eighths of an inch, breadth two eighths.
Inhabits the sea.

66. AURicu- Lin. St/sf. 1250. No. 708. Faun. Suec. No.2lQ2.

LARIA. Gm. Lin. 3662. im. Tr. viii. 221.

List. Angl. tal.ii.fg.23. Mo?it. Test. Br. 375. t. l6.
Conch, tal: 123- fg. 22. f. 2.

ear.

He. with a very ventricose first spire, sub-urn-
bilicated ; the last forms a minute apex : color
yellow ; very brittle.

Inhabits ponds. Tab. Ixxxix. Jig. 4.

67. LUTEA. Lin. Tr. viii. 222. Mont. Test. Br. 380. t. l6.

f.6.

* He. with a suboval imperforate shell ; aper-
. ture wide, oval ; length half an inch, breadth a
quarter. Inhabits the sea.

Class VI.

HELIX. SNJIL.

343

Gm. Lin. 365Q.
Lin. Tr. viii. 222.

Mont. Test. Br. 379- i- l6.
/. 5. id. Sup. 139.

* He. with a very tumid diaphanous shell;
aperture obtuse, very wide; length half an
inch, breadth three eighths of an inch.

Not uncommon in the marshes near Deal.

He. with only two spires ; the first very ven-
tricose ; the other very minute, and placed
laterally ; of a pale-red color ; pellucid.
Inhabits ponds. J«^. Ixxxix. ^^. 8.

8. GLUTI-
NOSA.

,in. Syst. 1250. No.

Lin. Tr. viii. 222,

69. LAEVI-

709. Gm. Lin. 3663.

Mont. Test. Br. 382.

GATA.

smoothed.

Lin. Tr. viii. 223.

* He. with a smooth, brittle ovate shell, of a
shining horny color ; volutions reversed ; spire
short.

70. BUL-
LOIDES.

344 KERITA. NERITE. Class VI.

GENUS XXIX. NERITA. NERITE.

Animal, a Slug.

Shell gibbous, flattish at bottom.

Aperture semi-orbicular.

1. GLAU- Lin. Si/st. 1251. N0.716. Faun. Suec. No.2\Q7.

^,1^.^; Gm. Lin. 36? 1- Lin. Tr. viii. 224.

£713 td

List. Jngl. iah. iii. fg. 10. Moni. Test. Br. 469,

N. with five spires, umbilicated ; of a livid
color ; the spires marked with short brown
stripes; but it varies in colors. Tab, xc. Jig. I.

2. CANRENA. Gm. Lin. 366q. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 148.

Lin. Tr. viii. 223.

* N. with an umbilicated smooth shell ; spire
somewhat mucronated, with a gibbous bifid
umbilicus. Inhabits the sea.

Class VI. NERITA. NERITE. 345^

Grn. Lin. 3672. N. nitida. Mont. Test. 3. mammil-

Lin.Tr.\m. 225. ', Br. Sup. UQ. .•' ^^•

* N. with an umbilicated ovate smooth shell ; . "
umbilicus covered ; aperture ovate ; size of the
end of a thumb.

Coast of Caithness. ■ .

Lin. Syst. 1253. No. 723. Faun. Suec. No. 2194. 4. fluvia-

Gm. Lin. 3676. Lin. Tr. viii. 225. Tins.

Y2V€T

List. Angl. tab. ii. fg. 20. Mo7it. Test. Br. 470.

Conch: tab. 141 . Jig. 38.

N. with only two spires ; brittle, dusky, mark-
ed with white spots ; not half the size of a pea»
Inhabits still rivers and standing waters.
Tab. xc. fg. 2.

Lin. Tr. viii. 226. Mont. Test. Br. 468. 5. palll

DULA.

* N. with an umbilicated smooth shell ; umbi'
licus deep, and lengthened ; size of a pea.
Kentish, Western coast and Shetland. .

S46

NERITA. NERITE. Class VL

6. LITTO-
RALIS.

strand.

Lin. Si/st. 1253. No. 725.

Gtn. Li7i. 3677.
List. Angl, tab. iu. Jig. 11^

12, 13.
Conch, tah. 607. Jig. 3g,

Faun. Suec. No.21Q5.
Lin. Tr. viii. 226. t. 5.

J. 15.
Motit. Test. Br. 467.

N. with a thick shell, with four spires; gene-
rally of a fine yellow ; varies greatly into other
colors; size of a horse-bean.

Common at the sea-rocks. Tab. xc. Jig. 3.

7. PELLU-
CIDA.

Lin. Tr, viii. 227.

* N. with a smooth pellucid shell, of three vo-
lutions ; minute. Inhabits the sea.

8. ALBA. Lin. Tr. viii. 227.

* N. with a smooth pellucid shell, of two volu-
tions ; minute ; inhabits the sea.

This and the preceding are perhaps different
appearances of A^. glaucina.

Class VI. NERITA. NERITE. 347

■ MonL Test. Br. Sup. 150. I. 2%. f. 5. g. tubero-

SISSIMA.

