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ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS

VOLUME 14

NUMBER 3

BRYOZOA OF THE PACIFIC COAST
OF AMERICA

Part 3, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata,
Entoprocta, and Addenda

(Plates 65-82)

BY

RAYMOND C. OSBURN, Ph.D., D.Sc.

h

THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS

REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS
OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, IN 1936, IN 1937, IN 1938
IN 1939, IN 1940, AND IN 1941, AND VELERO IV IN 1949-1952 OFF THE ' COAST OF
MEXICO AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BRYOZOA OF THE PACIFIC COAST
OF AMERICA

Part 3, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata,
Entoprocta, and Addenda

BY

RAYMOND C. OSBURN, Ph.D., D.Sc.

The University of Southern California Publications

Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions

Volume 14, Number 3

Issued August 12, 1953

Price $4.25

The University of Southern California Press

Los Angeles, California

BRYOZOA OF THE PACIFIC COAST
OF AMERICA

Part 3, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata,
Entoprocta, and Addenda

By Raymond C. Osburn, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Plates 65 - 82

A report based chiefly on the Bryozoa collected by the Allan Hancock
Expeditions, 1932-1941, in the Velero III (see pages 1-2 of Part I) and
in the Velero IV in 1949-1952.

Additional material received from several sources has greatly enlarged
the scope of this study. Especially should be mentioned contributions
from the U. S. National Museum, the collections of the Alaska Crab
Investigations from southern Alaska, and those from the Point Barrow,
Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory. Also practically every museum and
marine laboratory on the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada
has contributed some specimens of interest in this extensive survey.

Order GyGLOSTOMATA Busk, 1852

Busk in 1852 proposed the name Cyclostomata for this group of
Bryozoa, since vi^hich time until rather recently it has generally been
considered a suborder of the order Ectoprocta. In 1926 Borg pointed
out striking anatomical differences between the Cyclostomata and the
Cheilostomata-Ctenostomata and gave the former ordinal status under
the name Stenolaemata. At the same time Borg (1926:490) included in
the Stenolaemata the old fossil order Trepostomata of Ulrich, but did
"not wish to give any decided opinion on this point." Later (1944:18-19)
Borg definitely made the Trepostomata a suborder of the Stenolaemata,
parallel with the Cyclostomata, and included in it the Horneras, Het-
eropores, Lichenopores and their allies.

While it is now generally recognized that the cyclostomes are suf-
ficiently different from other bryozoans to warrant their separation in
a distinct order, the merging of the Trepostomata with this order and
the inclusion of the Horneras, Heteropores and Lichenopores in the
Trepostomata has not been accepted. The Trepostomes are all Palaeozoic
and do not occur above the level of the Permian.

[613]

614 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

If the Trepostomata are not to be included in the same order with
the Cyclostomata, there appears to be no good reason for the use of the
new name Stenolaemata and, at least until there is substantial confirma-
tory evidence on this question, I prefer to continue the use of "Order
Cyclostomata." Marcus (1941:12) suggested the name Stenostomata
to replace Cyclostomata, which has been used also for a group of verte-
brates, but since the rules of priority are not concerned with ordinal
names, there seems to be no very good reason for substituting a new
term for one which has been well-known and acceptable to zoologists
for a century.

Borg's separation of the Cyclostomata (1944:20) into five divisions,
based on anatomical studies, follows closely that of older authors and is
logical and well-founded, but he seemed to think it necessary to set up
a whole new series of divisional names. Since it appears that Borg
simply confirmed, by added histological evidence, the distinctions already
made in the past, there seems to be no necessity for the discarding of
well-known terms and the coinage of a new series of divisional names.

The following table gives a brief digest of the essential characters
of the five divisions of the Cyclostomata under the old established names,
with those of Borg in parenthesis, to indicate the synonymy.

1. Zoarium adnate, suberect or erect, never jointed, the first few tubules,
at least, always adnate. Wall of the zoarium simple; the ovicell a
gonozoid varying from simple to broadly expanded and often lobate,
its polypide degenerating after first reaching maturity. Tubuliporidae,
etc. (Acamptostega Borg, 1926). ,j^

Tubuliporina Hagenow, 1851.^

2. Zoarium slender, erect from the first zoid, always jointed, branched,
rhizoids present. Wall of the zoarium simple; gonozoid simple (some-
what expanded in Crisulipora) , its polypide degenerating before
reaching maturity. Crisiidae. (Camptostega Borg, 1926). ' ^Lj

Articulata Busk, 1859.

3. Zoarium erect from the beginning, branched tree-like or wine-glass
shaped, never jointed. Wall of zoarium double, increasing in thickness
throughout life; gonozoid strongly dilated and usually situated more

or less on the dorsal side. Horneridae, etc. (Pachystega Borg, 1926). .-,

Cancellata Gregory, 1896. '<*

4. Zoarium usually erect, sometimes adnate, often cylindrical and branch-
ing, composed of autozoids and kenozoids with the apertures of both
at the surface. Wall double; brood chamber zoarial formed by the

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 615

absorption of kenozoids around a fertile zoid. Heteroporidae, etc.
(Heteroporina Borg, 1944).

Cerioporina Hagenow, 1851. 6^^
5. Zoarium adnate or short stipitate, discoid or semiglobular, sometimes
complex by the formation of subcolonies ; zoids radiating in all direc-
tions from the center and separated by alveoli (cancelli). Brood-
j^ chamber zoarial by the fusion of alveoli around a fertile zoid. Lich-
f^ enoporidae. ( Calyptrostega Borg, 1926). I . '

Rectangulata Waters, 1887. -'"^^

In this order the older workers based their descriptions and classifi-
cation almost solely on zoarial characters, and even Hincks in the 1880s
paid little attention to the ovicells. Waters insisted on the importance
of the reproductive characters and Harmer, Calvet, Canu and Bassler,
Marcus, Borg, Silen and others, including the writer, have accepted
this point of view.

The difficulty with zoarial characters is their variability, depending
partly on their adaptation to the substratum and other features of the
environment, and partly on the stage of growth. In the Crisiidae, the
younger stages are so much alike that, in the absence of ovicells, the
determination of the species is often impossible.

In the encrusting species the nature of the substratum may determine
the size and form of the zoaria, and the environment often modifies the
appearance of erect species. Among the Tubuliporidae, encrusting species
are usually flat and regular on flat surfaces, but when the same species
develops on a small stem the zoarium may be variously contorted. In
deeper, quiet water, erect species are usually more slender and more
elongate, sometimes giving quite a different zoarial appearance from the
same species in the surf area along shore. In protected areas the peri-
stomes are usually much more elongate, and in crowded areas or on rough
surfaces the zoaria may be much reduced in size. Numerous "species"
have been described on such differences.

By far the most constant characters in this order are found in the
ovicells or brood-chambers, either zoidal or zoarial. In the Hetero-
poridae and Lichenoporidae the brood-chambers are interzoidal or zoarial
spaces surrounding a gonozoid and their position in the zoarium and the
gonopores and their tubes (ooeciostomes) are fairly constant. In all the
others the ovicell is an expanded gonozoid, sometimes only slightly en-
larged, or again it may be greatly expanded over a considerable portion
of the zoarial surface and may surround some of the autozoid tubules.
There may be marked variation in the size and form of these ovicells,

616 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

even on different parts of the same colony, but the position and form of
the gonopores (ooeciopores) and their tubes (ooeciostomes) are again
fairly constant. With most of the species of this order these reproductive
organs are essential for exact determination, and even here a certain
amount of caution is necessary.

The order is ancient, dating back at least to the Ordovician, and the
number of fossil species that have been described far outnumbers those
that exist today. How many of these, both fossil and recent, may event-
ually go into synonymy, no one can even guess, but undoubtedly a very
large number of them, described from fragments, young colonies, or
vi^ithout ovicells, may eventually be properly placed.

Glossary

A few terms which are not included in preceding glossaries, or which
have a different use in the Cyclostomata.

Alveoli. Pores of various sizes distributed between the zoids (see
cancelli).

Autozoid. The functional nutritive individuals of the colony.

Basis rami. A small wedge-shaped base of a branch, characteristic of
the crisias.

Brood-chamber. A cavity, usually large, surrounding a gonozoid
which opens into it (not an expansion of a gonozoid).

Cancelli. See alveoli.

Capitulum. An expanded "head" at the tip of an erect branch, usually
with an ovicell or brood-chamber.

Disc. The frontal area of a zoarium in the lichenopores ; in complex
colonies there are often numerous discs.

Fascicle. A series or bundle of connate tubules or peristomes.

Gonozoid. A reproductive individual, often greatly expanded to har-
bor the developing larvae.

Kenozoid. Various types of greatly modified individuals without poly-
pides, which serve other purposes in the colony, e. g., the joints of radicles
in the crisias, and the alveoli (cancelli) in the heteropores and lichencn
pores.

Nannozoid. A much reduced individual similar in appearance to an
autozoid.

Ooeciopore. The aperture of an ovicell.

Ooeciostome. The tube surrounding an ooeciopore, the morphological
end of a gonozoid (ovicell).

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 617

Pellicle. A thin calcareous layer.

Proancestrula. A rounded knob formed by the metamorphosis of the
larva, which buds ofiE the first tubule of a colony.

Peristome. The projecting end of a tubule (autozoid). Not homol-
ogous with the peristome of Cheilostomata.

Radicle. Root-like or pedunculate structure for attachment.

Radii. Radiating series of tubules, especially in lichenopores.

Rhizoid. See radicle.

Subcolony. Branches or areas similar to the primary zoarium pro-
duced by budding of the zoarium, often very numerous in the licheno-
pores.

Tubule. The main part of a zooecium which contains the polypide,
usually embedded and ending in a "peristome."

Zoid. A functional nutritive individual.

Division I. TubuHpoHna Hagenow, 1851
(Acamptostega Borg, 1926)

This group appears to be the most primitive among recent Bryozoa,
as noted by various authors. The zoarium, whether it remains adnate
or becomes erect, is always adnate at first, the first tubule arising later-
ally without a joint from the ancestral disc and attached for most of its
length; and at least a few daughter tubules have this position. The
resulting zoaria may take almost any form, uniserial or broadly flabellate,
flat or contorted, semierect or erect, and sometimes profusely branched.
The apertures are always on the frontal sidei^wjth jhe exception of the
Entalopkoridae,Iwhere"lhey_are distributed evenly around the erect
stein. The ovicells vary from~simple pyriform expansions of the middle
portion of the gonozoid to very broad, sometimes lobate, expansions
which may cover considerable areas of the zoarium ; and frequently they
surround and enclose the erect portions of neighboring tubules. In
Entalophora and Fasciculipora the ovicells are narrow and greatly
elongated.

Key to the Families of Tubuliporina

1. Zoaria adnate or more or less erect, the apertures opening

only on the frontal side -u ' *

Zoaria erect, the zooecial tubes forming cylindrical stems with

1 • ^ r.r. oil cirlpQ . . Entalophoridae ;oo
the apertures openmg on all sides ^ f

618 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

2. Zoaria adnate, linear or flabellate, ovicells simple 3

Zoaria adnate or erect, usually flabellate but sometimes with

narrow, erect branches; ovicells expanded 4

3. Tubules not seriated nor fasciculate; ovicells slender-pyri- .

form or only slightly expanded Oncousoeciidae \ W

Tubules single or in small erect fascicles ; ovicell short,

between fascicles Frondiporidae

4. Zoaria usually adnate and flabellate, but may be erect and

branched ; tubules not fasciculate ; ovicells expanded laterally, ,-

ooeciostome terminal or central Diastoporidae(: ''

Zoaria adnate, with few exceptions, the tubules usually fas-
ciculate or in series; ovicell usually ramifying among the ^ ^
tubules, sometimes more simple Tubuliporidae^, ''

Family Oncousoeciidae Canu, 1918

"The axis of the ovicell is parallel to that of the tubes. The ovicell
is developed at the same time as the adjacent tubes which are not dis-
arranged in their respective positions." (Canu and Bassler, 1920:687).

The ovicell is a simple inflation of the gonozoid, with a terminal or
sub-terminal ooeciostome, and is often as primitive as that in the genus
Crisia. The development of the ovicell has some influence on that of
the adjoining tubes, separating them to some extent, and, in the linear
species, the tubules at the sides of the ovicell may be increased in number.

Only three genera with recent representatives concern us here, viz.:

1. Stojnatopora. Zoarium uniserial throughout, except around the ovi-
cell which has tubes on both sides, no doubt for additional nourish-
ment of the developing larv^ae.

2. Proboscina. Zoarium uniserial for only a short distance at the proxi-
mal end, then becoming biserial or with additional tubes over most
of the length of the linear lobes.

3. Oncousoecia. Zoarium rounded, flabellate or with flabellate lobes;
the ovicells either narrow or sometimes slightly lobed.

It is evident that this separation is largely based on zoarial characters
but the groups present rather distinct facies and it is convenient to treat
them separately. In Oncousoecia the ovicells are more embedded be-
tween the adjacent tubules than in the other genera, where they are
usually ventricose. In all cases the ooeciopore is terminal or nearly so.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA—CYCLOSTOMATA 619

Genus STOMATOPORA Bronn, 1825
Alecto Lamouroux, 1821, preoccupied.

This genus was described and has generally been considered as uni-
serial, adnate and branching. Some authors have introduced into it
various linear adnate branching species with a biserial or multiserial
zoarium, which preferably belong elsewhere. The only part of the
Stomatopora which is biserial is the expansion about the ovicell. Geno-
type, Alecto dichotoma Lamouroux, 1821.

There has been no description of the ovicells until recently, but Borg,
1926:358, has discovered them in S. eburnea (d'Orbigny) and S. granu-
late (Milne-Edwards). They are very simple in nature, differing but
little from those of Crisia except that they are more or less embedded.

It is true that the zoarium of species of the Tubuliporidae (sens lat.)
originates in a single zooecium and sometimes the uniserial condition is
continued for several generations of zooecia before the biserial or multi-
serial condition is developed. While the generic distinction is not too
sharply defined, it seems better to retain Stomatopora for the strictly
uniserial species.

The three genera, Stomatopora, Proboscina and Oncousoecia have so
much in common, especially in the nature of the ovicells, that sharp
distinctions are difficult. For the purposes of the present treatise they
will be considered as genera on the following zoarial basis:

Stomatopora, uniserial, except immediately around the ovicell, which
is simple, inflated, and may be slightly lobate, the ooeciostome terminal.

Proboscina, biserial, or the linear branches may have several rows of
tubules, the ovicell simple, inflated, sometimes slightly lobate, the ooeci-
ostome terminal or nearly so.

Oncousoecia. broadly multiserial, the zoarium rounded or with fan-
shaped lobes, the ovicell simple or slightly lobate, more depressed be-
tween the adjoining tubules, the ooeciostome terminal.

Stomatopora granulata (Milne-Edwards), 1836
Plate 65, figs. 1 and 2

Alecto granulata Milne-Edwards, 1838:205.
Alecto granulata. Busk, 1875:24.
Stomatopora granulata, Hincks, 1880:425.
Stomatopora granulata, O'Donoghue, 1923:11; 1926:17.
Stomatopora granulata, Borg, 1926:359.
Stomatopora granulata, Sakakura, 1935:37.

620 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The zoarium is adnate, uniserial except around the ovicell which has
a series of tubules on each side of it, branching more or less at right
angles. The branches are straight or curved, anastomosing when they
come into contact. The peristomes curve up from the adnate tubules,
becoming more or less erect, the diameter at the tip 0.15 to 0.18 mm,
that of the aperture 0.12 to 0.14 mm; the base of the peristome some-
what broader according to the amount of calcification. The distance
from one peristome to the next varies greatly, usually 0.40 to 0.50 mm,
but may be as much as 1 .0 mm. The tips of younger peristomes are finely
reticulate; in older parts the peristomes and adnate tubules are irreg-
ularly roughened.

The ovicell, first described and figured by Borg (1926:359), is simple,
the proximal end narrow, irregularly pyriform with small lobes extend-
ing between the peristomes at the sides. The ooeciostome is an erected
tube, shorter than a peristome, its tip free and the aperture circular. In
young ovicells the pore is a semicircular slit at the base of the peristome.

It appears to be a widely distributed species in the northern hemi-
sphere, reported from the coasts of Europe from Norway to the
Mediterranean Sea; Cape Verde Islands (Norman) ; British Columbia
(O'Donoghue) ; Japan (Sakakura) ; and Waters listed it as a fossil
from New Zealand.

Hancock Station 1316-41, off Santa Catalina Island, 45 fms; and off
San Pedro, southern California, on shells.

Genus PROBOSCINA Audouin, 1826

Peristomoecia Canu and Bassler, 1920:692.

"The zoarium consists of multiserial elongate bands, which are simple
or branched, and are always flat and adnate. The zooecia are cylindrical
and narrow. The peristomes are flush with the surface of the zoarium,
or slightly raised ; and they are usually distributed irregularly, but are
occasionally quincuncial or in transverse linear series." (Canu and
Bassler, 1920:658.) Genotype, Proboscina Boryi Audouin, 1826:236.

This genus differs but little from Stomatopora except in biserial-multi-
serial disposition of the zooecial tubules. It is true that the zoarium
begins with a single series of tubules, but this soon becomes expanded
into two or more series, while in Stomatopora the expansion is limited
to the area immediately around the ovicell. The mode of branching is
much the same except that in Proboscina the origin of the branch is
usually at least biserial while in Stomatopora only a single tubule is
involved.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 621

Again there is but little difference in the nature of the ovicells. The
fertile zooecium arises like any other tubule and is narrow at its proximal
end, broadens to various degrees in the different species, and terminates
in a slightly elevated and more or less terminal ooeciostome. The terminal
expansion of the gonozoid misled Canu and Bassler into believing that
the enlargement was a part of the peristome, and on this basis they
created a genus Peristomoecia which has since been discarded.

The genus also has a close relationship to Oncousoecia Canu and
Bassler (q. v.), which similarly has simple ovicells of much the same
nature, but has a flabellate zoarium.

Whatever may be the ultimate disposition of these three groups of
species, it seems better for the present to allow them generic status —
for convenience in classification if for no better reason!

Large numbers of "species" have been created on incomplete material,
probably most often on immature specimens. It is practically useless to
attempt to identify such specimens since only the mature ones with the
characters of the ovicells show specific characters.

Proboscina major (Johnston), 1847
Plate 65, fig. 5

Alecto major Johnston, 1847:281.

Alecto major. Busk, 1875:24.

Stomatopora major, Hincks, 1880:427; 1884:204.

Stomatopora major, O'Donoghue, 1923:11.

Diaperoecia major, O'Donoghue, 1926:23.

Oncousoecia major, Canu and Bassler, 1930:46.

The zoarium is adnate, strap-shaped, the branches narrow and widen-
ing slightly, sometimes a little elevated at the tips on rough substrata.
Zooecia in two to four series, the tubules distinct with well-marked
grooves, and sometimes in more or less transverse rows; the peristomes
moderately high, free, with round apertures. The diameter of the aper-
ture varies greatly, from 0.14 to 0.20 mm and the peristome likewise
from 0.20 to 0.26 mm on the same colony.

The ovicells are located near the ends of the branches or just proximal
to a bifurcation. The narrow proximal end is comparatively short; the
middle portion expanded and rather bulbous; the ooeciostome sub-
terminal, erect, rather short, smaller than the peristome, its aperture
about 0.12 mm in diameter. Usually the inflated area is simple in form,
but it may be slightly lobed between the surrounding zooecial peristomes,
and occasionally a peristome may be surrounded.

1

622 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

It is a widely distributed species in the northern hemisphere, in Eu-
ropean waters from Norway to the Mediterranean Sea and the Cape
Verde Islands, and in the Pacific from British Columbia to the Gala-
pagos Islands. As a fossil it is known as far back as the Miocene of
Italy.

Hancock Stations: 155-34, 324-35 and 450, Albemarle Island, 45
to 70 fms; 183-34, between Albany and James Islands, 50 to 70 fms,
and Barrington Island, 52 fms, Galapagos; 328, Cocos Island, Costa
Rica, 14 fms; 1150-40, 1187-40 and 1316-41, Santa Catalina Island;
1064, Santa Barbara Island; and 1268-41, Anacapa Island, southern
California. Also collected by Miss A. E. Blagg at Monterey Bay, Cali-
fornia, and by Dr. John L. Mohr at the San Juan Islands, Puget Sound.

Proboscina sigmata new species
Plate 65, figs. 3 and 4

A very delicate species. The zoarium is encrusting and consists of
linear biserial to quadriserial branches with very symmetrical sigmoid
lateral curves; the curvature is evidently due neither to the substratum
nor to lateral branching, as there is evidence of only one such branch
on the outside of a cune. The dorsal side, which is not extended laterally,
measures about 0.25 mm in width, and is only slightly wider in the
region of the ovicells.

The zooecial tubules are narrow, slightly embedded, the separating
grooves distinct. Their peristomes are thin, about 0.10 mm in diameter,
very elongate, averaging about 0.65 mm in length but sometimes more
than 1.0 mm, semi-erect, their walls thin and the aperture about 0.08
mm in diameter. There is a tendency for the peristomes to arise in
alternate pairs ; the bases of such a pair may be connate for a short
distance but the tips are widely divergent.

The ovicell is an ellipsoid swelling, pointed at the base where it
disappears among the tubules and narrowed more roundly at the distal
end where it ends in the terminal ooeciopore, near the base of a peri-
stome. In the two ovicells in my material there is no evidence of an
Goeciostome, but this may be due to incomplete development. Length
of ovicell 0.65 mm, width 0.33 mm.

Type, AHF no. 57.

Type locality, ofif Rocky Point, southern California, at 45 fms, on
the surface of a sunken buoy, Earl Fox, collector, two small colonies,
both in reproduction.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 623

Proboscina incrassata (Smitt), 1866
Plate 66, figs. 1 and 2

Proboscina incrassata Smitt, 1866:402 and 458.
Tubulipora (Proboscina) incrassata Smitt, 1871:1119.
Alecto retiformis Hincks, 1871:81.
Stomatopora incrassata, Hincks, 1880:436.
Stomatopora incrassata, O'Donoghue, 1923:11.
Proboscina incrassata, O'Donoghue, 1926:17.

The zoarium is white, adnate, much branched, the branches short,
anastomosing to form often a fairly close network; on the basal part the
branches are usually two tubules in width, but at the distal ends they
may be 4 to 6 tubules wide. The peristomes are very irregular in ar-
rangement, single or 2 or 3 in a transverse line; sometimes a few are
clustered but they are never connate except occasionally at the base;
sometimes also these clusters are elevated into short fascicles, especially
at the ends of branches. The peristomes are usually quite erect, 0.50 to
1.0 mm in height, 0.26 mm in diameter, and aperture about 0.20 mm.

The ovicells, which seem not to have been noticed previously, are
simple ventricose expansions near the ends of branches and surrounded
by a row of tubules on each side (occasionally a peristome may be en-
closed in the expansion) ; the ooeciostome is a small erect tube much
shorter than the peristomes, terminal or nearly so, usually connate with
a peristome at its base but the tip always free, the aperture round and
about 0.13 mm in diameter.

Described from Spitsbergen and recorded from Norway, Nova Zem-
bla, Kara Sea, and the British Islands from Cornwall to Scotland and
the Shetland Islands. On the Pacific coast O'Donoghue listed it for
several localities in British Columbia. Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic
Research Laboratory, 328 feet, a common species, especially on stones,
G. E. MacGinitie, collector.

Proboscina lamellifera Canu and Bassler, 1930
Plate 66, fig. 3

Proboscina lamellifera Canu and Bassler, 1930:46.

"The zoarium incrusts shells and is formed of sinuous branches joined
together by a smooth calcareous lamella. The tubes are indistinct, short,
seriated and terminated by a long peristome perpendicular to the zoarial
plane. Measurements, — diameter of orifice, 0.12 mm; diameter of
peristome, 0.16 mm; internal separation of tubes, 0.20 - 0.30 mm; width
of branches 1.5 mm." (Canu and Bassler, 1930:46).

624 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

This short description by the above authors and their photographs of
the species (Plate 11, figs. 1 and 2) are sufficient for identification,
though they did not have the ovicell. In our specimens the lamella, while
it extends somewhat from the borders, does not come anywhere near
connecting them. This may be due to the fact that our colonies are much
smaller and probably younger.

Four ovicells are present in our specimens. They are small, short and
very bulbous, raised as high as the peristomes surrounding them, thick-
walled and shining; the ooeciostome is a short, round tube, its diameter
nearly that of the peristomes, and terminal, which, in this case, is nearly
on the top of the semiglobular ovicell. One of the ovicells is slightly
enlarged and its border encloses two peristomes.

Described from Albatross Station D. 2813, Galapagos Islands.

Hancock Stations: 143-34, off Wenman Island, 1°23'10"N, 91°48'
45"W, at 100-150 fms; 155-34, off Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island,
0°16'45''S, 91°22'52"W, at 50-60 fms; and 453, Gardner Island, 35
fms, Galapagos Islands.

Genus ONCOUSOEGIA Canu, 1918

The zoarium is adnate, broadly multiserial, rounded or with flabellate
lobes; the zooecial tubes are long, distinct on the surface, quincuncially
arranged, the peristomes short and more or less erect. The ovicell is
simple, often differing only slightly from the zooecial tubules, the proxi-
mal end embedded between the neighboring tubules, distally expanding
gradually between the adjacent tubules and sometimes extending laterally
above them for a short distance. The ooeciostome is terminal, not asso-
ciated with a peristome, usually short, erect, smaller than the peristomes,
round, and not expanded at the tip.

The genotype is Alecto dilatans Thompson (Johnston, 1847:281),
and not Tubulipora lobulata Hincks, 1880, as indicated by Canu, 1918:
325. Hincks confused two species in his Plate 61, and the figure 5,
from which Canu evidently drew his description, is that of Alecto
dilatans Thompson. (For details see Osburn, 1933:9-12).

Oncousoecia diastoporides (Norman), 1868

Plate 66, fig. 4

Alecto diastoporides Norman, 1868:310.
Stomatopora diastoporides, Hincks, 1880:434.
Stomatopora diastoporides, Osburn, 1912:218.
Oncousoecia diastoporides, Osburn, 1933:9.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 625

Zoarium a flat fan-shaped or lobulate incrustation on shells and stones ;
moderately thick, usually with two rows of incomplete zooecia bordering
the outer functional ones. The zooecial tubules are elongate and hori-
zontal for most of their length, about 0.30 mm wide, convex and the
separating grooves distinct, finely punctured. The peristomes are short,
suberect, quincuncial in arrangement, the aperture about 0.15 mm in
diameter.

The ovicells resemble the zooecial tubules, elongate, pointed at the
proximal end, only a little swollen and more thickly punctate ; they were
overlooked for many years, probably because of their resemblance to the
tubules, but they are definite enough when one knows what to look for.
The ooeciostome is terminal, short, erect, round and about 0.08 mm in
diameter, not associated with a peristome.

Described from the Shetland Islands by Norman and recorded also
by Hincks from the British Islands. On the west coast of the North
Atlantic it ranges from Cape Cod northward to Mount Desert Island,
Maine, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Baffin's Bay.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, G. E. Mac-
Ginitie, collector; also at Canoe Bay, southern Alaska, U. S. Alaska
Crab Investigation, Sta. 25-40 at 25 fms.

Oncousoecia canadensis Osburn, 1933

Plate 65, figs. 10 and 11

Oncousoecia canadensis Osburn, 1933:12.
Stomatopora diastoporides, Whiteaves, 1901:110.

The zoarium is flabellate or irregularly lobate, entirely adnate on
shells and stones, the primary region, 2 or more tubules in width, is
usually short ; thinner than in O. diastoporides. The tubules are com-
paratively thin-walled, somewhat hyaline and vitreous, conspicuously
perforated. They are more slender than those of diastoporides (width
about 0.18 mm), and never does more than one row of incomplete ones
appear at the margin. The peristomes are short, thin-walled, the aper-
ture about 0.10 mm in diameter, and never connate nor seriated.

The ovicells are usually like small thin-walled blisters; the fertile
zooecium arises in the same manner as the infertile ones but soon ex-
pands both frontally and laterally and the adjacent tubules appear as if
separated by the growth of the expansion. Sometimes the expansion
extends in very short lobes on either side of the ooeciostome, but occa-
sionally it may be as simple as in diastoporides. The ooeciostome is

626 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

situated terminally, between but not in contact with the adjacent peri-
stomes; it is rounded or slightly elliptical transversely, short, erect or
slightly bent proximally; the aperture 0.06 mm in diameter.

Described from Mount Desert Island, Maine, and recorded by Osburn
from the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (for details see
Osburn, 1933:13).

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, to a depth of
50 fms, G. E. MacGinitie, collector, common on shells.

Oncousoecia ovoidea new species
Plate 65, figs. 8 and 9

The zoarium is broadly flabellate; the ancestrula produces a single
short tubule; from this two tubules arise, and then four tubules begin
the wide expansion. They are arranged in quincunx, the peristomes all
well separated. The embedded tubules are about 0.13 mm in diameter,
the peristomes 0.11 mm and the apertures 0.08 mm. The tubules are
very definitely cross striated, the peristomes smooth and semierect, the
longest ones 0.13 mm.

There are two ovicells on one colony, the expanded portion ovate,
ventricose, 0.15 to 0.18 mm in width, the distal end rounded, the ooecio-
stome terminal, short, erect, the aperture rounded and 0.05 mm in
diameter. The proximal part of the gonozoid is like the other tubules
for about half or two-thirds of the length and the expansion appears
suddenly.

Type, AHF no. 58.

Type locality, Hancock Station 276, San Esteban Island, Gulf of
California, 28°38'30"N, 112°36'W, at 32 fms. Two colonies encrust
smooth shell fragments, while a third is on the rough pebbled surface
of an echinoid spine; the largest colony is less than 2 mm in width.

Oncousoecia abrupta new species

Plate 65, figs. 6 and 7

The zoarium is small, delicate and entirely adnate ; the proximal por-
tion very slender (0.45 mm at the widest part) for a distance of 5 mm,
then abruptly becoming broad and round, about 2.5 mm in either direc-
tion. The proximal part, just above the pro-ancestrula, which is wanting,
is 2 tubules in width, alternating, and widens to 4 tubules near the
expansion; the peristomes moderately short and free. On the expanded
area the peristomes are much higher (to 0.50 mm), rather regularly

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 627

distributed and not seriated, free with a few exceptions where two are
connate at the base, slender with an outside measurement of 0.09 mm.
The apertures are round and about 0.07 mm in diameter. The tubules
are so much embedded that their measurements cannot be determined
the surface with minute pores and light transverse striae.

There are 3 ovicells side by side, occupying practically the full width
of the terminal border, each broadly pyriform and with short lobes be-
tween the surrounding peristomes; a little ventricose and cross-striated
and the surface with minute pores. The ooeciostome is erect and mode-
rately high, situated beside a peristome with which it is connate at the
base and the upper portion free, its base cylindrical and about 0.05 mm
in diameter, the tip expanded transversely and its aperture measuring
about 0.09 by 0.03 mm.

The basal portion alone would readily be mistaken for a species of
Proboscina, but the expanded part is similar to that of Oncousoecia in
the nature of the ovicells and ooeciostomes.

Type, AHF no. 88.

Type locality, off Rocky Point, southern California, about 33°49'N,
encrusting a sunken buoy recovered from a depth of 45 fms, one colony
by Earl Fox. Also one colony collected at Santa Barbara Island by
Dr. H. R. Hill.

Family Diastoporidae Gregory, 1899

Diastoporn Lamouroux, 1821; Berenicea Lamouroux, 1821; Mesen-
teripora Blainville, 1830; Bidiastopora d'Orbigny, 1849; Actinopora
d'Orbigny, 1853; Microecia Canu, 1918; Plagioecia Canu, 1918; Di-
aperoecia Canu, 1918; Diplosolen Canu, 1918.

Diastopora, genotype D. foliacea Lamouroux, 1821 :42, though it was
described from a fossil without ovicells, has rather definite zoarial char-
acters and has been much used for recent as well as fossil species. In
the absence of an ovicell, however, it is impossible to place this genus
except as a member of the present group. It is useful to the paleontolo-
gists when ovicells are wanting, but should not be used when the ooecial
characters are present.

Berenicea, genotype B. prominens Lamouroux, 1821 :80, is so indefi-
nite as to be meaningless. Norman, 1903:569 and 1909:299, and Borg,
1944:61, have maintained that Berenicea is not even a cyclostome but a
cheilostome form. Diastopora and Berenicea have been used rather
indiscriminately for the same species. If they are synonymous, Dt-

628 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

aperoecia takes precedence by its earlier appearance in Lamouroux's
work, but owing to the uncertainty as to its nature Berenicea had better
be discarded.

Mesenteripora, genotype M. micheUni Blainville, 1830:397, was pro-
posed for erect contorted forms otherwise similar to Diastopora. Here
again the genotype is a fossil without ovicells.

Bidiastopora, genotype Diastopora ccrvicornis Michelin, 1846:241,
was founded to include erect diastoporas with bilaminate folds, and the
genotype is a fossil without ovicells.

Actinopora, genotype A. regularis d'Orbigny, 1853:763, was based
on the arrangement of the zoids in regular radiating series and like the
preceding included only fossil species without ovicells. The ovicelled
species which have later been placed in this genus have the ovicells and
ooeciostomes definitely of the Plagioecia pattern.

The above generic names were all properly founded but only on
zoarial characters, so their complete nature is uncertain. They may still
be useful when it is necessary to catalog specimens which are incomplete
in reproductive characters.

In 1918 Canu attacked the problem of the old Diastopora complex
with the ovicells as the basis, and proposed a number of additional
genera, Alicroccia, Plagioecia, Diapcroecia and Diplosolen.

Microecia Canu, 1918:326, was mistakenly founded on Diastopora
Sarniensis Norman, 1864:89, and is synonymous with Plagioecia.

The other three genera agree in the mode of early development in
the tubuliporoid manner, in the closure of numerous older peristomes
by a calcified porous membrane, and by at least the occasional enclosure
of peristomes by the ovicell.

Canu went so far as to propose several new families, Mecynoeciidae,
Plagioeciidae and Diaperoeciidae among the diastoporid forms. The first
of these, which included Microecia, has already been reduced to syn-
onymy by Bassler, 1935:10. While Canu's analysis of the ovicell is of
the greatest importance in the separation of species of this group, he
apparently was not sufficiently familiar with the intraspecific and inter-
specific variation in the ooecia and ooeciostomes.

For the purpose of the present work I propose to accept only the old
family Diastoporidae with the following genera:

1, Diastopora Lamouroux, 1821, reserved for species in which the
reproductive characters are unknown.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 629

2. Plagioecia Canu, 1918, ovicell usually much broader than long,
not proliferated beyond the level of the ooeciopore ; ooeciostome terminal,
at or near the middle of the distal border ; one or more peristomes often
surrounded by the lateral prolongation of the ovicell.

3. Diaperoecia Canu, 1918, the ovicell completes its development by
proliferating distally in advance of the ooeciopore and surrounds few
or many distal peristomes in the process; the ooeciostome, which repre-
sents the morphological distal end of the gonozoid, is usually located
somewhere near the middle or occasionally even near the proximal end
of the ovicell.

4. Diplosolen Canu, 1918, miniature zooecia (zooeciules) present,
scattered among the normal tubules of the zoarium; ooeciostome sub-
terminal at or near the middle; peristomes occasionally surrounded.
Diplosolen differs from Plagioecia in appearance only by the dimorphic
nature of the zooecial tubules.

It is sometimes difficult to assign a species to one of the above genera,
owing to variation in the size and form of the ovicell and especially in
the occasional occurrence of ovicells as simple as those of Oncousoecia.
When these occur on the same zoarium with more highly developed
ovicells, the latter has been accepted as the proper generic association.
The simple ovicells usually occur on the older parts of the colony and
if only this form of ovicell is present the species would necessarily he
assigned not only to another genus but to a different family. A rather
exaggerated case of this is found in Plagioecia ambigua new species
(q. v.), but examples may be found in other species of this genus and
also in Tubulipora. The enclosure of peristomes by the ovicell, on which
Canu (1918) based the genus Diaperoecia, is subject to much variation,
and this condition is also found to a greater or less extent in Plagioecia
and several genera of the Tubuliporidae.

In spite of these variations, where a fully developed ovicell is present,
the position of the ooeciostome is usually diagnostic, median and terminal
or subterminal in Plagioecia, more centrally located in Diaperoecia, m
which genus the ovicell continues to develop distally beyond the ooecio-
stome. The ooeciostome must be considered the morphological distal end
of the gonozoid.

Genus PLAGIOECIA Canu, 1918

"The ovicell is a long transverse sack obliterating a certain number of
zooecial tubes and developed in the vicinity of the zoarial margins. The
ooeciostome is small, equal to or less than the zooecial diameter. The

630 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

tubes are isolated from each other. No adventitious tubes." (Canu and
Bassler, 1922:26). Genotype, Tubulipora patina L,aimrck, 1816.

The above description, drawn from P. patina and correct for that
species, requires some modification as the ovicells are not always much
expanded laterally and sometimes in other species may even be longer
than broad. The ovicells are symmetrically developed and the ooeciostome
is terminal in the midline at or near the distal border and the ooecial
expansion is not continued beyond it. The inflation often surrounds one
or more, sometimes several, peristomes; even in the same species the
shape of the ovicell and the number of the included peristomes may vary
considerably due to the amount of lateral expansion. There is much
closure of the older peristomes by a calcified membrane which is either
perforated by a number of small pores, or provided with a small erect
central tubular pore.

The zoarium is usually adnate, but may be erect or semierect and
more or less contorted and either unilaminar or bilaminate.

Key to the Species of Plagioecia

1. Zoarium more or less free, erect or semierect 2

Zoarium entirely adnate or sometimes free at the edges ... 4

2. Zoarium with narrow, bilaminate, contorted branches which

form a free reticulum meandrina

Zoarium with broad bilaminate lobes, contorted 3

3. Zoarium erect from a rather narrow base, sometimes stipitate,

contorted, the folds thicker than in other species . . grimaldii
Zoarium beginning with a broad adnate base from which erect,
contorted folds arise, much thinner than in P. grimaldii . . .

tortuosa

4. Except near the center of the zoarium the peristomes are in

uniserial, radiating rows, connate only at the base . anacapensis
Peristomes not in radiating series 5

5. Zoarium broad and thin, irregular, with occasional smooth

areas containing aborted tubules without apertures; peri-
stomes very short; ovicell low and flat, surrounding a few

peristomes, irregularly rounded tubiabortiva

Zoarium rounded or with flabellate lobes, ovicell conspicuous

and usually transverse 6

6. Ovicell usually several times as broad as long and slightly

arcuate to conform to the zoarial border, the lateral ends

often enclosing peristomes patina

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 631

7. Zoarium irregularly rounded, peristomes thin, 0.09 mm at

their tips; ovicell only moderately broad sarniensis

Zoarium lobate, peristomes 0.13 mm at their tips; in the one
specimen there are two simple, narrow ovicells and one ex-
panded one, the ooeciostome slightly subterminal . . ambigua

Plagioecia patina (Lamarck), 1816
Plate 73, fig. 4

Tubulipora patina Lamarck, 1816:163.
Diastopora patina, Hincks, 1880:458; 1884:206.
Diastopora patina, O'Donoghue, 1923:14.
Plagioecia patina, O'Donoghue, 1926:21.

Zoarium variable in form, rounded or lobate; entirely encrusting, or
partially free. The zoids are embedded for most of their length, the
free part of the tubules, "peristomes," being semierect and usually short.
The apertures are somewhat elliptical or nearly round, measuring about
0.10 by 0.12 mm. The embedded portions of the zoids are slightly convex
and are perforated by minute pores. The peristomes show no tendency
to be arranged in series, and are not connate even at the base. In older
parts of the colony, especially, the apertures become closed by a peculiar
calcified membrane which is perforated either by a number of pores or
by a single larger tubular pore. The basal lamina often forms a distinct
border beyond the functional zoids.

The ovicell is a prominent swelling, moderately large and distinct, the
edges usually sharply outlined. Normally it is transversely very elongate,
several times as wide as long, but varying considerably in size and form.
Usually a number of peristomes are surrounded, 0 to 7 in my specimens.
The ooeciostome is terminal and free between the zooecial series, ordi-
narily occupying a small notch in the middle of the distal side; it is
rather short and either erect or flexed slightly toward the proximal part
of the zoarium, the aperture rounded and 0.06 to 0.08 mm in diameter.

This well-known Atlantic species resembles P. sarniensis in its general
appearance, but the zooecia are distinctly larger with shorter peristomes,
and the ovicell is much wider transversely. On the Pacific coast it was
first noted by Hincks at Cumshewa, and later by O'Donoghue at Bull
Passage, British Columbia.

Hancock Stations: 143-34, Wenman Island, 100 fms, 147-34, Albe-
marle Island, 30 fms, and 352-35, Chatham Island, 35 fms, Galapagos;
299, San Jose del Cabo at the southern tip of Lower California, 82
fms; 72, Guadalupe Island off Lower California, 17 fms; Santa Barbara

632 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

and San Miguel Islands and various other places off shore along southern
California, 15 to 76 fms. Also collected in Puget Sound, Washington,
by Dr. J. L. Mohr, and two colonies from Cleveland Passage, Frederick
Sound, southern Alaska.

Plagioecia sarniensis (Norman), 1864
Plate 73, fig. 3

Diastopora Sarniensis Norman, 1864:89.
Diastopora sarniensis, Hincks, 1880:463; 1884:206.
Berenicea sarniensis, Harmer, 1915:114.
Microecia sarniensis, O'Donoghue, 1926:21.
Plagioecia sarniensis, O'Donoghue, 1926:22.

The zoarium is usually encrusting but sometimes the borders are free
and slightly contorted ; the basal lamina forms a distinct border. There
is much resemblance to P. patina in the zoarial form, but the smaller
size of the zooecia and the form of the ovicell easily distinguish them.

The zooecia are embedded for most of their length. The semierect
"peristomes" become suddenly smaller, their diameters only 0.09 mm
and their apertures 0.07 mm in diameter. The peristomes are usually
longer than those of patina, never connate and not in series.

The ovicell varies in form from irregularly rounded to short trans-
verse, occasionally somewhat bilobate, and often one or two peristomes
are surrounded. The ooeciostome is terminal or sub-terminal at the
distal border, isolated, erect or curved proximally, the ooeciopore round
and 0.05 mm in diameter.

Norman and Hincks both figured a small oval or rounded ovicell,
though the latter states (1880:463) "Ooecia transversely elongate,
subelliptical inflations of the zoarium, of a considerable size." Doubt-
less it was the small size of the ovicell figured that led Canu ( 1918 :326)
to select this species as the genotype of his new genus Microecia, which
he placed in his new family Mecynoeciidae, now discarded. If there is
such a fossil group of species of generic value, the selection of sarniensis
as the genotype was most unfortunate and the generic name Microecia
is invalidated, for sarniensis is certainly congeneric with patina. While
the ooecial characters are of the greatest importance in the study of the
cyclostomatous species, it is necessary to recognize the fact that these
characters, like all others in nature, are subject to variation, and this is
especially true of the size and form of the ooecial expansion. I have seen
several cases of simple ooecia on the same zoaria with those of larger

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 633

size in sarniensis, and in patina there is much variation in width.

P. sarniensis has now been found in so many parts of the world that
its distribution must be considered cosmopolitan. Hincks first listed it
for Pacific waters at Cumshewa, British Columbia, and O'Donoghue
recorded it from Banks Island and Lowe Inlet, British Columbia, and
the San Juan Islands, Puget Sound.

Hancock Stations: 484, Barrington Island, Galapagos, 0°49'S, 90°
06'40nV, 52 fms; 423-35, off Port Utria, Colombia, 5°59'20"N, 77°
2r50"W, at 20 fms; 276, San Esteban Island, Gulf of California,
28°38'50"N, 112°36'W, at 32 fms; 72, Guadalupe Island, oflF Lower
California, 29°N, at 17 fms; Santa Barbara, Anacapa and San Clemente
Islands, of? southern California; and San Juan Islands, Puget Sound,
Washington.

Plagioecia tortuosa new species
Plate 67, figs. 8 and 9

Mesenteripora meandrina, Robertson, 1910:251 (not Wood, 1844:14).

Dr. Alice Robertson has given an excellent description of the zoarium :
"Zoarium bilaminate, forming a contorted, convoluted mass . . . begin-
ning as a simple, primitive disk from which there grow tubular zooecia
curving in opposite directions, and forming a fan-shaped expansion
similar to any young tubuliporidian colony. The two layered condition
results from the ridges which occur at irregular intervals over the
unilaminar sheet, . . . and which growing upward form the erect,
bilaminar layers, the laminae becoming highly convoluted," The en-
crusting base sometimes covers a considerable area before the bilaminate
folds are formed.

The zooecia are alternate, in quincunx, embedded but with the frontal
surface convex, with numerous pores and sometimes transversely ribbed.
The erect tubules or "peristomes" are usually short but may be as much
as 0.50 mm in length, narrowing only slightly, perforated only near the
base, about 0.13 mm in outside diameter; the aperture short oval or
round and about 0.10 mm in diameter.

The ovicell, partially described by Robertson, is a distinct inflation
which is usually considerably broader than long, surrounding 6 to 12
peristomes. The ooeciostome, which Robertson was unable to find, is
sub-terminal, median, somewhat removed from the distal border, short,
erect and slightly expanded at the tip, the pore round, 0.08 mm m
diameter and the tip expanded to 0.13 mm.

634 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

In all characters, zoarial and reproductive, except the bilaminate adult
zoarium, this species agrees closely with P. patina and must be considered
congeneric with it.

Robertson recorded it from three localities in southern California,
down to a depth of 32 fms.

Type AHF no. 107.

Type locality, Hancock Station 1662-48, off Santa Cruz Island,
southern California, 33°55'45''N, 119°31'05nV, at 23 fms. Also taken
at 1130-40, off Laguna Beach, southern California at 25 fms; at Cortez
Bank, 32°24'N, 119°22'30"W, at 131 fms; and at 1190, Puerto Escon-
dido, Gulf of California, 25°48'04''N, lll°18'53nV, in shallow water.
Another fine specimen from Station 275, Raza Island, Gulf of Cali-
fornia, 28°48'N, 113°W, at 40 fms has 4 ovicells more or less centrally
located and 3 others partially developed near the margins of the zoarium.

Plagioecia grimaldii (Jullien), 1903
Plate 66, fig. 5

Mesenteripora Grimaldii Jullien, 1903:118.

Plagioecia grimaldii, Osburn, 1936:540.

? Mesenteripora meandrina, Smitt, 1866:432.

The zoarium consists of erect contorted folds arising from an encrust-
ing base to a height of 1 or 2 cm. The folds are bilamellar, the growing
edge showing the basal lamina with the tubules arising on both sides.
The colony may be stipitate, as in Jullien's figure, plate 15, fig. 4, but
is often broad and irregular. The embedded tubules are convex and quite
distinct on the surface of the zoarium, 0.25 to 0.30 mm in width, with
moderately deep separating grooves and perforated by numerous small
pores. The peristomes are usually very short, often rising scarcely above
the zoarial surface, but in protected areas they may rise, semierect, to
a length of 0.40 mm. The apertures vary considerably, from 0.14 to
0.18 mm and are often closed by the characteristic diaphragm with a
small tubule at the center.

The ovicells, here described from Baffin Bay specimens, are variable
in size and form, large enough to surround 5 or 6 peristomes, prominent
and sharply outlined ; the ooeciostome smaller than a peristome and
scarcely elevated above the surface, median and terminal in position.
There is a tendency for the ovicells to be slightly broader than long but
in one case the^ length is 50% greater than the width; another much
smaller ovicell, which encloses only one peristome, is round. Since so

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 635

much attention has been given to the shape of the ovicells by Canu and
Bassler it is important to note the amount of variation in form.

Jullien described the species from the Grand Bank of Newfoundland,
at 155 meters. The only other positive reference is that in Osburn's
report on dredgings by Captain R. A. Bartlett in Baffin Bay, three
colonies w^ith ovicells, (previously unknovi^n), at 140 to 210 feet. It is
probable that Smitt's Mesenteripora meandrina in the Torell collection
from Greenland (1866:432) should now be referred to gnmaldit rather
than to the fossil Diastopora meandrina of Wood.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Alaska Research Laboratory, at 217 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector, several fragments agreeing with Baffin Bay speci-
mens in all other details but without ovicells. The range of distribution
is evidently high northern and probably circumpolar.

Plagioecia meandrina (Canu and Bassler), 1930
Plate 66, figs. 6 and 7

Diaperoecia meandrina Canu and Bassler, 1930:51.

The zoarium has a very striking appearance, consisting of a broad
encrusting base from which arise at intervals narrower bilaminate
branches or fronds which often anastomose to form large quadrangular,
pentagonal or hexagonal fenestrae. The branches are usually at right
angles to the plane of the zoarium. On the encrusting base the zooecia
are arranged in quincunx, but on the erect branches they tend to run
in rather regular series more or less transverse to the branch; they are
not connate but well separated. The peristomes of the base are short
but on the branches, especially near the growing edge, they are mod-
erately elongate and nearly erect. The basal lamina of the base extends
rather broadly beyond the functional zooecia and on the branches there
is a similar but much narrower lamina projecting from between the two
zooecial layers on one edge of the branch. The zooecial tubules are very
little inflated and their outlines are often obscure. The peristomial
apertures are round and about 0.10 mm in diameter.

The ovicell is a distinct inflation, irregularly elliptical, transverse and
parallel to the edge of the branch and surrounding a number of the
peristomes, most of which are closed, like those of P. patina, with a
calcified membrane in the middle of which is a minute tubule. The
ooeciostome is small, short, nearly erect, situated near the middle and
terminal, free between the peristomes, and measures 0.08 mm.

636 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Canu and Bassler placed the species in their genus Dtaperoecia be-
cause of the peristomes surrounded by the ovicell, but indicated that
"It is not yet a true Diaperoecia." As a matter of fact, the ovicell is
almost exactly like that of Plagioccia patina in form and location as well
as the nature of the ooeciostome. The perforation of the ovicell by the
peristomes sometimes occurs in its relatives, patina and sarniensis, and
in a specimen of P. (Microecia) tubiahortiva (Canu and Bassler, 1930)
I have observed as many as 8 such enclosed peristomes. The closure of
the peristomial apertures also is exactly like that in patina, a porous
calcified membrane with a minute short tubule at the middle.

Our best developed specimen measures about 35 mm across the en-
crusting base and the fenestrate erect portion is about 60 mm high and
wide, with 7 complete fenestrae. In most cases the growing edges of
the branches are oriented in the same direction.

