Smithsonian Institution Libraries Bequest of S. Stillman Berry ‘ aptly hit Sent at sa 7 ie dead area i BRITISH ZOOLOGY. CLASS “1. REPTILES Iv. FISH. iO IN 2! Oe: Printed for Benj. White, MDCCELX XK Va. PLaT Bs TO ‘BRITISH Z oo Loey. VOL. A eer fA vo. Plates. RONTISPIECE, Roacu,; 12 to face the Title I, Coriaczous Tortorss - Page 7 II. Brown sn ‘ ScaLy Lizarp : ae HI. Warrty Lizarp “in mf 29 IV. VIPER - | Biinp Worm f ee. p26 ~Rincep Snake V. Explanation of Technical Terms 46 VI; Buuntr-deapep CacwHaLtor - - = 61 VII. Teeth of Ceraczous Fisu - 62 VIII. Lamprizs - - ets 7G 2: SKATE. . | .- os a Be XA. Exvecrric Ray - - 89 XI. THorngack - - - 93 XII. THornpack-UnpbeErsIvE = 4 93 * XII. Ancet SHark - - 98 XIII. Basxinc SHark SN - 10% XIV. Lonc-TaILreD SHARK. = e 10 XV. Greater and Lesser ns 116 , SHARKS = = : XVI. Smoorn SHARK - - 116 Vor. III. 2 ey aie ¥ eee Oo CE a es. by a ee oe \ \ ty are 7 # Bey # ‘ass. -! ¢ : . ee - ti ng - pe. a i ee & Se ¥ Sr ee. EA he Oe %, >is m4 7 : 2 ‘* e e> i x a “4 = Pin i takes BP) eS BEAUMARIS SHARK - Page’ 119° © m . Common ANGLER - -- 120 OzsLone ici | SHORT Diopon = ~ 124e STURGEON _ j am XX. Grose Diopon”~ - = ego. * _XXI. Lump Sucker t a 133 ie Unctuous SuckER ; XXIT. BrmacunateD SuckER ox 139 Jura SucKER t ae XXII. Pree Fisu i = age XXIV. Worr Fis © s sar? Teg St KXV. oe i - 156 LAuUNCE XXVI. Sworp Fish - - 160. XXVIT. Draconer - - 164 XXXVI. DRAGONET ‘ , - 167 CoMMon WEEVER } XXIX. Greater WEEVER - - 171 XXX, Poor t 4 ‘ i 184 Bis | XXXI. Forxep aie) , pune . Coa. FisH 4 XXKI. TrirurcaTED HakE - - 196 XXXII. Frve-searpEp Cop ¢ € wor THREE-BEARDED CoD a KX XIV. Torsx age Sry i 203 ‘ XXXV. GaTTORUGINE som ‘ CresTED BLENNY = = 206 PLE SPOTTED BLENNY Plates. “XXXVI. XXXVILL © XX XVIII. 7 / XXXIX, XL. XLI. ee XLT, ALT, XIV. XLV. p= XLVI. XLVII. ALVII. ee LAX, . STICKLEBACKS - . SCAD PRA S sp SmootH BLENNy «| Viviparous BLENNY SPOTTED GoBy ¢ Biace Gony = = ARMED BULLHEAD: River BuLLHEAD é FaTHEeR LasHern = SMEAR DaB : DoREE LuNuLATED Gttt HEaAp OpaH Tootuep Girt Heap BALLAN ~ STRIPED WRASSE - GipBous WRASSE ~ ‘Page 208 TRIMACULATED WRASSE ANTIENT WRASSE GOLDSINNY - PERCH - - SEA Pect BassE - CoMBER WRASSE MacKREL ‘ . LUNNY ~ . STRIPED SURMULLET . Grey GuRNARD - . PIPER 2 Ps . SAPPHIRINE GURNARD e is 21f 213 216 218 oF. 223 243 246 249 250 251 254 257 20k 264 2.66 274 276 279 280 LVI. es Plates. LVII. LVI. LIX. | Ss LXI. LXII. LXIl. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. LXXIil. Lo &eT EB: §. Rep Gurnarp | STREAKED GURNARD t —— 783 SALMON LocHeE t : ie SAMLET | Trout t ‘ | Be CHARR - - 305 GRAYLING - SMELT ‘ - = a GwINIAD - - 316 PIKE SEA PIKE E “ere SAURY - 2° 928 ARGENTINE ATHERINE cae Muttet PaRR f i Bt ic Fiyinc FIsH ANCHOVY t Lap. ix PILcHARD > oe HERRING ‘ NB Fa Wuite Bait SHAD - i 7 48 Carp BREAM t ° "oe BaRBEL < - - 3 CRUSIAN _ ie Rup i #9 Cuus BLEAK t F * ou AS 8 fee PT d Ly B.S, All the works of the Lorp are good, and he will give every needful thing in due feafon. So that a man cannot fay this is worfe than that, for in time they fhail all be well approved. EccLEsiASTICUS XXXIX. 335 34¢ Vou. ill, B ee Pe i, ee YE are now to confider the clafs of Reptiles, which are, for the moft part, objeéts of deteftation; but however the opinion of the world may be, if a writer undertakes a general hiftory of animals, he muft include them: they form at left one link in the chain of beings, and may therefore be viewed with a degree of pleafure by a philofophic eye. But notwithftanding the prejudice againft this clafs is almoft univerfal, is it founded on reafon ? In fome it may be owned that the outward form is difagreeable, while the noxious qualities of others are juftly productive of terror: but are we on that account to reject them?~ The more fatal they are, the more deeply we fhould enquire into their effects, that we may be capable of relieving thole who are fufferers, and fecure others from the fame misfortune. But if we duly weigh their noxious qualities, we fhall, with our moral poet, find * All partial evil univerfal good,” | B2 i ee REBT LE Se The teeth of wild beafts, and of ferpents, are not only created as inftruments of vengeance, but are falutary in leffening the numbers of thofe ani- mals which are highly ufeful in the degree, and only hurtful in their excefs; but if their bad qua- lities are ferviceable, we are more indebted to their cood ones than we chufe to acknowlege. But many of the animals that form this clafs are of immediate benefit to mankind. The Turtle, or Sea-Tortoife, fupplies the torrid “zone with a wholefome and delicious food, as the epicures of our own country can atteft. Frogs are a food in feveral parts, as Lizards and Serpents are in others. The medicinal virtues of the Viper are partly exploded by the moderns, but time, the over- thrower of fyftems, as well as empires, may reftore it to the rank it held with the antients. The ZLa- certa Scincus 1s, however, yet efteemed in the Eaf for its falubrious qualities, and even Toads have. contributed to the eafe of patients in the moft in- veterate of all difeafes. Had I followed ZLinuzus, and included the Car- tilaginous Fifh in this clafs, there would have been ample room for panegyric, for it is very doubtful whether any are pernicious; but the ufe of many, either as food or for mechanical pur- pofes, were never queftioned. But if the external figure of the reptile tribe is difgufting, they have one general beauty, an apt configuration of parts for their way of life, nor Dae of its fkin, are certainly graceful, tho’ from the oe et EE Ee are they deftitute of their peculiar graces: the fine difpofition of plates in the fhell of the Tortoife, with the elegant fymmetry of their colors, muft ftrike even common obfervers, while the eye of the defpifed Toad has a luftre denied to more pleafing forms. The frolicfome agility of Lizards enlivens the dried banks in hot climates; and the ereat affection which fome of them fhew to man- kind, fhould farther engage our regard and attention. The wreathing of the fnake, with the vivid die dread of fome particular fpecies which are venem- ous, we have acquired an antipathy for the whole. The antients, who confidered the Serpent as an emblem of health, could affociate pleafing ideas with this animal. We therefore find it an orna- ment at every entertainment, and in every fcene of ‘mirth, both in painting and in fculpture. Virg7/ adopted this notion, and has accordingly defcribed it with every beauty both of form and color, Adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis Septem ingens gyros, feptena volumina traxit ; Amplexus placidé tumulum, lapfufque per aras: Cerulea cui terga note, maculofus et auro Squamam incendebat fulgor;, ceu nubibus arcus Mille trabit varios adverfo fole colores. B27. From x EP oe iy ee From the deep tomb, with many a fhining fold, An azure ferpent rofe, in feales that flam’d with gold: Like heaven’s bright bow his varying beauties fhone That draws a thoufand colors from the fun: Pleas’d round the altars and the tomb to wind, His glittering length of volumes trails behind. Pitt. But if after all fome lively writer fhould pur- fue the Naturalifts with more wit than argument, and more humor than good-nature, it fhould be endured with patience. Ridicule is, however, not the teft of truth, tho” when joined to fatyr, it fel- dom fails of feducing the many who would rather laugh than think. Should this prove the cafe in the prefent inftance, let the author be allowed to fkreen himfelf from cenfure, by faying he writes not to the many, but the few ; to thofe alone whe can examine the parts with a view to the whole, and who fcorn to defpife even the moft deformed, or the moft minute work of an all-wife Creator. Cs A Se es I. TORTOISE. LiL kR OC Wl, LIZARD. IV. SERPENT, es om tee OF tte grantee 7 CORIACEOUS TORTOISE. Body covered either with a fhell or ftrong hide, I. ; TORTOISE. divided by futures; four fin-like feet; a fhort tail. Tefiudo coriacea five Mercu- ticis, tefta coriacea, cauda 1. CoRIACEX rii. Rondel. 450? Gefner angulis feptem exaratis. ous. pile. 946? ae Lin, fyft. 350. Teitude coriacea? Teftudo Turtle. Borlafe Corz-wall, pedibus pinniformibus mu- 285. Plate 27. HIS fpecies is common to the Medi- terranean, and to our fouthern feas, and is not, as far as we know, dif- covered in any other. : Two were taken on the coaft of Cornwall in the mackrel nets, of a vaft fize, a little after Mid/um- mer 14756; the largeft weighed eight hundred pounds, the leffer near feven hundred. A third, of equal weight with the firft, was caught on the B4 coaft CORIACEOUS TORTOISE. Curass Hit. coaft of Dorfet/bire, and depofited i in the Leverian » Mujfeum. : The length of the body is four feet ten inches ; of the head nine inches and a half; of the neck three; or of the whole five feet twelve. The - upper jaw bifurcated at the end: the extremity of the lower fharp, clafping into the fork of the a per. The noftrils fmall and round. | The breadth of the body in the largeft part is three feet. The length of the fore fins two feet feven: of the hind thirteen inches and a haif: are {mooth, grow pointed to the extremity, and are deftitute of toes. Thefe fins are ftuffed: perhaps the bones might have been taken out; for in the ficure given by Rondeletius, which agrees in all other refpects with this fpecies, there is appearance - of toes, and even nails. The body is covered with a ftrong hide, ex- actly refembling black leather, deftitute of fcales, but marked with the appearance. The back is di- vided into five longitudinal flutings or grooves, with as many fharp but fmooth rifings. This fpecies is faid to be extremely fat: but the fiefh coarfe and bad *, according to the report made by writers who had opportunity of tafting them in the Mediterranean fea. 1 am informed that the Carthufians will eat no other than this {pecies. © Rondeletius. Boffuet. Body Crass II. COMMON FROG. Body naked. Four legs, the feet divided into toes. ‘No tail. Barpay@-. Arif. Hif?. an. Waiter Frofche. Meyer an. i. oe 1 co, Tab. 52 | La Grenoille. Belon poifins, Rana temporaria. R. dorfo 48. eli eae _ PRU APS Rana fluviorum. Rondel. 217, Lin. pf. 3 Rana aquatica innoxia. Ge/uer Groda, Pisgt Kiatta. Faun. quad. ovip. 46. Aquatil Suec. No. 102. 805. Rana. Gronxov. Zooph. No. Rana aquatica. Razz /yn. quad. 62. 447: O common and well-known an animal re- quires no defcription; but fome of its pro- perties are fo fingular, that we cannot pafs them unnoticed. Its {pring or power of taking large leaps 1s re- markably great, and it is the beft fwimmer of all foartoowd animals. Nature hath finely adapted its parts for thofe ends, the fore members of the body being very lightly made, the hind legs and thighs very long, and furnifhed with very ftrone mufcles, While in a tadpole ftate, it 1s entirely a water animal; the work of generation is performed in that element, as is be feen inevery pond during © ‘pring ; FE. FROG. 2. Common. £0 GENERA- TION. COMMON FROG. Crass IIL fpring; when the female remains opprefied by the male for a number of days. | The work of propagation is extremely fingular, it being certain that the frog has not a penis intrans ; there appears a ftrong analogy in this cafe between a certain clafs of the vegetable kingdom and thofe animals; for it is well known, that when the female frog depofits its fpawn, the male inftan- taneoufly impregnates it with what we may call a farina fecundans, in the fame manner as the male Palm tree conveys fructification to the flow- ers of the female, which would otherwile be bar- ren * : As foon as the frogs are releafed from their tad- pole ftate, they immediately take to land; and if the weather has been hot, and there fall any re- frefhine fhowers, you.may fee the ground for a confiderable fpace perfectly blackened by myriads of thefe animalcules, feeking for fome fecure lurk- ing places. Some philofophers-- not giving them- felves time to examine into this phenomenon, ima- cined them to have been generated in the clouds, and fhowered on the earth ; but had they, like our Derbam {, but traced them to the next pool, they would have found a better {olution of the difficulty. As frogs adhere clofely to the backs of their own es = we know they will do the fame by fith; alton § mentions a ftrange ftory of their deftroy- * Shaw’s Travels, 224, Haffelquift Trav. Engl. Ed, Ante + Rosdeletius, 216. W. or mii Muf. 327+ j Ray’s Wifdom Creat. 316. § Complete Angler, 161. ing Crass Il. COMMON FROG. ing pike; but that they will injure, if not entirely kill carp, is a fact indifputable, from the following rélation: a very few years ago, on fifhing a pond belonging to Mr, Pit, of Encomb, Dorfetfhire, great numbers of the carp were found each with a frog mounted on it, the hind legs clinging to the back, the fore legs fixed in the corner of each eye of the ffh, which were thin and greatly waited, teized by carryine fo difagreeable a load. Thefe frogs we imagine-to have been males difappointed of a mate. The croaking of frogs is well known, and from that in fenny countries they are diftincuifhed by ludicrous titles, thus. they are ftiled Dutch Nightin- gales and Bofton Waites; even the Stygian frogs have not efcaped notice, for 4vi/tophanes hath gone farther, and formed a chorus of them. Besusntt, noak, xnoaé, Boenexsé, none, noaé, Awyoia xenvov Tena *, Brekekex, coax, coax, Brekekex, coax, coax, The offspring of the pools and fountains, Yet there is a time of year when they be- come mute, neither croaking nor opening their mouths for a whole month: this happens in the hot feafon, and that is in many places known * Comedy of the F rogs., to ay PERIODICAL SILENCE. a — iz COMMON FROG. Crass III, | to the country people by the name of the Paddock Moon. 1am informed that for that period, their mouths are fo clofed, that no force (without kii- ling the animal) will be capable of opening them. Morton * endeavours to find a reafon for their filence, but tho’ his“faéts are true, he is unfortu- nate in his philofophy. Frogs are certainly endued (as he well obferved) with a power of living a good while under water without refpiration, which is owing to their lungs being compofed of a feries of bladders: but he miftakes the nature of air, when he affirms that they receive a quantity of cool air, and dare not open their mouths for a month, from a dread of admitting a warmer into their lungs. Itis hardly neceffary to fay, that in what- ever ftate the air was received, it would affimilate — itfelf to the external atmofphere in a fhort time. We muft leave the fact to be accounted for by farther experiments. But from what we do know, we may partly vindicate Theophraftus, and other antients, about the filence of the frogs at Seriphus. That philofopher affirms it, but afcribes it to the coldnefs of the waters in that ifland: Now when Monfieur Yournefort was there, the waters were lukewarm, and the frogs had recovered their voices. Is it not probable that Theophrajtus might be at Seripbus at that feafon when the frogs were mute, and having never obferved it elfewhere, * Hit. Northampt. 441. t Lournefort’s voy. I. 142. ; might Crass III. EDIBLE FROG. might conclude their filence to be general as to the time, but particular as to the place. Alian™, who quotes Theophraftus for the laft paflage, afcribes the fame filence to the frogs of the lake ~ Pierus in Theffaly, and about Cyrene in Africa: but he is fo uncertain a writer, that we cannot affirm whether the fpecies of the African frogs is the fame with ours. Thefe, as well as other reptiles, feed but a {mall fpace of the year. The food of this genus is flies, infects, and {nails. Toads are faid to feed alfo on bees, and to do great injury to thofe ufeful infects. During winter frogs and toads remain in a tor- pid ftate: the laft of which will dig into the earth, and cover themfelves with almoft the fame agility as the mole. Rana gibbofa. Ge/ner pif. R. corpore angulato, dorfo 809. tranfverfe gibbo, abdomine Rana efculenta. Lin. fy. marginato. did, 357» Faun. Suec. No. 279. Sais differs from the former in having a high protuberance in the middle of the back, forming a very fharp angle. Its colors are alfo more vivid, and its marks more diftin&; the ground * Zilian, Lid. Il. ch. 35, 37- color 33 Foop. 3. Eprexe, uF SOO 5 Aer Oz: Cea eolor being a pale or yellowifh green, marked with rows of black fpots from the head te the rump. This and, we think, the former, are eaten. . We have feen in the markets at Paris whole ham- pers full, which the venders were preparing for | the table, by fkinning and cutting off the fore- parts, the loins and legs only being kept. Our ftrong diflike to thefe reptils, prevented a clofe ex- amination into the fpecies. 4. Toan. Gew@. Arif. Hift. aa. lib, Bufo rubetarum. Kkiz quad. 1. eu. odte 122. Bufo. Virg. Georg. I. 184. Rana Bufo. R. corpore Rubeta. Pha. 4. VII. c. ventricofo, verrucofo luride 31. fufcoque. Lin. fyft. 354. Rubeta fc. Phrynum. Ge/ver Padda, Tafla. Faun. fuec. pife. 807. Rondel, 222. No. 275. - Bufo five Rubeta. Rati fyn. Gronov. Zooph. No. 64. quad. 2526 "HIE, moft deformed and hideous of all ani- mals; the body broad, the back flat, and covered with a pimply dufky hide; the belly large, fwageing, and {welling out; the legs fhort, and its pace labored and crawling: its retreat gloomy and filthy: in fhort, its ceneral appearance is fuch as to ftrike one with difguft and horror; yet we have been told by thofe who have refolution to view ; it with attention, that its eyes are fine: to this it feems Crass LIL. - T O A D. feems that Shakefpear alludes, when he makes his Fuliet remark, | Some fay the lark and loathed toad change eyes. As if they would have been better beftowed on fo charming a fongfter than on this raucous reptile. But the hideous appearance of the toad is fuch as to make this one advantageous feature over- looked, and to have rendered it in all ages an object of horor, and the origin of moft tremendous inven- tions. #lian* makes its venom fo potent, that Bofilife-like, it conveyed death by its very look and breath; but Favenal is content with making the Roman \adies, who were weary of their hufbands, form a potion from its intrails-+, in order to get rid of the good man. Occurrit Matrona potens, que molle Calenum Porreétura viro mifcet fitiente rubetam. Sat. I. 68. To quench the hufband’s parching thirft, is brought By the great Dame, a moft deceitful draught ; In rich Calenian wine fhe does infufe, {To eafe his pains) the toad’s envenom’d juice. This opinion begat others of a more dreadful nature ; for in after-times fuperftition gave it pre- ternatural powers, and made it a principal ingre- dient in the incantations of noéturnal hags : 10, a. OO, 1. ¢. TX; T Sat. vi. 658, Vide Aukian Hift. an lib, xvii ¢. 12, and 15. Toad. 15 Toap- STONE. of i O A D. Crass Hl, ‘Toad that under the cold ftone, Days and nights has, thirty-one, Swelter’d venom fleeping got, Boil thou, frf ith’ charmed pot. We know by the poet that this charm was in- tended for a defign of the firft confideration, that of raifing the dead from their repofe, and bringing before the eyes of Macbeth a hateful fecond-fight of the profperity of Banguo’s line. This fhews the mighty powers attributed to this animal by the dealers in the magic art; but the powers our poet indues it with, are far fuperior to thofe that Gefyer afcribes to it: Shake/pear’s witches ufed it to difturb the dead; Ge/ner’s, only to ftill the living, Ut vim coeundi ni fallor, in viris tollerent *. We may add here another fuperftition in refpect to this animal: it was believed by fome old writers to have a ftone in its head, fraught with great virtues medical and magical: it was diftinguifhed by the name of the Reptile, and called the Toad- Stone, Bufonites, Crapaudine, Krottenftein +; but all its fancied powers vanifhed on the difcovery of its being nothing but the foffil tooth of the /ea-wolf, or of fome flat-toothed fifh, not unfrequent in our ifland, as well as feveral other countries; but we may well excufe this tale, fince Shake/pear has ex-_ tracted from it a fimile of uncommon beauty ; * Hift. quad. ovip. 72. + Boet. de Boot. de Lap. et Gems 301. 303+ Sweet Crass III. ye O A D. Sweet are the ufes of adverfity, Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his-head. But thefe fables have been lone exploded: we fhall now return to the notion of its being a poi- fonous animal, and deliver, as our opinion, that its exceflive deformity, joined to the facuity it has of emitting a juice from its pimples, and a dufky liquid from its hind parts, is the foundation of the report. That it has any noxious qualities we have been ” unable to bring proofs in the fmalleft degree fa- tisfaétory, though we have heard many ates re- lations on that point. On the contrary, we know feveral of our friends who have taken them in their naked hands, and held them long without receiving the left injury: It is alfo well known that quacks have eaten them, and have befides {queezed their juices into a elafs, and drank them with impunity. We may fay alfo, that thefe reptiles are a com- mon food to many animals ; to duzzards, owls, Norfolk plovers, ducks, and fnakes, who would not touch them were they in any degree noxious. So far from having venomous qualities, they have of late been confidered as if they had beneficent ones. We wilh, for the benefit of mankind, that we could make a favorable report of the many at- tempts of late to cure the moft terrible of difeafes Vor. III. C the Nor Porsone OUS, GENERA-_ TION. : Oo A D. Crass IIL the cancer, by the application of live toads; but, alas, they feem only to have rendered a horrible complaint more loathfome. My enquiries on this fubje&t, and fome further particulars relating to the. hiftory of this animal, may be found in the big pendix. ‘In-a werd, we may confider the toad as an animal that has neither eood nor harm in it; that being a defencelefs creature, nature had furnifhed ut, inftead of arms, with a moft difgufting defor- mity, that ftrikes into almoft every being capable of annoying it, a ftrong repuenancy to meddle with fo hideous and threatening an appearance. The time of their propagation is very early in the fpring: at that feafon the females are feen crawling about oppreffed by the males, who con- tinue on them for fome hours, and adhere fo faft as to tear the very fkin from the parts they ftick to. They {pawn like frogs; but what is fingular, the male affords the female obftetrical aid, in a manner that will be defcribed in the Appendix. | To conclude this account with the marvellous, this animal is faid to have often been found in the midft of folid rocks, and-even in the centre of srowing trees, imprifoned in a fmall hollow, to which there was not the leaft adit or entrance* : how the animal breathed, or how it fubfifted (fup- pofing the poffibility of its confinement) is paft * Plot's Hit. Steff. 247- ) our Cis oNATT ER JACK. 1g our.comprehenfien. P/oz’s * folution ofthis pha- nomenon is far from fatisfactory ; yet as we have the great Bacon’s+ authority for the fact.we rae not caine deny our affent to it. Rana Rubeta? Liz. /i/?. 355. obtufo fubtus punéato. 5: Natter Faun. Suec..No. to1. Lhid. ' . Jack. R. corpere: verrucofo, ano ood SHIS {pecies frequents ire and fandy places - it is found on Putney Common, and. alfo_ near Revelby Abby, Lincolnfbire, where it is called the Natter Fack. It never leaps, neither. does it crawl with the flow pace of a toad,. but its motion is liker to running. Several are found commonly together, and, like others of the genus, they ap- pear in the evenings. The upper part of the body is of a dirty yel- low, clouded with brown, and covered with po- rous pimples, of unequal fizes: on the back is a yellow line. | The upper fide of the body is of a paler hue, marked with black fpots, which are rather rough, On the fore feet are four divided toes; on the . hind five, a little webbed. The length of the body is two inches and a quar- WP s ZAG. + Nat. Hi. Cent. vi. Exp. 570. jG 2 ters; 6. GREAT. GREAT ‘FROG. Gisih ter; the breadth, one and a quarter: the length of the fore legs one inch one-fixth; of the hind legs, two inches. We are indebted to Fofeph Banks, Efq; for this account. NHABITS the woods near Loch Ranfa, in the Ile of Arran. Is double the fize of the common frog: the body fquare: belly great: legs fhort: four toes on the fore-feet, four and a thumb to the hind; the fecond outmoft toe the longeft. The color above, is a dirty olive, marked with great warty fpots; the head alone plain. The color beneath whitifh. It leaped flowly. Slender ofa w ro aye foyer oh se “GUuvat'l "CW AT" I ATIVOS NMOUE yt han Thy WD Td Crass III. SCALY-. LIZARD; Slender naked body: four legs : Divided toes on each: Very long tail. Lacertus terreftris lutea fqua- Odla, Fyrfot. Faux. Suec. mofa anglica. Raii /yn. No. 284. | guad, 264. Lacerta, Gronov. Zooph. No. Plo Hift, Staff. 252. tab. 6o. Little Brown Lizard. Edw. Bepacs agilis ? L. cauda ver- 225. ticillata longiufcula fquamis Padzher pou. Borla/e Corn- acutis, collarifubtus fquamis wall, 284, tab, 28. confiru@to. Liz. /y/t. 363. HOSE we have feen differ in ‘color, but agree in all other refpects with the {pecies defcribed by Doctor Plot. Their length from the nofe to the hind-legs was three inches; from thence to the end of the tail three and three quar- ters. Along the back was a black lift; each fide of that a brown one: then fucceeded a narrow ftripe, {potted alternately yellow and brown; beneath that a broad black one; thofe ended a little beyond the hind-legs. The belly was yellow, and the icales large but even. The fcales on the back {mall ; on the tail the ends projected: thofe on the latter were varied with black and brown. | C3 The iil. LIZARD. ~ 7. SCALY. OTHER SPECIES. SEALY LIZARD: GiheHP The legs and feet were dufky ; on each foot were five toes, furnifhed with claws. This {pecies is extremely nimble: in hot weather. it bafks on the fides of dry banks, or of old-trees ; but on being obferved immediately retreats. to its hole. The food of this fpecies, as of al the other Englih lizards, is infects: they themfelves of birds of prey. Each of our lizards are perfectly harm=- lefs; yet their form is what ftrikes one with-dif eult, and has occafioned great obicutiey tn their hiftory. - Related to this fpecies is the Gila fics which we are informed has been propagated in England from fome originally brought from that ifland. We have alfo heard of a green lizard frequent near Farnham, which probably may be of that kind: but the moft uncommon fpecies we ever met with any account of, is that which was killed near Vofcot, in the parifh of Swinford, Worcefter- fire, in ¥741, which was two feet fix inches long, and four inches in girth. The fore-legs were pla- ced eight inches from the head; the hind-legs five inches beyond thofe: the lees two inches long: the feet divided into four toes, each furnifhed with a fharp claw. Another was killed at Penbury, in the fame county. ‘Whether thefe are not of exotic aefcent, and whether the breed continues, is what we are at prefent uninformed of, Lacertus GQuvxyit ALUVM I I I “TD Wed CiassUL WARTY LIZARD. a Lacertus aquaticus. Gefner _— Lin. Jf. 370. guad. ovip. 31. Skrot-abborre, Gruffgrabbe. Salamandra aquatica. Raii Faun. Suec. No. 281! ye. quad. 273. Lacerta Americana. Seb. Muf. Lacerta paluftris. L. cauda I. tab. 89. fig. a, 5. _ lanceolata mediocri, pedibus Salamandra alepidota verruco- muticis palmis tetrada@tylis. . fa. Groxow. Zooph. No. 47. HE leneth of this. fpecies was fix inches and an half, of which the tail was three and a quarter. » The irides yellow: the head and beginning of the back flat, and covered with fmall pimples or warts, of a dark dufky color; the fides with white ones: the belly, and the fide of the tail, was of a bright yellow ; the firft {potted with black. The tail was comprefied fideways, and very thin towards the upper edge, and flender towards the end. | The fore-feet divided into four toes; the hind into five; all without nails, dufky fpotted with yellow, | Its pace is flow and crawling. This fpecies we have frequently feen in the ftate we defcribe, but are uncertain whether we ever met with it under the form of a Jarve. We have more than once found under ftones and old logs, fome very minute young lizards that had much the appearance of this kind: they were C4 perfectly 23 8. WARTY. oad 6. Brown. BROWN LIZARD. Crass Thy - perfectly formed, and had not the leaft veftiges of fins; fo that circumftance, joined to their being found in a dry place, remote from water, makes us imagine them to have never been inhabitants of that element, as it is certain many of our * lizards are In ) their firft ftate. At that period they have a fin above said below their tail; that on the upper part extends along the back as far as the head, but both drop off as foon as the animal takes to the land, being then no longer of any ufe. | Befides thefe circumftances that attend them in - form of a Jarve, Mr. Elis * has remarked certain pennated fins at the gills of one very common in moft of our ftagnating waters, and which 1s fre- quently obferved to take a bait like a fifh, Lacertus vulg. terreitris ven- culatis, palmis tetradactylis, tre nigro maculato. Raz dorfo linea duplici fufca. fyn. quad. 264. Lin. fyft. 370. Faun. Suec. L. vulgaris. a cauda tere- No. 233. ti mediocri, pedibus ungut- HIS is three inches long: the body flender ; the tail long, flightly comprefied, {mall and taper; that and the upper part of the body ofa pale brown, marked on each fide the back with a * Phil. Tran. Vol. LVI. P. 191. narrow Crass UI. ANGUINE LIZARD. narrow black line reaching to the end of the tail: the belly of 2 pale yellow, marked with fmall duf- ky fpots; the toes formed like thofe of the prece- ding. Peat Lacertus parvus terreftris fufcus oppido rarus. Rati fu. . guad. 264. HIS fpecies is mentioned by Mr. Ray in his lift of the Englj/h lizards, without any other defcription than is comprehended in the /ynonym. Lacertus terreftris anguiformis in ericetis. Razi /yn. quad. 264. E remain alfo in the fame obfcurity in refpect to this fpecies. It feems to be of that kind which connects the ferpent and lizard genus, hav- ing a lone and very flender body, and very fmall legs. Such are the Seps, or Lacerta Chalcidica. of Raii fyn. quad. 272, the Lacerta anguina of Linneus, 371, or that figured by Seba, tom. 11. tab. 68. un- der the name of Vermis ferpentiformis. Lone 25 10. Lirtxe. 4 2 II. ANn- GUINE. 26 rv. SERPENT. AG. ViT PAR RES Crass UB 2 hes and flender bodies fe covered with fcaly plats: No feet. ¥2. Viper. “Bas. Arift. Hift. an. lib. tt tab. 28. Coluber Berus. Liz Di eee es Virg. Georg. iii. 417. ~Huggorm Faun, Suec. No Plinii, ib. x. c. 42. 286. C. Berus fcutis ab- Vipera. Gefner Serp. 71. dom. 146. fquamis caudz. ‘Viper, or Adder. Razz fya. 39- Ibid. quad. 285. Borl. Corz. 282. Aman. Acad. 1. 527. IPERS are found in many parts of this ifland, but the dry, ftony, and, in particular, the chalky countries abound with them. They fwarm in many of the Hebrides. They are viviparous, not but that they are hatch- ed from an internal egg; being of that clafs of animals, of whofe generation vifotle * fays, Ey autos wey dotoxer td rereioy dov, eéu de fworous, 2. 6. They conceive a perfect egg within, but bring forth their young alive. Providence is extremely kind in making this {pe- cies far from being prolific, we having never heard of more than eleven eggs being found in one viper, and thofe are as if chained together, and each about the fize of a blackbird’s ege. * De Gen. an. Lib. Wil. c. 2. = 3 two at Cao NTwW WUSMVN S “ET ol alts, | ja" Hy i Wy | Ay ei Pesca f py y YY) 1) ty ) YY AH ee i ip: ass , ant ST 9 Crass UE. VIS PIE! R The viper crows feldom to a greater leneth than two feet; though once we faw a female (which is nearly a third larger than the male) which was al- moft: three feet long. ; ‘The eround-color of this ferpent is a dirty yel- low ;. that of the female deeper. Its back is marked the whole leneth with a feries of rhomboid black fpots, touching each other at the points; the fides — with triangular ones » the belly entirely black. There is a variety wholly black; but the rhom- boid marks are very confpicuous even in this, being of a deeper and more glofiy hue than the reft. Petiver calls it the Vipera Anghca Nigricans. Pet..Muf. No. 204*. | The head of the viper is inflated, which diftin- cuifhes it from the common fnake. The tongue forked ; the teeth fmall; the four canine teeth are placed two on each fide the upper jaw: thefe in- ftruments of poifon are long, crooked, and move- _ able, and can be raifed and depreffed at pleafure ; they ate hollow from near the point to their bale, near which is a gland that fecretes, prepares, and lodges the poifon; and the fame action that gives the wounds, forces. from this gland, through the tooth, the fatal juice into it. Thefe iflands may be -particularly thankful fov the bleffing they enjoy, in being poffefied of only * Coluber Prefter. Lin. fy. 377. Bofe. Faun. Succ. No. 287- OnE ‘ss ‘Descrip, TEETH 28 Foop. : Va I PYLE! Ry Crass IIT: one venomous animal, and that of a kind which encreafes fo little. They: copulate in May, and are oped to be about three months before they bring forth. They are faid not to arrive at their full growth | in lefs than lix or feven years; but that they are ‘capable of engendering at two or three. We have been eae affured by intelligent people of the truth of a fact mentioned by Sir Thomas Brown®, who was far from a credulous writer, that the young of the viper, when terrified, will run down the threat of the parent, and feek fhel- ter in its belly in the fame manner as the young of the oppoffum retire into the ventral pouch of the old one. ) From this fome have imagined that the viper is fo unnatural as to devour its own young; we dif- believe the faét, it being well known that the food of thefe ferpents is frogs, toads, lizards, mice, and, according to Doctor Mead, even an animal fo large as a mole. Thefe they {wallow entire; which, if we confider the narrownels of their neck, fhews it is capable of a diftenfion hardly credible, had we not ocular proofs of the fact. It is alfo faid, from good authority, that they will prey on young birds; whether on fuch as neftle on the ground, or whether they climb up trees for them as the Indian ferpents do, we are quite un- * Vulgar errors, 114. certain ; dies 18: Vu IePPEDR: certain; but we are well affured that this difco- very is far from a recent one; Ut affidens implumibus pullis avis Serpentium allapfus timet*. Thus, for its young the anxious bird The gliding ferpent fears. The viper is capable of fupporting very long abftinence, it being known that fome have been kept in a box fix months without food, yet did not abate of their vivacity. They feed only a {mall part of the year, but never during their con- finement; for if mice, their favorite diet, fhould at that time be thrown into their box, tho’ they will kill, yet they never will eat them. The poifon decreafes in violence in proportion to the length of their confinement: it muft be alfo added, the virtues of its flefh (whatfoever they be) are at the fame time confiderably leffened. Thefe animals, when at liberty, remain torpid throughout the winter ; yet when confined have never been obferved to take their annual repofe. The method of catching them is by putting a cleft ftick on or near their head; after which they are feized by the tail, and put inftantly into a bag. The viper-catchers are very frequently bit by them in the purfuit of their bufinefs, yet we very * Hor. Epod. I, rarely 2 9 Uses. ViINPTEI RY ~ -GiligemaeD rarely hear of the bite being fatal. The remery, if applied in time, is very certain, and is nothing He but failad oil, which the viper-catchers feldom so without. The axungia viperina, or the fat of vipers, is alfo another. Doctor Mead fufpeéts the efficacy of this laft, and fubftitutes one of his — own in its place*; but we had rather truft to vul- gar receipts which perpetual trials have fhewn to.be a lible. . ae 3 The fymptoms of the venom, if the wound is neglected, are very terrible: it firft caufes.an a- cute pain, in the place affected, attended with a fwelling, firft red, afterwards livid, which by de- _ grees fpreads to the neighboring parts ; great faint- nefs, and a quick tho’ low Bad interrupted. pulfe enfue ; great ficknefs at the ftomach, bilious convulfive vomitings, cold {weats, and fometimes pains about the navel; and in confequence of thefe, death itfelf. But the violence of the fymp- toms depends much on the feafon of the year, the difference of the climate, the fize or rage of the animal, or the depth or fituation of the wound, Dreadful as the effects of its bite may be, yet its flefh has been long celebrated as a noble medi- cine. Door Mead cites from Pliny, Galen, and other antients, feveral proofs of its efficacy in the cure of ulcers, the elephantiafis, and other bad com- plaints. He even fays he has feen good effeéts * Effay on Poifons, 47+ from Crass III. Vii FAP GERRY from it in an obftinate lepra: it is at prefent ufed as a reftorative, tho’? we think the modern phy- ficians have no great dependence on its virtues. The antients prefcribed it boiled, and to be eaten as fifh; for when frefh, the medicine was much more likely to take effect than when dried, and given in form of a powder or troche. Mr. Keyfler relates that Sir Kenelm Digby ued to feed his wife, who was a moft beautiful woman, with capons fat- tened with the flefh of vipers. The antient Britons had a ftrange fuperftition in refpect to thefe animals, and of which there ftill remains in Wales a ftrong tradition. The account Pliny gives of it is as follows: we fhall not at- tempt a tranflation, it being already done to our hands in a fpirited manner by the ingenious Mr. Majfon, which we fhall take the liberty of bor- es" Preterea eff ovorum genus in megna Galliarum fama, omiffum Grecis. Angues innumeri eftate con- voluti, falivis faucium corporumque [pumis artifict complexu glomeraniur, anguinum appellatur. Dru- idee fibilis id dicunt in fublime jaltari, Jagoque opor= _ bere intercipi, ue tellurem attingat: profugere rapto- rem equo: ferpentes enim "Bee donee arceantur am- wis alicujus interventu* of Lib. X XID W Ce Ze But 2 L Fz ViFSeP SEER Crass III. But tell me yet ' From the grot of chayms and fpells, Where our matron fifter dwells, Brennus, has thy holy hand Safely brought the Druid wand, And the potent 4dder—/one, ' Gender’d fore the autumnal moon ? When in. undulating twine, The foaming fnakes prolific join ; When they hifs, and when they bear Their wond’rous egg aloof in air; ‘Thence before to earth it fall, The Druid in his hallow’d pall, ~ Receives the prize, - And inftant flies, Follow’d by the envenom’d brood, Till he crofs the cryftal flood *. This wondrous egg feems to be nothing more than a bead of elafs, ufed by the Drwids as a charm to impofe on the vulgar, whom they taught to believe, that the poffeffor would be fortunate in all his attempts, and that it would gain him the favor of the great. Our modern Druideffes give much the fame ac- count of the evum anguinum, Glain Neidr, as the Welch call it, or the Adder-Gem, as the Roman philofopher does, but feem not to have fo exalt- ed an opinion of its powers, ufing it only to affift children in cutting their teeth, or to cure the chin- cough, or to drive away an ague. * Mafen’s Cara@acus. ‘The perfon fpeaking is a Druid. We Crass Ill. Sh WNe BRS as: We have fome of thefe beads in our cabinet: 33. they are made of glafs, and of a very rich blue co- _ lor; fome are plain, others ftreaked: we fay no- thing of the figure, as the annexed plate will con- vey a ftronger idea of it than words. Ew0els: Arift. Hif. an. 1. calis diftin€tus. Pet. Mu/- 25 P | XVII. No. tor. Natrix torquata, Ge/zer Ser- Coluber natrix. Lin. ff. 380. pent, 63. Tomt-Orm, Snok, Ring-Orm. Natrix torquata. Raii fyn. Faun. Suec. No. 288. quad. 334. C. natrix {cutis abdom. 170. Anguis vulgaris fufcus collo Squamis caudz, 60. Ibid. flavefcente, ventre albis ma- HE fnake is the largeft of the Englih fer- pents, fometimes exceeding four feet in length: the neck is flender; the middle of the Vor. Ill. D a 7 body 13. Rincety DESCRIP¢e S N A K E., Crass Hf, ° body thickeft; the back and fides covered with imall fcales, the belly with oblong, narrow, tranf- verfe plates. The firft Linneus diftinguifhes by the name of /guame, the latt he ealls fcuta, and from them forms his genera of ferpents. | Thofe that have both /guame and fcuta he cali Colubvi,; thofe that have only /quame, Anges. The viper and fnake are comprehended in the firft genus, the blind-worm under the fecond ; but we -chufe (to avoid multiplying our genera) to take in the few ferpents: we have by a fingle genus, their marks being too evident to. be confounded. _ The color of the back and fides of the fnake are dufky or brown; the middle of the back marked with two rows of fmall black fpots run- ning from head to tail; and from them are multi- tudes of lines of {pots croffing the fides ; the plates on the belly are dufky, the {cales on the fides of a bluifh white. On each fide the neck is a {pot of pale yellow, and the bafe of each is atriangular black fpot, one angle of which points towards the tail. The teeth are {mall and ferrated, lying each fide the jaw in two rows, This fpecies is perfectly inoffenfive ; it frequents and lodges itfelf among bufhesin moift places, and will readily take the water, {wimming very well. Tt preys on frogs, infects, worms, and mice, and, confidering the {mallnefs of the neck, it is a- mazing how large an animal it will fwallow. her Cee. The Crass III. BLIND-WORM. The fnake is oviparous: it lays its eggs in dung hills, and in hot-beds, whofe heat, aided by that of the fun, promotes the exclufion of the young. During winter it lies torpid in banks of hedges, and under old trees, Anguis Eryx. Lin. fpf. 392. A new Snake. Tour in Scotl. 1769. App. ENGTH fifteen inches. Tongue broad and forked. Noftrils ‘fmall, round, and placed near the tip of the nofe. Eyes lodged in oblong fiffures above the angle of the mouth. Belly of a bluith lead color, marked with {mall white fpots irrecularly difpofed. The reft of the body of a ereyifh brown, with three longitudinal dufky lines, one extending from the head along the back to the point of the tail; the others broader, and extending the whole length of the fides. It had no feuta; but was entirely covered with {mall Icales ; largeft on the upper part of the head. Inhabits Aberdeenfhire. Communicated to me by the late Doctor David Skene. 32 Eccs. 14. ABER- DEEN. BLIND-WORM. Crass IY, 15. Buinp- The Blind-worm, or flow- Long Cripple. Borla/e Cormw. WORM. DESCRIP. worm, Cecilia Typhline 284. tab. 28. Grecis. Rait fyn. quad. Anguis fragilis. Lin. fyf. 289. Grew’s Muf. 48. 392. Cecilia anglica cinerea fqua- Ormila, Koppar-Orm. Fazz. mis parvis mollibus, com- Suec. 289. pactis. Pet, Muf. xvii. No. A. fragilis fquamis abdomi- 102. nis caudaque, 135. bid. HE ufual leneth of this fpecies is eleven inches: the irides are red; the head imall; the neck ftill more flender; from that part the body grows fuddenly, and continues of an equal bulk to the tail, which ends quite blunt. The color of the back is cinereous, marked with very {mall lines compofed of minute black fpecks ; the fides are of a reddifh caft; the belly dufky, both marked like the back. The tongue is broad and forky; the teeth mi- nute, but numerous; the fcales fmall. The motion of this ferpent is flow, from which, and from the fmallnefs of the eyes, are derived its names. Like others of the genus, they lie torpid during winter, and are fometimes found in vaft numbers twifted together. Like the former it is quite innocent. Doctor ‘Porlafe mentions a variety of this ferpent with a pointed tail; and adds, that he was informed that a man: loft his life by the bite of one in Oxfordfbire. We Crass III. BLIND-WORM. We are inclined to think that his informant mif- took the black or dufky viper for this kind; for, excepting the viper, we never could learn that there was any fort of poifonous ferpent in thefe kingdoms. In Sweden is a {mall reddifh ferpent, called there Ajping, the Coluber Cherfea of Linneus, whofe bite is faid to be mortal. Is it poffible that this could be the fpecies which has hitherto efcaped the no- tice of our naturalifts? Ithe rather fufpedct it, as I have been informed, that there is a fmall fnake that lurks in the low grounds of Galloway, which bites and often proves fatal to the inhabitants. D 3 CLASS 37 ve ar ah. batten daca cee! i ria = oe « Se enn wm es eo < “5 Ob Deus! ampla tue, quam funt miracula dextre! O quam folerti fingula mente regis ! Divite tu gaza terras, et meffibus imples ; Nee minus eft vaftt fertilis unda maris : | Squammiger bunc peragrat populus, prole/que parentunt Stipat, et ingentes turba minuta duces. Jonston. Psaumus crv. Ne plate ae = Miri. CETACEQUS FISH. O gills; an orifice on the top of the head, thro’ which they breathe, and eject water; a flat or horizontal tail, exemplified in the explana- tory plate, fig. 1. by the Beakep Wuate, bor- rowed from Dal’s Hift. Harw. 411. Tab. 14, As Bon i HE Rr AA at Ww EL AEE i CACHAL OT: i. -DOLP BIN, Div. I. CARTILAGINOUS FISH. SREATHING thro’ certain apertures, gene- rally placed on each fide the neck, but in fome inftances beneath, in fome above, and from one to feven in number on each part, except in the Pipe Fisx, which has only one. The mufcles fupported by cartilages, inftead of bones. | Explan. Pl. fig. 2. the Pickep Doc Fisx. a. The fateral apertures. LV TVA Nie 42 . a iV. LAM PREY: Vu: SEA TE. Wl SHAR EK. Vi. FES BONG - FRO Gs V¥HE S TOURGEOR® IX. SUN FISH. MAC ES UE REP EE ta. Mo Sty & Eis e. Dit vac ii. £..0 Nav ws ee HIS divifion includes thofe whofe mufcles are fupported by bones or fpines, which breathe thro’ gills covered or guarded by thin bony plates, open on the fide, and dilatable -by means of a certain row of bones on their lower part each feparated by a thin web, which bones are called the Radit Branchioftegi, or the Gillcovering Rays. The tails of all the fifh that form this divifi- on, are placed in a fituation perpendicular to the body, and this is an invariable character. Na - The later I&thyologifts have attempted to make the number of the branchioftegous rays a character of the genera; but I found (yet too late in fome -inftances, where I yielded an implicit faith) that their rule was very fallible, and had induced me into error; but as I borrowed other definitions, it is to be hoped the explanation of the genera will be intelligible. I fhould be very difingenu- ous, e Pee Te ous, if I did not own my obligations in this re- fpe&t to the works of ArtTEpi, Dr. Gronovius, and Linnazvs. It is from the laft I have copied the great fections of the Bony Fisu into ApopDalL, Jucutar, THORACIC, ABDOMINAL®. He founds this fyftem on a comparifon of the ventral fins to the feet of land animals or reptiles ; and either from the want of them, or their particu- Jar fituation-in refpect to the other fins, eftablifhes his fections. In order to render them perfectly intelligible, it is necefiary to refer to thofe feveral organs of . movement, and fome other parts, in a perfect fifh, or one taken out of the three laft fections. The Hapocx. Expl. Pl. fg. 4. a. The pectoral fins. b. ventral fins. t. anal fins. a caudal fin, or the tail. e,e.e. dorfal fins. f: bony plates that cover the gills. £. branchioftegous rays, and their mem- branes: : h. lateral, or fide line. * Vide Syft. Nat. 422, SEcT, 43 Sz. c. 7.7.4, AP: 0: DAY ae HE moft imperfect, wanting the ventral ny fins; illuftrated by the Concer, fig. 3. This alfo expreffes the union of the dorfal and anal fins with the tail, as is found in fome few fifh. XIL,.... EEL. ‘XI WOLF FISH. XIV. LAUNCE, XV. MORRIS, XVI. SWORD FISH. fect Iki + |G. Us bea HE ventral fins 4, placed before the pecto- ral fins a, as in the Hapock, fig. 4. xXVH. DRAGONE F. XVII WEEVER. XIX. CODFISH. XX. BLENNY. SEc™m™ S-e-c re MII. Pat OGRA Ve 1°, HE ventral fins a, placed beneath the petto- ral fins J, as in the Fatuer Lasuer, Sig. 5. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVIII. XXVIII. XXIX, XXX, XXXI. GOE Y. BULL-HEAD. DOREE. FLOUNDER, Git THE AD, WRASSE. PERCH. ST PCL E BAC, MACKREL. SURMULLET. GURNARD. SECT, Svs BD AVic- A EepeO Mil N: A Le HE ventral fins placed behind the pecto- __ral fins, as in the Minow, jg. 6. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVILI. XXXVUT. XXXIX. XL. LOCHE. SALMON. PIKE.: ARGENTINE. ATHERINE. MULLET. FLYING FISH. HERRING. CARP. Div. D. 42 G® = EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS. = CrasiVo CETAREOUS FISH. Div. lL CETACEOUS Eegiiee a a. YATURE on this tribe hath beftowed an “y internal ftruCture in all refpeéts agreeing iii that of quadrupeds; and in a few other the external parts in both are fimilar. Cetaceous Fifh, like land animals, breathe by means of lungs, being deftitute of gills. This. obliges them to rife frequently to the furface of the water to refpire, to fleep on the furface, as. well as to perform feveral other funétions. They have the power of uttering founds, fuch as bellowing and making other noifes, a Sieh denied to eenuine fifh * Like land animals a have warm blood, are furnifhed with organs of generation, copulate, bring forth, and fuckle their young, fhewing a {trong at- tachment to them. Their bodies beneath the fkin are entirely fur- rounded with a thick layer of fat (blubber) ana- logous to the lard on hogs, The number of their fins never ay three, * Pontop. Hift. Norw. Ml, 123. Blafius Anat. Animal, 288. Wiz. 7 AS CETACEOUS FISH. Crass IV. viz. two pectoral fins, and one back fin; but in fome fpecies the laft is wanting. Their tails are placed horizontally or flat in re- fpeé&t to their bodies; contrary to the direction of thofe of all other fifth, which have them in a per- pendicular fite. This fituation of the tail enables © them to force themfelves fuddenly to the furface of the water to breathe, which they are fo frequently conftrained to do, Many of thefe circumftances induced Linnzus to place this tribe among his Mammalia, or what other writers ityle quadrupeds. To have preferved the chain of beings entire, he fhould in this cafe have made the genus of Phoceg, or Seals, and that of the Trichecus or Manati, immediately precede the whale, thofe be- ing the links that connect the Mammalia or qua- drupeds with the fifh; for the Sea/ is, in refpect to its legs, the moft imperfect of the forrner clafs ; and in the Manati the hind feet coalefce, affum- ing the form of a broad horizontal tail. Notwithftanding the many parts and properties which cetaceous fifh have in common with land animals, yet there ftill remain others, that in a natural arrangement of the animal kingdom, muft determine us after the example of the illuftrious Ray *, to place them in the rank of fifh; and for * Who makes two divifions of fith. 1. Pulmone refpirantes. 2. Branchiis refpirantess the Crass IV. CETACEOUS FISH. 49 the fame reafons, that firft of fyftematic writers affigns, That the form of their bodies agrees with that of fifth. | | They are entirely naked, or covered only with a fmooth fkin. They live entirely in the water; and have ali the actions of fifh. : " You. Mt. E | Cetaceous 52 WHALE. COMMON WHALE. Crass IV: oft ~ Cetaceous Fifth without teeth, with horny laminas in their mouths. 16. ComMON. Musiznroc.- Arift. biff. an. The Whale. Marten’ Spitz S1zEe Lié. Wl. c. 12. berg. 130. Crantz’s Greenl. Mufculus Phinii, Lib. XI. ce. — I. 107. cs La Baleine ordinaire. Brzfox Balena. Rondel. 475. Gefner Cet. 218. Pife. 114. Balena fiftula in medio capite, Balena major, laminas cor- dorfo caudum verfus, acu- neas in fuperiore maxillas minato. Arted. fyn. 106. habens, fiftula donata, bi- Sp. 106. pinnis. Sis. Phalen. 28. Balena myfticetus. Lin. ff. Balena vulgaris edentula, dor- 105. Gronlands Walfitk. fo non pinnato. Rai f/yz. Faun. Suec. No. 49. pifc. 6. Balena. Groxov. Zooph. 29. Balena. Rondel. Wil. I&h. 35. HIS ipecies is the largeft of all animals: it is even at prefent fometimes found in the northern feas ninety feet in length; but formerly they were taken of a much greater fize, when the captures were lefs frequent, and the fifh had time ' to crow. Such is their bulk within the aréic cir- cle, but in thofe of the torrid zone, where they are unmolefted, whales are fll feen one hundred and fixty feet long*. The * Adanfon’s voy. 174. From this account we find no rea- fon to difbelieve the vait fize of the Indian whales, of whofe ; ~_- bones \ CrassIV: COMMON WHALE: The head 1s very.much difproportioned to the fize of the body, being’ one-third the fize of the fifh: the under lip is much broader than the up- per. The tongue is compofed of a foft fpongy fat, capable of yielding five or fix barrels of oil. The gullet is very {mall for fo vait a fith, not exceeding four inches in width. In the middle of the head are two orifices, thro” which it fpouts water to a vait height, and with a great noife, efpecially when difturbed or wounded. The eyes are no larger than thofe of an ox. On the back there is no fin, but on the fides, beneath each eye, are two large ones. The penis is eight feet in length, inclofed in a ftrong fheath. The teats in the female are placed in the lower part of the belly. The tail is broad and femilunar. . This whale varies in color: the back of fome being red, the belly generally white. Others are black, fome mottled, others quite white, according to the obfervation of Marten, who fays, that their colors in the water are extremely beautiful, and that their fin is very {mooth and flippery. What is called whalebone adheres to the upper jaw, and is formed of thin parallel lamine, fome bones and jaws, both Strabo, Lib. XV. and Pliny, Lid. IX. c. 3. relate, that the natives made their houfes, ufing the jaws for door-cafes. This method of building was formerly practifed -by the inhabitants of Greenland, as we find from Frobifoer, in his fecond voyage, p. 18, publithed in 1587. FE, 2 of 5r WHALEe BONE. 52 COMMON WHALE. Crass IV. of the longeft four yards in length; of thefe there até commonly 350 on each fide, but in very old fifh more; of thefe about 500 are of a length fit for ufe, the others being too fhort. They are fur- rounded with long ftrong hair, not only that they may not hurt the tongue, but as ftrainers to pre- vent the retutn of their food when they difcharge the water out of their mouths. It is from thefe hairs that Jri/forle gave the name of Musizntos, or the bearded whale, to this {pecies, which he tells us had in its mouth hairs inftead of teeth *; and Pliny defcribes the fame under the name of Mufculus+. Though the antients wete acquainted with this animal, yet as far as we re- collect, they. were ignorant of their ufes as well as eapture. Aldrovand = indeed defcribes from Oppiaz, what. he miftakes for whale fifhing: he was deceived by the word «tes, which is ufed not only to exprefs whale in general, but any great fifth. The poet here meant the foark, and fhews the way of taking it in the very’ manner practifed at prefent, by a ftrong hook baited with fiefh. He defcribes too its three-fold row of teeth, a circumftance that at once difproves its being a whale: * Er: Of nal 6 pusiuntosg Gdoviog wey EV Te FouciTl BR Beek mpixics Oe Guoias tetas, Hift. an. Lid. Ul. c. 12. + Sb. XL. 4.97. } De Cetis. 261. Asivas CiassIV. COMMON WHALE, Aaiwss yavariodovlas dvaideas nut duovlas, - ~ 7 > ~ Teisoiyet mepuwras tmacouréonow auwncis. Halieut. V. lin. teen Whofe dreadful teeth in triple order ftand, Like {pears out of his mouth. The whale, though fo bulky an animal, fwims | with vaft fwiftnefs, and generally againft the wind. It brings only two young at atime, as we be- lieve is the cafe with all other whales. Its food is a certain fort of {mall fnail, and as Linnaeus fays, the medufa, or fea blubber. The great refort of this fpecies is within the arétic circle, but they fometimes vifit our coafts. Whether this was the Briti/h whale of the antients we cannot pretend to fay, only we find, from a line in Fuvenal, that it was of a very large fize; Quanto Delphinis Balena Britannica major. | Sat. X. As much as Briti/> whales in fize furpafs The dolphin race. / To view thefe animals in a commercial licht, we muft add, that the Englifh were late before they engaged in the whale-fifhery: it appears by a fet of queries, propofed by an honeft merchant in the year 1575, in order to get information in the bufinefs, that we were at that time totally igno- B3 rant 53 Foon. 54 COMMON WHALE. CrassIVy rant of it, being obliged to fend to Bifkaie for men feilful in the catching of the whale, and ordering of the oil, and one cooper jRilful to fet up the fiaved cafk*. This feems very ftrange; for by the account Ofther gave of his travels to King Alfred, near 700 years before that period, it 1s evident that he made that monarch acquainted with the Nor- wegians practifing the whale-fifhery ; but it feems all memory. of that gainful employ, as well as of that able voyager Oéber, and all his important difcoveries in the North were loft for near feven © centuries. | It was carried on by the Bz/cayeners long before we attempted the trade, and that for the fake not only of the oil, but alfo of the whalebone, which they feem to have long trafficked in. The earlieft notice we find of that article in our trade is by Hackluyt t, who fays it was brought from the Bay of St. Laurence by an Enghfh thip that went there for the darbes and fynnes of whales and train oil, A.D. 1594, and who found there feven or eight hundred whale fynnes, part of the cargo of two great Bifkaine fhips, that had been wrecked there three years before. Previous to that, the ladies ftays muft have been made of fplit cane, or fome tough wood, as Mr. Auderfon obferves in his | * Hackluyt’s Col. voy. I. 414. + Idem, |. 4. t Idem, Il. 194. 8 Dictionary CusssIV. COMMON WHALE. ~ Didtionary of Commerce *, it being certain. that the whale fifhery was carried on, for the fake of the oil, long before the difcovery of the ufe of whale bone. E sgbts | ; The great refort of thefe animals was. found to be on the inhofpitable fhores of Spitzbergen, and the European {hips made that place their principal fithery, and for numbers of years were very fuc- cefsful: the Exgijjb commenced that bufinefs about the year 1598, and the town of Hu// had the honor of firft attempting that profitable branch of trade. At prefent it feems to be on the decline, the quan- tity of fifth being ereatly reduced by the conftant capture for fuch a vaft length of time: fome -re- cent accounts inform us, that the fifhers, from a defect of whales, apply themfelves to feal fithery, from which animals they extraét an oil. This we fear will not be of any long continuance; for thefe fhy and timid creatures will foon be induced to quit thofe fhores by being perpetually harraffed, as the morfe or walrus has already in a great meafure done. We are alfo told, that the poor natives of Greenland begin even now to fuffer from the decreafe of the feal in their feas, it being their principal fubfiftence ; fo that fhould it totally de- defert the coaft, the whole nation would be in dan- ger of perifhing through want. In old times the whale feems never to have been o Vib Ne, hoe Bag. | taken 55 Roya, Fiss. 17. PIKE- HEADED. SIZE. DEscRIP, PIKE-HEADED WHALE. Cuass My taken on our coafts, but when it was ae flung afhore: it was then deemed a royal fith*, and the king and queen divided the fpoil; the king afferting his right to the head, her ae to the tail +. Balzna tripinnis nares habens La Baleine-2 mufeau pointu. cum roftro acuto, et plicis Briffon Cet. 224. in Weg Sib. Phalain 29. Balena fiftula duplici in roftro, tab. dorfo extremo protuberantia Idem. "Rai Jjn- pife. 16. cornuiformi. Orca .Phniz, Lib. TX. c. 6. dentata. S75. Phalen. 7, 8. L’oudre ou grand marfouin. Wil. I&h. 40. Raié Lyn. Belon, 13. pie. 15. Orca. Rondel. 483. Gefner L’Epaulard. Briffon Cet. 236. pifc. 635. Leper, Springer. Delphinus or ca. Lin. /yf?. 108. Schonevelde, 53. Lopare, Delphinus roftro fur- Butkopf. Marten’s Spitzberg. fum repando, dentibus la- 124. . tis ferratis. Arted. fym 106. Balzna minor utraque maxilla POOAHIS fpecies is found from the length of fif- i teen. feet to that of twenty-five. It 1s re- markably thick in proportion to its length, one of eighteen feet being in the thickeft place ten feet . diameter. With reafon then did Play call this an immenfe heap of fiefh, armed with dreadful teeth*: It is extremely voracious, and will not even {pare the porpefie, a congenerous fifh. It is faid to be a great enemy to the whale, and that it will faften on it like a dog on a bull, ull the animal roars with pain. | Tine nofe is flat, and turns up at the end. There are thirty teeth in each jaw; thofe before are blunt, round, and flender; the fartheft fharp and thick: between each 1s a {pace adapted to re- ceive the teeth of the oppofite jaw when the mouth is Clofed. * Cujus imago nulla reprefentatione exprimi poflit ft quam carnis imimenfe dentibus truculentis. Lid, IX. c. 6 TF. ie Gisit GR “AM Pw Ss. The fpout hole is in the top of the neck. In refpect to the number and fite of the hos, it agrees with the dolphin. The color of the back is black, but on each fhoulder is a large white fpot, the fides marbled with black and white, the belly of a fnowy white- nefs. Thefe fometimes appear on our coafts, but are Selanttich greater numbers off the North Cape in Norway, whence they are called the North Capers. Uhefe and all other whales are obferved to {wim againft the wind, and to be much difturb- ed, and tumble about with unufual violence at the approach of a ftorm. Linnaeus and Ariedi fay, that this fpecies is fur- nifhed with broad ferrated teeth; which as far as we have obferved, is peculiar to the (bark tribe. We therefore fufpect that thofe naturalifts have had recourfe to Rondeletius, and copied his erro- neous account of the teeth: Sir Robert Sibbald, who had opportunity of examining and figuring the teeth of this fth, and from whom we take that part of our defcription, giving a very different ac- count of them. Jt will be but juftice to fay, that no one of our » countrymen ever did fo much towards forming a general natural hiftory of this kingdom as Sir Robert Sibbald: he fketched out a fine outline of the Zoology of Scotland, which comprehends the great- eft eat of the Engli/h animals, and, we are told, had Coror: PLACE. 7 GR AM’? US. Ghee had actually filled up a confiderable part of it: he publifhed a particular hiftory of the county of Fife, and has left us a moft excellent-hiftory of the — whales which frequent the coaft of Scotland. We acknowledge ourielves much indebted to him for information in refpect to many of thofe fifh, few of which frequent the fouthern feas of thefe king=. doms, and thofe that are accidentally caft afhore on our coafts, are generally cut up by the country people, before an opportunity can be had of exa- mining them,. . Div. Crass IV. CARTILAGINOUS FISH. Div. Il. CARTILAGINOUS Fis H. | HIS title is given to all fifh whofe mufcles are fupported by cartilages inftead of bones, and comprehends the fame genera of fith to which Linueus has given the name of ampbibia nantes: but the word amphibia, ought properly to be con- fined to fuch animals who inhabit both elements, and can live without any inconvenience for a con- | fiderable fpace, either in land or under water ; fuch as Zortoifes, frogs, and feveral fpecies of 4- zards; and among the quadrupeds, hippopotami, feals, 8cc. cc. This definition therefore excludes ali that form this divifion. Many of the cartilaginous fifh are viviparous, being excluded: from an egg, which is hatched’ within them. The egg -confifts of a white and a yolk, and is lodged in a cafe, formed of a thick tough fubftance, not unlike foftened horn: fuch are the egos of the Ray and Shark kinds. Some again differ in this refpect, and are ovi- parous; fuch is the Sturgeon, and others. They breathe either through certain apertures beneath, as in the Rays; on their fides as in the Sharks, &c. or on the top of the head, as in the Pipe-jifo; tor they have not covers to their gills like the bony fihh. | : Slender 75 é IV LAMPREY. 27. SEA. PLACE. { AM PORE 'Y.> Giasav Slender Fel-fhaped body. “Seven apertures on each fide; One on the top of the head. No pectoral or ventral fins. La Lamproye de mer. Belox, Petromyzon maculofus ordint- a Pgs et bus dentium circiter viginti. Lampetra. Roezdel. 398. Aried. fynon. 90. Lampreda. Ge/ner. Paralip, Petromyzon marinus. P. ore Me 3 Pes SP intus papillofo, pinna dor- Lamprey, or Lamprey Eel. fali pofteriori a cauda dif- il. Tb. 105. tingta. Lin. fpf. 394. Faun. Lampetra. Raii /yn. pifc. 35- Suec. No. 292. AMPREYS are found at certain feafons of the year in feveral of our rivers, but the Severn is the moft noted for them*. They are fea fith, but like falmon, quit the falt waters, and afcend the latter end of the winter, or beginning of fpring, and after a {tay of a few months return again to the ocean, a very few excepted. The beft feafon for them is in the months of March, April, and May; for they are more firm when juft arrived out of the falt water than they are afterwards, being ob- ferved to be much wafted, and very flabby at the approach of hot weather. * They are alfo found in the moft confiderable of the Scotch and ria rivers, They _ — j Zs (yg Yo Ui, .’’) }} i : S e AAW v x . oe — —— 2p nae ———— oo) nce Ve , AN(( ‘ssl il | OT SHON es oP \\ NH at : aR AWA \iay act WU \\ AVAL WP 2% WV? 28. We 20. Crass. LV. Te A OM | ORO RR nya They are taken in nets along with falmon and fhad, and fometimes in weels laid in the bottom of the river. It has been an old cuftom for the city of Giox- cefter, annually, to prefent his majefty with a Jam- prey pye, covered with a large raifed cruft. As the gift is made at Chrifimas, it is with great diffi- culty the corporation can procure any frefh lam- preys at that time, though they give a guinea a-piece for them, fo early in the teafon. They are reckoned a great delicacy, either when potted or ftewed, but are a furfeiting food, as one ‘of our monarchs fatally experienced, Henry the Firft’s death being occafioned by a too plentiful meal of thefe fifh. It appears that notwithftanding this accident, they continued in hich efteem, for Henry the Fourth granted protections to fuch fhips as brought over lampreys for the table of his royal confort*. His fucceffor iffues out a warrant to William of Nantes, for fapplying him and his army with lampreys, wherefoever they happen to march +. Directions are afterwards given that they fhould be taken between the mouth of the Seywe and Harfleur. Lampreys are fometimes found fo large as te weich four or five pounds. The mouth is round and placed rather obliquely below the end of the nofe: the edges are jagged, * Rymer, VAIL. 429. t Idem. IX, 544, which 17 78 Not THE Mure€yna. LAMPREY Ghasst¥, which enables them to adhere the more ftrongly to the ftones, as their cuftom is, and which they do fo firmly as not to be drawn off without fome diffi- — culty. We have heard of one weiching three pounds, which was taken out of the E/f, adhering to a ftone of twelve pounds weight, fufpended at its mouth, from which it was forced with no fmall pains. There are in the mouth twenty rows of fmall teeth, difpofed in circular orders, and placed far within. | The color is dufky, irregularly marked with dir- ty yellow, which gives the fifh a difagreeable look. We believe that the ancients were unacquainted with this fifh; fo far is certain, that which Doétor Arbuthnot, and other learned men, render the word lamprey, is a {pecies unknown in our feas, being the murzna of Ovid, Pliny, and others, for which we want an Lugh/b name. This fifh, the Lupus (our Baffle) and the Myxo* (a fpecies of mullet) formed that pride of Roman banquets, the Tripa- tinam +, fo called according to Arbuthnot, from their being ferved up in a machine with three bot- tonis. * Perhaps the fpecies called by Rondeletius, Muze, and Maxon. de Pilc. P. 295. : ¢ Atque ut luxu quoque aliqua contingat auctoritas figlinis, Tripatinam, inquit Feneffella, appellabatur, fumma cznarum lautitia. una erat Murenarum, altera Luporum, tertia Myxonis pifcis. Plinii Hift. Nat. lib, XXXYV. c. 12. The Crass IV. LESSER LAMPREY. 1 The words Lampetra and Petromyzon, are but of - modern date, invented from the nature of the fith; the firt a Lambendo petras, the other from Flérgos, and Musas, becaufe they are idle to lick, or fuck the rocks. La Lamproye d’eaue doulce. Petromyzon fluviatilis, Zin, _ Belon, 67. Difte 3940. Lamprede alterum genus. Nein-oga, natting. fauz. Gefner pife. 597- . Suec. No. 290. Petromyzon Lampetra medium genus. pinna dorfali pofterior! an- Wil. Icth. 106. Rati fyn. gulata. Ibid. pase. 35. : F Cio Zooph, No. 150. Neunaugen. Kram. 232. HIS fpecies fometimes grows to the length of ten inches. The mouth is formed like that of the prece- ding. On the upper part is a large bifurcated tooth; on each fide are three rows of very minute ones: on the lower part are feven teeth, the exte- rior of which on each fide is the largeft. The irides are yellow. As in all the other fpe- cies, between the eyes, on the top of the head, isa fmall orifice of great ufe to clear its mouth of the water that remains on adhering to the ftones, for through that orifice it ejeéts the water in the fame manner as cetaceous: fifh. | On the lower part of the back is a narrow fin, beneath that rifes another, which at.the beginning i8 28. Lessee, DESCRIP. 80 CoLor. 2g. Pring. PisR. fb) BE. is high and angular, then oTOWS narrow, furrounds the tail, and ends néar the anus. The colot of the back is brown or dufky, atid fometimes mixed with blue; the whole under fide filvery. Thefe are found in the Themes, Severn, and Dee, are potted with the larger kind, and are — by fome preferred to it, as being milder tafted. Vaft quantities are taken about Mortleke, and fold to the Dutch for bait for their cod fifhery.. Above 450,000 have been fold in a feafon at forty fhil- lings per thoufand. Of late, about 100,000 have been fent to Harwich for the fame purpofe. It is faid that the Dutch have the fecret of preferving them till the Turbot fifhery. Une Civeile, un Lamproyon. pz. 35. Crass IV. Belon, 67. Lampetra parva et fluviatilis. Rondel. pifc. fi. 202. Lampreda minima. Ge/zer fc. 598. Pride. Plot, Oxf. 182. Plate xX Lampern, or Pride of the Zfs. Wil. L&h. 104. Rai fyn.° Perino branchialis. Liz. oe 394+ Lin- ahd. Faun. Suec. No. 291. Petromyzon pinna dorfali pof- teriori lineari, labio oris latere poftico lobato. Jd. Uhlen. Kram. 384. Gronov. Zooph. No. 160. E have feen thefe of the length of eight inches, and about the thicknefs of a fwan’s quil, but they are generally much {maller. They are frequent in the rivers near Oxford, particularly the J/s, but not peculiar to that coun-. ty, Crass IV. PURTESD SE. ty, being found in others of the Exgljb rivers, where, inftead of concealing themfelves under the ftones, they lodge themfelves in the mud, and ne- ver are obferved to adhere to any thing like other lampreys. The body is ena eel with numbers of tranfverfe lines, that pafs crofs the fides from the back to the bottom of the belly, which is divided from the mouth to the anus by-a ftrait line. The back fin is not angular like that of the former, but of an equal breadth. The tail is lan- ceolated, and fharp at the end. Vor, Il. G _Body $i RAY. 30. SKATE, SIZE. DeEscripP. SOK CALTSES | Gthseive Body broad, flat, isd thin. Five apertures on each fide placed beneath ssceaioms fituated quite below. * With fharp teeth. Batis? Arif. bift. an. Lib. — 1&h. 69. Raitt fyn. pife. 26 T. ¢. 5. Lib. VI. ¢..10, Raia Batis. Linz. ff: 395. Oppian Halieut. 1. 103. Raia varia, dorfo medio re | Raia undulata five cinerea. bro, unico aculeorum or- Rondel. 346. Gefner pifc. dine in cauda. Arted. fynom — 791. 102. F he Skate, or Flaire. Wil. Gronov. Zooph, No. 157. HIS fpecies is the thinneft in proportion to its bulk of any of the genus, and alfo the largeft, fome weighing near two hundred pounds. The nofe, though not long, is fharp pointed ; above the eyes is a fet of fhort fpines: the whole upper part of that we examined was of a pale brown. Mr. Ray fays, fome he faw were ftreak- ed with black: the lower part is white, marked with great numbers of minute black fpots. The jaws were covered with {mall granulated but fharp- pointed teeth. The tail is of a moderate length: near the end are two fins: along the top of it is one row of {pines, and on the edges are irregularly difperfed a few LV? 3O. SKA T E \\\\\ Lay Wie SS Cruass1V. SHARP-NOSED RAY. a few others, which makes us imagine with Mr. Ray, that in this refpect thefe fifth vary, fome ha- ving one, others more orders of {pines on the tail. It is remarked that in the males of this fpecies the fins are full of fpines. Skates generate in March and April, at which time they fwim near the furface of the water, feve- ral of the males purfuing one female. They ad- here fo faft together in coition, that the fifhermen frequently draw up both together, though only one has taken the bait. The females begin’ to caft their purfes, as the fifhermen call them (the bags in which the young are included) in May, and continue doing it till September. In Offober they are ex- ceedingly poor and thin; but in November they be- gin to improve, and grow gradually better till Aday, when they are in the higheft perfection. The males go fooner out of feafon than the females. | Bs? Arift. bit. an. Lib. Ve. Wil. 2b. 78: Raii fyn. pife. c. 5+ Ofppian Halieut. Il. 26. 14]. Raia oxyrinchus. Lin. fy. 395. Bos Ovidii ? 94. Plinii, Lib. Raia varia tuberculis decem aX. £., 24. aculeatis in medio dorfo. Raia oxyrhincus. Rozdel, 347. Arted, fynon, 101. Gefner pifc. 792+ N fifhing in the Menai (the ftrait that divides Highefea from Caernarvonfbire) Fuly 1768, we G2 took 82 GENER &e TION, 31. SHARP- NOSED. 84 SHARP-NOSED RAY. Crass IV, took one of this fpecies whofe length was near feven feet, and breadth five feet two inches; when juft brought on fhore, it made a remarkable fnorting noes isog% a The nofe was very long, narrow, and fharp-point- ed, not unlike the end es a {pontoon. The body was imooth, and very thin in pro- portion to the fize; the upper part afh colored, {potted with numerous white fpots, and a few black ones. The tail was thick; towards the end were two fmall fins, on each fide was a row of {mall {pines, with another row in the middle, which run fome way up. the back. The lower part of the fifth was quite white. The mouth very large, and furnifhed: with numbers of fmall fharp teeth bending inwards. On its body+we found the hirudo muricata, which adhered very ftrongly, and when taken off left a black imprefiion. This fifh has been fuppofed to be the Bos of the antients, which was-certainly fome enormous fpecies: of Ray, though we cannot pretend to determine the particular kind: Oppzan ftyles it, Eveutat@- maytecot pet’ ixSugive Broadeft among fifhes, He adds an account of its fondnefs of human fiefh, and the method it takes of deftroying men, Gasdiv: ROUGH RAN by over-laying and keeping them down by its vatt weight till they are drowned. Phile gives much the fame relation *. We are inclined to give them credit, fince a modern writer +, of undoubted au- thority, gives the very fame account of a fith found in the South Seas, the terror of thofe employed in the pearl fifhery. It is a fpecies of ray, called there Manta, or the Quilt, from its furrounding and wrapping up the unhappy divers till they are fuffocated; therefore the negroes never go down, without a fharp knife to defend themfelves againit the affaults of this terrible enemy. Raia aiteria afpera. Rondel. 352. Gefner pife. 794. Wil. L&h. 78. Rati fyn. pife. 28. TOOK this fpecies in Loch Broom in the fhire of The length from the nofe to the tip of the tail was two feet nine. The tail was almoft of the fame length with the body. Nofe very fhort. Before each eye a large hook- ed fpine, and behind each another, -befet with leffer. The upper part of the body of a cinereous brown * De propriet. Anim. 85. + Ulloa’s voy, I. 132. Swe. edit: G 3 mixed U 32. RoucH,s 86 g3- FuLver. 5 “FULLER RAW. (CiassdiQ mixed with white, and fpotted with black; and entirely covered with fmall fpines. On the tail were three rows of great fpines:: all the reft of the tail was irresularly befet with leffer. , The fins, and under fide of the body were equally rough with the upper. The teeth were flat, and rhomboidal. Raia fullonica. Rondel. 357. Raia dorfo toto aculeato, acu- Gefner pifc. 797- leorum ordine fimplici ad Raia afpera noftras, the white oculos, duplici in cauda, horfe. Wil. I@h. 78. Rait Arted. fyn. 101. Gronov. Syn. pifc. 2. Zooph, No. 155- Raia fullonica. Lin. fpf. HIS fpecies derives its Latin name from the inftruments fullers make ufe of in {moothing cloth, the back being rough and {piney. The nofe is fhort and fharp. At the corner of each eye a few fpines. The membrane of nictita- tion is fringed. Teeth fmall, and fharp. On the upper part of the pectoral fins are three rows of fpines pointing towards the back, crook- ed, like thofe on a fuller’s inftrument. On the tail are three rows of ftrong fpines ; the middle row reaches up part of the back. The tail is flender, and rather longer than the body. The color of the upper part of the body is cinereous, marked ufually with numerous black {pots ; CisassiV. S HiA.G'R EEN R A Y. fpots: the lower part is white. This, as well as moft other fpecies of Rays, vary a little in color, according to age. | This grows to a fize equal to the Skate. It is common at Scarborough, where it is called the White Hans, or Gullet. MET with this fpecies at Scarborough, where it is called the French Ray. It encreafes to the fize of the Skate; is fond of Launces, or Sandeels, which it takes greedily as a bait. ‘ _ The form is narrower than that of the common kinds: the nofe long and very fharp: pupil of the eye, fapphirine: on the nofe are two fhort rows of fpines: on the corner of the eyes another of a femicircular form: on the tail are two rows, con- tinued a little up the back, fmall, flender, and very fharp: along the fides of the tail is a row of minute {pines, intermixed with innumerable little fpicule. The upper part of the body is of a cine- reous brown, covered clofely with minute fhagreen- like tubercles, refembling the fkin of the dog-fifh : the under fide of the body is white: from the nofe to the beginning of the pectoral fins is a tubercu- lated fpace. The teeth flender, and fharp as needles. G4 Jaberete? 34. SHAG= REEN. 86 35. Wuip. WHIP SRA. &. Glad Jaberete? Brazit: Marcgrave. 175. R. Travis, furgeon at Scarborough, had, in the fummer of 1769, the tail of a Ray brought to him by a fifherman of that town: he had taken it in the fea off the coaft, but flung away the body. , : et It was above three feet long, extremely flender and taper, and deftitute of a fin at the end. I be- lieve it to belong to the fpecies called by the Braf- Lians Taberete ; and that it is likewife.found in the Sicilian feas. I once received the tail of one from that ifland, correfponding with the defcrip- tion Mr. Travisgave: I muft alfo add, that it was entirely covered with hard obtufe tubercles. Nagzn. >4 oe \ oe > Taorn- Raia clavata. Rondel. 353. Gronov. Zooph. No. 154.. BACK. Gefner pifc- 795. R. aculeata dentibus tubercu« Steinroch. Ssonevelde, 59. lofis, cartilagine tranf{verfa Thornback. Wil. Icth. 74. abdominali. Arted. fynon. 4. Rati fyn. pife. 26. Racka, Faun. Suec. No. 293. HIS common fifh is eafily diftineuifhed from the others by the rows of ftrong fharp fpines, difpofed along the back and tail. In a large one we faw, were three rows on the back, and five on the tail, all inclining towards its end. On the nofe, and on the inner fide of the fore- head, near the eyes, we;e a few fpines, and others were fcattered without any order on the upper part of the pectoral fins. The mouth was fmall, and filled with granulated teeth. The upper part of the body was of a pale afh color, marked with fhort ftreaks of black, and the fkin rough, with fmall tubercles like fhagreen. | The 94 Foon. THOR NBIOC'K Crassivy The belly white, croffed with a ftrone femilu- nar cartilage beneath the fkin: in general the lower patt was fmooth, having only a few {pines on each fide. : . The young fifh have very few fpines on them, and their backs are often {potted with white, and each fpot is encircled with black. ) ‘This {pecies frequents our fandy fhores, are very voracious, and-feed on all forts of flat fifh, and are particularly fond of herrings and fand eels, and fometimes eat cruftaceous animals, fuch as crabs. Thefe fometimes weigh -fourteen-- or fifteen pounds, but with us feldom exceed that weight. They begin to generate in Zune, and bring forth their young in Fuly and Auguft, which (as well as thofe of the fkate) before they are old enough to breed, are called maids. The thornback begins to be in feafon in November, and continues fo later than fkate, but the young of both are good at all times of the year. Teuyy Crass IV. STTAD IN G UR TATY: 95 Tevyov. Arift. Hif. an. ib. Steckroche. Grone Tepel. 38. Stine. WWE “ce: 13. 1X. 37. Of- Schonevelde, 58. pian. Halieut. 1. 104. 11, > Paftinaca marina levis. Wij, 462. . pife. 67. Paftinaca Phinii lib. IX. c. 42. Fire Flaire. Raiz fyn. pife. 24. 38. a Raia Paftinaca. Lin, ft. 396. La Paftenade de mer, Tour- Raia corpore glabro, aculeo terelle, ou Tareronde. Be- longo anterius ferrato, cauda lon 83. apterygia. Arted. fynon, Paftinaca. Rondel. 331. Ge/- 100. Gronov. Zeoph. No. ner pifc. 679. 158. HE weapon with which nature has armed this fifth, hath fupplied the antients with many tremendous fables relating to it. Pliny, Alian*, and.Oppian, have given it a venom that affects even the inanimate creation: trees that are ftruck by it inftantly lofe their verdure and perifh, and rocks * themfelves are incapable of refifting the potent poi- fon. 7 The enchantrefs Circe, armed her fon with a fpear headed with the fpine of the Yrygou, as the moft irrefiftible weapon fhe could furnifh him with, and with which he afterwards committed parri- cide, unintentianally, on his father UA/fes. That fpears and darts might, in very early times, have been headed with this bone inftead of iron, we have no kind of doubt: that of another Species of this fifth being ftill ufed to point the ar- # Mf, Gn. “6, I], fs 36, rows | Descrip. StTV PD S-G IRIATYS Crass IV. rows of fome of the South American Indians, andis, from its hardnefs, gece and beards, a moft dreadful weapon. But in refpect to its venemous qualities, there is not the left credit to be given to the opinion, though it was believed (as far as it affected the animal world) by Rondeletius, Aldrovand, and others, and even to this day by the fithermen in. fe- veral parts of the kingdom. It is in-faét the wea-. pon of offence belonging to the fifh, capable of giv- ing a very bad wound, and which is attended with dangerous fymptoms, when it falls on a tendi- — nous part, or on a perfon in a bad habit of bo- dy. As to any fifh having a fpine charged with actual poifon, we muft deny our affent to it, though the report is fanctified by the name of Lin- neus*. This fpecies does not grow to the bulk of the o- thers: that which we examined was two feet nine inches from the tip of the nofe to the end of the tail; to the origin of the tail one foot three inches ; the breadth one foot eight. The body is quite fmooth, of a lager almoft round, and is of a much greater thicknefs, and * Syf. Nat. I. 348. He inftances the Pafinaca, the Tor ‘pedo, and the Yetrodon lineatus. ‘The firft is incapable of cone. veying a greater injury than what refults from the meer wound. The fecond, from its electric efluvia: and the third, by imparting a pungent pain like the fting of nettles, eccafioned by the minute {pines on its abdomen, more CussIV) STING RAY.) more elevated form in the middle than any other Rays, but grows very thin towards the edges. The nofe is very fharp pointed, but fhort; the mouth fmall, and filled with granulated teeth. The irides are of a gold color: behind each eye the orifice is very large. The tail is very thick at the beginning: the fpine is placed about a third the length of the former from the body, is about five inches long, flat on the top and bottom, very hard, fharp pointed, and the two fides thin, and clofely and fharply bearded the whole way. The tail extends four inches be- yond the end of this fpine, and grows very flender at the extremity. _ Thefe fifh are obferved to fhed their fpine, and to renew them annually; fometimes the new {pine appears before the old one drops off, and the Cornifo cali this {pecies Cardinal Triloff, or three — tailed, when fo circumftanced. The color of the upper part of the body is a dirty yellow, the middle part of an obfcure blue; the lower fide white, the tail and fpine dufky. Vor. Il. H | Slender 97 Tait. 5& VI. SHARK, aa ANGEL. _ kind. sptyagh ANGEL FISH. Crass TV. Slender body srowing lefs towards the tail, Two fins. on the back. Rough fkin. ; Five apertures on the fides of the neck.. Mouth generally placed far beneath the end of ms nok. The upper part of the tail longer than the lower, * Without the anal fin. Pin. Arif. Hift. an. Gb. V. c. 5, &c. Atheneus, lib. VI. p» 319- Oppian Haleut. I. 388, 742. Squatina Phin. Ld. IX. c..12. Rhina, fc. Squatus. 46. OE ES ea. L’Ange, ou Angelot de mer. Belon 69. Squatina. Rondel, 367. Ge/ner pile. 899. Wik Teth. 79. Monk, or Ange Fith. Rait jin. pif. Squalus iyeatibos Lin. [yf 398. S. pinna ani nulla, caude duabus, ore termi- nali, naribus cirrofis. 42d, Sq. pinna ani carens, ore in apice capitis. Aried. /yn. 95. Grenov. Zooph. Ne. 151 HIS is the fifh which connects the genus of Rays and Sharks, partaking fomething of the character of both; yet in an exception to each in the fituation of the mouth, which is pla- ced at the extremity of the head. It is a fifh not unfrequent on moft of ous coafts, where it prowls about for prey like others of the It is extremely voracious, and, like the ~ Ray; SHAR EK. ANGEL ° ~ \ S, : \ - am i ’ \ "i = ) 7} \ \\ \ SU ( a , g L; A AIIIIIIIKC(G | “s e NOY SAY L7 Yj, | 6 722 4 < ————/ UY Z _ Yy = i, x YY = = S = SSS SS SS a Get ANGEL FIS#: Ray, feeds on flounders and flat fith, which keep. at the bottom of the water, as we have often found of Opening them. It is extremely fierce and dan- serous to be approached. | We knew an inftance of a-fifherman, whofe lég was tertibly tore by a 99 FIERCENESS» larwe one of this fpecies, which lay within his nets — in fhallow water, and which he went to lay hold of incautioufly. | The afpec& of thet 23° well af the fe OF the ‘genus have much malionity in them: their eyes are oblong, and placed lenethways in their head, funk in it, and overhung by the fkin, and feem fuller _ of nidlévolence than fire. | | Their fkin is very rough; the antients made ufe of it to polifh wood and ivery*, as we do at pre- fent that of the greater dog-fifh, The flefh is now but little efteemed on account of its coarfenéfs and ranknefs, yet Archefiraius (as quoted by Atheneus, p. 319.) {peaking of the fifh of Miletus, gives this the firft place in piper: & to its delicacy of the whole cartilaginous tribe. They grow toa great fize; we ioe feen them of near an hundred weight. | - The head is large, the teeth broad at their one but flender and very fharp above, and difpofed in five rows all round the jaws. Like thofe of all Sharks, they are capable of being raifed or de- preffed by means of mufcles uniting them to the * Qua lignum et ebora poliuntur. Plin# Hb. 1X. ¢: 12. Hz. jaws DescriP. 100 40. PICKED. NaME. PICKED DOG FISH, Chass IV. jaws, not being lodged in fockets as the teeth of cetaceous fifh aren. | The tongue is large; the eyes {mall ; the pupil of a pale green; the irides white, fpotted with brown: behind each eye is a femilunar orifice. The back is of a pale afh color, and -very rough; along the middle is a prickly tuberculated line: the belly is white and fmooth. The pectoral fins are very large, and extend horizontally from the body to a great diftance; they. have fome refemblance to wings, fo writers have — given this the name it bears in this work. The ventral fins are placed in the fame manner, and the double penis is placed in them, which forms another character of the males in this and the laft genus. | The tail is bifurcated, the upper lobe rather the longeft: not very remote from the end on the back are two fins. “Auovblas yanrtos. Arift. Hiff. The picked dog, or hound an. Lib. VI. c. 10. Oppi- fifth. Raii fyn. pifc. 21. an Halieut. 1: 380. Squalus fpinax. Lin. fy/. 397. Exwatis Athenei, Lib. VIL. p. Sq. pinna ani nulla, dorfa- L’ Efguillats Belon, 61. libus {pinofis, corpore tere- Galeus acanthias. Rondel. 373. tiufculo. Ibid. Gefuer pife. 607. Sq. pinna ani nulla, corpore Sperhaye, Dornhundt. Scho- fubrotundo. Arted. fynon. nevelde, 29. 94. : Galeus acanthias five fpinax. Hai. Faun. Suec. No. 295+ Wil. I&h. 56. Gronov. Zooph. 149- HE picked dog fifth takes its name from a - ftrong and fharp fpine placed juft before each of tee eee aula | Ny " ‘“MUVHS ONIMSVE ol ‘a CirassIV. BASKING SHARK. {Or of the back fins, diftinguihing i it at once from the reft of the Briti/b fharks. The nofe is long, and extends greatly beyond the Descrir. — mouth, but is blunt at the end. | The teeth are difpofed in two rows, are {mall and fharp, and bend from the middle of each j jaw towards the corners of the mouth. The firft back fin is placed nearer the head than the tail, the other is fituated very near the latter. The tail is finned for a confiderable fpace be- neath, and the upper part is much the longett. The back is of a brownifh afh color; the belly white. It grows to the weight of about twenty pounds. This fpecies {warms on the coafts of Scotland, where it is taken, fplit and dried: and is a food among the common people. It forms a fort of in- ternal commerce, being carried on women’s backs, fourteen or fixteen miles up the saa and fold ; or exchanged for neceflaries, ** With the anal fin. SQUALUs maximus. Sa. den- Gunner Act. Nidros. Ul. 41.Baskiné. tibus caninis, pinna dor- 33. Tan, i. - fali anteriore majore. Sy/?. Sun-fith. Smith's hift. Cork, nat. 400. Il. 292. Hit. Waterford, Brugden. Squalus maximus. 271. HIS fpecies has been long known to the inhabitants of the fouth and weft of Ireland HI 3 and — +102 BASKING SHARK. Crass IV, and Scoiland, and thofe of Caeruarvonfbire and Anglefea; but having never been confidered in any other than a commercial view, has till this time remained undefcribed by any Eaglifo writer; and what is worfe, miftaken for and confounded with the /uua of Roudeletius, the fame that our Englfh writers call the /unfd. | The Jrifo and Welch give it the fame name, from its lying as if to fun itfelf on the furface of the. wa- ter; and for the fame reafon we have taken the liberty of calling it the daffing fhark, It was long taken for a fpecies of whale, till we pointed out the branchial orifices on the fides, and the Bets pendicular fite of the tail. Thefe are migratory fifh, or at left it is but in a certain number of years that they are feen in multi- tudes on the Welch feas, though in moft fummers a jingle and perhaps ftrayed fifh appears, They inhabit the Northern feas, even as high as the SAGER circle. They vifited the bays of Caernarvonfbire and Anglefea in vaft fhoals, in the fummers of 1756 %, and a few fucceeding years, continuing there only the hot months, for they quitted the coaft about Michaelmas, as if cold weather was difagreeable to them. They appear in the Firth of Chde; and among * Some old people fay they recolleé& the fame fort of ih vifiting thefe feas in yaft numbers abont forty years ago. » ‘the CiassIV. BASKING SHARK. the Hebrides in the month of Fune, in {mall droves of feven or eight; but oftener in pairs. They continue in thofe feas, till the latter end of uj, when they difappear. They had nothing of the fierce and voracious na- ture of the fhark kind, and were fo tame as to fuf- fer themfelves to be ftroked: they generally lay mo- tionlefs on the furface, commonly on their bellies, but fometimes, like tired fwimmers, on their backs. Their food feemed to confift entirely of fea plants, no remains of fifh being ever difcovered in the ftomachs of numbers that were cut up, except fome green ftuff, the half digefted parts of ake, and the like. Zinnzus fays, it feeds on medufe. At certain times they were feen {porting on the waves, and leaping with valt agility feveral feet out of the water. They fwim very deliberately, with the dorfal fins above water. Their length was from three to twelve yards, and fometimes even longer. Their form was rather fiender, hike others of the fhark kind. ze The upper jaw was much longer than the lower, and blunt atthe end. The mouth placed beneath, and each jaw furnifhed with numbers of {mall teeth: thofe before were much bent, thofe more remote in the jaws were conic and fharp pointed. On the fides of the neck were five large tranf- verfe apertures to the gills. On the back were two fins; the firft very large, H 4 not £03 Fooer,. TEETS, 104 Liver. 