* N. with a white pellucid shell, having three
or four volutions ; on the body whirl are four
elevations broken into tubercles ; upper volu-
tions very small ; apex minute ; umbilicus
large; diameter one eighth of an inch.
Inhabits the Frith of Forth.

Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 150. /. 30./. 3. 10. rupa.

* N. with a glossy smooth purplish shell ; round
the top of the volutions a white band, and on
the body whirl two others ; diameter more than
half an inch. -• . ■ .

"■' - •' Mem. TVern.Soc.40Q. II. l^evida.

* N. a new shell, it bears some resemblance
to N. giaucina, but differs in having a more
produced apex, and wanting the markings of
that shell.

Found near Dunbar.

348 HALIOTIS. Class VI.

GENUS XXX. HALIOTIS.

Animal, a Slug.

Shell of the shape of a human ear, with a row

of orifices along the disk.
Spire near one end turned in.

1. TUBER- Lin. Syst. 1256. Gm. Lin. LisL Angl. tal, in. Jig. l6.

CULATA. 3687. Lin. Tr. viii. 227-

tuherculaied. ^.^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^_ ^^^^

H. with a rough shell, the inside like mother-
of-pearl.

Inhabits the sea near Guernsey ; also fre-
quently cast up on the southern shores of De-
wnshire. When living adheres to rocks.

This was the xsiras ay§ia> the wild limpet, and
SaAAarrjoj' ouf, the sea ear, oi Aristotle*

Tab. xci.

* Hist. An, lib. iv. c. 4.

Class VI. PATELLA. LIMPET. 349

.. ** Without a regular spire.

GENUS XXXL PATELLA. LIMPET,

Animal, a Slug.
Shell sub-conic.

* Labiated, or furnished with an internal lip.

Gm. Lin. 36q2. Mont. Test. Br. 489. 1- chinen-

Lin. Tr. viii. 128. sis.

* P. with a smooth, entire, subconic shell ; in-
side glossy white, furnished with a sub-spiral
columella; length to two inches and a half,
breadth two inches ; generally found adhering
to oysters.

**

Base dentated, or margin angular.

Lin. Syst. 1258. No. 758. Faun. Suec. No. 2igQ. g. vulgata.

Gm. Lin. 3697, Lin. Tr. viii. 229. common.

List. Jngl. tah. v. fg. 40. Mont. Test. Br. 475.

P. with rough prominent striif, and sharply
crenated edges ; "vertex pretty near the centre ;

350 PATELLA. LIMPET. Class VL

the edges often in old subjects are almost
smooth. Tab. xc'ii. Jig. ].

(Var. A.) •^"''- Conch, tah. 538. Jig. Patella depressa. Br. Zool. iy.
inf. 142.

P. much depressed ; the vortex approximating
nearly to one edge. More oblong than the
former. Tab. xcii. Jig. 1.*

*** Pointed with the vertex bent.

3. MITRDLA. Gm. Lin. 370Q. P. antlquata. Mont. Test.

Lin. Tr. viii. 230. Br. 483. t. 13- /. Q.

* P. with an entire, subconic, imbricated shell,
top recurved j diameter half an inch.
Found at Weymouth.

4. UNGA- ^^"" ^y^^' 1259- No. 761. Lin. Tr. viii. 230.

RICA. Gm. Lin. 37O9. Mont. Test. Br. 486.

honnet. Gualtieri, tal. ix. Jig. vv.

P. with a white acuminated striated shell, the
top turning down like a Phrygian bonnet.
Tab. xciii. Jig. 1 .

Class VI. PATELLA. LIMPET. S6l

Lin. Tr. viii. 231. Moni. Test. Br. 48«. i- 13. 5. mihta-

/. 11. R^s.

* P. with an entire conic pointed, striated
shell; the top spirally revoluted, but inclined
to one side ; size of an hemp seed. ^

Found at JVeymouth, and in Cormvall.

Lin, Tr. vlii. 231.? Patella vertice intorto, &c. Q, intorta.

Gualtieri, tah. ix.Jig. 10. inclining.

P. with an elevated shell, slightly striated; the
vertex bending, but not hooked.

Inhabits Anglesey. Found on the shores.
Tab. xciii. Jig, 2t.

Lin. Syst. 126O. No. 769. Faun. Suec. No. 2200. 7. lacus-

Gm. Lin. 3710. Lin. Tr. viii. 232. '^,^}^'

lake.
List. Angl. tah. ii. Jig. 32. P. fluviatilis. Mont. Test.

Conch, tah. 141. Jig. 39. Br. 482.

P. with a shell almost membranaceous ; the
top reclined.
Inhabits fresh waters.

S52 PATELLA. LIMPET. Class VL

8. OBLONGA. Lin. Tr. viii. 233. P. lacustris. Mont. Test. Br,

484.

* P. with a perfectly entire, oblong compressed
membranaceous shell; the top sharp-pointed,
obliquely reflected ; minute.

Found in ditches and small rivers in aquatic
plants.

g. PELLU- Lin. Syst. 1260. No. 770. Lin. Tr. viii. 233.