Described from the Galapagos Islands, Albatross Station D. 2815.

Hancock Stations: 143-34 Wenman Island; 170-34, Chatham Island;
201-34, Hood Island; 450, Albemarle Island; 452, Charles Island, and
453, Gardner Island, all from the Galapagos. Also at 1662-48, Santa
Cruz Island, southern California; and collected by Dr. Carl L. Hubbs
at Guadalupe Island, ofl[ Lower California. The geographic range is
wide, from Santa Cruz Island, southern California (33°35'45''N) to
Hood Island, ( 1°21'55''S), and the bathymetric range from 23 to more
than 100 fms.

Plagioecia tubiahortiva (Canu and Bassler), 1930
Plate 73, fig. 2

Microecia tubiahortiva Canu and Bassler, 1930:48.

The zoarium is broad and flat, with a very irregular outline; the
surface even, with smooth areas free from apertures and consisting of
aborted tubules. The zooecial tubes are completely immersed, except for
the very short, semierect peristomes which usually project only slightly
above the crust. The diameter of the peristomes is 0.12 or 0.13 mm, that
of the apertures 0.10 or 0.11 mm. The aperture is rounded to slightly
elliptical. The peristomes are irregularly spaced, never connate and not
in series. The basal lamina usually forms a distinct border.

The ovicell is a low inflation, rounded, expanded laterally or irregular
in outline, usually surrounding a few peristomes (8 in one case). The
ooeciostome rises barely above the surface, median and terminal in posi-
tion, its aperture measuring about 0.06 mm.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 637

This species is evidently congeneric with patina and sarniensis, judging
by the nature of the tubules and especially by the characters of the
ovicell.

Described from the Galapagos Islands, Albatross Station D. 2813.

Hancock Stations 143-34, oflF Wenman Island, Galapagos, 1°23'10"N,
91°48'45"W, at 100 to 150 fms, several colonies on shells.

Plagioecia anacapensis new^ species
Plate 66, figs. 9 and 10

? Dtastopora catillus J. Y. Johnson, 1897:61.

The zoarium is round and flat but the margin is more or less turned
up to produce small saucer-shaped colonies, which are attached by a
comparatively small peduncle. The basal lamina is of moderate width.
The zooecia about the center, with short peristomes, are arranged quin-
cuncially, but beyond this area they form uniserial radiating rows which
extend to the margin, similar to the fossil Unitubigera of d'Orbigny,
1853. Additional shorter series are interpolated toward the margin. The
tubules are embedded, convex on the frontal surface, the walls perforated
and later often transversely ribbed. The peristomes are semierect and
beyond the central area become longer (0.25 mm or more). The central
peristomes are always free and isolated, those in the radiating series
sometimes connate at the base but the tips always free; diameter at the
tip 0.13 mm, the aperture round and 0.10 mm in diameter.

The ovicell is inflated, its outlines distinct, transversely elongate
(usually more than twice as wide as long), surrounding one or more
peristomes. The ooeciostome is terminal at the middle of the distal
border, short, erect, its rim flared like the bell of a cornet, the ooeciopore
round and 0.08 mm in diameter, the rim circular and about 0.13 mm
across.

When this material was first examined I placed it at once under
Unitubigem d'Orbigny, 1853, but the large non-seriated central area
is different and the nature of the ovicells (unknown in Unitubigera) is
distinctly like that of Plagioecia patina.

There is a possibility that this species may be the Diastopora catillus
of J. Y. Johnson (1897:61) from Madeira; his description is fairly
similar, but he did not give a figure and did not mention the ovicell.

Type, AHFno. 113.

Type locality, Hancock Station 874-38, off Anacapa Island, southern
California, 34°0r30''N, 119°21'W, at 45 fms, one colony on a shell.
Also two colonies recovered from a sunken buoy off Rocky Point, south-

638 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

ern California, 45 fms. One of the latter is almost exactly like the
type specimen except that the ovicell encloses three peristomes. The
other colony diflfers only in having the 3 or 4 marginal rows of peristomes
suddenly much elevated.

Plagioecia ambigua new species
Plate 66, fig. 8

The zoarium is flat and thin, entirely adnate, encrusting the smooth
surface of a shell. The proximal portion is narrowly flabellate, with a
very simple ovicell ; beyond this the zoarium becomes broadly flabellate
with a similar simple ovicell at one side and a very broad ovicell occupy-
ing much of the width of the lobe. The zooecial tubes are elongate,
moderately distinct on the surface, slightly cross-striated and perforated
with small pores, 0.20 mm in width. The peristomes are only suberect
and directed strongly forward, the diameter 0.15 and the round aperture
0.13 mm; arranged in quincunx. There is only a single row of incom-
plete tubules at the margin.

The simple proximal ovicell is about 0.40 mm in width by 0.75 mm
long; the simple lateral ovicell 0.30 mm wide by 0.70 mm long and the
large ovicell is about 1.60 mm broad by 0.80 mm long. The ooeciostome
is terminal in the small ovicells, erect at the proximal side of a peristome;
in the large ovicell the ooeciostome is similarly situated, but is somewhat
subterminal as the ooecial cavity has extended slightly beyond it ; diameter
of aperture 0.08 mm.

Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 11049.

Type locality. Point Barrow, Alaska, 130 feet, Arctic Research Lab-
oratory, G. E. MacGinitie, collector, one colony.

This is a very unusual specimen, with characters of several genera.
There are two simple ovicells like slightly expanded zooecial tubules
and with terminal ooeciostomes, much like Oncousoecia diastoporides,
except that the ooeciostome is associated with a peristome. There is also
a much expanded ovicell, transverse, surrounding several peristomes,
with a subterminal ooeciostome and resembling Plagioecia, except for
the position of the ooeciostome proximal to a peristome. The latter
character is more like that of Tubulipora. The ovicell surrounds a num-
ber of peristomes, which would place the species under Diaperoecia.

With such a combination of characters, one is naturally in doubt as
to the generic relationship, but I am accepting as the most important
character the fullest development of the ovicell, expanded laterally and
with a subterminal, median ooeciostome.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 639

I have observed a number of cases of similar ambiguity among the
Diastoporidae and Tubuliporidae, but never quite to this extent. Pre-
sumably all such cases may be interpreted as examples of the repetition
of ancestral characters and therefore useful in tracing the evolution of
the group. At the same time they present a problem in identification,
for if only the simple ovicell is present the species must necessarily be
assigned to a different genus and even a different family than if the
expanded ovicell is developed, according to Canu's analysis.

? Plagioecia lactea (Calvet), 1903

Diastopora lactea Calvet, 1903:163; 1907:466.
Plagioecia lactea, Canu and Bassler, 1930:48.

The zoarium is flat and discoidal, with a narrow basal lamina, and
is attached by a peduncle. The zooecial tubules are immersed for most
of their length, their surfaces rather coarsely cross-striated and punc-
tured. The peristomes are moderately short, semi-erect and well sepa-
rated. Occasional apertures are closed with a lamella with a central
minute tubule. The orifices are round or slightly elliptical and measure
about 0.08 mm; the peristomes 0.10 to 0.12 mm in diameter, depending
on the amount of calcification.

While no ovicells have been noted in the Hancock specimens, the
descriptions and figures given by Calvet and Canu and Bassler, and
measurements by the latter are all in agreement.

Recorded by Calvet from the Gulf of Gascony at 300 meters and
from Cape Spadel, Morocco, at 717 meters, and by Canu and Bassler
from the Galapagos Islands, Albatross Sta. D.2813, at 40 fms.

Hancock Station 143-34, off Wenman Island, Galapagos, 1°23'10"N,
91°48'45nV, at 100 to 150 fms.

Genus DIPLOSOLEN Canu, 1918

Diplopora Jullien, 1903:115 (preoccupied by Gumbel, 1866).

Interspersed among the autozoids are nannozoids or reduced indi-
viduals, irregularly distributed, their minute peristomes shorter than
those of the normal tubules and often inconspicuous. The ovicell is a
prominent swelling, usually surrounding a number of peristomes; the
ooeciostome smaller than the peristomes, short, erect and isolated. Geno-
type, Tubulipora obelia Johnston, 1838.

Older authors placed the species under Tubulipora, Berenicea and
Diastopora, but the constant presence of nannozoids, the function of
which is unknown, appears sufficient for generic standing.

640 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Diplosolen obelium, (Johnston), 1838

Plate 73, fig. 1

Tubulipora obelia Johnston, 1838:269.
Diastopora obelia, Hincks, 1880:462.
Berenicea obelia, Okada, 1917:352.
Diastopora obelia, O'Donoghue, 1923:14.
Diplosolen obelium, O'Donoghue, 1926:24.

The zoarium is thin and flat, rounded or irregularly lobate. The
zooecia are embedded for most of their length, though the semierect
peristomes project well above the surface ; the aperture is round or
slightly elliptical, 0.08 to 0.10 mm in diameter. In Alaska specimens
the aperture is noticeably larger, 0.10 to 0.12 mm in diameter (var.
arctica Waters, 1904a :1 71) than in southern specimens, but there seem
to be no other differences of importance. The nannozoids are similar in
form to the autozoids, but are minute in size ; their peristomes are much
shorter and are only about 0.03 mm in diameter.

The ovicell is considerably inflated, varying in size, oval or arcuate,
transverse, and encloses a number of peristomes of both autozoids and
nannozoids (as few as 2 and as many as 20 have been counted). The
ooeciostome is isolated, short, its aperture rounded and intermediate in
size between those of the autozoids and nannozoids, usually more or
less central in position.

It is a well-known North Atlantic species, extending into the Arctic,
and reported from Japan. On the Pacific coast it has been recorded by
O'Donoghue from several places in British Columbia and from the San
Juan Islands in Puget Sound.

Hancock Stations: 1194-40, 43 fms, and 1294-41, 34 fms, at Santa
Cruz Island, southern California. Also among the collections are speci-
mens from Puget Sound; from Alitak Bay, Alaska (U. S. Fisheries
Alaska Crab Investigation) ; from Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island,
Alaska; from the Bering Sea, and from Point Barrow, Alaska (Arctic
Research Laboratory, G. E. MacGinitie, collector).

The species is common in Alaska waters, less frequent farther south,
and Santa Cruz Island, southern California (34°N. Lat.) is the most
southern record.

Genus DIAPEROEGIA Canu, 1918

The ovicell continues to develop after the calcification of the tubes
distal to it and often surrounds a considerable number of peristomes.
The ooeciopore is usually not terminal and is often proximal or near

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 641

the middle of the ooecial swelling. There are several types of ooecio-
stomes, which may eventually result in the separation of the genus as
suggested by Canu and Bassler (1920:740). (1) In some species the
ooeciostome is not associated with a tubule but is quite independent among
them; (2) in others it is a high tube at the side of a peristome and
more or less connate with it; and (3) in still others it is a transverse
or arcuate pore at the base of a peristome and without an ooeciostome.

Pustulopora intricaria Busk, 1875:22, which is the genotype, is an
erect, branching species with the ooeciostome isolated and situated a
little proximal to the middle of the long ovicell, which surrounds a large
number of peristomes.

In my opinion Canu and Bassler have depended too much on a single
character, that of the ovicells surrounding peristomes, for this character
appears not infrequently to a lesser extent among other genera, even
in species of genera that do not ordinarily show it, such as Tubulipora,
Plagioecia, Fasciculipora, Frondipora, etc. Even in Plagioecia patina,
the genotype of that genus, a peristome may occasionally be surrounded.
It is also true that in Diplosolen and Crisulipora, which usually have a
number of included peristomes, ovicells occasionally occur which have
failed to surround any peristomes.

The erect species of our eastern Pacific members of this genus agree
in having an elongate ovicell which extends much beyond the isolated
and more or less centrally placed ooeciostome. Others, such as those
described from the Galapagos Islands by Canu and Bassler, D. striatula,
D. subpapyracea and D. meandrina, with transversely broad ovicells and
terminal, median ooeciostomes, more properly belong under Plagioecia
notwithstanding the inclusion of some peristomes.

It would appear to be true of any species that when the ovicell con-
tinues to grow forward around a distal peristome, the walls may come
together and coalesce to enclose it. However this may be, there is cer-
tainly a group, Diaperoecia, with a well-defined facies which shows an
extended ovicell enclosing numerous peristomes and with a non-terminal
ooeciostome.

The species of the present list show two distinctly different types of
ooeciostome; in D. intermedia, johnstoni and clavifonnis the ooeciostome
is a narrow tube at the side of a peristome and is proximal in position,
while in californica and ftoridana the tube is wider, broadly flared at
the tip, entirely free from the peristomes and situated more medially.

642 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Key to the Species of Diaperoecia

1. Slender, erect or semierect, branching species, rising from a

small encrusting base, ooeciostome free 2

Adnate species, with expanded lobes, the lobes sometimes short-
erect, ooeciostome at the side of a peristome 3

2. Branches very narrow, seldom as much as 1.0 mm in width,

apertures of peristomes about 0.13 mm in width . . floridana
Branches wider, 2 mm or more, apertures of peristomes 0.20
mm or more, the lateral peristomes usually in short connate
series californica

3. Zoarium adnate and branched laterally, with short, erect

fertile branches which expand into small capitula con-
taining the ovicell intermedia

Fertile lobes adnate 4

4. Fertile lobes flabellate, usually more or less triangular,

peristomes projecting high above the ovicell .... johnstoni
Fertile lobe rounded, peristomes projecting only slightly

above the ovicell claviformis

Diaperoecia californica (d'Orbigny), 1852
Plate 67, figs. 1 and 2

Idmonea Californica d'Orbigny, 1853:732.
Idmonea Californica, Conrad, 1855:441.
Idmonea californica, Gabb and Horn, 1862:168.
Tubulipora dawsoni, Hinclcs, 1884:205.
Idmonea californica, Robertson, 1910:253.
Idmonea californica, Canu and Bassler, 1923:199.
Idmonea californica, O'Donoghue, 1923:12; 1926:27.
Idmonea palmata, O'Donoghue, 1923:12.
Diaperoecia intricata, Canu and Bassler, 1928:41.

The zoarium is composed of erect or spreading branches which fre-
quently reach a height of 25 mm and occasionally as much as 50 mm.
The branches may anastomose and often form reticulated masses.
Usually, in deeper water, the branches are narrow in proportion to their
length, 2 to 3 mm in breadth, but in exposed places along shore the
zoarium is more consolidated and the branches shorter and wider and
less erect {Idmonea palmata O'Donoghue) ; sometimes procumbent and
attached to the substratum by the radicles {Diaperoecia intricata, Canu
and Bassler, 1927:41). Radicles or supporting processes are frequently

NO. 3 OSBURN: EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 643

present on the dorsal sides of the branches and these may fuse with the
substratum or with another branch. The dorsal side is more or less
striated transversely.

The zooecia are large, their outlines distinct on the frontal surface;
the peristomes curved into an erect position, arranged in fascicles of
usually 4 or 5 zoids on either side of the midline, sometimes connate to
their tips but often only at their bases. Or they may be entirely free
from each other, and there are often isolated peristomes in the midline.
The apertures are large, round, averaging about 0.22 mm in diameter.

The ovicell is a large inflation, usually spread across the whole width
of the branch below a bifurcation and frequently continuing on one or
both branches; it surrounds often a large number of isolated peristomes.
The ooeciostome is isolated, sub-terminal, moderately short, usually bent
distally but it may be tipped in any direction, large, its base wider than
a peristome, its tip flared and compressed, as much as 0.60 mm in
diameter in the long direction, the pore long elliptical. There is much
variation in the form of the pore, which is sometimes round, and the tip
of the ooeciostome may be trumpet-shaped without compression.

This is an extremely common species all along the California coast
and I have examined hundreds of specimens, ranging all the way from
the short, palmate form to tall, slender branches from sheltered localities
and deeper water. It is common in various Pleistocene formations, where
it was noted by Conrad, Gabb and Horn, and by Canu and Bassler. I
can find no difference between the Pleistocene and recent specimens and
I have even found the ooeciostome, which was overlooked by the paleon-
tologists, except by Canu and Bassler, 1923:199, who show it in Plate
43, fig. 6.

The Diaperoecia intricata of Canu and Bassler from the Hawaiian
Islands is undoubtedly calif ornica, as the differential characters by which
they distinguish it are exactly those of californica, "par ses colonies reti-
culees, par son grand ooeciostome et par son ovicelle perforce par des
tubes ecartes les uns des autres."

Hincks' description of Tubulipora dawsoni from British Columbia
fits the zoarial characters of californica perfectly. He made no mention
of the ovicell.

Hancock Stations: dredged at more than 100 stations and found at
shore stations in abundance. The northern limit of its range, as far as
known, is British Columbia, including the records of Hincks (Tubuli-
pora dawsoni) and O'Donoghue (both Idmonea californica and /. pal-
mata.) It is common in the Gulf of California and along the west coast

644 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

of Mexico; the most southern record is Hancock Station 460-35, at
Playa Blanca, Costa Rica. The bathymetric range is from low tide to
about 100 fms.

Diaperoecia floridana Osburn, 1940
Plate 67, fig. 3

Idmonea Milneana, Smitt, 1872:8 {non d'Orbigny).

Diaperoecia radicata, Canu and Bassler, 1928:160 (no;z Kirkpatrick) .

Diaperoecia floridana Osburn, 1940:331; 1947:5.

"? Diaperoecia rugosa Osburn, 1940:332.

The zoarium is erect or sprawling, idmoneiform, irregularly branched,
the branches slender, 0.60 to 1.0 mm in width, sometimes anastomosing;
both dorsal and ventral sides more or less wrinkled ; strong unjointed
radicles developed on the dorsal side. The tubules are elongate ; in
younger branches the outlines are definite but the lines disappear with
age; 4 or 5 to 6 or 7 tubules make up the width of a branch; the
peristomes are curved, sometimes more than 1.0 mm long but usually
about 0.40 mm, varying in diameter from 0.16 to 0.20 mm, the aperture
varying from 0.13 to 0.17 mm; in older specimens transversely wrinkled
nearly to the tips, perforated at the base.

The ovicell is elongate, usually located near the end of a branch and
may extend up both branches at a bifurcation, usually surrounding one
or more peristomes ; but smaller ones may fail to enclose any. The
ooeciostome is independent of the peristomes, usually situated near the
middle of the ovicell; but when this is branched it is located near the
base of the fork. It has the same width as the peristomes, usually bent
sharply toward the base but in the forked ovicells it is more or less
erect. The tip of the ooeciostome in any case, when fully developed, is
broadly flared, irregularly elliptical, and measures from 0.20 to 0.35
mm wide by about 0.16 mm in the shorter dimension.

Pacific specimens have been compared with those from the Atlantic
and seem to show no essential differences. Also I am inclined to place
D. rugosa in synonymy, since in our abundant material there is much
variation in the size of the peristomes, the amount of striation, and the
form and position of the ooeciostome.

Described from off Beaufort, North Carolina, and recorded also by
Osburn from the southern shore of Porto Rico and from several localities
on the southern shore of the Caribbean Sea; by Smitt (Idmonea milne-
ana) from Florida, and by Canu and Bassler (D. radicata) from the
Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of Florida.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 645

Hancock Stations: 275, Raza Island, Gulf of California, 40 fms;
305-34, Clarion Island, west of Mexico, 15 fms; 1978-50, Ranger Bank,
Lower California, 71 fms; and 1143-40, off Portuguese Point, near San
Pedro, 34 fms, 1413-41, San Miguel Island, 34 fms, 1064, Santa Bar-
bara Island, 38 fms, and 1240, off San Diego, all from southern Cali-
fornia.

The O'Donoghues have recorded under this genus a number of other
species from British Columbia which have not appeared in our material.
D. (Entalophora) capitata (Robertson, 1900), 1926:22.
D. (Entalophora) clavatn (Busk, 1859), 1926:23.
D. (Stomatopora) expansa (d'Orbigny, 1851), 1926:23.
D. (Stomatopora) depressa (O'Donoghue, 1923), 1926:23.
D. (Tubulipora) labiata (O'Donoghue, 1923), 1926:23.
D. (Tubulipora) striata (O'Donoghue, 1923), 1926:24.
D. (Entalophora) vancouverensis (O'Donoghue, 1923), 1926:23.

Diaperoecia johnstoni (Heller), 1867
Plate 67, fig. 4

Criserpia Johnstoni Heller, 1867:126.
Stomatopora Johnstoni, Hincks, 1880:430.
Stomatopora johnstoni, O'Donoghue, 1923:11.
Diaperoecia johnstoni, O'Donoghue, 1926:23.

Our specimens agree very closely with the Stomatopora johnstoni of
Hincks from the British Isles, though Hincks did not have the ooecio-
stome.

The zoarium is encrusting, branching usually dichotomously ; the
branches short, narrow at the base with 1 or 2 rows of tubules for a
short distance, beyond which they suddenly become fan-shaped or tri-
angular with 4 to 6 or 8 tubules in cross-section. The tubules are about
0.26 mm in diameter, convex and conspicuously perforated; the peri-
stomes are moderately high, more or less erect, not connate and not
seriate, 0.18 to 0.22 mm in diameter, the aperture about 0.17 mm.

The ovicells are as Hincks described them, "dilated and very ventri-
cose, wedge-shaped," though there is considerable variation in the form ;
thickly perforated with conspicuous pores; surrounding from 1 to 5
peristomes. The ooeciostome, located near the middle of the ovicell, is
as high as the peristomes and about half as large in diameter, the orifice
0.09 mm, situated at the side of a peristome and connate with it for a
short distance at the base.

646 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Heller described the species from the Adriatic Sea, Hincks redescribed
it from Great Britain, and O'Donoghue listed it from several localities
in British Columbia and Puget Sound. It is possible that the species
should be placed in the genus Tubulipora, but our specimens are incom-
plete in certain respects which prevent a final judgment. It has much
resemblance to D. intermedia O'Donoghue but the measurements are
larger and the fertile branches are adnate.

Point Barrow, Alaska, 21 fms, Arctic Research Laboratory, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector. Also two specimens from Nash Harbor, Nunivak
Island, Bering Sea, 8-10 fms, on a shell.

Diaperoecia intermedia (O'Donoghue), 1923
Plate 70, fig. 5

Tubulipora intermedia O'Donoghue, 1923:10.
Diaperoecia intermedia, O'Donoghue, 1926:23.

The zoarium is encrusting and branching, with short erect or semierect
branches which form small capitula. The zooecial tubes are all on the
ventral side. The stalks of the free branches are about 0.60 to 0.70 mm
wide and the capitula may reach a maximum width of 3 mm. The peri-
stomes are all free and moderately long to a maximum of 0.90 mm,
width 0.16 mm, the aperture 0.13 mm.

The ovicell has its origin on the ventral side and expands upon the
top of the capitulum where it surrounds several peristomes ; it is con-
siderably inflated and thickly perforated. The ooeciostome is more or
less connected with a peristome at its base, nearly as tall as a peristome,
and noticeably smaller, its aperture 0.10 mm in diameter, varying in its
position but usually somewhere near the middle of the expansion.

O'Donoghue very properly questioned the generic position of this
species, as the adnate portion of the zoarium is similar to that of
Proboscina and the ovicell bears some resemblance to that of Tubulipora.
The nature of the ovicell, enclosing a number of tubules, and especially
the position of the ooeciostome near the middle of the expansion (occa-
sionally quite proximal to it) suggest Diaperoecia where O'Donoghue
finally placed it. It may possibly be one of the various northern species
which have been described without the ovicell but there is at present no
proof of synonymy.

The species was described from Departure Bay, British Columbia.

Our specimens are from Point Barrow, Alaska, 125 to 522 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector, common on shells and rocks.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 647

Diaperoecia claviformis new species ^

Plate 66, fig. 11

Zoarium encrusting on a shell, consisting of a ligulate branch, 0.65
mm wide, which terminates in an asymmetrical rounded expansion 2
mm in width. The tubules are short, their outlines inconspicuous, 2 rows
on the basal portion; the peristomes moderately high and unusually
close together, not connate and not seriated, 0.16 to 0.18 mm in diameter,
the apertures 0.13 mm; the younger tubules have the walls perforated
with small pores but these become closed with age.

The ovicell is a conspicuous, ventricose area covering most of the
expanded part of the lobe and enclosing 12 peristomes which are quin-
cuncial in arrangement; among these the narrow lobes of the ovicell
are evenly distributed around the peristomes. The ooeciostome is near
the proximal end, a cylindrical erect tube, connate with a peristome at
its base only, the orifice round and 0.10 mm in diameter.

The species has some resemblance to D. johnstoni, especially in the
narrow ligulate branch and suddenly expanded lobe, but the measure-
ments are smaller, the peristomes much more closely associated, and the
meandering branches of the ovicell very narrow.

Type, AHF no. 92.

Type locality, Hancock Station 1624-48, off Santa Catalina Island,
southern California, 33°23'48"N, 118°21'05"W, at 36 fms, one colony
on a shell.

Family TubuHpoHdae Johnston, 1838

"Zoarium entirely adherent, or more or less free and erect, multiform,
often linear, or flabellate, or lobate, sometimes cylindrical. Zooecia
tubular, disposed in contiguous series, or in single lines. Ooecium an
inflation of the surface at certain points, or a modified cell." (Hincks,
1880:424).

"Cyclostomata in which the zooecia are restricted to one surface of
the colony and are commonly arranged in connate alternating series.
Cancelli are absent in the majority of the species. The ovicell is a modi-
fied zooecium which is usually much dilated in the region where the
embryos undergo their development." (Harmer, 1915:119).

This is a large and difficult family and its analysis is complicated by
the great number of fossil forms, often without ovicells, that have been
described. As a rule they are adherent to the substratum, more or less
lobate, with the zooecial tubes arranged in fascicles, and the ooecium

648 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

lobate among the fascicles. The early development is characteristic as
they all begin with a few adnate tubules radiating in a flabellate form
from one side of the pro-ancestrula ; later the zoaria may assume various
forms and even become erect and branched. The tubules are usually in
connate series or groups but may be single over a large part of the
zoarium or its entire surface, and may be biserially arranged or scattered.
While the ovicells are usually broad and lobate between the fascicles,
examples may be found in which they are almost as simple as in Crisia
or Oncousoecia, and even in species with lobate ooecia, simple ovicells
may appear on the same zoarium with lobate ones. Also the ovicells may
occasionally surround tubules or fascicles as in Diaperoecia. The ooecio-
stomes are very important in the determination of the species, but in the
various genera they may be terminal, subterminal or more centrally
located.

Key to the Genera of Tubuliporidae

1. Zoarium adnate with slender lobes; tubules in connate single

series, on each side of the midline ; ooecium spreading the

full width of the lobe between the fascicles, the ooeciostome ,V

proximal to the first tubule of a fascicle Platonea*

Ooecium not so arranged 2

2. Ooecium arcuate and much depressed between the fascicles, the

ooeciostome terminal at the middle of the arcuate ooecium ;

zooecial tubes thick- walled Bathysoecia^S^

Ooecium not arcuate, the surface inflated .3

3. Zoarium composed of extremely high, folded fascicles ; ovicell

very elongate, simple, like a somewhat enlarged

tubule Fasciculipora

Zoarium usually flat and adnate, rarely erect and branched; •'J '
tubules in clusters, radiating series or single; ooecium
usually broadly lobed between the tubules or fascicles, some-
times smaller and simple Tubulipora

Genus TUBULIPORA Lamarck, 1816

Zoarium variable, encrusting and lobulate, repent and branching, or
erect and branching. Zooecia all on the frontal surface, arranged more
or less in transverse series or in groups, usually single near the ancestrula
and occasionally over the whole zoarium. The ovicell is an inflated
gonozoid between the tubules on the frontal surface, simple and pyriform

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 649

to broadly lobate with the lobes extending between clusters of tubules;
the ooeciostome is usually located at the side of a zooecial tube, some-
times free from it or more or less connate, varying in size, height and
form among the different species. Genotype, T. transversa Lamarck,
1816 ( = T. liliacea Pallas, 1766).

Key to Species of TubuUpora

1. Zoaria comparatively large and coarse, often irregular in form,

the ovicell usually much ramified, ooeciostome tall .... 2
Zoaria smaller, often simply lobate, ovicell little ramified, the

ooeciostome shorter 5

2. Ooeciostome high, much compressed, the aperture slit-like . . 3
Ooeciostome high, little compressed, aperture ovate 4

3. Peristomes connate in series or bundles, ooeciostome tall and

conspicuous, connate with a tubule at its base, enlarging
upward and slightly flared, the aperture compressed (in-
cluding var. fasciculifera) tuba

Peristomes sometimes in series, ooeciostome smaller and less
conspicuous, its aperture more narrowly slit-like and not
flared flabellaris

4. Peristomes connate, forming high fascicles, the tips free;

ooeciostome scarcely compressed, tall, about as wide as a
peristome (0.25 mm), slightly expanded at the tip . admiranda
Peristomes not at all connate; ooeciostome slightly smaller
than a peristome, not compressed, its tip slightly expanded,
not connate with a peristome egregia

5. Zoarium with erect slender branches, idmoneiform; ovicell

small, ooeciostome slightly distal to the first member of a

fascicle, short, flared ftexuosa

Zoarium adnate, small neat-appearing species 6

6. The dorsal side of the zoarium has numerous short attachment

processes and near the base these give the edge a serrated

appearance pulchra

No attachment processes '

7. Zoarium widely flabellate; ooeciostome comparatively short,

connate at base and widely diverging, flared at the tip to a

width of 0.18 mm pacifica

Zoarium lobate, ooeciostome short erect, connate at base or

free, flared at the tip to a width of 0.12 mm .... concinna

650 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Tubulipora tuba (Gabb and Horn), 1862
Plate 68, fig. 9

Semitubigera tuba Gabb and Horn, 1862:169.
Tubulipora occidentalis Robertson, 1910:249.
Tubulipora occidentalis, O'Donoghue, 1923:8.
Tubulipora tuba, Canu and Bassler, 1923:198.
Tubulipora tuba, O'Donoghue, 1926:24.

The zoarium of this abundant species is always adnate, flat and rather
regularly rounded or sometimes lobate on flat surfaces, variously con-
torted on stems; rather coarse, white, gray or purplish in color. The
"peristomes" are nearly erect, 0.12 mm in diameter, varying greatly in
length, as much as 2 mm in sheltered locations but usually much less;
single near the primary zoid and sometimes over a considerable area,
then connate in small fascicles of 2 or more, the marginal fascicles
increasing in the number of peristomes to 6, 12 or even as many as 30.
The fascicles are usually uniserial or biserial and radiating, but occa-
sionally occur in rounded or irregular clumps ; sometimes they are more
or less biradial in arrangement, but this is rare.

The ovicell is usually a large lobate inflation extending between several
fascicles, but not infrequently it is smaller, and even simple Crisia-
like ooecia may occur on the same zoarium with the larger normal ones.
The ooeciostome is tall, straight, compressed, regularly increasing in size
toward the tip, usually a little flared at the top, the pore elongated in the
direction of the fascial axis ; in typical tuba the ooeciostome arises at the
side of the first tube of a fascicle and is usually free for most of its
length. The variations are discussed under the variety fasciculifera
(Hincks).

Gabb and Horn described the species from the Pleistocene of Santa
Barbara, California, and while their description and figure are incom-
plete, there can be no doubt, I have compared abundant recent and
numerous Pleistocene specimens. Canu and Bassler listed both tuba and
fasciculifera from the Pleistocene of California. Robertson described
occidentalis (=^ both tuba and fasciculifera) and listed it from southern
California to Puget Sound, and O'Donoghue recorded both from numer-
ous localities in British Columbia.

In the Hancock Collections it is by far the most abundant species of
the genus, taken at shore stations and dredged down to a depth of 117
fms. It is evidently a species of cooler waters as the most southerly
record is that of Station 275, Raza Island, Gulf of California, 28°48'N,
113°W.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 651

Tubulipora tuba van fasciculifera (Hincks), 1884

Plate 68, fig. 10

Tubulipora fasciculifera Hincks, 1884:206.
Tubulipora occidentalis Robertson, 1910:249 (in part).
Tubulipora fasciculifera, Canu and Bassler, 1923:197.
Tubulipora fasciculifera, O'Donoghue, 1923:8; 1926:24.

The zoarium is very similar to that of T. tuba, presenting the same
variations in form. The zooecia are also similar, the free portions of the
tubules varying much in length and having the same diameter (0.12
mm). The only zoarial difference is that made use of by Canu and
Bassler, the fascicles "never composed of more than 6 tubules," while
in tuba there may be "from 6 to 20."

The ovicell, like that of tuba, is expanded into lobes w^hich extend
between the fascicles, and here also there is the occasional occurrence
of simpler ooecia. The ooeciostomes are usually situated proximal to the
first tubule of a fascicle, connate with it for a short distance, with the
flattened ooeciopore transverse to the axis of a fascicle, the top of the
ooeciostome sometimes a little flared.

After studying more than a hundred specimens from various locali-
ties, I am unable to distinguish sharply between tuba and fasciculifera.
The above diagnoses are for well-marked specimens, but intermediate
conditions occur in all of the diagnostic characters. Many colonies have
only the smaller fascicles, others mostly small ones with a few larger
fascicles, and still others have chiefly the larger numbers. Occasionally
the long fascicles arise near the center of the zoarium, while in other
specimens they are nearer the edge. The ooeciostomes of tuba are usually
lateral to a tubule with the pore in line with the fascicle, but may be
proximal to a tubule with the pore transverse, and in fasciculifera both
of these conditions may sometimes be seen on the same zoarium. The
form of the ooeciostome is variable though it is always more or less
compressed ; sometimes it is slightly flared at the tip, or it may be per-
fectly straight (possibly those in the latter condition have not quite
completed their growth). If the size of the fascicles and the position
of the ooeciostome were constant they would be considered good specific
characters, but I do not find them so.

Hincks described T. fasciculifera from British Columbia, the exact
locality not stated. Robertson mentions it under her description of T.
occidentalis, which embodies some of the characters, and lists occiden-

652 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

talis from Puget Sound to southern California. O'Donoghue recorded
it along with occidentalis from numerous places in British Columbia and
Puget Sound.

The variety, if the varietal distinction is really worthwhile in this
case, appears to occur throughout the range of tuba, in the same habitat,
and they are found together in the Pleistocene at a number of places in
southern California.

Tubulipora pacifica Robertson, 1910
Plate 68, fig. 1

Tubulipora pacifica Robertson, 1910:248.
Tubulipora pacifica, O'Donoghue, 1923:8; 1926:25.

The zoarium is encrusting, usually on algae ; small ( rarely more than
3 mm across), white and rather delicate; fan-shaped to nearly circular,
or occasionally with lobes of the same form. The immersed zooecial
tubules are long and slender, transversely arched and thickly punctate.
The peristomes are moderately high, about 0.12 mm in diameter; near
the center of the colony they are single but farther out they are usually
fasciculate, with one or two rows of peristomes which are connate with
the tips divergent ; there is a tendency for them to be distributed biradi-
ately, on either side of the zoarial axis.

The fully developed ovicell appears to be considerably larger than
in T. pulchra, with as many as 3 or 4 lobes between the fascicles, but
frequently they are much simpler, pyriform, and resemble those of
Crisia, only more immersed, and all the intermediate conditions may be
observed. The ooeciostome is comparatively short and is very briefly
connate with the succeeding tubule at its base, sharply diverging proxi-
mally, or as Robertson expressed it, "It seems to emerge from the side
of a zooecium at right angles to it." It is flared outward at the tip,
compressed, the ooeciopore elliptical and about 0.18 mm in its greatest
diameter.

At first glance the species has much the appearance of pulchra but the
dorsal side is smooth without attachment processes, there is no serration
of the margin at the base, the peristomes are larger, stiffer-looking and
in adult colonies there is always some fusion of the peristomes into small
fascicles. Robertson described and listed it from various shorewise locali-
ties in southern California, and O'Donoghue recorded it from numerous
places in British Columbia. It has a wide distribution along the coast to
as far south as Colombia ; apparently a shallow-water species, but dredged
down to 47 fms.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 653

Hancock Collections: numerous shore stations and shallow-water
dredgings about the off-shore islands of southern California; Station
225-34, Gorgona, Colombia, 2°58'55"N, the most southern record. Also
Albatross collections, 1911 cruise, at San Francisquito Bay and San
Esteban Bay, Lower California.

Tubulipora pulchra MacGillivray, 1885
Plate 68, figs. 2, 3, and 4

Tubulipora pulchra MacGillivray, 1885:95.
Tubulipora fimbria forma pulchra. Waters, 1887:258.
Tubulipora pulchra, Robertson, 1910:250.
Tubulipora pulchra, O'Donoghue, 1923:8; 1926:25.

A beautiful small, white, dehcate species which adheres loosely to the
substratum, usually a kelp, but frequently to shells. The zoaria are
small, usually only 2 or 3 mm in extent, more or less fan-shaped or ovate,
sometimes with lobes of the same size and form. A peculiarity of the
dorsal surface is the presence of numerous short attachment processes
which support the zoarium "on tiptoe," as Miss Robertson suggests; on
the marginal zoids these are larger and project laterally to give the
border a serrated appearance, especially near the ancestrula. The tubules
are small, elongate and very slender ; the peristomes are long and slender
(0.08 to 0.09 mm in diameter), not connate and not seriated.

The ovicell or gonozoid is simple and little expanded, its form fre-
quently resembling that of a Crisia but more embedded; at its fullest
development there are 2 or 3 short lobes extending laterally between
the peristomes. The ooeciostome is erect and moderately high ; at the base
it is about as wide as a peristome and at the tip it flares out into a com-
pressed trumpet shape about twice the width of the base; it is never
connate with another tubule.

MacGillivray described the species from Australia, Robertson re-
corded it from the southern California coast, and O'Donoghue found
it at a number of localities in British Columbia.

Hancock Stations: numerous stations along the coast of California
and among the Channel Islands; Station 72, Guadalupe Island, and
136-34, Clarion Island, west of Mexico; 468-35, Port Parker, Costa
Rica; 462, James Island, Galapagos. Shore to a depth of 35 fms.

Tubulipora flexuosa (Pourtales), 1867

Plate 71, fig. 11

I dmonea flexuosa Pourtales, 1867:111.
Idmonea atlantica var. flexuosa, Smitt, 1872:6.

654 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

1 Idmonea atlantica van tenuis, Hincks, 1880:452.
Tubulipora atlantica var. flexuosa, Harmer, 1915:127.
Idmonea atlantica var. flexuosa, Osburn, 1940:333.
Idmidronea atlantica var. flexuosa Osburn, 1947:5.

Pourtales gave only a brief description, in which the most important
points are the slender, flexuous and round branches. Smitt re-worked
Pourtales' material and gave a good description and figures. Unfor-
tunately, to the present time, no one has observed the complete ovicell
with ooeciostome. It is on the basis of the latter character, chiefly, that
1 am elevating it once more to full specific standing.

The zoarium presents the same general characters as the well-known
atlantica, erect and branching from a small base, but the branches are
very slender, much flexed pnd sinuous, and in cross-section they are
round instead of being flattened on the dorsal surface. The fascicles are
short, the tubules 2 or 3 in series (rarely 1 or 4), while in atlantica they
are 3 or 4 to as many as 6, and they average a trifle smaller in diameter,
connate to the tips and slightly narrowed upward from the base.

The ooecium and the ooeciostome (which is here described for the first
time) are quite different from those of atlantica. The ooecium is short,
usually occupying only two interfascicular areas, into which it spreads
more or less, while that of atlantica is usually very elongate and is
limited to the axis of the branches and not lobed laterally; the perfora-
tions of the ovicell wall also appear to be more minute and more numer-
ous. The ooeciostome presents the most striking difference, as it is very
short, erect, with a widely flared and rather thick border; it is located
just medial to the first tubule of a fascicle and slightly separated from it.
In atlantica the ooeciostome is about as tall as the tubules, curved distally,
expanded gradually, situated on the distal side at about the second tubule
of the fascicle, and its base connate with a tubule for a short distance ;
in the several ooeciostomes I have observed there is no intergradation.

This form was described by Pourtales and by Smitt from north of
Cuba and later recovered by Osburn from Porto Rico and the southern
shore of the Caribbean Sea. Harmer's reference (1915:127) from the
Netherlands East Indies appears undoubtedly to be the same, for, while
he did not have a complete ooeciostome, his fig. 1, plate 10, shows the
base and pore in the characteristic position. Any attempt at a complete
synonjany would be useless, and it will even be uncertain whether Busk's
variety tenuis is the same as flexuosa until the ovicells are carefully
studied. Also, there is no certain record of Tubulipora (Idmonea) at-
lantica from the eastern Pacific.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 655

Hancock Stations: Raza Island, Gulf of California, 28°48'N, 113°
W, at 40 fms, numerous colonies in reproduction ; also one colony from
James Island, Galapagos, at 54 fms.

Tubulipora concinna MacGillivray, 1885
Plate 67, fig. 5

Tubulipora concinna MacGillivray, 1885:94.
Tubulipora concinna, Harmer, 1915:123.

The zoarium is entirely encrusting on erect stems and on flat surfaces,
the branches narrowly lobate and curved laterally, a small and delicate
species. The slender peristomes are very elongate, 0.40 to 0.75 mm,
strongly curved and often sinuate, sparsely punctate, about 0.09 mm in
diameter and the aperture about 0.07 mm. On flat surfaces the peri-
stomes are usually directed somewhat outward from the midline of the
lobes, but on small stems they are very irregular in arrangement; for
the most part they are distinct, but on the broader portion of the lobe
they are frequently in series of 2 to 4 and connate to the tips.

The ovicells are small, almost as simple as in Crisia, narrow proximally
and gradually expanded and sometimes slightly lobed between the peri-
stomes, the frontal surface inflated and thickly punctate with very small
pores. The ooeciostome is nearly terminal, free or in contact with a
peristome, short, the aperture expanded and ovate in form, transverse
and about 0.12 mm wide by 0.07 mm long.

Hitherto recorded only from Australia and the East Indies. Our
specimens appear to agree in every detail with the description and with
Harmer's beautiful illustration (plate 10, fig. 10), except that the ovi-
cells are even simpler and less lobate ; the ooeciostome is an exact counter-
part.

Hancock Stations: 1924-49, of? Guadalupe Island, west of Lower
California, 28°54'08"N, 118°15'36''W, 25-30 fms, on algae, several
colonies. Also on a sunken buoy brought up from 45 fms at Rocky Point
(Earl Fox, collector), several colonies; one colony from "ofif San Pedro,"
without other data; and 12 colonies on a kelp stem washed up on shore
at Palos Verdes (R. C. Osburn, collector), all from southern California.

Tubulipora egregia new species
Plate 67, figs. 6 and 7

The zoaria are encrusting, surrounding the stems of a coralline alga,
in one case spreading across free from one branch to another; usually
rough and irregular but one specimen has two flabellate lobes. The most

656 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

unusual feature is the size of the peristomes, which reach a length of
as much as 0.75 mm (usually 0.40 to 0.60), and a diameter of 0.26 mm
(0.30 at the base). The peristomes are entirely free at the tips and only
rarely connate at the base, nearly erect, perforated with small pores
nearly to the tips and the basal half or more transversely corrugated.
The zooecial tubes are correspondingly large, 0.30 to 0.40 mm wide,
arched in cross-section, thickly perforated and transversely corrugated.

The ovicell is irregularly lobate, rather flat and its surface thickly
punctured, enclosing a few peristomes ; the ooeciostome is an erect tube,
distant from and smaller than the peristomes, slightly enlarging upward,
the aperture ovate in form and its longest dimension about equal to that
of the peristomes, finely wrinkled, thin-walled and not punctate.

The large dimensions of the non-connate and non-seriate peristomes,
and the nature of the ovicell and ooeciostome easily distinguish this
species.

Type, AHFno. 115.

Type locality, Hancock Station 22-33, La Plata Island, Ecuador,
1°16'S, SPOS'lO^'W, shore collecting, four colonies all with ovicells,
Jan. 22, 1933. Another colony, with ovicell, from Hancock Station
136-34, Clarion Island, west of Mexico, at 32 fms.

Tubulipora admiranda new species
Plate 68, figs. 5, 6, and 7

The zoarium is rounded, slightly irregularly lobate, 10 mm broad,
attached over most of its dorsal side but with the edges free. The center
of the zoarium over a width of 4 mm bears only 5 free peristomes, due
to the great length of the embedded tubules ; outside of this area the
peristomes rise in clusters of varying size, giving the surface a lobate
appearance, though there are many free peristomes between the clusters.
In the clusters the peristomes are connate for most of their length, but
usually free at the tips.

The pro-ancestrula is round and measures 0.40 mm in width ; the first
tubule, which arises from its side, is 0.26 mm wide and 0.78 mm long,
its peristome 0.55 mm in height. The succeeding tubules are remarkable
for their length, the embedded portion 1.0 to 2 mm in length and the
more or less erect peristomes usually about 1.0 mm but may be as much
as 2 mm. The embedded tubules average 0.40 mm in width, slightly
arched in cross-section, and are thickly punctate. The peristomes are
about 0.25 mm in diameter, the pores extending nearly to the tips,
slightly wrinkled, the apertures round and 0.20 mm in diameter.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 657

The ovicells, three of which are complete, vary In size, with lobes
extending between the fascicles, their surface rather flat and very thickly
punctate. The ooeciostome is a large erect tube, about as wide as a
peristome at the base, connate, tall, punctate to its tip, somewhat com-
pressed and broader at the tip, its aperture about 0.30 mm wide by 0.18
mm long, and the edges of the long sides slightly inflexed ; arising proxi-
mal to the base of a peristome; in one case the ooeciostome curves
around the side of the adjacent peristome to open on its distal side.

The nearly free central area, the great length of the large tubules
and the semi-erect clustered connate peristomes give this species an
unusual appearance. The ooeciostome with its broad base resembles
somewhat that of T. phalangea, but it is much larger and is not hooded
as in that species.

Type, AHFno. 114.

Type locality. Corona del Mar, southern California, 33°36'N, one
colony on the broad hold-fast of a kelp, washed up on the beach, R. C.
Osburn collector.

Tubulipora flabellaris (Fabricius), 1780
Plate 68, fig. 8

Tubipora flabellaris Fabricius, 1780:430.
Tubulipora flabellaris, Harmer, 1899:99 (synonymy).
Tubulipora flabellaris, Robertson, 1910:247.
Tubulipora flabellaris, O'Donoghue, 1923:8; 1926:24.

The zoarium ranges in form from flabellate in younger colonies to
round in older ones, completely adnate and attached to shells, stems,
worm tubes, algae, etc., on flat surfaces usually very symmetrical and
reaching as much as 8 mm in diameter. The central part of the colony
is rather small, the first few peristomes free and often sinuate; beyond
this area the peristomes are arranged in hnear series (occasionally in
small groups) of 2 or 3 or longer, irregularly radiating. The peristomes
are high, slender, the apertures about 0.12 mm, connate for most of
their length but the tips usually free.

The ovicell is more or less lobate, usually spreading between 3 or 4
fascicles, its surface rather coarsely punctate, and there is rarely any
evidence of striation; the ooeciostome is a tall slender tube at the side
of and partially connate with a peristome, much compressed toward the
top and the aperture slit-like, measuring about 0.13 mm long by 0.04
or 0.05 mm wide.

658 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

It is a common species in the northern Atlantic, on the European
coast, the American coast as far south as Cape Cod, and in the Arctic
area from Spitsbergen west to Icy Cape, Alaska. Robertson recorded it
from Puget Sound to southern California, and O'Donoghue from several
localities in British Columbia.

Hancock Collections: dredged only once. Station 1122-40, of? San
Nicolas Island, southern California, 33°18'N, 119°24'l(y'W, at 30
fms. Also from Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory,
G. E. MacGinitie, collector.

Genus BATHYSOEGIA new genus.

Ovicell depressed between the erect tips of the zooecial tubules,
irregularly arcuate in form vvith the ends of the arc prolonged distally
into narrow lobes between the fascicles; ooeciostome at the distal border
of the arc, median, small, erect and connate to a tubule only at its base.
Zoarium rounded or lobate; the ancestrula and first few single tubules
tubulipora-like ; then the tubules become more or less erect in small
groups, connate to their tips. Peristomes are often wanting except in
older stages, when they arise around the aperture of the partially closed
end of the tubules. Genotype, Bathysoecia bassleri Osburn, new species.

In the genotype the erect tubules are so closely connate that there is
no exposure of the tubules except at their tips, where they produce a
reticulum. In younger zooecia, near the zoarial margin the tubules are
thin-walled and wide open ; later the walls become thick at the tips and
form an infundibular depression with a rounded aperture; still later
around the aperture there rises a thin-walled peristome which projects
upward from the bottom of the funnel.

The ovicell appears to be different from that of any other form among
the Tubuliporidae. It is developed directly on the basal lamina before
the tubules distal to it are formed. Later the connate tubules rise high
around it on all sides of the ovicell, which appears as a depressed and
irregularly arcuate area with a flat thin-walled surface. The ooecio-
stome is distal, median and connate with a tubule or between two of
them, narrow and moderately high.

The only other species with similar tubules and ooecia that has come
to my attention is the "? Tubulipora (Tubularia by error) lohulata"
Osburn, 1933:16, from the Atlantic Coast of North America, which

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 659

appears to be congeneric ; described below as Bathysoecia hastingsae new-
species. The status of Tubulipora lobulata Hassall and T. lobulata
Hincks is also discussed under that species,

Bathysoecia bassleri new species
Plate 69, figs. 4, 5, and 6

Zoarium encrusting on shells, irregularly rounded or with short lobes ;
a narrow basal lamina; surface reticulated. The zooecial tubules are
completely connate to their tips, nearly vertical, so closely set that their
exposed ends occupy all of the frontal surface; more or less hexagonal,
separated by strong ridges and their apertures widely funnel-shaped over
most of the zoarium. The tubules arise from the basal lamina, at first
prone but immeoiately curving upward to become more or less erect.
They are completely connate from their origin and are so closely united
that no line of separation is visible. As they approach maturity the distal
exposed ends become partly closed by a funnel-shaped thickening which
leaves a large rounded aperture at the bottom of the funnel. Most of
the tubules remain in this condition, but in older areas some of them
develop short, cylindrical peristomes inside of the funnel and may pro-
ject slightly above it. The exposed ends of the zooecia, from ridge to
ridge, measure 0.20 to 0.35 mm across, the apertures 0.18 to 0.20 mm,
and the cylindrical peristomes of older zooecia 0.13 to 0.15 mm in
diameter.

The ovicell is irregularly arcuate in form and so deeply submerged
between the high walls formed by the connate tubules that it has none
of the usual appearance of an ovicell. The frontal layer is thin in com-
parison with the wall of the tubules, and is perforated by minute pores
(the only pores visible on the whole zoarium). The ooeciostome is located
at the distal border in the middle of the arc, compressed and nearly as
high as the tubules, connate with a tubule or often between two tubules ;
the ooeciostome slit-like, its long diameter paralled to the zoarial radius,
the pore 0.15 to 0.20 mm long by about 0.06 mm wide.