4 BASKING SHARK. Ctass IV. not dire€tly in the middle, but rather nearer the head; the other fmall, and fituated near the: tail. On the lower part were five others 3 viz. two q pectoral fins; two ventral fins, placed juft beneath the hind fin of the back; and a fmall anal fin. Near thefe, the male had two genitals, as in other | fharks; and between thefe fins was fituated the pudendum of the female. The tail was very large, and the upper part remarkably longer than the lower. | The color of the upper part of the body was a deep leaden ; the belly white. The fkin was rough, hke fhagreen, = lefs fo on the belly than the back. Within fide the mouth, towards the throat, was a very fhort fort of whalebone. : The liver was of a great fize, but that of the female was the largeft; fome weighed above a thoufand pounds, and sine a great quantity of pure and {weet oil, fit for lamps, and alfo much ufed by the people who took them, to cure brui- fes, burns, and rheumatic complaints. A: large fith has afforded to the captors a profit of twenty pounds. They were viviparous, a young one a- bout a foot in length being found in the belly of a fifh of this kind. The meafurements of one, I found dead on the fhore of Loch Ranza in the ifle of Arran, were as follow. The whole length twenty feven feet, four inches: firft dorfal fin, three feet; fecond, one CrassIV. BASKING SHARK. one foot ; pectoral fin, four feet ; ventral, two feet: the upper lobe of the tail, five feet; the ~ Jower, three. They will permit a aes to follow them, with- out accelerating their motion, tll it comes almoft within contact ; when a harpooneer ftrikes his wea- pon into them, as near to the gills as poffible. But they are often fo infenfible, as not to move till the united ftrength of two men have forced in the harpoon deeper. As foon as they perceive them- felves wounded, , they fling up their tail and plunge © headlong'to the~bottom; and frequently coil the rope round them in their agonies, attempting to difengage the harpoon from them by rolling on the ground, for it is often found greatly bent. As foon as they difcover that their efforts are in vain, they {wim away with amazing rapidity, and with fuch violence, that there has been an inftance © of a veflel of feventy tons having been towed away again{t a frefh eale. They fometimes run off with two hundred fathoms of line, and with two har- poons in them; and will employ the fifhers for twelve, and fometimes twenty four hours before they are fubdued. When killed, they are either hawled on fhore, or if at a diftance from land, to the veffel’s fide. The liver (the only ufeful part) is taken out, and melted into oil in kettles pro- vided for that purpofe. A large fith will yield eight barrels of oil; and two of worthlefs fedement. The fithers obferved on them a fort of leech of a reddifh 105 106 42. WHITE. SIZE. WHITE SHARK. Ciass IV, a reddith color, and about two feet long, but which fell off when the fith was brought to the furface of the water, and left a white mark on the fkin. Aguila? Arif. Hi. an. Lib. Meg 6. DG, c_'37- Aaum. Oppian Halieut. I. 370. V. 36. Kaexacias Kuav. Athen. Lib. VI. pf. 310. Lamia? Plinii, £76. 1X. c. 24. Le chien carcharien ou Perlz fifch de Norvege. - Belen, Lamia. Tiburo. Rondel. 489, 39% ' Canis Carcharias. Ge/ner pz/c. 173. White Shark. Wil. I@b. 47. Raii fyn. pifc. 18. Squalus carcharias. Sq. dorfo plano dentibus Lin. fpf. 400. ferratis. : Arted. jfynon. 89. Looph. No. 143. Gronev. 52, 387. s HIS grows to a very great bulk, Gillius fays, to the weight of four thoufand pounds; and that in the belly of one was found a human corps” entire, which is far from incredible, confidering their vaft ereedinefs after human flefh. They are the dread of the failors in alk hot ch- mates, where they conftantly attend the fhips in expectation of what may drop overboard; a man that has that misfortune perifhes without redempti- on: they have been feen to dart at him, like eud- geons toa worm. A mafter of a Guinea fhip in- | formed me, that a rage of fuicide prevailed among his new bought flaves, from a notion the unhap- py creatures had, thar after death they fhould be reftored | ‘ ¢ CissIV; WHITE SHARK. reftored again to their families, friends, and coun- try. To convince them at left that they fhould not re-animate their bodies, he ordered one of their corpfes to be tied by the heels to a rope, and lowered into the fea, and though it was drawn up | again as faft as the united force of the crew could be exerted, yet in that fhort {pace the fharks had devoured every part but the feet, which were fecu- red at the end of the cord. | Swimmers very often perifh by them; fome- times they lofe an arm or leg, and’ fometimes are bit quite afunder, ferving but for two morfels for this ravenous animal: a melancholy tale of this kind is related in a Weft India ballad, preferved in Doétor Percy’s Reliques of ancient Enghfh Poetry *, The mouth of this fifh is furnifhed with (fome- times) a fixfold row of teeth, flat, triangular, exceedingly tharp at their edges, and finely fer- rated. We have one that is rather more than an inch and an half long. Grew + fays, that thofe in the jaws of a fhark two yards in length, are not half an inch, fo that the fifh to which mine belong- ed muft have been fix yards long, provided the teeth and body keep pace in their growth f.. This dreadful apparatus, when the fifh is in a Vale 16-33 3he + Rarities, gl. | | t Foffil teeth of this ith are very frequent in Malta, fome of which are four inches long, {tate 107 108 WHITE SHARK. Crass IV. ftate of repofe, lie quite flat in the mouth, but when he feizes his prey, he has power of erecting them, by the help of a fet of pce that Lae them to the jaw. The mouth is placed far beneath, for which . reafon thefe, as well as the reft of the kind, are faid to be obliged to turn on their backs to feize their prey, which is an obfervation as antient as the days of Pliny *. The eyes are large; the back broad, flat, and fhorter than that of other fharks. The tail is of a femilunar form, but the upper part is longer than the lower. It has vaft ftrength in the tail, and can ftrike with great force, fo that the fail- ors inftantly cut it off with an axe as foon as they draw one on board. The pectoral fins are very large, which enables it to {wim with great {wiftnefs. The color of the whole body and fins is a light afh. The antients were acquainted with this fifh; and Oppian gives a long and entertaining account of its capture. Their flefh is fometimes eaten, but is ef- teemed both coarfe and rank. * Omnia autem carnivora funt talia et fupina vefcantur. Lib. IX. ¢. 24. Taaun@- Crass IV. Bib ie Bi SS tH Ay RYO r nan Alien an. Lib. U. Squalus foffula triangulari in c. 164 extremo dorfo, foraminibus Galeus glaucus. Rozdel. 378. nullis ad oculos. Arted. fyi. Gefner pife. 609. 98. Blew fhark Wil. I&h, 49. sapalus see Lin. fyft. Raitt fyn. pife. 20. 401 AALLIAN relates ftrange things of the affecti- on this fpecies bears to its young: among others, he fays, that it will permit the fmall brood, when in danger, to {wim down its mouth, and take fhelter in its belly. This fact has been fince confirmed by the obfervation of one of our beft i€thyologifts *, and is no more incredible, than that the young of the Opoffum fhould feek an _afy- lum in the ventral pouch of its parent, a fact too well known to be contefted. But this degree of care is not peculiar to the blue fhark, but we be- lieve common to the whole genus. | This fpecies frequents many of our coafts, but particularly thofe of Cornwal/ during the pilchard feafon, and is at that time taken with great iron hooks made on purpofe. It is of an oblong form: the nofe extends far be- yond the mouth: it wants the orifices behind the eyes, which are ufual in this genus: the noftrils are long, and placely tranfverfely. Artedi remarks a triangular dent in the lower part of the back. * Rondeletius, 333. The 109 43. BLUE. Descrip. 110 44. Lonc- TAILED. TatiL. LONG-TAILED SHARK. Cuass IV. The fkin is fmoother than that of other fharks: the back is of a fine blue color; the rowed of a filvery white. Linnaus fays, that its eee ae Steel “fox our part we muft confefs it is a fith that has not come under our examination, therefore hope to be favored with an accurate defcription from fome naturalift, who lives on the coaft it haunts. We may add, that Rondeletins fays’ he was an eye-witnefs to its fondnefs for human flefh: that thefe fith are lefs deftru€tive in our feas, is owing to the coolnefs of the climate, which is well known to abate the fiercenefs of fome, as well as the venom of other animals, Aron? Arift. Hift. an. Lib. Cercus Caii opufe..110. IX. ¢c. 37. lian Var. Sea Fox, or Ape. Wil. I&h. Hift. Lib. \. c. 5. 64. Raitt yn. pif. 20. ° ~ Oppian Halieut. I. 381. I. Squalus cauda longiore quam 144. pina corpus. Arted. jyte Vulpes Plinit Lib. IX. ¢. 43. 96. Singe de mer. Belon, 88. Sea Fox. Threfher, fetta Vulpes marina. Rondel. 337. Cornwall, 265. Gefner pife. 1045. , ops fifh is moft remarkable for the great length of the tail: the whole meafure. of that we had an opportunity of ¢xamining, was thirteen feet, of which the tail alone was more than fix, the XIV. 7 | | | Wea, LONG TAILED SHARK. icy 1) Gis Crass IV. a hs BSE: the upper lobe extending greatly ~ern the lower, almoft in a ftrait line. The body was round and fhort: the nofe fhort but fharp pointed: the eyes large, and placed im- mediately over the corners of the mouth, which was {mall, and not very diftant from the end of the nofe. - The teeth are triangular, and fmall for the fize of the fifh, and placed in three rows. The back ath color: the belly white: sie fkin univerfally fmooth. The antients ftyled this fifh Aswad, and Vulpes, from its fuppofed cunning. They believed, that when it had the misfortune to have taken a bait, it fwallowed the hook till it got at the cord, which it bit off, and fo efcaped. They are fometimes taken in our feas, and have been imagined to be the fith called the Threfber, from its attacking and beating the Grampus with its long tail, whenever that fpecies of whale rifes to the furface to breathe. Kua? Arif. Hift. an. Lib. The Tope. Wil. I@b. 51. Viv eAat. Rau fyn, pife. 20. Canicula? Phuiz Lib. 1X. c. Squalus naribus ori vicinis ; | : foraminibus exiguis ad o- Le chien de mer, ou Cani- — culos. Arted. fynon. 97. cule. Belon, 65. Squalus galeus. Lin. /y/t. 399. Canis galeus. Rondel. 377. Gronov. Zooph. No. 142. Gefner pife. 167. NE that was taken on our coaft the laft year weighed twenty feven pounds, and its length was “4IE 45. Tora. SIZE. II2 TS? Of:.;>2)) & Crass IV. was five feet; but they grew to a greater fize, fome, according to 4rtedius, weighing an RUDE pounds. The color of the upper part of the body and fins was a light cinereous; the belly white. The nofe was very long, flat, and fharp point- ed ; beyond the noftrils femitranfparent. The nof- trils were placed very near the mouth. Behind each eye was a {mall orifice. The teeth were numerous, difpofed in three rows, fmall, very fharp, triangular, and ferrated on their inner edge. The firft back fin was placed about eighteen inches from the head; the other very near the tail. The tail finned beneath, the upper part ended in) a fharp angle. This fpecies is faid iy Rondeletius to be very fierce and voracious, even to purfue i its prey to the edge of the fhore. Its {kin and flefh has an offenfive rank fmell; therefore we fuppofe Mr. Dale gave it ironically. the title of Sweet William *. * Hift. Harwich, 420. N Cores, CiassIV. SPOTTED DOG FISH. 113 NeGoias, Luvros, Asepiag ? Greater Cat Fith: the Bounce. 46. SPOTTED. Arift. Hift. an. Lib, V. c. Raii fyn. pife. 22. Fo. Milee.s105 41. Squalus ex rufo varius, pinna TTowiaos? Oppian Halieut. 1. ani medio inter anum et Bi. caudem pinnatum. Arted. La Rouffete commune. Belon, fy» O7+ 65. Squalus canicula. Lin. /p/t. Canicula Ariffotelis. Rondel. 399. Gronov. Looph. No. 380. Gefner pifc. 168. 145+ Catulus major vulgaris. 7, Greater Cat fihh. Edw. 289. IZh. 62. ee fpecies being remarkably fpotted, may be the fame known to antients by the names expreffed in the fynonyms; but they fo frequently leave fuch flight notices of the animals they men- tion, that we are often obliged to add a doubt- ful mark (?) to numbers of them. The weight of one we took was fix pounds three Dascrir. ounces, and yet it meafured three feet eight inches in length ; fo light are the cartilaginous fifh in refpect to their fize. The nofe was fhort, and very blunt, not ex- tending above an inch and an half beyond the mouth. The noftrils were large, placed near the mouth, and covered with a large angular flap: the head very flat. The eyes were oblong, behind each a large orifice opening to the infide of the mouth, The teeth fmall, fharp, fmooth at their fides, ftrait, and difpafed in four rows. Vou. III. J Both i14 ae SPOTTED DOG.FISH. Crass TV. Both the back fins were placed much behind, and nearer the tail than in common. ~ The tail was finned, and below extended # into a fharp angle. The color of the whole upper part of the bo- dy, and the fins, was brown, marked with numbers of large diftiné& black fpots: fome parts of the fkin were tinged with red ; the belly was white. The whole was moft remarka wes round, and had a ftrong imell. The ou ee that iffue from each end of the purfe | of this fifh, are much more delicate and flender than thofe of any other; are as fine as fvdian grafs, and very much refemble it. The female of this fpecies, and we believe of other fharks, is greatly fuperior in fize.to the, male; fo that in this refpect there is an agreement be- tween the fifh and the birds of prey*. They bring about nineteen young at a time: the fifhermen believe that they breed at all times of the year, as they fcarce ever take any but what are with young. To this kind may, be “dda as a meer variety, the Catulus maximus. W7]. 1&h. 63. Rati fyn. pife. 22. Squalus cinereus, pinnis ventralibus difcretis. Arted. fim. 97« Squalus ftellaris. Liz. f/f. 399. No. 145. Gronov. Zooph. ; * Vide Britife Zoology, Vol. 1, 130. AAI “SMUVHS GW L.LOds WASSsa't 7 WALLVt Us) A\" Fa TM Crass IV: Lie SPOTTED DOG FISH. The chief di nce feeming to be in the éolge and the fize i: the {pots ; the former being grey, the latter fewer but larger than in the ee = Le mufearol? Bela, 64. ventralibus concretis. Arted. -Catulus minor. W72/. 146.64. —fynon. 97. Leffer Rough Hound, or Mor-: Squalus catulus. Lin. fpf. 400. gay. Rat fyn. pifc. 22. . Gronov. Zooph. No. 144. Squalus dorfo vario, pinnis oh 7 que ee of one hae was brought to us by a fifherman was only one pound twelve ounces; the length two feet two inches: it is of a {lender make in all parts. The head was flat: the noftrils covered with a long flap: the nofe blunt, and marked beneath with numerous fmall punétures: behind each eye was a {mall opifice: the back fins, lik ke thofe of the former, placed far behind. The ventral fins are united, forming as if it a but one, which is. a fure mark of this {pecies. “ The tail finned like that of the ereater dog fith. _ The: color is cinereous,, ftreaked in fome parts “wth red, and cenerally marked with numbers of {mall black fpots; but. we have obferved in fome_ that they are very faint. and obfcure. The belly is white. This fpecies breeds from nine to thirteen young : 7 * ee at 118 47. LEssER SPOTTER, 216 48. SmooTH. and: very injurious to the fitheries, SMOOTH HOUND. Crass iV. at a time, is very numerous on fome of our coafts, . TarrG- rZ0s? Arif. Hift. an. Smooth or unprickly hound. Lib. VI. c. 10. Oppi- Raii fyn. pife. 22. | an, Lib. I. 380. Squalus dentibus obtufis few | Galeus levis. Rondel. 375. — granulofis. Arted. yn. 93. Ge/ner pifc. 608. Squalus muftelus. Lin. ff. Mutftelus levis primus. W7/. 400. Gronow. aaah No. LGh. 60. 142. . “| pHs 3 {pecies is called fmooth, not that the fkin is really fo, but becaufe it wants the {pines on the back, which are the character of the fecond fpecies, the Picked Dog. The nofe extends far beyond the mouth, and the end blunt: the holes behind the eyes are {mall ; the back is lefs flat than that of others of this cenus, The firft back fin is placed midway above the — pectoral and ventral fins: the pectoral fins are {mall. ) The tail forked, but the upper part is much the longeft. The teeth refemble thofe of a Raya rough al fharp. | The color of the back and fides afh, and free from fpots; the belly filvery. q Pl. XVI. SMOOTH R ’ a i Le = We 48. CiusassIV; PORBEAGL E 117 | The Porbeagle. Borlafe Cornwall, 265. Tab. 26. a: pg HE figure of this fifh, engraved after a draw- ing by the Rev. Mr. Fago*, 1s preferved in Doétor Borla/e’s Natural Hiftory of Corawall. As it is not attended with any account farther than that it is a Corwi/h ith, and a {mall {pecies of fhark, we are obliged to form the beft defcrip- tion we can from the print. The nofe appears to be very long, flender to- wards the end, and fharp pointed. The mouth placed far beneath; the body very thick and deep, but extremely flender juft at the fetting on ef the tail. The firft back fin is placed almoft in the mid- die, the other pretty near the tail. The belly very deep: the ventral and anal fins fmall. The tail bifurcated; the upper fork a little Jonger than the lower. * This gentleman was minifter of Loo, in Cornwail, and appears to have been well acquainted with the Hiftory of Pith. He communicated figures of feveral of the Corni/> fith, with a brief account of each to Petiver, at whofe in- fiance, as Doctor Derham tells us, in the preface to Mr. Ray’s Itineraries, p. 69, he added them to the Synopfis Avium cz pi/cium, p. 162. A few others of his drawings are alfo pre- ferved in the Natural Hiftory of Cernwai/, and feem to be executed with kill and accuracy. I 2 THIS 418 s0@Biav= MARIS. BEAUM AR ODS: ChasstVi | _ ie: fierce was iewved ‘ey my pet Pied the Rev. Mr. Hugh Davies of Beaumaris, who favored me with the defcription, and an accurate drawing made from the fifh taken in a neighboring” wears | ee : The length was feven feet. The fnout and body of a cylindrical form.. The greateft circumference four feet eight inches. 7 The nofe blunt. The noftrils {mall. The mouth armed with three rows of flender teeth*, Aattéd on each fide, very fharp, and furnifhed at the bafe. with two fharp proceffes. The teeth are fixed to the jaws by certain mufcles, and are liable to be - taifed or depreffed at pleafure. The firft dorfal fin was two feet eight inches diftant from the fnout, of a triangular form: the econd very f{mall, and placed near the tail. The pettcral fins ftrong and large: the ventral and anal fmall. The fpace- between the fecond dorfal fin and the tail much depreffed’; the fides forming an acute angle. Above and below was a tranfverfe foffuie or dent. ‘ . The tail was in the form of a crefcent, but the * Thefe teeth are often found foffil, and are ftyled by Liuyd Ornithoglofium, from their refémblance to.a bird’s tongue, - horns gon mh l an on | Za ‘MUVHS STUVWoAVaAe | SSS = : ZA Cae. BEX fim ARTS horns of unequal lengths: the upper one foot ten inches; the lower one foot one. The whole fith was a lead color. The fkin com- paratively fmooth, being far lefs rough than that of the leffer fpecies of this genus. ba One 119 120 COMMON ANGLER. Crass IV, VIL. ANGLER. One aperture behind each ventral fin. Large, flat, and circular head and body. Teeth numerous and fmall in the jaws, roof of he | mouth, and on the tongue. ‘ $ Peétoral fins broad and thick. di s1.Comumon. Bartgayos. Arif. Hift. an. Seheganfs, feheteuffel, fehe, Name. Lib. IV. c. 37. Oppian tode. Schonevelde, 59. Halieut. IU. 86. Toad-fifh, Frog-fifh, or Sea- Rana pifcatrix. Ovid. Ha- Devil. Wil, I&b. 85. Raii lieut. 126. Plinit Lib. TX. c. 24. La Grenouille de mer, o pefcheufe. Le Diable dé mer, Bauldroy & Pefche- teau. Belon, 77. fn. pife. 29 Lophius ore Bivcnis Jyn. 87. Lophius ‘nilcioetons Lin. fpft- 402. L. p. depreffus capite rotun- dato. Faun. Suec. No. 298. Arted, Rana pifcatrix. Roxdel. 363. Gefner pifce 813. Gronov. Zooph. No. 207. HIS fingular fifh was known to the an- tients by the name of Batgay@-, and Rana, and to us by that of the fithing frog, for it is of a figure refembling that animal in a tadpole ftate. Pliny takes notice of the artifice ufed by it to take its prey: Eminentia [ub ocults cornicula turbata limo exerit, affultantes pifciculos attrahens, donec tam prope accedant, ut affliat. “It puts forth the *‘ flender horns it has beneath its eyes, enticing ‘« by that means the little fith to play round, till _& they COMMON ANGLER. es te Pwr. CrasIV.§ COMMON ANGLER. << they come within reach, when it fprings on them *.” The fifhing frog grows to a large fize, fome be- ing between four and five feet in length; and we have heard of one taken near Scarborough, whofe mouth was a yard wide. The fifhermen on that coaft have a great regard for this fifh, from a fup- pofition that it is a great enemy to the dog fifh +, and whenever they take it with their lines fet it at liberty. {t is a fifh of very great haat ep the head is much bigger than ny whole body, is round at the circumference, and flat above: the mouth of a prodigious widenels. | The under jaw is much longer than the upper: the jaws are full of flender fharp teeth: ‘in the roof of the mouth are two or three rows of the fame: at the root of the tongue, oppofite each other, are two bones of an elliptical form, thick fet, with very {trong tharp teeth. The noftrils do not appear externally, but in the upper part of the mouth am two large orifices that ferve inftead of them. * Cicero, in his fecond book De Natura Deorum, gives much the fame account of this fifh: Rane autem marine di- cuntur obruere Jefe arena folere, et moveri prope aquam, ad quas, quafi ad efcam, pifces cum accefferint, conjici a ranis, at- gue confumi. T The bodies of thefe fierce and voracious fifh are often sound in the fomach of the Fifhing Frog. On [21 DESCRIP. COMMON ANGLER. Chass IV. On each fide the upper jaw are two fharp fpines, and others are fcattered about the upper par of the head. Immediately above the nofe are two long tougti filaments, and on the back three others; thefe aré Oe a ee what Pliny calls cornicula, and fays it makes ufe of to attract the little ffh. They feem to me like lines flung out for that end: I therefore have changed the old name of Fisnine Froe for the more fimple one of AncuErR. Along the edges of the head and body are a multitude of fhort fringed fkins, placed at equal © diftances. The ventral fins are broad, thick, and flefhy, are jointed like arms, and within fide divided into fingers. The aperture to the gills is placed behind, each of thefe is very wide, fo that fome writers have imagined it to be a receptacle for the young in time of danger. The back fin is pia aced very low near the begin- ning of the tail: the anal fin is placed beneath, al- moft oppofite the former. The body grows flender near the tail, the end of _ which is quite even. The color of the upper part of this fith is dutky, the lower part white; the fkin fmooth. Fifhing i CusIV. LONG ANGLER. _Fifhing Bras of Mount’s-Bay. ee Cornwall, 266. Tad. 27. “he 6. Phil. Tranf. Val. LIT, Hae: (ah is a {pecies at prefent unknown to us, ex- cept by defcription. , It is, fays Doctor Borlafe, of a longer. form than the common kind: the head. more bony, rough, and aculeated. It had no finlike appendages round the head, but on each fide the thinner part of the body, beginning beneath the dorfal fin, and reach- ing within two inches of the tail, was a feries of them, each three quariers of an inch in length. At the end of the pectoral fins were fpines an inch and three quarters in length; at the end of the tail others three quarters of an inch long, One 123 62. Lone. 124 Vil. STUR- GEON 53. Stur- GEON. STURGEON, > One narrow aperture on each fide. : The mouth placed far below, tubular and ‘without ‘teeth, ee The body long, and often angular. Once: Athen. Lib. VIII. Raii fyn. pif. oe ae eo 315. Axmuoancios? Athen. a Schirk. Kram. 383. , 204. Acipenfer corpore vebaniuhee Acipenfer? Plinii Lib. IX. {pinofis exafperato. Arted. fyn. c 17. Ovidit Halieut. ? ot ‘ : L’ Efturgeon. Belon, 89- Acipenfer fturio. Linz. yf. Acipenfer. Rondel. 410. Ge/- 403. Muf. Ad, Fred. 54. ner pifc. 2. Tab. 18. fig. 2. Sturio. Ge/ner pif. Stor. Faun: Suec: No. 299. Stoer. -Schonevelde, 9. Seb. Muf. Ul. 101. Tab. 29: Sturgeon. Wil. J&, 239. No. 19. HAT this is the "Ons"; of Dorion, as quo- ted by Athenzus, is very probable, as well from the account he gives of its form, as of its na- ture. He fays its mouth is always open, with which it agrees with the Sturgeon, and that it con- ceals itfelf in the hot months: this fhews it to be a fith of a cold nature, which is confirmed by the hiftory of the European fifh of this fpecies, given by Mr. Forjter *, in his Effay on the Volga, who relates that they are fcarce ever found in that river * Phil, Tranf. LVIL 352. ONOT AO uf! Wi Mt Mi Lea S55 I } i) “NOCOL TO diuLs Lf iM “NO i HOHE) WEP WML, 4 ® meee | STOUT ROG BION in fpring or fummer, but in vaft quantities in au- ' tumn and winter, when they crowd from the fea under the ice, and are then taken in great numbers, Whether the acipenfer is the fturgeon of the moderns, may be doubted, otherwife Ovid would never have fpoke of it as a foreign fifh: Tugue peregrinis, Acipenfer, nobilis undis. And, thou, a fith in foreign feas renowned. It being well known that it is not uncommon _ in the Mediterranean, and even in the mouth of the Tiber, at certain feafons; but this paffage leaves us as much in the dark as to the particular fpe- cies intended, by the word acipenfer, as the de- {cription Phy has given us; for that philofopher’ relates, that its fcales are placed in a contrary direc- tion to thofe of other fifth, being turned towards the mouth, which difagrees with the character of all that are known at prefent. Whatever fifh it might be, it was certainly the fame with the Elops, of Helops, as appears from Pliny, who makes it fyno- nimous with the acipenfer*, and from another line of the poet beforementioned : Et pretiofus Helops noftris incognitus undis. The pretious He/ops ftranger to our feas. © The fturgeon annually afcends our rivers, but in HO great numbers, and is taken by accident in the * Quidam eum Elopemvocant, Lib. IX. ¢. 17. falmon 425 Micra- TORY. 126 © : STURGEON. CrassI¥, falmon nets. It feems a fpiritlefs fith, making no manner of refiftance when entangled, but is drawn out of the water like a lifelefs lump... It is a fith that is feldom taken far out at fea, but frequents fuch-parts as are not remote from the. geftuaries of oreat rivers. It is admired for the delicacy and firmnefs of its flefh, which is white as veal, and extremely good when roafted. It is ge- nerally pickled. The moft we receive comes either from the Baltic rivers, or North America: thole cured at Pillay have been, till of late, in the greateft. repute ; but through the encouragement given by the fociety inftituted for promoting trade and ma- nufactures, the fturgeon from our colonies begins to rival thofe of the Baltic. ) Great numbers are taken during fummer in the lakes Frifchebaff, and Curifch-hoff near Pillau, in large nets made of fmall cord. The adjacent fhores are formed into diftriéts, and farmed out to companies of fifhermen, fome of which are rent- ed for fix thoufand guilders, or near three hundred pounds per annum. | They are found in vaft abundance in the American rivers in May, June, and Fuly, at which time they leap fome yards out of the water, and falling on their fides, make a noife to be heard in ftill wea- ther at fome. miles diftance *. Caviare is made of the roes of this, and alfo of 4 Catefby Carel. App. 33» all CrasIV. STURGEON, all the other forts of fturgeons, dried, falted, and packed up clofe. The beft is faid to be made of thofe of the Sterlet *, a fmall {pecies frequent in the A Yaik and Volga. Icthyocolla+, or ifing-elafs, is alfo made of the found of our fifh, as well as that of the others, but the Beluga affords the bet f. The fturgeon grows to a great fize, to the lenath of eighteen feet, and to the weight of five hundred pounds, but it is feldom taken in our rivers of that bulk. The largeft we have knowa caught in thofe of Great Britain weighed four hundred and fixty pounds, which was taken about two years aco in the E/&, where they are more fre- guently found than in our fouthern waters. m Strablenberg’s Hift. Ruffa, 337: + Phil. Tranf. LVL 354. A very fmall quantity is made from this fpecies, and that only defigned as steel to great men, as Mr. F orfler affured me. { The antients were acquainted with the fith that afford. ed this drug. Pliny kb. XXXII. c. 7. mentions it. under the name of. Icthyocolla, and fays, that the glue that was produced from it had the fame title; and afterwards adds, that it was made out of the belly of the fth. The Mario, faid‘by Pliny Lb. IX. c. 15. to be found in the Danube and the Boryfthenes, _ was certainly of this genus, a cartilaginous fifh (nullis offibus Spinifve interfitis) refembling a {mall porpeffe (Porculo marine fimillimus ;) and very probably may be the fame with the Belu- £4, which, according to Mr. For/fer, Phil. Tranf. LVI. 354. has a fhort blunt nofe, agreeing in that refpedt with the por- pee The 12 Descrir. 328 SATO RWG Eon: ‘Cfiass 4V35) ~ The nofe is very long, flender, and ends in a point. The eyes are extremely fmall; the noftrils placed near them: on the lowér part of the nofe are four cirri or beards: the mouth is fituated far beneath, is fmall, and unfupported by any jaw bones ; neither has it any teeth. The mouth of a dead fifh is always open. When alive it can clofe or open it at pleafure, by means of certain mufcles, The body is long, pentagonal, and covered with five rows of large bony tubercles: one row of . which is placed on the back, and two on each fide. The whole under fide of the fifth, from the end of the nofe to the vent, is flat; on the back, not remote from the tail, is a fingle fin. It has befides two pectoral fins, two ventral, and one anal fin. The tail is bifurcated, but the upper part much longer than the lower. The upper part of the body is of a dirty olive color; the lower part filvery; the middle of the tubercles white. | | In the manner of breeding it is an exception a- mong the cartilaginous fifh, being like the bony fifh oviparous, {pawning in winter. A very Cr4ssIV. OBLONG DIODON.- 129° A very deep body, and as if cut off in the middle. 1X04 5 / DIODON. Mouth {mall. : Two teeth only in each jaw. Sun-Fifh from Mount’s-Bay. Oftracion levis. Gronov. 54, OBLONG. Borlafe Cornwall, 268. tab. Zooph, No. 185. 26. fig. 7- oo TUS has given this genus the fy- -“ nonym of Ortkragorifcus, as if it was that which Py * intended by the fame name; but the account left us by that naturalift is fo brief, that we do not think ourfelves authorized to place it as a fynonymous creature. He fays no more than that it was the greateft of fith,-and that it erunted when it was firft taken, from which pro- bably rofe the name, for according to Arheneus, égbeayopou@- + was that given to a young pig. We are inclined to believe, that this fifh had efcaped the notice of Phy, otherwife he muft have unavoidably made fome remark on its ftriking nee. | nied This fifh grows to a great bulk: that which 5!2?: was examined by Salvianust was above a hun- "ish. MMXII: zc. 2. i 1Gbe NN ops TAG, { Hifi. Pye. 155. Vor, TH. K dred 230° DESCRIP. ~~ = te OBLONG DIODON. Crass IVe dred pounds in weight: and Doctor Borlafe men- tions another taken at Phyinouth in 1734, that weighed five hundred. In form it refembles a bream, or fome deep: fifi cut off in the middle. The mouth is very fmall, and contains in each jaw two broad teeth, with fharp edges. The eyes are little; before each is a fmall fe- ‘ milunar aperture; the pectoral fins very fmall, and placed behind them. The dorfal fin and the anal fin are high, and placed at the extremity of the body: the tail fin is narrow, and fills all the ab- rupt fpace between thofe two fins, The color of the back is dufky, and dappled ; the belly filvery: between the eyes and the pectoral fins are certain ftreaks pointing downwards. The fin is free from fcales. When boiled, it has been obferved to turn into a glutinous jelly, refembling boiled ftarch when cold, and ferved the purpofes of glue, on being tried on paper and leather. The meat of this fifh is uncommonly rank: it feeds on fhell-fith. There feems to be no fatisfaétory reafon for the old Engl name. Care muft be taken not to confound it with the fun-fith of the fri, which differs in all refpects from this. Orthragorifcus CrassIV. SHORT DIADON. Orthragorifeus five Luna pifcis. Rondel. 424. Mola Salviani, the Sun-fifh. Wil. Icth. 151. Rait fyn. pife. 51. Oftracion cathetoplateus fub- rotundus inermis afper, pinnis pectoralibus — hori- zontalibus, foraminibus qua- tuor in capite. | On the upper part of the back is a thick ridge improperly called a fin, being deftitute of {pines ; beneath that is the dorfal fin, SBE a brownifh hue, reaching within an inch of the tail : on the belly, jut oppofite, is another of the fame form, The belly is of a bright crimfon color: the pectoral fins — are large and broad, almoft uniting at their bafe. Beneath thefe is the part by which it adheres to the rocks, &c. It confifts of an oval aperture, fur- rounded with a flefhy mufcular and obtufe foft fubftance, edged with fmall threaded appendages, which concur as fo many clafpers: tail and vent fins purple. | By means of this part it adheres with vaft force to any thing it pleates. As a proof of its tena- city we Hage known, that on flinging a fith of this ipecies juft caught, into a pail of water, it fixed itfelf fo firmly to the bottom, that on taking the fifh by the tail, the whole pail by that means was lifted, though it held fome gallons, and that with- out removing the fifh from its hold. Thefe fifh refort in multitudes during fpring to the coaft of Sutherland, near the Ord of Caith- nefs. The feais which fwarm beneath, prey great- ly on them, leaving the fkins; numbers of which thus emptied float at that feafon afhore. It is eafy to diftinguifh the place where feals are devouring this or any unctuous fifh, by a imoothnefs of the water immediately above the fpot: this fact is now eftablithed ; it being a tried property of oil to Rill CiassIV?) UNCTUOUS SUCKER. ftill the agitation of the waves, and render them fmooth *. ; Great numbers of thefe fith are found in the Greenland feas during the months of April and May, when they refort near the fhore to fpawn. Their roe is remarkably large, which the Greenlanders boil to a pulp, and eat. They are extremely fat, which recommends them the more to the natives, who admire all oily food: they call them Nipi/ers, or Cat-fi/b, and take esha of them during the feafon +. . This fith is fometimes eaten in England, being ftewed like carp, but is both fabby and infipid. Lipawee Rondel 2726 Gener Cyclopterus Liparis C. cor- pile. 433. pore nudo, pinnis dorfali iden noftras Dunelm et Ebo- —_analicaudalique unitis. Zzz. vac. Sea Snail. Willcth. fpf. at4. .. App. 17. Raii yn. pife. 74. —Cyclogafter. Grenov. Zooph. Pet. Gaz. tab. 51. fig. 5- No. 198. | | Liparis. drted, fynon. 177. HIS fifh takes the name of fea {nail from the foft and unétuous texture of its body, refem- bling that of the land fnail. It is almoft tranfpa- rent, and foon diffolves and melts away. , It is found in the fea near the mouths of great rivers, We have feen it in Yanuary full of fpawn, * Philof. Tranf. 1774. p. 445. + Crantz?s Hift. Greenland, 1. 96. Big cr The 135 58. Unc TUOUS, 136 DEscRIP. UNCTUOUS SUCKER. Crass IV. The length is five inches : the color when frefh taken a pale brown, fometimes finely ftreaked with a darker; the fhape of the body round, but near _the tail comprefied fideways: the aes ; is. sential and very protuberant. The head is large, thick, adc Scale There are no teeth in the mouth, but the jaws are very rough: the tongue very large: the eyes very {mall. The orifice to the gills is very fmall. It has fix branchioftegous rays. ~ The pectoral fins are very broad, thin, and tranfparent, and almoft unite under the throat. The firft ray next the throat is very long, extends far beyond the reft, and is as fine as a hai Over the bafe of each is a fort of operculum, or lid, ending in a point: this is capable of bons raifed or deprefied at pleafure. Behind the head begins the dorfal fin, which extends quite to the end of the tail : the ventral fin begins at the anus, and unites with the other at the tail. Beneath the throat is a round depreffion of a whitifh color, like the impreffion of a feal, fur- rounded with twelve {mall pale yellow tubera, by which it is probable it adheres to the ftones like the other fpecies. . Leffer eee PI .XXIT. JURA SUCKER. CiasiV) JURA SUCKER. Leffer © Safbine Fith. Borlafe Lepadogafter. Le Barbier on Nat. Hift. Cornwal, 269. Porteecuelle. Gouan pie. Tab, xxv. fig. 28. ere Tae. 1. je. 0, 7. res fpecies is found in Cornwal. 1 alfo dif- covered it in the Sound of Fura. Its length is about four inches. The fkin without fcales, flippery, and of.a dufky color. The body taper. ‘The. nofe grows flenderer £ from the head, and ends round. The teeth {mall. Before each eye is a aloe lament. Behind the eyes are two femilunar marks. In the middie of the back an oval mark form- ed by fmall dots, of a whitifh: color. ‘The dorfal fin lies near the tail, and confifts of eleven rays: the anal is placed oppofite, and has nine rays. The tail is rounded. The ventral have four rays, are joined by an intervening membrane with an oval depreffion in the middle. Beyond that is a- nother ftrong membrane with a fimilar depreffion. By means of thefe inftruments it acneres ¥ to 0 ftones or rocks. Nofe 137 59: JURAs £38 &0. Loncer. LONGER PIPE. Crassiy, - Nofe lone and tubular. ; No orifice to the gills : The breathing aperture on the hind part of the head. © No ventral fins. : The body covered with a ftrong cruft. Acus Arifotelis cauda fer- gulo, pinna caudz carens ? pentina. 876. Scot. 24. Tab. Arted, Spec. 3. 19. Syngnathus barbarus. S. pin- Typhle altera. Gefzer pifc. nis caudz anique nullis, 1025. corpore fexangulato? Lin, Syngnathus corpore quadran- fpf. 417. : HIS fpecies, defcribed by Sir Robert Sib- bald, was two feet in length; that we ex- amined only fixteen inches. _ The nofe was an inch long, compreffed fideways, and the end of the lower mandible turned up: the aperture of the mouth was very fmall. The irides were red; behind each eye was a deep brown line. The body, in the thickeft part, was about equal to a {wan’s quil, hexangular from the end of the dorfal fin; from thence to the tail quadrangular. The belly was flightly carinated, and marked along the middle with a dufky line. Under the tail com- mencing at the amus is a fulcus or groove, fix inches 2 nied PIPE FISH = WV? 60. Wit MNO NE ayy Wet pues CrassiV¥? LONGER PIPE. inches and a half long, covered by two longitudi- nal valves which concealed a multitude -of young | fifh, On crufhing this part, hundreds may be - obletved to crawl out. The general color of the fifh was an olive Bah ot the fides marked with numbers of bluifh lines point- ing from the back to the belly, which, in dried fith, feemed like the figns of fo many joints, Thofe in a frefh fubject ceafed beyond the vent; all beyond that was {potted with brown. | The dorfal fin was narrow and thin, confifting af forty rays, was two inches long, and placed ra- ther nearer to the head than the tail. | The vent was feven inches from the tip of the nofe; the body to that orifice was of an equal thicknefs, but from thence tapered to a very fmall point, having no mark of a fin. The peétoral fins had twelve rays; the anal three. When this fifh and the next fpecies are dried, they appear covered with numbers of angular crufts, finely radiated from their centre. As we want a generical name in our language for this genus, we call ic the Pipe Fifh, from itg fender body. L?Orueul 739 140 SHORTER PIPE. Crass IV. 61.SHortTeR. L’ Orueul marin. Belen, 446. Acus fecunda fpecies, iive, acus Ariffotelis. Rondel. 229; Typhle. Ge/ner pifc. 1025. Trummeter, Meherfchlange. Sebouevelde, 11- - Acus Arzforelis feu fecunda. Wil. I>. 158. Rait fya. pic. 47: Syngnathus corpore medio heptagono, cauda pinnata. Arted. fynon. 2. Syngnathus acus. §. pinnis caude ani pettoralibufque radiatis, corpore feptem- angulato. Lin. /yft. 416. Kantnahl, Fauz. Suec. No. 376. Syngnathus cauda pinnata. Grouov. Zoaph. No. 172. Sea-adder. Borlafe Cornw.267. \HIS is fhorter and thicker than the former, yet I have feen one of the leneth of fixteen inches. The middle of-the body in fome is hexan- cular, in others heptangular. Linneus conttitutes two fpecies of them, his Syxguathus Typble, and his Syngnaibus Acus,; but we join with Doétor Gronovius, in thinking them only varieties of the fame fifh. The mouth is formed like that of the former: the irides are yellow: clofe behind the head are the pectoral fins, which are fmall and fhort. On the lower part of the back is one narrow fin; beyond the vent the tail commences, which is _ long and quadrangular. At the extremity is a fin round and radiated. The body is covered with a ftrone cruft, ele- gantly divided into {mall compartments. The belly is white; the other parts brown. Befides thefe fpecies of hard-fkinned Pipe fifh, we GiesiIV. LUT PLPe. we have been informed, that the Syzgathus Hippo- campus of Linneus, or what the Exgl/b improperly call the fea horfe, has been found on the fouthern fhores of this kingdom. Acui Aviptel congener pil- toralibus caudaque carens. ciculus, pueris Cornubien- Arted. fynon. 2. fibus Sea Adder, Acus Lum- Syngnathus ophidion. Lin. fpf. briciformis, aut Serpenti-- 417. num, Wil. I&b. 160.’ Rait Haisnahl, Tangfnipa. Faun. fins pife. — Suecs No: Bias Syngnathus teres, pinnis pec- HE little pipe fith feldom exceeds five inches in length, is very flender, and tapers off to a point. It wants both the pectoral and tail fins; is coveted with a fmooth fkin, not with a cruft as the two former kinds are. The nofe.is fhort and turns a little AB 5 the. eyes prominent. On the back is one narrow fin. . This fpecies 1s not viviparous: on the belly of the female is a long hollow, to which adhere the eggs, difpofed in two or three rows, bys are large, and not numerous, The fynonym of Serpent is ufed in ‘fixer lan- euages to exprefs thefe fifh: the French call one fpecies Orueul, from a fort of {nake not unlike the blindworm: the Germans call it wigan chee and the Cornifb, the fea adder. D icy: TAL 62. LittTte. 742 XIE. REL §2, COMMON. HOSEL, Céassiv Div. Il. BONY FISH. Sect. 1 A P 0. Body long, flender, and flippery. Noftrils rebel: Back, ventral, and tail fins, ee Aperture to the gills fmall, and placed behind the pectoral fins. Ten branchioftegous rays. Eyxiaus. Arif. Hif..an. Lib. The Eel. Wil. pie. 109. Raii OVS ee ada VE a4 80. Sen, Pie sr Oppian Halieut. 1. 516. 1V. Murena unicolor maxilla in- 450. feriore longiore. Arted. /yn. Anguilla Phniz Lib. 1X. ¢. 21. 39. L” Anguille, Beloz, 291. O8/. Murena anguilla. Liz. ff. 55. 426. Gronov. Zeoph. No. Anguilla. Rondel. Zuv. 198. 166. Gefner pifc- 40- Ahl. Faun. Suec. No. 301. Ael. Schonevelde, 14, Aal. Kram. 387. HE eel is a very fingular fifh in feveral things that relate to its natural hiftory, and in fome refpeéts borders on the nature of the reptile tribe. It is known to quit its element, and during night te wander along the meadows, not only for change Crass IV. E E he: change of habitation, but alfo for the fake of prey, feeding on the {nails it finds in its paffage. During winter it beds itfelf deep in the mud, and continues in a ftate of reft like the ferpent kind. It is very impatient of cold, and will ea- gerly take fhelter in a whifp of ftraw flung into a pond in fevere weather, which has fometimes been practifed as a method of taking them, Albertus* goes fo far as to fay, that he has known eels to Gc in a hay- rick, yet all perifhed ieee ex- eefs of cold. it has been obferved, that in the ae None’ there is a variety of {mall eel, with a leffer head and narrower mouth than the common kind, that it is found in clufters in the bottom of the river, and is called the Bed-ee]: thefe are fometimes roufed up by violent floods, and are never found at that time with meat in their ftomachs. This bears fuch an analocy with the cluftering of blindworms in their quief- cent ftate, that we cannot but confider it as a fur- ther proof of a partial agreement in the nature of the two genera, The ancients adopted a moft wild opinion about the generation of thefe fifh, believing them to be either created from the mud, or that the fcrapings * Gefner pife. 45. Morton’s Hit. Northampt. 419. Pliny obferves, that the eels of the lake Benacus collect together in the fame manner in the month of OGaber, poffibly to retreat from the winter’s gold. Lid, ix. c. 22, . ro OF $43 GENER A~ T EON. 144 Vivipa- ROUS, DeEscRIP, of their bodies which they’ left on the ftones; — were animated and became young eels. Some mo-= EY Er Lt Grade \ derns gave into thefe opinions, and into others that — were €qually extravagant. They could not account for the appearance of thefe fifh:in ponds that never were ftocked with them, and that were even fo ° remote as to make their being met with in fuch places a phenomenon that they could not folve; But there is much reafon to believe; that many waters are fupplied with thefe fifth by the aquatic fowl of prey, in the fame manner as vegetation is {pread by many of the land birds, either by being dropped as they carry them ‘to féed their young, or by paffing quick thro’ their bodies, as is the cafe with herons; and fuch may be occafion of the appearance of thefe fifh in places where they were | never feen before. As to their immediate genera- tion, it has been fufficiently proved to be: effected in the ordinary courfe of nature, and that they are viviparous. They are extremely voracious, and very deftrucs tive to the fry of fith. No fifh lives fo long out of water as the eel: it is extremely tenacious of life, as its parts will move a confiderable time after they are flayed and cut in- to pieces. The eel is placed by Linuzus in the genus of Murena, his firft of the apodal fifth, or fuch which want the ventral fins. : The eyes are placed not remote from the end i the Crass 1V? Mm fa the nofe: the irides are tinged with red: the un- der jaw is longer than the upper: the teeth are fmall, fharp, and numerous: beneath each eye is a minute orifice: at the end of the two o- thers, {mall and tubular. The fifth is furnifhed: with a pair of pectoral fins, rounded at their ends. Another narrow fin on the back, uniting with that of the tail; and the anal fin joins it in the fame manner beneath. Behind the pectoral fins is the orifice to the gills, which are concealed in the fkin. | - Eels vary much in their colors, from a footy hue to alight olive green; and thofe which are called filver eels, have their bellies white, and a remark- able clearnefs throughout. Befides thefe there is another variety of this fth known in the Thames by the name of Grigs, and about Oxford by that of Grigs or Gluts. Thefe are fcarce ever feen near Oxford in the winter but appear in fpring, and bite readily at the Houle, which common eels in that neighbourhood will not. They have a larger head, a blunter nofe, thicker fkin, and lefs fat than the common fort; neither are they fo much efteemed, nor do they often ex- ceed three or four pounds in weight. Common eels grow to a large fize, fometimes fo great as to weigh fifteen or twenty pounds, but that is extremely rare. As to inftances brought by Dale and others, of thefe fifh encreafing to a fuperior magnitude, we have much reafon to fufpect Vou. If, L them 145 SiLVER EELS. GRiGs. Hy Amt: Ty Crass IV. them to have been congers, fince the enormous fifh they defcribe, have all been taken at the mouths of the Thames or Medway. The eel is the moft univerfal of fifh, yet is fearce ever found in the Danube, tho’ it is very:common in the lakes and rivers of Upper Auftria. The Romans held this fifh very cheap, probably from its likenefs to a fnake. Vos anguilla manet longz cognata colubrz*, Vernula riparum pinguis torrente cloaca. For you, is kept a fink-fed {nake-like eel. On the contrary, the luxurious Sydarites were fo fond of thefe fifh, as to exempt from every kind of tribute the perfons who fold them +. * Fuvenal, Sat. Ve 103. + Athenzus. Lib. xii. p. §21- Koyyeos. Crass IV. GQ N @& ©} R&R 149 Kiyyeos. Arif. Hif. an. ib. Wil. oa Ill, Rati fyn. 64. Concers I. &c. pifes 37 Toyyeos. Oppian Halieut. I. Neha tupremé margine pin- 113. 