CIDA. Gm. Lin. 3717- Mo7it. Test. Br. 477.

'^ ' List. Conch, tab. 543. Jig.
27-

P. with a pellucid shell, marked longitudinally
with rows of rich blue spots ; the vertex placed
near one edge.

Inhabits the sea-rocks of Cornwall. Tab,
xciii. Jig. 4.

(A.) Lmvis. Patella Limpet. Gm. Lin. Conch, tab. 542. Jig. 26.

smooth. 3697.? P. pelkicida Testa senior.

Patella laevis fusca. List. Lin. Tr. viii. 234,

P. with a smooth and glossy shell, somewhat
depressed ; more obtuse and decorticated ; the
apex inclining.

Found on the shores near Bamff. Tab. xciii.

Class VI. PATELLA. LIMPET. 353

Gm.Lin.37n. Mont. Test. Br. 480. P. 10. virgi-

Lin. Tr. viii. 234. parva. id. Sup. 154.- nea.

* P. with a perfectly entire substriated shell, of
a shape between oblong and orbicular; the
point of the top near the margin ; length three
eighths of an inch, breadth two eighths. Ad-
heres to rocks on the southern coast.

Lin. Tr. viii. 235. Mont. Test. Br. 432. t. 13. 11. bimacd-

/. 8. id. Sup. 153. ^^'^'^•

* P. with an oval, convex, flattish shell, of a
yellow color, and having a black spot at each

end ; the fop perforated ; minute.

Found in the sea in the west of England.

Lin. Syst. 126l.

No. 778.

Lin. Tr. viii. 235.

12. FISSURA

Gm. Lin. 3128.

Mont. Test, Br. 4g0.

slit.

List. Conch, tah.

543. fg.

P. with a white shell, of an elevated form, ver-
tex inclining ; elegantly striated and reticulated.
Has a remarkable slit in front.

Inhabits the seas of the west of England.
Tab. xciii. Jig, 3.

VOL. IV. - 2 A

354

PATELLA. LIMPET. Class VI.

33. GR^CA. Lin. Si/st. 1262. No. 780.
siriated. q^^ ^-^^ g^^g^

14. APER-
TURA.

List. Conch, tab. b'^'J.Jig,

2.
Lin. Tt. viii. 236.

P. with an oblong shell, perforated vertex, stri-
ated roughly to the edges.

Inhabits the west of England. Tab. xcii,
fig' 3.

Lin. Tr. viii. 236.

Mont. Test. Br. 491. t. 13.
/. 10. id. Sup. 155.

* P. with a somewhat conic shell, ribbed length-
ways ; top perforated, bent ; minute.

Pound in the sand near Falmouth, and at
Salcojnbe bay, Devonshire.

This genus was called by the Greeks >£itci;,
and is mentioned by Aristotle and Athen<£iis ;*
who acquaint us, that it was used for the table;
and also inform us of its nature of adhering to
rocks. Aristophanes, with much humour, speaks
of an old woman who stuck as close to a young
fellow, as a Lepas to a rock. Linnceus has
adopted the Latin name of Patella, a sort of
dish ; and has applied it (as some other modern
writers have before) to this genus.

Ariitot. Hist. An. lib. iv. c. 4. Alhenaus, lib. 'in. p. 85.

Class VI. DENTALIUM. 355

GENUS XXXII. DENTALIUM.

Animal, a Terebella.

Shell slender, tubiform, mostly pervious.

Lin. Syst. 1263. No. 786. Faun. Suec. No. 2201. 1. entalis.

Gm. Lin. 3736. Lin. Tr. viii. 237- common.

List. Conch, tab. 547. fg. 2. Moni. Test. Br. 494.

D. with a slender shell, a little bending ; per-
vious ; length near an inch and a half.

Inhabits most of our seas. Ja^. xciii.^^. 5. •

Gm. Lin. 3736. D. striatum. Mont. Test. Br. 2. dentalis.

Lin. Tr. viii. 237- 495. id. Sup. 136.

* D. with a white tubular shell, having a few
faint annulets at the larger end, and twenty
strice, rather bent, interrupted ; length half an
inch ; inhabits the sea on the western coast.

2 a2I

356 . DENTALIUM. Class VL

3. STRIATU- Gm. Lin. 3738. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 155.

iUM. Lin. Tr. viii. 238.

* D. with an acuminated shell, of eight angles^
and eight strice of a green color with a white
point.

Found on the coast of Cornwall.

4. GADUS= Lin. Tr. viii. 238. Mont. Test. Br. 4g6. t. 14.

/.7.

* D. with a very smooth shell, somewhat bent,
and contracted towards the aperture ; length
scarcely three eighths of an inch, greatest
breadth one tenth of an inch. Inhabits the
ocean, and is called by mariners Makers Tooth.

5. IMPERFO- Lin. Tr. viii. 238. Mo7it. Test. Br. 496.

RATUM.

* D. with a cylindric shell, somewhat bent,
transversely striated, abrupt, and imperforate
at the apex ; minute. Inhabits the sea.