The species is dedicated to Dr. Ray S. Bassler, whose extensive studies
of the Bryozoa have been of great service to the author.

Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 11050; paratype, AHF no. 116.

Type Locality, Lenard Harbor, Alaska, a branch of Cold Bay, Alaska
Crab Investigation Sta. 60-40, 55°10'N, 163°30'W, at 25 fms, 4 colonies
on shells. Also from Hein Bank, near Friday Harbor, Puget Sound,
Washington, one colony, Dr. J. L. Mohr, collector.

660 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Bathysoecia hastingsae new species

Plate 69, fig. 7

Tubulipora (Tubularia by error) lobulata, Osburn, 1933:16.
? Tubulipora lobulata, Whiteaves, 1874:215; 1901:111.

The zoarium is irregularly fan-shaped or lobed, completely adnate on
stones and shells ; thick, especially so near the middle, and sloping down-
ward to a narrow basal lamina. The zooecial walls are heavily calcified,
the tubules thick and the only exposed areas (near the ancestrula) trans-
versely ribbed. There is no evidence of pores except slightly in the pri-
mary zooecial area. The peristomes are moderately high, erect, single,
especially near the primary area; farther out they may be single, or
connate in short lines or small groups. The erect portion appears to
consist partly of the upturned distal end of the tubule, as in B. bassleri,
new species, but the condition is not so striking; the remaining portion
is the peristome, which is considerably smaller than the base on which
it arises, diameter 0.16 mm; the peristome is present on most of the
tubules (wherein it differs from B. bassleri, in which most of the tubules
bear no peristomes).

The ovicell is similar to that of the genotype but its surface is less
depressed, a flat, white, finely perforated layer; the chamber extends
downward to the basal lamina, as it does in B. bassleri. The form of the
ovicell is like that of bassleri, usually beginning with an arcuate portion
and extending into narrow lobes which ramify more or less between the
fascicles; in one case a fascicle has been completely surrounded. The
ooeciostome differs sharply from that of B. bassleri, as it is a short erect
cylindrical tube, not at all compressed, connate only at its base, and its
tip circular and noticeably flared, 0.12 mm across and the pore 0.07 mm
in diameter.

Twenty years ago Dr. Anna B. Hastings, after examining a specimen
from Mount Desert, Maine, wrote me that "it is likely that it is T.
lobulata Hassall," (Osburn, 1933:16). Now, with very mature judg-
ment, Dr. Hastings has re-examined the whole problem and writes again
(March 8, 1952) in part as follows:

"This time I say with confidence that three species are involved.

1, T. lobulata Hincks (not Hassall). Excellently described by
Hincks. I need only to add that the ooeciostome is of similar diameter
to the zooecial tubes, but shorter, and is attached to the side of one of
them. It is widely open, directed upwards or a little obliquely with a
slight out-turned rim.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 661

2. T. lobulata Hassall. Differs from T. lobulata HIncks in having
long oblique series of connate zooecia. (Hassall, 1841, pi, X, fig. 2).
I think Norman may well have been right (MS. note) in referring it
to T. serpens (T. liliacea Pallas).

3. T. lobulata ? Osburn. Resembles T. lobulata Hincks in its stout
zooecia with thick transversely striated walls, and in the arrangement
of the zooecia in the colony, separately or in small groups, but not in
connate series ; and in the depressed ooecia. Differs in its less ramified
ovicell with the ooeciopore placed more or less symmetrically at the
center of the distal border of the ooecium closer to, and behind rather
than beside, a zooecial tube ; in the small size of the ooeciostome and in
the absence of an out-turned rim to the ooeciostome." (The last item
must now be corrected as I have a complete ooeciostome with a slightly
out-turned rim. R.C.O.)

It is a pleasure to be able at last to solve the long-standing problem
of the position of the West Atlantic specimens of "T. lobulata" which
could not have been done without the careful analysis by Dr. Hastings,
to whom I gratefully dedicate the species.

The species is now known to be distributed on the Atlantic coast from
Mount Desert Island, Maine (Osburn, 1933:16); Gaspe (Canada),
Hincks Collection (Hastings, in litt., British Museum), and Green-
land, "Valorous," 1875, Norman Collection, (Hastings, in litt., British
Museum). Now I am able to add the Bering Sea, and the species is
certainly high northern and possibly circumpolar in its distribution.

Type, AHFno. 117.

Type Locality, Nunivak Island, Bering Sea (a large island off the
west coast of Alaska, about 60°N, and 116° W) at 8 to 10 fms, on
shell, 4 colonies. Another specimen is marked merely "Behring Sea,"
on shell.

Genus PLATONEA Canu and Bassler, 1920

Platonea Cznn and Bassler, 1920:759; 1929:548.
Reptotubigera A'Orhigay, 1853:751 (in part).
Reptotubigera, Calvet, 1911:4.
Reptotubigera, Harmer, 1915:119.
Reptotubigera, Okada, 1928:492.
Reptotubigera, Borg, 1944:26.

This genus has been accepted by the above authors to include narrow,
fasciculate species that are entirely adnate to the substratum, as described
by d'Orbigny. But d'Orbigny made no reference to the ovicell, the first

662 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

species which he discussed, R. neocomiensis, does not appear to belong
to the genus, and his fourth species, R. ramosa d'Orbigny, 1853:754,
has been selected as the genotype of Reptotubigera. Since there must
always be uncertainty when based only on zoarial characters, Canu and
Bassler erected the genus Platonea with the description of the ovicell
and ooeciostome and with Reptotubigera philippsae Harmer as the geno-
type. The ovicell is broadly lobed between the fascicles and extends to
the borders of the zoarium on both sides and the ooeciostome is short,
erect, more or less expanded and is located proximal to the first peristome
of a fascicle and separated from it.

If we are to accept this type of ovicell as distinctive of the genus, the
zoarial description must be modified to include several species which are
only partly adnate or semierect, but which have the special characters
of a broad ovicell extending between the fascicles and an ooeciostome
which is short, isolated and located near a first peristome of a fascicle.
This last character, however, is shared by some species of Tubulipora.
Also the marginal basal lamina, which is characteristic of the adnate
species, is wanting in the suberect species.

As with many of the Tubuliporidae it is difficult to draw sharp dis-
tinctions in all cases but, dismissing the other characters, the idmoneiform
arrangement of the fascicles and the nature of the ovicell and ooeciostome,
together present a very characteristic facies sufficient to give this group
a distinct place among the genera of the Tubuliporidae.

While it is possible that some of the fossil species included by
d'Orbigny under Reptotubigera will be found to agree with Platonea,
there is no indication in his description or figures of an ovicell and all
of his figures represent the peristomes as short and non-connate. I am
therefore following Canu and Bassler in the use of Platonea for species
in which the reproductive characters are present.

Platonea veleronis new species
Plate 69, fig. 2

Zoaria adnate, apparently attached to algae; usually consist of a
single lobe but occasionally a single branch occurs; maximum length
5 mm, width 1.5 to 2 mm; the dorsal side not expanded beyond the
lateral peristomes. The peristomes are arranged in series of 4 to 7,
closely connate, except for one or two at the outer ends of the series;
the aperture more or less quadrangular, measuring about 0.09 mm wide
by 0.12 mm long. At the proximal end the peristomes are single or in
short series. The fascicles are high, 0.50 to 0.70 mm, very regular,
usually alternating on the opposite sides of the midline, the interspaces

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 663

The ovicell usually occupies 3 (sometimes 2, or 2 on one side with 3
on the other) of the interfascicular areas on each side toward the distal
end and extends laterally the full width of the lobe, smooth or slightly
wrinkled and perforated with very numerous minute pores. The ooecio-
stome is short, erect, about as wide as a peristome, the aperture suddenly
expanded transversely and 0.09 mm long by 0.18 mm wide; located
slightly proximal and medial to the first peristome of a fascicle and not
connate with it. The ovicell is usually situated near the tip of the lobe,
but in two cases there is an additional one situated more proximally,
smaller and separated from the distal one by 2 or 3 fascicles.

Type, AHFno. 118.

Type locality, Hancock Station 450, Albemarle Island, Galapagos,
0°55'S, 90°30'W, at 60 fms. Also dredged at stations 190-34, Albemarle
Island ; 201-34 and 473, Hood Island ; 41 1, Duncan Island ; 452, Charles
Island ; 453, Gardner Island, and 484, Barrington Island, all from the
Galapagos, at 25 to 75 fms. It is evidently well distributed among the
Galapagos Islands but has not been noted elsewhere.

Platonea expansa new species
Plate 69, fig. 3

The zoarium consists of somewhat clavate lobes about 2 mm in width
near the extremity, the tip rounded, loosely attached, apparently always
on algae. The fascicles are unusually long, very regular and alternating
in arrangement on each side of the midline of the lobe ; the fascicles near
the proximal end with 4 to 6 tubules, the more distal ones with about
7, closely connate to their tips, except for 1 or 2 at the outer ends which
are either connate only at the bases or are entirely free. There is a
moderately broad basal lamina. The apertures of the tubules are quad-
rangular in the connate series, round in the free ones, and measure about
0.14 mm in diameter. Distance between the fascicles averages about
0.24 mm.

The ovicell is very broad, extending to the outer ends of the fascicles,
and occupying three interfascicular areas on one side and two on the
other, smooth with numerous very small pores. The ooeciostome, proxi-
mal to the first peristome of a fascicle, is short, not connate, its diameter
at the base noticeably wider than a peristome, directed somewhat proxi-
mally, flared widely at the tip, the opening transversely elliptical.

The length and regularity of the high fascicles is the most striking
feature of the species.

Type, AHF no. 120.

664 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Type locality, Hancock Station 190-34, Albemarle Island, Galapagos,
0°55'S, 90°30'W, at 58 fms. Also at Station 201-34, Hood Island; and
453, Gardner Island, Galapagos, 35 to 65 fms.

Platonea elongata new species
Plate 69, fig. 1

Zoarium adnate, slender, unbranched ; the dorsal lamina narrow, 0.95
mm at its widest part, while the high fascicles project much beyond it
to a width of 1.50 mm. The fascicles are regular and alternating on each
side of a distinct midline, moderately high (0.40 to 0.50 mm) ; the peri-
stomes all connate in series of 6 (5 to 7), their apertures rounded or
slightly quadrate, 0.09 to 0.10 mm in diameter. There are no free
peristomes or vestigial tubules at the lateral margin.

The ovicell is very elongate, its lobes occupying 7 interfascicular areas
on each side and extending laterally the width of the lobe. The ooecio-
pore is located in the usual position beside the first peristome of a fascicle,
but unfortunately the ooeciostome is broken away.

The zoarial characters are much like those of P. veleronis n. sp., but
the lobe is much narrower. The most important character is the great
length of the ovicell, covering 7 interfascicular areas on each side, while
in the 11 specimens of veleronis from the Galapagos Islands there are
never more than 3. There are no intermediate conditions presented and,
until contradictory evidence is discovered, this must be considered a
different species.

Type, AHFno. 119.

Type locality, Hancock Station 1064, off Santa Barbara Island,
southern California, 33°30'01"N, 119°02'20"W, at 27 fms, one colony.
Also at Station 1143-40, off Portuguese Point, southern California,
33°44'59"N, 118°22'35''W, at 16 fms, one colony.

Genus FASGIGULIPORA d'Orbigny, 1847

Like most of d'Orbigny's descriptions, this one is very brief, "well
characterized by its shell-like (testaces) branches, smooth exteriorly,
terminating at the upper extremity in a fascicle of rounded, open cells."
(Transl.)

Canu and Bassler, 1920:808, add the following: "This genus differs
from Frondipora in its long fascicles not arranged on a single side of
the zoarium."

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC RRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 665

Borg, 1926:303 and 382, gives a complete description of the genotype,
F. ramosa, including the first information about the ovicell, which had
not previously been noticed, no doubt for the reason that it is but little
differentiated from the zooecial tubules. It is very elongate and slender,
slightly expanded on the side of a fascicle, the aperture terminal and
directed forward.

Borg is quite justified in removing this genus from the Frondiporidae,
as the position and nature of the ovicells are very different. However
there is no justification for Borg's resurrection of d'Orbigny's "Family
Fascigeridae," since there appears to be no genus Fascigera, and the pro-
ancestrula and early development, which were hitherto unknown, are
similar to those of the Tubuliporidae.

Fasciculipora pacifica new species
Plate 70, figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4

The zoarium is fungiform from a narrow base, the largest colony in
my possession (somewhat broken) measures about 25 mm in height by
45 mm in the longest diameter, and the longest fascicles are 30 mm.
The base, broken away, is evidently small. The primary branches are
comparatively narrow at the base and gradually enlarge, either branch-
ing or becoming flabellate or folded into contorted fascicles which fre-
quently coalesce at their tips or are bridged by small flabellate horizontal
branches consisting of a few zoids. The surface of the adult colony
resembles the meandering contortions of the human cerebrum.

The tubules are excessively elongate, 0.30 to sometimes 0.40 mm in
diameter, in cross-section compressed and hexagonal, on the surface of
the fascicles rounded and more or less indicated by separating grooves.
At the tops of the fascicles the tubes do not project, but on the sides the
occasional tubes which appear to be left behind in the elongation of the
branch usually show a definite short peristome which is more or less
erected and with a round aperture. The walls of the tubules are thickly
perforated by small pores, but on the bases of the older fascia these are
obscured by a secondary thickening which is more or less ribbed trans-
versely.

The ovicells are little modified and resemble the ordinary tubules so
much that they are easily overlooked. As they emerge on the lateral
surface of a fascia they take their place among the normal tubules and
are only slightly larger. They continue upward on a level with the
tubules, becoming gradually wider until they are twice or three times
as wide and with a nearly flat frontal surface. The ooeciostome is a

666 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

little sub-terminal and consists of a short tube more erect than the
lateral peristomes and somewhat larger; the aperture is rounded but
modified by irregular folding of the rim. The terminal portion of the
ovicell usually extends a short distance beyond the ooeciostome and may
be slightly lobate, and in one case it even surrounds the peristome of a
neighboring tubule. Borg (1926:383, text figs. 83 and 84) shows the
ovicell bifurcating at a branch in F. ramosa, with the ooeciostome
terminal on one of the branches, but I have not observed this condition
in F. pacifica.

Fortunately there are several stages in the development of young
colonies, two of which show the ancestrula which has not been previously
observed in this genus. These are typically tubuliporoid, with the first
zoid emerging from the side and the several succeeding generations of
zoids encrusting fan-shaped, as in Tubulipora. I would undoubtedly
have mistaken them for young stages of that genus if I had not had a
continuous succession of stages as well as the adult condition, from the
same collection (Station 1193-40), for comparison. The tubules of the
first few zoids are at first encrusting, then become semierect with elon-
gate peristomes as in Tubulipora. After 3 or 4 generations of zoids, the
fascicles begin to make their appearance and the zoarium becomes very
irregular. D'Orbigny was not far wrong in his belief that this genus
should be "partie de la meme famille que les Tubulipores" (1847:20).

Type, AHF no. 121.

Type locality, Hancock Station 1193-40, Santa Cruz Island, southern
California, 34°N. Lat., shore collection at low tide, numerous young
stages encrusting stems, and fragments of the adult stage. Also a large
colony from San Felipe, Mexico, 31°N. Lat., near the head of the Gulf
of California, shallow water, presented by Dr. A. E. Noble.

Family Entalophoridae Reuss, 1869

Zoarium erect, branched, without joints; zooecial tubes elongate,
opening on all sides of the rounded stem and branches ; gonozoids usually
situated near the tip of a branch or below a bifurcation, simple and
elongate or swollen and perforated by zooecial tubes. The arrangement
of the tubules on all sides of the cylindrical stem is the easiest diagnostic
character.

The first stage of development is encrusting and tubuliporoid, and
from this small base the erect portion of the zoarium arises. Owing to
the mode of development there has been much difference of opinion as

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 667

to whether the family Entalophoridae should be maintained or whether
Entalophora should be considered a genus of the Tubuliporidae. On
the basis of the simple ovicell, alone, Entalophora would go very nicely
under Oncousoeciidae, but Bientalophora Borg, with an expanded ovicell
surrounding some peristomes, would necessarily be synonymous with
Diaperoecia Canu. As so few species are known perfectly I am leaving
the family to stand on the basis of the special zoarial character of a
round, erect stem, with peristomes opening on all sides.

Genus ENTALOPHORA Lamouroux, 1821

Zoarium slender, erect, usually only 4 to 8 series of zooecial tubes
constitute the stems and branches ; the embedded tubes are very elongate,
parallel, their peristomes curved sharply outward. Gonozoid simple,
elongate, sometimes only a little wider than the zooecial tubes, located
usually just below a bifurcation or near the end of a branch ; the ooecio-
pore terminal. Genotype E. cellarioides Lamouroux, 1821:81.

Entalophora symmetrica new species
Plate 70, figs. 6 and 7

The zoarium is thick-stemmed, about 1.50 mm in diameter, branched
twice dichotomously at about 90 degrees, the branches as thick as the
main stem. The secondary branches are at right angles to the primary
ones. The tubules are elongate and distinct, with well marked separating
grooves, the pores numerous and conspicuous; about 12 tubules surround
the stem equally on all sides and arranged more or less in quincunx. The
peristomes are moderately high, inclined distally, somewhat tapered
toward the tips and porous like the frontal for most of their length;
diameter of the aperture 0.15 to 0.17 mm.

The ovicell is simple, pyriform, not extended between the peristomes,
moderately inflated, its surface smooth; the ooeciostome is terminal,
slightly elevated, more erect than the peristomes and slightly smaller,
its aperture rounded and 0.12 mm in diameter.

This species has the zoarial form of a Bientalophora, but there are
no covering kenozooecia, the tubules are evident throughout their length,
and the gonozoid is of the simple type characteristic of Entalophora.

Type, AHF no. 122.

Type locality, Hancock Station 170-34, Stephens Bay, Chatham
Island, Galapagos, 0°47'30''S, 89°31'W, at 32 fms, one colony without
base.

668 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Entalophora proboscideoides Smitt, 1872

Plate 70, figs. 8 and 9

Entalophora proboscideoides Smitt, 1872:11.

Entalophora proboscideoides, Canu and Bassler, 1928:160.

Entalophora proboscideoides, Osburn, 1947:4.

Zoarium erect, slender, branching widely, the stem composed of 6 to
8 very elongate tubules; the embedded tubules about 0.13 mm in di-
ameter and the peristomes, which open on all sides of the stalk, about
0.10 mm. The longest peristomes are about 0.50 mm, perforated and
lightly wrinkled like the embedded tubules.

The ovicell is simple, a distinct elliptical swelling of the distal end of
a long tubule, 0.55 mm long by 0.35 mm wide, thickly perforated. The
peristome is terminal, bent I'orward sharply, the aperture transversely
elliptical, 0.13 by 0.06 mm.

Described by Smitt from west of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, at
68 fms. Recorded by Osburn (1947:4) from 8 stations along the
southern shore of the Caribbean Sea (Hancock Atlantic Expedition,
1939), and by Canu and Bassler (1928:160) from the Pliocene of
Bocas Island, Panama. Our one ovicelled specimen appears to agree in
all details with those from the Caribbean Sea.

Hancock Station 457-35, Secas Islands, Panama, 12 fms.

Entalophora capitata Robertson, 1900

Entalophora capitata Robertson, 1900:328 (Plate 21, fig. 12 only);

1910:257.
Entalophora capitata, O'Donoghue, 1923:13.
Diaperoecia capitata, O'Donoghue, 1926:22.

Dr. Robertson's 1900 description is practically worthless as she con-
fused this form with another species which Borg has since described
(1933:325) as Heteropora pacifica alaskensis. In 1910 Robertson cor-
rected the error and based her re-description on the specimen from which
figure 12 of her former account was taken. O'Donoghue in 1926 placed
the species under Diaperoecia, where, if only the nature of the ovicell
is considered, it would seem to belong. The species has not appeared in
the Hancock collections and I am unable to form a definite opinion.

Robertson's 1910 description is as follows:
"Zoarium arising from a flattened or encrusting base and growing from
5 to 8 mm in height. Zooecia tubular, uniting in a short, stout column
terminating in a broad somewhat rounded head ; distal ends free, usually
extending for a considerable distance beyond the surface of the colony.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 669

both of the supporting column and of the head. Ooecium an inflation
of the surface of the head. Ooeciostome and ooeciopore slightly com-
pressed, opening beside the zooecial aperture." Orca, Prince William
Sound and Sitka, Alaska.

O'Donoghue listed it from several localities in British Columbia.

Entalophora sp.

Zoarium slender, nearly straight, 4 or 6 tubules constituting the stem,
width 0.75 to 0.90 mm ; the peristomes elongate, nearly at right angles
to the stem axis, perforated like the tubules nearly to their tips. On the
surface the tubules are more or less distinct, the whole surface trans-
versely wrinkled and perforated with small pores ; on the older part of
the stem the peristomes also are wrinkled on the basal portion. There
is a tendency toward spiral arrangement, though 2 or 3 peristomes may
arise at nearly the same level. Width of stem 0.75 to 0.90 mm; width
of tubules on the stem 0.30 mm; width of apertures 0.16 to 0.20 mm;
longest peristome 0.65 mm but the average about 0.25 mm.

The specimen consists of part of a stem 20 mm in length, both base
and tip wanting and without an ovicell. It has some resemblance to
E. proboscideoides Smitt, 1872:11, but it is much larger, the apertures
nearly twice as broad. The large size of the tubules, the width and
length of the peristomes and the coarse transverse striation of the stem
seem to indicate it as an undescribed species, but in the absence of an
ooecium I hesitate to give it a name.

Hancock Station 450, Cartago Bay, Albemarle Island, Galapagos,
0°5yS, 90°30^W, at 70 fms.

Entalophora raripora d'Orbigny is listed by Robertson 1910:256 from
Monterey, California, and by O'Donoghue, 1923:13, from several
places in British Columbia.

Entalophora clavata Busk is also recorded by O'Donoghue, 1923:13,
from several British Columbia localities.

Entalophora vancouverensis O'Donoghue, 1923:13, is described and
recorded for Cardale Point, Round Island, British Columbia. From its
appearance as judged by figure 7 (plate 1) it may be a species of Bi-
entalophora, but O'Donoghue does not mention the presence of kenozoids
on the stalk.

The Entalophoras are evidently much in need of a thorough restudy.

670 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Genus BIENTALOPHORA Borg, 1944

"Zoarium erect, branching repeatedly, branches originating through
forking of the stem ; zoarium composed of autozoids, kenozoids and
gonozoids. Kenozoids smaller and shorter than autozoids, always closed,
numerous, forming greatest part of surface of zoarium. Autozoids pro-
truding through layer of kenozoids, distal portions of their cystids ar-
ranged in quincunx or spirally, opening all around the stem. Gonozoids
with middle portion large, strongly dilated, traversed by numerous auto-
cystids; distal portion seemingly not terminal." (Borg, 1944:114).
Genotype Entalophora regularis MacGillivray, 1887:219.

The two striking characters which distinguish this genus are: (1)
the greater development of the ovicell which extends over a capitulum
or broader area of the stem and surrounds some peristomes, and (2)
the presence of a thin layer of completely closed small kenozoids over
the zoarium between the peristomes.

The nature of the ovicell, enclosing peristomes, would place the mem-
bers of this genus in Diaperoecia Canu, but as this character appears in
a number of other genera which are zoarially quite distinct, I have come
to the conclusion that parallel evolution may apply to the development
of the ovicell as well as to the zoarium.

Bientalophora cylindrica new species
Plate 70, figs. 10 and 11

The zoaria are erect, with round straight stems and branches 1.50
to 1.60 mm in diameter; dichotomous, the branches diverging at an
angle of about 60 degrees, the distance between branches about 1.50
cm; in one case two branches have fused where they came in contact.
The branches are very slightly widened toward the tip. The bases of
both of our colonies are broken away, but the remaining longest portion
measures 17 mm in length. The general appearance is much like that
of a Myriozoum.

The zooecia are distributed all around the stem, irregularly quin-
cuncial, their tubes not visible on the surface. The peristomes are very
short, the longest not more than 0.10 mm high, 0.15 to 0.17 mm in
diameter, the apertures 0.12 or 0.13 mm. There are frequent small areas
which are free from peristomes. The whole surface between the peri-
stomes, clear up to the growing tips, is covered by a layer of small
kenozooecia which are thickly perforated by small pores and their out-
lines marked by slightly raised lines. These kenozooecia form the

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 671

"lamina" which Waters, 1914:842, described under B. (Entalophora)
regularis. The kenozooecia are smaller than the autozooecia, irregular
in size and form but usually somewhat diamond-shaped.

There are no ovicells on our specimens so complete identification is
impossible. There is considerable resemblance to B. regularis (Mac-
Gillivray), the genotype, as figured by Borg (1944, plate 11, figs. 3
and 4), but the diameter of the apertures is distinctly smaller, the
diameter of the stems somewhat greater, and the peristomes noticeably
shorter. Since B. regularis is known only from the Australian area, it
seems preferable to give this California form a name.

Type, AHF no. 123.

Type locality, Monterey Bay, California, 36°N, 122°W, at 40 fms,
F. P. Shepard, collector, two fragments.

Family Frondiporidae Busk, 1875

The zoarium consists of an encrusting, branched, ramifying base from
which arise erect cylindrical fascicles which are usually separated by
well-marked interfascicular spaces. The ovicell is developed between
the fascicles, either simple or lobate, and is sometimes perforated by
one or more tubules ; the ooeciostome is but little elevated, in Filifascigera
remote from any of the zoecial tubules, while in Frondipora Borg (1926,
text fig. 81) shows it as a crescentic pore adjacent to the base of a tubule.

Genus FILIFASCIGERA d'Orbigny, 1852

"The colonies are creeping, narrow, linear, or curved. The tubes are
grouped in salient, orbicular, or elliptical fascicles, regularly spaced.
The orifices are polygonal. The ovicell is a vesicle placed between the
fascicles and perforated by closed tubes." (Canu and Bassler, 1929:523).
Genotype, Filifascigera dichotoma d'Orbigny, 1852.

This genus has been much neglected since d'Orbigny's time and until
very recently has been known only as a fossil. Canu and Bassler (1928:
44) described F. robusta from Hawaii and found the ovicell for the
first time. Later (1929:524) they described two other recent species,
F. pluripora and F. parvipora, from the Philippines.

The above generic description requires a few additions. The orifices
are not polygonal except in the fascicle and at its tip where the tubules
are compressed together. The free peristomes, which rise as much as 0.40
mm above the tips of the fascicles, are cylindrical with circular apertures,
all separated and curving outward. The fascicles are not always evenly

672 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

spaced and on a rough background may be quite irregular in distribution,
anywhere from 0.20 mm to more than 1.00 mm apart. Apparently the
genus is widely distributed over the central area of the Pacific.

Filifascigera clarionensis new species
Plate 69, figs. 8, 9, and 10

The zoarium is encrusting, tortuous, the branches narrow, averaging
about 0.60 mm in width between the fascicles. The basal portions of
the zooecial tubules are completely embedded with no separating grooves,
the distance between the fascicles varying greatly, from 0.26 to 1.10
mm and averaging about 0.60 mm. The fascicles, or bundles of tubules,
are nearly erect to a height of 0.40 to 0.50 mm, round or elliptical in
cross-section, and consist of 2 to 8 tubules (6 is a characteristic number).
The outlines of the tubules are evident only on the upper part of the
fascicles. At the top of the fascicles the tubules end in free peristomes
which are cylindrical, uniform in diameter or slightly flaring at the tips,
and curved outward from the center, the longest being as much as 0.40
mm. The apertures are circular, about 0.11 mm in diameter, and the
peristomes 0.14 mm in diameter.

The ovicell is a rather conspicuous non-lobate swelling between the
fascicles and extending from one fascicle to the next, the peristomial
tubes rising above its level ; it measures about 0.55 by 0.80 mm. The
ooeciostome is somewhat off-center, a short tube which flares outward at
the edges, with a short-elliptical aperture; it is completely dissociated
from any of the zooecial tubules.

The description is taken from two colonies from Clarion Island, one
on a worm tube, the other on a coralline. Another colony from Santa
Barbara Island, southern California, without an ovicell, appears to be
the same, as the measurements agree, and it also encrusts a worm tube.

Type, AHF no. 125.

Type locality, Hancock Station 137-34, Clarion Island, 18°19'05"N,
114°44'25''W, at 25 fms. Also at 1067, Santa Barbara Island, southern
California, 33°22'30''N, 119°03'45"W, at 55 fms; another at 1624-48,
Santa Catalina Island, 36 fms, on a shell, and still another at 1914-49,
San Cristobal Bay, Lower California, 27°24'48''N, 114°34'40''W, at
40 fms.

Filifascigera fasciculata (Hincks), 1880

Stomatopora fasciculata Hincks, 1880:441.
Proboscina fasciculata, O'Donoghue, 1926:17.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 673

O'Donoghue gave no description of this species, but his illustration
(plate 2, fig. 12) certainly shows a Filifascigera and it may well be the
S. fasciculata of Hincks. The description of the species by Hincks is very
complete, showing the erect arrangement of the tubules in bundles, well
spaced and elevated, and he also figures the ovicell (plate 59, fig. 4) set
between the fascicles with the ooeciostome off center and separated from
the tubules. The ovicell has much the same appearance as that of F.
clarionensis new species, described above, but the ooeciostome is much
compressed and its pore almost slit-like.

The only question is whether O'Donoghue's species is that of Hincks,
and that cannot be determined here as the species has not appeared in
the Hancock material.

O'Donoghue records the species from Northumberland Channel and
Gabriola Pass, British Columbia, and the San Juan Islands, Puget
Sound.

A specimen from southern Alaska, U. S. Fisheries Alaska Crab In-
vestigation, Sta. 82-40, may belong here, but in the absence of complete
ovicells the identification is questionable. It is a much larger species
than the preceding, the apertures measuring 0.16 to 0.18 mm in diameter.
The one ovicell is properly located for this genus, but is incomplete and
lacking the ooeciostome.

? Filifascigera sp.

Another species which probably belongs to this genus but may be a
Frondipora was taken at Hancock Station 1914-49, off Guadalupe
Island, west of Lower California, 28°52'N, 118°19'W, at 5-15 fms.
The fascicles are larger and higher than those of F. clarionensis (the
aperture 0.14 mm in diameter), and several fascicles sometimes arise
from a single base to form a complex fascicle. The peristomes usually
rise free above the top of the connate portion of the fascicle, as they do
in F. clarionensis. The ovicell lies in the space between the fascicles of
a complex fascicle with lobes extending among them. Unfortunately
there is no evidence of an ooeciostome.

The material is too imperfect for positive identification but it is cer-
tainly different from either of the species mentioned above, especially
in the nature of the complex fascicles and the ovicell. The small fascicles,
usually of less than 8 tubules, would seem to remove it from Frondipora.

674 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Division 2. Articulata Busk, 1859

(Camptostega Borg, 1926)

The Crisias

"Primary zoid erect, separated by a chitinous joint from the pro-
ancestrula; zoarium jointed; rhizoids present. Body wall a gjonnocyst;
vestibular sphincter present ; brood chamber a gonozoid, moderately
dilated in its middle part; polypide of gonozoid degenerating before
having been fullgrown." (Borg 1944:133).

This division is clearly distinguished by the jointed zoarium, by the
presence of rhizoids, which are formed of jointed series of kenozoids,
and by the mode of development from the larva, all of which are differ-
ent from the other divisions. On attachment the larva forms a dome-
like structure, on the top of which the first functional zoid is produced
and from which it is separated by a chitinous joint. There is only one
family, the Crisiidae, with a number of genera, depending chiefly on
the structure of the internodes.

The erect, jointed zoarial form is so strikingly different from any
other cyclostome type of growth that the members of this Division are
easily placed at once.

Family Grisiidae Johnston, 1838

The zoarium is erect and jointed, the zooecia in a single series or
alternating in two series, or without definite arrangement in the older
branches of Crisulipora; the internodes consist of one zooecium to many ;
attached by jointed radicles, rhizoids, which consist of a series of elon-
gated, tubular kenozooecia. The ovicell is an enlarged zooecium (gono-
zoid) more or less pyriform in shape, with the ooeciostome (pore)
terminal or nearly so. The characters of the ovicell and its ooeciostome
are essential for the positive determination of most of the species of
this family.

Key TO THE Genera of Crisiidae

1. Internodes of 1 or 2 zooecia ; elongate filiform spines present . . 2
Internodes with 1 to many zooecia ; no filiform spines .... 3

2. Only one zooecium to an internode Crisidia

Two zooecia to an internode, fertile internodes may have 3

to 5 ; the ovicell is free for much of its length and the
ooesciostome is on the dorsal side Bicrisia

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 675

3. Sterile internodes of 1 to 3 zooecia, fertile ones of 3 to 5;

ovicell adnata for its whole length and its ooeciostome

terminal Filicrisia

Internodes of 3 to many zooecia, usually 5 or more except at
the base ; ovicell adnata for its entire length, the ooeciostome
more or less terminal 4

4. Internodes with 2 alternating series of zooecia ; ovicell promi-

nent, expanded dorso-ventrally Crista

Internodes with 2 to 8 or more zooecia in cross-section, not
regularly arranged ; ovicell expanded laterally between the
tubules Crisulipora

Genus GRISIDIA Milne-Edwards, 1838
Genotype, Sertularia cornuta Linnaeus, 1758.

Crisidia cornuta (Linnaeus), 1758.
Plate 71, fig. 1

Sertularia cornuta Linnaeus 1758:810.
Crisia cornuta, Hincks, 1884:203.
Crisia cornuta, O'Donoghue, 1923:7.
Crisidia cornuta, O'Donoghue, 1926:18.
Crisidia cornuta, Borg, 1926:260 and 349.

The zoarium is delicate, branching dichotomously, each branch con-
sisting of a single series of zooecia, each zooecium constituting an inter-
node. The zooecium is slender, elongate (0.60 to 0.80 mm long), dis-
tinctly arcuate ; the succeeding zooecium arises on the dorsal side toward
the distal end, paired when branching. Long filiform processes (1.0
mm or longer) often arise beside the zooecial base, jointed at the base
and usually twice more ; from their position and mode of origin these
processes would seem to be vestigial zooecia; at any rate they are not
homologous with the spines of other bryozoan orders.

The ovicell is a gonozoid, free with a terminal ooeciostome, and rep-
resents an internode ; it never bears a spinous process.

Hincks and O'Donoghue have listed this species from several localities
in British Columbia waters ; otherwise it has not been noticed previously
on the Pacific coast.

Hancock Stations: 1269-41, off Anacapa Island, at 41 fms; 1279-41,
off San Miguel Island, at 40 fms-; and 2042-51, off Long Beach Light,
at 14 fms; all from southern California. Also off Pescadero Point,
outside of Monterey Bay, California, A. E. Blagg, collector.

676 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Genus BIGRISIA d'Orbigny, 1853
Genotype, Crisidia edwardsiana d'Orbigny, 1839.

Bicrisia edwardsiana (d'Orbigny), 1839.
Plate 71, fig. 2

Crisidia edwardsiana d'Orbigny 1839:8.
Crisia cornuta, Robertson, 1900:328,
Crisia edwardsiana, Robertson, 1910:237.
Crisidia edwardsiana, O'Donoghue, 1926:18.
Bicrisia edwardsiana, Borg, 1926:260 and 351.

The zoarium is usually bushy, much branched, reaching a height of
50 to 75 mm, the tips of the branches curved forward. The zooecia are
tubular, 0.50 to 0.70 mm long, somewhat arcuated, usually 3 to 5 to
an internode (basally 1 or 2). Jointed "spinous processes," 1.0 mm or
more in length, similar to those of Crisidia, are apparently vestigial
zooecia.

The ovicell is somewhat elliptical in form and is free for nearly its
entire length ; a characteristic feature is the position of the ooeciostome
on the dorsal side near the distal end.

Robertson evidently confused this species with Crisidia cornuta. Her
specimens with "Internodes consisting typically of a single zooecium"
must have been cornuta, while those of "two, three, four or five zooecia"
are undoubtedly edwardsiana. Her figure of the ovicell, 1910, plate 19,
fig. 10, is definitely edwardsiana.

Robertson listed this species (and cornuta) from Alaska to San Diego,
California. O'Donoghue recorded it from the San Juan Islands, Puget
Sound. It appears to be more common than cornuta on the California
coast and extends farther southward.

Hancock Stations: 1320-41 and 1370-41, off Santa Catalina Island,
shore to 18 fms; 1210, at La Jolla, shallow water; San Diego Jetty,
shore (Dr. H. R. Hill) ; Newport Harbor on floats (R. C. Osburn) ;
all from southern California. Also at 843-38, Lobos de Afuera Islands,
Peru, 6°53'50"S, 80°43'30"W, at 25 fms. This beautiful but incon-
spicuous little species is probably more common than the number of
stations indicates and possibly extends along the whole Pacific coast.

Genus FILIGRISIA d'Orbigny, 1853
Genotype, Crisia genie ulat a Milne-Edwards, 1838

In younger stages of growth this genus resembles Bicrisia except for
the absence of the soinous orocesses. but older soecimens are readilv

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 677

distinguishable by the conspicuous black joints and by the ovicell, which
is more slender, adnate to the internode for its full length, and with a
terminal ooeciostome.

Filicrisia geniculata (Milne-Edwards), 1838
Plate 72, fig. 5

? Crisidia gracilis Trask, 1857:113.

Crista geniculata, Robertson, 1910:235.

Crisia geniculata, O'Donoghue, 1923:7; 1926:18.

Filicrisia geniculata, Borg, 1926:263 and 351.

Zoarium bushy, the branches nearly straight, reaching a height of 15
to 25 mm. The zooecia are tubular, straight, 0.60 to 0.90 mm long,
3 to 5 to an internode (except basally). In the older zooecia the joints
are black and conspicuous.

The ovicell is long and but little inflated, adnate for its entire length,
the ooeciostome situated near the dorsal border with its tube bent for-
ward (sometimes straight). In the absence of the ovicell it is impossible
to distinguish positively between this species and franciscana. For this
reason the Crisidia gracilis of Trask must remain in doubt, though it
appears to be one of these two species.

Robertson first noted the presence of this species on the Pacific coast
and recorded it from Dillon Beach, north of San Francisco, to San
Pedro, California. O'Donoghue listed it from numerous localities in
British Columbia.

Hancock Stations: Not taken in dredging, but found at numerous
shore stations in shallow water about the islands of southern California
and along shore from Monterey Bay south to San Pedro, California;
well distributed in this area, but never abundant. It appears to be more
common farther northward.

Filicrisia franciscana (Robertson), 1910

Plate 72, fig. 4

Crisia franciscana Robertson, 1910:233.
Crisia occidentalis, Robertson, 1903:116.
? Crisidia gracilis Trask, 1857:113.
Crisia franciscana, Okada, 1917:338.
Crisia franciscana, O'Donoghue, 1923:7.
Crisidia franciscana, O'Donoghue, 1926:19.

This species resembles C. geniculata in practically all respects except
for the ovicell. The zoarial form and the number of zooecia to the

678 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

internode are the same, and both have the characteristic black joints.
The zooecia of franciscana are slightly larger and are usually more
expanded toward the distal end.

The ovicell is more inflated than in geniculata and the ooeciostome
is situated on the frontal border with its tube curved backward.

Reported by Robertson from Orca, Alaska, to southern California at
numerous places, and by O'Donoghue from British Columbia. It is
one of the most common crisias along the California coast from low
tide to 25 fms. Okada also found it common in Japanese waters.

Hancock Stations: Numerous stations about the islands and along
the coast of southern California from San Francisco southward to San
Diego; Dillon Beach, north of San Francisco (R. J. Menzies) ; Mussel
Point, northern California (A. E. Blagg) ; San Juan Islands, Puget
Sound (J. L. Mohr) ; much more abundant than C. geniculata, often
occurring in considerable masses on piles and floats ; low tide to 50 fms.

Genus CRISIA Lamouroux, 1812

Genotype, Sertularia eburnea Linnaeus, 1758 :810. In this well-known
genus the internodes are longer, with 5 to as many as 30 or more zooecia
in some of the species. These are arranged very symmetrically in two
alternating series, the short projecting peristomes giving the edges a
serrated appearance. The ovicells or gonozoids are usually in the mid-
line of the frontal surface, between the rows of zooecia. It is unfor-
tunate that the ovicells, which are often lacking, are necessary for the
positive determination of most of the species. Dr. Alice Robertson gave
an excellent account (1910:229-245) of the Pacific coast species known
to her and her key is used here, with additions and slight modifications.

The little shrub-like colonies of the crisias are often abundant in
shallow water, attached to anything that may afford a lodging place
and conspicuous because of their chalky whiteness.

Key to the Species of Crisia

1. Ooeciostome with a cap-like flap extending forward above

the aperture operculata

Aperture of ooeciostome without covering flap 2

2. Ovicell very short and wide, ooeciostome almost wanting, pore

round ; internodes long and slender elongate

Ovicell elongate and gradually expanding 3

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 679

3. Ooeciostome curved or bent forward 4

Ooeciostome straight, though the opening may be directed

somewhat forward 6

4. Branches of zoarium strongly curved forward; ooeciostome

curved forward, its aperture elh'ptical and its proximal lip

somewhat inflected eburnea

Branches straight and more divergent 5

5. Ooeciostome long, slender, conspicuously bent forward, its

pore round pugeti

Ooeciostome short, pore elliptical; internodes long . . serrulata

6. Branches of zoarium curved inward or spicate at the tips;

ooeciostome short, pore round or short elliptical . . occidentalis
Branches straight and stiff, internodes long 7

7. Ooeciostome distinctly flared at the tip, transversely long-

elliptical; a northern species cribraria

Ooeciostome not flared, short and inconspicuous, pore round

and opening forward maxima

Grisia serrulata, new name
Plate 72, fig. 2

Crisina serrata Gabb and Horn, 1862:174. (Preoccupied by d'Orbigny,

1853:598).
? Crisia denticulata, Hlncks, 1884:203.
Crista pacifica Robertson, 1910:242.
Crisia pacifica, O'Donoghue, 1923:7.
Crisia serrata, Canu and Bassler, 1923:196.
Crisia serrata, O'Donoghue, 1926:18.

Zoarium forming bushy tufts reaching a height of 25 mm. The inter-
nodes are long, ranging from 12 to more than 30 zooecia, the longer
ones slightly sinuate and not inflected ; joints yellow to brownish ; basis
rami of a branch short and wedged in between the zooecia without dis-
turbing their position. The zooecia are connate nearly to their tips which
turn forward sharply, the aperture facing frontally; the dorsal lip of
the aperture sometimes with a low point. The frontal surface of the
branch bears a median keel and the distance between the zooecial aper-
tures is less than the width of the branch.

The ovicell is large, a little flattened, inclined in the axis of the branch
and adnate for its whole length; the tube of the ooeciostome is short,
opening either ventrally or distally, the aperture more or less elliptical.

680 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Gabb and Horn described the species from the Pleistocene of Santa
Barbara, California, overlooking d'Orbigny's previous use of serrata;
Canu and Bassler listed it from the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara and
Santa Monica, and the writer has found it in the Pleistocene of San
Pedro and Newport Harbor, California. Robertson described pacifica
from the "San Diego region only." O'Donoghue recorded it from numer-
ous British Columbia localities, and it is a common species all along the
coast from British Columbia southward to Cedros Island (28°N),
and less commonly to the Galapagos Islands.

Hancock Stations: Dredged at more than 30 stations and taken at
numerous shore stations, most abundant about the island region off
southern California. Galapagos Islands, 5 stations: 152-34, Albemarle
Island, shallow water; 170-34, Chatham Island, 32 fms; 193-34 and
198-34, Charles Island, 10-65 fms, and 804-38, Onslow Island. Also
at 1051-40, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, 21 fms.

Crisia occidentalis Trask, 1857
Plate 71, figs. 3, 4, and 5

Crisia o ccidentalis Trask, 1857:113.

Crista eburnea, Robertson, 1903:116.

Crisia occidentalis, Robertson, 1910:239.

Crisia occidentalis, O'Donoghue, 1923:7; 1926:18.

Zoaria forming dense tufts reaching a height of 25 mm, the tips of
the branches often inflected, especially in ovigerous colonies. The inter-
nodes consist of 3 to 5 zooecia near the base, the more terminal ones
from 7 to 12; joints white to yellow; basis rami not wedged in between
the zooecia but extending along the outer side of its mother zooecium,
though there is some variation in this respect. The frontal surface of
the internode is slightly keeled and the distance between zooecial aper-
tures is about equal to the width of the branch. The zooecia are connate
for their entire length, the tips directed forward ; frequently there is a
short point back of the dorsal lip of the tube, and the tips of the terminal
branches often end in spinous points.

The ovicell is moderately large, elongate pyriform, inclined in the
axis of the internode ; the ooeciostome is situated a little back of the
summit of the ovicell, with a short, straight or slightly curved tube, the
circular aperture opening more or less upward.

One might conclude from Robertson's discussion that ovigerous
colonies have only inflected branches and that only the male colonies
have the terminal spinous points. This is not the case, however, as

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 681

ovigerous colonies frequently bear the pointed tips and their branches
may be perfectly straight. Sex differentiation does not seem to be the
answer to these variations.

Trask described the species from San Francisco, very inadequately.
Miss Robertson accepted the name and redescribed the species, recording
it from Puget Sound, Washington, to San Pedro, California. O'Donog-
hue listed it from Banks Island and Gabriola Pass, British Columbia. It
is a common species along the California coast from low water to 30
fms, and south rarely to the Galapagos Islands.

Hancock Stations: Dredged at 12 stations, mostly about the islands
ofl southern California. Station 470-35, Port Parker, Costa Rica, 5
fms, and 85-33, North Seymour Island, Galapagos, shore collection.
The number of the dredging stations does not indicate the abundance
of the species, as it is much more common in shallow water near shore.

Grisia operculata Robertson, 1910
Plate 71, figs. 6 and 7

Crisia operculata Robertson, 1910:240.
Crista operculatdj O'Donoghue, 1923:7.

The zoarium is fragile, with irregular tufts reaching a height of
about 20 mm; internodes consist of about 10 to 20 zooecia, though the
number may reach 30 or more; the frontal surface rounded but not
keeled, the basis rami exposed for most of its length. The zooecia are
very slender, connate for most of their length, though the free tips are
longer than in most crisias. The distance between the zooecial apertures
is considerably greater than the width of the internode.

Ovicell elongate pyriform, inclined to one side of the internodal axis;
"the dorsal wall of the ooecium extending upward and forward covering
the ooeciostome as with a lid or cap, the operculum" (Robertson). The
ooeciopore is a semicircular slit beneath the cap.

The species was described from "one station on the southern Cali-
fornia coast, depth not known." O'Donoghue recorded it from Houston
Passage, British Columbia, 15 fms.

Hancock Stations: dredged at only 4 stations: 1378-41, Santa Cata-
lina Island, southern California, 2-3 fms; 1049-40, Angel de la Guardia
Island, Gulf of California, shore ; 675-37, Pulpito Rock, Gulf of Cali-
fornia, 55 fms, and San Francisco Island, Gulf of California, 47 fms,
24°47'35"N, 110°35'55'''W, the most southern record. Apparently it
is not a very common species.

682 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Crisia maxima Robertson, 1910
Plate 72, fig. 3

Crisia maxima Kohcrtson, 1910:243.

Crista maxima, O'Donoghue, 1923:7, 1926:18.

Zoarium coarse, stiff, with straight, long internodes, resembling C.
serrulata in its manner of growth, but coarser and larger, occasionally
more than 50 mm in height. The internodes are elongate, usually with
from 12 to 20 zooecia but may contain more than 40; older joints dark
brown; basis rami not wedged in between the zooecia. The zooecia are
closely connate to their tips, which are turned sharply forward; the
distance between their apertures is greater than in serrulata, usually dis-
tinctly greater than the internodal width. The front of the internode is
slightly arcuate in cross-section and not keeled.

The ovicell is large, the frontal surface prominent, the distal end
more or less truncate; the tube of the ooeciostome is short, straight,
slightly tapered and opens more or less ventrally.

Recorded by Robertson on the southern coast of California from be-
tween tide marks at Escondido, Deadmans Island (San Pedro), and
White's Point, and dredged from San Pedro to Coronado Island down
to 40 fms. O'Donoghue lists it from several British Columbia localities
down to 25 fms.

Hancock Stations: 31-33 and 362-35, Hood Island, Galapagos, 1°22'
52"S, 89°39'15"W, at 4 to 20 fms (the most southerly record) ; also
at 352-35, Chatham Island, 35 fms; and 810-38, Barrington Island, 48
fms, Galapagos. Station 1051-40, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of
California, 21 fms; 870-38, Isabel Island, west of Mexico, 10-15 fms;
and 894-38, San Miguel Island, 5-15 fms, 1238-47, San Clemente
Island, 14 fms, and 1232-47, off San Pedro, 18 fms, southern California.
Also off Pescadero Point, near Monterey Bay, California (A. E. Blagg,
collector) .

Crisia ebumea (Linnaeus), 1758
Plate 71, fig, 10

Sertularia eburnea Linnaeus, 1758:810.
Crisia eburnea, Hincks, 1880:420; 1884:203.
Crisia eburnea, Osburn, 1912:215; 1923 :5D.

Zoarium forming dense bushy tufts, the branches characteristically
curved forward. The internodes are short, usually 5 to 7 zooecia, the
joints yellow, sometimes dark near the base. Zooecia almost entirely
connate, the short free portions nearly at a right angle to the tubules.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 683

Ovicell large, curved forward, usually replacing the second zooecium
of an internode ; the ooeciostome curved forward, widest at its base, the
pore transversely elliptical and the proximal margin somewhat inflected.

This is a very common species on the coasts of Europe and North
America (Atlantic coast) and entering the Arctic Ocean, common in
Greenland waters. Recorded for Icy Cape and Point Barrow, Alaska
by Osburn, 1923 :5D. Hincks (1884:203) reported it from Virago
Sound, British Columbia, but this record appears to be questionable as
the species has not been recovered south of northern Alaska, and he may
well have confused it with C. occidentalis Trask, which has the same
growth form of incurved branches and is common in British Columbia
waters.

Point Barrow, Alaska, 18 fms, Arctic Research Laboratory, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector.

Crisia cribraria Stimpson, 1853
Plate 72, fig. 1

Crisia cribraria Stimpson, 1853:18.
Crisia eburnea var. cribraria, Verrill, 1879:28.
Crisia eburnea var. cribraria, Whiteaves, 1901:110.
Crisia cribraria, Osburn, 1912:215; 1912a :276; 1933:8.