521. nz dorfalis nigro. Arted. Conger. Ovidii Halieut. 115. _ [20m 40. Phinii lib. 1X. c. 16. 20. Murena Conger. M., roftro Le Congre. Belon 159. tentaculis duobus, linea la- Conger. Rondel. 394. Ge/ner terali ex punctis albida, pife. 290. Lin. Jf. 426. The eects er Conger Eel. HE conger grows to a vaft fize. Doctor Borlofe, to whom we are obliged for feveral informations relating to this fpecies, affures us, that they are fometimes taken near Mouni’s-Bay of one hundred pounds weight * They differ from the common eel in the follow- ing particulars: 1, Their color in general is more dark. 2. Their eyes much larger in proportion, 3. The irides of a bright filvery color. 4. The lower jaw is rather fhorter than the upper. z, The fide line is broad, whitifh, and marked with a row of fmall fpots; Mr. Ray fays a double row, but we did not obferve it in the fifh we examined, 6. The edges of the dorfal and anal fins are black, 7. They have more bones than the common eel, * We have heard of fome taken near Scarborough that were ten feet and a half long, and eighteen inches in circumference in the thickeit part. Le Mesias! efpecially SIZE, DescRiPe 348 ELVERS. CON GER. Ctass IV. efpecially along the back quite to the head. 8. They grow to a much larger fize. As to the diftinétion that Mr. Ray, and other - writers, make of the {mall beards at the end of the — nofe, we think it not to be depended on, being fometimes found in both kinds, and fometimes entirely wanting. | ~ We believe they generate like the fret water fpecies: innumerable quantities, of what are fup- pofed to be their fry, come up the Severn about the month of April, preceding the Shads, which it is ~ conjectured migrate into that river to feed on them: they are called Elvers, They quite {warm during their feafon, and are taken in a kind of fieve made of hair-cloth, fixed to a long pole; the fifher- man ftanding on the edge of the water during the tide, puts in his net as far as he can reach, and drawing it out again takes multitudes at every {weep, and will take as many during one tide as will fill a bufhel. They are dreffed, and reckoned very delicate, Congers are extremely voracious, preying on: other th, and on crabs at the time they have loft their fhell, and are in a foft ftate. They and eels in general are alfo particularly fond of carcafies of any kind, being frequently found lodged in fuch that are accidentally taken up. Thefe fifh are an article of commerce in Corn- qwall; numbers are taken on that coalt, and ex- ported to Spaiz and Portugal, particularly to Bar- celona. Crass IV. C ON G fe, celona. The quantities that were fent from Mount’s- Bay for five years, were as follow: Ceate ge le: 1756 AG 0 138 1757 i0t O° BE 1758 164 1 3 veg me uae 3 RG 71. 8 ©) 149° Some are taken by a fingle hook and line, but Caervee. (becaufe that way is tedious, and does not anf{wer the expence of time and labour) they are chiefly caught by Bulters, which are ftrong lines five hun- dred feet long, with fixty hooks, each eight feet afunder, baited with pilchards or mackrel: the Bulters are funk to the ground by a ftone faftened to them: fometimes fuch a number of r thele are tied together as to reach a mile. We have been told that the fithermen are very fearful of a large conger, leaft it fhould endanger their lees by clinging round them; they therefore © kill them as foon as poffible by ftriking them on the navel. They are afterwards cured in this manner: they are flit, and hung on a frame till they dry, hav- ing a confiderable quantity of fat, which it is ne- ceflary fhould exude before they are fit for ule. it is remarkable that a conger of a hundred weight will wafte by drying to twenty-four pounds; the L 3 | people Cure. 150 people therefore prefer the fmalleft, poffibly. be- } -eaufe they are fooneft cured. During the procefs — ‘@ *, 4 EoN GER fies iv there is a confiderable ftenchs and it is faid that — - the fifhing villages the poultry are fed with the | maggots that drop from the fifh. The Portuguefe and Spaniards ule thofe dried congers after they have been ground into a powder, to thicken and give a relifh to their foups. We think they are fold for about forty fhillings the quintal, which weighs one hundred and twenty-fix pounds. A fifhery of congers would be of great advan- tage to the inhabitants of the Hebrides. Perhaps they would at firft undertake it with repugnancy, from their abfurd averfion to the eel kind. Blunt : HSL vL Ua | OM “ATX XCEL A 4 Lass IV. WO GES. 15% Blunt head: long body. Be ak One dorfal fin reaching almoft from the headto FISH. the tail. Fore teeth conic and large, Grinders flat and round. Seven branchioftegous rays. Anarrhicas. Ge/ner Paralip. 4 Syn. pifes 40. 6s. Rave- Lupus marinus Cai cpufc. Steen-bider. Poxtop. Norway, NOUS, — LlZs TE, rsx. Lupus marinus noftras, quem Kigutilik ‘¢. dentatus. incole Wolff. Schonevelde, are) 5 ee tT. 96. 45. Tab. 5 Anarhichas. Arted. fynon. 39. Cat-Fith. Sb. Scot. II. 25. Anarhichas Lupus. Linz. /y/t. Tab. 16. raor” Mees Wolf Fifth, Sea Wolf, or Zee Wolf. Gronov. Muf. No. Woot. Wil. Izh. 130. Ratz 44. Zooph. No. 400. Piacz. HIS fifth feems to be confined to the Ae northern parts of the globe. We find it in the feas of Greenland, in thofe of Iceland* and Norway, on the coafts of Scotland, and of York- foire, and laftly, in that part of the German ocean, which wafhes the fhores of Holland, the moft fouthern of its haunts we can with any certainty mention. | * Where it is called Sveinbezfer. L, 4. Schonevelde, 45. ia-saf et 152 Foon. > SIZE. ‘™ E ; > WOLF FISH. Ciara It is a moft ravenous and fierce fith, and when | taken faftens on any thing within its reach: the — filhermen’ dreading its bite, endeavor as foon as poffible to beat out its fore teeth, and then kill it~ by ftriking it behind the head. Schonevelde relates, | that its bite is fo hard that it will feize on an an- chor, and leave the marks of its teeth in it; and the Dawi/b and German names of Steenbider and Steinbeiffer, exprefs the fenfe of its great ftrength, as if it was capable of crufhing even ftones with its jaws. It feeds almoft entirely on cruftaceous animals, and fhell fifh, fuch as crabs, lobfters, prawns, mulcles, fcollops, large whelks, 8c. thefe it grinds to pieces with its teeth, and fwallows with the leffer fhells. It does not appear they are diffolved in the ftomach, but are voided with the foeces, for which purpofe the aperture of the anus is wider than in other fith of the fame fize. It is full of roe in February, March, and April, and {pawns in May and Fune. This fifh has fo difagreeable and horrid an ap- pearance, that nobody at Scarborough except the fifhermen will eat it, and they prefer it to holibut. They always before dreffing take off the head and fkin, The fea wolf grows to a large fize: thofe on the Yorkfbire coatt are fometimes found of the length of four feet, and, according to Doétor Gronovius, have been taken near Shetland feven feet long, and even | Crass 1V. WOLF FISH. even more. ‘That which we examined was three feet two inches and an half from the tip of the nofe to.the end of the tail: the length of the head was eight inches, from the gills to the vent, ten; from thence to the tip of the tail, twenty and one half | The circumference of the head was feventeen inches, at the fhoulders twenty, but near the tail only four and a half. Its weight was twenty pounds and a quarter. The head is a little flatted on the top: the nofe blunt; the noftrils very fmall; the eyes fmall, and placed near the end of the nofe. Jrides pale yellow. The teeth are very remarkable, and finely a- dapted to its way of life. The fore teeth are ftrong, conical, diverging a little from each other, ftand far out of the jaws, and are commonly fix above, and the fame below, though fometimes there are only five in each jaw: thefe are fupported within- fide by a row of leffer teeth, which makes the num- ber in the upper jaw feventeen or eighteen, in the lower eleyen or twelve. The fides of the under jaw are convex inwards, which greatly adds to their ftreneth, and at the fame time allows room for the large mufcles with which the head of this fifh is furnithed. The dentes molares, or grinding teeth of the under jaw, are higher on the outer than the inner edges, which inclines their furfaces inward: they join to the TEETH. 154 BuFronitTes. WOLF FISH. CtassIV. the canine teeth in that jaw, but in the om are feparate from them. In the centre are two rows of flat {trong teeth, § fixed on an oblong bafis upon the bones of the pa- late and nofe. Thefe and the other grinding teeth are often found foffil, and in that ftate called Bafonites, or Toad-ftones : they were formerly much efteemed for — their imaginary virtues, and were fet in gold, and worn as rings. The two bones that form the snide? jaw are united before by a loofe cartilage, which mecha- nifm admitting of a motion from fide to fide, moft evidently contributes to the defign of the whole, viz. a facility of breaking, grinding, and commi- nuting its teftaceous and cruftaceous food. At the entrance of the gullet, above and below, are two echinated bones: thefe are very {mall, being the lefs neceffary, as the food is in a great meafure comminuted in the mouth by aid of the grinders. The body is long, and a little compreffed fide- ways; the fkin {mooth and flippery: it wants the lateral line. The pectoral fins confift of eighteen rays, are five inches long, and feven and a quarter broad. The dorfal fin extends from the hind part of the head almoft to the tail; the rays in the frefh fifh” are not vifible. The anal fin extends as far as the dorfal fin. The Crass IV. ae OOL 18 Ta: The tail is round at its end, and confifts of thir- teen rays. The fides, back, and fins, are of a livid lead color; the two firft marked downwards with irre- gular obfcure dufky lines: thefe in different fith have different appearances. The young are of a ereenifh caft, refembling the fea wrack, which they refide amongit for fome time after their birth. We think ourfelves much indebted to Mr. Travis, Surgeon, at Scarborough, for his ingenious remarks on this fifh, as well as on feveral others that frequent that coaft, being a gentleman much {killed in icthyology, and extremely liberal in com- municating his knowlege. | Head 155 CoLor. 156 XIV. LAUNCE. 66. Sanp. SIZE. “Ti ALi: Ww are Head flender. Body long and fquare. Upper lip doubled in. 7 Crass IV, | Dorfal and anal fin reaching almoft to the tail, Seven branchioftegous rays. Ammodytes pifcis, ut nos vocavimus pro anglico San- dilz. Ge/ner paralip. 3. Tobian, vel Tobias Sandt{pir- ing. Schonevelde, 76. Ammodytes Ge/neri, Wil. Icth. 113. Sand Eels, or Launces. Rait Jyn. pife. 38, 165. Ammodytes. Arted. /ynon. 29. Ammodytes Telgnus. Lin. Lift. 430. Tobis. Faun. Suec. 302. Gro- nov. Zooph. No. 404. HE launce is found on moft of our fandy fhores during fome of the fummer months: it conceals itfelf on the recefs of the tides beneath the fand, in fuch places where the water is left, at the depth of about a foot, and are in fome places dug out, in others drawn up by means of a hook con- trived for that purpofe. They are commonly ufed for baits for other fifh, but they are alfo very delicate eating. Thefe fifh are found in the ftomachs of the Por- peffe, an argument that the laft roots up the fand with its nofe as hogs do the ground. They grow fometimes the length of nine or ten inches 12] 6D.©.@\om MORRIS. LAUNCE, We 66. Crass IV. Bek s Ub NH COB inches: the females are longer and flenderer than. the males. : . The form of the body is fquare, the fides are rounded, and the angles not fharp: it is neverthe- lefs lone ard flerider. The head is {mall and taper; the under jaw much longer than the upper: the upper jaw is moveable, capable of being protruded, fo. that when open the gape is very wide. The irides are filvery. The dorfal fin runs almoft the whole length of ‘the back, is very narrow, and confifts of fifty- eight rays: the pectoral fins fmall, and have twelve: the anus is placed much nearer the tail than the head, is narrow, and extends almoft to the former. The tail is forked, but the lobes rounded at their extremities. The color of the back is blue, varying with green: on each fide the back is anarrow dufky line or two. The fides and belly are filvery ; the late- ral line ftrais. | | Small - 157 158 MO) Rt RTS. Ciiies IV. Small head. Body extremely thin, compreffed fideways. ‘No peétoral fins. XV. MORRIS. 67. ANGLE- Leptocephalus. Gronow. Zooph. No. 409: tab. 13. fig. 3. | SEA. iG hie fpecies was difcovered in the fea near Holyhead by the late Mr. Wiliam Morris, : and, in memory of our worthy friend, we have given it his name. On receiving it from Mr. Mor- ris, we communicated it to that accurate Icthyo- logift, Doctor Laurence Theodore Gronovius, of Ley- den, who has defcribed it in his Zoophylacium, under the title of Leptocephalus, or {mall head. DESCRIP. The length was four inches ; the head very fmall; the body comprefied fideways, extremely thin, and almoft tranfparent, about the tenth of an inch thick, and in the deepeft part about one-third of an inch; towards the tail it grew more flender, and ended in a point; towards the head it floped down, the head lying far beneath the level of the back. The eyes large; the teeth in both jaws very {mall. The lateral line ftrait: the fides marked with oblique ftrokes, that met at the lateral line. . The Crass IV. M;rOoO 'R RoHS The aperture to the gills large. _ It wanted the pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins: the dorfal fin was extremely low, and thin, extend- ing the whole length of the back very near the tail. The anal fin was of the fame delicacy, and extended to the fame diftance from the anus. The 159 160. xvi SWORD FISH. 68. SIctLIAN Eigjac, PLACE. SWORD FISH. 2 Crass IV) ~ The upper jaw extending to 2 great Aengeh | _hard, flender, and pointed. No teeth. Eight branchioftegous rays. Slender body. Arift. Hift. an. lb. Il. ¢.13. Vill c. 192 Ope pian EE Lb. Il. 462. TIL. Soha “Ouid Halieut. 97. Xiphias, z. e. Gladius Pani lib. XXXII. ec. 2*. L’Heron de mer, ou gtand Efpadaz. Belon, 102. Xiphias. Rondel. 251. Ppa i. e. Gladius pif- cis. Gefuer pifc. 1049. Cait opufc. 104. Schwert-fifche, Schonevelde, 35. Sword Fifh. Wil. Icth. 161. Raii fyn. pifc. 52. Xiphias. - Aried. /ynon. 47. Xiphias Gladius. Liz. jf. 432° Swerd-fikk. Faun. Suec. No. 393s HIS fith fometimes frequents our coafts, but is much more common in the Mediterra- nean fea, efpecially in the part that feparates Italy from Sicily, which has been long celebrated for it: the promontory Pelorus*, now Capo di Faro, was a place noted for the refort of the Xiphias, and pofiibly the ftation of the /pecu/atores, or the perfons who watched and gave notice of the approach of the fifh. © Athenguss 314 The “HSIA - dHOMS “Td CA7 Bist “Siw!O RD? FSH. The antient method of taking them is particu- larly defcribed by Strabo*, and agrees exactly with that practifed by the moderns. A man afcends one of the cliffs that overhangs the fea: as foon as he fpies the fifth, he gives notice either by his voice, or by fiens, of the courfe it takes. Another, that is ftationed in a_ boat, climbs up the maft, and on feeing the fword fifh, direéts the rowers towards it. As foon as he thinks they are got within reach, he defcends, and tak- ing a fpear in his hand, {trikes it into the fifh, which, after wearying itfelf with its agitation, is feized and drawn into the boat. It is much efteem- ed by the Sicizans, who buy it up eagerly, and at its firft coming into feafon give about fix-pence Englife per pound. The feafon lafts from May till Auguft+. The antients ufed to cut this fifh into pieces, and falt it, whence it was called Tomus Thurianus t, from Thurii, a town in the bay of Ta- yentum, where it was taken and cured, Kircher, in his Mufurgia, has preferved a ftrange incantation ufed by the Sicilian filhermen, at the capture of the Pefce Spada, as they call it, which is exprefied in the following unintelligible jargon : *) D2; A.B 96, + Ray’s Travels, I. 271. t Tomus Thurianus, quem alii ee vocant. Plini £6, XXXII. ¢, 11. | Vou. Iii, M Mamafiy 161 CaprurRe, 262 SIZE. SWORD FISH. CrassIV. : Mamafiu di pajanu, Hs Se Paletta di pajanu, ! +, yhial Majuffu di-ftignela, : _Palettu di paenu pale, ~ Pale la flagnetta, | Mancuta ftigneta. Pro naftu, vardu, prefflu da Vitu & da terra. But this ufe of charmed words is not confined to Sicily, the Irifh have their fong at the taking of the razor fhell; and the Cornifp theirs, at the taking of the whiftle fifh. The iword fith is faid to be very voracious, and that it is a great enemy to the Tunny, who (ac- cording to Belon) are as much terrified with it as fheep are at the fight of a wolf. Ac durus Xiphias, i@u non mitior enfis ; Et pavidi magno fugientes agmine 'Thunni. Ovid. Halieut. 97. Sharp as a fword the Xiphias does appear ; And crowds of flying Tuanies ftruck with fear. It grows to a very large fize; the head of one, with the pectoral fins, found on the fhore near Laugharn, in Caermarthenfbire, alone weighing fe- venty-five pounds: the fnout was three feet long, rough, and hard, but not hard enough to pene- trate fhips and fink them, as Péizy pretends *. * Xiphiam, id ef, Gladium, rofro mucronato off, ab bor naves perfoffas mergi in oceane. Plin. Lib, xxx1t. ¢. le The Crass IV. SWORD FISH. The fnout is the upper jaw, produced to 4 ereat length, and has fome refemblance to a {word, from whence the name. It is eompreffed at the top and bottom, and fharp at the point. The under jaw is four times as fhorc as the upper, but likewife fharp pointed. The mouth is deltitute of teeth. : The body is flender, thickeft near the head, and growing lefs and lefs as it approaches the tail. | : The fkin is rough, but very thin: the color of the back is dufky, of the belly filvery. ~ The dorfal fin begins a little above the gills, and extends almoft to the tail: it is higheft at the be- ginning and the end, but very low in the middle: a little above the tail, on each fide, the {kin rifes and forms two triangular protuberances, not unlike the {purious fins of the tunny. | The pectoral fins are long, and of a fcythe-like form, and their firft rays the longeft. The anus is placed at the diftance of one-third part of the body from the tail; beneath are two anal fins. 3 The tail is exactly of the fhape of a crefcent. M 2 SECT 163 SnouT, | sbi XVI. DRAGO- NET. 69. GEMME- OuUS, NaME. GEMMEOUS DRAGONET. Crass IV. _ Szer lk J UG Ube Upper lip doubled. Eyes near each other. Two breathing apertures on the hind part of the head. } | Firft rays of the dorfal fin very long. La tierce efpece de Exocetus? Callionymus Lyra. C. dor- Belen, 218. falis prioris radiis longitu- Dracunculus. Rondel. 304. dine corporis. Liz. /yft. 433. Dracunculus, aranei_ fpecies Faun. Suec. No. 110. altera. Gefner pifc. 80. Uranofcopus. Gronov. Zooph. Dragon fifth. Marten’s Spitz- No. 206. ; berg, 123. Floy-fifke. Pontop. Norway, Yellow Gurnard. Phil. Tran/. IT. Hr. No. 293. Dracunculus marinus. Borla/e Lyra Harvicenfis. Pet. Gaz. Cornwall, 270. Seb. Muf. Tab. 22. Dale Harwich, Ill." 92. Tab. 30. fig. 7. 431- INNAUS has given this genus the name of Callionymus, a fifh mentioned by feveral of the antients; but the notices they have left of it are fo very flight, as to render it difficult to deter- mine what fpecies they intended. * Piny makes it a fynonym to the Uranofcopus, a fifh frequent in the Italian feas, but very different from our Dragonet, a * Lib. xXX1le Ce Ile name ae PLAX XVII, DRAGONET. NP 6G. , sp ens 7 Sa Crass 1V. GEMMEOUS DRAGONET. name we have taken the liberty of forming, from the diminutive Dracunculus, a title given it by Rondeletius, and other authors. The Englih wri- ters have called it the Yellow Gurnard, which having no one charaéter of the Gurzard genus, we think ourfelves obliged to drop that name. It is found as far north as Norway* and Spitz- bergen, and as far fouth as the Mediierranean {ea, and is not unfrequent on the Scarborough coatts, where it is taken by the hook in thirty or forty fa- thoms water. It is often found in the ftomach of the Cod-fith. a This {pecies grows to the length of ten or twelve inches ¥) the body is flender, round, and {mooth. The head is large, and flat at the top; in the hind part are two orifices, thro’ which it breathes, and alfo forces out’ the water it takes in at the mouth, in the fame manner as the cetaceous fith. The apertures to the gills are clofed :_ on the end of the bones that cover them is a very fingular trifurcated fpine. The eyes are large, and placed very near each - other on the upper part of the head, fo that they look upwards; for which reafon it has been ranked * We have received it, with other curiofities, from that well-meaning prelate, Erich Pontoppidan, Bifhop of Bergen. He was alfo Vice-Chancellor of the Univerfity of Copenhagen, in which ftation he died, December zoth. 1764, aged 66, much refpected by his countrymen. M 2 among 165 PLaAce, DESCRIP. . 366 CoLors. _ GEMMEOUS DRAGONET. Crass IV. among the Uranofcopi: the pupils are of a rich fap- — pharine blue, the irides of a fine fiery carbuncle. The upper jaw projects much farther than the : lower : the ‘mouth is very wide: the teeth are fmall. — The pectoral fins are round, and of a light- — brown color; the ventral placed before them, are very broad, and confift of five branched rays. The firft dorfal fin is very fingular, the firft ray | being fetaceous, and fo long as to extend almoft to the tail: thofe of the fecond dorfal fins are of a moderate length, except the laft, which is produ- ced far beyond the others. The anus is placed about the middle of the belly ; the anal fin is broad, and the laft ray the fongeft. Pontoppidan calls this fpecies the flying fifh: whe- ther it makes ufe of any of its fins to raife itfelf out of the water, as he was informed they did, we can- not pretend to fay. The tail is rounded and long, and confifts of ten rays. The fide line is ftrait: the colors are yellow, blue, and white, and make a beautiful appearance when the fifth has been juft taken. The blue is of an inexpreffible fplendor, the richeft czrylean glowing with a gemmeous brilliancy. The throat is black. The membranes of all the fins extreme- Jy thin and delicate. Dracunculous - ¥ i j SNe te Sei: 5 5 * Ber ‘ tL iar “UCLA CIOLAA. NOWWLOO MH | ¢ alls poll y) SLOUNOOVUC * THAXX ‘Tal Crass IV, SORDID DRAGONET. Dracunculus. Wil. Icth. 136. Callionymus Dracunculus, C. Raii fyn. pife. 79. dorfalis prioris radiis cor- Cottus pinna fecunda dorfial- _— pore brevioribus. Liz. /y/. ba Arted. fynon. 77. 434. HIS fpecies we received from Mr. TZ VAUI6~ Its length was only fix inches and an half. The head was comprefled; the forehead floped 167 70, SORDID, down to the nofe, being not fo level as that of the preceding. The eyes large, and almoft contiguous. . The mouth fmall; the teeth very minute. Over the gills was a ftrong trifurcated broad {pine. The farft dorfal fin had four rays; the firft feta- ceous, extending a little higher than the others, the lait very fhort: the two firft rays and webs were yellow, the others black. ; The fecond had ten foft rays, their ends extend- ing beyond the webs, which were pellucid. . The pectoral fins confifted of twenty rays, and. — were ferruginous, fpotted with a deeper caft of the fame: the ventral fins confifted of five broad and much branched rays, like thofe of the firft {pecies. The anal fin was white, and had ten rays; the tail had ten rays. In both fpecies they are bifur- cated at their ends, and the ray next the anal fin in both 1s very fhort. M «4 In 168 ~SORDID DRAGONET. Crass IV. In colors this is far inferior to the former, be- ing of a dirty yellow, mixed with white and dufky {pots ; the belly is entirely white. Lower iets We Ban BN, Bi 169 Lower jaw floping down. XVIII. Gill covers aculeated. WEEVER. _ Six branchioftegous rays. eet ~ Two dorfal fins. Anus near the breaft. Apa? Arift. Hift. an. Lib. Peter-manniken, Schwertfif. 71. COMMON. VIII. c. 13. Akan. Hift. che. Schonevelde 16. ae ead ae 50. Oppian The Weever. Wil. Icth. 233. Halieut. Il. 459. _ Rait fyn. pife. gi. Draco marinus Plindi Lib. YX. Trachinus maxilla inferiore c. 27. Draco, Dracunculus. longiore, cirris deftituta. L7b. XXXII. ¢. 11. Ara- Arted. fyn. 71. meus. I2p, 1X, ¢. 48. Trachinus Draco. Lin. fpf. La vive, Bélon. 209. 453- Gronov. Zooph. No. Draco. Rondel. 300. Ge/fner 274. Biles 97,78: Reruns Fiafling. Faun. Suet. No. 305. HE qualities of this fifh were well known to the antients, who take notice of them without any exaggeration: the wounds inflicted by its {pines are exceedingly painful, attended with a violent burning, and moft pungent fhooting, and fometimes with an inflammation that will ex- tend from the arm to the fhoulder. * It is a common notion that thefe fymptoms pro- * It is probable that the malignity of the fymptoms arifes from the habit of body the perfon is in, or the part in. which the wound is given. ceed ‘go Name. DESCRIP. Wk Eee Eee Crass IV, ceed from fomething more than the fmall wound this fifh is capable of inflicting; and that there is a venom infufed into it, at leaft fuch as is made by the fpines that form the firft dorfal fin, which is dyed with black, and has a moft fufpicious afpe&. - The remedy ufed by a fifherman in our neighbour- hood is the fea fand, with which he rubs the place affected for a confiderable time.* At Scarborough, ftale urine, warmed, is ufed with fuccefs. This fifh buries itfelf in the fands, leaving only its nofe out, andif trod on immediately ftrikes with ereat force; and we have feen them direct their blows with as much judgment as fighting cocks. Notwithftanding this noxious property of the fpines, it is exceeding’ good meat. The Englifh name feems to have no meaning, being corrupted from the French, la vive, fo called as being capable of living long out of the water, according to the interpretation of Belon. It grows to the length of twelve inches, but is commonly found much lefs. The irides are yellow: the under jaw is longer than the upper, and flopes very much towards the belly: the teeth are fmall. The back is ftrait, the fides flat, the belly pro- * In the Uziverfal Mufeum for November 1765, is an inftance of a perfon who was reduced to great danger by a wound ~ from this fifh, and who was cured by the application of fweet oul, and taking opium and venice treacle, menent —_. ee = Se P1.XXIX., CissIV. GREAT WEEVER. minent, the lateral line ftrait: the covers of the _ gills are armed with a very ftrong {pine. The firft dorfal fin confifts of five very ftronge fpines, which, as well as the intervening mem- branes are tinged with black ; this fin, when qui- efcent, is lodged in a fmall hollow. The fecond confifts of feveral foft rays, com- mences juft at the end of the firft, and continues almioft to the tail. The pectoral fins are broad and angular; the ventral fins {mall. The vent is placed remarkably forward, very near the throat: the anal fin extends to a {mall diftance from the tail, is a little hollowed in the middle, but not fo much as to be called forked. The fides are marked lengthways with two or three dirty yellow lines, and tranfverfely by num- bers of {mall ones: the belly filvery. Draco major feu araneus, Salvian. 70. Greater Weever. Tour Scotland, 1769, oftavo. HE length eleven inches: greateft depth one and three quarters: head flat: eyes large: edges of the jaws rough with minute teeth: lower jaw the longeft: head co- yered with minute tubercles: cheeks and gills with minute ftales : on the gills is a fharp fpine. : | Firft dorfal fin black, with five fpines: the fecond reaches almoft to the tail: in the pectoral fins are thirteen branched rays: in the ventral, fix: the anal extends oppofite to the fecond dorfal fin: tail large, triangular, even at the end, The fcales run in oblique lines from the back to the belly, with a divifion between each row. Inhabits the fea near Scarbororgh. Head cag I7E 92, GREATS 572 COMMON COD FISH. Crass IV. XIX, Head fmooth. ial gete Seven flender branchioftegous rays, Body oblong; fcales deciduous. All the fins covered with a common fkin, Ventral fins flender, and ending in a point. Teeth in the jaws; and in the palate, a feries of minute teeth clofely fet together. * With three dorfal fins; the chin bearded. ¥3- Cosson. La Morue. Beloz, 121. fin. pift. 53- Molva. Rondel. 280. ' Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore Molva five morhua altera. cirrato, cauda equali fere Gefner pife. 88: cum radio primo {fpinofo. Kablauw. Schonevelde, 18. Arted. fynon. 35. Afellus major vulgaris. Wil. Gadus morhua. Lin. fpf. 436. Icth. 165. Gronov. Zaoph. No. 319. Cod-fith, or Keeling. Raiz Cabblia. Faun. Suéc. No. 398. “f° HIS fith is found only in the northern part of the wotld; it is, as Rondeletius calls it, an ocean fifh, and never met with in the Meditene ranean fea*. It affeéts cold climates, and feems confined between the latitudes 66 and 50: what are caught north and fouth of thofe degrees being = None (feys Captain Arm/ffrong in his hiftory of Mznorca) ef the 4/cl/i or ced fifh kind, frequent our fhores. p. 163. either CrassIV. COMMON COD FISH. either few in quantity, or bad in quality. The Greenland fifh are {mall and emaciated through want of food, being very voracious, and having in thofe feas a dearth of provifion. This locality of fituation is common to many other fpecies of this genus, moft of them being in- habitants of the cold feas, or fuch that lie within zones that can juft clame the title of temperate. There are neverthelefs certain fpecies found near the Canary Ifands, called Cherny*, of which we know no more than the name; but according to the un- fortunate Captain Gla/s, are better tafted than the Newfoundland kind. The great rendezvouz of the cod fifh is on the Banks Hi; Newfoundland, and the other fand banks that lie off the coafts of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New England. ‘They prefer thofe fituations, by reafon of the quantity of worms produced in thofe fandy bottoms, which tempt them to refort there for food: but another caufe of the particular attachment the fifh have to thefe {pots, is their vi- cinity to the polar feas, where they return to fpawn ; there they depofe their roes in full fecurity, but want of food forces them, as foon as the firft more fouthern feas are open, to repair thither for fub- fiftence. Few are taken north of Iceland, but on sihe foun and weft coafts they abound: they are again found * Lift. Canary Iflands, 198. to 173 COMMON COD FISH. Crass IV. to fwarm on the coafts of Norway, in the Baltic, off the Orkney and the Weftern Ifles; after which their numbers decreafe, in proportion as they ad- vance towards the fouth, when they feem quite to ceafe before they reach the mouth of the Straits of Gibraltar. ee sd Before the difcovery of Newfoundland, the greater fifheries of cod were on the feas of Iceland, and off our Weftern Ifes, which were the grand refort of fhips of all the commercial nations; but it feems that the greateft plenty was met with near Jce- land. The Engli/h reforted thither before the year 1415: for we find that Henry V. was difpofed to give the King of Denmark fatisfaction for certain irregularities committed on thofe feas by his fub- jects. Inthe reign of Edward the 1V. the Enghih were excluded from the fifhery by treaty ; and for- bidden to refort there under pain of forfeiture of life and goods. Notwithftanding this, our monarch afterwards gave licence to a fhip of Hu// to fail to Iceland, and there relade fifh and other goods, with- out regard to any reftrictions to the contrary. Our right in later times was far from being con- firmed, for we find Queen Efizabeth condefcending to afk permiffion to fifh in thofe feas from Chriftz- an the IV. of Denmark, yet afterwards fhe fo far repented her requeft, as to inftruét her embaffadors to that court, to infift on the right of @ free and univerfal fifhery *. How far fhe fucceeded, I do * Rymer’s Fad. XVI. 275, 425- not Crass IV. ‘COMMON COD FISH. not know: but it appears, that in the reign of her fucceffor, our countrymen had not fewer than a hundred and fifty fhips employed in the Iceland fithery. I fuppofe this indulgence might arife from the marriage of Fames with a Princefs of Denmark. But the Spanifh, the French, and the Bretons, had much the advantage of us in all fifheries at the beginning, as appears by the ftate of that in the feas of Newfoundland in the year 1578*, when the number of fhips belonging to each nation ftood thus : Spaniards, 100, wee 20 or 30 that came from Bifcaie, to take whale for train, being about five or fix thoufand tons. Portuguefe, 50, or three thoufand tons. French and Bretons, 150, or feven —_ tons. Englifh, from 30 to 50. ~ Bat Mr. Anderfon, in his Dictionary of Com- merce, I. 363, fays, that the French began to fith there fo early as 1536; and we think we have fomewhere read, that their firft pretence for fith- ing for cod in thofe feas, was only to fupply an Engh/p convent with that article. 2 The encreafe of fhipping that refort to thofe fertile banks, are now unfpeakable : our own coun- try ftill enjoys the greateft fhare, which ought to. be efteemed our chiefeft treafure, as it brings. wealth to individuals, and ftrength to the ftate. * Hackluyt’s Coll. Voy, UN. 132. i All 475 176 COMMON COD FISH. Crass IV. All this immenfe fifhery is carried on by the hook | and line only*; the bait is herring, a {mall fifh called a Capelin, a fhell fith called Clams, and bits _ of fea fowl; and with thefe are caught fith fufi- Foon. THeSounps. cient to find employ for near fifteen thoufand Bri- tif feamen, and to afford fubfiftence to a much more numerous body of people at home, who are engaged in the various manufactures which fo vaft a fifhery demands. The food of the cod is either fmall fifh, worms, teftaceous, or cruftaceous animals, fuch as crabs, large whelks, &c. and their digeftion is fo power- ful, as.to diffolve the greateft part of the fhells they {wallow. They are very voracious, and catch at any {mall body they perceive moved by the water, even ftones and pebbles, which are often found in their ftomachs. | Fifhermen are well acquainted with the ufe of the air-bladder or found of the cod, and are very dexterous in perforating this part of a live fifh with a needle, in order to difengage the inclofed air; - for without this operation it could not be kept un- der water in the well-boats, and brought frefh to market. The /ounds of the cod falted is a delica- * We have been informed that they fifh frem the depth of - fifteen to fixty fathoms, according to the inequality of the Bank, which is reprefented as a vait mountain, under water, above five hundred miles long, and near three hundred broad, and that feamen knew when they approach it by the great {well of the fea, and the thick mifts that impend over it. cy CrassIV. COMMON COD FISH. cy often brought from Newfoundland. Ifingla/s is alfo made of this part by the Iceland fifhermen: as the procefs may be of fervice to inftrué the natives of the North of Scotland where thefe' fifh are plen- tiful, I beg leave to give it in the Appendix, extracted from a ufeful paper on the fubyect, in the Ph. Tr. of 1773, by Humpbrey Fackfon, Elq. Providence hath kindly ordained, that this fith, fo ufeful to mankind, fhould be fo very prolific as to fupply more than the deficiencies of the mul- titudes annually taken. Leuwenboek counted nine millions three hundred and eighty-four thoufand egas ina cod fifh of a middling fize, a number fure that will baffle all the efforts of man, or the vora- city of the inhabitants of the ocean to exterminate, and which will fecure to all ages an inexhauftible fupply of grateful provifion. | In our feas they begin to fpawn in Fanuary, and _ depofite their eges in rough ground, among rocks, Some continue in roe till the beginning of April. The cod fifth in general recover quicker after {pawning than any other fifh, therefore it is com- mon to take fome good ones all the fummer. When they are out of feafon they are thin tailed and loufy, and the lice chiefly fix themfelves on the in- fide of their mouths. 7 The fifh of a middling fize are moft efteemed for the table, and are chofen by their plumpnefs and roundnefs, efpecially near the tail, by the depth of the fulcus or pit behind the head, and by Vor. Ill N the 177 IsiNGLASS. VasTLy PROLIFIC. 598 SIZE > DESCRIP. COMMON COD FISH Crass IV. the regular undulated appearance of the. fides, as. if they were ribbed. The glutinous parts about the head lofe their delicate flavor after it has been twenty-four hours out of the water, even in winter, in which thefe and other fifh of this genus are in hicheft feafon. The largeft that we ever heard of taken on our coafts, weighed feventy-eight pounds, the length was five feet eight inches; and the girth round — the fhoulders five feet. It was taken at Scarborough in 1755, and was fold for one fhilling. But the eeneral weight of thefe ffh in the Vork(bire feas, is from Gare to forty pounds. This fpecies is fhort in proportion to its bulk, the belly being very large and prominent. The jaws are of an equal length, at the end of the lower is a {mall beard; the teeth are difpofed in the palate as well as jaws. The eyes are large. On the back are three foft fins; the Girt has fourteen, the two laft nineteen rays a-piece. The ventral fins are very flender, and-confift but of fix rays; the two firft extending far beyond the other. It has two anal fins; the firft confifting of twenty, the laft of fixteen rays. The tail is almoft even at the end: the firft ray on each fide is fhort, and compofed of a ftrong bone. | The color of this fifh is cinereous on the back and fides, and POY {potted with yellow: the belly Pie HAD Oc y. belly is white, but they vary much, not only in color * but in fhape, particularly that of the head. The fide line is white and broad, ftrait, till it reaches oppofite the vent, when it bends towards the tail. Aigrefin, ou aiglefin Belen. —_ Raii fyn. pife. 55. 118. Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore Tertia-afellorum fpecies. Roz- cirrato, max. fup. longiore, del. 277. corpore albicante, cauda Tertia afel. Sp. Eglefinus. parum bifurca. Arted. fynon. Gefuer fife. 86. 26. Onos five afinus veterum. Ga we figlefinus. G. tripte- Turner epift. ad. Gefner. yygius cirratus albicans, Afellus minor, Schelfifch. cauda biloba. Lin. fy/?. 435. Schonevelde. 18. Kolja. Faun. Suec. No. 306. Hadock. Wil. Icth. 170. Gronov. Zooph. No. 321. UR countryman Turner conjectured this fpe- | cies to have been the OvG-, or Afnus, of the antients, and Belon that it was the Kes, and the Hgocares of Oppian. We have carefully confulted moft of the antient naturalifts, but cannot difcover any marks by which we can determine the fpecies ‘they intended. The words+ OG, £ Afinus, * Codlings are often taken of a yellow, orange, and even red color, while they remain among the rocks, but on chan ging their place affume the color of other cod fith. + Arif. Hift. an. Lib. VU. c. 15. Oppian Halieut. I, 351. Ill. oy a pa 4 Ovidii Halieut, Lin, 131. Plinii Lib. IX, ¢. 16, 17. N 2 Aehan, 179 Sipe Ling, 74. Havock, Name, 180 SEASON, HeATD?O C KO > Cree Afellus, * Callarias, and Bacchus, are familiarly applied to feveral of our fpecies of cod fifh by the more modern writers; yet the antients from whom they are borrowed, have not authorized the appli- cation to any particular kind, either by defcription or any other method. Different reafons have been affigned for giving the name of Ov@-, or Afmus to this genus, fome i- magining it to be from the color of the fifh, others becaufe it ufed to be carried on the backs of affes to market; but we fhall drop this uncertain fub- ject, and proceed to what we have fuller affurance ote +! ; Large hadocks begin to be ia roe the middle of November, and continue fo till the end of Fanuary ; from that time till Aday they are very thin tailed, and much gut of feafon. In May they begin to recover, and fome of the middling-fized fifth, are then very good, and continue improving till the time of their greateft perfection. The {mall ones are extremely good from May till February, and fome even in February, March, and April, viz. thofe which are not old enough to breed. The fifhermen affert, that in rough weather ha- docks fink down into the fand and ooze in the bottom of the fea, and fhelter themfelves there till the ftorm is over, becaufe in ftormy weather they take none, and thofe that are taken immediately = 2b. ee 47. {mall Crass. IV BMrA 4D “Or CeK, after a ftorm are covered with mud on their backs. In fummer they live on young herrings and other fmall fifh; in winter on the ftone-coated worms *, which:the fifhermen call hadock meat. The grand fhoal of hadocks comes periodically ; on the Yorkfhire coafts. It is remarkable that they appeared in 1766 on the roth of December, and © exactly on the fame day in 1767: thete fhoals ex- tended from the fhore near three miles in breadth, and in length from Flamborough head to Iinmouth caftle, and perhaps much farther northwards. An idea may be given of their numbers by the follow- ing fact: three fifhermen, within the diftance of a mile from Scarborough harbour, frequently loaded their coble or boat with them twice a-day, taking each time about a ton of fifth: when they put down their lines beyond the diftance of three miles from the fhore, they caught nothing but dog fith, which fhows how exaétly thefe fifh keep their limits. The beft hadocks were fold from eightpence to a fhilling per fcore, and the poor had the fmaller fort at a penny, and fometimes a halfpenny per {core +. The large hadocks quit the coaft as foon as they * A fpecies of Serpula. + Here Mr. Travis, to whom I am much obliged for a mof accurate account of the York/bire fith, with great humanity projects an inland navigation, to convey ata cheap and eafy ' method, thofe gifts of Providence to the thoufands of poor manufatturers who inhabit the diftant parts of that vaft county. N 3 rex) 181 Foop. VastT SHOALS. 182 HAD 6 ©. > Cove eo out of feafon, and leave behind great plenty of - {mall ones. It is faid that the large ones vifit the coafts of Hamburgh and Futland in the fummer. It is no lef§ remarkable than providential, that all kinds of fifh (except mackrel) which frequent the York/bire coaft, approach the fhore, and as if it were offer themfelves to us, generally remaining there as long as they are in high feafon, and retir from us when they become unfit for ufe, It is the commoneft {pecies in the London markets. They do not grow to a great bulk, one of four- teen pounds being of an uncommon fize, but thofe are extremely coarfe; the beft for the table weigh- ing from two to three pounds. The body is long, and rather more flender than thofe of the preceding kinds: the head flopes down to the nofe: the fpace between the hind part of the firft dorfal fin is ridged: on the chin is a fhort beard. | | On the back are three fins refembling thofe of the common cod-fifh: on each fide beyond the gills is a large black fpot. Superftition affigns this mark to the impreffion St. Peter left with his finger and thumb when he took the tribute out of the mouth of a fith of this fpecies, which has been continued to the whole race of hadocks ever fince that miracle. . The lateral line is black: the tail is forked, - The color of the upper part of this fpecies ig | mbna datiky | DEscRIP. Crisi¥V, WHITING POUT. dufky or brown; the belly and lower part of the fides filvery. Trides filvery: pupil large and black. Afelles mollis latus. Mr. prima officulorum triginta. Lifter apud Wil. Icth. App. Arted. fynon. 37. ie Gadus barbatus. G. triptery- Whiting Pout, Londinenfibus. gius cirratus maxilla inferi- Raii fyn. pife. 55. ore punctis utrinque fep- Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore — tem. Lin. /y/?. 437. Gronow. cirrato, longitudine ad la- Zooph. No. 320. " titudinem tripla, pinna ani Sma-Torfk. Faux. Suec. No. 311. HiIS fpecies never erows to a large fize, fel- dom exceeding a foot in length. It is diftinguifhed from ali others by its great depth; one of the fize abovementioried being near four inches deep in the broadeft part. The back is very much arched, and carinated. The feales larger than thofe of the cod fifh. The mouth fmall; the beard fhort. On each fide of the lower jaw are feven or eight punctures, 2 The firft dorfal fin is triangular, and terminates in a long fibre: the color of the fins and tail black: at the bottom of the peétoral fins is a black fpot. The lateral line is white, broad, and crooked. The tail is even at the end, and of a dufky color, N 4 Cn Re 283 75. Pout. 184 76. Bis, Bi ae 2B Crass IV. The color of the body is white, but more ob- - fcure on the back than the belly, and tinged with ~ yellow. It is called at Scarborough a Kleg. It is a very delicate fith. Afellus nanus, Dwergdorfch, Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore Krumftert ? Schonewelde, 20. cirrato, officulo, pinnarum Bib & Blinds Cornubienfibus. ventralium primo in longam Wil. Icth. 169. fetam producto. Arted. /ynon. Afellus lufcus. Raii /yn. pifc. ie 54. Gadus lufcus. Liz. fy. 437- HIS fpecies grows to the length of one foot. The greateft depth three inches and a half. The feales are large, and fo far from adhering to the fkin, as is afferted by naturalifts, are extreme- ly deciduous. The body is deep, the fides ee The eyes covered with a loofe membrane, which it can blow up at pleafure, like a bladder. The mouth > is {mall: beneath the chin a beard, an inch long. In the firft dorfal fin twelve rays: in the fecond, which is longeft, twenty-three: in the third, twenty. The pectoral fins about fixteen: the ventral fix or feven, of which the firft ray is long, and feta- ceous: 77. Hy : 3 \ BeB. Soe ae wee. G Wilkinson dal : ; aso SP Moz all Seul ear oes .: pe, Ae ee ae . el ae ¥ Crass IV. Pe 10; :O DRY. 185 ceous: the firft anal fin has twenty-feven; the laft twenty-one rays. The back is of a light olive: the fides finely Coror. tinged with ‘gold: the be lly white: the anal fins dufky, edged with pure white; the tail with black. Le Merlan? Belon, 120. Mr. ago. Raii fyn. pife. 77+ Poor. Anthiz fecunda fpecies. Roz- 163. fig. 6. del. 191. Gefner pife. 56. Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore Afellus mollis minor, feu cirrato, corpore fefcunciali, afellus omnium minimus. ano in medio corporis. Mo.to Venetiis. CAPELAN Arted. fynon. 