Class VI. DENTALIUM. S57

Lin. Tr. viii. SSQ. Mont. Test. Br. 4g7. t. 14. g. TRACHEA.

/. 10.

* D. with a bent round shell ; stricE very nume-
rous, annular, closely set ; apex abrupt, imper-
forate ; minute. Inhabits the sea.

Lin. Tr. viii. 239- Mont. Test. Br. 497» 7. glabruMo

* D. with white, smooth, bent, cylindric shell,
and imperforate ; very minute.

Found on the northern coast of Devonshire.

358 SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VI.

GENUS XXXIII. SERPULA. WORM-
SHELL.

Animal, (generally) a Terehella.
Shell tubular, adhering to other bodies.

* Spiral.

3. SPIROR- Lin. Syst. 1264. No. 794. Lin. Tr. viii. 241.

Gm. Lin. 3740. Mont. Test. Br. 4g8.

Faun. Suec. No. 2204.

S. with a shell spiral or wreathed, like the cornu
ammonis ; very small; adhering to shells, Crus-
tacea, and algce. Tab. xciv. Jig. 1 .

BIS.

Spiral.

2. SPIRIL- Gm. Lin. 3740. Mont. Test. Br. 4QQ.

^^^' Lin. Tr. viii. 240.

* S. with a pellucid, uniform, spiral, orbiculate
shell J volutions round, gradually decreasing in
size.

Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. 359

S. sinistrosa. Mont. Test. Br. 504. Var. B.

In this variety the volutions are reversed;
minute.

Found in the sea on Zoophytes. '■■.

Lin. Tr. viii. 241. Mont. Test. Br. 505. 3. MINUTA.

* S. with an uniform, spiral, orbiculate shell ;
volutions round, reversed ; very minute.

Found on the sea adhering to Zoophytes.

G»». iiw. 3741. " Mont. Test. Br. 500* 4. granu-

Xin. TV. viii. 241. ^^'^^•

* S. with a round spiral shell, glomerated, and
having three raised ridges on the upper side;
minute. Adheres to stones and sea shells.

Lin. Tr. viii. 242. Mont. Test. Br. 503. 5. hetero-

STROPHA.

* S. with a round spiral shell, and having two
or three sulcated reversed volutions.

Found on shells and slaty rocks in the sea.

360 SERPULA, WORM-SHELL. Class VL

6. CARINATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 242. Monf. Test. Br. 502.

* S. with an uniform spiral shell ; the exterior
volution ridged above ; minute.

Found adhering to shells in the sea.

7. CORRU-
GATA.

Lin. Tr. viii. 242. Monf. Test. Br. 602.

S. with an uniform spiral shell, transversely
rinkled, umbilicated; diameter o;
an inch. Inhabits rocks in the sea.

wrinkled, umbilicated ; diameter one eighth of

8. CORNEA. Lin. Tr. v'lu. 243. Moni. Test. Br. 503.

* S. with an uniform, round; pellucid shell, of
three volutions, shell horn-colored ; is it a
distinct species ? Inhabits the sea.

9. LUCIDA. S. vitrea. Gm. Lin. 3746. Mont. Test. Br. 506.

Lin. Tr. viii. 243.

S. with a round spiral very smooth and glossy
shell, volutions reversed; very minute. Inha-
bits the sea; on Zoophytes.

Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. S6l

Lin. Syst. 1265. No. 795. Lin. Tr. viii. 244. 10. trique-

Gm. Lin. 3740. Mont. Tesi. Br. 511. tra.

Faun. Suec. No. 2206. ^"^^^ "'"'"

S. with a triangular shell, irregularly twisted.

Adheres to (in a creeping form) stones and
other substances.

Irregularly twined.

Lin. Sysf. 1267. No. 805. Lin. Tr. vili. 243. 11. vermi-

Gm. Lin. 3743. Mont. Test. Br. 50Q. cularis.

JB//«5 Coral, tab. xxxvi. Jig.
2.

S. with a slender, incurvated, taper, and round-
ed shell.

According to Mr. Ellis, inhabits all our
coasts. -

Lin. Tr. viii. 243. Mont. Test. Br. 508. 12. reversa.

* S. with a subcylindric, wrinkled, spiral, irre-
gular shell ; aperture reversed. Inhabits the
sea upon crabs ; a distinct species ?

SOS SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VL

13. TUBU- Xm. TV. viii. 244. Mont. Test. Br. 513. id.

^^^^A- Sup. 71.

* S. with a round subulate shell, fixed by the
smaller end, somewhat convolute.
Found on shells in the sea.

*** Not attached to other bodies.
A. somewhat twined.

14. SEMINU- Gm. Lin. 373g. Vermiculumintortum. ilfon^.

^"*'^* Lin. Tr. viii. 245. Test. Br. 520.

* S. with an uniform, oval, unfixed, smooth
shell ; diameter one tenth of an inch. Inhabits
the sea ; very common.

15. SUBRO- Lin. Tr. viii. 245. Mont. Test. Br. 521.

TUNDA.

* S. with a roundish shell; back raised.

l6. OBLONGA. Lin. Tr. viii. 245. Mont. Test. Br. 522.