The zoarium consists of nearly erect, straight and stiff flabellate
branches rising to a height of 20 to 25 mm. The internodes are long,
usually about 18 or 20 zooecia, the joints occasionally wanting. The
zooecia are almost completely fused, with only a very short peristome
which curves abruptly forward and slightly toward the axis of the
branch, a sharp projection often present on the outer border of the
aperture.

The ovicells are large, elongate, the distal end prominently rounded
and more or less obscuring the ooeciostome from a frontal view. The
ooeciostome is short and broad, the aperture almost slit-like, the tip
somewhat flared outward.

Stimpson described the species from Grand Manan Island, Maine,
and it is a fairly common species along the east coast of North America
as far south as Cape Cod,

Point Barrow, Alaska, 7 fms, Arctic Research Laboratory, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector; two colonies in reproduction.

684 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Grisia elongata Milne-Edwards, 1838
Plate 71, fig. 9

Crista elongata Milne-Edwards, 1838:203.
Crista elongata, Harmer, 1915:96 (synonymy).
Crisia elongata, Canu and Bassler, 1928:157.
Crisia elongata, Osburn, 1940:328; 1947:3.

Zoarium with long, slender, sprawling branches; the internodes elon-
gate, usually with about 14 to 16 zoids but ranging from 6 to 30 or
more, the joints of both branches and radicles jet black (brownish in
younger areas of the colony). The tubules of the zooecia are embedded
and their outlines scarcely visible, their peristomes short and turned
sharply forward, with usually a small denticle behind the distal border.

The ovicell is situated usually near the middle of an internode, short,
suddenly and broadly inflated ; the ooeciostome is little or not at all
elevated and its pore is a transverse slit.

Our rather scanty material agrees well with Harmer's excellent de-
scription (1915:96) and with specimens from the West Indian region.
It is my opinion that the C. eburnea forma denticulata of Smitt (1872:
4), the C. denticulata of Osburn (1914:185) and the C. denticulata of
Canu and Bassler (1928:156), all from the Gulf of Mexico and the
West Indian region, should be referred to C. elongata.

Hancock Station, 277-34, off Isabel Island, Gulf of California, 21°
5 r3 5'"N, 105°30'W, at 10-25 fms. It is apparently a circumtropical
species.

Grisia pugeti Robertson, 1910
Plate 71, fig. 8

Crisia pugeti Robertson, 1910:244.

Crisia pugeti, O'Donoghue, 1923:8; 1926:18.

The zoarium is rather stiff and straggling in appearance, the inter-
nodes varying greatly from 7 to more than 30 zooecia. The joints are
colorless or slightly brownish in older zoaria. The branches are rather
numerous, 3 or 4 to an internode, the basis rami usually exserted but
sometimes short, always a branch immediately above the top of the
ovicell.

The ovicell is usually situated low in the internode, most frequently
the third member of the internode; elongate, expanding rapidly near
the base and maintaining the same width for most of its length ; con-
siderably inflated and adnate to the internode for its full length. The

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 685

ooeciostome is longer than usual, turned forward sharply, the aperture
round or slightly elliptical- when the ooeciostome is fully developed this
is the most striking character of the species.

Described from Friday Harbor, Puget Sound. O'Donoghue has also
recorded it from a number of localities in British Columbia at 10 to
25 fms.

Hancock Collections: Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, at low
tide, E. F. Ricketts, collector.

Grisia denticulata (Lamarck), 1853

Hincks (1884:203) reported this species from Houston-Stewart Chan-
nel, British Columbia, without description. As it has not been noticed
since on the Pacific coast it seems probable that he had another species,
possibly C. serrulata Osburn, which is common in that area and which
has some of the characters of denticulata.

Grisia calif ornica d'Orbigny, 1853

Crista calif ornica d'Orbigny, 1853:599.
Crisia calif ornica, Busk, 1875:8.

What this species from "Basse-Californie" may be is altogether prob-
lematical, as d'Orbigny's description is so indefinite as to be useless and
is without illustration. Busk merely translates d'Orbigny's description
and questions whether it may refer to C. denticulataj which is not at all
likely. The name should be dropped.

Grisia punctata d'Orbigny, 1853

Crisia punctata d'Orbigny, 1853:600.

This species is also entirely unrecognizable from the very short de-
scription and lack of figures. It was recorded from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia "He du Venado, mer Vermeille, en Californie." The name should
be dropped.

Genus GRISULIPORA Robertson, 1910

"Zoarium erect, dendroid, composed of internodes united by chitinous
joints. Zooecia tubular, disposed in several alternate rows. Ooecium
an inflation of the surface of an internode." (Robertson, 1910:254).
Genotype, Crisulipora occidentalis Robertson.

686 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

In addition it should be stated that, similar to Crisia, there are jointed
rhizoids or radicles consisting of tubular kenozooecia ; the primary disc
is separated from the primary zoid by a joint; the primary zoid arises
from the top of the primary disc and not from its side ; the lower inter-
nodes of the colony and its branches are uniserial or biserial; and the
rhizoids, which are exactly like those of Crisia, often give rise to
branches. For these reasons I agree with Borg (1926:475-6) in placing
Crisulipora in the family Crisiidae.

On the other hand, the ovicell usually resembles that of the Diaperoe-
ciidae where Canu and Bassler (1920:749) have placed the genus. The
gonozoids are more or less embedded between the autozoids and some-
times they are expanded and surround a few peristomes. In narrower
branches, however, they are simple, as those of Crisia, the only difference
being that they are more embedded between the neighboring tubules.

Crisulipora occidentalis Robertson, 1910
Plate 72, fig. 6

Crisulipora occidentalis Robertson, 1910:254.
Crisulipora occidentalis, Okada, 1917:342.
Crisulipora occidentalis, Marcus, 1937:21.

The zoaria form large, stiff, often tangled masses, to a height of 30
mm, attached by jointed radicles; additional zoaria are often produced
from creeping radicles. Internodes long, separated by chitinous joints,
the terminal ones gently curved backward, the more proximal ones
shorter and straight. In the proximal internodes the zooecia number
from 1 to 3 or 5, but terminal ones may have 40 or more. The zooecia
are not symmetrically arranged as they are in Crisia, but are irregularly
distributed. Cross sections of fertile internodes may show as few as 4
or 5 zooecia, or as many as 8 to 10 at the widest part. Branching is like
that of Crisia, with a more or less exserted basis rami.

The zooecial tubes are slender and elongate, the frontal surface
rounded in cross-section and the separating grooves quite distinct. The
peristomes are moderately long, gently curved forward, a little narrower
than the tubules, the aperture round and about 0.12 mm in diameter;
in the basal internodes the tubules often show a rather regular alternate
arrangement.

The ovicells are elongate, narrowly wedge-shaped proximally and
widening gradually upward, with much variation in size and form ; and

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 687

there may be as many as 3 to an internode. In the narrower internodes
they may be as simple as those of Crista (though more embedded), with
a terminal ooeciostome which is smaller than a peristome and may
terminate simply, or the rim may be expanded and slightly bell-shaped,
the pore round. On broader internodes the ovicells are more expanded
laterally and sometimes extend beyond the ooeciostome, and occasionally
a few of the neighboring peristomes are surrounded.

". . . at low tide almost anywhere on the coast of Southern California.
... It has been dredged ofif the coast, from San Pedro to San Diego in
depths ranging from 2 to 17 fathoms." (Robertson). Okada has re-
corded the species from the Bay of Sagami, Japan, and Marcus reports
it from Santos Bay, Brazil.

Hancock Stations: Dredged at 28 stations, all the way from Point
Conception, California to Peru. Station 844-38, Lobos de Afuera
Islands, Peru, 6°55'40"S, 80°43'50"W, shore to 30 fms, the most
southerly record; 31-33, Hood Island, Galapagos, 1°22'52''S, 89°39'
15"W, at 4 fms; 308, Bahia Honda, Panama; Clarion Island, west of
Mexico ; 7 stations in the Gulf of California ; Dewey Channel west of
Lower California; and abundant about the Channel Islands off southern
California as well as along shore; from low tide mark to a depth of
47 fms.

Division 3. Gancellata Gregory, 1896

(Pachystega Borg, 1926)

The Horneras etc.

The primary zoid is erect but not separated from the ancestral disc
by a joint; the zoarium is not jointed, erect, usually branched like a
tree. The "wall of zoarium double, consisting of a gymnocyst and cryp-
tocyst, the latter undergoing a process of secondary calcification, by
which the zoarium in its older parts becomes very strongly calcified."
(Borg, 1944:175). The ovicell or brood-chamber is a much expanded
gonozoid, usually situated on the dorsal side or between two branches.

Borg (1944:179) included the families Horneridae and Crisinidae,
and erected three new families, Steghorneridae, Pseudidmoneidae and
Calvetiidae, but did not discuss the Cytisidae.

The only families we have to deal with are the Horneridae and
Cytisidae.

688 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Family Horneridae Smitt, 1867

The zoarium is erect, branching like a tree, with rounded stems and
branches ; the zoids opening on the frontal side only ; the inflation of the
gonozoid or ovicell on the dorsal side of the zoarium. The family has
not hitherto been recorded from the Pacific coast of America.

Genus HORNER A Lamouroux, 1821

With the characters of the family. Genotype, Hornera frondiculata
Lamouroux, 1821. The zoarium with a moderate encrusting base, an
erect round stem which branches like a tree with the successive branches
diminishing in diameter, and the zooecia all opening on one side, easily
distinguish the genus. The species are usually highly colored red or
purple.

Hornera pectinata Busk, 1861
Plate 72, figs. 10, 11, and 12

Hornera pectinata Busk, 1861:79; 1875:18.
Hornera pectinata, Johnson, 1897:61.
Hornera pectinata, Norman, 1909:280.

The zoarium is erect, flabellate, the short main stem rising from a
slightly expanded base; height 25 mm; the base measures 5 by 7 mm,
the main stem 3 mm, the larger branches about 2 mm, the terminal
branches just below the tips 0.50 to 0.60 mm. The branching is in one
plane, irregular with a tendency toward dichotomy; the main branches
are rather regularly tapered from base to tip ; all of the branches are
round even in the youngest stages. Stunted branches rare. Apparently
purple when living.

The zooecia are irregularly arranged in more or less transverse rows
of 2 to 4 tubules, connate or separated and often single. All of the
peristomes are short, but the outer ones are slightly longer. On older
branches the apertures are nearly level with the surface, the apertures
round, 0.20 to 0.24 mm in diameter, the rim of the peristome thin, often
slightly flared and delicately serrate (never incised), the points being
the tips of the parallel ridges or thickenings of the peristome. The longest
marginal peristomes are seldom as much as 0.20 mm in height. The
sulci are strongly developed on both frontal and dorsal sides and the
pores are round or slightly elongate. The ridges between the sulci are
very irregular on the frontal surface, but are continuous and more or
less parallel on the dorsal side. Complete calcification of the zoarium

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 689

extends only about one third of the distance above the base and the
peristomes protrude above the level of the front on the v\^hole upper two
thirds of the zoarium. Ovicells are not developed on any of our speci-
mens, and in their absence positive identification is impossible. Hov^^-
ever, the zoarial characters given by Johnson (1897:61) in his amplifi-
cation of Busk's description of pectinata apply very well to our speci-
mens:

"branches terete . . . ultimate branches tapering . . . Anterior sur-
face pierced by numerous oval pores, which are sunk in depressions and
have slightly raised borders. Between the pores the surface is irregularly
ridged. The pores on the dorsal surface are larger and are partially
filled up inside. The peristome is minutely dentate."

Johnson also describes the ovicell, "dorsal, brownish, semiglobular,
and the surface is thickly set with warts, each of which has a depression
at the top with a perforation therein."

The species has been recorded only from the Madeira Islands.

Hancock Stations: 1397-41, Santa Rosa Island, 33°38'40"N, 119°
58'30"W, at 77 fms; 1299, off Point Firmin, 33°4r45''N, 118°17'50"
W, at 18 fms; and off Santa Catalina Island, 33°24a5''N, 118°13'30"
W, at 228 fms ; all from southern California.

Hornera pinnata Canu and Bassler, 1929
Plate 72, figs. 7, 8, and 9

Hornera pinnata Canu and Bassler, 1929:550.

The zoarium is erect from a very small base, the branching dicho-
tomous and irregular, the branches with short pinnules of various sizes.
There are usually two rows of peristomes on each side of the midline,
sometimes only one row, irregularly alternating, the outer ones the
longer. The frontal surface is deeply grooved, the pores conspicuous and
3 to 5 in number on each tubule. The peristomes measure about 0.12
mm in diameter and the aperture about 0.10 mm. The pinnules (dwarfed
branches) vary greatly in size and the number of their tubules varies
from 3 to 8 ; sometimes a pinnule ends in a blunt point with a peristome
medially placed at the tip. The dorsal side of the zoarium is deeply
grooved longitudinally, with conspicuous pores at the bottom of the
grooves.

Ovicells are wanting on all of our specimens, so it is impossible to be
absolutely certain of the species, but the zoarial characters seem to agree
closely with the description of pinnata. Also I have for comparison an
ovicelled specimen from Hawaii which is undoubtedly H. pinnata. The

690 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

diameter of the peristomes is only slightly larger, the arrangement and
number of the tubules and pores is the same, and the nature of the pin-
nules corresponds.

It was described from the Philippines, the China Sea and Borneo.

Hancock Stations: 1323-41, off Santa Catalina Island, southern Cali-
fornia, 33°14'40''N, 118°12'15''W, at 152 fms; 2158, Ranger Bank
off Cedros Island, west of Lower California, 81 fms; and 299, San
Jose del Cabo, near the southern tip of Lower California, 22°56'15"N,
109°47'15"W, at 83 fms.

Family Cytisidae d'Orbigny, 1854
Genus DISGOGYTIS d'Orbigny, 1854

D'Orbigny (1854:1061) gave an unusually careful and full descrip-
tion of this genus, in which he mentioned the attached base upon which
rises a narrow peduncle expanding upward into a cupuliform head, the
whole zoarium shaped like a wine-glass ; the upper surface very concave
or infundibuliform at the center and the margin with numerous simple
or branched fascicles. He also observed and figured (Plate 798, fig. 8)
the unusual position of the ovicell on the under side of the cup above
the peduncle. Genotype, Pelagia eudesii Michelin, 1844:123.

This genus has been known only as a fossil from the Cretaceous until
O'Donoghue (1926:26) described D. canadensis as a recent form from
British Columbia. In the Hancock Collections there are several zoaria
which are similar and which fill all the requirements of Discocytis.

Discocytis californica new species
Plate 69, fig. 11

The zoarium is attached by a round thin disc, from the center of
which rises a comparatively thin cylindrical peduncle ; at the upper end
this widens gradually into a funnel-shaped head or capitulum like an
inverted cone, the whole structure resembling a minute and moderately
short-stemmed wine glass. On its upper surface the capitulum is con-
cave and the whole central area is occupied by rather large cancelli with
thick walls and rounded apertures. Around the rim of the cup the func-
tional tubules are arranged in short fascicles, 8 to 10 in number, com-
pletely connate, the apertures measuring about 0.10 mm in diameter.
The base and stem show no open tubules and appear as if covered by
a thin pellicle. The measurements of the various zoarial parts are, on

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 691

our largest specimen: height 1.75 mm, width of base 1.20 by 1.30 mm,
width of stem 0.53 mm, length of stem 0.60 mm, height of capitulum
1.15 mm, width of capitulum 1.57 by 1.70 mm, height of fascicles
0.25 mm.

The ovicell is very large, conspicuous, rounded and bulbous and is
situated on the under (dorsal) side of the capitulum close to the base
of the fascicles, its width 0.55 by 0.65 mm. A portion of the wall is
broken away and the ooeciostome is wanting. On another, somewhat
smaller, specimen there is a smaller ovicell of similar appearance, and
it also has been injured.

At first I presumed this to be D. canadensis O'Donoghue, 1926:26,
but it is much smaller, the ovicell is strikingly different in form, and
O'Donoghue describes the capitulum as broad and flattened.

Type, AHF no. 124.

Type locality, off Rocky Point, southern California, about 33°49'N,
encrusting on a sunken buoy at a depth of 45 fms, three colonies.

Discocytis canadensis O'Donoghue, 1926

Super cytis digitata, O'Donoghue, 1923:16.
Discocytis canadensis O'Donoghue, 1926:26.

This species has not been found in the Hancock Collections, but the
following digest of O'Donoghue's description is here given to indicate
the differences. Zoarium cupuliform; base small, flat and circular; stalk
short, narrow, expanding into a broad, flattened funnel-shaped capitulum,
from the edge of which a number of pinnules radiate outward; each
pinnule (fascicle) consists of 12 to 20 tubes closely connate. Largest
specimen 4 mm high, the stalk 1.75 mm thick, and the capitulum 7.25
mm across.

Ooecium transversely elongate, sinuous, running up slightly between
the bases of the fascicles, its breadth one fifth to one fourth of the cir-
cumference. Ooeciostome a circular aperture surrounded by a flattened
ring-like margin, sub-terminal near the middle of the ooecium.

Recorded by O'Donoghue from a number of localities on the British
Columbia coast and south to the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound.

692 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Division 4. GeriopoHna Hagenow, 1851

(Heteroporina Borg, 1933)

The Heteropores

"Primary zoid adnate or partially erect; zoarium varying in shape,
adnate, suberect or erect, composed of zoids of two kinds, autozoids and
kenozoids, the latter at least as numerous as the former, both autozoids
and kenozoids opening at about right angles to the surface of the
zoarium ; wall of the zoarium double, consisting of gymnocyst and
cryptocyst; brood chamber a coelomic space, formed by the absorption
of the subdistal portions of some autozoids and numerous kenozoids
outside the fertile, ovigerous zoid (zoarial brood-chamber)." (Borg,
1944:208).

Family Heteroporidae Waters, 1880

"Zoarium erect, pedunculate and capitate, or arborescent ; autozoids
and kenozoids about equally numerous or the former less in number;
apertures of both kinds of zoids scattered over the surface of the zoarium,
not forming clusters, circular or polygonal in shape; brood chamber
zoarial, not visible from surface except in form of a slight swelling of
that part of the zoarium." (Borg, 1944:209).

Two genera are represented in our material, Heteropora Blainville,
1830, and Borgiola Strand, 1933 (Canuella Borg, 1933, preoccupied),
the latter having the autozoids often forming small clusters instead of
being more regularly distributed. One species of this genus forms a
heavy incrustation without any erect branches.

Genus HETEROPORA Blainville, 1830

"The zoarium is erect, arborescent, its surface smooth or slightly
rugose, honeycomb-like when the cystids are open ; the kenozoids much
more numerous than the autozoids, located between them and thus
separating them, aperture circular or polygonal." (Borg, 1944:210).
Genotype, Ceriopora cryptopora Goldfuss, 1827.

Robertson (1910:258) gave a very clear statement of certain zoarial
details: "If one examines the growing tips of a branch, the tubular open-
ings found there are for the most part those of zooecia in various stages
of maturity. Between them, formed by minute triangular spaces where
the walls of zooecia do not come into contact, are the interstitial spaces
(kenozooecia). As growth proceeds, both zooecia and interstitial canals

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 693

curve outwards, and although at the growing tip these tubes are parallel
to the axis of the branch, when adult they curve almost at right angles
with the axis of the branch and the apertures open laterally, the larger
zooecial apertures being surrounded with a circle of small interstitial
openings."

Borg (1932, 1933 and 1944) has made a very detailed study of the
anatomy, development and the brood-chambers of recent species of
Heteropora and related genera. He rejects the genus Tretocycloecia
Canu, 1918a :346, erected to include the species with ovicells and leaving
the old genus Heteropora for those in which the ovicells are unknown,
as "inadmissible."

Heteropora magna O'Donoghue, 1923
Plate 73, fig. 13

Heteropora magna O'Donoghue, 1923:14.
Tretocycloecia magna, O'Donoghue, 1926:29.
Heteropora pelliculata, Robertson, 1910:258 (part).
Heteropora magna, Borg, 1933:326.
Tretocycloecia pelliculata, Canu and Bassler, 1922:110.

"Zoarium stout, densely branched, more or less spherical in outline;
distal ends of autozoids not or only slightly protruding; apertures of
kenozoids mostly open, but sometimes, in older portions of the zoarium,
closed." (From Borg's key, 1933:284).

The encrusting base gives rise to erect cylindrical stems, 3 to 5 mm in
diameter, which branch dichotomously while retaining their original
thickness, but a little swollen at the tips. The zoarium thus has a more
or less spherical form, except when modified by the substratum. There
is occasional anastomosis of the branches, "but not so frequently as in
H. pelliculata (now H. pacifica Borg, q.v.) and the colony as a whole
has a much more stout and compact appearance . . . and may measure
100 by 70 mm." (After O'Donoghue). Zoarium purplish-brown in
color.

Ovicells were not observed by either O'Donoghue or Borg. They are
large irregular areas on the sides of the branches near the tips and par-
tially surrounding the branches, only slightly elevated, but conspicuous
because of the closure of the kenozoids ; appearing as a complete, calcified,
thin, whitish cover of the brood-chamber, with the exception of the
peristomes of the autozoids which are not displaced. The peristomes
are more prominent than elsewhere on the zoarium and are often slightly

694 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

flared at the tips and thus appear somewhat larger than the ordinary
ones. I have not been able to find any aperture on the four brood-
chambers in my material which I can positively identify with ooeciopores,
and it is therefore probable that they are similar to the ordinary aper-
tures. On the removal of the roof of the brood-chamber an extensive,
broad cavity is revealed, with the bases of the absorbed kenozoids at the
bottom. The peristomes of the autozoids usually traverse the cavity
without modification, but I have found a few which have become closed,
within the chamber, by a membrane with a central raised pore similar
to those of Diastopora. The apertures of the autozoids average about
0.18 mm in diameter.

This species did not appear in the Hancock dredgings, but I have a
fine specimen from Friday Harbor, Puget Sound, 70 mm long by 45
mm wide and 40 mm high, without further data, but evidently dredged
locally. The encrusting base is 7 by 9 mm across, and there is a secondary
attachment of similar appearance by a branch, 5 mm across. Another
portion of a colony, loaned by Dr. R. E. Foerster, Director of the Pacific
Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, and bearing O'Donog-
hue's identification, is from Gabriola Pass, B. C. This specimen also has
a brood-chamber.

Heteropora pacifica Borg, 1933

Heteropora pacifica Borg, 1933:317.
1 Heteropora sp. Whiteaves, 1882:279.
Heteropora pelliculata, Robertson, 1910:258 (part).
Heteropora pelliculata, O'Donoghue, 1923:14 (part).
Tretocycloecia pelliculata, O'Donoghue, 1925:96; 1926:28 (part).

(The synonymy according to Borg).

Borg separated the more slender, more intricately branched and more
highly anastomosed form mentioned by Robertson and O'Donoghue as
a distinct species. As I have not had an opportunity to study H. pacifica,
I can only indicate the essential points of difference given in Borg's
description.

The zoarium is erect, branching profusely and dichotomously or in
an irregular way. The branches frequently anastomose, giving the whole
colony a complexly reticulated appearance which is highly characteristic
of the species. The diameter of old stems is about 5 mm, of younger
ones 3 mm on an average. Color of dried zoaria grayish, the tips pink.
Autozoids with the apertures usually on a level with the surface, but

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 695

in more sheltered areas the peristomes are very evident. The apertures
are about 0.17 mm in diameter, in older parts of the colony they are
usually closed. The kenozoids never project above the surface and are
usually closed except tow^ard the growing ends of the branches. Brood-
chamber not knov^^n.

While this species may have a considerable range along the Pacific
coast from Alaska to California, as suggested by O'Donoghue, the only
positive records are those of the material studied by Borg, Vancouver
Island region to Middleton Island, southern Alaska, down to a depth
of 25 meters.

There is in the Hancock collection a very small fragment labelled
Heteropora pelliculata Waters by Robertson, from "San Diego, Cali-
fornica," which may belong to H. pacifica as the zoids have the same
measurement, 0.17 mm. There are also several much worn fragments
from Hancock Station 1278-41, off San Miguel Island, southern Cali-
fornia, at 35 fms, which present the same zooecial measurements and
with stems 2 to 3 mm in diameter, which may belong here. But none
of these specimens is in condition for determination beyond the genus.

There are also several much worn fragments from Hancock Stations
143-34, Wenman Island, and 170-34, Chatham Island, Galapagos
Islands, which present about the same measurements, but which are not
identifiable beyond the genus Heteropora.

Heteropora alaskensis (Borg), 1933

Plate 73, figs. 10, 11, and 12

Heteropora pacifica var. alaskensis Borg, 1933:325.
Heteropora pelliculata, Robertson, 1910:258 (part).
"i Heteropora pelliculata, O'Donoghue, 1923:14 (part).

The zoarium is very irregular and much smaller than that of H.
magna or H. pacifica. Our largest colony measures 16 mm in height by
25 mm in width, with 16 branches which average about 2 mm in
diameter, but most of the 10 colonies are shorter and more compact;
the branches, beyond a bifurcation, are 2 to 4 mm long (in one case
7 mm) ; only a few cases of anastomosis occur.

The essential characters which differentiate this form from other
species of Heteropora are: (1) the peristomes of the autozoids project
to a marked degree on the branches all the way up to the margins of
the cancellated tops, and on older basal branches they still rise slightly
above the level of the zoarial surface; diameter of apertures 0.14 (0.13
to 0.17) mm; (2) the kenozoids are covered and closed over the whole

696 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

surface of the colony up to the margin of the cancellated tops of the
branches. In these characters our specimens agree with Borg's descrip-
tion of H. pacifica var. alaskensis, and the differences are so striking and
constant as to warrant the elevation of the "variety" to specific standing.

On protected areas the peristomes may be as much as 0.25 to 0.30
mm long, though usually they are much shorter. The tips of the branches
are sometimes evenly rounded, but more frequently they are somewhat
clavate or spatulate, slightly excavated on one side where a brood-
chamber is located, and the rim may extend beyond and give off two
or three branches, thus leaving the brood-chamber in the broad fork of
a branch. Other brood-chambers are found on the sides of branches,
as shown in Borg's figure 5 (plate 10).

The brood-chamber is typically that of Heteropora, a low, more or
less flat swelling, through the roof of which the peristomes of the
autozoids penetrate and are slightly elevated above it. On the removal
of the calcified membrane, or roof of the chamber, a considerable cavity
is exposed, traversed by the autozoid tubules and showing the remains
of the partially absorbed kenozoids. I have not been able to find on any
of our specimens the large ooeciostome figured by Borg and cannot de-
termine the location and form of the ooeciopore.

This species differs from H. pelliculata Waters, 1879, which it some-
what resembles, by the elevation of the peristomes over the whole surface
and by the complete closure of the kenozoids over the whole colony up
to the level of the margins of the cancellated tops of the branches. The
same characters, as well as the smaller size, distinguish it from H.
pacifica Borg. As the color of our preserved specimens is white, this may
be the lemon-colored form recorded by Robertson (1910:259) from
"Channel Rock, Puget Sound."

Our specimens are from Bentinck Islands, British Columbia, without
further data, loaned by Dr. W. A. Clemens of the University of British
Columbia, ten colonies of various forms and sizes. Also 2 fragments,
with ovicells, from Clayoquot Wharf, British Columbia, E. F. Ricketts,
collector.

Hancock Station 1490-42, off Cape Arago lighthouse, Oregon, 43°
20'26''N, 124°22'24"W, at very low tide, 5 fragments.

Genus BORGIOLA Strand, 1933

Canuella Borg, 1933:331, (preoccupied by Scott, 1893).

"Zoarium erect, arborescent, branching sparsely; its surface strongly
rugose, showing numerous irregularly shaped elevated areas and between

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 697

them well-marked depressions; autozoids frequently forming small
clusters; their apertures oblique, prolonged at one side into an erect
pointed process; kenozoids much more numerous than the autozoids,
thick-walled, mostly with open apertures," Borg, 1933:331. Genotype
Canuella rugosa Borg, 1933 :332.

The genus is certainly close to Heteropora and possibly may be found
to intergrade. However any means of separating the members of this
family, and especially if it is found to apply to the very numerous fossil
species, is welcome.

The generic description requires modification to include an encrusting
species, without erect branches, B. pustulosa new species, which is de-
scribed below.

Borgiola rugosa (Borg), 1933
Plate 76, fig. 11

Canuella rugosa Borg, 1933:331.

The zoarium of our single specimen measures 25 mm in height and
20 to 25 mm in width, rising from a broad encrusting base 20 by 10 mm
across, with numerous irregular branches which are sometimes bifurcate ;
and there is a single anastomosis. Several small subcolonies arise from
the lateral extension of the base. The main stem is about 5 mm in
diameter, the branches becoming progressively smaller until the terminal
ones measure 2 mm or less. Color pure white.

The autozoids, or functional zooecia, tend to occur in small groups
or clusters, sometimes in radiating lines, though single autozoids are
also common. The peristomes usually rise slightly above the surface,
with the rim higher on one side and often extending into a sharp point ;
or the rim may be evenly rounded. The zooecial tubes are long, those in
the rounded branches have their origin in the center and curve outward
as in Heteropora; those which form the basal expansion arise on the
lamina and curve upward. There is a moderately broad basal lamina
surrounding the basal expansion. The apertures of the autozoids are
about 0.13 to 0.15 mm in diameter. The kenozoids are much more
numerous than the autozoids, always noticeably smaller but varying in
size, never rising above the surface and seldom entirely closed. The
brood-chamber has not been observed.

A striking feature of the zoarium is the peculiar type of rugosity
produced by the irregular elevation of areas with increased numbers of
autozoids, while between these are smooth areas of lower level in which
there are fewer autozoids.

698 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

I presume this to be the same species as that from Japan described by
Borg, since the zoarial and zooecial characters appear to agree closely,
but in the absence of brood-chambers the identification is necessarily
tentative.

The species has hitherto been known only from Sagami Bay, Japan.

Hancock Station, 310-35, off Bindloe Island, Galapagos, 0°18'20"N,
90°3riO"W, at 15 fms, rocky bottom.

Borgiola pustulosa new species
Plate 73, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Zoarium encrusting on rocks and shells, with no evidence of erect
branches, the surface with numerous low rounded or elliptical elevations
which are rather evenly spaced, the elevated areas about as wide as
the lower areas between them. The largest colony (type) measures about
70 mm long by 50 mm wide by 10 mm thick, but is broken and was
evidently considerably larger. Another fragment is 50 mm in width, and
a third fragment which is on a shell, is 25 mm long by 10 mm wide and
appears to have been about twice that width. The color is white to
yellowish red.

On the lower, general, surface the apertures of the autozoids are
often quite regularly spaced and surrounded by a single row of keno-
zoids about half as large as the autozoids ; on the pustules the autozoids
are irregularly disposed and the kenozoids more numerous and irregular
in size, and occasionally there are small areas consisting entirely of
kenozoids. Over most of the surface the tubes of the autozoids project
very slightly above the level of the surrounding kenozoids, the rim round
or nearly so ; but around the borders of the pustules they are noticeably
higher and produced on one side into a pointed process, "giving the
aperture a distinctly oblique appearance," as Borg describes them in
C. rugosa (1933:335). On older areas both autozoids and kenozoids
are frequently closed, slightly below the level of the rim. The apertures
of the autozoids are about 0.18 mm in diameter but vary considerably.
The kenozoids vary excessively, from 0.03 to 0.12 in diameter, but
average about 0.08 mm, and they also vary in form.

The autozoids arise on a basal lamina which extends rather narrowly
around the margin of the zoarium, at first prone but curving upward
at once into an erect position.

The brood-chambers are spacious cavities, as much as 2.50 mm in
width and 0.50 mm in depth, resembling those of Heteropora with the
kenozoid walls absorbed and closed on the floor of the cavity, and most

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 699

of the autozoid tubes continued through the chamber and on above it.
In the broken walls of old thick zoaria the chambers appear at different
levels, some just beneath the surface, but others buried deeply by the
regeneration of the zoarium above them. There is little or no surface
evidence of the position of the brood-chambers, and the pustules appear
to have no relation to them, as shown by dissection. Borg could not be
certain as to the brood-chamber in his material of B. rugosa, but that
of his figure 2 (plate 3) appears to be similar to those of pustulosa. I
have observed no differentiation of ooeciostomes.

Borgiola is certainly close to Heteropora in most of its characters,
but the roughened nature of the zoarial surface, the grouping of the
autozoids and heterozoids and the pointed processes of the taller zooecial
tubes separate it.

The occurrence of this species is of unusual interest, since no member
of the Family Heteroporidae has hitherto been recorded from the Arctic
Ocean.

Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 11051.

Type locality, Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory,
453 feet, encrusting a stone, G. E. MacGinitie, collector. Also on a stone
from 295 feet and on a shell at 60 feet.

Division 5. Rectangulata Waters, 1887

(Calyptrostega Borg, 1926)

The Lichenopores

"They fool me to the top of my bent." Shakespeare.

"Primary zoid adherent to the substratum, never separated by any
joint from the pro-ancestrula ; zoarium wart-like, its basal wall adnate,
simple; frontal wall double consisting of gymnocyst and cryptocyst;
between zoids special coelomic cavities (alveoli) limited by calcareous
extrazoidal walls; no vestibular sphincter; brood-chamber zoarial, a
coelomic space corresponding to numerous alveoli, outside the fertile
zoid • polypide degenerating first after having been functional for some
time." (Borg, 1944:211).

The Lichenopores have always been a "thorn in the flesh" to those
who have attempted to work with them. Defrance established the genus
Lichenopora in 1823. Before this time the species were usually re-
ferred to Madrepora (a coral), or to Tubulipora Lamarck. Since then
a large number of generic names have been proposed ; d'Orbigny was
especially lavish in this respect, separating out ten "genera" on trivial

700 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

zoarial characters. Some of these have proved to belong in other families
and others placed in synonymy until only two genera, Lichenopora
Def ranee, 1823, and Disporella Gray, 1848, have survived the research
of later authors. Most recent authors have used only Lichenopora, but
Borg, 1944:234-5 and 249, has given what appear to be good reasons
for the retention of Disporella. Borg even goes so far as to propose a
new family, Disporellidae, to include only this genus, but this appears
to me to be unwarranted on the basis of the characters,

A few citations will indicate the difficulty others have had : "One
cannot help feeling despair when trying to determine the Lichenoporae."
(Waters, 1889:282) ; "The determination of the species of Lichenopora
is admittedly very difficult." (Harmer, 1915:160) ; "The determination
of the species, even the recent ones, presents much difficulty." (Canu
and Bassler, 1920:812) ; "The discrimination of the species . . . has
scarcely but begun." (Borg, 1944:213).

Family Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1866

Zoaria rounded or ovate, occasionally otherwise modified in outline
by the nature of the substratum ; more or less convex, sometimes dome-
shaped ; attached the full width of the basal lamina, or the basal lamina
free and turned upward at the edge, or, when on small stems, they may
be attached by a short central stipe of variable width. The central part
of the zoarium, varying in size with the species, is occupied by cancelli
(alveoli, Borg), and outside of this area the functional zooecia are
arranged in radiating series or more or less in quincunx. The "peri-
stomes" are usually much higher next to the central area and decrease
in height regularly to the margin ; usually the basal lamina extends in
a thin rim around the outer edge. Zoarial budding occurs in some
species, either vertically or near the edge, and sometimes very complex
zoaria may be formed in this manner. The ovicells are brood-chambers
of considerable size, occupying the central area, branching out in lobes
between the rays, or located entirely between the rays ; covered by a
thin calcified layer with minute pores, which may be obscured by the
development of secondary cancelli above it.

As stated above, Borg has indicated two families on the following
basis :

Lichenoporidae, alveoli soon "roofed in" by a porous calcified layer,
with secondary alveoli above them ; the one central brood-chamber,
which may have lobes extending between the rays; zoarial budding
vertical.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 701

Disporellidae, alveoli not roofed in but partially closed "iris-like"
with a round hole at the center; brood-chambers between the rays;
zoarial budding lateral. Z?-?)

This separation seems to work very well with the few species/ treated
by Borg, but, unfortunately for taxonomic purposes, the three characters
used by him to distinguish Lichenopora and Disporella do not appear
to be constant throughout the series. Thus in Lichenopora huskiana,
novae-zelandiae and intricata, which have irregular cancelli closed by a
membrane, the budding is lateral with the sub-colonies beyond the margin
of the primary disc. The location of the ovicells, in the central area or
interradial, shows frequent variations. Also the closure of the cancelli,
by a thin porous membrane or by an iris-like diaphragm, is not constant,
as both types may occur on the same zoarium. In L. mtricata Busk, the
interradial cancelli and those of the central area of infertile discs have
the rounded cancelli, while the fertile discs present the irregular cancelli
above the ovicells; in several of the elongated discs of this species both
kinds of cancelli are present, the irregular ones covering the ovicell at
one end and the rounded cancelli at the opposite infertile end.

Apparently the only character that seems to hold absolutely is the
presence of irregular, thin-walled secondary cancelli covering the ovicells
in Lichenopora.

Genus LICHENOPORA DeFrance, 1823

Brood-chambers, one or more, occupy the central area and may extend
somewhat into the interradial areas; in older zoaria secondary small
brood-chambers may appear between the rays toward the margin. Can-
celli (alveoli) of the primary layer thin-walled, irregular in form and
size, and closed by a thin, perforated, calcified layer; secondary cancelli
above these may be similar to these or may be thicker-walled with large
rounded apertures. Marginal zoarial budding sometimes occurs but
vertical budding is the rule. The distribution of the functional zoids
varies much among the species, in short or longer connate or non-connate
rays or in irregular quincunx. Genotype, L. turbinata Def ranee, 1823:
257.

Key to the Species of Lichenopora

1. Radiating rows of tubules biserial buskiana

Rays uniserial or more or less in quincunx 2

702 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

2. Ooeciostome hooded over the top and opening on the side;

tubules distinct, high on proximal border and with one to

several sharp points canaliciilata

Ooeciostome wide open 3

3. Zooecial tubules not connate and, except near the center, they

are usually scattered or in quincunx verrucaria

Zooecial tubules in series only, connate to the tips 4

4. Cancelli distinctly larger than the zooecial apertures; radii in

regular series ; pin-head spicules abundant . . novae-zelandiae
Cancelli smaller; radii regular only close to the central area;
very complex and intricate colonies formed by lateral bud-
ding; pin-head spicules almost wanting intricata

Lichenopora canaliculata (Busk), 1876
Plate 76, figs. 3 and 4

Discoporella canaliculata Busk, 1876:118; 1879:199.
Lichenopora grignonensis, Ridley, 1881:57.
Lichenopora fimbriata, Borg, 1926:184.
Lichenopora canaliculata, Borg, 1944:235.

Busk's description is very brief, "Zoarium circular, bordered, slightly
convex; tubes very irregularly uniserial, with a raised canalicular fillet
on one side, interspaces cancellous." Borg, 1944:235, had very rich
material from the Swedish Antarctic Expedition and has given an ex-
tended discussion of the species.

The zoaria are circular, somewhat elevated at the center and sloping
regularly to the basal lamina which is broad and thin; encrusting on
shells and attached to stems. The basal lamina is traversed nearly to
the edge by the bases of young zooecia. The central area of the zoarium
is comparatively small, a little depressed in the young, but later filled
in by the flat-topped brood-chamber. The zooecial tubes are irregularly
distributed or in short radiating lines and never connate; they are
moderately high, usually much elevated on the proximal (central) side
and low on the side toward the border, thus forming a channel above
the aperture; the proximal side with one to several "fillets" or longi-
tudinal ribs which end in points; aperture rounded and 0.10 to 1.12
mm in diameter. The cancelli are large and irregular in form, often
twice as large as the apertures of the zooecia, the walls thin and the
whole giving a reticulated appearance.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 703

The brood-chamber covers the central area, with a thin calcareous
layer which is very minutely perforated ; a coarsely reticulated layer of
secondary cancelli later may cover it. The ooeciostome appears to be
unique in this genus; it has the short erect cylindrical base but the
orifice is on the side, with a peculiar "helmet" or hood-shaped cover
which arches widely over the top, closing the orifice entirely from above ;
also just inside from the rim of the hood there is a transverse row of
minute pores, as described by Ridley under L. grignonensis (=L. ca-
naliculata) .

This species has been recorded only for Antarctic and far southern
waters ; Kerguelen Island ; Strait of Magellan ; Kap Adare, Victoria
Land; and New South Wales. It is therefore of special interest to
discover it in the Arctic region. The nature of the tubules and especially
the form of the ooeciostome with its row of perforations seem sufficient
for positive identification.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 110 to 522 feet,
several colonies, only one of which is mature, G. E. MacGinitie, col-
lector.

Lichenopora verrucaria (Fabricius), 1780
Plate 74, fig. 3

Madrepore verrucaria Fabricius, 1780:430.
Discoporella verrucaria, Busk, 1875:31.
Lichenopora verrucaria, Hincks, 1880:478; 1884:207.
Lichenopora verrucaria, Robertson, 1900:329; 1910:263.
Lichenopora verrucaria, O'Donoghue, 1923:15; 1926:28.
Lichenopora verrucaria, Canu and Bassler, 1923:205.

Zoaria small, rarely more than 3 mm in width; encrusting on algae,
stems, stones and shells ; high near the center and rounding off gradually
to the margin where there is a narrow basal lamina. In younger colonies
there is a depressed cancellous central area, but in the sexually mature
this area is filled in with one or more brood-chambers. The zooecia are
irregularly arranged, often in short radiating series, especially near the
central area, but never connate ; moderately elevated, carinated on the
side toward the center, the keel rising into a point. The cancelli vary
greatly in size, sometimes larger than the zooecial apertures but often
not half as large.

Usually only one brood chamber fills the central area, but as many
as three have been observed, in which case they fuse externally so that
the number of ooeciostomes is the only obvious clue to the number of

704 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

chambers; they do not extend between the zooecial rays farther than
the central ones. The ooecial cover is a thin inflated calcareous plate
with numerous minute pores ; secondarily the ooecial roof may be cov-
ered by a layer of cancelli which form a very irregular reticulum. The
ooeciostome is more or less excentric in position, a short erect cylinder
with a flaring lip which varies from nearly round to elliptical, the ooecio-
pore 0.10 to 0.12 mm in diameter.

A common northern and arctic species, extending south to Cape Cod
on the Atlantic coast and to California on the Pacific coast; abundant
in the Arctic seas.

Hancock Station, 1416-41, San Miguel Island, southern California,
34°02'45'"N, the most southern record. Hein Bank, Puget Sound, J. L.
Mohr, collector; British Columbia (Hincks and O'Donoghue) ; south-
ern Alaska (U. S. Crab Investigation) ; Bering Sea; and abundant at
Point Barrow, Alaska, shallow water to 85 fms, G. E. MacGinitie,
collector.

Lichenopora buskiana Canu and Bassler, 1928
Plate 74, figs. 1 and 2

Lichenopora buskiana Canu and Bassler, 1928:164.
Not Unicavea Calif ornica d'Orbigny, 1853:972.
Lichenopora Californica, Conrad, 1855:441.
Lichenopora californica, Gabb and Horn, 1862:176.
Discoporella californica. Busk, 1875:32.
Lichenopora californica, Canu and Bassler, 1923:203.
Lichenopora buskiana, Borg, 1944:219 and 224.

The misidentification of this species with d'Orbigny's Unicavea cali-
fornica has led to much misunderstanding; Unicavea was described as
having only uniserial radii, "Toutes les lignees n'ont qu'une seule ligne
de cellules" (d'Orbigny, 1853:970).

The zoaria are attached to algae especially, sometimes to shells, worm
tubes, etc. The central frontal area is comparatively small and rounded,
with large cancellae which are slightly larger than the zooecial apertures.
The radiating rows of zooecial tubes are connate and biserial, except
that they may begin with a single tube which sometimes is not connate,
and also that rarely there may be three series near the outer ends of the
radii. Near the center the tubules are unusually high and nearly erect.
There are usually 8 to 12 primary radii, with shorter rays originating
between these toward the margin. As a rule the rays are very regular

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 705

in form, size and arrangement, and separated by 1 or 2 rows of cancellae,
often with "pin-head" spicules. The apertures of the tubules are some-
what irregular in form and about 0.06 to 0.08 mm in diameter.

The brood-chamber (ovicell) in smaller zoaria occupies only the
central area, with the ooeciostome a little excentric or frequently nearer
the border of the area. The ooeciopore is about as large as the zooecial
apertures ; the ooeciostome is erect with a short cylindrical stalk which
flares, trumpet-shaped, slightly ovate, 0.13 to 0.16 mm by 0.16 to 0.20
mm in breadth at the tip. The roof of the brood-chamber is thin and
perforated by numerous small pores, and above this are secondary can-
cellae of irregular size and form. Strong irregular raised lines often
give the area a coarsely reticulated appearance.

The zoaria are often complex, with daughter colonies budding off
from the sides, and these are frequently very irregular, both in shape
and in the arrangement of the uniserial rays. In the daughter colonies
the brood-chambers are irregularly situated, often small and situated
between the series of tubules, sometimes near the margin. Even in
larger simple colonies there may be small secondary brood-chambers near
the margin.

The biserial rays with high peristomes, the large and irregular can-
celli which frequently bear "pin-head" spicules within their apertures,
and the closure of older cancelli by a thin calcified porous membrane,
readily distinguish this species from any other of the Pacific coast, even
in the absence of an ooeciostome.

It is a common species along the shore and about the islands of
southern California, extending southward to Lower California and the
Gulf of California ; common also in the Pleistocene deposits of the same
area; but there are only two dredging records, which indicates that it
is definitely a shallow water species.

Hancock Stations: 1378-41, Catalina Island, 2 to 3 fms; 1071-40,
San Felipe Bay, Gulf of California at 2^^ fms.

Lichenopora novae-zelandiae (Busk), 1875
Plate 74, fig. 4

Discoporella novae-zelandiae Busk, 1875:32.

Lichenopora radiata, Robertson, 1910:262.

Lichenopora novae-zelandiae, Harmer, 1915:155 (references),

Zoarium encrusting on shells and stems; on small stems there is a
very short stipe, and the margin of the basal lamina is turned upward,
saucer-shaped > zoarial budding rarely occurs at the margin. The tubules

706 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

are in radiating uniserial rows, high next to the central area (often 1.0
mm or more in height), and sloping gradually to the edge, which is
surrounded by a moderately broad basal lamina. Shorter rays appear
between the main ones toward the margin. The tubules are connate to
the tips, and slightly compressed, the apertures about 0.08 mm in di-
ameter, the tips prolonged into points on the central side and often also
on the outer side. The cancelli are extremely variable in size and form,
producing an irregular network; the largest are more than twice the
width of the zooecial apertures and the smallest are even less than the
apertural width. There is no evidence of closure of the cancelli by an
"iris" diaphragm, but instead they often become closed by a thin calcified
membrane with numerous small pores like that which covers the ovicell,
and this is true for some of the cancelli near the outer border beyond
the brood-chambers. 'Tinhead" spicules are present within the apertures
of the cancelli, often in nearly every one but sometimes more rare;
usually they are present slightly above the closing membrane, and it may
be that these cancelli are regenerated. Between the rays there are one
or two rows of cancelli. In old and more heavily calcified specimens the
walls of the cancelli are thicker but not closed by an iris-like diaphragm.

The brood-chambers occupy the central area but often extend for a
considerable distance into the interradial spaces; the roof consists of a
thin calcified and perforated membrane and soon becomes covered with
a secondary layer of cancelli. The ooeciostome is excentric in position,
the tube short, the orifice round and about as large as that of a zooecial
tube, the lip round or elliptical and slightly flared.

Harmer, 1915:155, includes L. holdsworthi under L. novae-zelandiae ;
Waters, 1918:36, reverses this and includes novae-zelandiae under
holdsworthi, though the former has page priority in publication. From
Busk's figures of these species, 1875, plate 30, figs. 2 and 4, there appear
differences in the height of the peristomes, the mode of closure of the
cancelli, and especially in the size of the central area, sufficient to war-
rant their separation. L. holdsworthi has the appearance of a Discopo-
rella. The L. holdsworthi of Canu and Bassler, 1929, plate 88, fig. 11,
has short biserial rays and probably should go elsewhere.

The species was described from New Zealand and later recorded from
Australia, Ceylon and Japan. While it has not been listed from the
American Pacific, our specimens conform so closely to the descriptions
and illustrations of Busk and Harmer that they appear to belong to this
species. Also I believe that the L. radiata of Robertson from southern
California belongs here, and possibly that of O'Donoghue (without
description) from British Columbia.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 707

Hancock Stations: 468-35, Charles Island, Galapagos; 1399-41, Santa
Catalina Island; 1242, Anacapa Island; 1002, San Clemente Island;
Palos Verdes, near San Pedro, all from southern California; Acapulco
Harbor, Hubbs Sta. 46-244, west coast of Mexico; and Colombia (with-
out further data) ; shore to 77 fms.

Lichenopora intricata (Busk), 1856

Plate 76, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Defrancia intricata Busk, 1856:179,

Apparently this species has never been referred to since Busk described
it. In December, 1946, Dr. E. Y. Dawson, while collecting algae at
Mazatlan, Mexico, the type locality of D. intricata, recovered several
specimens on algae. Again, in 1949, the "Velero" dredged more than
100 specimens at Magdalena Bay, on the west coast of Lower California.

These specimens conform to Busk's meager description: "Disc very
irregular in form, rows of cells radiating irregularly; orifices of cells
and interstitial pores of equal size. The small irregular patches appear
to be constituted by the confluence of several sets of costae, with their
corresponding interstices, each set radiating from a depressed central
point."

The form of the encrusting complex zoaria varies to such an extent
as to baffle description; adnate on algae, worm tubes, corallines, other
bryozoans, etc., the largest colonies 3 cm or more in length, the margins
of the zoaria sometimes extending free. The subcolonies are very numer-
ous, more than 70 having been counted on one large zoarium, and vary
in form from nearly round to very elongate-elliptical. The radii
("costae," Busk) are high, closely set, and rather regularly arranged
about the low central area ; in general they are uniserial, but often they
are biserial next to the central area and rarely biserial for the whole
length of the radii ; separated by one or two rows of cancelli. The outer
ends of the radii are often extended with short tubules into meandering
series which break up into short, separate series or sometimes form small
clumps. The subcolonies often arise in the midst of this intricate me-
andering series, or they may be closely associated, with the low outer
ends of their radii in contact.