36. Mafilia. Wil. Icth. 171. Gadus minutus. Lin. fpf. 438. Poor or Power Cornub. HIS is the only fpecies of cod fifh with three dorfal fins that we (at this time) are affured is found in the Mediterranean fea. It is taken near Marfeilles, and fometimes’ in fuch quantities as to become a nufance; for no other kinds of fifh are taken during their feafon*. It is efteemed good, but incapable of being falted or dried: Belon fays, that when it is dried in the fun, it grows as hard as horn; Ce? dela que les Ancuiois Pont nommé Bouclzs born. It is the {malleft fpecies yet difcovered, being Descrir, little more than fix inches long. | | On the chin is a fmall beard: the eyes are co- * Rondel, 19. vered 186 58. Coat, COA FI SU _ Chass IV. -yered with a loofe membrane: on die - gill- -covers, and the jaws are on each fide, nine punctures. The firft dorfal fin has twelve rays; the fecond nineteen; the third feventeen. The pectoral fins thirteen ; the ventral fins fix: the firft anal fin twenty-feven; the fecond feven- teen. . The color on the back is a light brown; on the belly a dirty white. | We owe the difcovery of this kind in our feas te the Rev. Mr. Fago. ** Three dorfal fins: chin beardlefs. Colfifch. Belen, 128. 168. Raii fyn. pile. 54 Colfifch Axzglorum. Gefner pife. Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore 89. imberbi, maxilla inferiore Afellus niger. Kolfifch. Koler. longiore et linea laterali Schonevelde, 19. recta. Arted. fyxon. 34. Cole fith Septentrionalium Gadus carbonarius. Liz, ff. anglorum. Rawlin Pollack 438. Gronov. Zooph. Na. Cornubienfium. Wil. pife. 317- ~ HE coal fifh takes its name from the black color that it fometimes affumes. Belom calls — it the Colf/ch, imagining ‘it was fo named by the Englifo, from its prodicdings the Icthyocalla, ut Gefner gives the true etymology, . : Thele XxXXI. COAL FISH FORKED HAKE . VE V2. Searty. (GALT, CEE SEE ‘The fith are common on moft of ovr rocky and deep coafts, but particularly thofe of the north of Great Britain. They {warm about the Orknies, where the fry are the sreat fupport'of the poor. The young begin to appear on the York/hire coatt the beginning of Fly in vatt fhoals, and are at that | time about an ineh and an half long. In Auguft they are from three to five inches in length, and are taken in great numbers with the angling rod, and are then efteemed a very delicate fifh, but érow fo coarfe when they are a year old that few people will eat them. Fifh of that age are from eight to fifteen inches long, and begin to have a little blacknefs near the gills, and on the back, and the blacknefs encreafes as they grow older. The fry is known by different names in diffe- rent places: they are called at Scarborough Parrs, and when a year eld, Billets. About-nine or ten years ago fuch a glut of Parrs vifited that part, that for feveral weeks it was impoffible to dip a pail into the fea without taking fome. Tho’ this fith is fo little efteemed when fret, yet it is falted and dried for fale; a perfon laft year having cured above a thoufand at Scarborough. The coal fifh is of more elegant form than the cod fifh: they generally grow to the length of two feet and an half, and weigh about twenty-eight or thirty pounds at Se: The head is {mall; the under Jaw a little longer than the upper: ~ ‘the Younc. Descrip. 188 79.PoLLACK. P.O>L=sL A;G, K. Cpass tv the irides sys marked on one fide with a black {pot. It has three dorfal fins, the firft confifts of four- teen, the next of twenty, the laft of twenty-two rays. The pectoral fins of eighteen; the ventral of fix: the firft anal fin of twenty-two, the fecond of nineteen. The tail is broad and forked. Thefe fith vary in color. We have feen fome whofe back, nofe, dorfal fins and tail were of a deep black: the gill covers filver and black: the ventral and anal fins white; the belly of the fame color. We have feen others dufky, others brown, but in all the lateral line was ftrait and white, and the lower part of the ventral and anal fins white. Afellus virefcens, Schwartres imberbi, max. inf. longiore, Kolmulen. Schonevelde, 20. linea lateralicurva. Arted. Afellus flavefcens ; Gelbe /puon. 35. Kolmulen. I6id. Gadus Pollachius. Lin fpf. Afellus Huitingo-Pollachius. 439. Gronov. Zooph. No. Wil. Icth. 167. 313. Whiting Pollack. Raii fyxn. Norwegis Scy. Bahufiis Gra- pile. 53. fik? Faun, Suec, No. 309. Gadus ciel tripterygio, ore HIS fpecies is common on many of our rocky coafts: during fummer they are feen : in eee PLOtL LY A COR in great fhoals frolicking on the furface of the water, and flinging themfelves into a thoufand forms. They are at that time fo wanton as to bite at any thing that appears on the top of the waves, and are often taken with a goofe’s feather fixed to the hook. They are a very itrong fifk, being ob- ferved to keep their ftation at the feet of the rocks in the moft turbulent and rapid fea. They are a good eating fifh: they do not grow to a very large fize; at left the bigeeft we have feen did ‘not exceed fix or feven pounds: but we have heard of fome that were taken in the fea near Scarborough, which they frequent during winter, that weighed near twenty-eight pounds. They are there called Leess. 7 The under jaw is longer than the upper; the head and body rifes pretty high, as far as the farft dorfal fin. : The fide line is incurvated, rifing towards the middle of the back, then finking and running {trait to the tail; it is broad, and of a brown color. The firft dorfal fin has eleven rays, the mid- dle nineteen, the laft fixteen: the tail is a little forked. The color of the back is dufky, of fome in- clining to green: the fides beneath the lateral line marked with lines of yellow; the belly white. Sec unda 189 199 TING. WHIT IN G. -Cpassly Secunda afellorum fpecies. Gadus dorfo tripterygio, cre Rondel. 276. imberbi corpore albo, max- Merlanus. Roudel. Gefuer pifc. illa fuperiore longiore. 4r- | 85. ced. fynon. 34. , Afellus candidus primus, Gadus merlangus. Lin. fpf. Witling. Schonevelde, 17. 438. Grozov. Zooph. No. Afellus mollis major, feu al- 316. bus. Wil. I&b. 170. Hwitling, Widding. © Fauz. Whiting. Razz fyn. pife. 55. Suec. No. 310. TiYTINGS appear in vaft fhoals in our Y= feas in the fpring, keeping at the diftance of about half a mile to that of three from the fhore. They are caught in vaft numbers by the line, and afford excellent diverfion. - They are the moft delicate, as well as the moft wholefome of any of the cenus, but do not grow to a large fize; the biggeft we ever faw* not ex- ceeding twenty inches, but that is very uncom- mon, the ufual leneth being ten or twelve. It is a fifh of an elegant make: the upper jaw is the longeft; the eyes large, the nofe fharp, the teeth of the upper jaw long, and appear above the lower when clofed. The firft dorfal fin has fifteen rays, the fecond eighteen, the laft twenty. f: | * We have been informed that whitings, from four to eight pounds in weight, have been taken in the deep water at the edge of the Dogger-Bank. ; The Gasiy . HM A: Kook | 194 The color of the head and back is a pale brown; ‘the lateral line white, and is crooked; the belly and fides filvery ; the laft ftreaked lengthways with yel- low. * = “With only two dorfal fins. Le Merluz. Belon, 115. Gadus dorfo dipterygio, max- 81. Haxg, Afellus, Gyos, ducnos. Rondel. illa inferiore longiore. Ar- Z72. | ted. fynon. 36. Merlucius. Gefner pife. 84. Gadus Merlucius. Lin. fpf. Afellus primus five Merlu- 439- Faun. Suec. No. 314. cius. Wil. Icth. 174. Gronov. Zooph. No. 315. The Hake. Raiiz /yn. pife. A. FISH that is found in vaft abundanceon ma- ny of our coafts, and of thofe of Ireland, There was formerly a vatt ftationary fifhery of Hake on the Nymph Bank off the coalt of Waterford, im- menfe quantities appearing there twice a year; the firft fhoal coming in Fume, during the Mackrel fea- fon, the other in September, at the beginning of the Herring feafon, probably in purfuit of thofe Afh: it was no unufual thing for fix men with hooks and lines to take a thoufand Hake in one night, befides a confiderable quantity of other fifh. Thefe were falted and fent to Spain, particularly to 192 HY A ke Crass IV. to Bilboa. * We are at this time uninformed of the ftate of this Afhery, but find that Mr. Smith, - who wrote the hiftory of the county of Waterford, complains even in his time (1746) of its decline. Many of the gregarious fifh are fubje& to change their fituations, and defert their haunts for num- - bers of years, and then return again. We fee, p- 102, how unfettied the Ba/king Shark appears to be: Mr. Smith inftances the lofs of the Hadeck on the Waterford fhores, where they ufed to fwarm; and to our knowlege we can bring the capriciouf- nefs of the herrings; which fo frequently quit their {tations, as another example. Sometimes the irregular migration of fith is owing to their being followed and harafied by an unufual number of fifh of prey, fuch as the fhark kind. | Sometimes to deficiency of the fmaller fith, which ferved them as food. : , And lafily, in many places to the cuftom of trawling, which not only demolifhes a quantity of their fpawn, which is depofited in the fand, but alfo deftroys or drives into deeper waters number- lefs worms and infeéts, the repaft of many fith. The hake is in England eiteemed a very coarfe fifh, and is feldom admitted to table either frefh or falted +. * Smith's Hift. Waterford, 261. + When cured it is known by the name of Poor Fobm. The Crass IV. FORKED HAKE. Thefe ffh are from a foot and an half to near twice that length: they are of a flender make, of a pale afh color on their backs, and of a dirty white on their bellies. Their head is flat and broad; the mouth very - wide; the teeth very long and fharp, Le ea thofe of the lower jaw. The firft dorfal fin is fmall, confiftine of nine rays; the fecond reaches from the bafe of the former almoft to the tail, and is compofed of forty rays, of which the laft are the higheft: the pecto- ral fins have about twelve, the ventral feven: the ana] thirty-nine. The tail is almoft even at the end. Galee, claria marina. Belo, Icth. 205. Raii fyn. pifc. 126. FALSE Phycis. Rondel. 186. Gefner Phycis. Arted. fynon. App. Ul. pife. 718. Blennius Phycis. Lin. ff. Tinca marina. Aldr. Wil. 442. “AHIS is the fith to which Rondeletius gives the . name of Phycis, borrowing it from Ariffotle and Pliny, who have not fo fufficiently characterized it, as to enable us to judge what fpecies they in- tended. It is found in the Mediterranean more fre- quently than in our feas, and we believe is the fifh mentioned by Mr. Armftrong, and Doétor Cleghorn*, * Armftrong, 1614 Cleghorn, 43. #93 DESCRIP, 82. FoRKED, 194 FORKED! WAKE] °° Cikemaat in their hiftories of Minorca, under the name of Molie, Mollera, and Molle. Ut is known on the coaft of Cornwall by the name of the great forked beard *, where it was firft difcovered by Mr. Fago. We place it in this genus, as it has more the ap- - pearance of the cod fifh kind, the hake efpecially,- than of the Blezuy, into which genus Linnezus has flung it; we therefore have given ghis fpecies the name of the Forked Hake. , The length of one that was taken on the Fiini- feire fhores was eleven inches and an half, its greateft depth three inches; but according to Doctor Borlafe, fome grow to be above eighteen inches long. The head floped down to the nofe in the fame eafy manner with others of this genus: the mouth large: befides the teeth in the Jaws was a triangular ~ congeries of {mall teeth in the roof of the mouth. At the end of the lower jaw was a {mall beard. The firft dorfal fin was trianeular; the firft ray extended far beyond the reft, and was very flen- der: the fecond fin began juft behind the firft, and extended almoft to the tail: the ventral fins were three inches long, and confifted of only two rays, joined at the bottom, and feparated or bifurcated towards the end: the vent was in the middle of the body: the anal fin extended from thence juft * Barbus major Cornubienfis cirris bifurcatis: the great forked beard. Mr. Jago. Raii fom. pife. 163. fig. 7+ ed, to Crass IV. LAR St Tio AKVE} to the tail: the lateral line was incurvated: the tail was rounded. The color was a cinereous brown, Barbus minor Coruubcenfis cirris bifurcis. ‘The Leffer Forked Beard. Mr. Fage. Raii fyn. pifc. 164. fig. 8. E never faw this fpecies, and having but very imperfect defcriptions of it, cannot 195 | $36 Lest. with any certainty pronounce it to be of this ge- nus, but are unwilling to feparate them, as we found them united by that judicious Icthyologift Mr. Fago. 7 It is faid not to exceed five inches in length: the firft dorfal fin (in the print) is fhorter than that of the preceding; the fecond refembles that of the other kind: the ventral fins bifurcated. Tt has a fmall beard, and a rounded tail, but the head is fhorter and more fteep; the color black, the fkin fmooth, and the appearance difagreeable, O2 THIS 196 84. TRIFUR- , CATED. TRIFURCATED HAKE. Crass IV. HIS new fpecies was communicated to me by the Reverend Mr. Hugh Davies of Beau- maris, and was taken near that place. : Its length was twelve inches: the color a deep brown; excepting the folding of the lips, which were {now white, giving it a ftrange appearance. The head depreffed and very broad: eyes large: irides yellowifh: mouth very wide, with irregular — rows of incurvated teeth. In the roof of the mouth a femilunar congeries of teeth. No tongue. From the fetting on of the pectoral fins the body was compreffed, but remarkably fo, as it approach- ed the tail, growing very flender near that part. On the beginning of the back was a fulcus, in which was the rudiment of a firft dorfal- fin; the fecond reached almoft to the tail, and the anal cor- refponded. Above the pectoral fins, on each fide, was a row of tubercles from which commenced the lateral line, which was (midway) incurvated. The ventral fins were trifurcated : the tail rounded. In a prone fituation this fifh made a ftrange ap- pearance, fo is reprefented in that as well as another attitude, Ling Pi Sexi | : | ve cA REE : “ | Hi i | , Hi Z ANS A AANA SS Ij ee x SSS ‘ oc (Thi : in : ae a = Crass IV. me, 1 NM Gi Ling, Lingfifche. Beloz, 130. Lyte pifts 56. Gefner pife. 95. Gadus dorfo dipterygo, ore gemea major Charleton ex. pifc. ferrato, maxilla fuperiore longiore. Arted. fynon. 36. Afilus longus, eine Lenge. Gadus molva. Lin. ff. 439. Schauewelde, 18. Langa. Faun. Suec. No. 313. Ling. Wal. Icth. 175. Rai HE. ling takes its name from its length, being corrupted from the word Jong. It abounds about the Scilly Ifes, on the coafts of Scar- Dorough, and thofe of Scotland and Ireland, and forms a confiderable article of commerce *. In the York/bire feas they are in perfection from the beginning of February to the beginning of May, and fome till the end of that month. In June they fpawn, depofiting their eggs in the foft oozy ground of the mouth of the Tees: at that time he males feparate from the females, and refort to fome rocky ground near Flamborough Head, where the fifhermen take great numbers without ever finding any of the female or roed si among them. . While a ling is in feafon its liver is very white, and’ abounds with a fine flavored oil; but as foon * This branch of trade was confiderable fo long ago as the reign of Edward Ill. an a&t for regulating the price of Lob, Ling, and Cod, being made ia his 31f year. O 2 7 as Y 197 85. LinGe Orz. DeEscrip, I IM Ni Go. | ia a as the fifh goes out of feafon, the liver becomes red as that of a bullock, and affords no oil. The fame happens to the cod and other fifh in a certain degree, but not fo remarkably as in the ling. | ‘When the fifh is in perfection, a very large quan- - tity of oil may be melted out of the liver by a flow : fire, but if a violent fudden heat be ufed for that purpofe, they yield very little. This oil, which nature hoards up in the cellular membranes of fifhes, returns into their blood, and fupports them in the engendring feafon, when they purfue the bu- finefs of generation with fo much eagernefs as to neglect their food, Vaft quantities of ling are falted for exportation, as well as for home confumption. When it is cut or fplit for curing, it muft meafure twenty-fix inches or upwards from the fhoulder to the tail; if lefs than that it is not reckoned a fizeable fith, and confequently not entitled to the bounty on ex- portation; fuch are called Drizzles, and are in feafon all fummer. . The ufual fize of a ling is from three to four feet; but we have heard of one that was feven feet lone. The body is very flender; the head flat; the upper jaw the longeft; the teeth in that jaw fmall and very numerous; in the lower, few, flender, and fharp: on the chin is a {mall beard. The firit dorfal fin is fmall, placed near the head, and confifts of fifteen rays: the fecond is very long, reaching Crass IV. Bio Re BROW T: reaching almoft to the tail, and confifts of fixty- _ five rays: the pectoral fins have fifteen radiated rays; the ventral fins fix; the anal fixty-two: the tail is rounded at the end. Thefe fifh vary in color, fome being of an olive hue on the fides and back, others cinereous; the belly white. The ventral fins white: the dorfal and anal edged} with white. The tail marked near the end with a tranfverfe black bar, and =n with white. 199 Strinfias, ou Botatrifia. Belon, Fel-pout. nae a 125. 86, Bursor. Ti aOO. Raii fyn. pifc.. 6 Lota. Rondel. fiuviat. 165. ° Aal-rutte, Rutte. feels 388. Gefner pife. 599. Gadus dorfo dipterygio, ore Quappen, Elff-quappen, Ti- cirrato, maxillis equalikus. der-quappen, ‘Trufchen ? Arted. fynon. 38. Schonevelde, 49. Gadus Lota. Lin. fpf. 440. Burbot, or Bird- bolt. Plot Gronov. Zooph. No. 97. Staff. 241. Tab. 22. fig. 4. ‘Lake. Faun. Suec. No. 113, Muftela fluviatilis nottratibus : HIS fith is found in the Trent, but in great- er plenty in the river Witham, and in the great Laff Fen in Lincolnfhire. It is a very deli- cate fifh for the table, though ofa difcufting ap- pearance when alive. It is very voracious, and preys on the fry and leffer fifth. It does nor often take a bait, but is generally caught in weels. Jt abounds in the lake of Gexeva, where it is call- O 4 | y ed PLACE. 209 DESCRIP. CoLor. B: UU Re Be OU Te — “Cina ed Lota, and it is alfo met with in the a — gtiore, and Lugano. The Jargeft that we ever heard was taken in our waters weighed between two and three pounds, but abroad they are fometimes found of double that weight. Their body has fome refemblance to that’ of an ée], only fhorter and thicker, and its motions alfo tefemble thofe of that fifth: they are befides very {mooth, flippery, and flimy. The head is very ugly, being flat, and fhaped like that of atoad: the teeth are very fmall, but nume- rous: the irides yellow. On the end of the nofe are two {mall beards; on the chin another: the number of its branchi- oftegous rays are feven. The firft dorfal fin is fhort: the fecond is placed immediately behind it, and extends almoft to the tail: the pectoral fins -are rounded: the ventral fins confift of fix rays, of which the two firft are divided near their ends from each other: the vent is placed in the middle of the belly, and the anal fin reaches almoft to the tail: the tail is rounded at the end. | The color of this {pecies varies; fome are duiky, others of a dirty green, ,fpotted with black, and oftentimes with yellow, and the belly. in fome is white; but the real colors are frequently concealed by the flime. Muftella { 5 ‘qamoo ALCaUVvVaea AAWAL '* dado) GAWaUwvaid WAT, “TET XXX Crass IV. THREE BEARDED COD. Muftella vulgaris. Rondel. ¥21. Rail fyn. pife. 67. 281. Gefner pifc. 89. Rockling, Mr. Fago. Raii Sea Loche Cefriz, Whiftle fyx. pife. 164. fig. 9. fith Cornubia. Wil. Icth. , HIS fpecies commonly frequents the rocky T: fhores of thefe iflands, and is. fometimes taken with a bait. | It grows to the length of nineteen inches; the weight two pounds two ounces: the head is large and: flat: the eyes not remote from the end of the nofe:' the body is long, flender, and compref- fed fideways, efpecially towards the tail: at the end of the upper jaw are two beards; on the chin one. The teeth are numerous and f{mall, difpofed along the jaws in form of a broad plate: in the roof of the mouth is a fet of {mall teeth, difpofed in a triangular form. ‘The number of branchioftegous rays is feven. . The firft -dorfal fin is lodged ina deép furrow juft bevond the head, and confifts of a number of fhort unconnected rays: the fecond: rifes yuft be- hind it, and reaches very near the tail: the pecto- ral fins are broad and round : the ventral fins {mall ; the fecond ray the longeft: the-anal fin reaches al- moft to the tail: the tail rounded at the end. The fcales are very fmall: the color of the body and head a reddifh yellow, marked above the lateral line 202 38. Five BEARDED. FIVE BEARDED COD. Crass IV. line with large black fpots: the back fin and tail are darker; the vent fin of a brighter red, but all are {potted. ‘The lateral line bends in the middle, then pafies ftrait to the tail. Gadus dorfo dipterygio, ful- gius Cirris 5, pinna dorfali co magno ad pinnam dorfi priore exoleta. Liz. fpf. primam, ore cirrato? 4rted. 440. Gronov. Zooph.. No. JSynon. 37. 314. Gadus muitela. G. diptery- R. Willughby makes this fpecies with five beards, a variety only of the former; but having opportunity of examining feveral {pect- mens, we muft diffent from-his opinion, having always obferved the number of the beards in the fpotted kind not to exceed three, nor the number in the brown kind to be lefs than five. The firft ray of the dorfal fin is very long. ‘There is alfo fome difference in the form as well as color, this {pecies being rather thicker in proportion than the former. Excepting thefe particulars, and the number of beards, there is a general agreement in the parts of both. ‘The beards on the upper jaw are four, viz. two at the very end of the nofe, and two a little above them: on the end of the lower jaw is a fingle one. Thefe fith are of a deep olive brown, their belly whitifh. - a} AN HY WILL YY ( ( “MIS WOOL “ATXXX * TL Crass IV. li @& & S GA ATO RW: G DN can erect or deprefs at pleafure. On the top of the head, between the eyes, is a triangular lump point- ing backwards, and red about its edges. The fkin at the corner of the upper jaw is loofe, and projects. | From the Kind part of the head, almoft to the tail, extends the dorfal fin: the ventral finis fmall: the vent is placed under the ends of the pectorai fins. The body is fmooth and flippery: the color ‘brown, and {fpotted. Scorpioides. Rondel. 204. oculos, pinna ani officulo- Gefner pife. 847. rum viginti trium. Bite A.C Kh. GiO. Bry 213 ‘ = 4 Seer, UL THORACIC, FISH, Eyes placed near each other. XXII. : GODBY *. Four branchioftegous rays, — Ventral fins united. Gobio niger. Rondel, 200. pinna dorf fecunda officu- 95+ Back. Gefner pife. 395- lorum ame Ar- Schwartzer Goeb. Schone- ted. fynon. 46 welde, 36. Gobius niger. Lin. /y/. 449. Sea Gudgeon. Rock-fith. Wil. Eleotris capite cathetoplateo, I&b. 206. Raii fyn. pife. 76. pinnis ventralibus concretis, Gobius ex pienieonte varius, Groxow. Zooph. No. 281. T is to this fifh that Naturalifts have given the fynonym of KaCw;, and Gobio, names of cer- tain fpecies mentioned by Arifiotle, Pliny, and Oppian. ‘The two firft have not left any charac- ters for us to diftinguifh them by; and Oppian at once fhews that he never intended this kind, as he - has placed it among thofe which are armed with a poifonous f{pine. Arifiotle was acquainted with two fpecies; one a fea fifh that frequented the rocks, another that was gregarious, and an inha- * Formed from Godius, the generic name beftowed by Nas guralifts on thefe fith. r 3 bitane 214 Descrip. BLACK Go etys eiiwene bicant of rivers, which laft feems to have been our common gudgeon. This fpecies grows to the ee of fninches 3 the body is foft, flippery, and of a flender form: the head is rather large ; the cheeks inflated; the teeth finall, and difpofed in two rows: from the head to the farft dorfal fin is a {mall fulcus. - The firft dorfal fin confifts of fix rays; the fe- cond of fourteen; the pectoral fins of fixteen or feventeen, clofely fet together, and the middlemott the longeft; the others on each fide gradually fhorter. The ventral fins coalefce and form a fort of funnel, by which thefe fifh affix themfelves im- moveably to the rocks, for which reafon they are called Rock-fi. The tail is rounded at ot end. The color is brown, or deep olive, mixed with dark ftreaks, and fpotted with black: the dorfal and anal fins are of a pale blue, the rays marked - with minute black fpots. Atvar - CeassIV. SPOTTED’ GOBY. 215: Agua? Athen. Lib. VII. p. Gobius' Aphya et ei 96. Spore © 284. dictus. Arted. fynon. 4 Aphia. Beloz, 207. Gobius Aphya. G. ics Aphya cobites. Rozdel. 210. etiam pinnarum fufcis. Lin. Gefner pife. 67. Wil. pif. Syft. 450. 207. Raii fyn. pife. 76. E faw feveral of this {pecies taken laft fum- ‘mer on our fandy fhores in the fhrimp nets. The length of the largeft was not three inches : the nofe was blunt: the eyes large and prominent, ftanding far out of the head: the irides fappha- rine; the head flat; the tongue ee teeth in both jaws. The firft dorfal fin confifted of fix rays; the fecond of eleven, and placed at fome diftance from the other. ; | The ventral fins are united: the anal confit of eleven rays: the tail is even at the end. The body is of a whitifh color, obfcurely fpot- ted with ferruginous: the rays of the dorfal fins, and the tail, barred with the fame coior. P4 Large TEI 216 - XXII. BULL- HEAD. 97: River. BULL HEIDI 2 Cikseay Large flat head, armed with fharp pins, = cy Six branchioftegous rays. r Beitos. Arif. Hift. an. Lib, Cottus alepedotus glaber, ca- IV t. Ce: Se pite diacantho. red. fynon. Chabot. Belen, 213. i. Cottus. Rondel. Fluviat. 202. Cottus Gobio. C. levis, ca- Gobio capitatus. Gefner pife. pite f{pinis duabus. Lin. 401. Syft. 452. Een Muller. Schwenckfelt Sten-fimpa, Slagg-fimpa. Siles. 431. Faun. Suec. No. 323. Bull-head,. Miller’s Thumb. Koppe. Kram. 384. Gronov. Wil, Icth. 137+ Raii fyn Zooph. No. 270. pif. 76. han “HIS fpecies is very common in all our clear brooks ; it lies almoft always at the bottom, either on the gravel or under a ftone: it depofits its fpawn in a hole it forms in the gravel, and quits it with great reluétance. It feeds on water infeéts; and we found in the ftomach of one the remains of the frefh water fhrimp, the pulex aqua- tilis of Ray. This fifh feldom exceeds the length of three inches and an half: the head large, broad, flat, and thin at its circumference, being well adapted for infinuating itfelf under ftones: on the middle art of the covers of the gills is a fmall crooked {ping turning inwards, * The | “(VGH -TLOE WHAT ‘LO gar Ta ‘aV8H-Itaa awwiv SOEN Crass IV. ARMED BULL-HEAD. The eyes are very {fmall: the irides yellow: the teeth very minute, placed in the jaws and the roof of the mouth. The body grows flender towards the tail, and is very {mooth. The firft dorfal fin confifts of fix rays, the fecond of feventeen: the pectoral fins are round, and prettily fcalloped at their edges, and are compofed of thirteen rays; the ventral of only four; the anal of thirteen; the tail of twelve, and is rounded at the end. The color of this fith is as difagreeable as its form, being dufky, mixed with a dirty yellow: the belly whitith. CataphraGius, Stein-bicker, Cottus Cataphractus. C. lori- iiller, Turfs-bull. Schone- catus, roitro verrucofo 2 velde, 30. Tab. 3. bifidis, capite fubtus cir- Cataphractus Schoneveldii Sep- rofo. Lin. fpf. 451. tentr. Anglisa Pogge. Wil. Botn-mus. Faun. Suec. No. Icth. 211. Raii fyn. pife. 77. 324. Cottus cirris plurimis corpore Seb. Muf. UI. Tab. 28. Gro- ottagono. Arted. fynon: 77. nov. Looph, No. 271. @ Sales pogse is very common on moft of the Britifh coatts. It feldom exceeds five inches and an half in fenoth, and even feldom arrives at that fize. The head is large, bony, and very rugged: the end of the nofe is armed with four here upright {pines ; 27 98. ARMED. 28 « FATHER-LASHER. CrasIV. fpines: on the throat are a number of fhort white beards. The teeth are very minute, ficuaigae in the j jaws. The body is octagonal, and covered with a ~ number of ftrong bony crufts, divided into feveral compartments, the ends of which projeét into a fharp point, and form feveral echinated lines along the back and fides from the head to the tail. - The firft dorfal fin confifts of fix fpiny rays: the fecond is placed juft behind the firft, and confifts” of feven foft rays. The pectoral fins are broad and rounded, and are compofed of fifteen rays. 99. FATHER- Scorpios. Ovid. Halieut. 116. App. 25> BASHER. La Scorpene. Belon, 242. Cottus fcorpius. C. capite Scorpius marinus, Waelkuke, {pinis pluribus, maxilla fu- ~ Buloffe, Schorp-fifche. — iy: longiore. Lin. Schonevelde, 67. tab.6. Sift. 4 — Scorpzne Belonii fimilis Cor- Rot- fides. ‘Skrabba, Skialry- nub, Father-lafher. W2/. ta. Faun. Suec. No. 323. Leth. 138. Rati fyn. pife. Ulke. Crantz. Greenl/1. 95. 145. Scorpius virginianus. Gronov. Zooph. No. 268. Idem. 142. Wil. Icth. Sea Scorpion. Edw. 284. HIS fifh is not uncommon on the rocky coafts of this ifland: it lurks under ftones, and will take a bait. Dascrira Tt does not grow to a large fize, feldom exceed- ing (as far as we have feen in the fpecimens that are taken-on our fhores) eight or nine inches. The ded Ee Ed Bie : 4, if SS ft | ! Wifi Ce p ' YY, Y Ye LD» CrassIV. FATHER-LASHER.: ‘The head is very large, and has a moft formi-. dable appearance, being armed with vaft {pines, which it can oppofe to any enemy that attacks it, by {welling out its cheeks and gill covers to. a large fize. Et capitis duro nociturus Scorpios ctu. The hurtful Scorpion wounding with its head. The nofe, and fpace contiguous to the eyes, are furnifhed with fhort fharp fpines: the covers of the ~ gills are terminated by exceeding long ones, which are both ftrong and very fharp pointed. The mouth is large: the jaws covered with rows of very fmall teeth: the roof of the mouth is fur-: -nifhed with a triangular {pot of minute teeth. The back is more elevated than that of others of this genus: the belly prominent: the fide-line rough, the reft of the body very fmooth, and crows flender towards the tail. The firft dorfal fin confifts of eight fpiny rays; the fecond of eleven high foft rays: the pectoral - fins are large, and have fixteen; the ventral three; the anal eight:. the tail is rounded at the end, and is compofed of twelve bifurcated rays, The color of the body is brown, or dufky and white marbled, and fometimes is found alfo ftained with red: the fins and tail are tranfparent, fome- times clouded, but the rays barred regularly with brown: the belly is of a filvery white. This kind is very frequent in the Newfoundland feas, 219 SPINES. AMERICAN. 220 FATHER-LASHER. CrassIV¥. feas, where it is called Scolping: it is alfo as com- mon on the coaft of Greenland in deep water near — fhore. It isa principal food of the natives, and the foup made of it is faid to be agreeable as well as wholefome. 7 Body Fi. XLI. SMEAR DAB. DOREE we 106. LW? 100- Crass IV. D O'R CE UE, Body very ae, me comprefied fideways. Very long filaments iffuing from the firft dorfal fin. Seven Boers rays. Xanueus. Athen. lib. VII. 328. Zeus ventre aculeato, cauda Oppian Halieut. 1. 133. in extremo circinato. Arted. Faber? Ovid Halieut. 110. fynon. 78. Zeus idem Faber Gadibus. Zeus Faber. Z. cauda rotun- Plin. ib. 1X. ¢. 18. data, lateribus mediis ocello La Dorée. Belon, 146. fufco, pinnis analibus dua- Faber five Gallus marinus. bus. Liz. {iff 454. Gre- Rondel. 328. Gefner pifc. 369. nov. Looph. No. 311. A Doree. Wil. Icth. 294. Zeus fpinofus. Muf Fred, Raii fyn. pife. 99+ 4d. 67. tab, XXXI. UPERSTITION hath made the Doree rival S to the Hadock, for the honor of having been the fifth out of whofe mouth St. Peter took the tri- bute-money, leaving on its fides thofe incontefti- ble proofs of the identity of the fifh, the marks of his finger and thumb. It is rather difficult at this time to determine on which part to decide the difpute; for the Doree likewife afferts an origin of its fpots of a fimilar nature, but of a much earlier date than the for- mer. St. Chriffopher™, in wading through an arnt of * Belon, Rondel, alfo Aldrovand de pift. 40. St. Chriffopher was of a Colofal flature, as is evident from his image in the church XXII. DOREE. 100. Dore. 222 PLAcE. DescriP. DcOTRCE CE. ~— Sisseiy of the fea, having caught a fith of this kind ex paj- fant, as an eternal memorial of the fa&, left the impreffions on its fides to be oe to all pofterity. Tye: In our own country it was very long before this fifh attraéted our notice, at left as an edible one. We are indebted to that judicious actor and doz vivant the late Mr. Quin, for adding a moft deli- cious fifh to our table, who overcoming all the vulgar prejudices on account of its deformity, has effectually eftablifhed its reputation. This fifh was fuppofed to be found only in the fouthern feas of this kingdom, but it has been dif covered laft year on the coaft of Axglefec. Thole of the greateft fize are taken in the Bay of Bifcay, off the French coafts: they are alfo very common in the Mediterranean, Ovid muft therefore have. ftyled it rarus Faber, on account of its excellency, not its fearcity. y The form of this fifh is hideous: its body is oval, and greatly compreffed on the fides : the head large: the fnout vaftly projeCting: the mouth very wide : the teeth very {mall. The eyes great: the irides yellow. The lateral line oddly diftorted, finking at each end, and rifing near the back in the middle: be- neath it on each fide is a round black fpot. church of Notre Dame at Paris, and a ftill larger at Auxerre: the lait we think is near feventy feet high. His hiftory is in his name, xpiroQogec, being faid to have carried our Saviour, when a child, over an arm of the fea. if The Crass IV. Eo Bais TER. The firft dorfal fin confifts of ten ftrong fpiny rays, with long filaments, reaching far beyond their ends: the fecond is placed near the tail, and con- fifts of twenty-four foft rays, the middlemoft of which are the longelt. | The pectoral fins have fourteen rays, the ventral feven; the firft fpiny, the others foft: it has two anal fins; the firft confifts of four fharp {pines, the fecond of twenty-two foft ones,~ and reaches very near the tail. The tail is. round at the end, “se confifts of fifteen branched rays. The color of the fides is olive, varied with ht blue and white, and while living is very refills dent, and as if gilt, for which reafon it is called the Doree. The largeft fifh we have heard of, weighed twelve pounds. ' Opah, or King-fifh. PA. argenteo purpureo fplen- Trans. abr. XI. 879: Tab. — dens. Strom. Sondmor. 323, Vv. G2ge Twas kif 20, Za cauda bifurca, colore FE, have only five inftances of this fifh being taken in our feas, four of them in the North, viz. twice off Scotland*, once off Northumberland, * The fifh engraved by Sir Robert Sibbald, Hift. Scot. Tab. 6. and thus defcribed, isofthiskind. Pi/cis maculis aureis anes non feriptis, pollices 42 longus. one 223 Ol. OPAH. 224 Gakeae f Crass IV. one in Filey-Bay, Tj ork/bire; and a fifth was caught. at Brixham, in Torbay, in 1772. The laft weighed a hundred and forty pounds. The length was four feet and an half: the breadth two feet and a quarter: the greateft thicknefs, only four inches. Its general color was a vivid tranfparent fcarlet varnifh, over burnifhed gold, befpangled with oval filver {pots of various fizes : the breaft was an hard bone, refembling the keel of a fhip: the flefh looked, and tafted like beef *. I find a more ample defcription of another, by Mr. Robert Harrifon, of Newcaftle. Neweajftle, Sept. 12. 176g; On Saturday \aft was thrown upon the fands at Byth, a very rare and beautiful fifth, weighing between feventy and eighty pounds, fhaped like the fea bream. The length was three feet and an half; the breadth from” back to belly almoft two feet; but the thicknefs from fide to fide not above fix inches. The mouth fmall for the fize of the fifh, forming a {quare opening, and without any teeth in the jaws. The tongue thick, refembling that of a man; but rough and thick fet with beards or prickles, pointing backwards, fo that any thing might eafily pafs down, but could not eafily return back, therefore thefe’ might ferve inftead of teeth to retain its prey. The eyes remarkably large, covered with a mem- brane, and fhining with a glare of gold. The cover of the gills like the falmon, + This defcription was fent to me by a gentleman, who faw the fifh foon after it was taken. The Crass IV. O P AEH The body diminifhes very fmall to the tail, which is forked, and expands twelve inches: the gill fins are broad, about eight inches long, and play horizontally: a little behind their infertion the back fin takes its original, where it is about fe- ven inches high, but flopes away very fuddenly, running down very near the tail, and at its ter- mination becomes a little broader: the belly fins are very ftrong, and placed near the middle of the body: a narrow fin alfo runs from the anus to the tail. _ All the fins, and alfo the tail, are of a fine fear- Jet; but the colors and beauty of the reft of the body, which is fmooth and covered with almoft imperceptible fcales, beggars all defcription; the upper part being a kind of bright green, variega- ted with whitifh fpots, and enriched with a {fhi- ning golden hue, like the fplendor of a peacock’s feather. This by degrees, vanifhes in a bright fil- very, and near the belly the gold again predo- minates in a lighter ground than on the back. Vor; III. es | Body 225 226. XXIV. FLOUN- DER. 102. Hotr- BUT. S1zz. H QHL‘A-B UCT: Coie Body quite flat, and very thins Eyes, both on the fame fide the head. Branchioftegous rays from four to fever. * With the eyes on the right fide. Hippogloffus. Rondel. 325. totus glaber. Arted. fynots Ge/ner pife. 669. 31 Heglbutte, Hilligbutte. Pleuroneétes ainsi Schonevelde, 62. Lin. fyft. Holibut, Septentr. Anglis Tur- Hapomandea. ieee Saec. bot. Wil. Id. 99. Raii No. 329. Gronov. Looph. Syn. pife. 33. na” ING. ZAG. Wicdwuutcs oculis a dextris, HIS is the largeft of the genus; fome have been taken in our feas weighing from one to three hundred pounds; but much larger are found in thofe of Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland, where they are taken with a hook and line. in very deep water. They are part of the food of the Greenlanders *, who cut them into large flips, and dry them in the fun. They are common in the Lendow markets, where they are expofed to fale cut into large pieces. They are very coarfe eating, excepting the part * Crantz. Hi, Greenl, 1. 98. | which Crass IV. iG TAT Bourn which adheres to the fide fins, which is extreme- ly fat and delicious, but furfeiting. They are the moft voracious of all flat fith. The laft year there were two inftances of their fwal- lowing the lead weight at the end of a line, with which the feamen were founding the bottom from on board a fhip, one off Flamborough Head, the other going into Linmouth Haven: the latter was taken, the other difengaged itfelf. The holibut, in refpect to its length, is the nar- roweft of any of this genus except the fole. It is perfectly fmooth, and free from fpines ei- ther above or below. The color of the upper part is dufky ; beneath of a pure white. We do not count the rays of the fins in this genus, not only becaufe they are fo numerous, but becaufe nature hath given to each fpecies characters fuffi- cient to diftinguifh them by. Thefe flat fifh fwim fideways; for which reafon Linnaus hath ftyled them Pleuroneétes. Q2 Plateffa ? 227 Descrip., 228. ov Paya & pis) Crass IV.) 303. PEAISE. Platefla? Aufenii Epif?. ad- Pleurone€tes oculis et tuber- Theon. 62. culis fex a dextra capitis, Le Quarlet. Beloz, 139. lateribus glabris, fpma ad Quadratulus. Rondel. 318. anum. Arted. fynon. 30. - Gefner pifc. 665. Pleuroneétes Plateffla. Liz. Scholle, Pladife. Schonevelde, fy. 456. Gronov. Zooph. 61. . No. 246. Plaife. Wal. Icth. 96. Ratt Skalla, Rodfputta. Faan. Suece fit» pifee 31. No. 328. HESE fifh are very common on moft of our coafts, and fometimes taken of the weight of fifteen pounds; but they feldom reach that fize, one of eight or nine pounds being reckoned a large fifh. The beft and largeft are taken off Rye, on the coalt of Suffex, and alfo off the Dutch coafts. They fpawn on the beginning of February. They are very flat, and much more fquare thanthe preceding. Behind the left eye is a row of fix tu- bercles, that reaches to the commencement of the lateral line. The upper part of the body and fins is of a clear brown, marked with large bright orange-colored fpots: the belly is white.. CussIV. FLOUNDER. «229 Le Flez. Belon, 141. nulis fupiné ad radices pin- 104. FLeun- Pafferis tertia fpecies. Rondel, narum, dentibus obtufis. 319. Gefner pife. 666, 670. Arted. fynon. 31. Struff-butte. Schonevelde, 62. Plueroneétes Flefus. Lez. Flounder, Fluke, or But. Sift 457- Gronov. Zooph. Wil. Icth. 980. Rati fyn. No. 248. pifes 32. Flundra, Slatt-fkadda. Frau. Pleuronectes oculis a dextris, ~ Suec. No. 327. linea laterali afpera, {pi- HIE flounder inhabits every part of the Britib fea, and even frequents our rivers at a great diftance from the falt waters; and for this reafon fome writers call it the Pafer fluviatilis. It never grows large in our rivers, but is reckoned {weeter than thofe that live in the fea. It is inferior in fize to the plaife, for we never heard of any that weigh- ed more than fix pounds. It may very eafily be diftinouifhed from the plaife, or any other fifh of this genus, by a row of fharp {mall fpines that furround its upper fides, and are placed juft at the junction of the fins with the body. Another row marks the fide-line, and runs half way down the back. The color of the upper part of the body is a paie brown, fometimes marked with a few obfcure {pots of dirty yellow. the belly is white. We have met with a variety of this fifh with the eyes and lateral line on the left fide. Linneus makes a diftinét fpecies of it under the name of Q3 | Pleuro- DER. DESCRIP. 230 105. Das. DescripP. i106. SMEAR- Das. S M.E A ROD AB Chae Pleuroneties Paffer, p. 459; but fince it differs in no other refpect from the common kind, we agree with Doctor Gronovius in not feparating them. | La Limande. Belon, 142. - anum, dentibus obtufis. Paffer afper, five {quamofus. Arted. fynon. 33. | Rondel. 319. Gefuer pifc.665. Pleuronectes Limanda. PI. a- Dab. Wil. Icth. 79. Raii fn. culis dextris, fquamis cilia- pife. 32. tis, fpinulis ad radicem pin- Pleuronefes oculis a dextra, narum dorfi, anique. Liz. fquamis afperis, {pina ad pf. 457. ~ HE dab is found with the other fpecies, but is lefs common. It is in beft feafon during February, March, and April: they fpawn in May and Fune, and become flabby and watery the reft of fummer. They are fuperior in goodnefs to the plaife.and flounder, but far inferior in fize. It is generally of an uniform brown color on the upper fide, tho’ fometimes clouded with a darker. The fcales are fmall and rough, which is a character of this fpecies. The lateral line is extremely in- curvated at the beginning, then goes quite {trait to the tail, The lower part of the body is white, ‘Rhombus levis Cornubienfs maculis nigris, a Kit, Mr, Fago. Raitt fyn. pifc. 162. fig. 1: y E, found one of this fpecies at a Gfhmon- ger’s in London, where it is known by the name of the Smear-dab. : c GaetV) .. Sip. Tk. i It was a foot and a half long, and eleven inches broad between fin and fin on the wideft part. The head appeared very fmall, as the dorfal fin began very near its mouth, and extended very near to the tail. It confifted of feventy nine rays. The eyes were pretty near each other. The mouth full of {mall teeth. The lateral line was much incurvated for the firft two inches from its origin, then continued. {trait to the tail. ‘The back was covered with {mall fmooth {fcales, was of a light brown color, fpotted ob{curely with yellow. The belly white, and sels with five laree dufky {pots. It was a fith of goodnefs equal to the common dab. Beyawoooos. Athen. lib. viii. p. faperiore longiore, fquamis 288. Oppian Halieut. 1. gg. as afperis. Arted. fyn. La Sole. Belon, 142. Bugloffus. Rondel. 320. Ge/ner Plevroneties Solea Lin. fpf. pife. 666. 4s7. Gronov. ZLooph. No. Tungen. Schonevelde, 63. 251. Tunga, Sola. Faz. *PleuroneGes oculis a finiftra Suec. No. 326. corpore oblongo, maxilla HE fole is found on all our coafts, but thofe on the weftern fhores are much fuperior in fize to thofe of the north. On the former they are fometimes taken of the weight of fix or feven Q4 pounds, 22% 107. SOLE. 232 DescrRIP. 108. SMOOTH SoLe. SMOOTH SOLE. Crass IV. pounds, but towards Scarborough they rarely exceed one pound if they reach two, it is extremely un- common. odtcoat” ‘They are ufually taken in the trawlnet: they keep much at the bottom, and feed on {mall fhell fith. It is of a form much more narrow and oblong than any other of the genus. The irides are yel- low; the pupils of a bright fappharine color: the {fcales are {mall, and very rough: the upper part of the body is of a deep brown: the tip of one of the pectoral fins black: the under part of the body is white: the lateral line ftrait: the tail rounded at the end. Tt is a fifh of avery delicate flavour; but the {mall foles are much fuperior in goodnefs to large ones*, The chief fifhery for them is’at Brixham in Torbay. Solea? Ovid, Halieut. 124. Arnogloffus feu Solea levis. Wil. Icth. 102. Raii fyn. pifc. 34. HIS, as deferibed by Mr. Ray, (for we have not feen it) is extremely thin, pellucid, and * By the antient laws of the Cizqve ports, no one was to take foles from the 1ft of November to the 15th of March ; neither was any body to fifh from fun fetting to fun-rifing, that the fifh might enjoy their night-food. white, Crass IV. t. ARB Oe: white, and covered with fuch minute fcales, and thofe . inftantly deciduous, as to merit the epi- thet fmooth. It is a fcarce fpecies, but is found in Cornwall, where, from its sai eda des it is called the Lan- tern Fifh. It is probable that Ovid sa tcaaed this {pecies, by his Solea ; for the common kind does by no means merit his defcription. Fulgeutes SoLE candore. And Soles with white refplendent. ** With the eyes on the left fide. Rhombus. Ovid Halieut. fquamofus. Raiz yn. pic. Le Turbot. Beloz, 134. 