Vermiculum oblongum. t. 14. f. Q.

* S. with an oblong, oval, somewhat compress-
ed shell, with a single longitudinal suture on
one side ; very minute. Inhabits the sea.

Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. 36^

Lin. Tr. viii. 246. perforatum. Mont. lest. 17. bicor-

Vermiculum bicorne, et V. Br. 51 9. NIS.

* S. with a two-horned, ventricose shell ; very
minute; inhabits the sea. It is doubted whe-
ther the three last serpultz are not varieties.

Lin. Tr. viii. 246. Vermiculum incurvatum. 18. incur-

Mont. Test. Br. 518. "^^■^^'

* S. with a shell bent at the hinder extremity
into three contiguous volutions. -.

Vermiculum pervium. Mont. Test. Br. 508. Var. B.

This variety has but one volution ; inhabits
the sea ; rare.

B. Bottle-shaped.

Lin. Tr. viii. 246. Vermiculum lacteum. Mont. IQ. lactea.

Test. Br. 522.

* S. with an oval, thin, pellucid, somewhat
compressed shell, and milky veins: minute.
Inhabits the sea.

364 SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VL

20. MARGI- -Li^' Tr, viii. 247. Vermiculum marginatum.

NATA. Mont. Test. Br. 5.24.

* S. with a Avhite, pellucid, smooth, compressed
shell, marginated with scarcely any neck ; mi-
nute. Inhabits the sea.

21. GLOBOSA. Lin. Tr. viii. 247. Vermiculum globosum.

Mont. Test. Br. 523.

* S. with a white, pellucid, smooth, globose
shell, having scarcely any neck ; minute. Inha-
bits the sea.

22. hMvis. Lin. Tr. viii. 247= Vermiculum laeve. 3IonL

Test. Br. 524.

* S. an oblong smooth shell, with a longish
neck; minute. Inhabits the sea. Perhaps a
variation of the last ?

23. SftUA- Lin. Tr. viii. 247. Mont. Test. Br. 526. t. 14.

MOSA. y, 2.

* S. with a somewhat globose, scaly, white
shell, and scarcely any neck; minute. Inha-
bits the sea.

Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. 365

Lin. Tr. vili. 248. 3Iont. Test. Br. 525. t. 14. 24. perlu-

Vermiculum perlucidum. f. 3. • CIDA.

* S. with a smooth white shell, of six equi-
distant longitudinal ribs ; neck long ; subcylin-
dric : minute. Inhabits the sea.

Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Vermlculum striatum, ilfore^. 25. STRIATA.

Test. Br. 523.

* S. with a white pellucid shell, of many lon-
gitudinal stricEj neck long; minute. Inhabits
the sea.

Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Vermiculum retortum. Mont. 26. retorta.

Test. Br. 524.

* S. with a white, opaque, round, marginated
shell; neck placed obliquely; minute. Inha-
bits the sea.

Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Vermiculum urnae. Mont. 27. URW^..

Test. Br. 525. t. H.f. 1.

* S. with an urn-shaped, white, smooth, semi-
pellucid shell; apex conic; minute. Inhabits
the sea.

SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VI.

28. coNCA- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. l60.

MERATA.

* S. with a white, depressed, sub-peilucid, subor-
bicular shell ; of three irregular volutions, and
numerous dissimilar concamerations ; minute ;
rare.

Taken up by the Amphitrite ventilabrum in
the formation of its tube.

Class VI. TEREDO. PIERCER, 367

GENUS XXXIV. TEREDO. PIERCER.

Animal, unknown.
Shell slender, bending.
Valves, two, testaceous, hemispherical, cover-
ing the head ; two lanceolate, near the tail.

Lin. Syst. 1267. No. 8O7. Lin. Tr. viii, 249. 1, navaliSo

Gm. Lin. 3747. Mont. Test. Br. 527. **'^'

Faun. Suec. No. 2087-

Justly called by LinnceuSf calamitas navium.
Was imported from the Indies. Penetrates
into the stoutest oak plank, and effects their
destruction.

sm SABELLA. CONCRETH-SHELL. Cl. VI.

GENUS' XXXV. SABELLA. CONCRETE-
SHELL.

Animal various, Nereis, Amphitrite, &c.

Covering tubular, fabricated with sand and
broken shells, coherent by a glutinous ce-
ment.

1. RUDis. Lin. Syst. 1268. No. 811. , Busier siihses. i. p. 80. tab.

coarse. Terebella conchilega. Gm. g. Jig. 4.

im. 3113. S. conchilega. Mont. Test,

Br. 547.

S. with a single case formed of larger fragments
of shells, with little or no sand.

Found near JVeymouth, lodged in the shell
of a bivalve. The animal is represented mag-
nified in Tab. xxviii. marked A. A.

2. ALVEO- Lin. Syst. 1208. No. 812. Ellis Conch, tab. xxxvi. p.

LATA. Gra. Lin. 3749. 90.

honey-comh,

S. with numerous tubes placed parallel, with
the orifices open, forming in the mass the ap-
pearance of the surface of honey-combs : com-
posed chiefly of sand, with very minute frag-

Cl.VI. SABELLA. concrete-shell. 369

ments of shells. The tubes sometimes above
three inches long.