The central area is flat and low, even when ovicells are present. When
an ovicell is present it is covered by a thin lamina and above this the
secondary cancelli are large, thin-walled and irregular in form, in true
Lichenopora fashion. The cancelli between the radii and in the central
area, in the absence of ovicells, are rounded and partially closed, sug-

708 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

gesting Disporella. In some elongate central areas I have observed an
ovicell at one end covered by the irregular cancelli, while the other
end of the area, free from the ovicell, shows the rounded, partially
closed cancelli. This throws some doubt on the complete validity of
Disporella, as infertile subcolonies would undoubtedly be referred to
that genus. On the complex zoaria the fertile discs are easily seen
because of their irregular secondary cancelli, and I have not been able
to find any evidence of ovicells in discs with the uniformly rounded
cancelli.

The ovicells occupy all or a part of the central area and can often
be seen through the large irregular cancelli ; occasionally two ovicells
are present in the same area. The ooeciostome is a short, thin-walled,
erect tube, situated near the border of the central area.

Collected by Dr. E. Y. Dawson at Mazatlan, Mexico (the type
locality), about 23° 11' N. Lat., shore collection, 4 zoaria, 1 on a shell
fragment, the others on algae ; the ones on algae are much thinner than
those on solid substrata.

Hancock Station 1714-49, two miles east of Entrada Point, Mag-
dalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 24°32'30"N, 112°01'45"
W, at 17 fms, more than 100 complex zoaria, in a single dredge haul.

Genus DISPORELLA Gray, 1848

Brood-chambers, one or more, occupying interradial areas and some-
times extending over parts of the central area; cancelli thick-walled,
partially closed by an "iris-like" growth of the rim toward the center
but leaving always a small round aperture, never closed by a perforated
flat calcified membrane; lateral zoarial budding is common. As in
Lichenopora the functional zoids may be in radiating series, uniserial,
biserial or multiserial and connate or non-connate, or they may be more
or less in quincunx. Genotype, Discopora hispida Fleming, 1828:530.

Key to Species of Disporella

1. Radii uniserial or the tubules in quincunx 2

Radii with 2 or more (2 to 4) series of tubules, sometimes

arranged in short clumps 5

2. Tubules not connate, except sometimes at the base only ... 3
Tubules closely connate to their tips, rays longer 4

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 709

3. Peristomes slightly expanded at the tips and bearing a number

(3 to 5) of long thin spines fimbriata

Peristomes not expanded at the tips, sometimes prolonged into

a single process, but never fimbriated hispida

4. Pores of the central cancelli larger than the tubule apertures ;

pin-head spicules very abundant californica

Pores of cancelli small, the v^^alls more heavily calcified ; pin-
head spicules rare or wanting ovoidea

5. Radii usually prominent in the form of short fascicles 2 to 4

tubules in width 6

Radii more elongate and less prominent, with 2 to 4 rows of

tubules, zoaria often very complex 8

6. Zoarium high, cylindrical, with a terminal crown of high

marginal radii, the encrusting base larger than the erect

stem; central, vertical budding astraea

Zoarium low, without an erect stem 7

7. Radial fascicles small and low, cancelli of central area nearly

closed by a funnel-shaped diaphragm octoradiata

Fascicles larger, with more tubules, and higher; cancelli large

and nearly wide open alaskensis

8. Zoarium highly complex, composed of numerous lateral sub-

colonies which are separated by rows of cancelli; radii

moderately high, 2 to 4 rows of tubules separata

Zoarium simple; radii usually forming a low ridge of 2 to 4
series of tubules; central area ovoid and moderately large;
sub-colonies superposed vertically stellata pacifica

Disporella fimbriata (Busk), 1875
Plate 75, figs. 2 and 3

Discoporella fimbriata Busk, 1875 :32.
Lichenopora fimbriata. Busk, 1886:26.
Disporella spinulosa Jullien, 1888:83.
Lichenopora fimbriata. Waters, 1904:96; 1905:250.
Lichenopora fimbriata, O'Donoghue, 1923:15.
Disporella fimbriata, Borg, 1944:229.

Busk's original description is as follows: "Zoarium almost conical;
cells very indistinctly serial, distant; interstitial pores almost obsolete;
mouth expanded, peristome fimbriated."

710 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

When the brood-chamber fills the central area the zoarium is "nearly-
conical," as shown in Busk's illustration (1875, PL 27, figs. 1 and 2),
but in the absence of the chamber the area is depressed and slightly
concave. The "cells" or zoids are often in short radial series of 3 or 4,
but frequently are irregularly quincunical. The "interstitial pores" or
cancellae are much less numerous than in other species and usually more
widely separated ; when young they are as large as the apertures but
later become partly closed, with a small central pore. The peristomes
project strongly and are somewhat flared ("mouth expanded") and
fimbriated with 2 to 5 marginal spines. The basal lamina is very broad
and turned upward at the edge, as shown in Busk's figure 2.

The brood-chambers, 1 to 3 or 4 in number, are prominent, usually
coalesced to more or less fill the central area, but in one of our specimens
the 3 chambers are distinct; there are numerous pores in the ooecial
cover; the ooeciostomes situated more or less between the inner ends of
the rays, the aperture about the size of those of the zoids, the tube short
and very slightly flaring but without a distinct lip.

The zoaria are all small, the largest slightly over 4 mm in diameter,
the peristome and ooeciostome about 0.10 mm.

Busk described the species from the southern tip of South America,
Chonos Archipelago, Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn and Chiloe, and
later added Tristan da Cunha. The Disporella spinulosa of Jullien was
dredged between the Falkland Islands and the Strait of Magellan. It
has also been recorded from Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, the
Azores and Cape Verde Islands; O'Donoghue has recorded it from
Round Island, British Columbia. If these identifications are all correct,
the species has a very wide distribution.

Hancock collections: not dredged, but taken in low tide collecting
by the writer at Palos Verdes near Los Angeles; by Miss A. E. Blagg
at Pescadero Point outside of Monterey Bay; and recovered from a
sunken buoy brought up from 45 fms, off Rocky Point, near Los Angeles,
all from southern California.

Disporella hispida (Fleming), 1828
Plate 75, fig. 1

Discopora hispida Fleming, 1828:530.
Discoporella hispida. Busk, 1875:30.
Lichenopora hispida, Hincks, 1880:473; 1884:207.
Lichenopora hispida, O'Donoghue, 1923 :15 ; 1926:28.
Lichenopora hispida, Canu and Bassler, 1923:203.
Lichenopora hispida, Osburn, 1923 :5D; 1933:18.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 711

The zoarium is usually rounded, attached more or less over the whole
dorsal surface but sometimes only by a very short stipe, surrounded by
a moderate bordering basal lamina which is sometimes turned slightly
upward ; the central part of the colony in young stages is a little de-
pressed and with rounded cancelli which become partially closed. Adult
colonies, with brood-chambers, are usually evenly rounded over the top.
The tubules vary much in their arrangement, sometimes occurring in
radiating uniserial rows in which, however, the tubes are not connate,
or at least are free at their tips; for the most part they are irregularly
quincuncial, and they are separated by rounded cancelli about as large
as the apertures of the zoids, about 0.08 mm in diameter. The peristomes
are a little elevated, rising on the central side into a pointed cusp which
is sometimes double or tricuspidate.

The ovicells, or brood-chambers, are located at the edges of the central
area and extend outward between the zooecial tubes ; occasionally, when
more than one is present (I have noted as many as 4) their expanded
inner ends may cover the central area. The ooeciostome is situated at
the edge of the central area or farther out between the tubules, short,
cylindrical, with a round aperture which is somewhat larger than that
of the tubules, about 0.10 mm in diameter. The chamber at first is cov-
ered by a thin, minutely perforated calcified layer, but later this may
secondarily be covered with a cancellous layer.

It is a well known northern and arctic species, extending on the
Pacific coast south to Lower California.

Hancock Stations: 1260-41, off San Eugenio Point, Lower California,
27°49'50"N, 115°06'05'"W, the southernmost record; oflf Santa Cata-
lina, Santa Barbara and San Miguel Islands, and Albatross Sta. 2938,
all from southern California; from near shore to 34 fms. Also a speci-
men labelled "Bering Sea," with no other data.

Disporella calif ornica (d'Orbigny), 1853 /--O

Plate 74, figs. 7, 8, and 9

Unicavea Californica d'Orbigny, 1853:972.

Not Lichenopora californica, Gabb and Horn, 1862:176.

Not Discoporella calif ornica. Busk, 1875:32.

Not Lichenopora calif ornica. Waters, 1889:282.

Not Lichenopora californica, Robertson, 1910:261.

Lichenopora californica, Borg, 1944:219.

D'Orbigny's description, without illustration, reads: "Espece tres-
convexe en dessus, ayant le centre excave, et pourvue de pores inter-
mediares enormes. Madelaine, Basse-Californie."

712 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The californica of d'Orbigny was placed by him in the genus Uni-
caveUj which indicates that his species has uniserial rays. On the other
hand the californica of Busk, Gabb and Horn, Waters, and Robertson
is definitely stated to have biserial or triserial rays and has been rede-
scribed as Lichenopora buskiana by Canu and Bassler, 1928:164. The
description of the zoarial form by d'Orbigny might apply to numerous
species, but his final statement of the large size of the cancelli is more
definite and is an exact statement of their nature. In older colonies the
cancelli become partially closed by an "iris-Hke" thickening of the in-
ternal wall, but the outlines of the large pores are evident in the raised
separating ridges. Moreover, the species is common in the area where
d'Orbigny obtained his material, Lower California, and we are fortunate
to have ten specimens from, three stations in Santa Maria Bay and
Magdalena (Madelaine) Bay, that is, in the type locality of californica.
It appears very probable, therefore, that after a century d'Orbigny's
species has been resurrected.

The zoaria are round, low dome-shaped with the central area flat or
somewhat depressed in the young. The colonies are all small, not over
4 mm in width, the central area one-fourth to one-third as wide as the
zoarium ; the radiating rows of tubules are all definitely uniserial, about
10 primary rows with shorter ones between them toward the margin.
The peristomes are only moderately elevated, slightly higher toward the
central area, connate to their tips which usually are truncate but some-
times are extended into short points on their distal borders; the aper-
tures are slightly elongated in the direction of the rays, about 0.10 mm
long by 0.08 mm wide. The cancelli of the central area are noticeably
larger than the tubules, the apertures round and as much as 0.13 mm
in diameter, partially closed by the characteristic "iris" diaphragm ; the
pin-head spicules are abundant. Between the rays there are two rows
of cancelli, occasionally only one, which are somewhat smaller than at
the center.

The brood-chambers are interradial or extending somewhat into the
central area, the roof a thin calcified membrane with minute pores,
later covered by secondary cancelli of the usual type. The ooeciostome is
short, round, thin-walled and a little larger than the zooecial apertures.

There is a peculiar type of zoarial budding which I have not seen
described and which I have observed in only one other species, D.
alaskensis new species, described in this report. The sub-colonies arise
on the frontal side toward the margin but do not extend beyond it and
in the three colonies at hand they are exactly similar in origin. When I

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 713

first observed one of these I thought it might be a monstrosity or per-
haps due to the attachment of an ancestrula, but the discovery of three
similar triple colonies and a very young bud on another proves it to be
a normal process. The sub-colonies are short stipitate with their borders
and most of the dorsal side entirely free. Thus they have some resem-
blance to d'Orbigny's "genus" Tecticavea, except that the sub-colonies
arise near the margin and are not superposed on the central area. In
each case the first sub-colony bears another similar to it but smaller.
They present the same characters as the primary one, with uniserial
radii, large central cancelli, moderately low connate peristomes and
inter-radial brood-chambers.

Hancock Stations: 279-34, Santa Maria Bay, Lower California,
24°44'45"N, 112°15'20"W, and 1714-49 and 2180, Magdalena Bay,
the type locality of californica d'Orbigny, 10 to 18 fms. Also at 1242,
Anacapa Island, and 1662-48, Santa Cruz Island, southern Cahfornia;
1889-49, Cortez Bank at the United States-Mexican boundary; 275,
Raza Island, 675-37, Carmen Island, and 1044-40, Tiburon Island,
Gulf of California; and 468-35, Port Parker, Costa Rica. Depth 5 to
77 fms. Also 3 colonies from Tobago Island, Panama, each consisting
of several sub-colonies, Helen Hoyt, collector.

Disporella ovoidea new species

Plate 75, figs. 4 and 5

Lichenopora radiata, Canu and Bassler, 1928:163; 1930:56.
Lichenopora radiata, Osburn, 1940:334; 1947:6.

Zoarium more or less ovate, in older stages becoming low dome-
shaped ; the central area large, distinctly elongate, ovoid to elliptical,
much depressed in the young but thick and elevated nearly to the tips
of the zooecial tubes in older colonies ; 3 to 5 mm in the longest dimen-
sion. The zoids are in very definite uniserial rays, the longest ray noted
having 7 zoids. The tubes are moderately short and are connate to their
tips, which are without spinous projections or notches; the apertures
elongated in the direction of the rays, averaging 0.07 mm wide by 0.10
mm long, those at the outer ends of the rays usually larger than those
near the central area. The cancelli are large, about twice the size of the
zooecial apertures, but very soon become partially closed by an iris-like
diaphragm so that their apertures are funnel-shaped and surrounded by
hexagonal separating ridges. 'Tin-head" spicules are sometimes present.

714 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

I have not been able to determine the nature of the primary brood-
chambers near the central area, but the secondary chambers near the
border are covered in the usual manner by a calcified porous membrane ;
here they lie between the rays, in some cases extending on both sides of
a short secondary ray. They are soon covered by secondary cancelli.
The ooeciostome is hardly distinguishable from the cancelli in height
and size, but the orifice is w^ide open, rounded and its wall thin.

I must agree with Borg (1944:223) that the L. radiata of Canu and
Bassler (1928:163 and plate 29, figs. 1-2) from north of Cuba, and
those of Osburn (1940:334) from Porto Rico, cannot be identified with
Discoporella radiata of Waters (1879:276) from the Bay of Naples,
nor with the Melobesia radiata of Audouin (1826:235). Waters states:
"In most specimens the cancelli appear open; but in well-preserved ones
a delicate calcareous cover is found covering the aperture: and this is
perforated with about 2-10 holes," which is clearly shown in his plate
24, fig. 11a. The figures of Melobesia radiata Audouin show a round
zoarium with a small round central area ; a central brood-chamber cov-
ered by a calcareous porous membrane and with lobes extending between
radii; the radii high, elongate and uniserial, the tubes connate to the
tips and ending in sharp points. Apparently there is no other species
recorded from the Mediterranean or Red Seas with which Waters could
have confused his D. radiata, and we must conclude that it is Audouin's
M. radiata and is a Lichenopora in the strict sense.

On the other hand, the L. radiata of Canu and Bassler and of Osburn,
from the West Indies, has an ovate or rounded zoarium with a large
ovate central area ; the cancelli thick-walled and without a covering
calcified membrane ; the brood-chambers not centrally located ; the uni-
serial connate radii much less elevated. These West Indian specimens
appear to conform in every particular with Disporella ovoidea, as de-
scribed above, and it is probable that Canu and Bassler's reference to
L. radiata from the Galapagos Islands is also to the same species, since
Dr. Bassler informs me (in litt.) that it has "a large, slightly elongate
central area, with the cancelli and rows of tubules as in the Cuban one."
How many other references to radiata are untenable it is impossible to
say, as it has often been recorded without description or figures, but it
seems safe to state that it has not been found on the Pacific coast of the
Americas.

Our material consists of 4 colonies, 2 from the Galapagos Islands, 1
from Colombia and 1 from southern California, a wide distribution to
be sure, but they all agree in the elongate form of the central area, the

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 715

short uniserial connate rays, the size and form of the zooecial apertures,
and the size, form and nature of the closure of the cancelli. It is very
different from any other Eastern Pacific species, but it may represent
some of the too numerous lichenoporid species that have been inade-
quately described from all around the world.

Type, AHF no. 126.

Type locality, Hancock Station 432, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island,

Galapagos, 80 to 100 fms, two colonies, with ovicells. Also 1662-48,

Santa Cruz Island, 33°55'45"N, 119°32'30"W, southern California,

23 fms ; and one colony from Colombia without further data.

Disporella alaskensis new species

Plate 75, figs. 7 and 8

The zoarium is round, 3 mm in diameter, high at the central area,
the broad cancellated thin border turned up all around, shaped like a
miniature Mexican straw hat ; attached over most of the dorsal surface.
The radii are multiserial (2 to 4), consisting of elevated ovoid clumps
which are regularly arranged about the central area. The outer ends
of the radii descend sharply to the thin bordering lamella. In our two
specimens, the smaller has 4 radii with 2 developing between these at
the edges, the larger has 8 rays with several smaller incomplete ones.
The tubules are completely connate to their tips, which are not extended
into points, the apertures rounded or slightly hexagonal and about 0.10
mm in diameter.

The central area is moderate in size, short-ovate in form, with large
rounded cancelli (0.13 mm) and the cancelH of the bordering area are
of the same size and form (occasional smaller ones are present on the
central area and between the radii) ; there are 2 to 4 rows of cancelli
between the radii. Small pinhead spicules are present. There is very
little closure of the cancelli of the central area, just enough to suggest
an "iris-like" diaphragm, and the bordering cancelli are wide open.

A small sub-colony is present on the front, situated at the outer end
of one of the rays and well within from the border; this has the same
form, with edge strongly turned up and the tubules and cancelli similar
to those of the primary colony.

The ovicell is interradial, extending somewhat into the central area
and covered by a thin membrane with minute pores. Unfortunately the
ooeciostome is broken away.

Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 11052.

716 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Type locality, Stepovak Island, Alaska, Alaska Crab Investigation,
Sta. 84-40, 15 fms. Another colony, the older one, is from Cleveland
Passage, Alaska, 10 fms, W. Williams, collector.

The older colony differs from the type specimen only in the larger
number and greater prominence of the radii and in the absence of an
ovicell.

Disporella stellata var. paclfica, new variety
Plate 76, fig. 10

Defrancia stellata Reuss, 1847:37.

Defrancia stellata, Canu and Bassler, 1930:57.

Defrancia Bronn, 1825, is considered synonymous with Apsendesia La-

mouroux, 1821, by Bassler, 1935:48.

Canu and Bassler, 1930:57 and Plate 14, figs. 7-12, described a
specimen of this Miocene form as Defrancia stellata, from the Gala-
pagos Islands. As they remark, "It is quite remarkable to rediscover in
the recent seas this European fossil." However, the measurements agree
with those of the fossils and the specimen photographed (fig. 9) corre-
sponds in a remarkable way to the figures of the fossil specimens shown
beside it. It is possible that a species may have continued to live from
Miocene time and be distributed half way round the world, but the
chances are very much against it. Since we know nothing of the ovicells
of stellata, it seems better to give the recent form at least a varietal
name, pending the discovery of the ovicells of stellata.

From the Hancock dredgings at the Galapagos Islands 12 specimens
have been recovered from 4 different stations, similar to that discussed
by Canu and Bassler, but bearing ovicells which are definitely those of
a Disporella.

The zoaria are attached to corallines; discoid in form, thick, with a
narrowly extending basal lamina- the central area large, nearly flat,
round or ovate in form, and the radii on the slope of the zoarium ; the
colonies are of moderate size, from 2 to 4 mm in diameter. The radii are
multiserial with 2 to 4 (usually 3) series of tubules which are closely
connate to their tips, and which form elevated ridges separated by 2 to
4 rows of cancelli. The apertures measure 0.08 mm in diameter and the
cancelli 0.08 to 0.10 mm, depending on the amount of closure.

Vertical budding appears to be a constant character, as even the
smallest colonies have at least one sub-colony superimposed and arising
near the center of the frontal area ; as many as 3 sub-colonies are present
in one specimen, vertically arranged. In one specimen a second bud is
present at the edge of the central area, indicating the beginning of a

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 717

branched colony. In another case what appears to be lateral budding
involves 3 colonies (or sub-colonies) ; these might have been produced
by the fusion of separate colonies, but if so there is no definite line of
demarcation.

The ovicells or brood-chambers, shown at or near the surface in two
of our specimens, are either at the edge of the central area and extending
between the rays or are farther out and entirely interradial or both;
they show the calcified bottom layer, which covers the submerged can-
celli, and the minutely perforated roofing layer. The roof of the ovicell
is again closed by secondary cancelli of the usual type.

The ovicells appear to place this form definitely in Disporella, and
the character of the cancelli with thick walls (though they are but little
closed) also suggests this disposition. At the same time, the normal verti-
cal arrangement of the sub-colonies indicates Lichenopora but, as has
been shown above, this character does not appear to have positive generic
importance.

Recorded by Canu and Bassler at Albatross Station D. 2815, Gala-
pagos Islands.

Type, AHF no. 127.

Type locality, Hancock Station 143-34, Wenman Island, Galapagos,
1°23'10''N, 91°48'45''W, 100-150 fms.

Also at Hancock Stations: Galapagos Islands, 155-34, Albemarle
Island; 453, Gardner Island, and 454, Hood Island; 30 to over 100 fms.

Disporella separata new species
Plate 74, figs. 5 and 6

Zoarium a very complex colony of the kind known as Radiopora by
d'Orbigny, Busk, etc. It consists of about 30 sub-colonies rather reg-
ularly arranged over a rounded area about 15 to 20 mm, attached loosely
and spreading over the surface of a small dead barnacle and the shell
to which the barnacle is attached ; most of the basal lamina is free. The
sub-colonies are all well separated from each other by a few rows of
cancelli and are quite regular in size and form ; the discs are short-ovate,
about 2.5 by 2 mm in diameter, with the radii varying in number from
8 to 12. The rays consist of small ovate clusters of peristomes, biserial
or triserial, which often become uniserial at the outer end ; not infre-
quently uniserial rays are present, and sometimes these may become
biserial at the outer ends; while the triserial cluster appears to be the
dominant form, all of these variations may be found on a single sub-
colony and on any part of the complex zoarium. The peristomes are

718 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

moderately high near the center and become gradually shorter outward,
connate to their tips, which form a single acuminate spine at the point
of junction; the apertures about 0.10 by 0.08 mm.

The central area is concave in younger stages to nearly flat in older
sub-colonies, elliptical in outline ; the cancelli about as large as the aper-
tures of the tubules, partially closed by an "iris-like" diaphragm with a
large central pore. The interradial and intercolonial cancelli do not
differ from those of the central area, except that they vary more in size
and the amount of closure.

The ovicells are interradial and covered by a layer of secondary can-
celli, and the ooeciostome is short, thin-walled, round, without a flaring
border, barely elevated above the level of the cancelli, and measures
0.08 mm in diameter.

Young marginal sub-colonies develop near the border along with the
proliferation of the lamina after 3 or 4 rows of cancelli are formed.
There are several such incomplete discs at the edge of the zoarium, with
the first few radii outlined on the side toward the center of the zoarium.

This species belongs to the "Radiopora" group in which the sub-
colonies are distinct (the discs not confluent) and their discs similar to
that of the primary colony (see Waters, 1918, plate 4, figs. 1-4), but
appears to be different from any of the recent "Radiopora" species de-
scribed, Discopora meandrina Peach, Radiopora irregularis J. Y. John-
son, Discoporella pristis MacGillivray, and Lichenopora bullata and
L. magnifica MacGillivray.

Type, AHF no. 128.

Type locality, Hancock Station 1889-49, Cortez Bank, west of the
United States-Mexican boundary, 32°27'05'"N, 119°08'04"W, at 15
to 20 fms.

? Disporella octoradiata (Waters), 1904
Plate 75, fig. 6

Lichenopora octoradiata Waters, 1904:97.
Disporella (?) octoradiata, Borg, 1944:257.

Waters' description is as follows: "The zoarium is very solid and
much raised, with the base narrower than the disk. There are a number
of biserial rays, formed by a few zooecia, and in a well developed colony
there are 8 main rays, with indications of the commencement of another
series. The rays do not extend to the border of the zoarium, nor are
the zooecia around the border of the disk elevated, while in the center
of the zoarium the openings are round and vary in size." As far as it
goes this is as fairly complete a description of our two young specimens

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 719

form around the central area, and vary in size from 2 to 6 tubules, con-
siderably elevated above the central area which is somewhat concave.
The zooecial apartures measure 0.10 mm in diameter. The larger can-
celli are of about the same size, but most of those in the central area
are partially closed, with a smaller rounded central pore; there are
usually two rows of cancelli between the radii. The zoids around the
border are not at all elevated and in most cases are indistinguishable
from the cancelli. There is a narrow basal lamina.

The zoaria are evidently young, as there are no ovicells, and there is
a question whether the species is the same as L. octoradiata Waters. The
nature of the closure of the cancelli appears to relate it to Disporella
rather than to Lichenopora.

Waters described the species from 71°09' S. Lat., 89° 15' W. Long.,
and Borg recorded it questionably from 63°57'S, 61°50'W; both of
these records are from the area between South America and Antarctica.

Hancock Station 481, Cartago Bay, Albemarle Island, Galapagos, at
12 fms, two colonies.

Disporella astraea, new species
Plate 76, figs. 1 and 2

Zoarium encrusting with a broad base and rising by vertical budding
into a short cylindrical stalk which, with the radiating fascicles, gives
the appearance of a minute Astraeid coral. The central area is flat with
numerous thick-walled and rather wide open round cancelli, which extend
between the rays in two or three rows. The flat top is surrounded by a
ring of 10 high, short fascicles. The fascicles are groups composed of
4 to about 10 zooecial tubes which are all closely connate, their apertures
about 0.07 mm in diameter; the apertures of the cancelli are about the
same size, occasionally larger. The encrusting base is 2 mm in width ;
the primary zoarium arising from it 1.30 mm wide and about 0.60 mm
high; the secondary zoarium or vertical bud is 1.10 mm in diameter and
about 0.80 mm high.

There is no evidence of an ovicell, and therefore the disposition of the
species in Disporella is questionable and based merely on zoarial char-
acters.

Type, AHF no. 129.

Type locality, Hancock Station 451, off Post Office Bay, Charles
Island, Galapagos, at 100 fms, one colony. Another somewhat smaller
colony at Station 461, off Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos,
at 80 fms ; this specimen has 9 slightly smaller and higher fascicles, but
otherwise is similar.

720 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

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NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 721

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722 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

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726 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Order ECTOPROGTA
Suborder GtENOSTOMATA

By Raymond C. Osburn, Ph.D., D.Sc. and John D. Soule, Ph.D.

This taxonomic report on the Pacific Coast Ctenostomata was pre-
pared by Dr. Soule under the immediate direction of the senior author.
The work was done in connection with a study of postlarval develop-
ment and histogenesis and the bearing of the results on the classification
of this group. The data on which the taxonomic changes are based will
be published elsewhere and bear the full approval of the senior author.
The new species which have appeared during the progress of the work
are all to be credited to the careful work of Dr. Soule.

R. C. O.

Sub-Order GtENOSTOMATA Busk, 1852

The chitinous zoaria may be incrusting, erect, stolonate or burrowing.
The zooecial aperture is essentially simple, being closed by the inversion
of the tentacle sheath on retraction of the polypide. In some genera spe-
cialized apertures are present, including those that are bilabiate, pro-
duced or even operculate. The operculum present in one genus of
burrowing ctenostomes is analogous to the opercula of the cheilostomes.
No avicularia or true external ovicells are present, although specialized
gonozoids do occur. Kenozooecia, modified as stolons, are present in the
stolonate groups, or as spines in the carnose forms.

Division 1. Garnosa Gray, 1841

Ctenostomata that have in common a comparatively heavy non-
calcareous cuticle, giving the zoaria a fleshy or leathery appearance. The
colonies included within this group are usually incrusting, but they may
rise in thin flabellate or palmate fronds, sac-like expansions, or they may
be cylindrical or pedunculate structures.

Key to the Families of the Division Carnosa

1. Zoaria primarily incrusting 2

Zoaria erect, clavate, with kenozooecial peduncle . . Clavoporidae

2. Zooecia with aperture closed by simple folds . . . Alcyonidiidae
Zooecia with modified apertures 3

3. Aperture bilabiate, zooecia with kenozooecial spines . Flustrellidae
Aperture raised, quadrangular, zooecia with

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 727

Family Alcyonidiidae Johnston, 1849

Zoaria incrusting or erect in sacculate or cylindrical expansions. Aper-
ture closed by simple folds formed by the invagination of the tentacle
sheath when retracted, producing a puckered or drawn appearance.

Genus ALGYONIDIUM Lamouroux, 1812

Zoaria incrusting, coriaceous or gelatinous in appearance, forming a
soft cover over the substrata, or arising into lobed sac-like, or cylindrical
expansions. Zooecia closely united, not stolonate. The aperture may be
in the center of raised papillae, or the entire ventral surface of the
zooecia may present a smooth surface, a slight puckering at the distal
end indicative of the aperture. Genotype: Alcyonium gelatinosum Lin-
naeus, 1767.

Key to the Species of Alcyonidium

1. Zoaria primarily incrusting, spreading irregularly 2

Zoaria primarily erect, or disc-shaped, limited 4

2. Zoaria flat, incrusting, zooecia irregularly hexagonal . . polyoum
Zoaria flat, incrusting, zooecia with raised apertures .... 3

3. Zoaria argillaceous, zooecia with fine papillate border . parasiticum
Zoaria clear, zooecial aperture mammillate . . . mammillatum

4. Zoaria disc-shaped, flattened disctforme

Zoaria primarily erect 5

5. Zoaria sacculate, expanded, lobed pedunculatum

Zoaria elongate, cylindrical enteromorpha

Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall), 1841
Plate 77, fig. 1

Sarcochitum polyoum Hassall, 1841 :484.
Alcyonidium mytili, Robertson, 1900:329.
Alcyonidimn polyoum, Robertson, 1900:330.
Alcyonidium mytili, O'Donoghue, 1923:191; 1926:54.
Alcyonidium columbianum O'Donoghue, 1926:56.

The zoaria of the specimens in the collection show a great deal of
color variation, ranging from transparent to brown or gray. In size the
colonies ranged from 1 to 6 cm in breadth depending upon the size and
type of subtrate. These zoaria are found incrusting rocks, mollusk
shells, algal holdfasts and sometimes on the larger Crustacea.

728 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The zooecia are irregularly hexagonal, but zooecia that are pentagonal,
quadrangular and some that are nearly square are not uncommon. This
wide variation in shape may account for the differences found in the
measurements that have been previously cited in the literature.

The zooecial walls are usually distinct. The apertural openings in
some of the zoaria are found on small raised papillae, distally located on
the ventral wall, while in other zoaria there are no papillae, the ventral
surface being smooth. In the latter case, the openings are either easily
discerned, or are very obscure. One recent author (Silen, 1942:9-11)
considers A. polyoum one of the species with a smooth ventral surface.
Other authors (Hincks, 1880:501 ; Osburn, 1933:61 ; 1944:16; Marcus,
1941:68) have all noted the presence of a raised oral papilla. It is
possible that the presence or absence of the oral papillae may be due to
the degree of retraction of the tentacle sheath. If so, a given living
zoarium could exhibit no oral papillae at one time, and have them at
another.

The tentacle number poses another problem in this species. The vex-
ing question is, does this species have a fixed number of tentacles, a
variable number of tentacles, or are there two or possibly three species
similar in external appearance being lumped together as A. polyoum?
The reported tentacle number varies from 12 (Harmer, 1915:38) to
20 (Silen, 1942:11). The original description (Hassall, 1841:484,
485) reports the tentacle number as 20. If then the number to be con-
sidered as correct is 20, what is to be the disposition of those with 16
tentacles (Marcus, 1941:68; Rogick, 1949:47), unless A. polyoum is
considered as having a wide variation in tentacle number. In order to
determine the number of tentacles in the specimens from the eastern
Pacific found in the Hancock collection, comprising at this time 9 sta-
tions (5 from Alaska, 4 from northern California), a sample of each
of the best preserved specimens with the external characteristics of
A. polyoum was sectioned. None of the specimens had 20 tentacles. Two
Alaskan specimens, one with raised papillae, and one without, had 17
tentacles. One Californian specimen with definite oral papillae had 17
tentacles. Three others, all from Californian waters, without oral pa-
pillae, had 15, rarely 16 tentacles. Until such time as additional material
can be obtained of both Pacific and Atlantic origin, the only safe con-
clusion is that A. polyoum does have a variable number of tentacles.

Akyonidium polyoum is widely distributed in the colder waters of
both the Atlantic and the Pacific. In the eastern Pacific it has been

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 729

previously reported by Robertson, 1900, and O'Donoghue, 1923, 1926,
in the waters off Alaska, British Columbia, and Puget Sound.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from off Point Barrow,
Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, G. E. MacGinitie collector;
Lenard Harbor, Alaska, Canoe Bay, Alaska, Tomales Bay, California,
AHF stations 1607-48 and 1656-48 in depths ranging from intertidal
to 40 fathoms. (8 stations.)

Alcyonidium parasiticum (Fleming), 1828
Plate 77, fig. 2

Alcyonium parasiticum Fleming, 1828:518.
Alcyonidium parasiticum, O'Donoghue, 1923:191.

The collection has one large zoarium, thin, incrusting upon an eroded
mollusk shell. The individual zooecia may be distinguished with some
difficulty, due to the deposit of sand and mud which covers most of the
zoarium. The zooecia are small, irregular in morphology, the variation
ranging from nearly square zooecia to those that are elongated to nearly
diamond-shaped. All of the zooecia that could be examined possessed
raised oral papillae on the ventral surface, and minute border papillae.
The argillaceous cover upon the cuticle prevented sectioning of a portion
of the specimen.

This species is well distributed throughout the colder Atlantic waters
and has been reported by O'Donoghue from the Pacific northwest.

The specimen in the Hancock collection came from Tomales Bay,
California, at a depth of 5 fathoms, collector R. C. Osburn.

Alcyonidium mammillatum Alder, 1857
Plate 77, fig. 4

Alcyonidium mammillatum Alder, 1857:154.

Alcyonidium mamillatum, O'Donoghue, 1923:191; 1926:54.

The zoaria form dark brown, thin, rough, irregular incrustations
upon mollusk shells. The zooecial walls are well defined, except in the
portions of the zoaria that are covered by foreign matter. The zooecia
vary in shape from an elongated irregular oval to rectangular. Distally
the zooecial apertures are raised upon short cylindrical, transversely
wrinkled projections.

The literature reveals that this species is moderately well known from
the cold waters of the Atlantic. On the Pacific coast of North America,
O'Donoghue has reported it from the vicinity of Vancouver Island, 1923,
1926.

730 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Hancock Station 1642-48, off Point Vicente, southern California;
also Friday Harbor, Puget Sound, J. L. Mohr, collector; Cold Bay,
Alaska, U. S. Alaska Crab Investigation; and off Newport, southern
California, which well may be the southern extension for this species.
The known depth range is 15 to 70 fms.

Alcyonidium pedunculatum Robertson, 1902

Plate 77, fig. 3

Alcyonidium pedunculatum Robertson, 1902:106.
Alcyonidium pedunculatum, O'Donoghue, 1926:55.

The zoaria of this unusual species are erect, arising from a short
"peduncle" into wide flat saccate expansions, the largest of those in the
Hancock collection, from Puget Sound, Washington, measuring 6.5 cm
high and 4,5 cm wide. The largest from Alaska measures 11 cm long
and 3 cm in width. The "peduncles" are wrinkled, rough, coriaceous
in appearance, short, stout, cylindrical, and contain a loose reticular
connective tissue. The zooecia are not modified as they are in the true
peduncle of Clavopora, i.e., for bending and swaying the colony. The
expanded portion of the zoarium is sac-like, filled with loose connective
tissue, and may have several finger-like projections, or it may be a single
foliaceous lobe. These lobes are smooth, light brown in color. The
zooecial outlines are well marked, an irregular hexagonal shape. Sec-
tioning disclosed the tentacle number to be 17.

Miss Robertson's specimens were from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska.
O'Donoghue (1926) reported the species from the Vancouver Island
region.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from Alaska, Arctic Re-
search Laboratory, G. E. MacGinitie, collector, and Puget Sound,
Washington, J. L. Mohr, collector. There are 10 stations ranging in
depth from 20 to 35 fathoms.

Alcyonidium disciforme (Smitt), 1871
Plate 77, figs. 5 and 6

Alcyonidium mammillatum var. disciforme Smitt, 1871:1122, 1123.
Alcyonidium disciforme, Osburn, 1936:540.

The mature zoaria have a very distinctive, characteristic morphology.
Resembling a common wide rubber washer or large coin with a circular
hole punched from its center, these zoaria form circular, slightly convex
discs, which apparently rest upon soft sandy substrata. Young colonies
lack the central hole. Minute, fine root-like extensions from the basal

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 731

side help to anchor the colony in place. These kenozooecial filaments
are most easily found near the periphery of the zoaria. The zoaria in
the collection measured between 2.6 and 3.0 cm in diameter. The zooecia
are small, hexagonal, usually bearing the apertures raised on papillae
which occupy nearly all of the ventral surface. The tentacle number is
16, determined from sections.

Described by Smitt from Scandinavian waters, and recorded by Os-
burn from Captain R. A. Bartlett's dredgings in Wakeham Bay, Un-
gava, Canada.

Hancock collection specimens are from Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic
Research Laboratory, 13 fms, collected by G. E. MacGinitie. The
species evidently has a circumpolar distribution.

Alcyonidium enteromorpha Soule, 1951
Plate 77, figs. 7 and 8

Alcyonidium enteromorpha Soule, 1951:367.

The zoaria are elongate without lateral branching, bearing a super-
ficial resemblance to the intestinal tract of a small mammal. Of several
zoaria in the collection the longest measured 61 cm in length and from
4 to 6 mm in width. Coiled in several loose folds the zoaria are attached
to the substrate without a differentiated "peduncle." The cuticle is
firm, mottled light brown to tan in color, and only moderately thick.
The zoaria are cylindrical and filled with a loose reticular connective
tissue. Within this meshwork of connective tissue may be found numer-
ous brown bodies, the product of degenerated zoids that have entered
the central cavity when the thin dorsal zooecial walls were ruptured.
From the ventral surface the zooecia are well defined, most easily found
in the portions of the zoaria where the cuticle is thin. On the greater
part of the zoaria, the lateral zooecial walls can be only faintly discerned,
and while not totally obscured, they are rather difficult to trace. The
ventral zooecial walls are smooth, with no oral papillae present. As
noted before, the dorsal zooecial walls are thin, almost to the point of
transparency. In shape the zooecia are varied, ranging from rectangular
to irregularly hexagonal, those containing mature polypides measuring
between 0.23 and 0.40 mm in length, and from 0.11 to 0.25 mm in
width. The tentacle number obtained from serial sections is 17. It
differs from A. pedunculatmn Robertson, by virtue of its cylindrical
form, its extreme zoarial length, and its complete lack of a "peduncle.

All of the specimens in the Hancock collection are from Alaska, off
Point Barrow, Arctic Research Laboratory, collector G. E. MacGinitie.
Collected at depths ranging from 80 to 123 fathoms.

732 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Family Flustrellidae Hincks, 1880

PiM^ Zoaria incrusting or rising in flabellate extensions. The aperture is

( » bilabiate, closed by two lip-like flaps that are supported by chitinous

jy rims. The analogy has been drawn by earlier authors, commenting on

'^ the resemblance of the aperture of the Flustrellidae to the opening of

an old fashioned clasp purse. Chitinous spines are present.

^K5W/t^ Genus FLUSTRELLA Gray, 1848

Zoaria incrusting, or rising in flattened fan-shaped projections. The
zoaria are hispid, with many flexible chitinous spines, which vary in
morphology and frequency with the species. The spines originate from
kenozooecia. The aperture is bilabiate as described above. Genotype:
Flustra hispida Fabricius, 1780.

Flustrella cornicLilata (Smitt), 1871
Plate 77, fig. 9

Jlcyonidium corniculatum Smitt, 1871:1123.
AlcyonidiuTn cervicornis Robertson, 1900-330.
Alcyonidium spinifera O'Donoghue, 1923:192.
Alcyonidium cervicorne, O'Donoghue, 1926:56.
Flustrella corniculata, O'Donoghue, 1925:15.

The zoaria are found in various modes of growth, depending upon
the types of substrata. The shape varies from small cylindrical clavate
colonies to large foliaceous flattened expansions. The color may range
from pale tan to dark brown. Macroscopically, the zoaria have a coarse
"fuzzy" appearance due to the presence of numerous chitinous spines.
These spines arise from modified zooecia scattered abundantly among
the functional zooecia. Most commonly the spines have four prongs.
However, there are also spines bearing six prongs, and some with but
one. The zooecia range in form from an elongated ovoid to hexagonal,
usually with distinct lateral walls. The aperture is a narrow transverse
slit. Occasionally specimens are found with the apertures slightly raised,
at the summits of low papillae. The tentacle number, determined from
sections, is 18.

This species, described from cold European waters, has appeared in
the Pacific literature under several different names. Robertson found it
in the Alaskan collection of the Harriman Expedition, and O'Donoghue
described it from the Vancouver Island region and Puget Sound.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 733

Specimens in the Hancock collection are from off Point Barrow,
Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, collector, G. E. MacGinitie; British
Columbia; and Dillon Beach, Tomales Bay, California. Depth range,
from intertidal to 36 fathoms.

Flustrella gigantea Silen, 1947
Plate 78, fig. 1

Flustrella gigantea Silen, 1947:134.

The zoaria are incrusting or arise into erect, flattened lobate, bilaminar
expansions measuring 3 to 4.5 cm in height, and 0.5 to 1.0 cm in width.
Macroscopically all the dark brown zoaria have a hirsute appearance
due to the presence of branching chitinous spines. The zooecia are
arranged in alternating series, varying in form from an irregular rec-
tangle to an uneven hexagon j in length they range from 0.97 to 1.25
mm, and in width from 0.70 to 0.83 mm. In younger portions of the
zoaria the zooecia are distinct, but in the older areas the lateral zooecial
walls are obscured by the pigmented cuticle. Each zooecium has a distal
raised oral papilla with the bilabiate aperture at its summit. The hollow
spines, arising from kenozooecia, are variable in morphology, and have
a location pattern that is only moderately uniform. Distally, about the
raised oral papilla on each zooecium, are 2 to 4 of the multibranched
spines. The number of terminal prongs may vary from 9 to 21, the most
frequent range being 11 to 14. Some spines, as well as having the normal
numerous prongs, are modified so as to have one large grossly extended,
thorn-like spike, giving the spine an over-all length of 1.38 to 2.05 mm.
This spectacular form of the spine is scattered at random in generous
quantity over the zoaria, from the growing tip to the most mature por-
tions of the zoaria. Sections revealed the tentacle number to be 26.

The specimens described by Silen were from the Bering Sea. The
material in the Hancock collection is also from Arctic waters, off Point
Barrow, Alaska, G. E. MacGinitie collector. Depth, 36 fathoms.

Family Pherusellidae Soule, new family

Zoaria incrusting or arising into flattened flabellate, bilaminar exten-
sions. Aperture square or quadrangular, raised upon a stout tubular
process. Prominent compound communication pores (multiporous sep-
tulae), supported by heavy chitinous rings, connect adjacent zooecia,
piercing the distal as well as the lateral walls. No spines present. Prior
to this time the genus Pherusella has been placed under the family

734 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

FlustrelHdae, but the morphological differences in the aperture, the
presence of the prominent communication pores, and the lack of keno-
zooecial spines warrant the separation of this genus into a distinct family.

Genus PHERUSELLA Soule, 1951

Zoaria coriaceous, incrusting, or arising from incrustations in branch-
ing flabellate, flattened projections. The distal ends of the zooecia rise
into prominent tubular processes, which bear the aperture. When the
polypide is retracted, the apertures appear square to transversely quad-
rangular in shape. The lateral walls and the distal walls are pierced by
prominent multiporous septulae provided with heavily chitinized rims,
apparently a unique character in the Ctenostomata. Genotype: Flustra
tubulosa (Solander), 1786. The genus Pherusa Lamouroux, 1816, is
preoccupied by Pherusa Oken, 1807. The name Pherusa had also been
proposed by Leach, 1814, and Rafinesque, 1815. ,^ /.

Pherusella brevituba Soule, 1951
Plate 78, fig. 2

Pherusella brevituba Soule, 1951:368.

The chitinous zoaria are a light brown in color, leathery in appear-
ance, and form prominent incrustations upon the holdfasts and blades
of algae. When the zoaria are strictly incrusting, they are unilaminar,
or they may form erect fan-like "fronds" that are bilaminar, back to
back, where the zoarial growth exceeds the limits of the algae thalli.

The zooecia are elongate with considerable variation in shape, from
imperfectly rectangular to hexagonal, averaging about 0.80 mm in length
and 0.40 mm in width. Normally the individual zooecia are distinct,
clearly defined by the lateral walls. The zooecial walls are perforated
by well marked compound interzooecial communication pores having an
average diameter of 0.02 mm. The rims of the communication pores
are strengthened by heavy chitinous rings. Within this ring are four
minute perforations piercing a thin chitinous diaphragm.

The distal portion of each zooecium is raised to form a short but
prominent tubular process bearing the aperture. The upper extremity
of this tubular process is square to transversely quadrangular in shape.
The tentacles number 23.

This species has been taken off Portuguese Bend, California ; collected
in the intertidal zone at Punta Baja, Rosario, Lower California, by
E. Y. Dawson ; and found on the holdfast of algae washed ashore near
the Santa Barbara-San Luis Obispo county line, southern California.
The range in depth is from intertidal to 8 fathoms.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 735

Family GlaVOpOridae Soule, new family

Zoaria erect, arising from a basal plate. Each zoarium is differentiated
into two anatomically distinct portions, a capitulum composed of auto-
zoids supported by an annulated peduncle composed of muscular keno-
zoids. Zoaria may be solitary or in groups but are never compound.
The aperture of each zooecium is similar to that found in the family
Alcyonidiidae, and is usually located at the center of a small papillate
process. The presence of two anatomically distinct regions within a
zoarium, a situation not found elsewhere in the carnose families, justifies
the proposal of a new family.

Genus CLAVOPORA Busk, 1874

Zoaria usually small, erect, coriaceous, clavate, arising from basal
discs. As noted above, each zoarium has an annulated peduncle of
muscular kenozooecia capable of bending and flexing the erect portion
of the colony in any direction, and a capitulum of functional autozooecia
capable of feeding and reproduction. The kenozooecia of the annulated
peduncle are arranged in a series of rings, the central portion of the
peduncle being a hollow fluid-filled tube. This tube forms a communica-
tion between each feeding autozoid of the hollow capitulum and the
muscular kenozooecia. Fluid containing dissolved nutriments and cel-
lular elements may pass into the kenozooecia by means of minute simple
pores (septulae) located in the internal zoid walls. The musculature of
the kenozooecia consists of modified parietal muscles that run parallel
to the long axis of the peduncle. Contraction of the muscles on one side,
with reciprocal relaxation of the musculature of the opposite side, will
bend the entire erect portion of the colony. In the capitulum, at the
apex of the peduncle, the autozoids are densely packed. On the outer
wall of the capitulum the cuticle is comparatively thick and leathery.
The lateral walls and the internal walls of the zooecia, submerged within
the body of the capitulum, are, in contrast, thin, lightly chitinized, and
delicate in appearance. Genotype: Clavopora hystricis Busk, 1874.

Glavopora occidentalis (Fewkes), 1889
Plate 78, fig. 3

Ascorhiza occidentalis Fewkes, 1889:1.
Ascorhiza occidentalis, Robertson, 1902:106.
Ascorhiza occidentalism O'Donoghue, 1923:192.
Clavopora occidentalis, O'Donoghue, 1926:57.

736 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The zoaria are stalked, arising directly from small irregularly cylindri-
cal adherent basal discs. The basal discs are firmly attached to the sub-
strata; rocks, mollusk shells, or, as in the case of some of those in the
Hancock collection, attached to colonies of the cheilostome bryozoan
Discoporella umbellata (Defrance), 1823. The zoaria are a pale brown
to light tan in color. The zoarial length is variable, ranging from 8 to
5.8 cm. The zoaria may be solitary, or secondary zoaria may grow
attached to the pedunculate portion of an older zoarium, where they
have developed from settled larvae.

Anatomically, a zoarium may be divided into two distinct sections, a
peduncle composed of muscular kenozooecia, and a capitulum at the
apex of the peduncle, composed of functioning autozooecia. The peduncle
is cylindrical, stout, and strongly annulated in the older zoaria. Accord-
ing to the figure in Fewkes' original description, the stalk is extremely
slender. This is not the case with specimens in the Hancock collection,
the peduncular portions of the mature zoaria having a diameter ranging
from 0.50 to 0.75 mm. The capitulum, ranging in length from 2 mm
to 3.5 cm, is an expanded ovoid structure, bulb-like in appearance with
a coriaceous cuticle. It is composed of the functional autozooecia, closely
united, somewhat indistinct, with the aperture located within the center
of a low papillate process. The tentacle number, determined by means
of serial sections, is 18.

The specimens reported by Miss Robertson (1902) were dredged off
Santa Catalina Island, California, while those recorded by O'Donoghue
came from the vicinity of Vancouver Island. The specimens in the
Hancock collection are from Hancock station 924-39, Socorro Island,
Mexico; Guadalupe Island, Mexico, collector C. L. Hubbs; and Dillon
Beach, California; in depths ranging from 17 to 46 fathoms.

Division 2. Paludicellea Allman, 1856

Zooecia connected by stolon-like tubular extensions that may or may
not possess internodes separated by septulae. A zooecium may form a
daughter zooecium by means of a bud produced near its distal extremity.

Family Nolellidae Harmer, 1915

"The Family Nolellidae is characterized by the great development of
the peristomial part of the zooecium. This region is typically much
elongated and its ectocyst frequently includes muddy particles. The

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 737

adnate portion of the zooecium is represented by a delicate stolon-like
tube and by the base of the peristome into which it usually passes
abruptly, although it more rarely dilates gradually as it approaches this
part. The branching is of the cruciform type. Gizzard absent." Harmer,
1915:52.

Genus NOLELLA Gosse, 1855

Zooecia cylindrical, elongate, with considerable variation in size within
the same zoarium. The proximal ends of the zooecia are prolonged,
narrowed to form connecting tubular extensions. The cuticle may, on
occasion, be covered by a very fine argillaceous coat. Genotype : Nolella
stipata Gosse, 1855.

Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855
Plate 78, fig, 5

Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855:35-36.
Farrella gigantea Busk, 1856:93.
Farrella dilatata, Hincks, 1860:279.
Cylindroecium giganteum, Hincks, 1884:208.
Cylindroecium papuense Busk, 1886:38.
Cylindroecium giganteum, O'Donoghue, 1926:60.