31. Rhombus aculeatus. Rondel. Pleuroneétes oculis a finiftra, 310. Gefner pifc. 661. corpore afpero. ried. fynon. Steinbutt, Torbutt, Treen- 32. butt, Dornbutt. Schonevel- Pleuronectes maximus, Liz. de, 60. Df. 459. Gronov. Looph. Turbot, in the zorth a Bret. No. 254. Wil. Icth. 94. Butta. Faun. Suec. No. 325. Rhombus maximus afper non URBOTS grow to a very large fize; we have feen them of three and twenty pounds weight, but have heard of fome that weighed thirty. They are taken chiefly off the north coaft of England, 233 109. Tur- BOT. SIZE. 234 FIsHERY. LINES. T oO he Crass IV. England, and others off the Dutch coaft; but we beheve the laft has, in many inftances, more credit than it deferves for the abundance of its fith. The large Turbots, and feveral other kinds of- flat fifh, are taken by the hook and line, for they lye in deep water: the method of taking them in : wares, or ftaked nets, is too precarious to be de- pended on for the fupply of our great markets, becaufe it is by meer accident that the great fith firay into them. It is a misfortune to the inhabitants of many of our fifhing coafts, efpecially thofe of the north part of North Wales, that they are unacquainted with the moft fuccefsful means of capture: for their benefit, and perhaps that of other parts of our ifland, we fhall lay before them the method prac- tifed by the fithermen of Scarborough, as it was communicated to us by Mr. Travis. When they go out to fifh, each perfon is pro- vided with three lines. Each man’s lines are fair- ly coiled upon a flat oblong piece of wicker-work ; the hooks being baited, and placed very regularly in the centre of the coil. Each line is furnifhed with 44 fcore of hooks, at the diftance of fix. feet two inches from each other. : The hooks are faft- ened to the lines upon fneads of twifted horfe-hair, 27 inches in length. When fifhing there are always three men in each coble, and confequently nine of thefe lines are faftened together, and ufed as one line, extend- ing Crass IV. ow ho Boer ing in length near three miles, and furnifhed with 25620 hooks. An anchor and a buoy are fixed at the firft end of the line, and one more of each at the end of each man’s lines; in all four anchors, which are commonly perforated ftones, and four buoys made of leather or cork. The line is al- ways laid acrofs the current. The tides of flood and ebb continue an equal time upon our coaft, and when undifturbed by winds run each way about fix hours. They are fo rapid that the fifhermen can only fhoot and haul their lines at the turn of tide; and therefore the lines always remain upon the ground about fix hours*. The fame rapidity of tide prevents their ufing hand-lines; and therefore two of the people commonly wrap themfelves in the fail, and fleep while the other keeps a ftrict look- out, for fear of being run down by fhips, and to obferve the weather. For ftorms often rife fo fuddenly, that it is with extreme difficulty they can fometimes efcape to the fhore, leaving their lines behind. The coble is 20 feet 6 inches long, and 5 feet extreme breadth. _It is about one ton burthen, rowed with three pair of oars, and admirably con- ftruéted for the purpofe of encountering a moun- tanous fea: they hoift fail when the wind fuits. * In thisdpace the myxiné glutinsfa of Linnaeus, will fre- quently penetrate the fifhthat are on the hooks, and entire- ly devour them, lcaving only the fkin and bones, The 235 CoBLE, 236 Bait. TOR nO TR Crass IV; The five-men boat is 40 feet lone and 15 broad, and of 25 tons burthen: it is fo called, tho’ navi- gated by fix men and a boy, becaufe one of the men is commonly hired to cook, &c. and does not fhare in the profits with the other five. All our able fifhermen go in thefe boats to the herring fifhery at Yarmouth the latter end of September, and return about the middle of November. The boats are then laid up until the beginning of Lené, at which time they go off in them to the edge of the Dogger, and other places, to fifh for turbot, cod; ling, fkates, &c. They always take two cobles on board, and when they come upon their ground, anchor the boat, throw out the cobles, and fith in the fame manner as thofe do who go from the fhore in a coble; with this difference only, that here each man is provided with double the quantity of lines, and inftead of waiting the return of tide in the coble, return to the boat and bait their other lines; thus hawling one fet, and fhooting another every turn of tide. They commonly run into har- bour twice a week to deliver their fifh.. The five- men boat is decked at each end, but open in the middle, and has two large lug-fails. . The beft bait for all kinds of fifh is frefh herring cut in pieces of a proper fize; and notwithftanding what has been faid to the contrary, they are taken here at any time in the winter, and all the fpring, whenever the fifhermen put down their nets for that purpofe. The five-men boats always take 5 fome Crass IV. UO KH By Oe) fome nets for that end. Next to herrings are the leffer lampreys*, which come all winter by land- carriage from Tadcafer. The next baits in efteem are {mall hadocks cut in pieces, fand worms, muf- cles, and limpets (called here Puidders ;) and laftly, when none of thefe can be had they ufe bullock’s. liver. The hooks ufed here are much fmaller than thofe employed at Iceland and Newfoundland. Experience has fhewn that the larger fifh will take a living {mall one upon the hook, fooner than any bait that can be put on; therefore they ufe fuch as the fmall fifth can fwallow. The hooks are two inches and an half long in the fhank, near an inch wide between the fhank and the point. The line is made of {mall cording, and is always tanned before it is ufed. Turbots, and all the rays, are extremely delicate in their choice of baits. If a piece of herring or hadock has been twelve hours out of the fea, and then ufed as bait, they will not touch it. This and the pearl are of a remarkable fquare form: the color of the upper part of the body is cinereous, marked with numbers of black fpots of different fizes: the belly is white: the fkin is without fcales, but greatly wrinkled, and nyxed with fmall fhort fpines, difperfed without any order. * The Dutch alfo ufe thefe fith as baits in the turbot fithery, and purchafe annually from the Thames fifhermen as much as amounts to 700/. worth, for that purpofe. Pafler 237 238 310. PEARL. z11. WHIFF, WHEFRE UT Cpe La Barbue. Belon, 137. Pleuronectes oculis a finiftris, Rhombus levis. Rondel. 312. corpore glabro, Arted. Jjns Gefner pifc. 662. ee Schlichtbuit. Schonevelde, 60. Bicucaucaes Rhombus. Liz. Rhombus non aculeatus fqu- yf 455 Gronov. Zooph. amofus the Pearl. Londinens. No. 149. Coraub. — Lug-aleaf. Wil. Pigghvart. It. W. Goth. 178. Leth. 95. Raii fyn. pife. 31. T is frequently. found in the Lonwdoz markets, but is inferiof to the turbot in goodnefs-as well as fize. The irides are yellow : the {kin is covered with {mall fcales, but is quite free from any {pines or inequalities. The upper fide of the body is of a-deep brown, marked with fpots of dirty yellow : the under fide is of a pure white. * Paffer Cornubienfis afper, magno oris hiatu. Mr. Fage. Raii fin» pile. 163. figs 2+ HIS bears fome refemblance to the Holibut. One was brought to me by my fifherman, Ofober 31,1775. Its length was eighteen inches: the greateft - haa not ‘Sven, exclufive of the fins. The ‘Crass @V. WH Pagur ? Ovid Hakeut. 107. | Sparus rubefcens, cute ad ra- Le Pagrus. Belon, 245. dicem pinnarum dorfi et ani Pagrus. Rondel. 142. Gefner in finum producta. Arted. pife 656. Jynon. 64. Sea Bream. Wil. Icth. 312. Sparus Pagrus. Lin fy. 460- Raii fyn. pife. 133. HIS fpecies grows to a fize equal with that of the former: its fhape and the figure of the teeth are much the fame. _ The irides are filvery : the infide of the covers of the gills, the mouth, and the tongue, are of a fine red. | At the bafe of the pectoral fins is a ferruginous {fpot. ‘What is peculiar to this fpecies is, that the fkin at the end of the dorfal and anal fins is gathered up, and hides the laft rays. | The feales are large: the tail forked. The color of the whole body 1s red. Brama “OV GLA - DIT) I; i} Cd A | LLOO Ww he ip hf Crass IV. ‘TOOTHED GILT-HEAD. 243 Brama marina cauda forcipata D. Fonffon. Raii fyn. pife. 115. 114. TooTH- ED. 5 acl fpecies was communicated to Mr. Ray _ by his friend Mr. Fonfton, a York/bire gen- tleman, who informed him it was found on the fands near the mouth of the Tees, Sept. 18, 1681. It was a deep fifh, formed like a roch, twenty- fix inches long, ten broad, and grew very flender towards the tail. The eyes large, like thofe of quadrupeds. In the lower jaws were two rows of teeth, flender and fharp as needles; and on each fide a flender canine tooth: in the upper only a fingle row of teeth. The aperture of the gills very large. The body {caly. In the middle of the back was one fin extending almoft to the tail, the feven firft rays high, the reft low: behind the vent is another, correfponding : both are entirely covered with {cales flated over each other. : | The back black ; the fides of a brighter color : the belly quite of a filvery brightnefs. Rz Covers 246 XXVI. WRASSE. 115. An- TIENT. “WOR AO S’S>Er Giass7¥. Covers of the eills fcaly. Branchioftegous rays unequal in number *. Teeth conic, long and blunt at their ends. One tuberculated bone in the bottom of the throat: two above oppofite to the other. One dorfal fin reaching the whole length of the back: a flender fkin extending beyond the end of us. €aCly fay. Rounded tail. Vieille, Poule de mer, Gal- Wraffe, or Old Wife. Raz _ lot, une Roffe. Belo, Syn. pife. 136 . _ 248. Labrus roftro furfum reflexo Turdorum undecimum genus. cauda in extremo circulari. Rondel. 179. Gefuer pifc. Arted. fynon. ae 1019. Labrus Tinca. Lia. ft. Turdus vulgatifimus. Wil. 477. Leth. 319. f- F-RARIS fpecies is found in deep water adja- cent to the rocks. It will take a ‘bait, though its ufual ee is thei’ fifh, and {mall cru- foe. * Linneus {ays fix : this fpecies had only four; the fecond, fix; the third and fourth, five. We alfo find the fame vari- ation in the rays of the fins, the numbers being different in Sth of the fame {pecies, not only of this but of otis ge- 4e€'Ta. It Crass IV. Wer. A’ S°S Bi It grows to the weight of four or five pounds: it bears fome refemblance to a carp in the form of the body, and is covered with large feales. - The nofe projects ; the lips are large and flefhy, and the one turns up, the other hangs down: the mouth is capable of being drawn in or protrud- ed. _ The irides are red: the teeth are difpofed in two rows; the firft are conic, the fecond very minute, and as if fupporters to the others: in the throat juft before the gullet are three bones, two above of an oblong form, and one below of a triangular fhape; the furface of each rifing into roundifh pro- tuberances: thefe are of fingular ufe to the fifh, to erind its fhelly food before it arrives at the {tomach. ; The dorfal fin confifts of fixteen fharp and fpiny rays, and nine foft ones, which are much longer than the others. The pectoral fins large and round, and are com- pofed of fifteen rays. The ventral of fix; the firft fharp and ftrone: the anal of three fharp fpines, and nine flexible. The tail is rounded at the end, and is formed of fourteen foft branching rays. The lateral line much incurvated near the tail. Thefe fith vary infinitely in color: we have feen them of a dirty red, mixed with a certain dufkinefs ; others moft beautifully ftriped, efpeciaily about 3 the 245 TEETH. CoLoz. 246 416. Bate LANs BALLAN WRASSE. Crass IV. the head, with the richeft colors, fuch as blue, red, and yellow. Moft of this genus are fubjeét to vary; therefore care muft be taken not to mul- tiply the {pecies from thefe accidental teints, but to attend to the form which never alters, — The Welch call this filh Gwrach, or the old | woman ; the Fernch, la Vieille; and the Engh/b give it the name of Old Wife. ape is a kind of Wraffe, fent from Scar- borough by Mr. Travis, differing from the other fpecies. They appear during fummer in great fhoals off Filey-Bridge: the largeft weigh about five pounds. ~ It was of the form of the common Genie only between the dorfal fin and the tail was a confider- able finking: above the nofe was a deep fulcus: on the fartheft cover of the gills was a depreffion radiated from the center. It had only four branchioftegous rays. The dorfal fin had thirty-one rays, twenty fpiny, eleven foft; the laft branched, and much longer than the f{piny rays. The pectoral fins had fourteen; the ventral fix; the firft of which was fhort and fpiny: the anal twelve; the three firft fpiny, the nine others branched and foft. | The Pl. XLIV. BAL LAN . Crass IV. BIMACULATED WRASSE. The tail was rounded at the end; at the bot- tom, for about a third part of the way, between each ray was a row of {cales. The color in general was yellow, fpotted with orange. Labrus bimaculata, L. pinna Sciena bimaculata. Mus. Ad. dorfali ramentacea, macula Fred. I. 66. tab. XXXI, fufca in latere medio, et (fig. 66. ad caudam. Lin. /y/?. 477. R. Brunnich obferved this fpecies at Pen- zance, and referred me to Linnzus’s defcrip- tion of it in the Mufeum Ad. Fred. where it is de- {cribed under the name of Sciena Bimaculata. The body is pretty deep, and of a light color, marked in the middle on each fide with a round brown fpot; on the upper part of the bafe of the tail is another : the lateral line is incurvated. The branchioftegous rays are fix in number*: the firft fifteen rays of the dorfal fin are fpiny; the * Linngus, in his laft edition, has removed this fpecies from the genus of Scizza, to that of Ladrus, though it does not agree with the laft in 47s number of branchioftegous FAays, R4 other 247 117. Bima- CULATED. DESCRIP. 248 i18. T'rrMae- CULATED. TRIMACULATED .WRASSE: Ciass IV. . ether eleven foft, and lengthenedby a fkinny ap- pendage: the pectoral fins confift of fifteen rays; the ventral of fix; the firft {piny ; the fecond and third ending in a flender briftie: the anal fin is pointed; the four firft rays being fhort and fpiny 5 the reft long and foft. *THE fpecies we examined was taken on the “4 coaft of Anglefea; its length was eight inches. It was of an oblong form; the nofe long; the teeth flender; the fore teeth much longer than the others. . The eyes large: branchioftegous rays, five. The back fin confifting of feventeen fpiny rays, and thirteen foft ones; beyond each extended a long nerve. The pectoral fins were round, and confifted of fifteen branched rays. The ventral fins confifted of fix rays; the firft {piny. | The anal fin of twelve; the three firft fhort, very ftrong, and fpiny; the others foft and branch- ed. The tail was rounded. The lateral line was ftrait at the beginning of the. back, but grew incurvated towards the tail. The OMT oN” SS WS “HES SWVUAA CU d Peas \ \ ATX Td CrassIV, STRIPED WRASSE. . The body covered with large red fcales; the co- vers of the gills with {mall ones. On each fide of the lower part of the back fin were two large fpots, and between the fin and the tail another. i ees was taken off fthe Skerry I/es, on the coaft of Anglefea, its length was ten inches. an 11g. STRIP= ED. The form was oblong, but the beginning of Diskir. the back a little arched: the lips ie, double, and much turned up: the teeth hike thofe of the preceding: branchioftegous rays, five. The number of rays in the back, peétoral, and ventral fins, the fame as in thofe of the former. In the anal fin were fifteen ‘aes the three firft ftrong and fpiny. The tail almoft even at the end, being very little rounded : the covers of the gilis cinereous, ftriped with fine yellow. The fides marked with four etic lines of ereenifh olive, and the fame of mott elegant blue. CoLor. The back and belly red; but the laft of a much > paler hue, and under the throat almoft yellow. Along the beginning of the back fin was a broad bed of rich blue; the middle part white; the reft red. At 250 120. GiB- BOUS, GIBBOUS WRASSE. Crass IV. At the bafe of the a. fins was a dark olive {pot. The ends of the anal fin, and ventral fins, a fine blue. 7 The upper half of the tail blue; the lower part of its rays yellow. | oe fpecies was taken off Anglefea : its length was. eight inches; the greateft depth three: _ it was of a very deep and elevated form, the back being vaftly arched, and very fharp or ridged. From the beginning of the head to the nofe, was a fteep declivity. The teeth like thofe of the aitiers: The eyes of a middling fize,; above each a dufky femilunar fpot. The neareft cover of the gills finely ferrated. The fixteen firft rays of the back ftrong and ipiny; the other nine foft and branched. The pectoral fins confifted of thirteen, the ven- tral of fix rays; the firft ray of the ventral fin was {trong and fharp. The anal fin confifted of fourteen rays, of which the three firft were ftrongly aculeated. The tail was large, rounded at the end, and the rays PL. XLVI. LV? 120. GIBBOWS TRIMACULATED WRASSH. LV? 118. \, ) vege Yo ee ae v1 ANTIENT WRASSE? - WeONMS. GOLDSINNY . AV? Lae MN Griffis del CussIV. GOL DSINN Y. rays branched; the ends of the tay), extending be- yond the webs. The lateral line was incurvated towards the tail. The gill covers and body covered with large {cales. The firft were moft elegantly fpotted, and ftriped with blue and orange, and the fides {potted in the fame manner ; but neareft the back the orange was difpofed in ftripes: the back fin and anal fin were of a fea green, fpotted with black. The ventral fins and tail a fine pea green. The pectoral fins yellow, marked at their bafe with tranfverfe firipes of red. Goldfinny Cornubienfum, Mr. Fage. Raii fym: pifc. 163. Pg. 3° 3 aa and the two following fpecies were dif- covered by Mr. Fago on the coaft of Corn- wal: we never had an opportunity of examining them, therefore are obliged to have recourfe to his defcriptions, retaining their local names. © In the whole form of the body, lips, teeth, and fins, it refembles the Wraffe: it is faid never to exceed a palm in length: near the tail-is a remark- able 25% CoLor. 121. Goups SINNY. 258 “422. Com- . BER. COMBE RR. ‘CrassIV. able black fpot: the firft rays of the dorfal fin are tinged with black. ‘ | The Melanurus of Rondeletius (adds he) takes its name from the black fpot near the tail; but in many inftances it differs widely from this fpecies, the tail of the firft is forked, that of the Goldfnny is even at the end. I fufpeét that this fpecies was fent to me from Cornwal. Befides the fpot near the tail, there was another near the vent. In the dorfal fin were fixteen fpiny, and nine foft rays: in the pectoral fourteen: in the anal three fpiny, eleven foft: in the ventral fix. The tail almoft even at the end. | Comber Corzub. Razi fyn. pife. 163. fig. 5? I RECEIVED this fpecies from Corzwal, and fuppofe it to be the Comber of Mr. Fago. It was of a flender form. The dorfal fin had twenty fpiny, eleven foft rays: the pectoral four- teen: the ventral five: the anal three fpiny, feven foft. The tail round. The color of the back, fins, and tail, red: the belly yellow: beneath the lateral line ran parallel a fmooth, Crass IV. C O SB MA 253 a fmooth, even ftripe from gills to tail, of a filvery color. Cook (é,¢. Coquus) Cornubienfium. Rati fyn pif. 163. 123. Coox. Fg 4: | aes fpecies, Mr. ago fays, is fometimes ; taken in great plenty on the Cornijh coatts. It is a fcaly fifh, and does not grow to any great fize. The back is purple and dark blue; the belly yellow. By the figure it feems of the fame fhape as the Comber, and the tail rounded. Befides thefe fpecies we recollect feeing taken at the Giant's Caufeway in Ireland, a moft beautiful kind of a vivid green, fpotted with fearlet; and others at Bandooran, in the county of Sligo, of a pale green. We were at that time inattentive to this branch of natural hiftory, and can only fay they were of a fpecies we have never fince feen. The 254 PERCH, CLaAss IV. consort The edges of the oill-covers ferrated. Seven branchioftegous rays. Body covered with rough {cales. Firft dorfal fin {piny ; the fecond foft *. 124. Com- leon Arif. Hif. an. Lib. tranfverfis nigris, pinnis MON. WIE Fa ventralibus rubris. ried. Perca Aufonii Mofella, 115. JSynon. 66. Une Perche de riviere. Belox, Perca fluviatilis. P. pinnis 291 dorfalibus diftin@is, fecun- Perca fluviatilis. Rondel. fiu- da radiis fedecim Liz. /y/ft. viat. 196. Gefner pifc. 698. 481. Gronov. Zooph. No. Ein Barfs. Schonevelde, 55. 301. ) A Perch. Wil. I&h. 291. Raii Abboree. Faun. Suec. No. 332. Syn. pife. 97. Perfchling, Barfchieger. Kram. Perca lineis utrinque fex 384. Wulff Borufs. No. 276 HE perch of Ariftotle and Aufonius is the fame with that of the moderns. That men- tioned by Oppian, Pliny, and Atheneust+, is a fea-fifh probably of the Labrus or Sparus kind, being enumerated by them among fome congene- ~* The Rufé is an exception, having only one dorfal fin, but the fourteen firft rays of it are fpiny. abe T Oppian Halieut, I, IZA. Phinii Lib. IX, an 16. Atheneus Lid. VI. p. 319+ eOus Pl. XBVII. LV 124, SEA PERCH. We 126. S MG riffiths NF [ Se ere ae Ck le ci Fd Sa ee ea 2 ee Crass IV. PO EOR AC. -BL. rous fpecies. Our perch was much efteemed by the Romans: Nec te adelicias menfarum Perca, filebo Amnigenos inter pifces dignande marinis. Ausonivs. It isnot lefs admired at prefent as a firm and de- licate fifh; and the Dutch are particularly fond of it when made into a difh called Water Souchy. Tt is a gregarious fifh, and loves deep holes and gentle ftreams. It is a moft voracious fifth, and eager biter: if the angler meets with a fhoal of them, he is fure of taking every one. It is a common notion that the pike will not attack this fifh, being fearful of the fpiny fins which the perch erects on the approach of the former. This may be true in refpect to large fifh; but it is well known the fmall ones are the moft tempting bait that can be laid for the pike. The perch is a fifh very tenacious of life: we have known them carried near fixty miles in dry ftraw, and yet furvive the journey. Thefe fith feldom grow to a large fize: we once heard of one that was taken in the Serpentine river, Hyde-Park, that weighed nine pounds, but that it is very uncommon. The body is deep: the fcales very rough: the back much arched: fide-line near the back. The irides golden: the teeth fmall, difpofed in the jaws and on the roof of the mouth: the edges of 255 DESCRIP. 256 CoLor. CROOKED PERCH. PoE UR RCT ee Crass IV. s of the covers of the gills ferrated: on the lower end of the largeft is a fharp fpine. The firft dorfal fin confifts of fourteen ftrong fpiny rays: the fecond of fixteen foft ones: the pectoral fins are tranfparent, and confift of fourteen rays; the ventral of fix; the anal of eleven. The tail is a little forked. The colors are beautiful: the back and part of the fides being of a deep green, marked with five broad black bars pointing downwards: tbe belly is white, tinged with red: the ventral fins of a rich {carlet; the anal fins and tail ef the fame color, but rather paler. In a lake called Llyn Raithlyn, in Merionethfhire, is a very fingular variety of perch: the back is quite hunched, and the lower part of the back bone, next the tail, ftrangely diftorted: the color, and in other refpects, it refembles the common kind, which are as numerous in the lake as thefe deformed fifh. They are not peculiar to this water, for Linnzus takes notice of a fimilar variety found at Fablun, in his own country. I have alfo heard that it is to be met with in the Thames near Mar- low. : Aakeag ? ——— ( AI a) \ i \ \\\ “TLS S Vee > 'a of baal. Ciass IV. BOAR SS S25 B: Aaleak? Arift. Hift. an. lib, Raii fyn. pifc. 83. EV. gsct0. &e. Perca radiis pinnz dorfalis fe= Lupus? Owid. Halieut. 112. cundz tredecim, ani qua- Le Bar, le Loup. Beloz, 113. tuordecim. Arted. /ynon. 69. Lupus. Rondel, 268. Gefner Perca Labrax. Lin. ft. 482. pife. 506. Gronov. Zooph. No. 300+ A Baffle. Wil. Icth. 27%: . \HE baffle is a ftrong, active, and voracious fifh: Ovid calls them rapidi lupi, a name con- tinued to them by after-writers. That which we had an opportunity of examining was f{mall; but they are faid to grow to the weight of fifteen pounds. The irides are filvery : the mouth large : the teeth — are fituated in the jaws, and are very {mall: in the roof of the mouth is a triangular rough fpace, and juft at the gullet are two others of a roundifh form. The fcales are of a middling fize, are very thick fet, and adhere clofely. The firft dorfal fin has nine ftrong fpiny rays, of which the firft is the fhorteft, the middlemoft the higheft; the fecond dorfal fin confifts of thir- teen rays, the firft fpiny, the others foft. The peétoral fins have fifteen foft rays ; the ven- tral fix rays, the firft fpiny: the anal fourteen rays, the three firft f{piny, the te pt foft: the tail is a little forked, Mou. I. S Sie 257 125. Bass@. SIZE. 258 126. SEA. SRAZPERCH. Cth The body is formed fomewhat like that of a fal- mon. a fee The color of the back is dufky, tinged with blue. The belly white. In young fifh the fpace above the fide line is marked with fmall black fpots.- It is efteemed a very delicate fith. ne Une Perche de mer. Belon, Perca marina. P. pinnis dor- 1635;* = falibus unitis XV. f{pin-fis, Perca marina. Salvian, 225. XIV. muticis, corpore litu- | Rondel. 182. Wil. Icth. 327. ris variegato. Lin, fy/?. 483- Raii fyn. pifes 140. . : ciate fpecies is about a foot long: the head large and deformed: eyes great: teeth {mall and numerous. On the head and. covers of the gills aré ftrong fpines. © The dorfal fin is furnith- ed with fifteen ftrong fpiny rays, and fourteen foft: the pectoral with eighteen: the ventral with one fpiny, and five foft: the anal with three fpiny, and eight foft: the tail, even at the end: the lateral line parallel to the back. The color red, with a black fpot on the covers of the gills, and fome tranfverfe dufky lines on the fides. It is a fith held in fome efteem at the table. Cernus Crass LV; Rr ey B. 259 Cernua. Belox, i86. Perca cernua. P. pinnis dor- 127. RuFFe, Perc fluviatilis genus minus. falibus unitis radiis 27). Gefner pife. 701. {pinis 15. cauda bifida. Afpredo. Caii opufe. 107- — Lin. fyft. 487, Gronov, Ein ftuer, ftuerbarfs. Schexe- Zo0ph. No. welde, 56. Giers, oo Faun. Suec. Cernua fluviatilis. Wl. Icth. No. 334. Schroil, Béfenlaus, Schaef: Rufie. Rai /yn. pifc. 143. pie. 37-. Tab, We Wulf Percadorfo monopterygio,ca- Borufs. No. 3 5: pitecavernolo. Arted. /fyn.68, mets fith is found in feyeral of the Engh/h {treams: it 1s gregarious, affembling in large fhoals, and keeping in the deepeft part of the water. It is of a much more flender form than the perch, and feldom exceeds fix inches in length. The teeth are very fmall, and difpofed in rows. Ic has only one dorfal fin extending along the greateft part of the back: the firft rays, like thofe of the perch, are ftrong, fharp, and fpiny;. the others foft. The pectoral fins confit of fifteen, rays; the. ventral of fix; the anal of eight; the two firft itrong and fpiny: the tail a little bifurcated. The body is covered with rough compaét fcales, The back and fides are of a dirty green, the laft inclining to yellow, but both fpotted with black. The dorfal fin is fpotted with black: the tail marked with tranfverfe bars. $2 The 265 228. Bracx. BLACK RUFFE,. Crass IV. The Black Fifh. Mr. Fago. Borlafe Cornwalt, 27%. Tab. XXV. fe. 8. R. Fago has left fo brief a defcription of this fifh, that we find difficulty in giving it a proper clafs: it agrees with the Rafe in the form of the body, and the fmaHnefs of the teeth, in — having a fingle extenfive fin on the back, a forked tail, and being of that fection of bony fifh, termed Thoracic: thele appear by the figure, the teeth excepted. The other characters muft be borrowed from the defcription. “Tris fmooth, with very fmall thin fcales, fif- ‘teen inches long, three quarters of an inch “* broad; head and nofe like a peal or trout; “ little mouth; very fmall teeth, beginning from “‘the nofe four inches and three quarters, near “ fix inches long; a forked tail; a large double “noftril. Two taken at Loo, May 26, 1721, in *‘ the Seany near the fhore, in fandy ground with “* {mall ore weed.” Three a SMOVEMIMOTLLS / f dl af Crass IV. THREE SPINED S. BACK. Three branchioftegous rays. The belly covered with bony plates. One dorfal fin, with feveral fharp fpines between it and the head. Gafterofteus aculeis in dorfo tribus. Arted. /ynon. 80. Gafterofteus aculeatus. Liz. La Grande Efpinoche, un Epinard, une Artiere. Be- lon, 328. Pifciculi aculeati prius genus. Rondel. fluviat. 206. Gefner pife. 8. Stickleback, Banftickle, or Sharpling. Wil. Icth. 341. Sift. 489. Gronov. ZLooph. No. 406. Spigg, Horn-fifk. Faun. Suec. No. 336. ; Stichling, Stachel-fifch. Wulf Raii fyn. pife. 145. Borufs. No. 37+. HESE are common in many of our rivers, but no where in greater quantities than in the Fens of Lincolnfhire, and fome of the rivers that creep out of them. At Spalding there are, once in feven or eight years, amazing fhoals that appear in the Welland, and come up the river in form of a vaft column. They are fuppofed to be the multitudes that have been wafhed out of the fens by the floods of feveral years, and collected in fome deep hole, till overcharged with numbers, they are periodically obliged to attempt a change of place. The quantity is fo great, that they are ufed to manure the land, and trials have been made S23 es 264 XXVIIL STICKLE BACK. 129. THREE SPINEB. 262 Deserr. 130. Tex SPINED. 4 TEN SPINED S. BACK. Cuass IV. to get oil from them. A notion may be had of this vaft fhoal, by faying that a man employed by the farmer to take them, has got for a confiderable time four fhillings a day by felling them at a half- penny per bufhel. This fpecies feldom reaches the length of two inches: the eyes are large: the belly prominent: the body near the tail {quare: the fides are covered with large bony plates, placed tranfverfely. On the back are three fharp fpines, that can be raifed or depreffed at pleafure: the dorfal fin is placed near the tail: the pectoral fins are broad: the ventral fins confift each of one fpine, or rather plate, of unequal lengths, one being large, the other fmail; between both is a flat bony plate, reaching almoft to the vent: beneath the vent is a fhort fpine, and then fucceeds the anal fin. The tail confifts of twelve rays, and is even at the end. The color of the back and fides is an oltve ereen; the belly white; but in fome the lower jaws and belly are of a bright crimfon. La pétite Efpinoche. Beloz, Gafterofteus aculeis in dorfo 328. decem. Arted. /ynon. 80. Pifciculi aculeati alterum ge- Gafterofteus pungitius. Liz. nus. Rate fuviat. 206. fpf. 491. Grenov. Zooph. Gefner pifc. 8. Bio. 405. ' Leffer Stickleback. Wil. Icth. Benunge, “Gadalaxs Gorquad. 342. Raii fyn. pife. 145. Faun. Suec. Nos 337- HIS fpecies is much fmaller than the former, and of a more flender make. The Crass IV. FIFTEEN SPINED S.. BACK. The back is armed with ten fhort fharp fpines, which do not incline the fame way, but crofs each other. The fides are fmooth, not plated like thofe of the preceding: in other particulars it refembles the former. The color of the back is olive: the belly filvery. Aculeatus, five Pungitius ma- fyn. pife. 145. - rinus longus, Stein-bicker, eaneaed aculeis in dorfo Ersfkruper. Schonevelde, 10. quindecim. Arted. /ynon. 81. Tab. IV. Sib. Scot. MI. Gatterofteus fpinachia. Liz. ‘24. Tab. 19. Sift. 492. Gronov. Zooph. Aculeatus marinus major. W7/. No. 407. Faun. Suec. No. Icth. 340. App. 23. Rait 338. HIS fpecies inhabits the fea, and is never found in frefh water. -Its length is above fix inches: the nofe is long and flender: the mouth tubular: teeth {mall. The fore part of the body is covered on each fide with a row of bony plates, forming a ridge; the body afterwards grows very flender, and is quadrangular. Between the head and the dorfal fin are Gifree {mall fpines: the dorfal fin is placed oppofite . anal fin: the ventral fins are wanting. The tail is even at the end. - The color of the epee part is a deep brown: the belly white. 5.4 Seven | 263 1316 Firreen SPINED. 264 XXIX. MACKREL. Garum. MACK RE L. Crass IV, Seven branchioftecous rays. Several fmall Sig between the dorfal fin and the tail. LuouSeos. Arift. Hift. an. Lib. . VEw rn IX. c. 2. Athe- neus, Lib. Ill. 121. VII. 321. Oppian Halieut. I. 142. Scomber. Ovid Halieut. 94. Plhinii Lib. 1X, c. 15. XXXI. ALE Macarello, Scombro. Sa/vian. PAL Le Macreau. Belon, 197. Scomber. Rondel. 233. Ge/- ner pife. 841. (pro 861.) Makerel. Schouevelde, 66. Mackrell, or Macarel. Wil. Icth. 181. Raii fyn. pifc. 58. Scomber pinnulis quinque in -extremo dorfo, polyptery- gio, aculeo brevi ad anum. Arted. fynon. 48. Scomber Scomber. Liz. /jf. 492. Gronov. Zooph. Na. 304- Mackrill. No. 339: Faun. Suec. HE mackrel is a fummer fifh of paffage that vifits our fhores in vaft fhoals. It is lefs ufeful than other fpecies of gregarious fifh, being very tender, and unfit for carriage; not but that it may be preferved by pickling and falting, a method, we believe, practifed only in Cornwall+, where it proves a great relief to the poor during winter, It was a fh ereatly efteemed by the bye * This is the firft opportunity we have had of looking into Salvianus, whofe Italian fynonyms we make ufe of. + Borlafe Cornwall, 269. becaufe ‘ ae MACKREL. i CS ¥, \ LW L344, WY 182. Se Mok iC Ke Ree L: becaufe it furnifhed the pretious Garum, a fort of pickle that gave a high relifh to their fauces, and was befides ufed medicinally. It was drawn from different kinds of fifh, but that made from the mackrel had the preference: the beft was made at Carthagena, va{t quantities of mackrel being taken near an adjacent ifle, called from that cir- cumftance, Scombraria*; and the Garum, prepar- ed by a certain company in that city, bore a high price, and was diftinguifhed by the title of Garum Sociorum +. This fifh is eafily taken by a bait, but the beft time is during a frefh gale of wind, which is thence called a mackrel gale. In the fpring the eyes of mackrel are almoft cover- ed with a white film; during which period they are half blind, This film grows ia winter, and is caft the beginning of fummer. It is not often that it exceeds two pounds in weight, yet we heard that there was one fold laft fummer in Londoz that weighed five and a quarter. | The nofe is taper and fharp-pointed: the eyes large: the jaws of an equal length: the teeth {mall, but numerous. ~The form of this fifth is: very digsan The body is a little compre on the fides: towards the tail it grows very flender, and a little angular. : * Strabo Lib, I. 109. + Plinii Lib. XXXI, c. 8. 205 Size... Descrip, 266 Cotor.e £33. TuNnNy. T.U NN AY. Giga The firft dorfal fin is placed a little behind the pectoral fin, is triangular, and confifts of nine or ten ftiff rays; the fecond lies"at a diftance from the other, and has twelve foft rays; the peétoral twenty; the ventral fix: at the bale of the anal fin is a {trong fpine. Between the laft dorfal fn and the tail, are five {mall fins, and the fame number between the anal fin and the tail. | | The tail is broad and femilunar: the color of the back and fides above the lateral line; is a fine green, varied with blue, marked with black lines, pointing downwards; beneath the line the fides and belly are of a filvery color. It is a moft beautiful fifh when alive; for nothing can equal the brilliancy of its color, which death impairs, but does not wholly obliterate. Owe. Arif. Hift. an. Lib. Tunny fifh, or Spanifh Mack- Il. c. 13. &¢. Atheneus, rell. Wil. Icth. 176. Raiz Lib. VII. 301. Oppian Ha- + fyn. pife. 57. Sibbald Scot. feut. Ul. 620. Scomber ‘piaealis otto vel Thunnus. Owid Halieut. 95. novem in extremo dorfo, ex Plinii Lib. 1X. c. 15. fulco ad pinnas ventrales, Tonno. Salvian. 123. Arted. fynon. 49. ; Le Thon. Belox, 99. ~ Scomber Thunnus. Sc. pin- Thunnus. Rozdel. 241. Gef- nulis utrinque otto, Liz. ner pifc. 957+ Sif. 493. Gronov. Looph. Thunnus ee orcynus, Schone- No. 305. welde, 756 ft fees tunny was a fifh well known to the an- tients, it made a confiderable branch of com- merce ; “ANNO eT ck AT “BOT « Crass IV. Li iM Na NY; merce ; the time of its arrival into the Mediterra- nean from the ocean was obferved, and ftations for taking them eftablifhed in places it moft frequent- ed; the eminencies above the fifhery were ftyled Ouvosnomeia *, and the watchmen that gave notice to thofe below of the motions of the fifh, @uwecxdza +, From one of the former the lover in Theocritus threatened to take a defperate leap, on account of - his miftrefs’s cruelty. Sx emanesic 2 Tay Caitay drrodus tig myuaTa The ArEupau Oreo tag OTNNQE cuoma§eton”" Oars o yeumevs. Do you not hear? then, rue your Goat-herd’s fate, For, from the rock where O/pis doth defcry The numerous Yhunay, I will plunge and die. The very fame ftation, in all probability, is at this time made ufe of, as there are very confider- able thunny fifheries on the coaft of Sicily, as well as feveral other parts of the Mediterraneant,, where they are cured, and make a great article of pro- vifion in the adjacent kingdoms. They are caught * Strabo Lib. V. 156. + Oppzan Halieut. III. 638. This perfon anfwers to what. the Cornifh call a Huer, who watches the arrival of the pil- chards. t Many of them are the famesthat were ufed by the antients, as we learn from Ofgiaz and others. | in 267 268 “TY 44 Ne NY ¥3 Crass IV. in nets, and amazing quantities are taken, for they come in vaft fhoals, keeping along the fhores. They frequent our coafts, but not in fhoals like the Tunnies of the Mediterranean. They are not uncommon in the Lochs on the weftern coaft of Scotland; where they come in purfuit of herrings ; and, often during night, ftrike into the nets, and de confiderable damage. When the fifhermen draw them up in the morning, the Tunwy rifes at the fame time towards the furface, ready to catch the fifh that drop out. On perceiving it, a ftrong hook baited with a herring, and faftened to a rope, is inftantly flung out, which the Tunny feldom fails to take. As foon as hooked, it lofes all fpi- rit; and after a very little refi{tance, fubmits to its fate. It is dragged to the fhore and cut up, either to be fold frefh to people who carry it to the country markets, or is preferved falted in large cafks. : The pieces, when frefh, look exaétly like raw beef; but when boiled turn pale, and have fome- thing of the flavor of falmon. One, which was taken when I was at Invera- ray in 1769, and was weighed for my information, weighed 460 pounds. The fith, I examined, was feven feet ten inches long: the greateft circumference five feet feven; the left near the tail one foot fix. The body was round and thick, and grew fuddenly very flender towards the tail; and near that part was angular, The eee SEO A Lr D. The irides were of a pale green: the teeth very mi- nute. 3 The firft dorfal fin confifted of thirteen ftrong fpines; which, when depreffed, were fo concealed in a deep flit in the back, as to be quite invifible till very clofely infpected. Immediately behind this fin was another, tall and falciform : almoft oppofite to it, was the anal fin, of the fame form. The {purious fins were of a rich yellow color: of thefe there were eleven above, and ten below. The tail was in form of a crefcent; and two feet feven inches between tip and tip. The fkin on the back was fmooth, very thick, and black. On the belly the fcales were vifible. The color of the fides and belly filvery, tinged with cerulean and pale purple : mear the tail mar- bled with grey. , ; They are known on the coaft of Scotland by the name of Mackrelfture : Mackrel, from being of that genus; and fture, from the Danifh, ftor, great. Sauro. Salvian. 79. Ith. 290. Raii fyn. pife. 92. Un Sou, Macreau baftard. Scomber linea laterali acule- Belon, 186. ata, pinna ani officulorum Trachurus. Rondel. 233. 30. great value) which are rented for near 5400/. per annum. The expence attending the fervants wages, nets, boats, &c. amount to 5000/. more, which together makes up the fum 10400/. Now in con- fequence the produce muft defray all, and no lefs than twenty times that fum of fith will effect it, fo that 208000 falmon muft be caught there one year with another. There is a misfortune attending the river Tweed, which is worthy a parlementary remedy ; for there is no law for preferving the fifh in it during the fence months, as there is in the cafe of many other Briti/h rivers. ‘This being the boundary be- tween the two kingdoms, part of it belongs to the city of Berwick, and the whole north fide (begin- ‘ning about two miles from the town) is entirely Scotch property. From fome difagreement between the -parties they will not unite for the prefervation of the fifh, fo that in fome fifheries on the north fide they continue killing {aimona. the whole win- ter, when the death of one fifh is the deftrution of thoufands *. * I think that this srievance is now removed. LE 2 The 2gt 292 ScoTrannd. SAL M ON. Crass IV. The legiflature began very early to pay attention to this important article: by the 13th Edward I. there is an act which prohibits the capture of the falmon from the Nativity of our Lady to St. Martin’s Day, in the waters of the Humber, Owfe, Trent, Done, Arre, Derwent, Wharfe, Nid, Yore, - Swale, and Tees; and other monarchs in after- times, provided in like manner for the fecurity of the fifh in other rivers. Scotland poffefles great numbers of fine fifheries en both fides of that kingdom. The Scotch in early times had moft fevere laws againft the killing of this fifth; for the third offence was made capital, by a law of Fames IV. Before that, the offender had power to redeem his life *. They were thought in the time of Henry VI. a prefent worthy of a crowned head, for in that reign the Queen of Sco#- and fent to the Dutchefs of Clarence, ten cafks of falted falmon; which Henry direéted to pafs duty- free. The falmon are cured in the fame manner as at Berwick, and a great quantity is fent to Lon- don in the fpring; but after that time the adven- turers begin to barrel and export them to foreign countries: but we believe that commerce is far lefs lucrative than it was in former times, partly owing to the great encreafe of the Newfoundland fithery, and partly to the general relaxation of the difci- pline of abftinence in the Romifh church. * Regiam Majeftatem. Stat. Rob, Ul. ¢. 7. Shene’s As. Fames IV.. Parl. Vi. Ireland © Crass IV. Si? AW Lie Motors Ns Ireland (particularly the north) abounds with this fifth: the moft confiderable fifhery is at Cranna, on the river Baz, about a mile and an half from Coleraine. When 1 made the tour of that hofpi- table kingdom in 1754, it was rented by a neigh- boring gentleman for 6207. a year, who aflured me that the tenant, his predeceflor, gave 1600. per ann. and was a much greater gainer by the bargain for the reafons before-mentioned, and on account - of the number of poachers who deftroy the fifh in the fence months. The mouth of this river faces the north, and is finely fituated to receive the fifh that roam alone the coaft, in fearch of an inlet into fome frefh water, as they do all along that end of the kingdom which oppofes itfelf the northern ocean. We have feen neat Ballicajile, nets placed in the fea at the foot of the promontories that jut into it, which the fal- mon {trike into as they are wandering clofe to fhore, and numbers are taken by that method. In the Baz they fifh with nets eighteen fcore yards long, and are continually drawing night and day the whole feafon, which we think lafts about four months, two fets of fixteen men each alter- nately relieving one another. The beft drawing is when the tide is coming in: we were told that at a fingle draught there were once eight hundred and forty fifh taken. A few miles hicher up the river is a ware, where a confiderable number of fith that efcape the nets eae ? are 293 TRELAN®. 294 DeEscRIP, Sot Av LM. OA Re Crass IV. are taken. We were lately informed, that in the year 1760 about: 320 tons were taken in the Cran- na fifhery. The falmon are cured in this manner: .they are firft fplit, and rubbed with fine falt; and after ly- — ing in pickle in great tubs, or refervoirs, for fix weeks, are packed up with layers of coarfe brown Spanifh {alt in cafks, fix of which make aton. Thefe are exported to Leghorn and Venice at the price of twelve or thirteen pounds per ton, but formerly from fixteen to twenty-four pounds each. The falmon is a fifh fo generally known, that a very brief defcription will ferve. The largeft we ever heard of weighed feventy four pounds, The color of the back and fides are grey, fometimes {potted with black, fometimes plain: the covers of the gills are fubject to the fame variety: the belly filvery: the nofe fharp pointed: the end of the under jaw in the males often turns up in form of a hook; fometimes this curvature is very confi- derable: it is faid that they lofe this hook when they return to the fea. _ The teeth are lodged in the jaws and on the tongue, and are flender, but very fharp. The tail is a little forked. | The Crass IV. Gi Re MEY The Grey, i. e. cinereous Salmo eriox. Liz. fy. 509. feu.Grifeus. Wl. Icth. 193. Gralax. Faun. Suec. No. 346. Raii fyn. pife. 63. Lachfs-forellen mit Schwartz- Salmo maculis cinereis, caudze | grauen fiecken oder punkt- extremo equali, GILLAROO Trout *, NAME, Tt 3s Got th "ee Crass Iv. tail, refembling that of the perch before defcribed. We dwell the lefs on thefe monftrous produétions, as our friend the Hon. Daines Barrington, has al- ready given an account of them in an ingenious. differtation on fome of the Cambrian fith, publifhed 3 in the Phlofophical Tranfaétions of the year 1767. The ftomachs of the common trouts are uncom- monly thick, and mufcular. They feed on the fhell-fifh of lakes and rivers, as well as on {mall fith. They likewife take into their ftomachs gravel, or fmall ftones, to affift in comminuting the teftace- ous parts of their food. The trouts of certain lakes in Ireland, fuch as thofe of the province of Gakway, and fome others, are remarkable for the great thicknefs of their ftomachs, which, from fome flight refemblance to the organs of digeftion in birds, have been called gizzards: the Iri/fh name the fpecies that has them, Gi//aroo trouts. Thefe ftomachs are fometimes ferved up to table, under the former appellation. It does not appear to me, that the extraordinary ftrength of ftomach in the trifh fith, fhould give any fufpicion, that it is a diftinét fpecies : the nature of the waters might in- creafe the thicknefs; or the fuperior quantity of fhell-fifh, which may more frequently call for the ufe of its comminuting powers than thofe of our trouts, might occafion this difference. I had op- portunity of comparing the ftomach of a great * Philofoph, Tranfad. Vol. LXIV. p, 116, 3106. Gillares Crass IV. Tap Oy. Wy Gillaroo trout, with a large one from the Uxbridge river. The laft, if I recolle€, was fmaller, and out of feafon; and its ftomach (notwithftanding it was very thick} was much inferior in ftrength to that of the former: but on the whole, there was not the left fpecific difference between the two fubjects. nM - Frouts are moft voracious fifh, and afford ex- cellent diverfion to the angler: the paflion for the fport of angling is fo great in the neighborhood of London, that the liberty of fifhing in fome of the ftreams in the adjacent counties, is purchafed at the rate of ten pounds per annum. Thefe fith thife their quarters to fpawn, and, like falmon, make up towards the heads of rivers to depofit their roes. The under jaw of the trout is fubject, at certain times, to the fame curvature as that of the falmon. A trout taken in Lhnallet, in Denbighfire, which is famous for an excellent kind, meafured feventeen inches, its depth three and three quarters, its weight one pound ten ounces: the head thick ; the nofe rather fharp: the upper jaw a little longer than the lower; both jaws, as well as the head, were of a pale brown, blotehed with black: the teeth fharp and ftrong, difpofed in the jaws, roof of the mouth and tongue, as is the cafe with the whole genus, except the Gwyniad, which is tooth- lefs, and the Grayking, which has none on its tongue, The 30% DescriP. 