Found on the western coasts of Anglesey ;
near Criccaeth, Caernarvonshire; and near
Yan?wuih. It covers the rocks for a consider-
able space, near low- water mark. Tab. xcv.

Lin. Syst. 1269.

Mojit. Test. Br. 541.

3. PENICIL-

Amphi trite ventilabrum.

Pallas Misc. Zool. t. JO.

LUS.

Gm. Lin. 3111.

/•I.

* S. shell membranaceous, erect, rooted; with
a long slender tube, tapering to the lower
extremity ; diameter at the top a quarter of an
inch; length six or seven inches. Animal, the
Amphitrite ventilabrum, p. 90.

/

Lin. Syst. 1268. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. 9. 4. graxu-

Mont. Test. Br. 5U. f. 3, 2. ? lata.

* S. with a single shell, not attached to any
thing, simply bent, composed of brown grains
of sand ; length two or more inches ; diameter
at the largest end, three eighths of an inch.
Animal, an Amphitrite.

VOL. IV. Q B

370

SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. Cl. VL

CHRYSO.
DON.

Gm. Lin. 3749. /. 14, 15, I6.

Pallas Misc. Zool. t. %. Mont. Test. Br. 546.

* S. with a cylindrical membranaceous tube,
about the size of a goose quill, covered with
sand and particles of broken shells ; the mouth
furnished with long fibres, composed of the
same materials ; length about six inches.

Found on the sea shore, sunk in the sand
above lovv^-w^ater mark. Animal, a Terebella.

0. LUMBRI-
CALIS.

Gm, Lin. 3752. ?

Mont. Test. Br. 549-

* S. a strong tube, composed chiefly of coarse
sand, firmly cemented together and attached
to stones, shells, &c. in a creeping manner ;
the strongest of the genus ; length two or three
inches ; diameter one quarter of an inch. Ani-
mal, a Terebella.

Common on all our shores.

7. CIRRATA.

Gr)i. Lin. 3112.

Mont. Test. Br. 350.

* S. with a thick fragile tube, a little tapering,
composed of sand and clay, readily falling to
pieces when dry ; length six or seven inches ;
diameter half an inch.

Cl. VI. SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. 371

Found in muddy bottoms above low-water
mark. Animal, a Terebella.

Mont. Test. Br. 552. 8. areWarta*

* S. with a cylindric tube, extremely brittle,
composed of fine sand ; length from one to two
inches, and about the size of a raven's quill.
Animal unknown.

Mont. Test. Br. 552. g. subcy-

LINDRICA.

* S. with a slender, fragile, subcylindric tube,
composed of fine sand, and minute particles of
shells, cemented together on a fine membrane ; ^i,-;

length from one to three inches ; diameter not
above one tenth of an inch. Animal unknown.

Mont. Test. Br. 553. 10. setifor-

MIS.

* S. with a slender tube, tapering at the smaller
end to one half of the larger end, composed of
particles of shells and stones, placed in an im-
bricated manner ; length three or four inches ;
size double that of an hog s bristle. Animal
unknown.

g. B 2

572 SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. Cl. VI.

11. CURTA. Mojit. Test. Br. 554.

* S. with a tube composed of particles of sand
and stone, sometimes of the finest sand alone,
on a tough membrane, somewhat tapering;
length scarcely one inch ; size that of a crow
quil. Animal, a Terehella.

Covers the whole surface of the shore in the
inlet near Kingsbridge, Detwfishire.

12. TUBi- S.Belgica. Gm. Lin.374Q. Pallas Misc. Zool. llj. tah.

FORMis Amphitriteauricoma.zZ;.3111. ix. fl^. 1—13.

tide. , . . .

Nereis cylindracea belgica. S. granulata. L'hi. Si/si. 1268.

3Io7it. Test. Br. 544.

S. with a case of a taper strait form; made up
of minute particles of sand, most elegantly put
together.

Its animal described at p. 91.

Common on all our sandy shores. Tab, xcv.

13. COM- ^^''"f- Test. Br. 555.

TRESSA.

* S. with a broad and extremely flat tube, com-
posed of large fragments of bivalve shells, chiefly
of tlie Pectoi ; length about an inch and a half,

Cl. VI. SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. 373

breadth three eighths of an inch. Animal un-
known.

Inhabits deep waters.*

* The editor perfectly coincides in the opinion entertained by
the authors of the Testacea Britannica, and recently adopted by
Mr. Montagu, " of the impropriety of classing these heteroge-
neous tribes with the testacea ;" but as no other place has been
assigned them in the system, he has left the genus Sahella where
it was placed by Linnceus and Mr. Pennant, Ed.

375

INDEX

TO THE FOURTH VOLUME.