Zoaria with stolonal portion adhering to varied substrata ranging from
hydroids and algae to eroded mollusk shells and cheilostomatous bryo-
zoans. The zooecia are chitinous, erect, cylindrical. The cuticle is cov-
ered with an extremely fine layer of silt, which does not, however, totally
obscure the view of the polypide in alcoholic or wet-mount preparations.
The zooecia are extremely variable in length, with mature specimens
ranging in length from 0.90 to 3.80 mm, and in width from 0.17 to
0.25 mm. The proximal portion of the zoid, the basal area, is expanded
(dilated) forming a junction point for 2, 4, or even 6 of the stolons.
The only stolon that is not set off from the basal dilation by a distinct
diaphragm is the one from which the zoid arises. The degree of basal
dilation seems to be correlated with the type of substratum. The speci-
mens in the collection that are adherent to a soft substrate, such as the
algae or the hydroids, have a much less prominent dilation than those
adhering to a hard mollusk shell, where the proximal dilation is very
great. (See Hincks, 1880:537, pi. 77, figs. 1 & 2, and pi. 79, figs. 1-3).

This species is liberally represented in the cooler waters of the Atlantic
on both the European side and the North American. On the Pacific

738 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

coast of North America it has previously been reported by Hincks from
the Queen Charlotte Islands, and by O'Donoghue from the vicinity of
Vancouver Island,

In the Hancock collection specimens are from Puget Sound, Wash-
ington, Gulf of California, and the west coast of Lower California.
Hancock stations, 650-37, San Francisco Island, Gulf of California,
and 1714-49, Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Depth range from
17 to 47 fathoms.

Genus ANGUINELLA van Beneden, 1845

Zoaria erect, branching irregularly. Zooecia cylindrical, arising from
a small adnate proximal base. Zooecia bud directly from other zooecia.
Genotype: Anguinella palmata van Beneden, 1844.

Anguinella palmata van Beneden, 1845
Plate 78, fig. 4

Anguinella palmata van Beneden, 1845:34.
Anguinella palmata, Osburn, 1912:253.

Zoaria palmate, chitinous, opaque, brown in color, consisting of erect
single stalks with zooecia branching irregularly to all sides. The zoarial
length of the specimens in the Hancock collection ranges from 2.0 to
3.1 cm. The zooecia are cylindrical, elongate, rounded distally, the
aperture terminal. The cuticle is characteristically covered with a fine
coat of silt, rendering examination of the polypide difficult even under
optimum conditions of fixation and preservation. The zooecia bud directly
from the sides of older mature zooecia. The polypides of the zooecia in
the older basal and axial portions of the zoaria are suppressed, and these
zooecia serve as support for the younger lateral and distal zooecia that
are functional.

No difference could be detected in the morphology of the Pacific speci-
mens when compared with the Atlantic specimens collected at Beaufort,
North Carolina, by R. C. Osburn, or those collected at New River,
North Carolina, by A. S. Pearse. This is believed to be the first record
of this genus and species from the Pacific Coast of North America.
According to Hincks, 1880:540, it is moderately abundant in the waters
about the British Isles and off the coast of Belgium and France.

Hancock Stations: 277-34, Isabel Island, Mexico; 447-35, Panama
City, Panama; 847-38, off Zorritos Light, Peru; 1449-42, Newport
Harbor, and 2020-51, Seal Beach, southern California. Depth range,
intertidal zone to 25 fathoms.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 739

Division 3. Vesicularina Johnston, 1847

The ctenostomes included within the limits of this grouping char-
acteristically have relatively heavy, thickened, usually branching, septate
stolons. The zooecia bud directly from the stolon. Polypide usually
provided with a gizzard, or as Harmer, 1915:60, stated, "Gizzard
present in most of the genera, perhaps in all,"

Family Vesiculariidae Johnston, 1838

Zoaria erect or creeping, consisting of two types of zooecia, the keno-
zooecia constituting the stolons, and the autozoids the feeding individ-
uals. From within each internode of a stolon arise several zooecia, the
arrangement being characteristic within the genera.

Genus VESIGULARIA J. V. Thompson, 1830

Zoaria erect, the main stolon or stolons supported on the substrate
by a number of kenozooecial rhizoid-like runners. Zooecia ovoid to
elongate cylindrical, distinct, arranged within an internode in a single
series. Zooecia are contracted at the base, and the polypide is provided
with a prominent gizzard. Genotype: Sertularia spinosa Linnaeus, 1758.

Vesicularia fasciculata Soule new species
Plate 78, fig. 6

Diagnosis : Zoaria erect, unbranched, arising from a base supported
by tubular, root-like, kenozooecial fibers. The main axis of the zoarium
is composed of a series of 6 to 8 stout parallel or entwined stolons ad-
herent to each other so as to form an elongated bundle. Zooecia elongate,
cylindrical, arising from the stolons in a linear series, containing poly-
pides each bearing 12 short tentacles and a prominent gizzard.

Description: Of the three zoaria representing this species in the
Hancock collection, the longest measured 2.80 cm in height, prior to
the removal of portions for sectioning and for whole-mounts, while the
shortest measured barely 0.6 cm. The remaining zoarium was in a very
poor state of preservation.

The zoaria arise in a single, non-branching axis of growth, from a
base supported by kenozooecia in the form of tubular radiculate fibers.
The main axis mentioned above consists of a series of 6 to 8 or more
robust stolons adherent to and twisted about each other to form an

740 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

elongate sheaf. Examination of a cross section of a stolonal sheaf from
an older portion of the colony revealed stolons of uniform diameter,
while cross sections made close to the growing tip of the colony disclosed
one larger principal stolon surrounded by 4 to 6 secondary stolons of
narrower diameter. An individual stolon does not as a rule traverse the
entire length of a zoarium. One stolon will give rise to a second at a
point located just below (proximally) a septum terminating an inter-
node. The newly arisen stolon gains mature diameter at once and pro-
ceeds distally paralleling its "parent" and the other stolons of the
zoarium. The zooecia arise from the stolons, originating in a linear
series within an internode in variable numbers. They are deciduous, the
stolons characteristically marked with the scars of departed zooecia.
The zooecia are constricted slightly at the point of fusion with the
stolon. Morphologically they are elongate, cylindrical, ranging in length
from 0.94 to 1.10 mm, and in width from 0.24 to 0.28 mm. The poly-
pide contains a prominent gizzard. The tentacles are short, and 12 in
number.

Vesicularia fasciculata differs in two major aspects from the other
species in the genus, having an unbranched zoarium, as compared to the
branched zoaria of V. spinosa Linnaeus, V. papuensis Busk, and V.
harmeri Silen, and it has 12 tentacles as compared to 8 tentacles in V.
spinosa and V. papuensis.

Holotype: U. S. N. M. no. 11053; Paratype, AHF no. 134.

Repository: The United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Paratype: The Allan Hancock Foundation, The University of South-
ern California, Los Angeles, California.

Type locality: Off Point Barrow, Alaska, 18 February 1950, depth
162 feet, collector, G. E. MacGinitie. Also Point Barrow, Alaska,
August 1, 1949, depth 321 feet, July 1, 1950, depth 118 feet, collector,
G. E. MacGinitie.

Genus AMATHIA Lamouroux, 1812

Zoaria erect, stolons robust, stiff. Zooecia in biserial arrangement,
forming a spiral within an internode. Polypide provided with a gizzard.
Genotype: Sertularia lendigera Linnaeus, 1758.

Amathia convoluta Lamouroux, 1816
Plate 78, fig. 7

Amathia convoluta Lamouroux, 1816:160.
Amathia convoluta, Harmer, 1915:64.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 741

The zoaria of this well known species are large, erect, prominent,
light brown in color. The zooecia are arranged biserially, paired, form-
ing a loose spiral that encircles the stolon within the limits of an inter-
node. An internode is limited to one series of zooecia. The zooecia are
completely connate along their entire length when the tentacles are
completely retracted. The zooecia are of uniform length, ranging from
0.71 to 0.74 mm. In width, the range is from 0.08 to 0.09 mm. The
polypide has a gizzard.

This species appears to be widely distributed, having been previously
reported from European waters of the Atlantic and in North and South
America from Chesapeake Bay to Santos Bay, Brazil. In the Pacific
there have been several reports from the Australian region. This is the
first report of its occurrence in the waters of the eastern Pacific.

Hancock Stations: 133-34, Socorro Island, west of Mexico; 253-34,
and 257-34, Port Culebra, Costa Rica; 265-34, Petatlan Bay, Mexico,
and 486-35, Tenacatita Bay, Mexico. Depth, 5 to 20 fms.

Amathia vidovici (Heller), 1867
Plate 79, fig. 2

Valkeria Vidovici Heller, 1867:128-129.
Amathia vidovici, Osburn, 1940:340.

Zoaria erect, tall, with elongate internodes. The zooecia are small,
biserial, forming a spiral in the distal portion of the internode, leaving
for the most part the proximal portion of the internode bare. Zooecia
connate only at their point of origin and attachment to the stolon. Their
length ranges from 0.32 to 0.41 mm.

This species has not appeared in the literature as frequently as some
of the other species of the genus Amathia. It was originally reported
from the Adriatic Sea by Heller. On the Atlantic coast of North
America it has been reported by Osburn and by Hutchins. Osburn also
reported it from Puerto Rico.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from about 20 stations,
ranging geographically from Santa Rosa Island, southern California
(in the northern Channel Islands), to Ecuador and the Galapagos
Islands.

Amathia distans Busk, 1886
Plate 79, fig. 1

Amathia distans Busk, 1886:33.
Amathia distans, O'Donoghue, 1925:16.
Amathia distans, Osburn, 1940:339.

742 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The zoaria are comparatively small, low, straggling, with a moderately
regular dichotomous mode of branching. The zooecia are found in bi-
serial spirals that may, but usually do not, fill an internode, most fre-
quently occupying only the distal portion. The zooecia are short, ranging
in length from 0.35 to 0.46 mm, closely connate, except at the tips. This
species differs from A. convoluta, whose zooecia are also connate, in its
smaller size, its reptant habit, and in having the proximal half of the
internode usually devoid of zooecia.

A. distans has been reported previously from the South Atlantic by
Busk, 1886:33; from Australian waters by MacGillivray, 1889:30;
Java, Harmer, 1915:68; Puerto Rico by Osburn, 1940:339; and Puget
Sound, O'Donoghue, 1925.

The specimens in the Hancock collection (20 stations) range geo-
graphically from Santa Rosa Island, southern California, to the Gulf
of California.

Genus ZOOBOTRYON Ehrenberg, 1831

Zoaria loosely spreading, flaccid, not creeping, branching in an irregu-
lar fashion. Zooecia ovoid, narrowed at the point of origin and attach-
ment to the stolon. Polypide with a prominent gizzard. Genotype:
Hydra verticillata delle Chiaje, 1828.

Zoobotryon verticillatum (delle Chiaje), 1828
Plate 79, fig. 3

Hydra verticillata delle Chiaje, 1828:203.

Zoobotryon pellucidus Ehrenberg, 1831: no pagination.

Zoobotryon pellucidum, Osburn, 1940:341.

The zoaria are flaccid, lavishly branching into tangled masses. The
stolons are transparent, very flexible, only lightly chitinized, ranging in
diameter from 0.40 to 0.70 mm. At intervals both the stolon and the
zooecia may be partially obscured due to a deposit of silt. The zooecia
are usually found arranged bilaterally along the stolons, but not in-
frequently they occur in scattered clumps. The zooecia range in length
from 0.36 to 0.48 mm, and in width from 0.12 to 0.17 mm; elongated-
ovoid, rather narrow at the point of origin and attachment to the stolon,
tapering to a bluntly square tip at the distal apertural orifice. The poly-
pide is provided with a prominent gizzard. While this is the first direct
description of this species from the Pacific coast of North America, Miss
Alice Robertson, 1921:63, mentioned in her paper on the Bryozoa of
the Bay of Bengal that she had seen this species in San Diego, California,
and had received specimens from Hawaii.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 743

According to Osburn, 1940:342, this species is circumtropical. It
has been recovered from the warm waters of the Mediterranean, from
Bermuda, Florida, Puerto Rico, Gulf of Mexico, and Brazil.

Specimens in the Hancock collection are from San Diego, California,
no further data given.

Genus BOWERBANKIA Farre, 1837

"Zooecia arising irregularly from an erect or creeping axis, commonly
in definite groups. Tentacles 8-10. Gizzard present." Harmer, 1915:70.
Genotype: Sertularia imbricata Adams, 1800.

Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams), 1800
Plate 79, fig. 4

Sertularia imbricata Adams, 1800:11.
Bowerbankia imbricata, Robertson, 1900:331.
Bowerbankia imbricata, O'Donoghue, 1925:93.

The zoaria form irregular tangled masses, with reptant stolons having
a diameter ranging from 0.06 to 0.09 mm. The stolons are divided into
internodes of variable length, separated by a diaphragm perforated by
a single pore. The zooecia are elongate-tubular, straight or slightly
curved, and have a square distal extremity. The proximal zooecial por-
tion may be extended to form a short caudate process of one or two
prongs. The zooecia are constricted at the point of origin on the stolon.
The zooecial length of the eastern Pacific specimens ranges from 0.92
to 1.15 mm. A gizzard is present. The tentacle number is 10, as de-
termined from serial sections.

This species appears to be well distributed in the cooler European
waters. In the eastern Pacific, it has been previously reported from
Alaska and Puget Sound.

In the Hancock collection, the specimens of this species are from
British Columbia, E. F. Ricketts, collector, no bathymetric data avail-
able.

Bowerbankia gracilis Leidy, 1855
Plate 79, fig. 5

Bowerbankia gracilis Leidy, 1855:142.

Bowerbankia gracilis, O'Donoghue, 1923:192; 1925:93.

Bowerbankia gracilis, Osburn, 1940:341.

744 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The zoaria consist of tangled gray masses of stolons and zooecia,
repent, not erect, with extremely irregular branching. The zooecia are
tubular, narrow, tapering slightly at both the distal and the proximal
ends. The distal extremity is square in most cases. The polypide is pro-
vided with a prominent gizzard, measuring between 0.08 and 0.09 mm
in diameter. The zooecial length ranges from 1.02 to 1.52 mm. None
of the zoaria had specimens of mature zoids with a measurement of less
than 1.0 mm. As a rule, the specimens with a caudate appendage
proximally were the longest. The zooecia are attached to a creeping
stolon with or without a lateral extension. The zooecia may occur
single, in pairs, or in dense clusters. The stolonal diameter is variable,
ranging from 0.03 to 0.05 mm. The stolons have internodes of variable
length, separated by diaphragms which are perforated by a single pore.

In the eastern Pacific specimens in the collection, it was found that
both caudate and non-caudate individuals occur within the same zoaria,
with the non-caudate form predominant. No zoaria were found in which
the caudate individuals occurred solely.

Bowerbankia gracilis is a "cosmopolitan species," having been previ-
ously reported from Greenland to Puerto Rico to Brazil.

Specimens in the Hancock collection are from Puget Sound, Wash-
ington; Dillon Beach, Tomales Bay, California, R. C. Osburn collector;
Los Angeles Harbor; and the Gulf of California. All collections were
made in the intertidal range. Hancock station, 510-36, Espiritu Santo
Island, Gulf of California.

Bowerbankia gracilis aggregata O'Donoghue, 1926

Plate 79, fig. 6

Bowerbankia gracilis var. aggregata O'Donoghue, 1926:58-60.

The zoaria form dense tangled masses which completely obscure the
substrata. The stolons, as in B. gracilis Leidy, have internodes of vari-
able length, limited by diaphragms perforated by a single pore. The
zooecia are very greatly elongated, ranging in length from 1.77 to 2.25
mm. The tentacle number is 8.

This variety was described by O'Donoghue from the Vancouver
Island region.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from Point Barrow,
Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, G. E. MacGinitie, collector; Puget
Sound, Washington, J. L. Mohr, collector ; Dillon Beach, Tomales Bay,
California, R. C. Osburn collector ; and Los Angeles harbor, California.
The depths range from intertidal to 9 fathoms.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 745

Division 4. Stolonifera Ehlers, 1876

Zoaria with delicate creeping stolons, with occasional points of ex-
pansion where a diaphragm occurs and either stolonal branches or zooecia
may arise. A gizzard may or may not be present.

Family Valkeriidae Hincks, 1877

"Zooecia contracted below, deciduous, destitute of a membranous
area." Hincks, 1880:551.

Genus VALKERIA Fleming, 1823

Zoaria repent, with creeping stolons. Zooecia ovoid to cylindrical,
originating at the distal end of a short internode close to the diaphragm.
No gizzard present. Genotype: Ser tularin uva Linnaeus, 1767.

Valkeria tuberosa Heller, 1867
Plate 79, fig. 7

Valkeria tuberosa Heller, 1867:129.
Valkeria tuberosa, Harmer, 1915:76.

Zoarium stolonate, internodes of variable length, ranging from 0.52
to 0.94 mm in length. At the internodes the stolon is expanded slightly,
with lateral branches arising immediately distal to the diaphragm. Here
the zooecia arise. The zooecia are small, ranging from 0.43 to 0.55 mm
in length, and have a narrow wrinkled base 0.03 to 0.04 mm in width.
Tentacles are 8 in number. Polypide lacking a gizzard.

Previously reported from the Adriatic Sea, Red Sea, and Borneo. It
has not been previously recorded from the eastern Pacific.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from Lower California,
C. L. Hubbs, collector, no bathymetric data given.

Genus AEVERRILLIA Marcus, 1941

Zoaria creeping, minute. Stolons with short lateral peduncles to which
the zooecia are attached. Polypide with a prominent gizzard. Geno-
type: Biiskia setigera Hincks, 1887.

Aeverrillia setigera (Hincks), 1887
Plate 79, fig. 8

Buskia setigera Hincks, 1887:127.
Buskia setigera, Osburn, 1940:343.
Aeverrillia setigera, Marcus, 1941 :74.

746 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL, 14

The zoaria are adherent to the substrate, minute, delicate, rather
difficult to see without the aid of a lens. The zoaria consist of primary
and secondary stolons, usually at right angles to each other, with the
secondary stolons originating in pairs, one stolon on either side of the
primary stolon, adhering closely to the substrate. The primary stolons
are septate, divided into internodes. Septa are also found at the junction
of the secondary or lateral stolons. The internodes are of variable length.
The diameter of the stolons ranges from 0.02 to 0.05 mm. The zooecia
arise in pairs from kenozooecia placed at each side of either a primary
or secondary stolon. In a number of instances in the eastern Pacific
material, the substrate was Amathia convoluta and Amathia vidovici,
and thus did not permit paired zooecia to arise consistently. The zooecia
range in length from 0.57 to 0.62 mm, and in width from 0.16 to 0.20
mm. The basal portion of the zooecia is rounded, somewhat swollen,
and usually bears 2 spine-like processes. Distally, the zooecia taper,
and each bears upon the oral extremity 4 spine-bearing protuberances
that encircle the aperture. A long setigerous collar may or may not
project from the aperture. The polypide contains a prominent gizzard.
The tentacles number 8.

Aeverrillia setigera, previously unreported from the eastern Pacific, is
a semitropical species, having been reported from the warmer waters of
the southwest Pacific (Ceylon, New Guinea, Gulf of Bengal, China
Sea), from the waters off Puerto Rico, from the Suez Canal, from
Brazil, and as far north as Long Island Sound, Connecticut, and New
Bedford and Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on the Atlantic Coast of
North America.

Hancock Stations: 133-34, Socorro Island, west of Mexico; 445-35,
Panama City, Panama ; and 847-38, southwest of Zorritos Light, Peru.
Depth, intertidal to 35 fms.

Family Buskiidae Hincks, 1880

"Zooecia contracted below, not continuous with the creeping stolon,
with an aperture on the ventral surface." Hincks, 1880:531. In the
light of present knowledge of this family, the above diagnosis must be
modified : Zooecia contracted proximally, arising directly from the
stolon, aperture terminal.

Genus BUSKIA Alder, 1857

Zoaria repent or erect, stolonate. Zooecia arising directly from the
stolon. Polypide with a prominent gizzard. Genotype: Buskia nitens

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 747

Buskia nitens Alder, 1857
Plate 80, fig. 1

Buskia nitens Alder, 1857:156.
Buskia nitens, Hincks, 1884:208.
Cylindroecium repens O'Donoghue, 1923:192.
Buskia nitensj O'Donoghue, 1926:60.

Zoaria minute, repent, inconspicuous. Stolons thin, thread-like, sub-
divided by septa into internodes. Zooecia very small, ranging in length
from 0.31 to 0.50 mm. The zooecia arise directly from the stolons and
in most cases, but not invariably, the proximal one-third of a zoid is
adherent to the stolon and the substrate, w^ith the distal two-thirds free.
In some cases the entire zoid arises directly away from the stolon and
is free in its entirety. Proximally, some zooecia exhibit one or two pairs
of short thorn-like protuberances. Distally, some zooecia show a short
setigerous collar projecting from the aperture.

This species is evidently well distributed in both warm and cool marine
waters, but because of its minute size is easily overlooked. It has been
reported from England, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and British Columbia.

Hancock Stations: 277-34, Isabel Island, Mexico, and 1407-42, Coos
County, Oregon, intertidal to 25 fms.

Buskia seriata Soule, new species
Plate 80, fig. 2

Diagnosis: Zoaria erect, branching. Stolons robust, septate, bearing
clusters of short stocky zooecia arranged in a paired linear series, alter-
nate, and arising directly from the stolon. Zooecia wrinkled distally
and may exhibit a setigerous collar protruding from the aperture. The
polypide contains a prominent gizzard. The tentacle number is 8.

Description: The zoaria are large, branching, erect, macroscopically
bearing a superficial resemblance to specimens of the genus Amathia.
The stolons are robust, septate, with internodes of variable length, rang-
ing from 0.90 to 1.30 mm, and in width from 0.07 to 0.09 mm. The
zooecia, which are arranged in clusters, arise from the stolon in an
irregular alternate, paired linear series. These zooecial clusters may
contain from 5 to 14 short, stout zooecia, with 11 occurring most fre-
quently. On the younger stolonal branches only 1 or 2 developing
zooecia may be in evidence. Invariably, there is but a single zooecial
cluster to each stolonal internode. The zooecia arise directly from the
stolon. The proximal portion of the zooecium is constricted, but the
body proper rarely adheres to the stolon or substrate for any distance,

748 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

although individuals of this type do occur. The zooecia are small, rang-
ing in length from 0.35 to 0.45 mm, and in width from 0.11 to 0.13
mm proximally, and 0.09 to 0.11 mm distally. All of the zooecia have
a broad rounded proximal portion, w^here 1 or 2 small, pointed, spine-
like protuberances may appear. The zooecia gradually taper distally,
where, shortly beyond the point midway between the two extremities,
they become wrinkled transversely. Some of the zooecia exhibit a
setigerous collar protruding from the aperture. The polypide is pro-
vided with a large and prominent gizzard. The tentacle number is 8,
as determined from examination of serial sections.

Although erect, Buskia seriate has comparatively short zooecia, differ-
ing from B. socialis which, according to Marcus, has zooecia measuring
0.75 mm in length. Being erect, it is easily distinguished from the
reptant B. nitens with its minute creeping zooecia.

Holotype: AHFno. 133.

Repository: Allan Hancock Foundation, The University of Southern
California, Lx)s Angeles, California.

Type locality: Galapagos Islands, N. Seymour Island, January 16,
1931, tidepools.

Additional distribution: Hancock station 1111-40, February 14, 1940,
San Lorenzo Channel, Gulf of California, west coast, 24°21'55'"N,
110°15'15''W, depth 6-13 fathoms, bottom sandy, shells.

Family Triticellidae G. O. Sars, 1874

"Stolon delicate without free branches, zooecia erect with a long
slender base-like pedicel, with a flattened membranous frontal area and
without spines at the distal end around the oral aperture." Osburn,
1944:26.

Genus TRITIGELLA Dalyell, 1848

Zoaria with creeping stolons. Zooecia pedicellate, erect, attached to
the stolon by means of a movable joint. Zooecia are elongate, ovoid,
with a membranous frontal area. No gizzard. Genotype: Triticella
ftava Dalyell, 1848.

Triticella pedicellata (Alder), 1857

Plate 80, fig. 4

Farrella pedicillata Alder, 1857:158.

Triticella pedicellata, O'Donoghue, 1923:193, 1926:61.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 749

The zoaria are stolonate, creeping. The zooecia may be clustered,
arising from short lateral internodes of the stolon. The pedicel is slender,
measuring between 0.03 and 0.04 mm in diameter near the base, becom-
ing slightly enlarged toward the zooecia proper. At the point of junction
with the zooecia, the pedicel becomes transversely wrinkled. The zooecia
are elongate, elliptical, ranging in length from 0.80 to 1.25 mm, and in
width from 0.16 to 0.23 mm. A flattened frontal area extends the full
length of the zooecia proper. The polypide does not have a gizzard.
The tentacles number 12.

There is some variation in the length of the pedicels, but they are
usually about twice the length of the zooecia. The longest measured
2.40 mm, which when combined with its zooecial measurement of 1.19
mm, gave a total height of 3.59 mm.

This species has been previously reported in the cool waters of Eng-
land and northern Europe. In the eastern Pacific it has been previously
reported from the Vancouver Island region.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from Canoe Bay, Alaska,
and Union, Washington. The depth of the Alaskan specimens is un-
known; those from Washington were collected at 10 fathoms.

Triticella elongata (Osburn), 1912
Plate 80, fig. 5

Hippuraria elongata Osburn, 1912:256.
Triticella elongata^ Osburn, 1944:26.

Zoaria living in the gill chambers of the pea crab, Scleroplax granulate
Rathbun. The adnate stolons give rise to erect zooecia, which are usually
paired in clusters. The zooecia arise from short internodes, rather than
directly from the stolons. The zooecia range in length from 0.90 to
1.80 mm, including the pedicel. The length of the zoids proper ranges
between 0.50 and 0.90 mm. In width, the zooecia range from 0.18 to
0.24 mm. The polypide has 16 to 18 tentacles.

Osburn, 1944:26, reports this species from Chesapeake Bay, and its
geographical distribution on the Atlantic coast of North America from
Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to Beaufort, North Carolina. It has
not been previously reported from the eastern Pacific.

Specimens in the Hancock collection are from Elkhorn Slough,
California, collector R. I. Smith. No depth data available. Found on
Scleroplax granulata Rathbun.

750 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Genus FARRELLA Ehrenberg, 1838

Zoaria with reptant stolons. Zooecia arising within the internodes
along the entire length of the stolon. No gizzard. Genotype : Lagenella
repens Farre, 1837.

Farrella elongata (P. J. van Beneden), 1845
Plate 80, fig. 3

Laguncula elongata van Beneden, 1845a :26.
Triticella tegeticula O'Donoghue, 1923:193.

The zoaria are comprised of creeping stolons, which may in the older
colonies form a dense mat-like network upon the substrate. In the young
zoaria the zooecia are seen to arise from the creeping stolons within the
internodes, budding forth laterally and vertically without apparent order.
In the older colonies, this lack of arrangement packs the pedunculate
zooecia closely together. The zooecia are robust, elongate, ovoid to sub-
cylindrical in form, and are situated at the end of a long peduncle that
may attain a length of from 0.50 to 0.80 mm. The peduncle is trans-
versely wrinkled and gradually widens into the zooecia proper without
a definite joint. The overall length of the zooecia ranges from 1.16 to
1.35 mm, while the width varies from 0.32 to 0.39 mm. The diameter
of the primary stolon is about 0.03 mm. The polypide lacks a gizzard.
The tentacle number of 16 was determined from serial sections.

A striking feature of this species is the morphology of the zooecial
aperture. The aperture deviates from the typical rounded or squared
form of the stolonate ctenostomes in that it is bilabiate. Close examina-
tion of the apertural area will reveal a pair of lip-like structures, each
reinforced by a thin but definite chitinous rim. These "lips" are found
only in the zooecia that have reached maturity. Farre, 1837:403, in his
work on Lagenella repens (Farre), 1837, a very closely related species,
considered the labiate structure to be opercula.

Marcus, 1926:50, using Farrella repens (which according to Farre,
van Beneden, and Hincks, has only 12 tentacles) and experimentally
causing unfavorable conditions, produced the "Form" elongata and at
the same time reduced the tentacle number. Marcus overlooked the
fact that van Beneden reported 16 tentacles for Farrella elongata, the
same number that was found in the Pacific specimens.

Triticella tegeticula O'Donoghue, 1923, is here suggested as a pos-
sible synonym of F. elongata, because of its habit of growth as well as
the morphology of the zooecia. Although O'Donoghue failed to mention

NO. 3 OSBURN: EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 751

in his description the presence of a bilabiate aperture, the figure of his
specimen strongly suggests the bilabiate type of structure.

Farrella elongate appears to be well represented in the cooler European
waters in the vicinity of England and the Adriatic Sea.

Hancock Station, 1489-42, Coos County, Oregon; also taken at
Tomales Bay, California, by R. J. Menzies. Intertidal.

Division 5. Terebriporina Soule, new division

Ctenostomes with stolonate zoaria that are characteristically imbedded
within the calcareous shells of living or dead mollusks, brachiopods, or
barnacles, their presence marked by the apertural openings of the zoids
appearing at the surface of the shell. The stolons are thin, thread-like,
septate.

The three families that are placed under the Terebriporina cannot
be readily differentiated by the pattern of the tracings that appear upon
the surface of the shell in which the zoaria are immersed. The only
means of postive identification of the families and the genera is examina-
tion of zoaria that have been removed from shells by decalcification.
The identification of species involves not only the study of zoid anatomy,
but serial sections of the autozoids to determine definitely the tentacle
number. The family Penetrantiidae can be anatomically identified by
its zoaria with primary and secondary stolons, its typical gonozoids, and
the operculated autozoids. Terebriporidae, also with primary and sec-
ondary stolons, lacks the operculated autozoids, while Immergentiidae,
having autozoids with typical ctenostomatous apertures, has zoaria devoid
of true gonozoids, the colonies being composed of a series of zoids joined
by stolon-like tubules that are direct extensions of the zoids.

Family Terebriporidae d'Orbigny, 1847

Zoaria burrowing, stolonate. The zooecia are connected to the pri-
mary or main stolons by means of short secondary stolons emitted from
near the distal zooecial extremity.

Genus TEREBRIPORA d'Orbigny, 1847

Zoaria stolonate, consisting of primary stolons joined to the zoids by
secondary stolons, with the point of union being nearly midway between
the distal and proximal extremities, but always closer to the distal end.
Polypide provided with a gizzard. Genotype: Terebripora rmnosa
d'Orbigny, 1847.

752 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Terebripora comma Soule, 1950
Plate 80, fig. 6

Terebripora comma Soule, 1950:380.

The zoaria have successive zoids alternately placed to the right and
left of the primary stolon at the end of a short secondary stolon. The
short lateral stolon has a septum at the junction point where the stolon
meets the zoid. The secondary stolons enter the zoids about midway
between the distal and proximal extremities of the zoids, but always
nearer to the distal end. Two types of zoids are in evidence, the auto-
zoids (feeding individuals) and zoids modified for reproduction that
may be termed gonozoids for convenience. Anatomically, the autozoids
are typical of the usual ctenostomate type. The polypide bears a promi-
nent globular gizzard. In length the autozoids range from 0.32 to 0.35
mm, and in width from 0.06 to 0.08 mm. The tentacles are short, and
are 8 in number. The autozoids are elongate, with the distal aperture
bluntly square, and the proximal portion terminating in a tapering
rounded point. No brown bodies were seen. The reproductive zooecia
or gonozoids have a prominent, large, oval embryo measuring about
0.06 mm in diameter at maturity. In length, the gonozoids range from
0.29 to 0.33 mm, and in width from 0.07 to 0.08 mm.

Hancock Station, 1937-50, Anacapa Island, southern California. Also
off Newport, southern California. Depth, 18 to 43 fms.

Family Immergentiidae Silen, 1946

Zoaria with only primary stolons, that are not stolons in the strict
sense, being prolongations of the zoids. These stolons arise directly from
the distal tips of the preceding zoids, and connect one zoid with another
in a series.

Genus IMMERGENTIA Silen, 1946

Zoaria imbedded in the shells of both living and dead mollusks. The
stolonal connections between zoids are slender, thread-like, originating
at the distal ends of the zooecia. The zoids are small in size, elongate,
narrow. The proximal end may be bluntly rounded or tapered to a
narrow point. The distal tip bears a centrally placed square shaped
aperture. No zoid specifically modified for reproduction is known to
occur. Genotype: Immergentia calif ornica Silen, 1946.

NO. 3 OSBURN: EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 753

Immergentia californica Silen, 1946

Plate 80, fig. 7

Immergentia californica Silen, 1946:6.
Immergentia californica, Soule, 1950:364.

The specimens of /. californica in the Hancock collection are identical
in all important respects with the paratype material generously donated
by Dr. Lars Silen. The zoaria have the zoids arranged in straight rows,
with lateral rows branching to the sides at rather irregular intervals.
In length the zoids range between 0.32 and 0.34 mm, and in width the
range is from 0.08 to 0.09 mm. The tentacle number is 10 as determined
by serial sections.

This species was originally described by Silen from material collected
at Pacific Grove, California.

Specimens in the Hancock collection are from San Pedro and Portu-
guese Bend, southern California. All intertidal.

Family Pcnetrantiidae Silen, 1946

Zoaria with septate stolons. Zoids joined to the main stolons by
means of short lateral stolons entering the zoids near the distal ex-
tremity. Zoids have a double cuticle and are provided with an operculum.
The polypide has a gizzard. Reproductive zoids, the gonozoids, have
rudimentary polypides and bear large ovoid embryo chambers.

Genus PENETRANTIA Silen, 1946

Zoaria are imbedded in the shells of both living and dead mollusks
and cirripeds. The zoids are connected by thin septate stolons. From
a primary stolon a short thin lateral branch enters the zoid laterally at
the distal end. A zoid modified for reproduction, the gonozoid, is present.
The zoids are operculated. The polypide is provided with a gizzard.
Genotype: Penetrantia densa Silen, 1946.

Penetrantia densa Silen, 1946
Plate 80, fig. 8

Penetrantia densa Silen, 1946:2.
Penetrantia densa, Soule, 1950:360.

The zoaria characteristically have the zooecial openings crowded
closely together. These openings in the molluscan shells vary in shape
from circular to strongly oval. The primary stolons are serrated upon

754 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

their upper surfaces. From a primary branch short lateral branches
extend to the zoids, entering them at the distal end. The autozoids
(feeding individuals) are usually straight, or only slightly curved. In
length they range from 0.47 to 0.55 mm, and in width they vary from
0.09 to 0.11 mm. Infrequently, an autozoid with a sharply pointed
rather than a bluntly rounded proximal end will be found. The ten-
tacles are 12 in number, determined from serial sections. The repro-
ductive zoid, the gonozoid, is usually as long as but may be slightly
shorter than the autozoid. Its proximal portion, extending below the
embryo chamber, is long, thin and slightly curved in the direction of the
embryo chamber. The embryo chamber is globular, giving the gonozoid
a "pot-bellied" appearance. The tentacle number of the gonozoid is 8,
but only in immature gonozoids will they be found, where the polypide
has not completely degenerated.

The specimens described in the original report by Silen were collected
from South Africa and the Cape of Good Hope, and there was one
"doubtful" specimen from Panama.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from numerous localities
from San Pedro to La Jolla, southern California, all intertidal.

Penetrantia concharum Silen, 1946
Plate 80, fig. 9

Penetrantia concharum Silen, 1946:5.
Penetrantia concharum, Soule, 1950:360.

The zoids of the colonies are well spaced, without the crowding noted
in P. densa. The openings in the shell are well defined, reniform in
shape. The autozoids are straight, slender, with the proximal extremity
tapering to a point. The autozoids range in length from 0.46 to 0.54
mm, and in width from 0.08 to 0.10 mm. The tentacles number 10, as
determined from sections. The gonozoids are comparatively rare. The
proximal extremity of the gonozoids is straight and visibly thicker than
the gonozoid of P. densa.

Penetrantia concharum was found by Silen to occur in numerous
localities in Sweden and Norway.

The specimens in the Hancock collection are from several localities
ranging from San Pedro to La Jolla in southern California and south-
ward to Rosarito, Lower California, Mexico (Hancock station 1597-
47). All are intertidal.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 755

Penetrantia sileni Soule, 1950
Plate 80, fig. 10

Penetrantia sileni Soule, 1950:361.

The openings in the scaphopod shell made by this species vary con-
siderably in shape, from a simple circular to a highly exaggerated reni-
form appearance. The stolon is thin, not serrated on its upper surface,
and is in general circular in cross section. The zoids are placed close to
each other but are not crowded. The autozoid ranges in length from
0.35 to 0.36 mm, and in width from 0.07 to 0.08 mm. The autozoids
may be slightly curved, and they may have a pointed rather than a
rounded proximal extremity. The tentacle number, as determined from
serial sections, is 11. The mature gonozoid has a very characteristic
morphology. It is little more than one-half the length of the autozoid,
ranging from 0.19 to 0.20 mm in length. The narrowed proximal portion
barely reaches below the swollen embryo chamber.

Specimens in the Hancock collection are from off the San Benito
Islands, Mexico, Hancock station 1010-39, 28°12'05''N, 115°33'45"W.
The depth range is from 71 to 86 fathoms. It is as yet known only
from the eastern Pacific.

756 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

REFERENCES
1. Papers dealing only with Pacific Coast Bryozoa

Fewkes, J, W.

1889. A Preliminary notice of a Stalked Bryozoon (Ascorhiza occidentalis).
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. 3, pp. 1-6, pi. 1.

HiNCKS, T.

1884. Report on the Polyzoa of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. 13, pp. 49-58, 203-215.

O'DoNOGHUE, C. H. and Elsie O'Donoghue

1923. A Preliminary List of Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island
Region. Contr. Canad. Biol. Fish, new ser., vol. 1, pp. 143-201 (1-59),
pis. 1-4.

1925. Notes on certain Bryozoa in the collection of the University of Wash-
ington. Wash. [State] Univ. Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pubs. vol. 5,
pp. 15-23.

1925a. List of Bryozoa from the vicinity of Puget Sound. Wash. [State] Univ.
Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pubs. vol. 5, pp. 91-108.

1926. A Second List of the Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island
Region. Contr. Canad. Biol. Fish, new ser., vol. 3, pp. 49-131 (1-85),
pis. 1-5.

Robertson, Alice

1900. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. VI. The Bryozoa. Proc.

Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 2, pp. 315-340, pis. 19-21.
1902. Some observations on Ascorhiza occidentalis Fewkes, and related
Alcyonidia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 3, Zool. vol. 3, pp. 99-108, pi. 14.

Soule, J. D.

1950. Penetrantiidae and Immergentiidae from the Pacific (Bryozoa: Cten-
ostomata). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. vol. 69, pp. 359-367, pis. 1-2.

1950a. A new species of Terebripora from the Pacific (Bryozoa: Ctenosto-
mata). Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 40, pp. 378-381, figs. 1-3.

1951. Two new species of incrusting ctenostomatous Bryozoa from the Pa-
cific. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 41, pp. 367-370, figs. 1-4.

2. General References

Adams, J.

1800. Descriptions of some Marine Animals found on the Coast of Wales.
Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 5, pp. 7-13, pi. 2.

Alder, J.

1857. A catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. Trans.
Tyneside Nat. Field Club. vol. 3, pp. 93-162, pis. 3-9.

BeNEDEN, J. P. VAN

1845. Recherches sur I'anatomie, la physiologie et le developpement des
Bryozoaires qui habitent la cote d'Ostende. Nouv. Mem. Brussels Acad.
Roy. de Belg. vol. 18, pp. 1-44, pis. 1-5.

1845a. Recherches sur I'organisation des Laguncula. Nouv. Mem. Brussels
Acad. Roy. de Belg. vol. 18, pp. 1-29, pis. 1-3.

Busk, G.

1852. An account of the Polyzoa, and Sertularian Zoophytes, collected . . .

on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago. In Mac-

Gillivray, J. Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake . . .

during . . . 1846-50. Appendix. London, vol. 1 (4), pp. 343-388.
1856. Zoophytology. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. new ser., vol. 4, pp. 93-96,

pis. 5-6.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 757

1874. On Clavopora hystricis — a new Polyzoon belonging to the family
Halcyonelleae. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. new sen, vol, 14, pp. 261-262,
pi. 9.

1886. Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the
years 1873-1876. Part II. — The Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata and Pedi-
cellina. In Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S.
Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zoology, vol. 17 (3), pp. i-viii,
1-47, pis. 1-10.

DELLE ChIAJE, S.

1828. Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli Animali senza vertebre del
Regno di Napoli. vol. 3.

Ehrenberg, C. G.

1831. Symbolae Physicae . . . Pars Zoologica. Anim. evert, exclus. insect
Berolini. pis. 1-10 with descr. letterpress.

Farre, a.

1837. Observations on the Minute Structure of some of the higher forms of
Polypi, with views of a more natural arrangement of the Class. Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 127 (2), pp. 387-426, pis. 20-27.

Fleming, J.

1828. Zoophyta. In his A History of British Animals. Edinburgh, London,
pp. 505-554.

GossE, P. H.

1855. Notes on some new or little known Marine Animals. (Fascis II.)
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, sen 2, vol. 16, pp. 27-36, pis. 3-4.

Harmer, S. F.

1915. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1, Entoprocta, Ctenosto-
mata and Cyclostomata. In Siboga-Expeditie. Leyden. Mon. 28a, pp.
1-180, pis. 1-12.

Hassall, a. H.

1841. Description of two new genera of Irish Zooph)^es. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. vol. 7, pp. 483-486.

Heller, C.

1867. Die Bryozoen des adriatischen Meeres. Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien. vol. 17, pp. 77-136, pis. 1-6.

HiNCKS, T.

1860. Descrintions of new Polyzoa from Ireland. Quart. Joun Micros. Sci.

vol. 8,*pp. 275-285, pis. 30-31.
1880. A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. London. 2v.

1887. The Polyzoa of the Adriatic: a supplement to Prof. Heller's "Die
Bryozoen des adriatischen Meeres." Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, sen 5,
vol. 19, pp. 302-316, pi. 9.

1887a. On the Polyzoa and Hydroida of the Mergui Archipelago. Joun Linn.
Soc. London. Zool. vol. 21, pp. 121-134, pi. 12, figs. 1-13.

Johnston, G.

1838. A History of the British Zoophytes. London, Edinburgh. 341p., 44 pis.
1847. Idem, i'^d. 2). London. 2v.

Lamouroux, J. V. F.

1816. Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes
zoophytes. Ixxxiv, 559p., 19 pis.

758 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Leidy, J.

1855. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna
of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 135-152, pis. 10-11.

MacGillivray, p. H.

1889. On some South Australian Polyzoa. Trans, and Proc. Roy. Soc. So.
Austral, vol. 12, pp. 24-30, pi. 2.

Marcus, E.

1926. Beobachtungen und Versuche an lebenden Meeresbryozoen. Zool.
Jahrb., Abt. f. System., Geog. u. Biol. Tiere, vol. 52, pp. 1-102, pis. 1-2.

1941. Sobre Briozoa do Brasil. Sao Paulo Univ. Bol. Faculd. Filos. Cien.
Letr. vol. 22 (Zool. 5), pp. 3-208, pis. 1-18.

OSBURN, R. C.

1912. The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole region. Bui. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, vol.

30, pp. 205-266, pis. 18-31.
1933. Bryozoa of the Mount Desert Region. Repr. from the Biological Survey

of the Mount Desert Region. Philadelphia. 67p., 15 pis.
1936. Bryozoa collected in the American Arctic by Captain R. A. Bartlett.

Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 26, pp. 538-543, 1 fig.
1940. Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a Resume of the West Indian Bryozoan

Fauna. In Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

New York. vol. 16 (3), pp. 321-486, pis. 1-9.
1944. A survey of the Bryozoa of Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Biol. Lab.

Contr. no. 63, pp. 1-55, pis. 1-5, text figs. 1-28.

Robertson, Alice

1921. Report on a Collection of Bryozoa from the Bay of Bengal and other
Eastern Seas. Rec. Indian Mus. vol. 22, pp. 33-65.

ROGICK, M. D. and H. Croasdale

1949. Studies on Marine Bryozoa III, Bryozoa associated with Algae. Biol.
Bui. vol. 96, pp. 32-69, figs. 1-10.

SiLEN, L.

1942. Carnosa and Stolonifera (Bryozoa) collected by Prof. Dr. Sixten
Bock's expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands, 1914. Arkiv for
Zool. vol. 34A (8), pp. 1-33, text figs. 1-24.

1946. On two new Groups of Bryozoa living in Shells of Molluscs. Arkiv
for Zool. vol. 38B (1), pp. 1-7, text figs. 1-12.

1947. On the spines of Flustrella (Bryozoa). Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, vol, 25,
pp. 134-140, pi. 1, text figs. 1-7.

Smitt, F. a.

1871. Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-bryozoer. Ofversigt af
Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. vol. 28, pp. 1115-1134, pis. 20-21.

Thompson, J. V.

1830. On Polyzoa, a new animal discovered as an inhabitant of some Zoo-
phites — with a description of the newly instituted genera of Pedi-
cellaria and Vesicularia, and their Species. In his Zoological Researches
IV. Memoir 5, pp. 89-102, pis. 1-3.

ZiRPOLO, G.

1924. Zoobotryon pellucidum Ehrbg. = Z. verticillatum (delle Chiaje).
Bol. Soc. Nat. Napoli. vol. 36 (Commun. verb.), pp. 6-7.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 759

Phylum Entoprogta

By Raymond C. Osburn, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Phylum ENTOPROGTA Nitsche, 1869

Subphylum Entoprocta, various authors.
Phylum Entoprocta, Hatschek, 1888.
Phylum Calyssozoa Clark, 1921 :19 and 23.
Phylum Kamptozoa Cori, 1929:5.
Phylum Entoprocta, Hyman, 1951:521.

Until recent years this group has generally been considered a sub-
phylum or subclass of the Bryozoa, although Hatschek as early as 1888
(Text-book of Zoology) separated the Phylum Entoprocta. In 1921
Clark recognized the differences and proposed the Phylum Calyssozoa.
Again Cori in 1929, though he was familiar with the name Clark had
suggested, thought it necessary to rename the group as Phylum Kamp-
tozoa. These writers considered the Entoprocta to be much simpler than
the Ectoprocta and separated them widely. Marcus (1939:208-288)
raised objections to this wide separation and gave some very cogent rea-
sons for retaining the group as a subphylum of the Bryozoa. Recently
Dr. Libbie Hyman, in the third volume of "The Invertebrates" (1951 :
521-554) again separates the group as a phylum. She assigns it to a
place much lower in the scale and retains the name Entoprocta for the
very good reason that it is unnecessary to invent a new name when a
perfectly good one already exists. Hyman's discussion is a very satisfac-
tory analysis of the knowledge of the Entoprocta, and it seems unneces-
sary to argue the matter further at present.

Whether or not the entoprocts are closely allied to the ectoprocts and
wherever they may eventually be placed in the taxonomic scale, it hap-
pens that the only taxonomists who have paid much attention to them
are the bryozoologists, and for this reason the species which are known
from the Pacific coast are appended to the Bryozoa. The list is small
as the species are not numerous, and the littoral species are rarely found
among the dredgings.

The Entoprocta are stalked, with naked heads or calyces (polypides),
the tentacles rolled inward instead of being withdrawn into a zooecium,
and the anal opening is within the ring of tentacles instead of outside
as it is in the Ectoprocta.

The family Loxosomatidae is unique in that the individuals live singly
and do not form colonies, and they live as epizoites on other animals,
usually on sponges, worms, other Bryozoans, etc. The only other family,
Pedicellinidae, is colonial and is represented among our material by 4

760 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Family Loxosomatidae Hincks, 1880

The individuals are not colonial but live singly, attached to some other
animal by a muscular sucking disc at the base of the stalk. They are
unchitinized, flexible and capable of bending in any direction, and some
of them, at least, are capable of moving about and re-attaching them-
selves. They produce buds from the sides of the calyx, but these sever
their connections when their growth is complete and live singly there-
after. They are all small, some of them microscopic in size. There are
two genera, Loxosoma Keferstein and Loxocalyx Mortensen, depending
on whether the foot-gland disappears after attachment or remains func-
tional.

Genus LOXOSOMA Keferstein, 1863

Loxosoma davenporti Nickerson, 1898

Loxosoma Davenporiii Nickerson, 1898:220.
Loxosoma Davenporti Nickerson, 1899:368.
Loxosoma davenporti Nickerson, 1901:351.
Loxosoma davenporti, Osburn, 1912:212.

This species has been noted only once on the Pacific coast, by
O'Donoghue at low tide in Hammond Bay Lagoon, British Columbia.
It is a commensal in worm tubes.

The entire animal is about 2 mm long, somewhat vase-shaped, the
pedicel cylindrical and about as long as the calyx into which it merges
gradually; foot-gland wanting in the adult; lophophore with 18 to 30
tentacles, the body somewhat narrowed below the lophophore ; usually
with a pair of flask-shaped glandular organs on the ventral side of the
body near the lower end of the stomach. The species was originally ob-
tained by Nickerson and later by Osburn in the Woods Hole region,
Massachusetts.

? Loxosoma sp.

A small species which was epizoic on an annelid worm at Point Bar-
row, Alaska, and on account of the preservation is unidentifiable even
to the genus. The calyx expands gradually from the pedicel upward;
width of calyx at the upper end 0.18 to 0.22 mm, height 0.33 to 0.40
mm, length of pedicel about 0.40 mm. Apparently there is no foot gland,
and the tentacles cannot be counted.

NO. 3 OSB URN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 761

Genus LOXOGALYX Mortensen, 1911

In this genus the foot-gland is evident and functional throughout life.
Genotype Loxosoma raja Schmidt, 1876.

Loxocalyx sp.

Three individuals attached to the parapodia of an annelid vi^orm,
Gattyana cirrosa, from Puget Sound. The calyx expands abruptly, and
its base is rounded; w^idth of cal}^ 0.26 mm, height 0.33 mm, length
of pedicel 0.40 mm. The foot-gland is present, but the tentacle number
cannot be estimated.

Family Pedicellinidae Johnston, 1847

Colonial, the individuals erect from a creeping segmented stolon, the
pedicels and stolon more or less chitinized. In the genera Myosoma and
Pedicellina the pedicel is muscular and flexible, w^ithout a special muscu-
lar enlargement at the base, w^hile in Barentsia and Coriella the pedicel
is more chitinized and bears an enlarged, barrel-shaped muscular en-
largement at its base. In Barentsia daughter individuals are often pro-
duced by budding from joints of the pedicel.