302 347. WHITE. Wr He E-Ten E Crass IV. The back was dufky ; the fides tinged with a | purplifh bloom, marked with deep purple fpots, - mixed with black, above and below the fide — which was ftrait: the belly white. The firft dorfal fin was fpotted; the fpurious fin brown, tipped with red; the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins, of a pale brown; the edges of the anal fin white: the tail very little forked when extend- ed. | HIS fpecies migrates out of the fea into the river E/R in Cumberland from Fuly to Sep- tember, and is called from its color the Whiting. When dreffed, their flefh is red, and moft delicious eating. They have, on their firft appearance from the falt water, the /ernea falmonea, or falmon loufe, adhering to them. They have both melt and {pawn ; but no fry has as yet been obferved. This is the fifh called by the Scots, Phinocs. | They never exceed a foot in length. The up- per jaw is a little longer than the lower: in the firft are two rows of teeth; in the laft, one: on the tongue are fix teeth. The back is ftrait: the whole body of an.ele- gant form: the lateral line is ftrait; color, be- tween that and the top of the back, dufky and filvery intermixed ; beneath the line of an exqui- fite ‘ Crass IV. So Al Me Tap ss. oe “fite Glvery whitenefs : firft dorfal fin {potted with black : tail black, and much forked. The firft dorfal fin has eleven rays; pectoral, thirteen ; ventral, nine; anal, nine. / Le Tacon? Belon, 275. gerin Eboracenfibus. Raii Salmulus, Herefordig Samlet = fyx. pifc. 63. : didtus. Wil. Icth. 192. Salmoneta, a Branlin. Ray’s Salmulus, the Samlet Here- Letters, 199. fordienfibus, Branlin et Fin- HE famlet is the left of the trout kind, is frequent in the Wye, in the upper part of the Severn, and the rivers that run into it, in the north of England, and in Wales. It is by feveral ima- sined to be the fry of the falmon; but our reafons for diffenting from that opinion are thefe: Firft, It is well known that the falmon fry ne- ver continue in frefh water the whole year; but as numerous as they appear on their firft efcape from the fpawn, all vanifh on the firft vernal flood that happens, which fweeps them into the fea, ‘and leaves {carce one behind. Secondly, The growth of the falmon fry is fo quick and fo confiderable, as fuddenly to exceed the bulk of the ljargeft famlet : for example, the fry that have quitted the frefh water in the fpring, not larger than gudgeons, return into it again a foot or more in length, | Thirdly, 303 148. Sam- LET. 304 SAG NE i BAe Crass IV. Thirdly, The falmon attain a confiderable bulk before they begin to breed: the famlets, on the - contrary, are found male and female*, (diftinguifh- ed by the milt and roe) of their common fize. Fourthly, They are found in the frefh waters in all times of the year, and even at feafons when the falmon fry have gained a confiderable fize. Tt is well known, that near Shrew/bury (where the are called Sam/ons) they are found in fuch quanti- ties in the month of September, that a fkilful angler, in a coracle, will take with a fy from twelve to fixteen dozen in a day. They fpawn in November and December, at which time thofe of the Severz pufh up towards the head of that fair river, quicting the leffer brooks, and re- turn into them again when they have done. They have a general refemblance to the trout, therefore muft be defcribed comparatively. Firft, The head is proportionably narrower, and the mouth lefs than that of the trout. Secondly, Their body is deeper. Thirdly, They feldom exceed fix or feven in- ches in length: at moft, eight and a half. Fourthly, The pectoral fins have generally but one large black fpot, though fometimes a fingle {mall one attends it; whereas the pectoral fins of the trout are more numeroufly marked. Fifthly, The. fpurious or fat fin on the back is '* It has been vulgarly imagined, that there were no other than males of this {pecies. never OFF ane “HMUVEHDO Yr, W// Mf [ZZ =< Crass IV. 6H A H.R. 205 never tipped with red; nor is the edge of the anal fin white. Sixthly, The fpots on the body are fewer, and not fo bright. It is ee marked from shee back to the fides with fix or feven large bluifh bars; but this is not a certain character, as the fame is fometimes found in young trouts. -. Seventhly, The tail of the famlet is Anlth more forked than that of the trout. | Thefe fith are-very frequent in the rivers of Scot- land, where they are called Pars. They are alfo common in the Wye, where they are known by the name of Skiriings, or La/prings. T/Omble, oun Humble. Belen, Salmo vix pedalis, ae ven- 149. CHARR,. 281. : tralibus rubris, maxilla in- Umbla feu Humble Beloni feriore longiore. Arted. fyn. Gefner pifc. 1005. ya yeee minor. Ge/ner pife. Salmo alpinus. Liz. fy. 516. O13. Gronow. Zooph. No. 372. ‘Preach Wallis. Weftmor- Roding, Lapponibus Rand. landis Red Charre- Lacus — Fauz. Suec. No. 124. Winander mere. Wil. Icth, Charr-fifh. Phil. Tranf. 1755. 196. Raiz fyn. pifc. 65. 210. HE charr is an inhabitant of the lakes of the north, and of thofe of the mountanous parts of Lurope. It affects clear and pure waters, and is very rarely known to wander into running VoL. II, x hcabes 306 c.f AR RO Crass IV. ftreams, except into fuch whofe bottom is fimilar to the neighboring lake. It is found in vat abundance in the cold lakes on the fummits of the Lapland Alps, and is almoft the only fifh that is met with in any plenty in thofe regions; where it would be wonderful how they fubfifted, had not Providence fupplied them with innumerable /arvz of the Gaat kind*: thefe dre food to the fith, who in their turn are a fup- _ port to the migratory Laplanders in their fummer voyages to the diftant lakes. In fuch excurfions thofe vacant people find a luxurious and ready repaft in thefe fifth, which they drefs and eat without the addition + of fauces; for exercife and temperance render ufelefs the in- ventions of epicurifm. * A pupil of Linaeus remarks in the fourth volume of the Aman, Acad. p. 156, that the fame infects which are fuch a peft to the rein deer, affard fuftenance to the fifh of the vait lakes and rivers of Lapland. But at the fame time that we wonder at Linzeus’s inattention to the food of the birds and fiih of that country, which abound even to a noxious degree, we mutt, in juitice to that Gentleman, acknowledge an over- ficht of our own in the fecond volume of the Briti/h Zoology, p- §22, edition the fecond, where we give-the Lapland waters only one fpecies of water plant; for on a more careful review of that elaborate performance, the Flora Lapponica, we dif- cover three other fpecies, viz. Scirpus, No. 18, Alopecurus, No. 38, Ranunculus, No. 234; but thofe fo thinly fcattered over the Lapland lakes, as ftill to vindicate our affertion, as to the fcarcenefs of plants in the waters of alpine countries. + Arted. Sp. pife. 52 ) it. There Crass IV. G He A Ry Ry There are but few lakes in our ifland that pro- duce this fifh, andeven thofe not in any abundance. It is found in Winander Mere in Wefimorland; in Lin Quellyn, near the foot of Suowdon,; and be- fore the difcovery of the copper-mines, in thofe of Liynberris, but the mineral ftreams have entirely deftroyed the fifh in the laft lakes*,. Whether the waters in Jreland afford the charr, we are uncertain, but imagine not, except it has been everlooked by their writers on the natural hiftory — of that kingdom. In Scotland it is found in Loch Inch, and other neighboring lakes, and is faid to co into the Spey to {pawn. : The largeft and moft beautiful we ever received were taken in Winander Mere, and were commu- nicated to us by the Rev. Mr. Farri/h of Cariifle, with an account of their natural hiftory. He favored me with five fpecimens, two under the name of the Cafe Charr, male and female ; another he called the Gelt Charr, i. e. a charr which had not fpawned the preceding feafon, and on that ac- count is reckoned to be in the greateft perfection. The two others were infcribed, the Red Charr, the Silver or Gilt Charr, the Carpio Lacus Benact, Raii. fyn. pift. 66, which laft are in Wefmorland diftinguifhed by the epithet red, by reafon of the fiefh affuming a higher color than the other when drefied. * They are alfo found in certain lakes.in Merionethfbire. X 2 On 307 308 VARIETIES. C€HARR Ghee On the clofeft examination, we could not dif- cover any fpecific differences in thefe fpecimens, ~ therefore muft deferibe them as the fame fifth, fub- SPAWNING OF THE CASE CHARR, GILT CHARR. jet only to a flight variation in their form, here- after to be noted. But there is in another refpe@ an effential difference, we mean in their ceconomy, which is in all beings invariable; the particulars, we fhall deliver in the very words of our obliging informant. The Umbla minor, or cafe charr, fpawns about Michaelmas, and chiefly in the river Bratby, which uniting with another called the Rowthay, about a quarter of a mile above the lake, they both fali into it together. The Bratby has a black rocky bottom; the bottom of the Rowthay is a bright fand, and into this the charr are never obferved to enter. Some of them however {pawn in the lake, but always in fuch parts of it which are ftony, and refemble the channei of the Brathy. They are fup- pofed to be in the higheft perfection about May, and continue fo all the fummer, yet are rarely caught after April. When they are fpawnifg in the river they will take a bait, but at no other time, being commonly taken, as well as the other fpecies, in what they call dreaf nets, which are in length about twenty-four fathoms, and about five, where broadeit. The feafon which the other {pecies fpawns in is from the beginning of Fanuary to the end of March. T hey are never knowa to aleend. the _ rivers, Crass IV. ge AR rivers, but always in thofe parts of the lake which are fpringy, where the bottom is fmooth and fandy, and the water warmeft. The fifhermen judge of this warmth, by obferving that the water feldom freezes in the places where they fpawn, except in intenfe frofts, and then the ice is thinner than in other parts of the lake. They are taken in great- eft plenty from the end of September to the end of November: at other times they are hardly to be met with. ‘This fpecies is much more efteemed for the table than the other, and is very delicate when potted. : We muft obferve, that this account of the {pawn- ing feafon of the Weftmorland charts, agrees very nearly with that of thofe of Wales, the latt appear- ing about a month later, keep moving from fide to fide of the pool, and then retire into the deep water, where they are fometimes but rarely taken. This remarkable circumftance of the different feafon of fpawning in fifh, apparently the fame (for the red charr of Winander, is certainly not the Carpio Lacus Benact) puzzles us greatly, and makes us wifh that the curious, who border on that lake, would pay farther attention to the na- tural hiftory of thefe fifh, and favor us with, fome further lichts on the fubject. We fhall now defcribe the varieties by the names afcribed to them in the north. The length of the red charr to the divifion in its tail, was twelve inches; its bigeeft circumference x3 Ses almoft Rep CHaRR. 310 GELT CHARR, GH AR R: Crass IV, almoft feven. The firft dorfal fin five inches and three quarters from the tip of its nofe, and confift- ed of twelve branched rays: the firft of which was fhort, the fifth the longeft: the fat fin was very - {mall. | Fach of the five fifh had double noftrils, and {mall teeth in the jaws, roof of the mouth, and on the tongue. The .héad,. back, dorfal fin,’ and tail of each, was of a dufky blue; the fides rather paler, mark- ed with numbers of bright red fpots: the bellies of the Red Charr were of a full and rich red; thofe of the Cafe Charr rather paler, from this par- ticular the Welch call thefe ffh Torgoch, or red belly. | The firft rays of the anal and ventral fins of each, were of a pure white; the reft of each fin on the lower part of the body, tinged with red. The lateral line ftrait, dividing the fifh in two equal parts, or nearly fo. The jaws of the Cafe Charr are perfetly evens on the contrary, thofe the Red Charr were unequal, the upper jaw being the broadeft, and the teeth hung ovér the lower, as might be perceived on paffing the finger over them, The branchioftegous rays were, on different fides of the fame fifh, unequal in number, viz. 12,--11, 11,--10, 10--9, except in‘one;’ whére they were 11,--11. ai , The Gelt, or Barren Charr, was rather more flender ° ‘ ~ ———— sa : == i : al \ WK z NAN N\\\ NN \\ NNN a \ NAN \ "EST GAT oo y } i HH ee ONITAVUY ‘OET BAT = e ; * IX T “Sea Crass IV. G RVA YL I NG: flender than the others, as being without fpawn. The back of a glofiy dufky blue: the fides filvery, mixed with blue, {potted with pale red: the fides of the belly were of a pale red, the bottom white. The tails of each bifurcated. The charrs we have feen, brought from Szow- dou lakes, were rather {maller than thofe of We/- morland, their colors paler. ‘The fuppofed males very much refemble the Gelt Charr; but that is not a certain diftinétion of fex, for the Rev. Mr. Farrington *, has told me that the fifhermen do not make that diftinction., Ouuarnos Alian. de an. lib. Icth. 187. Raii fyn. pife. KAVA Maj 62. Coregonus maxilla fu- Umbra 4u/onit Mofella. go. periore longiore, pinna dor- Thymalus, Thymus, Sa/vian. fi oficulorum viginti trium. 81. Belon, 276. Arted. fynon. 20. Thymus, Umbra fluviatilis. Salmo Thymallus. Lin. f/f. Rondel. fluwv. 187, 172. Ge/- 512. Gronov. Looph. No. ner pife. 132+ 375. Aifch. Kram. 390. A Grayling, or Umber. Wil. ; HIE erayling haunts clear and rapid ftreams, and particularly fuch that flow, through mountanous countries. It is found in the rivers of Derbyfbire; in fome of thofe of the north; in * Who favored the Royal Society with a paper on the Welch charr, Vide Phil, Tranf. 1755. X 4 Sy the 150. GraYL- ING. 312 DESCRIP. GRAYLING. Crass IV, the Tame near Ludlow; in the Lug, and other ftreams near Leominfter; and in the river near Chriftchurch, Hampfhire. It is allo very common in Lapland; the inhabitants make ufe of the guts _ of this fifh inftead of rennet, to make the cheefe~ which they get from the mill of the rein deer*. It is a voracious fifh, rifes freely to the fly, and will very eagerly take a bait. It is a very fwift {wimmer, and difappears like the tranfient paflage of a fhadow, from whence we believe is derived the name of Umora. Effugienfque oculos celert levis UMBRA natatu F. The Uméra {wilt efcapes the quickeft eye. Thymalus and Thymus, are names beftowed on it on account of the imaginary fcent; compared by fome to that of thyme; but we never could per- ceive any particular fmell. It is a fifth of an elegant form; lefs deep than that of a trout: the larceft we ever heard of was taken near Ludlow, which was above half a yard long, and weighed four pounds fax ounces, but this was a very rare inftance. The irides are filvery, tinged with yellow: the teeth very minute, feated in the jaws and the roof of the mouth, but none on the tongue: the head is dufky ; the covers of the gills of a gloffy creen: * Fhra Lap. 109. Amen Acad. IV. 159. + Aufonii Mofel. go, the Crass IV. Sr ME EE Eire the back and fides of a fine filvery grey, but when the fith is juft taken, varied flightly with blue and cold: the fide-line is ftrait. The feales large, and the lower edges aes. forming ftrait rows from head to tail. The firft dorfal fin has twenty-one rays; the three or four firft are the fhorteft, the others almof of equal lengths; this fin is fpotted, all the others are plain. | The tail is much forked. Raii fyn. pife. 66. Ofmerus radiis pinne ani fep- Epelan demer. Belon, 282. Eperlanus. Rondel. fluviat. 196. Gefner pife. 362. tendecim. Arted. /ynon. 21. Spirincus et Stincus. Gefzer Salmo eperlanus, S. capite Paralip. 29. diaphano, radiis pinne ani A Spyrling a Sprote. © Turaer feptendecim. Lin. De grt. epijt. ad. Géfn. Gronov. Looph. N Stindt, et Stinckfifch. Scho- WNors, Slom. Fauz. ee No. nevelde, 70. 350. A Smelt. Wil. eth. 202. HE fmelt inhabits the feas of the northern parts of Europe, and we believe never is found. as far fouth as the Mediterranean : the Seine is one of the French rivers which receive it, but whether it is found fouth of that, we have not at prefent authority to fay. If we can depend on the oblervations of navigators, who generally have too. much to think of to attend to the minutiz of na 151i. $ tural hiftory, thefe fifth are taken in the ftraits of © Magellait, 2*S MELT, 314 SciMi EF ti 42 Crass IV. Mazellan*, and of a moft furprifing fize, fome meafuring twenty inches in length, and eight in cir- cumference. | : They inhabit the feas that wafh thefe iflands the whole year, and never go very remote from fhore, except when they afcend the rivers. It is remark- ed in certain rivers that they appear a lone time before they.fpawn, being taken in great abundance in November, December, and Fanuary, in the Thames and Dee, but in others not till February, and in March and April they {pawn ; after which+ they all return to the falt water, and are not feen in the rivers till the next feafon. It has been obferved, that they never come into the Mer/ey as long as there is any fnow water in the river. _ Thefe fifth vary greatly in fize, but the largeft we ever heard of was thirteen inches long, ‘and weighed half a pound. They have a very particular fcent, from whence is derived one of their Engli/fh names Smelt, 1. €. fmell it. That of Sparling, which is ufed in Wales and the north of England, is taken from the French Eperlan. There is a wonderful difagreement in the opinion of people in refpect to the fcent of this fifh; fome affert it flavors of the violet; the Ger- } * Narborough’s Voy. 123. + Inthe river Conavay, near Lianrwvft, and in the Merfey they never continue above three or four weeks, mans Crass IV. SA. ME Bt Me. -mans, for a very different reafon, diftinguifh it ee the elegant title of Stanckfi/ch*. Smelts are often fold in the ftreets of London fplit and dried. They are called dried Sparling, and are recommended as a relifh to a glafs of wine in the morning. It is a fith of a very beautiful form and colour: the head is tranfparent, and the ikin in general fo thin, that with a good microfcope the blood may be obferved to circulate. The irides are filvery : the pupil of a full black : _ the under jaw is the longeft: in the front of the upper jaw are four large teeth; thofe in the fides of both are {mall; in the rocf of the mouth are two rows of teeth; on the tongue two others of large teeth. | The firft dorfal fin has eleven rays ; the pectoral fins the fame number; the ventral eight; the anal fourteen. The feales are ee ih and readily drop off: the tail confifts of nineteen rays, and is forked. The color of the back is whitifh, with a caft of green, beneath which it is varied with blue, and then fucceeds a beautiful elofs of a filvery hue. * And not without reafon, if we may depend on Linneus, who fays there are in the Baltic two varieties, the one, which te Called Nors, fetidiffimus, flercoris inftar, which in the early {pring, when the peafants come,to buy it, fills all the ftreets of Ug/al with the fmell. He adds, that at this feafon agues reign there. Faun. fuec. p. 125. Without 345 DESCRIP. 316 152. Gwie- NIAD. G W EN vA? D. Gaia *® Without Teeth. Le Lavaret. Belon, 278. Lavaretus ; Pifcis Lemani la- cus Bezola vulgo nuncupa- tus. Alius Pifcis proprius Lemani lacus. Rondel. fix- iat. 162, 163, 164. Ge/- ner pifc. 29, 30, 3%. Albula nobilis, Snepel, Helte? Schonevelde, 12. Vandefius et Gevandefius- Sz, Scot. 26. Guiniad Wallis pifcis lacus Balenfis, Ferre (ut puto) idem. Wl. Icth. 183. Raii Syn. pife. 61. i okoks Allobrogem, Schel- ley Cumberlandis. Wil. Icth. 183. Raii fyn. pifc. 61. Albula ae Scheuchzer it. Alp. I. Coregonus ame fuperiore - longiore plana, pinna dorfi officulorum 14. Arted. fynon. 19. . Salmo Lavaretus. Lin. fpf. 512. Syk, Stor-fijk.. Fawn. Suze. No. 352. Gwiniad. Phil. Tranf, 17075 211. Adelfifch, Gangfifch, Weifs- fifch, Weiffer Blauling, Schnapel. Wulff Borufs. 37 Reinankl. Kram. 389. HIS fith is an inhabitant of feveral of the lakes of the Alpine parts of Europe. It is found in thofe of Switzerland, Savoy, and Italy ; of Norway, Sueden, Lapland*, and Scotland ; in * Scheffer, in his hiftory of Lapland, p. 140. fays, that thefe fifh are caught there of the weight of ten or twelve - pounds. We with Lizzeus had executed his intention of fa- voring the world with his Lachefs Lapponica, in which he pro- mifed a complete hiftory of that country. I once reminded him of it, and it is with true regret, that I give his anfwer: Nune nimis fero inciperem, Me quoque debilitat feries immen/a laborum, Ante meum tempus cogor et effe fenem : Firma fit illa licet folvetur in equore navis, Que nunquam liquidis ficca carebit aquis. ? thofe => GWINIAD. LV? 752 - ~ Aft “ls // Tie. Gas iv:. GWEN 1 A-D: thofe of Ireland, and of Cumberland; and in Wales, in that of Liyntegid, near Bala, in Merionetbfhire. It is the fame with the Ferra of the lake of Ge- neva, the Schelly*, of Hulfe-water, the Pollen of Lough Neagh, and the Vangis and Fuvangis of Loch Mabon. The Scotch have a tradition that it was firft introduced there by the beauteous queen, their unhappy Mary Stuart; and as in her time the Scotch court was much frenchified, it feems likely that the name was derived from the French, vendoife, a dace; to which a flicht oblerver might be tempt- ed to compare it from the whitenefs of its fcales. The Briti/h name Gwiniad, or whiting, was beftow- ed on it for the fame reafon. It is a gregarious fifh, and approaches the fhores in vatt fhoals in fpring and in fummer, which prove in many places a bleffed relief to the poor of inland countries, in the fame degree as the an- nual return of the herring is to thofe who inhabit the coafts. The Rev. Mr. Farrifh, of Carlifle, wrote me word, that he was aflured by a Hulfe- water fifherman, that laft fummer he took between feven and eight thoufand at one draught. I muft not pafs by that gentleman without acknowledg- ing my obligations to him for an account of the Charrs and the Schelly; he being one of the valuable embellifhers of this work, for whony I am indebted to the friendfhip of his late worthy prelate. * The inhabitants of Cumberland give this name alfo to the chub, from its being a fcaly fifh. The B17 318 GW IN IT AyD. Gras Ivy The Gwinied is a-fith of an infipid tafte, and mult be eaten foon, for it will not keep leng; thofe that choofe to preferve them do it with fale. They die very foon after they are taken. Their’ fpawn- ing feafon in Se a is in December. It has long ago been obferved in Cambden *, that thefe fifh never wander into the Dee, nor the fal- mon never ventures into the lake: this muft be allowed to be generally the cafe; but by accident the firft have been known to ftray as far as Liaa- Grillo, fix miles down the river, and a falmon has now and then been found trefpaffing in the lake +. The largeft Gwiziad we ever heard of weighed between three and four pounds: we have a Ferra we brought with us out of Switzerland, that is fifteen inches long; but thefe are uncommon fizes : the fifh which we defcribe was eleven inches long, its greateft depth three. The head {mall, fmooth, and of.a dufky hue: the eyes very large: the pupil of a deep blue: the nofe blunt at the end: the jaws of equal Jength: the mouth fmall and toothlefs: the bran- chioftegous rays nine: the covers of the gills fil- very, powdered with black The back is a little arched, and flightly carinat- ed: the color, as far as the lateral line, gloffed with deep blue and purple, but towards the lines affumes * Pol. WU. 790. + Hox. D. ES, Letter to Dr, Watfon, Phil. Tranf, 1767. a filvery 3 % Peis. GW Ig BR AY'D. | 319 - a filvery caft, tinged with gold, beneath which thofe colors entirely prevale. The fide line is quite ftrait, and confifts of a feries of diftinct {pots of a dufky hue: the belly is a little prominent, and quite flat on the bottom. The firft dorfal fin is placed almoft in the mid- dle, and confifts of fourteen branched rays; the fecond is thin, tranfparent, and not diftant from the tail. Bane The pectoral fins had eighteen rays, the firft the — _ longeft, the others gradually fhortening ; the ven- _ tral fins were compofed of twelve, ‘and the anal of fifteen, all branched at their ends; the ventral fins in fome are of a fine fky blue, in others as if pow- dered with blue fpecks; the ends of the other lower fins are tinged with the fame color. The tail is very much forked: the {cales large, and adhere clofe to the body. jc Be Upper 153+ Prxe. Lucius. Aufonii Mofella, 122. Pike, or Pickerel. Wl. Teth, rege a : poy af , | Ye ie = CLisgt | Upper jaw fhorter than the lower, Body long, flender, compreffed fideways, “One dorfal fin placed near the tail. . Luccio. Salvian. 94. 236. Raii fyn. pife. 112. Le Brochet. Belen, 292. Itins Efox aap plagioplateo. Art. 104. Jynon. 26. “Lacias. Rondel. feviat. 188. — Efox Lucius. Liz. Bf. 516. Gefner pijt. 500. Gronov. Zooph. No. 361. Heket, Hecht. Schoneveidey Gjadda. Faun. Suec. No. 355. 4A Hecht. Kram. 388. ° HE pike is commen in moft of the lakes of Europe, but the largeft are thofe taken in Lap- land, which, according to Scheffer, are fometimes eizht feet long. They are taken there in great abun- dance, dried, and-exported for fale. The largeft fifh of this kind which we ever heard of in England, weighed thirty-five pounds. Accordide to the common faying, thefe fifth were introduced into Exgland in the reign of Henry VIII. in.1537. They were fo rare, that a pike was fold a pickerel for more than a fat capon. How far this may be depended on, I cannot fay, for this fifh is mentioned in the Boke of St. Albons, printed in the year 1496, and is not there fpoke of as a fcarce fifh, as was then the cafe with refpect to the carp. Great numbers of this fifth were dreffed in the year 1466, at the great feaft given by George Nevil, Arch- ifhop of York. All writers who treat of this fpecies bring i in- ftances of its vaft voracioufnefs. We have known one that was choaked by attempting to fwallow > 2 & . for double the price of a houfe-lamb in February, and | LVaXtit, AN 1 \‘ A Zz ray ov yin pn Dy SEA PIKE. SWe.K SS MPA a eer oD) —— cayenne WV? 153. LV? 154 Crass IV. Pa Pa Re one of its own fpecies that proved too large a mor- fel. Yet its jaws are very loofely connected; and have on each fide an additional bone like the jaw of a viper, which renders them capable of greater diftenfion when it fwallows its prey. It does not confine itfelf to feed-on fifth and frogs; it will devour the water rat, and draw down the young ducks as they are fwimmine about. In a manu- {cript note which we found, p. 244, of our copy of Plott’s Hiftory of Staffordfhire, is the following extraordinary fact: “ At Lord Gower’s canal at “< Trentham, a pike feized the head of a fwan as “ fhe was feeding under water, and gorged fo “< much of it as killed them both. ‘The fervants “ perceiving the fwan with its head under water “ for a longer time than ufual, took the boat, *¢ and found’both fwan and pike dead *.” But there are inftances of its fiercenefs ftill more furprizing, and which indeed border a little on the marvellous. Ge/ner + relates, that a famifhed pike in the Rhone feized on the lips of a mule that was brought to water, and that the beaft drew the fifh out before it could difengage itfelf. That people have been bit by thefe voracious creatures while they were wafhing their legs, and that they will * This note we afterwards difcovered was. wrote by Mr. Plott, of Oxford, who aflured me he inferted it on good au- thority. + Gefuer pife. 503- Vor. OI. x even got 322 LoNnGEVITY. Ps LAs Ee Crass IV. even contend with the otter for its prey, and endea- vour to force it out of its mouth*. Small fifh fhew the fame uneafinefs and detefta- tion at the prefence of this tyrant, as the little birds do at the fight of the hawk or owl. When the pike lies dormant near the furface (as is fre- quently the cafe) the leffer fifh are often obferved to {wim around it in vaft numbers, and in great anxiety. Pike are often haltered in a noofe, and taken while they lie thus afleep, as they are often found in the ditches near the Tames in the month of May. Tn the fhallow water of the Lincolnfhire fens they are frequently taken in a manner peculiar; we be- lieve, to that county, and the ifle of Ceylon +. The fifhermen make ufe of what is called a crown- net, which is no more than a hemifpherical bafket, open at top and bottom. Hie fiands at the end of one of the little fenboats, and frequently puts his bafket down to the bottom of the water, then poking a ftick into it, difcovers- whether he has any booty by the ftriking of the fifh; and vaft numbers of pike are taken in this. manner. The longevity of this fifth is very remarkable, if we may credit the accounts given of it. Rezaczyn- fit tells us of one that was ninety years old; * Walton. 157. + Kuox’s Hift. Ceylon, 28. t if. Nat. Polonieg, 152. but Crass IV. Peed FORKS wae. but Gefner * relates, that in the year 1497, a pike was taken near Hailbrun, in Suabia, with a brazen ring affixed to it, on which were thefe words in — Greek characters: I am the jib which was firft of all put into this lake by the bands of the governor of the univerfe, Frepericx the Second, the 5th of October, 1230: fo that the former muft have been an infant to this Methufalem of a fifh. Pikes {pawn in March or April, according to the coldnefs or warmth of the weather. When they are in high feafon their colors are very fine, being green, {potted with bright yellow; and the gills are of a moft vivid and full red. When out of feafon, the green changes to grey, and the yel- low {pots turn pale. The head is very flat; the upper jaw broad, and is fhorter than the lower: the under jaw turns up a little at the end, and is marked with minute punc- tures. ; The teeth are'very fharp, difpofed only in the front of the upper jaw, but in both fides of the lower, in the roof of the mouth, and often the tongue. The flit of the mouth, or the gape, is _ very wide; the eyes {mall. The dorfal fin is placed very low on the back, and confifts of twenty-one rays; the pectoral of fifteen; the ventral of eleven; the anal of cighteen. The tail is bifurcated. © cones pifciumy 316, where a print of the ring is given. Y2 Benovn. 323 DESCRIP. ' Acus prima fpecies. G AR -P IKE. Crass IV Beaom. Arif?. Hif. ax. Il. - 15. &e¢. Beaovn, Pagis? Atheneus Lib. VIL... 319. Acus, five Belone Phazi Lb. AM chGt Acuchia. Salvian, 68. L’Aguille, oa Orphie. Beloz, 161s: 227. Gefner pife. 9. Horn-fifck, Schonevelde, 11. Horn-fifh, or Gar-fith. Roudel. Wil, Tcth. Raii Lit : pice 109 Efox roftro cufpidato. gracilé fubtereti, et {pithamali. Arted. fynon. 27. Efox Belone. E. roftro utra- que maxilla dentata. Liz. Lf 517. Gronov. Zooph. 302. Nabbbjadda, Horngiall. Faux, Suec. No. 156. See-naadel, Sack-nadel. Wulff boru/s. ‘No. 70. 231. HIS fifh which is found in many places, is known by the name of the Sea Needle. It comes in fhoals on our coafts in the beginning of fummer, and precedes the mackrel: it has a re- femblance to it in tafte, but the heht green, which {tains the back bone of this fifh when boiled, gives many people a difeuft to it. The common fea pike, or fea needle, fometimes crows to the length of three feet, or more. The jaws are very long, flender, and fharp pointed; the under extends much farther than the upper, and the edges of both are armed with numbers of fhort flender teeth: the infide of the mouth is purple: the tongue fmall: the eyes large: the irides filvery: the noftrils wide and round. The body is flender : the belly quite flat, bounded on both fides by a ener line, The "RAL IV 8) i hi AAW hhh YY) \ y))) ‘AIX “TL Ghety .SALYUR Yo BPPRMOE: The pectoral fins confift of fourteen rays; the ventral fin fmall, and placed very remote from the head, confifts of feven rays, the firft fpiny. The dorfal fin lies on the very loweft part of the back, confifts of fixteen rays; the firft are high, the others lower as they approach the -tail; the anal fin is of the fame form, and placed oppofite to the other; and has twenty-one rays. The tail is much forked. The colors are extremely beautiful when the fifh is in the water: the back of a fine green, beneath that appears a rich changeable blue and purple: | the fides and belly are of a fine filvery hue. Saurus, Rondel. pife. 232. Syn. pife. 169. Skipper, pees tum. Rait 'TheSaury. J eh hae V7 ae HE length is eleven inches: the ae lender : the jaws produced like thofe of the fea needle, but of equal length. The upper mandible a little incurvated. Their leneth one inch. The eyes large; the body anguilliform: but towards the tail grows fuddenly fmaller, and tapers to a very inconfiderable girth. On the lower part of the back is a {mall fin, and between it and the tail fix fpurious like thofe of the mackrel.' Cor- re{pondent to thefe, below are the anal fin and fix ipurious, The pectoral and ventral fins very {mall ; be the 2 ig5. SAURY, 326 SAU R Yv P IKE: Crass IV. the tail much forked. The back dufky: the belly bright and filvery. ) Great numbers of thefe ffh were thrown afhore on the fands of Leith, near Edinburgh, after a creat ftorm in November 1768. Rondeletius de- {cribes this fpecies among the fifh of the Mediter- ranean; but fpeaks of it as a rare kind, Feeth ARGEN TINE A THERINE KLEEN Sa py ae De eR ORE Jl ng cre lunes oni \ LORE AA ei aes Dye” Crass IV. ARG EN FE ON E. 327 Teeth in the jaws and tongue. : XXXV. ‘ : ARGEN- Bight branchiaftegous rays. TINE. Vent near the tail. | The ventral fins compofed of many rays. Sphyrenaparva,fivefphyrene Argentina. = e e 7 Gebis aw omevduv orcoy cbives aauatt uBPea Ogunzar Berns 08 caceecves &e Euatnoe, Thoaaan yap pinto: uot usata melouota Qennay oe e ~ sof Puidyac UTECAATO, Hot Eenrvee #202010. 3 p< Rae NE ~ 3 ~ Ei 6 oy yopunbets DeaTev sonov, autis éraicSn Es Beoxov, 2x 21 emerta Bidletar, 80° dvopzer, 7 . r Ms 3 es Axvyevos’ weion 0s wabay amomaveTon opuns. The Muliet*, when encircling feines inclofe, The fatal threads and treach’rous bofom knows. Inftant he rallies all his vig’rous powers, | And faithful aid of every nerve implores ; O’er battlements of cork up-darted flies, And finds from air th’ efcape that fea denies. But fhould the firft attempt his hopes deceive, And fatal {pace th’ imprifon’d fall receive, Exhaufted ftrength no fecond leap fupplies ; Self-doom’d to death the proftrate victim lies, Refign’d with painful expectation waits, *Till thinner elements compleat his fates. Jones. Oppian had good opportunity of examining thefe fifh, for they fwarm during fome feafons on the coafts of the Mediterranean. Near Martegues, in the fouth of France, abundance of mullets are ta- ken in weres made of reeds placed in the fhallows. Of the milts of the males, which are there called 4 * Mr. Jones, by miftake, tranflates it the Bardel. Alletants, Crass IV. TA eB ha) Be Te. Alletanis, and of the roes of the females, which are called Botar, is made Bofargo. The materials are taken out entire, covered with falt for four or five hours, then preffed a little between two boards, or ftones, wafhed, and at laft dried in the fun for thirteen or fourteen days *, This fth was fometimes made the inftrument of a horrible punifhment for unfortunate gallants. It was in ufe both at Athens + and at Rome; but we doubt much whether it was a legal one: for we ra- ther fufpect it was inflicted inftantaneoufly by the injured and enraged hufband, at a feafon when | Furor arma miniftrat. Fuvenal feems to {peak of it in that licht as well as Horace: the former, relating the revenge taken by the exafperated fpoufe, defcribes it as very va- rious ; Necat hic ferro, fecat ille cruentis Verberibus, quafdam machos et Muciwis intrat ft. The paflage in Horace feems not to have been — attended to by the critics; but when he mentions * Mr. Willughoy’s notes during his travels. Vide Harris’s Col. Voy. Il. 721. + Legibus Athenienfium adulteri ey égya deprebenfi pana fuit sagavotucis. Raphani loco utebantur nonnunquam mugile pifce, interdum Jcorpione. Caufauboni avzimadvers. ix Atheneum, Lb. I. t Satyr. X. 316 the 334 332 M’U LoL ET. iaeiv, the diftrefies that the invader of another’s bed un- derwent, he moft certainly alludes to this penalty: - Difcinta tunica fugiendum eft, ac pede nudo ; Ne nummi pereant, aut Pyca, aut denique fama*. The mullet is an excellent fifh for the a6 but at prefent not a fafhionable one. The head is almoft fquare, and is flat on the top: the nofe blunt: lips thick. It has no teeth, only in. the upper lip is a {mall roughnefs: between the eyes and the mouth is a hard callus. The pupil of the eye is black, encircled with a {mall filvery line: the upper part of the iris is hazel; the lower filvery. The form of the body is pretty thick, but the back not greatly elevated. The fcales are large and deciduous. | The firft dorfal fin is placed near the middle of the back, and confifts of four ftrong fpines; the fecond of nine foft branching rays; the pectoral has fixteen, the ventral fix; the firft a ftrong {pine, the others foft. The tail is much forked. The color of the back is dufky, varied with blue and green: the fides filvery, marked with broad dufky parallel lines, reaching from head to talks the belly is filvery. v * Satyr. U. #d. I. 132. ues Head W? A. SN WAC ALR OKOVIAaxyx3x“0 Crass IV. eR ¥ ENG) ¥ DSI: \2 233 Head covered with {cales. XXXVI. Pectoral fins almoft as long as the body. ria: Hirundo Plinit ib. 1X. ¢. 26. Gefner pife. 553. Wil. Icth. 159. Wince * BEouoitos ue Adaug? Athe- 233. | ED. neus lib. VIII. 332. Of- Exocetus. ) PTILE HARD: « ported, and the oil made out of each hogfhead, *¢ has amounted, one year with another at an a- ** verage, to the price of one pound thirteén fhil- “lings and three-pence; fo that the cafh paid for ** pilchards exported has, at a medium, annually _ “ amounted to the fum of forty-nine thoufand five ** hundred and thirty-two pounds ten fhillings.” The numbers that are taken at one fhooting out of the nets, is amazinely great. Dr. Borlafe affured me, that on the 5th of Ofober, 1767, there were at one time inclofed in St. Ives’s Bay 7000 hogf- heads, each hogfhead containing 35000 fifh, in all 245000000. This fifh has a general likenefs to the herring, but differs in fome particulars very effentially ; we there- fore defcribe it comparatively with the other, hav- ing one of each fpecies before us, both of them of the fame length, viz. nine inches and an half. The body of the pilchard is lefs compreffed than that of the herring, being thicker and rounder: the nofe is fhorter in proportion, and turns up: the under jaw is fhorter. The back is more elevated: the belly lefs fharp: the dorfai fin of the pilchard is placed exaétly in the centre of gravity, fo that when taken up- by it, the body preferves an equilibrium, whereas that of the herring dips at the head: the dorfal fin of the pilchard we examined, being placed only three inches eight tenths from the tip of the nofe; that “of the herting four inches one tenth, The 345 Descrip. 346 262. SPRAT- Sik BAT Crass IV. The feales of the pilchard adhere very clofely, whereas thofe of the herring very eafily drop off. The pilchard is in general lefs than the herring; the fpecimen we defcribe being a very large one. The pilchard is fatter, or more full of oil. Spratti. Wil. Icth 221. Rast. Clupea Sprattus. Cl. pinna fpr. pife. 105. dorfali radiis tredecim. Liz. Clupea quadriuncialis, max- fff. 523. illainfertore, longiore, ven- Hwufsbuk. Fauz. Suec. No. tre acutiflimo. Arted. fyzon. 358. 17. ) R. Willughby and Mr. Ray were of opinion, that thefe fifh were the fry of the herring: - we are induced to diffent from them, not only be- caufe on comparing a fprat and young herring of equal fize, we difcovered fome fpecific ditfe- rences, but likewife for another reafon: the former vifit our coafts, and continue with us in fhoals in- numerable, when the others in general have retired to the great northern deeps. They come into the river Tames, below bridge, the beginning of November, and leave it in March, and are, during their feafon, a great relief to the poor of the capital. At Gravefend, and at Yarmouth, they are cured like red herrings; they are fometimes pickled, and are little inferior in flavor to the Axchovy, but the | bones Cfasseiv>o A N CFH OV" Y. bones will not diffolve like thofe of the latter. Mr. Forfter tells me, that in the Baltic they pre- ferve them in the fame manner, and call them Breitling, i.e. the little deep fith, as being deeper than the Stromling, or Baltic herring. The fprat grows to about the length of five in- ches ; the body is much deeper than that of a young herring of equal length: the back fin is placed more remote from the nofe than that of the herring, and we think had fixteen rays. But one great dif- tinction between this fifh, the herring and pilchard, is the belly: that of the two firft being quite fmooth, that of the laft moft ftrongly ferrated. Another is, that the herring has fifty fix vertebre ; this only forty eight. Exupavaos ? 4rift. Hift. an. Vycofomus, fehe maréneken? Lib Wl. 25.45. Schonevelde, 46. Tab..5. Evupacixgonos ? Atheneus, Lib. Raii fyn. pife. 107. VIL. ¢. 285. Che meal Ginbnore lon- L’Anchoy? Belox, 165. giore. circulated round the neighborhood of Londo, from whence they have been diftributed to moft parts of the country. In China the moft beautiful kinds are taken ina {mall lake in the province of Che-Kyang. Every perfon of fafhion keeps them for amufement, either in porcellane veffels, or in the fmall bafons that decorate the courts of the Chinefe houfes. The beauty of their colors, and their lively motions, © give great entertainment, efpecially to the ladies, whofe pleafures, by reafon of the cruel policy of that country, are extremely limited. : In form of the body they bear a great refem- blance to a carp. They have been known in this ifland Crass IV. G O-Ly De Eat SH. iftand to arrive at the length of eight inches; in their _ native place they are faid * to grow to the fize of qur largeft herring. The noftrils are tubular, and Oee fort of appen- dages above the nofe: the dorfal fin and the tail vary greatly in fhape: the tail is naturally bifid, but in many is trifid, and in fome even quadrifid ; 3 the anal fins are the ftrongeft characters of this {pe- cies, being placed not behind one another like thofe of other fith, but oppofite each other like the ven- tral fins. : The colors vary oreatly; cee are marked with a fine blue, with brown, with bright filver; but the genera! predominant color is gold of a moft amazing fplendor; but their colors and form need not be dwelt on, fiace thofe who want opportunity of feeing the living fith, may furvey them exprefied in the moft animated manner, in the works of our ingenious and honeft friend Mr. George Edwards. 2° Du THalde,:316. Bb 4 | APPEN- a [Sig APPENDIX, a Mav, backs A ex late Bifhop of Carlile informed me Torvoise, that a tortoife was taken off the coaft of **°" 7 Scarborough in 1748 or 1749. It was pur- chafed by a family at that time there, and a good — deal of company invited to partake of it. A gen- ‘tleman, who was one of the guefts, told them it was a Mediterranean turtle, and not wholefome : only one of the company eat of it, and it almoft killed him, being feized with a dreadful vomiting and purging. . Since the printing of that article I have been fa- Toan, 13. vored with fome very curious accounts of this rep- tile, which will give greater light into its natural hiftory than I am capable of, from a moft unphi, lofophical but invincible averfion to the whole ge- nus. The facts that will appear in the following lines ferve to confirm my opinion of its being an innoxious animal, and, I hope, will ferve to free : numbers 280 AYP PS EN BD Pere numbers from a panic that is carried to a degree of infelicity, and alfo to redeem it from a perfecution which the unmerited :ll-opinion the world has con- ° ceived, perpetually expofes it to. The gentlemen I am principally indebted to for — my informations are F. Arfcott, Efg; of Tebott, in Devonfbire, and Mr. Pitfeld, of Exeter. Some of thefe accounts were addrefled to Doctor Mikes, Dean of Exeter; others to the worthy Prelate above-mentioned, to whom I owe thefe and many other agreeable correfpondencies ; others again to miyfelf. Mr. 4r/fcoti’s letters give a very ample hiftory of the nature of the toad: they were both addreffed to Doétor Milles, and both were the refult of cer- tain queries I propofed, which the former was fo obliging as to give himfelf the trouble of anfwering in a moft fatisfactory mannes. I fhall firft take the liberty of citing Mr. 4rfcott’s letter of September the 23d, 1768, which mentions fome very curious particulars of this innocent rep- tile, which, for fuch a number of years, found an afylum from the good fenfe of a family which foar- ed above all vulgar prejudices, ““ Tt would give me the greateft pleafure to be ‘* able to inform you of any particulars worthy Mr. “© Pennani’s notice, concerning the toad who lived ** fo many years with us, and was fo great a favo- “rite. The greateft curiofity in it was its becom- * ing fo remarkably tame. It had frequented fome * fleps aw PM Oe ee ‘© fteps before the hall-door fome years before a ‘© acquaintance commenced, with it, and had been “© admired by my father for its fize (which was of “ the largeft I ever met with) who conftantly payed “it a vilit every evening. I knew it myfelf above “ thirty years, and by conftantly feeding it, brought “it to be fo tame that it always came to the can- “ dle, and looked up as if expecting to be taken ** up and brought upon the table, where I always «< fed it with infects of all forts: it, was fondeft of ** flefh maggots, which I kept in bran; it would “ follow them, and when within a proper diftance, “< would fix its eye, and remain motionlefs for near. “4 quarter of a minute, as if preparing for the ** ftroke, which was an inftantaneous throwing its “ tongue at a great diftance upon the infect, which *“ ftuck to the tip by a glutinous matter: the mo- | “< tion is quicker than the eye can follow*. “always imagined that the root of its tongue “€ was placed in the fore part of its under jaw, atk “‘ the tip towards its throat, by which the motion “< muft be a half circle; by which,,when its tongue “< recovered its fituation, the infect at the tip would “ be brought to the place of deolutition. I was <¢ confirmed in this by never obferving any internal. “* motion in its mouth, excepting one {wallow the “ inftant its tongue returned. Poflibly 1 might be * 'This rapid capture of its prey might give occafion to the report of its fafcinating powers. Linnaeus fays, Infecta in fauces Jaftino revocat, * miftaken 3g8s 382 & F Rit Nt fee « miftaken, for I never diflected one, but content= “ed myfelf with opening its mouth, and flightly §¢ infpecting it. | «© You may imagine that atoad generally detefted <¢ (altho” one of the moft inoffenfive of all animals) “ {9 much taken notice of and befriended, excited “ the curiofity of all comers to the houfe, who all “ defired to fee it fed, fo that even ladies fo far - * conquered the horrors inftilled into them -by ‘* nurfes, as to defire to fee it. This produced in- << numerable and improbable reports, making it ‘¢ as large as the crown of a hat, &c. &c. . This T << hope will account for my not giving you parti- “¢culars more worth your notice. When I firft “‘ read the.account in the papers of toads fucking “© cancerous breafts, I did not believe a word of it, * not thinking it poffible for them to fuck, having “no lips to embrace the part, and a tongue fo “‘ oddly formed ; but as the fat, is thoroughly ve- “ rified, I moft impatiently long to be fully in- ‘* formed of all particulars relating to it.” Notwithftanding thefe accounts will ferve to point out fome errors I had adopted, in refpeét to this reptile in my firft fheet, yet it is with much plea- fure I lay before the public a more authentic hifto- ry, collected from Mr. Ar/coti’s fecond favor; the anfwer points out my queries, which it is needlefs to repeat. Tehothy Re P: Ch By Se He Tebott, Nov. 1, 1768. Tn refpe& to the queries, I fhall here give the “¢ moft fatisfactory anfwers I am capable of, * Firft, I cannot fay how long my father had * been acquainted with the toad before I knew it; but when I firft was acquainted with it, he ufed * to mention it as the old toad I’ve known fo many * vears; I can anfwer for thirty-iix years. “© Secondly, No toads that I ever-faw appear- “ed in the winter feafon. The old toad made “* its appearance as foon as the warm weather came, “and I always concluded it retired to fome dry “bank to repofe till the fpring. When we new- “fay’d the fteps I had two holes made in the “third ftep on each, with a hollow of more than a “ yard long for it, in which I imagine it flept, as ** it came from thence at its firft appearance. “ Thirdly, It was feldom provoked: neither “that toad (nor the multitudes I have feen tor- ** mented with ereat cruelty) ever fhewed the left “‘ defire of revenge, by {pitting or emitting any *‘ juice from their pimples. Sometimes upon tak- ** ing it up it would let out a great quantity of clear “* water, which, as I have one feen it do the fame “© upon the fteps when quite.quiet, was certainly its *© urine, and no more than a natural evacuation. ‘Fourthly, A toad has no particular enmity - for the fpider; he ufed to eat five or fix with his “¢ millepedes (which I take to be its chief food) that ““T generally provided for it, before I found out ** that 38 3 . 