ACORN-SHELL, page 146
Actinia, 102
Amphitrite, 89
Anomia, 232
Aphrodita, 86
Aplysia, 78
Arca, 215

ASCARIS, 50

AsciDiA, gg

ASTACUS, 14
Aa-trj^y 135
ASTERIAS, 127

BaXavo;, 154
Ballerus, 51
Blubber, Sea, 126
buccinum, 267
Bulla, 254

Cancer, page 3

Cardium, 186

Ccesar brings from Britain a

shield made of its pearls,

164
Chama, 214
Chiton, 142
Cochlearia, 328
Cockle, 186
Concha venerea, 220
Conwy river once noted for

pearls, l63
Crows, their policy to get at

the meat of the mussel, 240
Cuttle-fish ink, 118

sausage, II9
CyPRjEA, 252

D

Datyl, a sort oiPhohs, 158

Dentalium, 355

376

INDEX.

Derris, page 101
Dew-worm, its manners, 63
Dipper, 254
DoNAx, 198
Doris, 82

E

echinorinchtjs, 37

Echinus, 137

eaten by the Ro-
7nans, 138
Egg, Sea, vide Echinus.
Escargatoire, 328

F

Fasciola, 58

FlLARlA, 55

G

Gellles, sea, 126

Qerard, his tale of the goose

bearing shell, 152
GORDIUS, 73
GowRiE, 252

sacred to Venus, il.

H

Haliotis, 348
Helix, Gig

Hamhleton Hookers, a fine

mussel, page 236
Hermit Crab, its instinct, 30
Hirpinus, his art of fattening

snails, 329
HiRUDO, 69

HOLOTHURIA, 108

I J

Irish pearls of large size, 164
Irt river, its pearls, ih.
Juvenal, his account of the ink
of the Sepia, 118

his account of the
British oysters, 225

K

Kcc^Kiviov, 31
Kvi$rj, 126
Krsis, 219

Leeches, their uses, 69
LentuJus, his famous supper,

138
Lepas, 146
AsTra^- ay^ ;a, 348
Lepas anatifera, 152

LERNiEA, 113
LiGULA, 56

(shell), 169

INDEX.

377

LiMAx, page 75

Limpet, 349

Lobsters, their history, 14
fear thunder, 15
known to Ari-
stotle, 21

Long oyster, what, 22

LUCERNARIA, 110

Lucrine lake, its oysters, 226

LUMBRICUS, 63

Lungs, sea, 125

M

Mactra, 192
Mammaria, 107
Medusa, 121

excites burning pain
when handled,
125
cured kibed heels,

ih.
phosphorous, ih.
Messalinus, loses his life by a

Leech, 6g
MoLLUSCA, 75
Murex, £79

Murices, a dish in Lentu-
lus's supper, 138

productive of the
purple dye, 268
Mussel, 235

noxious to many
constitutions, 236
Mya, I69

Mya, a species producing

pearls, page l63
Mytilus, 235

N

Nacre, 243
Nais, 97

Nautilus, 245 '
Nereis, 93

illuminates the oceauj
ih.
Nerita, 344
Nettle, Sea, 121

O

OXo^ov^icc, 109
Oniscus, 37

Oppian, his account of the
Pinnophylax crab, 4

his account of the
Sepia, or Cuttle,
118
Orata, Sergius, inventor of

stews for oysters, 226
OstrecE crudce, 138
Oyster, 225

British, in great re-
pute at Rome, ib.
Oyster-beds, account
of, 226

J78

INDEX.

Patella, page 340

Patina ostrearum, a Roman

dish, 138
Pearls, British, l63. 236
Pecten, 21C)
Pelorides, 338
Phalangium, 43
Pholas, 156
Piercer, 367
Pinna, 243
Jlivvo(pvXa^, 4
Planaria, 68
Pliny, the younger, his sup-
per, 329
Pomatia, 328

Purple dye, the Tyrian, 268.
304

the British, how
produced, ib.
Purpurce, 139

R

RAZOR-SHIiLL, 171

a food, 176
Rufupium, or RichLorough, its
oyster celebrated by Juve-
nal, 225

Sabella, 368

Sausage, the cuttle-fish of the

Greeks, II9
Scallops, 219

Scallops, how dressed by the
Greeks, page219

the shell in which
Venus rose from
the sea, 220
worn by pilgrims,
ih.
Sepia, 115

Indian, their vast size,

116
How the Sepia escapes
danger, 118
ETjtfia, ih.
Serpula, 358

SiPUNCULUS, 66

Snail, 319

Snails fattened for food, 328

SoLEN, 171

grateful fo widows,
176
SwXsvsj', ih.
Sphondyli, 138
Spio, 92
Star, Sea, 127

destructive to oys--
ters, ih.
Stella viarina, 136
Strombus, 277

T^xiA, 60
Tellika, 177
Terebella, 111
Teredo, 367
Tillo, 51
Tooth-shell, 355

INDEX.

!79

Top, page 288
Tricocephalus, 54
Triton, 120
Tritonia, 81
Trochus, 288
Turbo, 293

vu

Venus-shell, 201
VermeSj 50

VoLUTA, page 261
Urticce Solutes, 126

W

Whelk, 267

Worms, account of, from Lin,'

nceiis, 50
Wreath-shell, 293

THE END.