Key to Genera of Pedicellinidae

1. Pedicels not heavily chitinized, muscular and flexible, rising

directly from the stolon vv^ithout a specialized muscular base . 2
Pedicels usually stiff and inflexible, with an enlarged cylin-
drical, somew^hat barrel-shaped base 3

2. The lophophore (tentacle crov^^n) is diagonally placed on the

ventral side; the pedicel thick and with strong diagonal

muscles Myosoma

The lophophore is terminal, the pedicel narrower and without

diagonal muscles Pedicellina

3. Individuals always arising from short stolon internodes ; erect

branches formed by the fusion of stolons ; pedicels never

jointed Coriella

Individuals arising from short stolon internodes, or from the
sides of the pedicels; erect branches sometimes formed by
enlarged pedicels; the stolons do not fuse to form erect
branches Barentsia

762 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Genus MYOSOMA Robertson, 1900

"Zoarium with stolon composed partly of successive polypide-bearing
segments and partly of alternate non-polypide-bearing segments; both
stalk and calyx muscular, the muscle fibers continuous from one into
the other; polypide oblique." (Robertson, 1900:324). Genotype, M.
spinosa Robertson, 1900:324.

The pedicel is unusually thick, flexible, and has a conspicuous set of
diagonal muscles in addition to longitudinal ones. The stolon is entirely
adnate.

Myosoma spinosa Robertson, 1900
Plate 82, fig. 1

Myosoma spinosa Robertson, 1900 :324.

The creeping stolon gives rise to branches vi^hich sometimes unite side
by side but more frequently ramify and cross each other, forming a
rather close mat; all of the internodes are comparatively short, ranging
from 0.20 to 0.70 mm, the infertile internodes 0.08 to 0.12 mm in
diameter, the fertile ones somewhat thicker, especially near the origin of
zooecial buds. The zooecia arise from the internodes without any special
differentiation, and even the muscles extend down into the stolon. The
pedicels are exceptionally large, as much as 0.26 mm in diameter, nar-
rowing upward to about 0.13 mm below the calyx, varying greatly in
height to as much as 2.50 mm. They are highly muscular, with the unique
diagonal muscles in addition to the longitudinal ones.

The calyx is moderately large, ovoid in shape, averaging about 0.65
mm long by 0.40 mm in width, the dorsal side more curved ; the lopho-
phore is diagonally placed on the shorter ventral side; the tentacle
number is apparently 16. Chitinous spines, varying in number, are
present on the dorsal side of the calyx and also on the stolon.

Robertson listed the species from Dillon Beach, Tomales Bay, and
from Fort Point and San Diego, California.

Hancock collections, numerous specimens from Dillon Beach, Cali-
fornia, the type locality. Dr. R. J. Menzies, collector. The writer has
also taken it at Newport Bay and at La Jolla, California. It is a littoral
species and, as far as known, occurs only on the coast of California.

Genus PEDIGELLINA M. Sars, 1835

The zoarium is entirely adnate, consisting of fertile and infertile
internodes, the latter rather regularly 0.40 mm in length ; lateral stolons
sometimes cause the zoarium to cover a considerable area. The pedicel

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 763

is large, as much as 0.25 mm in diameter at the base and about half as
wide as its distal end, as much as 2 mm long but usually much shorter;
flexible and with longitudinal muscles only which do not extend into
the calyx. The expanded caljoi is cup-shaped, with the tentacle crown
transverse at the top. Spines present on the stalk and calyx, or wanting
on one or both of them. Genotype, Brachionus cernuus Pallas, 1771.

Pedicellina cernua (Pallas), 1771
Plate 82, fig. 2

Brachionus cernuus Pallas, 1771 :57.
Pedicellina americana Leidy, 1855:143.
Pedicellina nutans, Robertson, 1900:332.
Pedicellina echinata, Robertson, 1900:344.
Pedicellina cernua, O'Donoghue, 1926:7.

The stolon is slender, more or less transparent, branching, consisting
of an irregular succession of fertile and infertile internodes, the fertile
ones shorter than the others, as a rule, and somewhat swollen. The
pedicel is broadest at the base, about 0.25 mm in diameter but often
smaller, diminishing in size upward to about half of the basal width;
thin walled and flexible, with longitudinal muscles which do not enter
the calyx. Usually there is a slight constriction between the pedicel and
calyx. The pedicel may be 2 mm or more in length but is usually shorter.

The calyx is cup-shaped with a well-marked gibbosity on the dorsal
side, varying greatly in size, in our largest specimens about 0.55 mm
long by 0.40 mm in diameter. The lophophore is terminal and transverse,
with the tentacle number varying from 14 to 24.

Spines are sometimes present on the stalk and also on the calyx, and
this feature has led to the erection of several species names, P. echinata
M. Sars, 1835:5, P. glabra Hincks, 1880:565 and P. hirsuta Jullien,
1888:13. However there is so much variation in the presence and dis-
tribution of the spines that these must be considered merely nominal
varieties. In our material, which extends from British Columbia to
southern California, most of the zooecia are without spines, while a
few spines occur occasionally even on the same colonies with bare zooecia.

The species is cosmopolitan. Robertson listed it as P. nutans ( ?)
from Yakutat, Alaska, and as echinata from Tomales Bay, California,
and O'Donoghue recorded it from several localities in British Columbia.

Hancock collections: Five Fingers, British Columbia; Tomales Bay
and Lime Point, California; and the writer has obtained it at Newport
Harbor and La Jolla, southern California. It is a littoral species, usually
found on the piles of docks or at low tide.

764 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Genus BARENTSIA Hincks, 1880

Pedicellinopsis Hincks, 1884.
Ascopodaria Busk, 1886.
Gonopodaria Ehlers, 1900.
Arthropodaria Ehlers, 1900.

This genus is distinguished by the presence of a large, barrel-shaped,
muscular swelling at the base of the pedicel (a character which it also
shares with Coriella Kluge) and by the adnate stolons which never fuse
to form erect branches (as they do in Coriella). The pedicel is narrow
above the muscular base and is usually well chitinized and stiff; joints
occasionally appear in most of the species and in some of them are
characteristic. In most of the species the pedicel appears to be more or
less perforated, but the outer chitinous layer is complete and there are
no pores ; the cavities are limited to the internal layer. The calyx is more
or less ovoid or vase-shaped, the lophophore terminal and transverse, and
at its base the calyx is separated from the chitinized pedicel by a short
flexible portion. The muscular base permits swinging back and forth,
and the short flexible base of the calyx also permits the head to move
freely on the pedicel. In at least one species, B. laxa Kirkpatrick, the
pedicel is only slightly chitinized, provided with longitudinal muscles,
and can be bent or looped in any direction. Genotype, B. bulbosa Hincks,
1880a :285.

The differences in the jointing and branching of the pedicel caused
the erection of several other generic names, but there is so much variation
in this character that it is often not even of specific value. Some species
{e.g. discreta Busk) very rarely are jointed, some others {ramosa Robert-
son) are very regularly jointed and branched; sometimes the joints are
enlarged and muscular, or the muscular enlargement may be wanting.
These characters have some value for the determination of species but
are scarcely valid for the separation of genera.

Key TO Species of Barentsia

1. Upper half of the basal internode and the whole of the short

second internode thin-walled and flexible ; base of the lower

internode well chitinized subrigida

Stalks with chitinized walls, not flexible 2

2. Stalks never branched, usually without joints 3

Stalks more or less jointed and branched, the nodes often

much enlarged 5

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 765

3. Stalk short, basal bulb as long as or longer than the following

internode, calyx large robusta

Stalk usually much longer than the basal bulb 4

4. Small species, seldom 2 mm in height, the internode little or

not at all "perforated," joints simple, rare gracilis

Taller species, 2 to 4 mm high, internode very thickly "per-
forated," joints simple, rare discrete

5. Zoarium very large, reaching a height of 5 centimeters, pro-

fusely branched ; muscular bulbs of varying size, sometimes

gigantic; high Arctic gorbunovi

Branches few, arising from enlarged stem nodes, basal bulbs

of one size 6

6. Tall slender species, long internodes, nodes moderately swollen ;

branching occasionally at the nodes, the basal bulb short

and ovate geniculata

Stouter species, internodes shorter, the nodes much enlarged,
nearly every stalk bears one or more branches; the inter-
nodes with a few "perforations" ramosa

Barentsia gracilis (M. Sars), 1835

Plate 82, fig. 3

Pedicellina gracilis M. Sars, 1835:6.
Pedicellina gracilis, Hincks, 1884:208.
Ascopodaria gracilis, Robertson, 1900:345.
Gonypodaria nodosa, O'Donoghue, 1923:5.
Barentsia gracilis nodosa, O'Donoghue, 1926:7.
Barentsia gracilis, Marcus, 1938:8.

A small, delicate species, usually less than 1.0 mm in height. The
stolon is creeping, usually among hydroids and other bryozoans. The
basal bulb is of moderate size; the stalk short and lightly chitinized
with few or no "perforations." The largest calyx in our specimens
measures 0.25 mm high by 0.18 mm wide; the pedicel 0.95 mm high;
the basal bulb 0.35 mm high by 0.12 mm in diameter. The pedicel
usually bears no "perforations" but a few may be present. The joints,
which mark the variety nodosa Lomas, 1886, are rare in our material,
and they are only slightly enlarged.

Cosmopolitan. Recorded by Hincks and by O'Donoghue from a num-
ber of localities in British Columbia, and by Robertson from Lime Point
and San Pedro, southern California.

766 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Hancock Stations: 1274-41, Point Hueneme, 30 fms, and 1292-41,
Santa Rosa Island, 28 fms, southern California. Also collected by the
writer at low tide, Corona del Mar, southern California.

Barentsia discreta (Busk), 1886
Plate 82, fig. 8

Ascopodaria discreta Busk, 1886:44.
Pedicellina australis Jullien, 1888:13.
Barentsia timida Verrill, 1900:594.
Barentsia discreta, Osburn, 1912:214; 1940:327.
Barentsia discreta, Harmer, 1915:29.
Barentsia discreta, Marcus, 1937:15.
Ascopodaria misakiensis Oka, 1890:234.
Barentsia misakiensis. Oka, 1895:76.

The zoarium consists of a slender creeping stolon and erect slender
zoids which may reach a total height of 3 mm, but usually range between
1.0 and 2 mm. The variation in height is almost entirely in the length
of the slender stalk. The muscular basal bulb is moderately large,
averaging about 0.50 mm high by 0.18 mm in width; the slender stalk
from less than 1.0 mm to more than 2 mm; the calyx in our largest
specimens measures 0.78 mm in height by 0.60 mm in width, but it is
often much smaller. The slender stalk is straight, widening slightly and
gradually upward, and is especially characterized by the large number
of "perforations" of the inner layer of the stalk. The stalk is rarely
jointed, but simple joints sometimes occur to the number of 2 or 3.
Harmer states that the tentacle number is "about 20-24," but in smaller
calyxes the number may be as few as 14.

It is a widely distributed species, occurring around the world in
tropical and temperate waters. On the Atlantic coast it occurs from
Cape Cod to Brazil, and Jullien described his Pedicellina australis from
Cape Horn. Oka had it from near Tokyo, Japan, and Harmer from
the East Indies. It has not been previously known from the Pacific
coast, except for Waters' record at Magellanes, Chili.

Hancock Stations: 391-35, Lobos de Afuera Islands, Peru, 6°55'40"S,
shore collection; 401-35, Mantua Bay, Ecuador, 1 fm; 1217-40, Point
Fermin, California, shore collection, 33°42'30'"N, and 1232-41, off San
Pedro Breakwater, 17 fms, California. Also on piles of docks at Corona
del Mar (R. C. Osburn) and Upper Newport Bay, shallow water,
(J. D. Soule), southern California.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 767

The known range on the Pacific coast is from 33°42'30"N, southern
California, to Ecuador, Peru and Cape Horn. It appears to be a species
of shallow waters, though Busk described it from Tristan de Cunha
Island at a depth of 100-150 fms.

Barentsia ramosa (Robertson), 1900
Plate 82, Figs. S and 6

Gonypodaria ramosa Robertson, 1900:337.
Gonypodaria ramosa, O'Donoghue, 1923:6.
Barentsia ramosa, O'Donoghue, 1926:8.

The stolon is creeping and adherent, becoming heavily chitinized and
brown, 0.07 mm in width. From this arise erect, jointed, and branched
sub-colonies, with 3 or 4 joints in series, and these usually give rise to
1 or 2 branches which in turn may develop secondary branches. The
internodes vary much in length, from 0.65 to 2.60 mm; in width they
measure 0.06 mm at the base and 0.10 to 0.13 mm near the tips. The
muscular nodes vary in length from 0.24 to 0.30 mm and in width from
0.15 to 0.20 mm. The basal bulb is short, 0.30 to 0.35 mm long by 0.20
to 0.26 mm wide. The calyx is short and wide, the height, excluding
the tentacles, 0.35 to 0.50 mm and the width 0.40 to 0.55 mm. Tentacle
number, 16-20. The total height of the tallest sub-colonies is about 5 mm.

Conspicuous features of the internodes are the heavy chitinization of
the wall, the brownish color, and the conspicuous "pores," which are
larger than in B. discrete; also the sub-colonies appear to be more rigid
than in other members of the genus.

The species was described by Robertson from Pacific Grove (Monte-
rey Bay), California, and recorded also from Fort Point and Land's
End, California and from Channel Rocks, Puget Sound. O'Donoghue
recorded it from several localities in British Columbia.

Hancock Collections: Carmel Cove, south of Monterey Bay, Cali-
fornia, on the stems of the hydroid Garveia. It is a littoral species, but
O'Donoghue dredged it at 20 fms.

Barentsia gorbunovi Kluge, 1946

Plate 82, figs. 10-12

Barentsia gorbunovi Kluge, 1946:153 and 157.

This is a remarkable species growing in bushy form to a height of 5
cm or more. There is an adherent stolon, 0.10 to 0.20 mm in width,
from which arise very complex sub-colonies. At the bases of these there
are gigantic muscular bulbs of the usual shape, but with a height of 1.0

768 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

to 2 mm and a diameter of as much as 0.80 mm. In other parts of the
sub-colony the bulbs are much smaller, from 0.40 to 0.65 mm high and
from 0.13 to 0.26 mm in diameter.

The erect branches should be homologous with the stalks of other
barentsias, but they differ in bearing a series of zoids throughout their
length without joints or septa; they appear like erect stolons, except for
the large muscular basal bulb. These erect stems bear branches, all in
the same plane, up to the fifth generation of zoids. The unbranched
internodes are comparatively short, usually less than 1.0 mm and about
0.08 mm in diameter. The calyx is similar to those of other barentsias,
0.40 to 0.50 mm high by 0.35 to 0.40 mm in width.

The unusual features of this species are the large size and complexity
of the colony, the nature of the branching, the absence of nodes, and the
variation in the size of the basal bulbs.

Known only from Kluge's record (Drifting Ice Expedition in the
central Arctic Ocean in the Ice-breaking Str. "G. Sedov," 1937-40).

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 246 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector, several colonies.

J ^^^

^ *.l— *- Barentsia robusta new species

Plate 82, fig. 7

The stolon adnate, ramifying, 0.08 mm wide. The individual zooecia
are short-stalked with large calyces, reaching a total height of about 2
mm. The stalks are disproportionate, as the basal bulbs are longer than
the narrow internodes. The basal muscular bulbs are unusually long
and measure rather regularly 0.90 mm in height by 0.18 mm in diameter.
The internode is 0.70 to 0.78 mm long; at the base it varies from 0.06
to 0.08 mm wide and gradually enlarges to 0.11 to 0.13 mm in diameter
at the top ; the internode wall is moderately chitinized and its inner
layer is punctured by scattering conspicuous "pores," similar to those
of B. discreta but larger and much fewer in number. The calyx is large,
the height to the base of the tentacle ring as much as 0.65 mm, and its
width varying from 0.52 to 0.65 mm, cup-shaped, widest at the top and
the base rounded, the dorsal side curved, the ventral side much straighten
The tentacles cannot be counted accurately but apparently they number
about 20 to 24.

The larger calyces all contain embryos in August. The stout appear-
ance of the zooecia, all about the same height, the large calyces (nearly
one third of the total height) and the very long and comparatively
slender basal bulbs which are consistently longer than the internodes,

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 769

distinguish the species. It was collected by the writer in 1902 and has
remained unidentified in his collection for the past 50 years awaiting
a proper place for publication.

Type, AHFno. 131.

Type locality, near Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, at the site of
the former University of Minnesota Biological Station ; from the rocky
wall of a deep tide-pool, R. C. Osburn, collector.

Barentsia geniculata Harmer

Plate 82, fig. 4

Barentsia geniculata Harmer, 1915:33.

1 Ascopodaria macropus, Robertson, 1900:345.

The creeping stolon is thick-walled and brown, 0.06 or 0.07 mm in
width; the fertile internodes short, 0.30 to 0.40 mm long, the infertile
ones varying greatly in length to as much as 1.30 mm. The zoids are
tall, reaching a total length of 5.20 mm, the stalk with 1 to 4 bulbous
muscular joints. The stalk internodes are slender, only 0.04 mm at the
base and enlarging slightly upward, with a few "pores" ; the basal stalk
internodes are long, from 1.50 to 1.70 mm, the later ones somewhat
graduated in length, the shortest terminal one only 0.45 mm. The stalk
nodes are enlarged, muscular and bulbous, the swelling about 0.20 mm
long by 0.15 mm in width. The basal bulb is short and wide, about
0.40 mm high by 0.30 mm in diameter, coarsely wrinkled. The calyx
is 0.30 mm high by 0.25 mm wide. The tentacle number cannot be
determined accurately but they are numerous, at least 20.

One stalk is branched twice, at the first node and again at the first
node of a branch. This feature resembles B. ramosa, but the nodes are
much smaller and the internodes more slender, while the basal bulb is
strikingly different.

This is probably the Ascopodaria macropus of Robertson, for which
she gives no description, but states that it occurs at San Pedro, southern
California. I believe it to be the B. geniculata of Harmer, as it agrees
in the thick wall of the internodes, the form of the joints, the small
number of "pores" ("tubercles," Harmer), the form of the muscular
base and the size and form of the calyx. It differs in the longer inter-
nodes and in the rare formation of branches at the internodes.

Harmer described the species from the East Indies (Siboga Expedi-
tion).

Hancock Station 1292-41, near Santa Rosa Island, southern Cali-
fornia, 33°53'30"N, 120°W, at 28 fms, two fragments.

770

ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS

VOL. 14

/^A.

•,i^

f-?'

Barentsia subrigida new species
Plate 82, fig. 9

A large species, reaching a height of more than 5 mm ; it is especially
characterized by the stalk which possesses regularly two internodes; the
basal one is very elongate, 1.30 to more than 4 mm; the basal half, more
or less, has the wall chitinized and rigid while the upper part remains
thin-walled, muscular and flexible; this is followed by a somewhat ex-
panded muscular joint, and above this is a short thin-walled and wrinkled
flexible internode, only 0.40 to 0.55 mm in length. When completely
developed, the top of the basal internode and the base of the terminal
internode are both enlarged to about twice the width of the stem with
a short muscular section between them; the terminal one has a definite
diaphragm just above the node, similar to the one at the base of the
first internode. Very old basal internodes may become chitinized for
the full length, but I have seen only two such internodes. In any case
the short terminal internode is always transparent and flexible. The
basal internode usually bears a few "perforations," scattered and gen-
erally disappearing entirely on the upper half.

The basal muscular bulb varies greatly in height, from 0.25 to 0.55
mm, probably depending on the nature of contraction, and the width
is about 0.15 mm.

The calyx is large, averaging about 0.35 mm high to the base of the
tentacle crown, by 0.40 mm in width ; the largest calyx measures 0.50
mm high by 0.52 mm wide; the dorsal side is more rounded than the
frontal side, and the base is broadly rounded and attached by a rounded
bulb to the upper internode. The tentacle number cannot be counted
accurately but it appears to be at least 20.

The very regular disparity in the length of the two internodes, the
thin-walled flexible upper ends of the basal internodes and the constant
thin-walled, muscular, short terminal internodes, together with the large
size, apparently mark this as a hitherto unknown species. It is possible
/that the Ascopodaria macropus of Robertson may belong here instead
of under B. geniculata. The only other known species with flexible inter-
nodes is B. laxa Kirkpatrick, which has no joints in the stalk, no "per-
/forations," and the stalk is not heavily chitinized basally.

Type, AHF no. 132.

Type locality, Hancock Station 1274-41, three and one-half miles
south of Hueneme, southern California, 28°23'20''N, 115°ir52"W,
at 55 fms, two colonies. Another specimen in the collection is labeled
simply "California."

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 771

Genus CORIELLA Kluge, 1946

Stolon adnate and creeping, but giving off clusters of erect stolons
which fuse into complex sub-colonies. The zoids arise from the fertile
internodes of the erect stolons in large numbers on all sides of the com-
plex branch. The zoids are simple and unbranched, with the usual
muscular basal bulbs, and the stalks are provided with scattering "pores"
similar to those of some species of Barentsia.

Genotype, C. stolonata Kluge, 1946:155.

The genus appears to be similar to Barentsia in all essential characters
except the fusion of erect stolons to form branches.

Goriella stolonata Kluge, 1946
Plate 82, figs. 13 and 14

Coriella stolonata Kluge, 1946:155 and 157.

The complex erect branch varies greatly from 3 to 10 or 12 stolons,
to a height of more than 1 cm in our specimens. The calyx is large,
reaching 0.80 mm high by 0.65 mm in width ; the stalk attains a length
of 2 mm and a diameter of 0.06 to 0.08 mm, with rather numerous
"pores"; the basal bulb measures 0.40 to 0.45 mm in height by 0.16 to
0.22 mm wide; it arises from a cup-shaped enlargement which is set at
an angle on the side of a fertile stolon internode. The total height of
the tallest zoid is 3.25 mm, but they are usually much shorter. The
tentacle number, according to Kluge, is 22 to 24.

The erect clustered stolons distinguish this species from all members
of the Pedicellinidae.

The only record is that by Kluge (Drifting Ice Expedition in the
central Arctic Ocean in the Ice-breaking Str. "G. Sedov," 1937-40).

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 295 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector.

772 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

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774 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Addenda

The following species in Ectoprocta-Cheilostomata have come to the
author's attention since Parts 1 and 2 were prepared for publication.
Also the ovicell of Pachyegis brunnea (Hincks), hitherto unknown, is
figured (plate 81, fig. 11), and Cheilopora praelucida (Hincks), dis-
cussed on page 465 of Part 2, is illustrated on plate 81, fig. 12. All but
one of these are from the last collections made at Point Barrow, Alaska,
by Prof, and Mrs. G. E. MacGinitie. Their persistent efforts for two
seasons resulted in 104 species from a very limited area around the
Arctic Research Laboratory, which add greatly to our knowledge of
circumpolar distribution of the Bryozoa.

No doubt careful collecting all along the American coasts, in special
habitats and especially in deeper waters, will add many more species to
the long list already recorded.

Gheilostomata

Anasga

Membranipora annae, new name

Acanthodesia serrata (Hincks), Hastings, 1930:707 (not M. membra-

nacea, form serrata Hincks, 1882:469)
Membranipora hastingsae Osburn, 1950:29 (preoc. by M. (Electra)

hasting sae Marcus, 1940)

Dr. Anna B. Hastings misidentified this species with the M. serrata
of Hincks (1882:469, which was already preoccupied by the M. serrata
of MacGillivray (1868:131). [See under M. serrilamella, new name.
Part 1, p. 22] The present author renamed it hastingsae (Part 1, p.
29), overlooking the fact that Marcus (1940) had already used this
name for another species. Dr. Marcus (in litt. Aug. 27, 1950) kindly
called my attention to the error: "In Danmarks Fauna, 1940, Electra
is treated as a subgenus of Membranipora, and M. (Electra) hastingsae
is dealt with. So the specific name is preoccupied and your species will
have to receive a new name."

I have taken the liberty of using Dr. Hastings' given name for this
very attractive little species.

Hincksina gothica new species
Plate 81, fig. 1

Zoarium unilaminar, encrusting on shells, stones and bryozoans, white
to light brown. Our largest colony, rounded and about 25 mm in

NO. 3 OSBURN: EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 775

diameter, spreads across a frond of Porella compressa, the edges extend-
ing beyond the side of the frond but remaining unilaminar. The zooecia
are large, 0.65 to 1.0 mm or more in length by 0.45 to 0.60 mm in
width, arranged quincuncially. In the infertile zooecia the opesia occu-
pies practically all of the frontal area; the side walls are very thin and
finely granulated. Large interzooecial avicularia are scattered over the
zoarium, usually at the beginning of the new series of zooecia. The
chamber is nearly as long as the normal zooecia, 0.50 to 0.65 mm, but
narrower, about 0.40 mm in width. The mandible, 0.35 to 0.50 mm
long by 0.20 to 0.26 mm wide, has the shape of a gothic arch, the sides
parallel and the pointed tip strongly decurved to fit inside the recurved
tip of the rostrum. Minute avicularia (mandible 0.06 to 0.10 mm
long) are situated at the distal zooecial comers and often there are one
or two additional ones, with the mandible directed forward instead of
backward as in H. nigrans; occasionally there are similar small avicularia
on the side walls and in these the position of the mandible is reversed,
pointing backward. Near the center of the colony there are 5 or 6 short
stout spines and one or two of these may be present on the zooecia over
the whole zoarium.

The endozooecial ovicells are similar to those of nigrans, but the cover-
ing transverse ridges are m.uch less developed and there is always a pair
of the small avicularia distally placed on either side of the ovicell with
the mandible directed forward.

The species is evidently related to H. nigrans, but the differences in
the avicularia and the cover of the ovicell and the presence of spines
appear sufficient to give it specific rank. H. nigrans also has large inter-
zooecial avicularia, but they are short with a short triangular mandible.

Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 11048.

Type locality. Point Barrow, Alaska, 453 feet. Numerous colonies
were obtained by Prof. G. E. MacGinitie at depths ranging from 216 to
522 feet.

Amphiblestrum trifolium (S. Wood), 1850
Plate 81, fig. 2

Flustra trifolium S. Wood, 1850:20.
Membranipora solida Packard, 1867:272.
Membranipora Flemingii var. solida, Verrill, 1879:29.
Me?nbranipora trifolium, Hincks, 1880:167.
Membranipora trifolium, Whiteaves, 1901:97.
Membranipora trifolium, Osburn, 1912:279.
Amphiblestrum trifolium, Osburn, 1923:9; 1932:9; 1933:26.

776 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

Zoarium encrusting on stones and shells, the ectocyst sometimes with
brown pigment. The zooecia are arranged more or less regularly in
quincunx, length 0.60 to 0.80 mm, width 0.35 to 0.60 mm, varying
much in form, separated by slightly elevated thin margins which are
decorated with coarse granules. The most striking feature is the thick,
finely granulated cryptocyst which covers the proximal half or more of
the frontal area and extends narrowly around the sides of the trifoliate
opesia. Spines are entirely absent from our specimens, though small ones
are said to occur occasionally. Avicularia are rare, somewhat elevated,
usually located near the proximal end and directed either forward or
backward, the mandible short-pointed.

The ovicell is hyperstomial, prominent; in final calcification there is a
strong arcuate transverse rib which often rises to a central point, and
proximal to this is a semilunar smooth area ; width 0.25 to 0.30 mm.

It is a northern and arctic species, evidently circumpolar ; in Atlantic
waters it extends southward to the British Isles and to the Maine coast
of North America, but it has not been recorded from the Pacific coast
before.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 262 to 328 feet,
G. E. MacGinitie, collector.

Bugula flabellata acuminata new variety.
Plate 81, figs. 3 and 4

The zoarium is erect with broad flabellate branches, the secondary
branches biserial but sometimes becoming quadriserial near the tips. The
mode of branching is like that of flabellata and the origin of the zooecia
is also similar, with long prongs extending distally down the dorsal sides
of the preceding zooecium. Height of colony about 20 mm.

The zooecia are long and slender, length 0.55 to 0.75 mm, width at
base 0.13 mm and Avidening gradually to 0.15 mm near the tip; the
membranous area extends nearly but not quite to the proximal end,
narrowing downward ; there are no jointed spines, but the distal corners
are extended into short, stout processes, sometimes wanting on the inner
corner. The avicularia, present on nearly all of the zooecia, are attached
by a short stalk more or less above the middle of the zooecium but not
near the extremity ; moderately large and somewhat compressed, length
0.20 to 0.30 mm, width 0.08 to 0.10 mm, height 0.13 to 0.15 mm; the
beak sharply decurved at the tip with a narrow rounded point. The
mandible, 0.15 to 0.20 mm long, is unique in my experience as it sud-
denly becomes constricted near its distal end into a long acuminate
recurved process sharply differentiated from the basal part.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 777

The ovicells, on nearly all of the zooecia, are set transversely across
the distal end of the zooecia, rounded and prominent, 0.18 mm wide by
0.14 mm long, complete, but the orifice large, the surface not striated,
in reproduction in February.

The complete absence of jointed spines, the form of the avicularium
and especially the sharply acuminated mandible appear to separate this
variety sufficiently from B. flabellata.

Type, AHF no. 130.

Type locality, Hancock Station 66-33, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island,
Galapagos, 0°16'17"S, 91°22'41"W, at 10 to 20 fms, several colonies.

ASCOPHORA

Pachyegis brunnea (Hincks)
Plate 81, fig. 11

See Part 2, p. 315.

The ovicells can now be described as I have found them at the margin
of a large colony. They resemble those of P. princeps (Norman), hyper-
stomial and prominent but considerably depressed on the base of the
succeeding zooecium. With increased calcification they become more
submerged but lack the heavy collar which develops across the front of
P. princeps; width and length about 0.40 mm.

Emballotheca stylifera (Levinsen), 1886
Plate 81, fig. 5

Escharella stylifera Levinsen, 1886:17.
Schizoporella condylata Nordgaard, 1906:18.
Schizoporella (Emballotheca) stylifera, Levinsen, 1916:453.
Schizoporella stylifera, Nordgaard, 1918:57.

Zoarium encrusting shells and stones, unilaminar, and the shining
ectocyst with reddish-brown pigment. The zooecia are moderate in size,
0.60 to 0.75 mm long by 0.40 to 0.55 mm wide, elongate-hexagonal in
form and rather regularly arranged in quincunx, separated by very thin
raised lines. The moderately inflated frontal is a tremocyst with fewer
pores than is usual in the genus. Beneath the rather thick ectocyst the
frontal is finely granulated, but there are no other surface decorations,
and spines and avicularia are both wanting. Dietellae conspicuous on
the dorsal surface. The aperture is nearly round, 0.16 to 0.18 mm wide,
somewhat transverse proximal to the prominent cardelles, and between
these is a shallow arcuate sinus nearly half as wide as the aperture.

778 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

There is a narrow vestibular arch. The primary peristome is low and
thin and becomes covered on the sides by the encroachment of the frontal
wall, which modifies the form of the aperture only slightly.

The ovicell is hyperstomial, considerably depressed and is closed by
the operculum; secondary calcification from the three adjacent distal
zooecia produces three sutural lines on the surface, and often there is
a pore or fenestra at the central junction of the sutures, width 0.26 to
0.30 mm.

The species was described from the Kara Sea and later recorded from
northeast Greenland (Levinsen) and the North American Archipelago
(Nordgaard).

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 217 to 522 feet,
G. E. MacGinitie, collector, rather common.

Hippodiplosia cancellata (Smitt), 1867
Plate 81, fig. 6

Escharella porifera jorma cancellata Smitt, 1867:9.
Smittina cancellata, Nordgaard, 1906:29.

Apparently this species has not been seen since Smitt described it.
Nordgaard placed it under Smittina, but without having seen it.

The zoarium is encrusting, spreading over shells, reddish-brown in
color. The zooecia are moderately large, 0.65 to 1.0 mm long by 0.40
to 0.65 mm wide; the front a tremocyst with large pores which enlarge
upward until the surface is coarsely cancellous or tessellated, with only
narrow rims separating the pores. The only exception to this is the
smoother area proximal to the aperture which is characteristic of the
genus and upon which the secondary layer does not encroach. The aper-
ture is large, 0.18 to 0.20 mm wide, usually a little wider than long,
evenly rounded back to the small cardelles ; the proximal border broadly
arcuate, nearly straight, or often arched forward slightly above the
operculum (this last feature gives the aperture somewhat the appearance
of a Smittina, but it does not appear to be homologous with the lyrula
of the Smittinidae). Smitt described the species "Avicularia desunt,"
but small avicularia are frequently present (though often wanting over
large areas), with a rounded mandible and located close to the aperture
in the middle on the preoral smooth area. There are no spines or other
surface structures.

The ovicells are large, about 0.40 mm wide, hemispherical, hyper-
stomial but rather deeply embedded, smooth at first but soon becoming
covered with a cancellous layer similar to that of the frontal.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 779

The species is related to H. reticulato-punctata (Hincks), but the
measurements are larger, the aperture shorter and wider, the preoral
area shorter and the cancellation of the front much more strongly
developed.

Smitt described the species from Spitsbergen and carefully figured it
(plate 24, figs. 40 and 41), but I have not been able to find any other
record of its occurrence.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 438 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector, apparently rare.

Microporella arctica (Norman), 1903
Plate 81, fig. 7

Microporella arctica Norman, 1903:105.

Porina ciliata Smitt, 1867:6 (part).

Microporella ciliata var. arctica, Nordgaard, 1918:60.

Zoarium encrusting stones and shells, heavily calcified, and the ectocyst
brown in color. The zooecia are much larger than those of M. ciliata
in all their measurements, 0.65 to 0.80 mm long by 0.40 to 0.65 mm
wide; the aperture 0.12 mm long by 0.15 mm wide; the ovicell averaging
0.40 mm in width. The frontal is a thick tremocyst with numerous small
pores which often become occluded in complete calcification ; inflated
with deep separating grooves and smooth, except occasionally there is a
minute umbo proximal to the ascopore. The aperture (except for size)
and the ascopore are similar to those of ciliata. Avicularia, rarely present,
are located near the lateral margin proximal to the aperture, the man-
dibles varying in length, the longer ones noticeably broader (more
ligulate) than those of ciliata. Spines are usually wanting but I have
noted 4 very minute (vestigial) ones on a few young marginal zooecia.

The ovicell is hemispherical, delicately ribbed radiately in the young
stage but soon becoming very thick-walled and smooth, with a small
umbo distally situated on the top.

Recorded previously by Smitt, Norman and Nordgaard from Spits-
bergen and northern Norway. The differences mentioned above indicate
that it should be separated from M. ciliata, and the following record
shows that it is a circumpolar species.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 328 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector.

780 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

g ^' Escharoides jacksoni (Waters), 1900.

f' ^^ Plate 81, fig. 8

Smittia Jacksonii Waters, 1900:87.
Escharoides jacksoni, Nordgaard, 1918:55.
Peristomella (Escharoides) jacksoni, Osburn, 1923:10.

Zoarium encrusting, the ectocyst reddish-brown. The zooecia are large,
0.65 to 1.0 mm long by 0.50 to 0.65 mm wide; the frontal a pleurocyst
with numerous large areolar pores between which narrow costal ridges
extend upon the front, usually leaving a smoother central area but some-
times extending to the tip of the high lip of the peristome. The zooecia
are considerably inflated and elevated toward the distal end, ovate in
form and arranged in quincunx. The most striking feature is the form
of the peristome which is unusually high above the proximal border of
the aperture, where it is more or less pointed, and extends sharply down-
ward on each side to the first spine, resembhng an inverted scoop; it
lacks the median denticle near the tip which is found in some others of
the genus. There are 4 stout oral spines, the proximal pair usually remain-
ing at the corners of the ovicell. The aperture is large, 0.20 to 0.26 mm in
either direction, rounded proximally, and broader at the distal end,
where it is broadly arcuate or sometimes nearly transverse. There are
no condyles and no lyrula. The avicularia are large and conspicuous,
situated characteristically at one or both sides of the peristome and
directed laterally, but often located more proximally on the front and
directed more or less backward, often wanting; the rostrum is elevated,
the mandible hooked at its tip and measuring 0.25 to 0.30 mm in length
and 0.15 to 0.20 mm wide at the base.

The ovicells are correspondingly large, averaging 0.40 mm in width
and length, hyperstomial, hemispherical and conspicuous, perforated but
with a small central imperforate area on the top.

It is an arctic species, described from Franz Josef Land and recorded
from Greenland and the western part of the American Archipelago.
The following record extends its distribution much farther to the west
and it is evidently a circumpolar species.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 453 feet, G. E.
MacGinitie, collector.

Porella minuta (Norman), 1868
Plate 81, fig. 9

Lepralia minuta Norman, 1868:308.
Porella ininuta, Hincks, 1880:326.
Porella alba Nordgaard, 1906:25.

n 7j- „.: j_ XT_„j J inio.'7i

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA 781

Zoarium small, encrusting on stones and shells, white and glistening.
The zooecia are small, 0.40 to 0.50 mm long by 0.25 to 0.30 mm wide;
the front considerably inflated and delicately granulated; the areolar
pores are few in number and conspicuous only in the younger stages.
The zooecia are very distinct, with deep separating grooves which never
become filled even in the oldest and most complete stages of calcification.
The aperture is semicircular, 0.13 mm wide by 0.10 mm long, the
proximal border straight or slightly arcuate and without any indication
of a lyrula. The primary peristome is low and thin and there are no
spines, even in young marginal zooecia. There is a rounded median
avicularium with a prominent bulbous chamber which covers nearly
half of the frontal area proximal to the aperture. In advanced calcifica-
tion, the frontal becomes very thick, extends around the sides of the
aperture, and sometimes forms a small umbonate process on the top of
the avicularian chamber.

The ovicell at first is prominent, 0.24 mm wide by 0.22 mm long,
but soon becomes more or less immersed, thick-walled and granulated
like the frontal.

The species resembles P. concinna (Busk), but the smaller dimen-
sions, the proportionally larger avicularian chamber, and the distinct
separation of the zooecia at all stages clearly distinguish it. It is known
from the British Islands (Norman and Hincks), and Nordgaard rede-
scribed it as P. alba from the North American Archipelago.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, at 216 to 522
feet, G. E. MacGinitie, collector, rather common.

Mucronella microstoma (Norman), 1868
Plate 81, fig. 10

Lepralia microstoma Norman, 1864:87.

Mucronella microstoma, Hincks, 1880:370.

1 Mucronella microstoma, O'Donoghue, 1923:46.

This species bears much resemblance to M. labiata, but it is smaller;
the primary aperture 0.13 mm wide by 0.10 long, semicircular, straight
on the proximal border with a wide lyrula which is low and without
denticles at the corners. The secondary aperture also is much smaller
than in labiata, wider than long, and the peristome is more or less
tubular, rising high on the proximal border and often continued into a
central point. The dietellae are small and numerous. There are 2 to 4
short stout oral spines on the distal border of the aperture, the two
median ones the largest.

782 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

The ovicell is prominent, about 0.40 mm in either direction, the
surface finely granulated like the frontal.

The most characteristic feature is the spout-like peristome and the
small secondary aperture, about 0.18 mm wide by 0.12 mm long (though
there is considerable variation). It has been recorded positively only
from the British Isles at depths from 80 to 205 fms. O'Donoghue listed
it somewhat doubtfully from Northumberland Channel, British Co-
lumbia, at 15 to 18 fms, but as he did not give a full description and
mentioned only a few variations this record must remain in doubt until
the species is recovered from that area.

Point Barrow, Alaska, Arctic Research Laboratory, 48 to 80 fms,
G. E. MacGinitie, collector, rather common.

NO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA 783

REFERENCES

Hastings, A. B.

1930. Cheilostomatous Polyzoa from the Vicinity of the Panama Canal, col-
lected by Dr. C. Crossland on the Cruise of the S. Y. 'St. George'.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1929, vol. 2, pp. 697-740, 17 pis.

HiNCKS, T.

1880. A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. London. 2v.
1882. Report on the Polyzoa of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. 10, pp. 459-471.

Levinsen, G. M. R.

1886. Bryozoer fra Kara-Havet. Adv. reprint from Dijmphe-Togtets zoolo-

gisk-botaniske Udbytte . . . Udgivet . . . ved C. F. Lijtken. Kj0ben-

havn, 1887.
1916. Bryozoa. [Denmark] Medd. Groenl. vol. 43, pp. 432-472, pis. 19-24.

(Danmark-Exspeditionen til Groenlands Nord0stkyst 1906-08. vol. 3

no. 16.)

MacGillivray, p. H.

1868. Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Australian Polyzoa;
to which is added a List of Species found in Victoria. Trans, and Proc.
Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 9, pp. 126-148.

Marcus, E.

1940. Mosdyr (Bryozoa eller Polyzoa). Danmarks Fauna, Kj0benhavn. no.
46, pp. 1-401, 221 figs.

NORDGAARD, O.

1906. Bryozoa from the second "Fram" expedition, 1898-1902. Rpt. of the

Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the "Fram" 1898-1902. Kris-

tiania, 1907. vol. 2 no. 8, pp. 1-44, pis. 1-4.
1918. Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. Tromso Mus. Aarshefter. vol. 40,

pp. 1-99.

Norman, A. M.

1864. On undescribed British Hydrozoa, Actinozoa, and Polyzoa. Ann. and

Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. 13, pp. 82-90.
1868. Shetland Final Dredging Report. — Part H. On the Crustacea, Tuni-

cata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa, and Porifera.

Class Polyzoa. Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 38th meeting, 1869, pp.

303-312.
1903. Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark. Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 7, vol. 12, pp. 87-128, pis. 8-9.

O'DoNOGHUE, C. H. and Elsie O'Donoghue

1923. A Preliminary List of Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island
Region. Contr. Canad. Biol. Fish, new sen, vol. 1, pp. 143-201 (1-59),
pis. 1-4.

OSBURN, R. C.

1912. Bryozoa from Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, collected
by Dr. Owen Bryant. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. vol. 43, pp. 275-289.
1923. Bryozoa. In Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-1918.
Ottawa, vol. 8 (D), pp. 1-13.

784 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

1932. Biological and Oceanographic conditions in Hudson Bay. 7. Bryozoa
from Hudson Bay and Strait. Contr. Canad. Biol. Fish, new ser., vol.
7, pp. 361-376 (1-16), 1 pi.

1933. Bryozoa of the Mount Desert Region. Repr. from the Biological Sur-
vey of the Mount Desert Region. Philadelphia. 67p., 15 pis.

1950. Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 1, Cheilostomata-Anasca.
Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-269, 29 pis.

Packard, A. S.

1867. Observations on the Glacial Phenomena of Labrador and Maine, with
a View of the recent invertebrate Fauna of Labrador. H. View of the
recent invertebrate Fauna of Labrador. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
vol. 1, pp. 262-303, pis. 7-8.

Smitt, F. A.

1867. Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafsbryozoer. Ofversigt af
Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. vol. 24 (Bihang), pp. 1-230, pis.

24-28.

Verrill, a. E.

1879. Preliminary Check-list of the Marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic
Coast, from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. New Haven, Conn,
pp. 28-31.

Waters, A, W.

1900. Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the Jackson-Harmsworth
Expedition, 1896-1897. Jour. Linn. Soc. London. Zool. vol. 28, pp.
43-105, pis. 7-12.

Whiteaves, J. F.

1901. Catalogue of the marine invertebrata of eastern Canada. Rpt. Geol.
Surv. Canada [sep. pubn.] Polyzoa, pp. 91-114.

Wood, S. V.

1850. Descriptive Catalogue of the Zoophytes from the Crag. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. vol. 13, pp. 10-21.

PLATES

Practically all of the illustrations for the following; plates, 65 to 82,
are the work of Mrs. Virginia Sewell, to whom the author is much
indebted for her careful attention to details and interested cooperation.

The scale of enlargement is not indicated on the plates, except in the
Ctenostomata. but exact measurements are given for each species in the
text.

788 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 65

Fig. 1. Stomaiopora f/ranulata (Milne-Edwards), part of zoarium.

Fig. 2. The same, ovicell with ooeciostome.

Fig. 3. Prohoscina sif/mala new species, part of zoarium.

Fig. 4. The same, enlarged to show details of ovicell.

Fig. 5. Prohoscina major (Johnston), part of zoarium with ovicell.

Fig. 6. Oncousoecia ahrupta new species, zoarium.

Fig. 7. The same, enlarged to show details of 3 ovicells.

Fig. 8. Oncousoecia ovoidca new species, zoarium.

Fig. 9. The same, enlarged to show details of ovicell.

Fig. 10. Oncousoecia canadensis Osburn, showing usual type of

ovicell.

Fig. 11. The same, at less magnification, \\\t\\ broader ovicell.

XO. 3 OSBURN: EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA PL. 65

790 ■ ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 66

F'ig. 1. Proboscina iturassala (Smitt), zoarium.

Fig. 2. The same, portion of a lobe with oviceil and ooeciostome.

Fig. 3. Proboscina lamcllifera Canu and Bassler, part of lobe with

oviceil and ooeciostome.
Fig. 4. Oncousoccia diasto [sondes (Norman), oviceil and ooecio-
stome.
Fig. 5. Plagioecia (iriinaldii (JuUien), showing terminal, median

position of ooeciostome.
Fig. 6. Plagioccia meandrina (Canu and Bassler) showing erect

branches and lobes.
Fig. 7. The same, part of a lobe showing position of oviceil and

ooeciostome.
Fig. 8. Pla{/ioecta ambiffua new species, zoarium, with simple and

expanded ovicells; note different positions of ooeciostomes.
Fig. 9. Plarjioeiia anacapcnsis new species, outline of zoarium and

linear arrangement of tubules.
Fig. 10. The same, showing oviceil and ooeciostome.
Fig. 11. Diapcroecia claviformis new species, part of a lobe showing

proximal position of ooeciostome.

XO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERX PACIFIC BRVOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA PL. 66

Id .<f '"f

e .:

x£^=C;ti

1 '•#?«

10

792 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 67

Fig. 1. Diaf>eroecia calif ornica (d'Orbigii\ ) , showing arrangement
of tubules and mode of branching.

Fig. 2. The same, ovicell and large, tall ooeciostome.

Fig. 3. Diaperoecia florijana Osburn, part of a branch with elon-
gate ovicell and large, flared, reflected ooeciostome.

F'ig. 4. Diaperoecia jolmstoni (Heller), portion of a lobe \vith ovi-
cell, and ooeciostome at the side of a peristome.

Fig. 5. Tuhulipora concinna MacGillivray, ovicell with ooecio-
stome.

Fig. 6. Tuhulipora ecjregia new species, an ovicell with ooeciostome
which has an oval and slightly flared lip.

Fig. 7. The same, portion of a zoarium with lobate ovicells.

Fig. 8. Placjioecia tortuosa new species, outline of an irregular
free lobe, with ovicell and ooeciostome.

Fig. 9. The same, outline of a zoarium, showing the beginning of
a vertical bilaminate Inbe and the position of four ovicells.

NO. 3 OSBURX : EASTERN- PACIFIC HRVOZOA — CYCLOSTO.MATA PL. 67

H r m M^' ^ ©

794

ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS

VOL. 14

PLATE 68

Fig.

1

Fig.

2

Fig.

3

Fig.

4

Fig.

5

Fig.

6

Fig.

7

F-ig.

8

Fig.

9

Fig.

10

Tuhulipora pacifira Robertson, with ovicell and ooeciostome.
Tuhulipora pulclira MacGiiiivray, ovicell and ooeciostome.
The same, base oi zoariiim with lateral attachment proc-
esses.

The same, portion of dorsal side with attachment processes.
Tuhulipora admiranda new species, form of zoarium and
distribution of ovicells.

The same, ovicell with large erect ooeciostome.
The same, base of zoarium with primary zooecium.
Tuhulipora flabellaris (Fabricius), a small ovicell with
narrow erect ooeciostome and slit-like aperture.
Tuhulipora tuha (Gabb and Horn), showing large fas-
cicles and ovicell with ooeciostome.

Tuhulipora tuba var. fasciculifcra (Hincks), with small
fascicles and ovicell with ooeciostome.

XO. 3 OSBURN : EASTERX PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA PL. 68

796 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 69

Fig. 1. PlaUinea elonrjata new species, with very elongate ovicell,
and position of ooeciopore, ooeciostome broken off.

Fig. 2. Platonea velfronis new species, with short ovicell and posi-
tion and form of ooeciostome.

Fig. 3. Platoiira cxpansa new species, with long fascicles, broad
marginal lamina and position and form of ooeciostome.

Fig. 4. Pxifliysoi'da bassleri new species, outline of zoarium show-
ing position of two ovicells.

Fig. 5. The same, depressed arcuate ovicell with slit-like ooecio-
stome, the two lobes surrounding peristomes and a fascicle;
note the very short peristomes.

Fig. 6. The same, younger part of colony showing partially closed
ends of erect tubes before the peristomes are developed.

Fig. 7. Batliysoccia liastitK/sae new species, sketch of ovicell, the
arcuate ovicell modified by several lobes. Note the position
and form of the ooeciostnme.

Fig. 8. FiUfascigera clariotwnsis new species, portion of zoarium
showing mode of branching and position of ovicell.

Fig. 9. The same, enlarged to show the details of the ovicell and
ooeciostome.

Fig. 10. The same, a double erect fascicle, enlarged.

Fig. 11. Disiocylis californua new species, with broad, thin base,
short peduncle and the broad capltulum with the large
rounded ovicell on its dorsal side.

NO. 3 OSRL RX : EASTERN PACIFIC HRYOZOA

CYCLOSTO.MATA PL. 69

6 ^'^

798 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 70

Fig. 1. Fasriculipora pacifita new species, young colony with about

7 branches beginning to form.
Fig. 2. The same, still younger with the beginning of branches at

the right and left borders, more enlarged.
Fig. 3. The same, a very young colony with the proancestrula and

first tubule; origin of secondary tubules on the right and

the beginning of a branch on the left.
Fig. +. The same, from an adult zoarium, showing a simple ovicell

at the right and a broader one involving two peristomes at

the left.
Fig. 5. Diaperoecia intermedia (O'Donoghue), an erect branch

with ovicell and central ooeciostome. The capltulum here

is narrower than usual.
Fig. 6. Enialopliora symmetrica new species, showing method of

branching at right angles and the position of the ovicell

at the left.
Fig. 7. The same, simple ovicell with terminal ooeciostome.
Fig. 8. Entalophora proboscideoides (Smitt), portion of zoarium

with simple ovicelF
Fig. 9. The same, side view of ovicell and ooeciostome.
Fig. 10. Birntalnphora cylindrica new species, outline of zoarium;

the left branch is beginning to branch again in the same

plane.
F'ig. 11. The same, showing arrangement of peristomes and the

covering layer of closed kenozoids.

NO. 3 OSRURN: EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CVCLOSTOM ATA PL. 70

800 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL. 14

PLATE 71

Fig. 1. Crisiciia rnrnuta (L.), part of zoariiim showing mode of
branching and position of spine-like processes.