384 G6 &¢ <6 = Da) ee ee e¢ €¢ ee ec et 6 ce 4 4 cs ce € a) ec $6 <6 €¢ A oP POS DA Se that fiehh maggots, by their continual motion, was the moft tempting bait; but when offered it eat blowing fites and humble bees that come frons the rat-tailed maggot in gutters, or in fhort any infect that moved. I imagine if a bee was to be put before a toad, it would eertainly eat it to its coft; but as bees are feldom ftirring at the fame time that toads are, they can feldom come in their way, as they feldom appear after fun-rifing, or before fun-fet. In the heat of the day they will come to the mouth of their hole, I believe, for air. I once from my parlour window obferved a large toad I had in the bank of a bowling- green, about twelve at noon, a very hot day, ve- ry bufy and active upon the grafs; fo uncommon an appearance made me go out to fee what it was, when I found an innumerable fwarm of winged ants had dropped round his hole, which temptation was as irrefiftible as a turtle would be to a luxurious alderman. ‘* Fifthly, Whether our toad ever propagated its {pecies I know not, rather think not, as it al- ways appeared well, and not leffened in bulk, which it muft have done, I fhould think, if it had difcharged fo large a quantity of {pawn as toads generally do. The females that are to propagate in the fpring, I imagine, inftead of retiring to dry holes, go into the bottom of ponds, and lay torpid among the weeds; for to ‘my great furprize in the middle of the winter, “ having Ab: Py Py By Ne Dj dy X% S cae for amufement put a long pole into my ‘© pond, and twifted it till it had gathered a large “ volume of weed, on taking it off I found many “toads, and having cut fome afunder with my “knife, by asics to eet off the weed, found “them full of {pawn not thoroughly fogmed. I “am not pofitive, but think there were a few © males in March: I know there are thirty males * “ to one female, twelve or fourteen of whom I have “‘ feen clinging round a female: I have often dil- “* engaged her, and put her to a folitary male, to “fee with what eagernefs he would feize her. & They impregnate the {pawn as it is drawn + out in long * Mr. Fohx Hunter has affured mé, that during ‘his refi- dence at Bellei/ic, he difflected fome hundreds of toads, yet never met with a fingle female among them. + I was incredulous as to the ob/ffetrical offices of the male toad, but fince the end is fo well accounted for, and the fast eftablifhed by fuch good authority, belief muft take place. Mr. Demours, in the Memoirs of the French Academy, as tranflated by Dr. Templeman, vol. I. 371. has been very par- ticular.in refpect to the male toad, as acting the part of an Accoucheur ; his account is curious, and clames a place here : «¢ Tn the evening of one of the long days in fammer, Mr. 664 ** coupled together at the edge of an hole, which was. formed in part by a great ftone at the top. <* Curiofity drew him to fee what was the occafion of the motions he obferved, when two facts equally new. furprized him; the fiv/? was the extreme difficulty the female. had in ‘* laying her eggs, infomuch that fhe did not feem capable Vou. Hl. Cc | ¢ of €¢ é¢ &E Demurs being in the King’s garden perceived two toads 385 386 AS ps PS Be Ne De ee “* Jong ftrings, like a necklace, many yards’ long, ) “not in a large quantity of jelly, like frogs {pawn. “iN. B. After having held a female fome® time ‘in’ “my hand, I have, to try if there was any fmell, ** put my finger a foot under water to a male, ** who has immediately feized it, and ftuck to it as “firmly as if it was a female. Quere, Would they “feize a finger or rac that had touched a can- **'cerous ulcer? “ Sixthly, ‘* of being delivered of them without fome affiftance. The “< fecond was, that the male was mounted on the back of ‘© the female, and exerted all his ftrength with his hinder “* feet in pulling out the eggs, whilft his fore-feet —— - © her breait. “< In order to apprehend the manner of his working in the *«« delivery of the female, the reader muft obferve; that the «* paws of thefe animals, as well thofe of the fore-feet as of “© the hinder, are divided into feveral toes, which can per- *© form the office of fingers. «< Tt muft be remarked likewife, that the esgs of ‘this fpe- “© cies of toads are included each in a membranous coat that ® is very firm, in which is contaifed the embryo; and that ‘« thefe eggs, which are oblong and about two lines in «* length, being faftened one to another by a fhort but very «< frong cord, form a kind of chaplet, the beads of which <¢ are diftant from each other about the half of their length. «It is by drawing this cord with his paw that the male ‘¢ performs the funtion of a midwife, and acquits himfelf ‘sin it with a dexterity that one wotld not va from fo <¢ lumpifh an animal. «* The prefence of the obferver did not a little cited «« the male; for fome time he oe fhort, and threw on *< the PD Si, a de. “< Sixthly, Infeéts being their food, I never faw “© any toad fhew any liking or diflike to any plant *. ** Seventhly, I hardly remember any perfons ta- king it up except my father and myfelf: I do not know whether it had any particular attach ‘* ment to us. 5 “‘ Kichthly, In aia: to its end, I anfwer thi laft quere. Had it not been for a tame raven, I make no doubt but it would have been now liv- ‘ing; who one day feeing it at the mouth of its «hole, pulled it out, and although I refcued ir, pulled out one eye, and hurt it fo, that notwith- € no tal § *” “ no a n “ 4 Lal “¢ itfelf, t the curious impertinent a fixed look that marked his dif- <¢ guietnefs and fear; but he foon returned to his work with ‘* more precipitation than before, and a moment after he «< appeared undetermined whether he fhould continue it or ‘© not. The female likewife difcovered her uneafinefs at the “* fight of the ftranger, by motions that interrupted fome- ‘© times the male in his operation. At length, whether the ‘© filence and fleady pofture of the fpeCtator had diffipated - “<< their fear, or that the ca/e was urgent, the male refumed << his work with the fame vigour, and teary performed ‘© his function;” * This queftion arofe from an affertion of ie tee the toad delighted in filthy herbs. Deleatur Cotula, A@@a, Stachyde fetid. The unhappy deformity of the animal feems to be the only ground of thig as well as another mifre- prefentation, of its conveying a poifon with its pimples, its touch, and even its breath. Verruce ladefcentes venenata infufa tatu, anhelitu. BAP ee Ga ftanding its living atwelvemonth it never enjoyed © 387 388 Roop PoE a op ae “itfelf, and had a difficulty of taking its food, *‘ miffing the mark for want of its eye: before “ that accident had all the appearance oF spies * health.” What Mr. Pitfeld communicated to me ferves — farther to evince the patient and pacific difpofition of this poor animal. If I am thought to dwell too long on the fubjeét, let it be confidered, that thofe who have moft unprovoked enemies, and feweft friends, clame the greateft pity, and warmedt vin- dication. This reptile has undergone all forts of fcandal; one author makes it the companion of an atheift*; and Milton makes the devil itfelf its inmate; in a word, all kind of evil paffions have been beftowed on it: It is but juftice therefore to fay fomething in behalf of an animal that has of Jate had fo many trials of ‘its temper, from expe- timents occafioned by the new difcovery of its cancer-fucking qualities. It has born all the han- dling, teizing, bagging, &c. &c. without the left fign of a vindictive difpofition; but has even made itfelf a facrifice to the difcharge of its office: this I know from the refult of much enquiry ; would I could contradiét what is afferted, of the inefficacy of the tryals made of them in the moft horrible of difeafes ; for at this tinie I myfelf cannot ‘bring’one proof of the fuccefs. But I would not have any one 7A great ‘toad was faid to have been found ‘in the lodgings of Vanini, at Touloufe. Vide Fobnfon’s Shakelpear. + Paradife Loft. AP PEN DA kX. one difcouraged from the purfuit of the remedy. Heaven opens to us gradually its favors: the Joadfione was for ages a meer matter of ignoraht ‘amaze at its attractive qualities: mercury was a fuppofed poifon, and the terror of phyficians: we now wonder at the powers of electricity, and are ftill but partially acquainted with its ufes: the toad, the object of horror even in the moft en- lightened times, is found to be perfectly innocent ; it has certainly contributed to the eafe (and as has been faid to the cure) of the unhappy cancered; let the following facts fpeak for themfelves; they come from perfons of undoubted veracity, and will fufficiently eftablifh the truth ai the beneficent qualities of this animal. | The firft paper relating to it is very ingeni- oufly drawn up by Mr. Pitfeld, for the informa- tion of Doctor Littleton, Bifhop of Carifle (now happy) who immediately honored me with the copy. Exon, Auguft 29, 1768. * Your lordfhip muft have taken notice of a ‘© paragraph in the papers, with regard to the ap- * plication of toads to a cancered breaft. A pa- “‘ tient of mine has fent to the neighborhood of “* Hungerford, and brought down the very woman ** on whom the cure was done. I have, with all “the attention I am capable of, attended the Cc3z “ operation 389 390 APPENDIX * operation for eighteen or twenty days, and am “ furprized at the phenomenon. TI am inno ex- % pectation of any great fervice from the applica- “tion: the age, conftitution, and thoroughly can- _ ““cerous condition of the perfon, being uncon- — = “ guerable barriers to it. How an ail of that “kind, abfolutely local, in an otherwife found ‘habit, and of a likely age, might be relieved, I “cannot fay. But as to the operation, thus ** much I can affert, that there is neither pain nor * naufeoufnefs in it. The animal is put into a “‘ Jinen bag, all but its head, and that is held to “the part. It has generally inftantly laid hold of *‘ the fouleft part of the fore, and fucked with ** oreedinefs until it dropped off dead. It has ** frequently happened that the creature has fwolen “ immenfely, and from its agonies appeared to be €¢ o in great pain. I have weighed them for feveral “days together, before and after the application, ee and found their increafe of weight, in the dif- ferent degrees, from a drachm to near an ounce, “ They frequently fweat exceedingly, and turn - Se quite pale: fometimes they difgorge, recover, .and * becgme lively again. I] think the whole {cene ** is furprifing, and a very remarkable piece of na- tural hiftory. From the conftant inoffenfivenefs ** which I have obferved in them, I almoft queftion ‘© the truth of their poifonous fpitting. Many peo- ** ple here expect no great good from the applica- a tion of toads to cancers; and where the diforder 1S x FREER DBD A *¢ ig not abfolutely local, none is to be expected; “‘ where it is, and feated in any part, notto be << well come at for extirpation, I think it is hardly *< to be imagined, but that the having it fucked *‘ clean as often as you pleafe, muft give great “ relief. Every body knows, that dogs licking of ““ fores cures them, which is, I fuppofe, chiefly by “ keeping them clean. If there is any credit to be given to hiftory, poifons have been fucked out, ——Pallentia Vulnera lambit Ore Venena trabens. “ are the words of Lucan on the occafion: if the “ people to- whom thefe words are applied, did “ their cure by immediately following the injection “‘ of the poifon, the local confinement of another * poifon brings the cafe to a great degree of fimi- “¢ Jarity. “J hope I have not tired your lordfhip with my *“‘ long tale, as it is a true one, and in my appre- “‘ henfion a curious piece of natural hiftory, 1 could “ not forbear communicating it to you. I own. I - “‘ thought the ftory in the papers to be an Anven- tion, and when I confidered the inftin@ive prin- ciple in all animals of felf prefervation, 1 was * confirmed in my difbelief ; but what I have re- ‘“* lated 1 faw, and all theory muft yield to fac. “It is only the Rudeta, the land toad, which has “* the eat of fucking 5 I cannot find any the Cie 4 $* otk 39% 392 & PF SEN s “¢ Jeft mention of the property in any oné of the “‘ old naturalifts. My patient can bear to have “but one applied in twenty-four hours: the wo- “man who was cured had them on day and night, without intermiffion, for five weeks. Their ** time of hanging at the breat has been asi one *° to fix hours.” ? The other is of 2 woman who made thee ex- periment, which I give, as delivered to me from “¢ undoubted authority. About fix years* ago a poor woman received a crufh on her breaft by the fall of a pail; a com- plaint in that part was the refulc. Laft year her diforder increafed to an alarming degree ;' fhe had five wounds on her breafts, one exceeding large, from which fragments of bone worked out, giving her vaft pain; and at the fame time there was a great difcharge of thin yellow matter: fhe was likewife reduced to a meer fkele- ton. All her feft fide and ftomach was much fwel. led; her fingers doughy and difcolored. On the 25th of September, 1768, the firft toad was applied; between that and the 29th fhe ufed feven, and had that night better reft. She fwal- lowed with ereater eafe, for before that time there was fome appearance of tumor in her neck, and a difficulty of getting any thing down, * z. e. from 1769. Offober Bie BE Bs 1k Oéober 16th, the patient better. It was thought proper as winter was coming on, and of courfe it — would be very difficult to procure a number of toads, to apply more at a time, fo three were put on at once. The fwelling in the arm abated, and the woman’s reft was good. During thefe tryals fhe took an infufion of Wa-~ ter Parfnep with Pulvis Cornacchint. December 18th, continued to look ill, but finds herfelf better: two of the wounds were now healed. She was always moft eafy when the toads were fucking, of which fhe killed vaft numbers in the operation. January 1769. The laft account that was re- ceived, informing that the patient was better. The remarks made on the animals are thefe: Some toads died very foon after they had fuck- ed; others lived about a quarter of an hour, but fome lived much longer: for example, one that was applied about feven o’clock fucked till ten, and died as foon as it was taken from the breaft; another that immediately fucceeded conti- nued till three o’clock, but dropped dead from the wound, each {welled exceedingly, and turned of a pale color. Thefe toads did not feem to fuck greedily, and would often turn their heads away; but during the time of fucking were heard to {mack their lips like a young child. As thofe cole are apt by their ftrugeles to ot out 593 394 Xk F 2 ENS SS out of the bag, the open end ought to be made with an open hem, that the ftring may run the- more readily, and faften tightly about the neck. _. It would be improper to quit the fubject with- out mentioning the origin of this ftrange difco-— very, which was owing to a woman near Hunger- _ ford, who labored under a cancerous complaint in her breaft, which had long baffled. all Loapeliggy | tions. _ The account fhe gives of the manner in which fhe came by her knowledge is fingular, and I may fay apocryphal. She fays of herfelf, that in the height of her diforder fhe went to fome church where there was a va{t crowd: on going into a. pew, fhe was accofted by a ftrange clergyman, who, after exprefling compaffion for her fituation, told her that if fhe would make fuch an application of living toads * as abovementioned, fhe would be well. | This dark ftory is all we can colle& relating to the affair. It is our opinion that fhe ftumbled up- on the difcovery by accident, and that having fet up for a cancer dottrefs, fhe thought it neceffary to * [have been told that fhe not only made ufe of living toads, but permitted the dead ones to remain at her breaft, by way of cataplafms, for fome weeks. I have been informed that the relation of this ftrange method of cure was brought over a few years ago by one of our foreign minifters ; and that there is alfo notice taken of it in Wheeler’s Travels. amufe oo» PP PN BD ee ‘amufe the world with this myfterious relation*. For it feems very unaccountable, that this un- known gentleman fhould exprefs fo much ten- dernefs for this fingle fufferer, and not feel any for the many thoufands that daily lahguifh under this terrible diforder: would he not have made ufe of this invaluable noftrum for his own emo- Jument, or at left, by fome other means have found a method of making it public for the good of mankind ? Here I take leave of the fubject, which I could not do without expreffing my doubts, as to the method of the woman’s obtaining her information ; ‘but in refpect to the authenticity of this new- difcovered property of the toad, facts eftablith it beyond difpute. Let the humane wifh for fpeedy proofs of the efficacy; and for the fatisfaction of ‘the world, let thofe who are capable of giving in- difputable proofs of the fuccefs, take the earlieft opportunity of making the public acquainted with fo interefting an aide A ‘I have now given without alteration the whole * of the facts as ftated in my former edition. They * are too curious to be loft; as they may ferve to * Mr. Valentine Greatraks, who about the year 1664, per- fuaded himfelf that he could cure difeafes, by ftroking them out of the parts affected with his hand; and the famous “Bridget Boftock, of Chefhire, who worked cures by virtue of her fafting fpittle, both came by .their art in a manner fu- pernatural, but by faith many were made whole. t give 395 GLAIN NaIDR, 30. KEREEEWNW ) § ~~ “give to after-times a proof of the belief of the - “age, and the fair tryal made of a moft diftaft- ‘ ful remedy in the moft dreadful of complaints. This reminds me of another Welch word that is - explanatory of the cuftoms of the antients, thewing their intent in the ufe of the plant Vervaine in their luftrations; and why it was called by Dio/co- vides Hierobotane, or the facred plant, and e- {teemed proper to be hung up in their rooms. The Britis name Cas gan Cythrawl, or the Devil’s averfion, may be a modern appellation, but is likewife called 2 Dderwen fendigaid, the holy oak, which evidently refers to the Druids oroves. Pliny informs us, that the Gauls ufed it in their incantations, as the Romaus and Greeks did in their luftrations. Terence, in his Andria, fhews us the Verbena was placed en altars before the doors of private houfes in Athens; and from the fame paffage in Pliny*, we find the Magi were guilty of the moft extravagant fuperftition about this herb. Strange it is that fuch a veneration fhould arife for a plant endued with no perceptible quali- ties; and ftranger ftill it fhould fpread from the fartheft north to the boundaries of Jndia. So ge- neral a confent, however, proves the cuftom arofe before the different nations had loft all.communi- -cation with each other. ® Lib. XXV. cap. 9 Her & Po We ie BD ee Her Grace the Dutchefs Dowager of Port- tanp did me the honor of communicating the © following fpecies. This is a new kind of Sucker found near Weymouth, which ought to be placed after No. 59. and may be called the HE weap is flat and tumid on each fide. The sopy taper. | The pecTorat fins placed unufually high. Ie has only one porsax fin; placed low, or near the tail. | | The Tait is even at the end. The color of the head and body is of a fine pink: of the fins whitifh. On each fide of the engine of adherence on the belly, is a round black {pot. ) | It is ficured in Plate XXII. of the natural fize. Another will add a new genus to the Britifh fifh, being of that which Linneus calls Ophidium. It muft find a place after the Launce, Sand Eel or Ammodytes, under the trivial name of Bearn- / B97 Bimacwu- LATED. 398 A 2 2S Bae ’ BearDLESSs« Ophidium imberbe. Liz. Syf.431. Faun. Suec. No 319.) Ophidium flavum et imberbe. cs 53? Wil. Icth. 113. Raii fyn. pifee (ote was taken at the fame place with the former. I have not at this time had op- portunity of defcribing it, therefore am obliged to refer the reader to the writers above cited ae the defcription. | i P. Bi BO Ni BL Mt xe 399. No: It: Or tHe PROLIFICNESS or FISH. — - ‘Fith, Weight. Weight of Spawn. Fecundity. - Time. oz. dr. grains, Carp Zhe OH BS7E. o -203109.cApril 43 Codfifh 12540. . 3686760. Dec. 23. Flounder 24. 4. 2200. 1357400. March14, Herring 5. 10. ° 480. 36960.:O&. 25. Mackrel 18. 12232. 546681. June 18. fe) Perch 8. 9 7657. 28323.:April 5. - Pike 66... 4. 510k. ‘49904. April -2s. Moaewiii!4o;: 62:5 1961. 81586. May 2. Smelt 2.0 1497. 38278. Marchar. Sole 14. 8 5422. 100362. June 13. Tench? ‘40. °'0 383252. May 28. * Some part of the fpawn of this fith was by accident loft, fo that the account here is below the reality.’ Vide Phil. Tran/. 1767, : No. 400 AP PI RIN DP BS No, ITI. Or THE METHOD OF MAKING ISINGLASS | in ICELAND, FRoM THE SOUNDS OF COD anp LING. HE founds of cod and ling’bear-general like- nefs to ‘thofe of the Sturgeon kind of Lin- neus and Artedi, and are in general fo well Known, as to require no particular defcription. The Wew- found land and Iceland fifhermen {plit open the ffh as foon as taken, and .throw the back-bones, with the founds annexed, in a heap; but previous to putrefaction, the founds are cut out, wafhed from their flimes, and falted for ufe.. In cutting .ont the founds, 'the'parts between the ribs are left -be- hind, which are much the befts the Jceland fith- ermen ate fo fenfible of this, that they beat the bones upon a block with a thick ftick, till the Pockets; -as they term them, come out eafily, and thus preferve the found entire. Jf the founds -have been cured with falt, that muft be diffolved by fteeping them in water, before they are prepared for Ifingla/s. The frefh found muit then be laid upon a block of wood, whofe furface is a little elliptical, to the end of which a {mall hair brufh is nailed, ACP PEMNLD EM ~ nailed, and with a faw-knife, the membranes on each fide of the found muft be fcraped off... The - Anife is rubbed upon the brufh occafionally, to. glear its teeth, the pockets are cut open with {cif- fars, and perfectly cleanfed of the mucous matter with a coarfe cloth: the founds are afterwards wafhed a few minutes in lime-water, in order to abforb their oily principle; and laftly, in clear water. ‘They are then laid upon nets, to dry in the air; but, if intended to refemble foreign [/x- glafs, the founds of ‘cod will only admit of that called book, but thofe of ling both fhapes. The thicker the founds are, the better the L/nglafs, co- lor excepted; but that is immaterial to the brew- er, who is its chief confumer. : Vou. IL. Dd | No. 401 402 Ac. 2. PLA M At o Hungee TCU - ou CATALOGUE or tus ANIMALS .. DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME, wits THEIR BRITISH NAMES. BR Beg Pi cake Lees a (ORIACEOUS Tortoife, _ Common Frog, . Edible Frog, . Toad, . Natter Jack. . Great Frog. . Scaly Lizard. . Warty Lizard, . Brown Lizard, . Little Lizard, . Anguine Lizard, . Viper, . Snake, Melwioges. ~ Llyffant melyn. Llyffant melyn cefn grwm. Llyffant du, Llyffant daf- adenog, Genau goee ddafadenog. > i reeh: leiaf. naredig. Neidr, Neidr du, Gwiber. Neidr fraith, ‘Neidr y to- menydd. Tt is to Richard Morris, Efg. that the public is indebted for ~~ the Britif2 names. “54. Aber- 14. 15. 10. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. WE 28. 29, 30. er. eae 33: 34: 35: Be OB SR Be IN: ee 403 Aberdeen Snake. Blind-worm, or Siow- worm, Pwl dall. Neidr y defaid. Bee Sis). Te NOmmon Whale, Morfil Cyffredin, Pike- headed 7 , Whale, —_. Penhwyad. Fin fifh, Barfog. _ Round-lipped Whale, Trwngrwn. Beaked Whale. Biunt-headed Cachalot. Round-headed, Pengrwn. High-finned, Uchel aden. Dolphin, _ Dolffyn. | Porpelc, Llamhydydd. Grampus, _ Morfochyn. Lamprey, Sea, Liyfowen bendol, Bian: prai. | Lefer Lamprey, Lieprog, Pride. swist 16M raslog? ae Skate, Cath for, morczth, Rhaien. Sharp-nofed Ray, Morcath drwynfain. Rough Ray. | Fuller Ray. Shagreen Ray. Whip Ray. Dd2 6. Ble@ric a 404 . £8 Oo Oe aes 36. Electric Ray, Swithbyfe. 97. Thornback, Moreath bigoe. ~ ° 38. Sting Ray, Morcath cefn. 39. Angel fith, | Maelgi. 40. Picked Dog fifh, Ci Pegod, Picewd. 41. Bafking Shark, | 42. White Shark, Morgi ewin. 43. Blue Shark, | -Morgi ae y Si¢fc. | 44. Long-tailed Shark, Liwynog mor. 45. Tope, Ci clas. 46. Spotted Dog fith, Ci yfgarmes, mofo? thaws. 47. Leffler Dog fifh. J-DREOSE 48. Smooth Hound, Ci Liyfn. 49. Porbeagle. Bi 50. Beaumaris Shark. 451. Angler, common; — Morlyffant. 52.°Long Angoler, Morlyffant hin: | 53. Sturgeon,» Iftwrfion. 54. Oblong Diodon, Heulbyfe. 55. Short Diodon. 56. Globe Diodon. 57. Lump Sucker, Jar-for. 58. Unctuous Sucker, Mor falwen. 59. Fura Sucker. 60. Longer Pipe fith. 61. Shorter. 62. Little, Ifor Neidr. 63. Eel, Llyfowen. 64. Conger, Mor Llyfowen, Cyivéyres. 65. Wolf 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. rd vie 72. fz 74 75: 70. TS i 73. 79: 80. 81. 82. $3. 84. 35. . BB: 87. $8. $9. gO. gi. Q2. AP PEN DE & 495 Wolf fh, Morflaidd. Launce, Llamrhiaid, oa by- chain. Morris, Morys. Sword fih, | Cleddyfbyfe. Dragonet, gemmeous, Dragonet, fordid. Weever, Mor wiber, Pigyn aftrus. Great Weever. Common Cod fith, - -Codfyn. Hadock, ‘Hadoc. Whiting Pout, Cod Iwyd. Bib, Deillion. Poor, | Cwdyn ebrill. Coal fith, Chwetlyn glas. Pollack, Morlas. Whiting, | 3 -Chwitlyn gwyn, Hake, 3 Ceeddu. Forked Hake. Left Hake. , -Trifurcated Hake. iia... Honos. Burbot, | Llefen, Liefenan. Three bearded Cod. Five bearded Cod.. Torfk. Crefted Blenny. Gattorugine. Smooth Blenny, Dd 3 3. Spotted 406 93. 94. 95° 96. 97. 98. 99. JOO. 10!. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. Sil; 112. +1, II4. 115. 116. 117. 118. $19. RE POE N® D It x Spotted Blenny. Viviparous Blenny. Black Goby. Spotted Goby: Bull Head, River, Armed Bull Head, Father Lafher. Doree, Opah. Holibut; Plaife, Flounder; Dab, Smear Dab. Sole, Smooth Sole. Turbot, Pear]; Whiff. Gilt Head, Red Gilt Head, Toothed Gilt Head. Wraffe, antient, Ballan. Bimaculated. Trimaculated. Striped. Pentarw, Bawd y melinydd: | Penbwil. : Sion dori. Lieden ffreinig. Lleden frech. Lieden *ddu. | Lleden gennog, Lleden dwfr croyw. Tafod yr hydd, Tafod yr ych. Lleden chwith, Torbwt; Perl. Peneuryn, Eurben. Brom y mor. Gwrach. 420. Gibbotis, 120. r2f. 122. 123. T24, 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. i411. 142. 143. 144. 145. APPENDIX Gibbous. Goldfinny. Comber. Cook. Perch, common, __ Pere. ‘Baffe, Draenog, Gannog. Sea Perch: Ruffe. Black Ruffe. Three fpined Stickle- back, Sil y dom, Pyfzod y cath, Ten fpined, Pigowgbylg. | Fifteen {pined, Silod y mor. Mackrel, commen, Macrell. 3 Tunny, Macrell Sopaen. Scad. Red Surmullet, Hyrddyn coch. Striped Surmullet. Grey Gurnard, Penhaiarn llwyd, Pal ernyn. Red Gurnard, Penhaiarn coch. Piper, — Pibyd. Sapphirine Gurnard, Yfgyfarnog y méf. Streaked Gurnard. - Loche, bearded, — Crothell yr afon. | Salmon,. Gleifiedyn, Eog, Maran Taltefin. Grey, Penllwyd, Adfwlch. Sea Trout. | Dd4 146. Trout, 407 408 2 8 Es Bes . Trout. . White Trout. - Samael, - (hae, . Grayling, . Sinelt, . Gwiniad, iP Ike: . Gar Pike, - . Saury Pike. rgentine. . Atherine. . Mullet, . Flying Fifh. . Herring, . Pilchard, . Sprat, . Anchovy. . Shad, . Carp, . Barbel, . Tench, . Gudgeon, . Bream, . Rud, . Crucian, . Roach, . Dace, Beithyll. Brith y gro. Torgoch. Brithyll rheftrog, Glafgan- een. Brwyniaid. Gwiniedyn. Penhwyad. Mor nodwydd, Corn big, Hyrddyn, Mingrwn. Pennog, yfgaden. Pennog mair. Coeg Bennog. Herlyn, Herling. Carp, Cerpyn. Barfbyfe, y Barfog. Gwrachen, Ifgretten. Crothel. Brém. Rhuddgoch. Rhyfell. Darfen, Golenbyfg. 174. Graining. A. Be Be he. 409 174. Graining. 175. Chub, Penci, Cochgangen. 176. Bleak, : Gorwynbyfg. 177. Minow, Crothel y dom, Bychan byfe. 178. Gold Fifh. ae Por wh De 1 179. Bimaculated Sucker. 180, Beardlefs Ophidium, INDEX. [a A, Page BDOMINAL fh, * - 46, 282. Adder, fea, Ne iene De i * 123. ‘Adder, vide Viper, © a | | Adder-gems, their fuppofed virtues, - 2“ 32. ‘Aawareé of Ariftotle, a fpecies of Shark, = 110. Anchovy, - - - - 347. Angel-fith, - - - - 98. its fiercenefs, = = atte BG. ANGLER, common, — - - eae 120. long, - - = re ak 123. ‘Apicius, the chief ofepicures, 8 - ~~ = 272. Weaver filly, 0h = >) | tie 44, 142. Ape, fea, - hae = ae 110. ARGENTINE, - : = * 327. Ariftophanes, his chorus of frogs, - Lee Il. Afinius Celer, the vat price he gave for a Surmullet, 2720 VATHERINE, > . = - 328. 8. Al2 To Na Ee ee Balian, - = a Barbel, < : Boaia= its roe noxious, - - Bafking Shark, the largeft fpecies, - migratory, . yields great plenty of oil, Baffle, - = = Bib, or Blinds, a kind of Cod fifh, iS Billets, young Coal fith, - £ Birdbolt, - - “1 Bifcayeners, early engaged in the whale fihhery, Bleak, - = Rey Buienny, the crefted, = S fmooth, . 2 fpotted, - : ——— viviparous, - “ Blind-worm, or Slow-worm, ~ a harmlefs ferpent, - Boat, the five-men, what, . M Bony fith, f a + S Botargo, what, a . Bottle-head, a fort of Whale, 2 Branlines, vide Samlet. Bream, - » a fea, e = = Bret, * « % Briti/p names, . - Bufonites, what, - . - Bulcard, - ‘ ra BuLu-HEAp, river, . HM armed, = ~ i. NA Tah” EY A413 - 5 Pagé Bull-trout, - = - 296. Burbot, ~ - - - = hhinggg. Butterfifh, - - - 210, But, a name for the Flounder, - - 229. CacHator, genus of Whales producing ipetmaiest OOK w= the blunt-headed, ~ ~ nog noe pha = round-headed, F 0 TR . ts. =. high-finned, oe ies Sera: €ahcers attempts to cure by the EAs os oftodds, 17. Carp, > = = a 353° +. its longevity, - ZS eis 354 ——— very tenacious of life, - ~ VLA a Bee, —— golden, - Cons 10 Dgsmienay_ -—— 374. CarTiLAcinous fifh, their characters, RG gy 73° €eracezous fith, their characters, Jitsh ae 47> Char, Lspnkee - = 3056 ———- gilt and red, ean the fame fh, 92 «2° 0 308. . Chub, | a = ps 2000 We $68. Coal-fith, ae a ath 4915.9 8G, Ceble, a fort of boat, ~ - Zoe Cop-Fisu, the common, - 172. -- fith affecting cold Bi ceies - ibid. ———-- vatt fifhery off Newfoundland, - 173 —————-- very prolific, ~ - 177 -- ‘three beardedssmals 22 sina lliw: som zoi. -« five bearded, Hp - / “BOZs Conger, how differing from the eel; Ao solmencg eg ———- an article of commerce in Corawall, © 9+ 148s Comber, = et noid beicteh ~age ae _ 414 Cook, 2. < = Crucian, « 4 ieee E D. Dab, = eat had a < fmear, - - = Dace, or Dare, = 2 = Dighy, Sir Kenelm, fingular Saperent 1 a eee Driopon, oblong, - - S fhort, = - * 4 globe, Sas “ “a Dog-fith, the picked, = “ —v—— ereater, - - — leffer, - ~ as DoLrHIN, _ - = + 22 venerated by the ancients, - - a difh at great tables, - - DoreEE, ee) x a By DraconeET, gemmeous, _ = « the fordid, ee _- Drizzles, what, “ + ” . E. ErLt, common, will quit its element, . 43... —— impatient of cold, - - - payne -=— generation of, ™ a 5 fy tered ~=—— mof univerfal.of fifth, o. lati see — by the Romans, - me e falfely reprefented by. painters, - ‘Eel-pout, alo 3 - . viviparous, - - Eft, vide Lizard, Elvers, - te aewicte Eber tates - - Fin-fith, a fpecies of whale, 2 Finfcale, vide rud. Fire-flaire, vide fling-ray. Fisu, the fourth clafs of animals, nt Fifhing-frog, vide angler. FLounpDER, = 5 : or fluke, - Flying-fith, : 8 Forked beard, greater, ee - —— leffer, - - Fox, fea, - aie = Froc, common, eee OP generation of the, - periodical filence, L edible, a fh great, 5 “ Cc. Garum, a fort of pickle much efteemed by the autients, Gattorugin, - - - GILT-HEAD, ey eee or gilt-poll, - red, a =. toothed, - => « Page 199. Zi Ie 348. 218, 41S ix NG po’ EM x Pa Glaix Neidr, in high efteem with the old Brstons, Batt ‘yal Gloucefter city, prefents the King annually with a lam- prey pye- = = ARLE SH ipa Gosy, the black, - 2 = 213. {potted, ~ - - 215. Goldfih, - - ~ = 374+ Goldfinny, - - = 2516 Graining, ~ : - 367. Grampus, - = - = 72. Grayling, = = - - 311. Grey, - - - - 295« Grigs, - - - = ids. Groundling, wide Loche. . Gudzeon, ~ * . 4 - 361, — fea, - - - - 213. Gufter, - = = = ye ig GURNARD, grey, 2 - s 376. nae red, + - - 278, fapphirine, - a 480, ftreaked, - “ s 281. - yellow, vide Dragonet. Gwiniad, - - - - 316. Hi. Hadock, - ~ - = 179: vaft fhoals of, - . - 181. — faid to be the fith out of whofe mouth St. Peter took the tribute-money - 182." Hake, - - - = -sigotomgad >= leffer, or forked-beard, - . 193s —— left, or leffer forked-beard, - - . 495s wee= trifurcated. tae en ~ --—---—-4963 ea a Se Page Henry I. killed by a furfeit of lampreys, - 77> HeErRine, - - - ' 335- its -migrations, - -- 336. fifhery, - mia al oA Hierobotane, account of that plant, - re 396. Hippo, the dolphimof, =e ~ - 66. Holibut, its Vait fize, iii - * 226, - voracioufnefs, ~ “ 237. Hui], the town of, early in the whale afhery, - ms rise I, Ichthyocollas or Minglafs, - - 127. -- method of making, - = - 400. Jucutar fith, - - v= 44, 164. King-fith, atl 2 « * 223. Kit, @ fort of dab, F : a eae. Li Lamprey, = if iy 70. = not the murera of the antients, : 78. its vait tenacioufnefs, - = abid, —_——_-——— the leffer, ire » - 70: Lampern, wide Pride. : ™ | Lantern-fifh, or fthooth fole, 4 = 2352. LauwNce, = be - “ 156. beardlefs, ts 4 4 398. tion, El. Be Ling, 418 pS: ee eee ee Ling, + 2s Jean ve id Epa 2 a great article of commerce, - or Lizarp, {caly, = 2s ott ——I warty, - 2 = - brown, ~ 2 . . ; - little, : - j= leglobon anguine, - - — lite BE green, . - - - a large kind, probably exotic, - larves of lizards, moftly inhabitants of water, Locue, bearded, - - - - fea, oe = - - Lump-fifh, or fucker, - - - - much admired by the Greenlanders, - M. MacxreEL, - é : horfe, = = 4 Ma/fon, Mr. his {pirited tranflation of P/iay’s a€count of the ovum anguinum, - af Laas Miller’s thumb, r cate = Minow, - = = . Morris, “ - - - Mulgranock, - re - é MuLtetT, - ce - thé punifhment of adulterers, - Murena, not our lamprey, - - - Morizntos of Ariftctle, our. whale, - - Mujfculus of Pliny, the faige, a - Myxine; - a. “ - re N, Natter-jack, a fpecies.of toad, « Newt, wéde Lizard. Newfoundland, its bank, . -- North-capers, vide Grampus. O, Pags 173: Ozer, an able navigator in K. Alfred *s days, say la 23 Opah, - = u Otter-pike, or leffer Weever, : Ovum anguinum, a druidical bead, = eet Paddock-moon, what, e Parrs, or young coal-fith, i Pearl, S - = Pearls, artificial, what made of, af Percy, much admired by the antients, - acrooked variety found in Wales, 7 - fed, = > Phyfeter, or blowing whale, - EaKE, = ae : oo longevity, ioe —— gar, or fea-needle, > i—— faury, file: see Pilchard, a nk = ——- its important fifhery, . Ke 2 j - C22 - 170. t Laan OO * fi» fy» N N ass # 5 rd ™ =esy Gd ee mk ty tn a ° ° s y| Sea) Gn tn eco Of{ 419 420 KN mt oe ‘Prpe-risu, longer, = = * fliorter, ote e 2 little, or fea-adder, - = Piper, : 2 = =i = Plaife, ae = : “ Plizy, his account of the Ovum anguinam, “ Pogee, - = = = Pollack, the whiting, - = Poor, or power, a kind of codiifh, - - Porbeagle, a fpecies of fhark, - - Porpefe, = - - - a royal diff, - - - Pout, a fpecies of codfifh, - = Pride, . - - - Q Quin, Mr. the aftor, firlk recommenced the eating of the Doree in England, - . R. Ray, “ é t s —— tharp nofed, - “ Z —— rough, - - - —— fuller, = . ze —— fhagreen, - - q — whip, - " ms —— eleétric, its numbing quality, — fting; £ . ‘ —— the Zrygon of the antients, . -— —— fables relating to it, - ee Rerrixes, the third clafs of animals, — _ YN UDGER ES. Roach, a en d i i Rockling, ~ i tk Rad, ~ As i Ruffe, = i -—— the black, or black fith of Mr. Fago, S. SaLMON, = = 2 leaps, e fithery, = je trout, vide bull-trout, Samlet, s ‘ Sil Sand-eel, wide Launce, Scad, a 2 fi Schelly, vide Gwiniad. Scombraria, an ille, why fo cailed, mi Scorpion, fea, is i = = Page 365. ZOl. 3635 259+ 260. Seneca, his account of the luxury of the Remans in refpect to fifh, — ee 4 SERPENT, - - A) ringed, or fnake, - Aberdeci, 2 ire Shad, ere = - Shakefpear, his fine comparifon of adverfity ta a toad- ftone, - - “ : SHARK, AB Re mete - picked, 5 4 bafking, 2 ee —— ———- itsvalifize, « white, its voraciouf{nefs, o blue, Ha = — long-tailed, ~ . ——— fpotted, en we = q A2t 422 LANA DG EAX: SHark, lefler-fpotted, _ ‘ - . —— {fmocth, - S : Beaumares, - . : - Skate, s ; s 6 8 E its method of engendering, ate oe Da Slow-worm, aharmlefs ferpent, ~ , ~ ‘ Smelt, : t = Smear-dab, - * ; : Smooth-fhan, _ ; ; Snail, fea, ib : Snake, inoffenfive, santa : Sole, ‘ ’ ; {mooth, ‘ : do Sparling, vide Sipelt. Sprat, . ‘ ° Sperma cett, what, F ‘ : Sperma ceti, whale, vide Cachalot. STICKLE-BACK, three fpined, ; iE : — vatt fhoals in the Welland, ~ : - ten {pined, : ‘ ~ fifteen {pined, . . Sting-ray, its dangerous {pine, : a STURGEON, . ‘ 4 SUCKER, lump, ‘ : ; ——__——. unctuous, F ‘ % ————_—— Jura, ‘ . . bimaculated, : 3 Sun fith, ‘ . . . SurMULLET, the red, | a ’ extravagantly prized by the Romans, ———- the itriped, ce - Swor D-FISH, : . . ——_——--—. manner of taking, : , ee fifhermen’s fong previous to the capture, Xiphias of Ovid, ; ss ~ - ~~ — oe PRIN BE a o Tench, Pit. ‘ : ® the phyfician of the fifh, : " THoracic fifh, , oe . 455 Thornback, ‘ : : j Threfher, its combat with the Grampus, - Toad, its deformity, - : : - ufed in incantations, ————- its poifon a vulgar error, > : ——- attempts to cure cancers by means of it, —- faid to be found in the midft of trees and rocks, ——- a farther account of this animal, Toad-ftone, what, : sf é Tomus Thurianus, what, ; ‘ Tope, : : : : Torgoch, vide Charr. Tork, or Tufk, : : tee TORTOISE, coriaceous, : . : —— farther account of, : i Trout, ; A 1% 42 fea, f : : crooked, . ; ‘ gillaroo, ; * : whiie,. ; : f Tub-fifh, ae 2 Hs 4 Tunny, = haa P , —+—— the fifhery very antienf, - : taken notice of by Theocritus, i : Turbot, ma ; ‘ —— fifhery, shee ; Twaite, a variety of thad, , bay 9 o ; ~ > Iift. 14. 15. wit 9 ibid. I aye EUS Es 16.° TOs. Ili. 42 a 424 [UN pckE 1 Us Page Uhfés, faid to have been killed with the fpine of the Yrygon, or Sting-ray, >, Ke 95. Vv. Viper, not prolific, - ‘ ° 2. ——- its teeth, , . o- 27. ——- effects of the bite, and its cure, ; 30. ——- ufes, ‘ ‘ ibid. ——- the black, - : . 27- WwW. WEEVER, : : i j 169. its ftroke fuppofed to be poifonous, : 170. the great, , - 2 2 171. Wua te, the common, ° ° . 50. vat fize, P . ibid. place, + 7 F : C fifhery, : : ; 54. the Exglije engaged fate in it, e Sz pike-headed, “ = . 56. round-lipped, ° é 58. —beaked, ~ . . e -. Fae Whalebone, what, ‘ « ° cen Whiff, a fort of flounder, ‘ ° 238. White-bait, ° ° © : 371. Whiting, | eran aaa 1) oe Seay, Ge 425 Page Whiting, A : re 190. Whitine-pout, , 5 183. Whiting-pollack, wide Pollack Ki Whittle-fith, : . é 201. White-herfe, E : is 86. VOLF-FISH, x Pag é Gis curious firu€ture of its teeth, «yg. 253. Weaasse, or old wife, s ; Z 244. bimaculated, ‘ : 24.7: ————- trimaculated, ‘ ee A 248. —————. ilriped, : : 249. maa oi bbous, : wie 250. ES deer > Ant That Page 5, line 25, for Ceérulea read Cerulee. P, 6, 1. $, for naturalifs vead naturalift. P. 8, 1. 5, for twelve read eleven. P. 15, 1. 9, for horer read horror. Ibid. 1. 14, for intrails read entrails. P. 57, 1, 10, for penni- formi read pinniformi. P. 78, note, for tripatinam read iripatinum. Ibid. for appellabatur, famma &e, read appellabatur funtma &c. P. 79, 1. 10, for Lampetra read Lampetre. P. 85, 1.17, far fhire of — read fhire of Rofs, P. 86, 1. 16, for fpiney read fpiny. P. 87,1 Q, (and paffim) for encreafes read increafes, P. 80, 1. 13, for xi readuat. P, gt, l. 3, fer acknow- jedgements read acknowlegements. P, 98, 1.21, for in readis. P. rosy 1, 29, for fedement read fediment. P. 114, note, for 130 read 176. P. 129, 1. 16, for opbearyopox® read opbgayocizx@-. Pp, 13%, for Drapox read Diovon. P. 141, 1. 8, for ferpentinum read ferpentinus. P. 335, 1. 18, for nufance read nuifance.. P. 204, 1.1, for favoured read favored. P. 212, 1. 12, for ret read rays. P. 215, 1. 11, and 230, 1. 9, for fappharine read fapphirine. P. 216, 1. 3, fer alepcdotus read alepidotus. P. 217, 1. 16, fer verrucofo mad verrucis. Ibid. 1. 17. for bifidis read bifido. P. 239, 1. 3, for onthe fide read on the left fide. P.254, margin, for XXVI read XXVII. P. 273, note*, for p.222 read 265. P. 276, 1. 10, for vario read varia. P. 281, 1.24, for Mullis read Mullus. P. 286, 1. 21, for Aberglafiyn read Aberzioflyn. P. 288, 1. 29, for back, fin read back-fin, P. 295, 1. 1, for cinereous read cinereus, P. 329, 1. 12, for radiate read radiata. P. 3§3, 1. 9, fer Cyyrinus read Cyprinus. Ibid. 1. 10, for pinna read pinne, Ibid. 1.15, for 162 read 245. P. 355, 1, 18, for this read the P. 987, 1. 28, for fendi read faiids, CORRECTIONS of the SPELLING in the WELSH NAMES of Repritres and Fisues, in Vol. Ill. BRITISH ZOOLOGY, with fome Additions thereto, by RICHARD MORRIS, Esq. No. No. 5° Lyffant gwylle. Al. 6. Llyfant mawr. 42. 7. Genau goeg gennog. 46. 11. For naredig, read nad- | 47. reddig. AQ. 12. For du, read ddu. 50. 14. Neidr Aberdeen. nae 19. For Trwngrwn, read Trwyngrwn. 55. 20. —— trwynfain. 56. 21. —— penbwil. 59- 23- For aden, read adain. 60. 25. For Llamhydydd, read | 61. Llamhidydd. 64. 27. For bendol, read bendoll. zg. Llamprai’r Haid. 69. 32. Moreath arw. 706 33- Ceffyl Gwyn. 72. 34. Morcath ffreinig. 78 35 gynffon gwialen. | g2, 36. For Swithbyfg, read | 83, Swrthbyfg. 86 . For Cefn, read lefn.. . For Pegod, Picewd, read 87 Pigog, Piccwd. | 83. Heulgi. For gwin, read gwyn. dele Morgi mawr. Morgi lleiaf. Corgi mér. Morgi mawr. For Iftwrfion, read Yf- twrfion. —— byrr. —— crothog. —— leiaf. Pibellbyfg hir, byrr. For Liyfowen, read Ly owen. Morddraig emmog. falw. fawr. . For chwetlyn,r.chwitlyn. pened fforchog farf ——_—__—_—. lleiaf. . For Llefen, Lilefenan, vead Llofen, Llofenen. . Codfyn farf teirfforch. — pumfforch. go. Lly- C . CORRECTIONS OF THE SPELLING. No. go. Llyfnafeddbyfg cribog. gz. Cleirach gwymmon. 93- Gwrachen fair. _ 95. Craigbyfg du. 96. brych. 99. Sarph y mor. 1o1. Brenhinbyfg. 104. For ’ddu, read ddu. 106. Lleden iraidd. 108. Llefn Dafod yr Hydd. air. Lleden arw fafnrwth. 113. For Brom, read Brém. 114. Eurben danheddog. 118. Gwrach rengog. 119. ——— gefngrwm. 123. Cdgwrach. 126. Perc y mor. 127. Y Garwberc. — du. read Y{- 128. 133. For Sopaen, paen. 134. Macrell y meirch. 136. rhengog. 139. For Pibyd, read Pibydd. 141. Penhaiarn rheftrog. 143- Dele 'Taliefin. 145- Brithyll y mor. 147. 152. For Gwiniad,read Gwy- niad. 156. Arianbyfg. 159. Ehedbyfg. 167. For Ifgretten, read Y{- gretten. 168. For Crothel, read Cro- thell. - wyn ° No. 173. For Goleubyfg. 177. For Crothel, read Cros | thell. 178. Eurbyfg. 179. Morfalwen ddeufann, Page. 246. ForFernch, réadFrench. 256. For Raithlyn, r. Rhaith- lyn. 299. For Llyndivi, read Llyn- teifi. —— For Eynion, r. Einion. —— For Machyntleth, read Machynllaeth. —— ForMerionethhhire, read Montgomeryfhire. 301 For Llynallet, read Llyn- aled, 307- For Llynberis, read Llynperis. 316. ForGwiniad, read Gwy- niad, 347s ae title of four pages, Ditto, and in running and index. 396. For Cythrawl, Gythraul. 414. Dragonet, 264, 164. For Welch, read Welfh, throughout. White Bait, notin Cata- Yr Abwyd read read. logue. Gwyn. Golenbyfg, read - —— Wer Ww ®ve ote ha was ADDITIONAL ERRATA. ~ Vol. I. P. [xxvi] J. 10, for two read three. Ibid. 1,12, for three read two. P. 210, 1.9, for freth meat read freth mice. P. 212, 1.2, for paper color read paler color. P. 217, 1. 20,-after middle feathers, add of the tail. P. 231; 1.7, after prodigious height, add of the fingle ftones of. P. 311, 1, 14, after diflection, addin April, P. 350, 1.23, for rife, read rifing. P. 354, 1.12, after Wood-lark, add and Tit-lark. P. 408, 1. 18, for fianding, read ftunted. P. 411, 1. 19, for nook read noon, Vol. III. P, 359, 1. 24; for Mr. Diaper, read Mofes Browne, CS VAl IN OO) tS hit: P 3 - é 205, 206. QO. 4 ot Pte oe 223, 224. Ce% = - O81," 252, Vou. I! M ana 4 171, 17Ee Xx 8 - - 210, 320. 28 ; 351, 352 Aa 354. a id \} Oo Nn we Vou. 1. E33 - - Pages 53, 54 Ie Max; next wil be pub ed, . . Bi RI T ‘ s H Z0C OLOG 4 i ie CL A Ho ie : see ga THOMAS PENNANT, ‘BR — NIN EDX. EF lok GA ta? Bee ¢ oF = Hq = | Tf *%. Shell and sCroftqecdus Animals of Great Britain, ~ q * | | , a v's. 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