TABLE OF ERRATA.-VOL. IV.

Page 64. 1. 4, for " Amiieole," read " Amicole."
138. 1. 2, for " LucuUus," r. " Lentulus."
187. 1. 23, for " former," r. " the third species."
311. 1. 18, after " Battersea," add " Tab. Ixxxii. fig. 8."
320. bottom line, for " Fig. 3," r. " Fig. 4."
359. I. 8, for " on the sea," r. " in the sea."

The reader is requested to substitute the following de-
scription of the Turbo labiosns for that given in page 298.

* T. with a subconic shell ; volutions flattish, with nu-
merous (15- or 16) distinct plaits or ribs 3 length three
tenths of an inch, breadth two tenths.

Inhabits the sea. Tab. Ixxxii. Jig. 4.

And in the references, to read " T, ' for " Tr," and place the mark
of intenogation after T. albus.

Errata in the Inscriptions and References engraved
on the following Plates in Vols. III. and IV.

VOL. III.

Plate 32, /or Serdid, reaiZ Sordid,
46, for Dorce, read Doree.
53, for Scald Back, read Scald Fish.
77, for Greg- Miiiet, read Grey Mnllet,

8.5, Cornish Trawl Net and Trawl Boat, (to face page 521,)
is omitted in tlie List prefixed to the Volume.

VOL. IV,

Plate 2, No. 2, for (P. 2.), read (P. 6). ' • ■

3, for crawed, i-cud clawed.

5, for angelar, nad angular.

6, for grub, read .g-reat. ;
9, No. 2, for (Var. 4.) read (Var. A). . "

10, No. "2, for Union, read Uneven.

12, for (P. -4.), read (P. 22). ' ^ .

15, for Pleted, read Plated.

21, No. 1, for (P. 20.), read (P. 50).

3, for (P. 7.), read (P. 70).

22, A. B. Teatacula.
C. C. The lungs.

D. The shield.
E. E. The reflexible membranes which conceal and protect
tiie lungs when the animal is at rest.

23, No. 2, for Wart, read Warty.
25, for aculected, read aculeated.

27, for Nerces, read Nereis ; and add 1, 2, 3.

28, dele A before Terebella; substitute A A for 2 and 4; and/or

onchelega, read Conchilega.

29, dele 43.

32, for Hesped, read Hispid.

33, add (P. 129).

35, for Peetinated, read Pectinated ; and add (P. 134).
39, No. 2. for (P. 145.), read (P. 143).
41, for stricted, read striated.
54, for Chiene, read Chioue.

58, dele the four references, 45, 51, 51 A, and 46, and substitute to

No. 1 (P. 198), No. 2 (P. 199), No. 3 (P. £09), No. 4 (P. 213),
No. 5 (P. 212).

59, dele the three references, 49, 50, and 56, and substitute to

No. 1 (P. 209), No. 2 (P. 205), No. 3 (P. 206).
62, for Scollop, read Scallop.

65, affix A. to tlie left of the lower figure ; and for (P. 255),
' 7'ead (P. 225).

73, for Common Dipper, read Common Gowiie.

74, for Dippep, ?•««/ Dipper.

75, 'No. 1, for (P. 287), read (P. 267); and add * to the upper

figure 2.
77, for~(P. 282), read (P. 272).
80. dele 96.
S2', No. 1, Polished Snail (P. 335); 2, Ribbed Murex (P, 281);

3, Shortened Murex (P. 286) ; 4, White Wreath (P. 298) ;

5, Bamffian Mui-ex (P. 284) ; 6, Spot Whelk (P. 273) ;

7, Various Colored Rlurex (P. 280); 8, Lipped Wreath

(P. 311) : 9, BiSineated Whelk (P. 271).
84, To No. 2 on tlie left add * ; and/or Anger, read Auger.
89, dele A and B attached to No. 2.
92, No. 3, foi^ (P. 350), read (P. 354).

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PI.A1N TELLINA . P.180.

FLAT TELL. (p. 182^

^,i:

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HOKNY TEIiLli^A (p.l84)

SOLID TELL.(P.184)

SIMPLETON MACTILA (p.193)

2.A.

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.(p. 184)

Fi.Lin

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ACULEATED COCKLE (r.lS7j

2

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COCKLE fpiS8

EDIBLE COCKLE P 189

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SMTOOTII COCKT.E P. 188

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WRlTHEll SC.(P.222.)

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(r.232J

EDIBLE OYSTER (p.255J

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EDIBLE JM US S El. (p. 238^

RUGGED :ivr. (p. 23<5)

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BIDEXT WR.SH.(E. 309j

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COMMOJS^ L

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Pi.2i:ciii.

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( P S60 ]

INCLINIJSTG 1L.(t.361)
SLIT I..fp.363J

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COMMON

TOOTH J SHELL (p.356j

TltANSPAlLEJSTT LIMPET . VAR . (p.362)

pj .xcry.

VOL . 4 . ^J£jt.

SPIRAL SERFULA (T. 558.J