F'ig. 2. Birrisia edivardsianu d'Orbigny, \vith oviceil and spine-
like processes.

Fig. 3. Crista occidentalis Trask, showing mode of branching and
normal form of oviceil.

Fig. 4. The same, distorted oviceil due to curved internode.

Fig. 5. The same, pointed tip of terminal internode, often present.

Fig. 6. Crista operculata Robertson, frontal view of oviceil and
ooeciostome.

Fig. 7. The same, sketch of side view showing the cap or "oper-
culum" above the ooeciopore.

Fig. 8. Crisia pugeti Robertson, frontal view of oviceil and, at
left, a sketch of the side view with betit ooecif'stome.

Fig. 9. Crisia elongata Milne-Edwards, frontal view with short,
wide expansion of the oviceil.

Fig. 10. Crisia ehurnea (L.), with short, transverse ooeciostome.

Fig. 11. Tiihulipora flextiosa (Pourtales), a portion of a branch
with short oviceil and ooeciostome distal to a peristome.

NO. 3 OSRURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA — CYCLOSTO.M ATA PL. 71

802 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 72

Fig. 1. Crisia cribrar'ta Stimpson, mode of branching and ovicell.

Fig. 2. Crisia scrrulata new name, ovicell and mode of branching;
note at left the usual short inserted basis rami.

Fig. 3. Crisia maxima Robertson, ovicell and mode of branching;
note long free end of the tubules and the small reflected
ooeciostome.

Fig. 4. Filicrisia franciscana Robertson, mode of branching and
frontal position of ooeciostome.

Fig. 5. Filicrisia geniculata (Milne-Edwards), infertile internode,
ovicell with dorsal position of ooeciostome, and smaller
dimensions.

Fig. 6. Crisulipora occidrntalis Robertson, a fertile internode show-
ing long peristomes and ovicell spreading among peri-
stomes, ooeciostome centrally placed near distal end.

Fig. 7. Hornrra pinnata Canu and Bassler, sketch of frond and
base.

Fig. 8. The same, frontal view of branch with lateral pinnule.

Fig. 9. The same, dorsal view of tip of branch.

Fig. 10. Hornera pectinata Busk, sketch of frond and base.

Fig. 11. The same, frontal view of tip of branch, showing the
irregular, pectinate tips of the tubules.

Fig. 12. The same, dorsal side of tip of branch.

NO. 3 OSBLRX : EASTERX PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOMATA PL. 72

804 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 73

Fig. 1. Diplosolen ohrlium (Johnston), ovicell enclosing peristomes

of normal and diminutive tubules; ooeciostome near center.
Fig. 2. PlcKjioecia tuhiahurth'a (Canu and Bassler), ovicell with

terminal ooeciostome.
Fig. 3. Plagioecia sarniensis (Norman), sho\ving basal tubule and

transverse expansion of ovicell and terminal ooeciostome;

one peristome enclosed.
F'ig. 4. Platjioecia patina (Lamarck), basal tubule and usual broad

expansion of ovicell, with terminal ooeciostome.
Fig. 5. Rorgiola pustulosa new species, surface view with "pus-
tules," and broken edge of type specimen.
Fig. 6. The same, at broken edge showing brood-chainber traversed

b\- tubules.
Fig. 7. The same, showing the occasional pointed peristomes at the

edge of a pustule.
Fig. 8. The same, margin of zoarium.
Fig. 9. The same, enlargement of a pustule.
Fig. 10. Heteropora alaskensis (Borg), terminal portion of branch

\vith brood-chamber, the roof partly removed to show the

cavit\ traversed by tubules; note also the high peristomes.
Fig. 11. The same, closure and partial closure of peristomes near

base of zoarium.
Fig. 12. The same, mode of branching of a >()ung zoarium.
Fig. 13. Heteropora magna O'Donoghue, a characteristic zoarium

showing mode of branching and anastomosis; the primary

base and two secondarv attachments.

NO. 3 OSBURN: EASTERN PACIFIC RRYOZOA CYCLOSTO.M ATA PL. 73

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806 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 74

Fig. 1. Lklienopora huskiana Catui and Bassler, roof of ovicell
broken away; the distribution of the radii on the disc is
often irregular.

Fig. 2. The same, irregular secondary cancelii above ovicell, posi-
tion and form of ooeciostome.

Fig. 3. Liclienopora -verrucaria (Fabricius), showing quincuncial
arrangement of peristomes, irregular cancellated cover of
ovicell, and position and form of ooeciostome.

F'ig. 4. Liclienopora novae-zclandiac (Busk), irregular secondary
cancelii covering ovicell, position and form of ooeciostome,
and occasional extra tubules in the uniserial radii.

Fig. 5. Disporella separata new species, small portion of zoarium
showing form and separation of the discs.

Fig. 6. The same, enlarged, showing the irregular nature of the
radii and the round partially closed cancelii.

Fig. 7. Disporella calif arnica (d'Orbigny), diagram of complex
zoarium with two complete discs and three incomplete
marginal ones.

Fig. 8. The same, at margin of central area, showing ovicell with
perforated cover (seen at left through the rounded sec-
ondary cancelii) ; position and form of ooeciostome.

Fig. 9. The same, enlargement of cancellar pores with pin-head
spicules.

NO. 3 OSBURX : EASTERX PACIFIC HRVOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA I'l,. 74

808 ALLAN HANCOCK. PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 75

Fig. I. Disporflla liispida (Fleming), showing form of zoarium,
scattered peristomes, small cancellar pores, and two ooecio-
stomes near the border indicating the presence of inter-
radial ovicells.

Fig. 2. Disporflla fimhriata (Busk), the ovicel! obscured by heavy
calcification of the secondary canceili.

Fig. 3. The same, a younger zoarium with three ovicells occupy-
ing most of the central area, the ooeciopores marginal,
ooeciostomes not developed.

Fig. 4. Dispori'lla ovoidea new species, outline showing ovate form
of zoarium and central area, uniserial radii and position
of ovicel 1.

Fig. 5. The same, much enlarged, an interradial ovicel! at left
covered by rounded secondary canceili, and interradial
ooeciostome ; beside this another interradial o\'icell dis-
sected away to show the cavity.

Fig. 6. ? Disporflla octoradiata (\^'ate^s), a \()ung zoarium with-
out ovicell.

Fig. 7. Disporella alaskcnsis ne\v species, side view, showing the
height of the radii, the upturned margin and the small
daughter zoarium.

F'ig. 8. The same, frontal view, showing the complex nature of the
radii, the position of the ovicell (roof broken away) and
the position of the submarginal vertical bud of the daughter
zoarium.

XO. 3 OSBURX : EASTERX PACIFIC HRVOZOA— CYCLOSTOMATA

PL. 75

1© «.'®~-S^ft#'^^iJ'^

810 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS \'OL. 14

PLATE 76

Fig. 1. Disporella astraca new species, showing attachment, vertical
budding and crown from side view.
The same, top view of cro\vn (disc).

Lichenopora canaliculata (Busk), view of disc with central
ovicell and hooded ooeciostome.
The same, enlargement of ooeciostome.

Lichenopora intricata (Busk), portion of complex zoarium
showing irregular distribution of peristomes between discs.
The same, a fertile disc, with ooeciostome and irregular
secondary cancelli covering ovicell.

The same, infertile disc with uniformlv round small can-
celli.

The same, one end of a fertile disc with ooeciostome and
irregular secondary cancelli covering ovicell.
The same, the other end of the same disc with irregular
cancelli over the end of the ovicell, and smaller rounded
cancelli beyond the edge of the ovicell.

Disporella siellata pacifica new variety, disc with large
central area, multiserial radii and interradial position of
ovicells.

Borc/iola rugosa (Borg), side view of zoarium with broad
encrusting base and erect irregular branches; a small sub-
colony from the same base at the right.

Fig.

2.

Fig-

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10

Fig.

11.

XO. 3 OSniRX : EASTERN PACIFIC RRYOZOA CYCLOSTOM AT A I'L. 76

812 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 77

Fij^. 1. .lUyonhiium polyouin (Hassall), a portion of a zoarium

■with a zooeciiim in detail. X 46.
Fig. 2. .Ill yotiiiiiurn parasiticum (F'leming) , note minute border

papillae on detailed zooeciunn. X 46.
Fig. 3. AUyoTiidium pediinculatum Robertson, a portion of a zoari-
um \vith one zooecium in detail. X 46.
Fig. 4. .llcyotiidium matnmiUatum Alder, note aperture at apex of

raised oral protuberance. X 46.
Fig. 5. .Ilcyonidium disciforme (Smitt), a portion of a zoarium

with a zooecium in detail. X 46.
Fig. 6. The same, a drawing of a zoarium, ventral aspect, natural

size.
Fig. 7. Alcyonidium cntcromorpha Soule, a portion of a zoariun^.

with one zooecium in detail. X 46.
Fig. 8. The same, dorsal view of dissected zooecium, showing the

anatomy of the polypide. X 73.
Fig. 9. Flustrella corniculata (Smitt), a portion of a zoarium with

a zooecium in detail. X 26.

NO. J) OSRURX: EASTERX PACIFIC BRVOZOA CYCLOSTOM ATA PL. 77

814 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 78

Fig. 1. Flustrella (ji(/antea Silen, a portion of a zoarium ^vith a

zooecium in detail. X 26.
Fig. 2. Plwrusella brei'itiil/a Soule, a portion of a zoarium with a

zooecium in detail. X 46.
Fig. 3. CAavopora occidcnialis (F'ewkes), an entire zoarium. X 26.
Fig. 4. Anguitiflla palmata van Beneden, a portion of a zoarium

showing the arrangement of the zooecia. X 26.
Fig. 5. Nolella stipata Gosse, a portion of a zoarium showing

mode of growth, note polypide anatomy. X 26.
Fig. 6. Vesicularia fasciculaia ne\v species, a portion of a zoarium

showing mode of growth, one zooecium with polypide

anatomy. X 46.
Fig. 7. Amathia convoluta Lamouroux, a portion of a zoarium

showing the characteristic spiral pattern of zooecial growth.

X 46.

NO. 3 OSRURN : EASTERN PACIFIC BRYOZOA CYCLOSTOM ATA PL. 78

816 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 79

Fig. 1. A mat Ilia distans Busk, a portion of a zoariiim showing the
position of the zooecia. X 46.

Fig. 2. Amatliia 'vido'vici (Heller), a portion of a zoarium show-
ing the position of the zooecia. X 46.

Fig. 3. y.oobotryon vertliillaluin (delle Chiaje), a portion of a
zoarium showing the placement of the zooecia. X 26.

Fig. 4. Boivfrbankia imliruata (Adams), a portion of a zoarium
showing the position of the zooecia ; note anatomical de-
tails. X 26.

Fig. 5. Boivfthankia graaiis Leidy, a portion of a zoarium show-
ing the position of the zooecia. X 26.

Fig. 6. Roivcrhankia f/racilis a(j(jre(jata O'Donoghue, a portion of
a zoarium showing the mode of zooecial growth. X 46.

Fig. 7. Valkcna tubcrosa Heller, a portion of a zoarium with one
zooecium in detail. X 46.

Fig. 8. A ei'ertillia si'fiffcra (Hincks), a pair of zooecia. X 46.

XO. 3 OSHURN: EASTERN^ PACIFIC RRVOZOA— CYCLOSTOM ATA IM.. 79

ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 80

F'ig. 1. Buskia nilrns Alder, two zooecia showing mode of growth.
X 46.

Fig. 2. Buskia seriata new species, a portion of a zoarium showing
mode of zoarial growth, one zooecium with polvpide anato-
my. X 46.

Fig. 3. Fanella elotujata (van Heneden), a portion of a zoarium,
one zooecium showing the anatomy of polvpide. X 26.

Fig. 4. Triticclla pedicellata (Alder), a portion of a zoarium, one
zooecium with anatomical details. X 26.

Fig. 5. Triticrlla elontjata (Osburn), a portion of a zoarium, one
zooecium showing details of polypide anatomy. X 26.

Fig. 6. Terchripora comma Soule, a portion of a zoarium removed
from a mollusk shell, one zooecium with polvpide anatomv.
X 46.

Fig. 7. Immcrgentia caliinrmca Silen, a portion of a zoarium re-
moved from a mollusk shell, one zooecium with anatomical
detail. X 46.

Fig. 8. Pcnctrantia densa Silen, a portion of a zoarium removed
from a mollusk shell, one zooecium \vith polypide anatomy,
and also a typical gonozoid. X 46.

Fig. 9. Pcnetrantia concharum Silen, a portion of a zoarium re-
moved from a mollusk shell, one zooecium with anatomical
detail, and also a typical gonozoid. X 46.

Fig. 10. Penetrantia silent Soule, a portion of a zoarium removed
from a mollusk shell, one zooecium with pol\pide anatomy,
and also a typical gonozoid. X 46.

XO. 3 OSBURX : EASTERX P.

ACIFIC RKVOZOA— CYCLOSTO.MATA PL. f

80

820

ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS

VOL. 14

PLATE 81

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Hincksina gothiia new species, with zooecium, ovicell and
large and snnall avicularia.

A mphiblcstruin trifolium (S. Wood), zooecia \vith trifoliate
opesia and ovicell.

Bu(/ula flahfllala acuminata new variety, part of zoarium
\vith different sizes of avicularia.

The same, large avicularium, partial side view, and front
view of mandible with acuminate point.
Emballotheca stylifera (Levinsen), zooecia with ovicell.
Hippodiplosta cancellata (Smitt), zooecia \vith cancellate
frontal wall, minute median suboral avicularium, and
ovicell.

Microporella arctica Norman, showing thick-walled frontal,
ligulate avicularium, and ovicell.

Esiliai aides jacksoni (Waters), zooecia with spout-like peri-
stome, spines, avicularia and ovicell.

Porclla minuta (Norman), zooecia with suhoral aviculari-
um and ovicell.

Muironclla microstoma (Norman), zooecia showinjj nar-
row aperture and spines.

Pacliyccjis hrunnca (Hincks), ovicell (for description of
species see Part 2, p. 315).

Clifilopora praelucida (Hincks), ovicell (for description
of species see Part 2, pp. 464-65).

NO. 3 OSBURX : EASTERN PACIFIC HRYOZOA CVC

LOSTO.MATA PL. 81

"'V WW/ .\

822 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 14

PLATE 82

Owing to the nature of the material all of the figures are more
or less diagrammatic, all to the same scale except figs. 6, 10 and 13.

Fig. 1. Myosoma spinosa Robertson, portion of zoarium, zoid, stolon
and very joung zoid. Note diagonal position of tentacle
ring.

Fig. 2. PedtcfUtna ccrnua (Pallas), a fertile internode with zoid;
the spines are irregular in distribution and often wanting.

Fig. 3. Barentsia (jracilis |M. Sars), fertile internode and zoid;
the stalk is often twice as long as that figured.

Fig. 4. Barentsia f/eniculata Harmer, short, wide basal bulb, mus-
cular joints, comparatively small calyx.

Fig. 5. Barentsia ramosa (Robertson), details of joints and form
of calyx.

F'ig. 6. The same, habit sketch to show mode of branching.

Fig. 7. Barentsia roJiusta new species, showing large calyx, tall
basal bulb and short internode (often shorter than the
basal bulb), and attachment of bulb to stolon.

Fig. 8. Barentsia discreta (Busk), large calyx; very elongate inter-
node with "pores" for its entire length.

Fig. 9. Barentsia suhriyida new species, stalk walls thin and flex-
ible except at the base of the lower internode ; the propor-
tions of the two internodes are very constant.

Fig. 10. Barentsia gorhuno'vi Kluge, habit sketch of branch, inter-
nodes without septa and three sizes of basal bulbs.

Fig. 11. The same, details of part of branch, with medium and
small basal bulbs.

Fig. 12. The same, giant basal bulb at base of large branch, drawn
to the same scale as fig. 11.

Fig. 13. Coriella stolonata Kluge, habit sketch of erect branch
formed of connate stolons.

Fig. 14. The same, details of zoid; note that the basal bulb arises
from a cup-shaped process of the fertile internode.

XO. 3 OSBURX: EASTERN PACIFIC RRVOZOA — CYCLOSTOMATA IM.. S2

INDEX
Plate illustrations are in bold face.

abrupta, Oncousoecia, 626, 789
Acamptostega, 614, 617
Acanthodesia serrata, 774
Actinopora, 627, 628

regularis, 628
admiranda, Tubulipora, 649, 656, 795
Aeverrillia, 745

setigera, 745, 817
alaskensis, Disporella, 709, 712, 715,

809

Heteropora, 695, 805
alba,Porella, 780, 781
Alcyonidiidae, 726, 727
Alcyonidium, 727

cervicorne, 732

cervicornis, 732

columbianum, 727

corniculatum, 732

disciforme, 727, 730, 813

enteromorpha, 727, 731, 813

raammillatum, 727, 729, 813

mammillatum var. disciforme, 730

mytili, 727

parasiticum, 727, 729, 813

pedunculatum, 727, 730, 731, 813

polyoum, 727, 728, 813

spinifera, 732
Alcyonium gelatinosum, 727

parasiticum, 729
Alecto, 619

diastoporides, 624

dichotoma, 619

dilatans, 624

granulata, 619

major, 621

retiformis, 623
Amathia, 740, 747

convoluta, 740, 742, 746, 815

distans, 741, 817

vidovici, 741, 746, 817
ambigua, Plagioecia, 629, 631, 638, 791
americana, Pedicellina, 763
Amphiblestrum trifoHum, 775, 821
anacapensis, Plagioecia, 630, 637, 791
Anasca, 774
Anguinella, 738

palmata, 738, 815
annae, Membranipora, 774
Apsendesia, 716
arctica, Microporella, 779, 821
Arthropodaria, 764
Articulata, 614, 674
Ascophora, 777
Ascopodaria, 764

discreta, 766

gracilis, 765

macropus, 769, 770

misakiensis, 766
Ascorhiza occidentalis, 735
astraea, Disporella, 709, 719, 811
atlantica, Tubulipora (Idmonea), 654
atlantica var. flexuosa, Idmidronea, 654
atlantica var. flexuosa, Idmonea, 653,

654
atlantica var. flexuosa, Tubulipora, 654
atlantica var. tenuis, Idmonea, 653, 654
australis, Pedicellina, 766
Barentsia, 761,764, 771

bulbosa, 764

discreta, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 823

geniculata, 765, 769, 823

gorbunovi, 765, 767, 823

gracilis, 765, 823

gracilis nodosa, 765

laxa, 764, 770

misakiensis, 766

ramosa, 764, 765, 767, 769, 823

robusta, 765, 768, 823

subrigida, 764, 770, 823

timida, 766
bassleri, Bathysoecia, 658, 659, 660, 797
Bathysoecia, 648, 658

bassleri, 658, 659, 660, 797

hastingsae, 659, 660, 797
Berenicea, 627, 628, 639

obelia, 640

prominens, 627

sarniensis, 632
Bicrisia, 674, 676

edwardsiana, 676, 801
Bidiastopora, 627, 628
Bientalophora, 667, 669, 670

cylindrica, 670, 799

(Entalophora) regularis, 671

regularis, 671
Borgiola, 692, 696, 699

pustulosa, 697, 698, 699, 805

rugosa, 697, 699, 811
boryi, Proboscina, 620
Bowerbankia, 743

gracilis, 743, 744, 817

gracilis var. aggregata, 744, 817

imbricata, 743, 817
Brachionus cernuus, 763
brevituba, Pherusella, 734, 815
brunnea, Pachyegis, 774, 777, 821
Bugula flabellata, 776, 777

flabellata acuminata, 776, 821
bulbosa, Barentsia, 764
bullata, Lichenopora, 718

[827]

828

INDEX

VOL. 14

Buskia, 746

nitens, 746, 747, 748, 819

seriata, 747, 819

setigera, 745

socialis, 748
buskiana, Lichenopora, 701, 704, 712,

807
Buskiidae, 746
californica, Crisia, 685

Diaperoecia, 641, 642, 643, 793

Discocytis, 690, 797

Discoporella, 704, 711

Disporella, 709, 711, 807

Idmonea, 642, 643

Immergentia, 752, 753, 819

Lichenopora, 704, 711

Unicavea, 704, 711, 712
Calvetiidae, 687
Calyptrostega, 615, 699
Calyssozoa, 759
Camptostega, 614, 674
canadensis, Discocytis, 690, 691

Oncousoecia, 625, 789
canaliculata, Discoporella, 702

Lichenopora, 702, 703, 811
Cancellata, 614, 687
cancellata, Hippodiplosia, 778, 821

Smittina, 778
Canuella, 692, 696

rugosa, 697, 698
capitata, Diaperoecia, 668

Diaperoecia (Entalophora), 645

Entalophora, 668
Carnosa, 726
catillus, Diastopora, 637
cellarioides, Entalophora, 667
Ceriopora cryptopora, 692
Cerioporina, 615, 692
cernua, Pedicellina, 763, 823
cernuus, Brachionus, 763
cervicorne, Alcyonidium, 732
cervicornis, Alcyonidium, 732

Diastopora, 628
Cheilopora praelucida, 774, 821
Cheilostomata, 613, 774
ciliata, Microporella, 779

Porina, 779
ciliata var. arctica, Microporella, 779
cirrosa, Gattyana, 761
clarionensis, Filifascigera, 672, 673, 797
clavata, Diaperoecia (Entalophora),

645

Entalophora, 669
claviformis, Diaperoecia, 641, 642, 647,

791
Clavopora, 730, 735 ,

hystricis, 735

occidentalis, 735, 815
Clavoporidae, 726, 735
columbianum, Alcyonidium, 727
comma, Terebripora, 752, 819

compressa, Porella, 775
concharum, Penetrantia, 754, 819
concinna, Porella, 781

Tubulipora, 649, 655,793
condylata, Schizoporella, 777
convoluta, Amathia, 740, 742, 746, 815
Coriella, 761, 764, 771

stolonata, 771, 823
corniculata, Flustrella, 732, 813
corniculatum, Alcyonidium, 732
cornuta, Crisia, 675, 676

Crisidia, 675, 676, 801

Sertularia, 675
cribraria, Crisia, 679, 683, 803
Criserpia johnstoni, 645
Crisia, 618, 619, 648, 652, 653, 655, 674,

675,678,686,687

californica, 685

cornuta, 675, 676

cribraria, 679, 683, 803

denticulata, 679, 684,685

eburnea, 679, 680, 682, 801

eburnea var. cribraria, 683

eburnea forma denticulata, 684

edwardsiana, 676

elongata, 678, 684, 801

franciscana, 677

geniculata, 676, 677

maxima, 679, 682, 803

occidentalis, 677, 679, 680, 683, 801

operculata, 678, 681, 801

pacifica, 679, 680

pugeti, 679, 684, 801

punctata, 685

serrata, 679, 680

serrulata, 679, 682, 685, 803
Crisidia, 674, 675, 676

cornuta, 675, 676, 801

edwardsiana, 676

franciscana, 677

gracilis, 677
Crisiidae, 614, 615, 674, 686
Crisina serrata, 679
Crisinidae, 687
Crisulipora, 614, 641, 674, 675, 685, 686

occidentalis, 685, 686, 803
cryptopora, Ceriopora, 692
Ctenostomata, 613, 726
Cyclostomata, 613, 614
cylindrica, Bientalophora, 670, 799
Cylindroecium giganteum, 737

papuense, 737

repens, 747
Cytisidae, 687, 690
davenporti, Loxosoma, 760
dawsoni, Tubulipora, 642, 643
Defrancia, 716

intricata, 707

stellata, 716
densa, Penetrantia, 753, 754, 819
denticulata, Crisia, 679, 684, 685

NO. 3

INDEX

829

depressa, Diaperoecia (Stomatopora),

645
Diaperoecia, 627, 628, 629, 636, 638, 640,

641, 642, 646, 648, 667, 668, 670

californica, 641, 642, 643, 793

capitata, 668

claviformis, 641, 642, 647, 791

(Entalophora) capitata, 645

(Entalophora) clavata, 645

(Entalophora) vancouverensis, 645

floridana, 641, 642, 644, 793

intermedia, 641, 642, 646, 799

intricata, 642, 643

johnstoni, 641, 642, 645, 647, 793

major, 621

meandrina, 635, 641

radicata, 644

rugosa, 644

(Stomatopora) depressa, 645

(Stomatopora) expansa, 645

striatula, 641

subpapyracea, 641

(Tubulipora) labiata, 645

(Tubulipora) striata, 645
Diaperoeciidae, 628, 686
Diastopora, 627, 628, 639, 694

catillus, 637

cervicornis, 628

foliacea, 627

lactea, 639

meandrina, 635

obelia, 640

patina, 631

sarniensis, 628, 632
Diastoporidae, 618, 627, 639
diastoporides, Alecto, 624

Oncousoecia, 624, 625, 638, 791

Stomatopora, 624, 625
dichotoma, Alecto, 619

Filifascigera, 671
digitata, Supercytis, 691
dilatans, Alecto, 624
dilatata, Farrella, 737
Diplopora, 639
Diplosolen, 627, 628, 629, 639, 641

obelium, 640, 805

obelium var. arctica, 640
disciforme, Alcyonidium, 727, 730, 813
Discocytis, 690

californica, 690, 797

canadensis, 690, 691
Discopora hispida, 708, 710

meandrina, 718
Discoporella, 706

californica, 704, 711

canaliculata, 702

fimbriata, 709

hispida, 710

novae-zelandiae, 705

pristis, 718

radiata, 714

umbellata, 736

verrucaria, 703
discreta, Ascopodaria, 766

Barentsia, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768,
823
Disporella, 700, 701, 708, 716, 717, 719

alaskensis, 709, 712, 715, 809

astraea, 709, 719, 811

californica, 709, 711,807

fimbriata, 709, 809

hispida, 709, 710, 809

octoradiata, 709, 718, 809

ovoidea, 709, 713,714, 809

separata, 709, 717, 807

spinulosa, 709, 710

stellata var. pacifica, 709, 716, 811
Disporellidae, 700, 701
distans, Amathia, 741, 817
eburnea, Crisia, 679, 680, 682, 801

Sertularia, 678, 682

Stomatopora, 619
eburnea var. cribraria, Crisia, 683
eburnea forma denticulata, Crisia, 684
echinata, Pedicellina, 763
Ectoprocta, 613,726
edwardsiana, Bicrisia, 676, 801

Crisia, 676

Crisidia, 676
egregia, Tubulipora, 649, 655, 793
(Electra) hastingsae, Membranipora,

774
elongata, Crisia, 678, 684, 801

Farrella, 750, 819

Hippuraria, 749

Laguncula, 750

PI atone a, 664, 797

Triticella, 749, 819
Emballotheca stylifera, 777, 821
(Emballotheca) stylifera, Schizoporella,

777
Entalophora, 617, 667, 669

capitata, 668

cellarioides, 667

clavata, 669

proboscideoides, 668, 669, 799

raripora, 669

regularis, 670

symmetrica, 667, 799

vancouverensis, 669
(Entalophora) capitata, Diaperoecia,

645

clavata, Diaperoecia, 645

regularis, Bientalophora, 671

vancouverensis, Diaperoecia, 645
Entalophoridae, 617, 666, 667
enteromorpha, Alcyonidium, 727, 731,

813
Entoprocta, 759
Escharella porifera forma cancellata,

778

stylifera, 777

830

INDEX

VOL. 14

Escharoides jacksoni, 780, 821
(Escharoides) jacksoni, Peristomella,

780
eudesii, Pelagia, 690
expansa, Diaperoecia (Stomatopora),

645

Platonea, 663, 797
Farrella, 750

dilatata, 737

elongata, 750, 819

gigantea, 737

pedicellata, 748

repens, 750
fasciculata, Filifascigera, 672

Proboscina, 672

Stomatopora, 672, 673

Vesicularia, 739, 740,815
fasciculifera, Tubulipora, 651
Fasciculipora, 617, 641, 648, 664

pacifica, 665, 666, 799

ramosa, 665, 666
Fascigera, 665
Fascigeridae, 665
Filicrisia, 675, 676

franciscana, 677, 678, 803

geniculata, 677, 678, 803
Filifascigera, 671, 673

clarionensis, 672, 673, 797

dichotoma, 671

fasciculata, 672

parvipora, 671

pluripora, 671

robusta, 671
fimbria forma pulchra, Tubulipora, 653
fimbriata, Discoporella, 709

Disporella, 709, 809

Lichenopora, 702, 709
flabellaris, Tubipora, 657

Tubulipora, 649, 657, 795
flabellata, Bugula, 776, 777
flabellata acuminata, Bugula, 776, 821
flava, Triticella, 748
flemingii var. solida, Membranipora,

775
flexuosa, Idmonea, 653

Tubulipora, 649, 653, 801
floridana, Diaperoecia, 641, 642, 644,

793
Flustra hispida,732

trifolium, 775

tubulosa, 734
Flustrella, 732

corniculata, 732, 813

gigantea, 733,815
Flustrellidae, 726, 732, 734
foliacea, Diastopora, 627
franciscana, Crisia, 677

Crisidia, 677

Filicrisia, 677, 678, 803
frondiculata, Hornera, 688
Frondipora, 641, 664, 671, 673

Frondiporidae, 618, 665, 671
Gattyana cirrosa, 761
gelatinosum, Alcyonium, 727
geniculata, Barentsia, 765, 769, 823

Crisia, 676, 677

Filicrisia, 677, 678, 803
gigantea, Farrella, 737

Flustrella, 733, 815
giganteum, Cylindroecium, 737
glabra, Pedicellina, 763
Gonopodaria, 764
Gonypodaria nodosa, 765

ramosa, 767
gorbunovi, Barentsia, 765, 767, 823
gothica, Hincksina, 774, 821
gracilis, Ascopodaria, 765

Barentsia, 765, 823

Bovverbankia, 743, 744, 817

Crisidia, 677

Pedicellina, 765
gracilis var. aggregata, Bovverbankia,

744,817
gracilis nodosa, Barentsia, 765
granulata, Alecto, 619

Scleroplax, 749

Stomatopora, 619, 789
grignonensis, Lichenopora, 702, 703
grimaldii, Mesenteripora, 634

Plagioecia, 630, 634, 635, 791
harmeri, Vesicularia, 740
hastingsae, Bathysoecia, 659, 660, 797

Membranipora, 774

Membranipora, (Electra), 774
Heteropora, 613, 692, 693, 695, 696, 697,

698,699

alaskensis, 695, 805

magna, 693, 695, 805

pacifica, 693, 694, 695, 696

pacifica var. alaskensis, 668, 695,
696

pelliculata, 693, 694, 695, 696
Heteroporidae, 615, 692, 699
Heteroporina, 615, 692
Hincksina gothica, 774, 821

nigrans, 775
Hippodiplosia cancellata, 778, 821

reticulato-punctata, 779
Hippuraria elongata, 749
hirsuta, Pedicellina, 763
hispida, Discopora, 708, 710

Discoporella, 710

Disporella, 709, 710, 809

Flustra, 732

Lichenopora, 710
holdsworthi, Lichenopora, 706
Hornera, 613, 687, 688

frondiculata, 688

pectinata, 688, 689, 803

pinnata, 689, 803
Homeridae, 614, 687, 688
Hydra verticillata, 742

NO. 3

INDEX

831

hystricis, Clavopora, 735

Idmidronea atlantica van flexuosa, 654

Idmonea atlantica var. flexuosa, 653,

654

atlantica var. tenuis, 653, 654

californica, 642, 643

flexuosa, 653

milneana, 644

palmata, 642, 643
(Idmonea) atlantica, Tubulipora, 654
imbricata, Bowerbankia, 743, 817

Sertularia, 743
Immergentia, 752

californica, 752, 753, 819
Immergentiidae, 751, 752
incrassata, Proboscina, 623, 791

Stomatopora, 623

Tubulipora (Proboscina), 623
intermedia, Diaperoecia, 641, 642, 646,

799

Tubulipora, 646
intricaria, Pustulopora, 641
intricata, Defrancia, 707

Diaperoecia, 642, 643

Lichenopora, 701, 702, 707, 811
irregularis, Radiopora, 718
jacksoni, Escharoides, 780, 821

Peristomella (Escharoides), 780

Smittia, 780
johnstoni, Criserpia, 645

Diaperoecia, 641, 642, 645, 647, 793

Stomatopora, 645
Kamptozoa, 759
labiata, Diaperoecia (Tubulipora), 645

Mucronella, 781
lactea, Diastopora, 639

Plagioecia, 639
Lagenella repens, 750
Laguncula elongata, 750
lamellifera, Proboscina, 623, 791
laxa, Barentsia, 764, 770
lendigera, Sertularia, 740
Lepralia microstoma, 781

minuta, 780
Lichenopora, 613, 699, 700, 701, 707,

708,714,717,719

bullata, 718

buskiana, 701, 704, 712,807

californica, 704, 711

canaliculata, 702, 703,811

fimbriata, 702, 709

grignonensis, 702, 703

hispida, 710

holdsworthi, 706

intricata, 701, 702, 707, 811

raagnifica, 718

novae-zelandiae, 701, 702, 705, 807

octoradiata, 718,719

radiata, 705,706, 713, 714

turbinata, 701

verrucaria, 702, 703, 807

Lichenoporidae, 615, 700
liliacea, Tubulipora, 649, 661
lobulata, Tubularia, 658, 660

Tubulipora, 624, 658, 659, 660, 661
Loxocalyx, 760, 761
Loxosoma, 760

davenporti, 760

raja, 761
Loxosomatidae, 759, 760
macropus, Ascopodaria, 769, 770
Madrepora, 699

verrucaria, 703
magna, Heteropora, 693, 695, 805

Tretocycloecia, 693
magnifica, Lichenopora, 718
major, Alecto, 621

Diaperoecia, 621

Oncousoecia, 621

Proboscina, 621, 789

Stomatopora, 621
mammillatum, Alcyonidium, 727, 729,

813
mammillatum var. disciforme,

Alcyonidium, 730
maxima, Crisia, 679, 682, 803
meandrina, Diaperoecia, 635, 641

Diastopora, 635

Discopora, 718

Mesenteripora, 633, 634, 635

Plagioecia, 630, 635, 791
Mecynoeciidae, 628
Melobesia radiata, 714
membranacea form serrata,

Membranipora, 774
Membranipora annae, 774

(Electra) hastingsae, 774

flemingii var. solida,775

hastingsae, 774

membranacea form serrata, 774

serrata, 774

serrilamella, 774

solida, 775

trifolium, 775
Mesenteripora, 627, 628

grimaldii, 634

meandrina, 633, 634, 635

michelini, 628
michelini, Mesenteripora, 628
Microecia, 627, 628, 632

sarniensis, 632

tubiabortiva, 636
(Microecia) tubiabortiva, Plagioecia,

636
Microporella arctica, 779, 821

ciliata, 779

ciliata var. arctica, 779
microstoma, Lepralia, 781

Mucronella, 781, 821
milneana, Idmonea, 644
minuta, Lepralia, 780

Porella, 780, 821

832

INDEX

VOL. 14

misakiensis, Ascopodaria, 766

Barentsia, 766
Mucronella labiata, 781

microstoma, 781, 821
Myosoma, 761, 762

spinosa, 762, 823
Myriozoum, 670
mytili, Alcyonidium, 727
neocomiensis, Reptotubigera, 662
nigrans, Hincksia, 775
nitens, Buskia, 7+6, 747, 748, 819
nodosa, Gonypodaria, 765
Nolella, 737

stipata, 737, 815
Nolellidae, 736
novae-zelandiae, Discoporella, 705

Lichenopora, 701, 702, 705, 806
nutans, Pedicellina, 763
obelia, Berenicea, 640

Diastopora, 640

Tubulipora, 639, 640
obelium, Diplosolen, 640, 805
obelium var. arctica, Diplosolen, 640
occidentalis, Ascorhiza, 735

Clavopora, 735,815

Crisia, 677, 679, 680, 683,801

Crisulipora, 685,686, 803

Tubulipora, 650, 651, 652
octoradiata, Disporella, 709, 718, 809

Lichenopora, 718, 719
Oncousoecia, 618, 619, 621, 624, 627,629,

648

abrupta, 626, 789

canadensis, 625, 789

diastoporides, 624, 625, 638, 791

major, 621

ovoidea, 626, 789
Oncousoeciidae, 618
operculata, Crisia, 678, 681, 801
ovoidea, Disporella, 709, 713, 714, 809

Oncousoecia, 626, 789
Pachyegis brunnea, 774, 777, 821

princeps, 777
Pachystega, 614, 687
pacifica, Crisia, 679, 680

Fasciculipora, 665, 666, 799

Heteropora, 693, 694, 695, 696

Tubulipora, 649, 652, 795
pacifica var. alaskensis, Heteropora, 668,

695,696
palmata, Anguinella, 738, 815

Idmonea, 642, 643
Paludicellea, 736
papuense, Cylindroecium, 737
papuensis, Vesicularia, 740
parasiticum, Alcyonidium, 727, 729, 813

Alcyonium, 729
parvipora, Filifascigera, 671
patina, Diastopora, 631

Plagioecia, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634,
635,636,637,641,805

Tubulipora, 630, 631
pectinata, Hornera, 688, 689, 803
pedicellata, Farrella, 748

Triticella, 748, 819
Pedicellina, 761, 762

americana, 763

australis, 766

cernua, 763, 823

echinata, 763

glabra, 763

gracilis, 765

hirsuta, 763

nutans, 763
Pedicellinidae, 759, 761,771
Pedicellinopsis, 764
pedunculatum, Alcyonidium, 727, 730

731,813
Pelagia eudesii, 690
pelliculata, Heteropora, 693, 694, 695,

696

Tretocycloecia, 693, 694
pellucidum, Zoobotryon, 742
pellucidus, Zoobotryon, 742
Penetrantia, 753

concharum, 754, 819

densa, 753, 754, 819

sileni, 755, 819
Penetrantiidae, 751, 753
Peristomella (Escharoides) jacksoni,

780
Peristomoecia, 620, 621
phalangea, Tubulipora, 657
Pherusa, 734
Pherusella, 733, 734

brevituba, 734, 815
Pherusellidae, 726, 733
philippsae, Reptotubigera, 662
pinnata, Hornera, 689, 803
Plagioecia, 627, 628, 629, 630, 638, 641

ambigua, 629, 631,638, 791

anacapensis, 630, 637, 791

grimaldii, 630, 634, 635, 791

lactea, 639

meandrina, 630, 635, 791

(Microecia) tubiabortiva, 636

patina, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635,
636,637,641,805

sarniensis, 631, 632, 633, 636, 637,
805

tortuosa, 630,633,793

tubiabortiva, 630, 636, 805
Plagioeciidae, 628
Platonea, 648, 661, 662

elongata, 664, 797

expansa, 663, 797

veleronis, 662, 664, 797
pluripora, Filifascigera, 671
polyoum, Alcyonidium, 727, 728, 813

Sarcochitum, 727
Porella alba, 780, 781

compressa, 775

NO. 3

INDEX

833

concinna, 781

minuta, 780, 821
porifera forma cancellata, Escharella,

778
Porina ciliata, 779
praelucida, Cheilopora, 774, 821
princeps, Pachyegis, 777
pristis, Discoporella, 718
proboscideoides, Entalophora, 668, 669,

799
Proboscina, 618, 619, 620, 627, 646

boryi, 620

fasciculata, 672

incrassata, 623, 791

lamellifera, 623, 791

major, 621, 789

sigmata, 622, 789
(Proboscina) incrassata, Tubulipora,

623
prominens, Berenicea, 627
Pseudidmoneidae, 687
pugeti, Crisia, 679, 684, 801
pulchra, Tubulipora, 649, 652, 653, 795
punctata, Crisia, 685
Pustulopora intricaria, 641
pustulosa, Borgiola, 697, 698, 699, 805
radiata, Discoporella, 714

Lichenopora, 705, 706, 713, 714

Melobesia, 714
radicata, Diaperoecia, 644
Radiopora, 717, 718

irregularis, 718
raja, Loxosoma, 761
ramosa, Barentsia, 764, 765, 767, 769,

823

Fasciculipora, 665, 666

Gonypodaria, 767

Reptotubigera, 662

Terebripora, 751
raripora, Entalophora, 669
Rectangulata, 615, 699
regularis, Actinopora, 628

Bientalophora, 671

Entalophora, 670

(Entalophora), Bientalophora, 671
repens, Cylindroecium, 747

Farrella, 750

Lagenella, 750
Reptotubigera, 661, 662

neocomiensis, 662

philippsae, 662

ramosa, 662
reticulato-punctata, Hippodiplosia, 779
retiformis, Alecto, 623
robusta, Barentsia, 765, 768, 823

Filifascigera, 671
rugosa, Borgiola, 697, 699, 811

Canuella, 697, 698

Diaperoecia, 644
Sarcochitum polyoum, 727
sarniensis, Berenicea, 632

Diastopora, 628, 632

Microecia, 632

Plagioecia, 631, 632, 633, 636, 637,
805
Schizoporella condylata, 777

(Emballotheca) stylifera, 777

stylifera, 777
Scleroplax granulata, 749
Semitubigera tuba, 650
separata, Disporella, 709, 717, 807
seriata, Buskia, 747, 819
serpens, Tubulipora, 661
serrata, Acanthodesia, 774

Crisia, 679, 680

Crisina, 679

Membranipora, 774
serrilamella, Membranipora, 774
serrulata, Crisia, 679, 682, 685, 803
Sertulariacornuta, 675

eburnea, 678, 682

imbricata, 743

lendigera, 740

spinosa, 739

uva, 745
setigera, Aeverrillia, 745, 817

Buskia, 745
sigmata, Proboscina, 622, 789
sileni, Penetrantia, 755, 819
Smittia jacksoni, 780
Smittina, 778

cancellata, 778
Smittinidae, 778
socialis, Buskia, 748
solida, Membranipora, 775
spinifera, Alcyonidium, 732
spinosa, Myosoma, 762, 823

Sertularia, 739

Vesicularia, 740
spinulosa, Disporella, 709, 710
Steghorneridae, 687
stellata, Defrancia, 716
stellata var. pacifica, Disporella, 709,

716,811
Stenolaemata, 613, 614
Stenostomata, 614
stipata, Nolella, 737, 815
stolonata, Coriella, 771, 823
Stolonifera, 745
Stomatopora, 618, 619, 620

diastoporides, 624, 625

eburnea, 619

fasciculata, 672, 673

granulata, 619, 789

incrassata, 623

johnstoni, 645

major, 621
(Stomatopora) depressa, Diaperoecia,

645
(Stomatopora) expansa, Diaperoecia,

645
striata, Diaperoecia (Tubulipora), 645

834

INDEX

VOL. 14

striatula, Diaperoecia, 641
stylifera, Emballotheca, 777, 821

Escharella, 777

Schizoporella, 777

Schizoporella (Emballotheca), 777
subpapyracea, Diaperoecia, 641
subrigida, Barentsia, 764, 770, 823
Supercytis digitata, 691
symmetrica, Entalophora, 667, 799
Tecticavea, 713
tegeticula, Triticella,750
Terebripora, 751

comma, 752, 819

ramosa, 751
Terebriporidae, 751
Terebriporina, 751
timida, Barentsia, 766
tortuosa, Plagioecia, 630, 633, 793
transversa, Tubulipora, 649
Trepostomata, 613, 614
Tretocycloecia, 693

magna, 693

pelliculata, 693, 694
trifolium, Amphiblestrum, 775, 821

Flustra, 775

Membranipora, 775
Triticella, 748

elongata, 749, 819

flava, 748

pedicellata, 748, 819

tegeticula, 750
Triticellidae, 748
tuba, Semitubigera, 650

Tubulipora, 649, 650, 651, 795
tuba var. f asciculifera, Tubulipora,

649,650,651,795
tuberosa, Valkeria, 745, 817
tubiabortiva, Microecia, 636

Plagioecia, 630, 636, 805

Plagioecia (Microecia), 636
Tubipora flabellaris, 657
Tubularia lobulata, 658, 660
Tubulipora, 629, 638, 639, 641, 646, 648,

662, 666, 699

admiranda, 649, 656, 795

atlantica, 654

atlantica var. fiexuosa, 654

concinna, 649, 655, 793

dawsoni, 642, 643

egregia, 649, 655, 793

f asciculifera, 651

fimbria forma pulchra, 653

flabellaris, 649, 657, 795

fiexuosa, 649, 653, 801

(Idmonea) atlantica, 654

intermedia, 646

liliacea, 649, 661

lobulata, 624, 658, 659, 660, 661

obelia, 639, 640

occidentalis, 650, 651, 652

pacifica, 649, 652, 795

patina, 630, 631

phalangea, 657

(Proboscina) incrassata, 623

pulchra, 649, 652, 653, 795

serpens, 661

transversa, 649

tuba, 649, 650, 651, 652, 795

tuba var. fasciculifera, 649, 650,
651,795
(Tubulipora) labiata, Diaperoecia, 645
(Tubulipora) striata, Diaperoecia, 645
Tubuliporidae, 614, 615, 618, 619, 639,

647,648,658,662,665,667
Tubuliporina, 614, 617
tubulosa, Flustra, 734
turbinata, Lichenopora, 701
umbellata, Discoporella, 736
Unicavea, 712

californica, 704, 711,712
Unitubigera, 657
uva, Sertularia, 745
Valkeria, 745

tuberosa, 745, 817

vidovici, 741
Valkeriidae, 745
vancouverensis, Diaperoecia

(Entalophora), 645

Entalophora, 669
veleronis, Platonea, 662, 664, 797
verrucaria, Discoporella, 703

Lichenopora, 702, 703, 807

Madrepora, 703
verticillata. Hydra, 742
verticillatum, Zoobotryon, 742, 817
Vesicularia, 739

fasciculata, 739, 740, 815

harmeri, 740

papuensis, 740

spinosa, 740
Vesiculariidae, 739
Vesicularina, 739
vidovici, Amathia, 741, 746, 817

Valkeria, 741
Zoobotryon, 742

pellucidum, 742

pellucidus, 742

verticillatum, 742, 817

INDEX

Index for Orders, Divisions, Families, Genera, and Species

Acamptostega, 617
Adeona, 441

tubulifera, 442

violacea, 441
fifc^. Adeonidae, 441
Aetea, 11

anguina, 11

ligulata, 13

recta, 12

truncata, 12
/Itij. Aeteidae, 11
Aeverrillia, 745

setigera, 745
Aimulosia, 352

palliolata, 353

uvulifera, 352
irr**'!). Alcyonidiidae, 727
Alcyonidium, 727

disciforme, 730

enteromorpha, 731

maramillatum, 729

parasiticura, 729

pedunculatum, 730

polyoum, 727
Alderina, 59

brevispina, 60

smitti, 59
Akx. Alderinidae, 58
Amastigia, 126

biseriata, 127

rudis, 127
Amathia, 740

convoluta, 740

distans, 741

vidovici, 741
Amphiblestrum trifolium, 775
Anasca, 9
Anexechona, 96

ancorata, 96
Anguinella, 738

palmata, 738
Antropora, 51

claustracrassa, 53

granulifera, 52

tincta, 54
Aplousina, 46

filum, 47

major, 47
Arachnopusiidae, 95
Arthropoma, 333

cecili, 333

circinata, 334
Articulata, 674
Ascophora, 271
Aspidostomidae, 114

Barentsia, 764

discreta, 766

geniculata, 769

gorbunovi, 767

gracilis, 765

ramosa, 767

robusta, 768

subrigida, 770
Bathysoecia, 658

bassleri, 659

hastingsae, 660
Beania, 169

alaskensis, 171

Columbiana, 173

hirtissima, 172

magellanica, 171

mirabilis, 170
Bicellariella, 152

brevispina, 153

stolonifera, 153
Bicellariellidae, 151
Bicrisia, 676

edwardsiana, 676
Bidenkapia, 75

spitsbergensis, 76

spitsbergensis var. alaskensis, 77
Bientalophora, 670

cylindrica, 670
Borgiola, 696

pustulosa, 698

rugosa, 697
Bowerbankia, 743

gracilis, 743

gracilis aggregata, 744

irabricata, 743
Brettia, 16

pellucida, 17

tubaeformis, 17
Bugula, 153

avicularia, 160

californica, 156

cucullifera, 159

flabellata, 157

flabellata acuminata, 776

longirostrata, 156

minima, 155

mollis, 158

neritina, 154

pacifica, 155

pugeti, 158

uniserialis, 159
Buskia, 746

nitens, 747

seriata, 747
Buskiidae, 746

[835]

836

INDEX

VOL. 14

Caberea, 129
boryi, 129
ellisi, 130
Caleschara, 103

mexicana, 104
Callopora, 63
armata, 64
aurita, 65

circumclathrata, 65
corniculifera, 66
craticula, 67
exilis, 68
horrida, 69
inconspicua, 70
lineata, 68
verrucosa, 71
whiteavesi, 70
Calyptrostega, 699
Camptostega, 674
Cancellata, 687
Carbasea, 39

carbasea, 39
Carnosa, 726
Catenicellidae, 286
Caulibugula, 160
californica, 162
ciliata, 161
occidentalis, 161
Cauloramphus, 55
brunea, 56
cymbaeformis, 57
echinus, 56
spiniferum, 55
variegatum, 58
Cellaria, 116
diffusa, 117
mandibulata, 116
veleronis, 118
Cellariidae, 116
Celleporidae, 492
Cellularina, 119
Cerioporina, 692
Chapperia, 89

californica, 91
condylata, 90
frontalis, 92
longispina, 93
patula, 89
varians, 94
Chapperiidae, 88
Cheilopora, 464
praelonga, 464
praelucida, 464
Cheiloporinidae, 463
Cheilostomata, 8
Chorizopora, 279

brogniarti, 279
Clavopora, 735

occidentalis, 735
Clavoporidae, 735
Codonellina, 422

anatina, 422
anatina ligulata, 423
cribriformis, 424
Coilostega, 99
Coleopora, 291

gigantea, 291
Colletosia, 187
bellula, 188
radiata, 187
Conopeum, 30

commensale, 30
reticulum, 31
Copidozoum, 71
planum, 73
protectura, 73
spinatum, 74
tenuirostre, 72
Coriella, 771

stolonata, 771
Corynoporella, 163

spinosa, 163
Costazia, 504
costazi, 506
nordenskjoldi, 508
procumbens, 509
robertsoniae, 507
surcularis, 510
ventricosa, 511
Cranosina, 48

colombiana, 48
Crepidacantha, 478
poissoni, 478
setigera, 479
Crepidacanthidae, 478
Cribrilina, 177
annulata, 177
corbicula, 178
Cribrilinidae, 174
Cribrimorpha, 173
Crisia, 678

californica, 685
cribraria, 683
denticulata, 685
eburnea, 682
elongata, 684
maxima, 682
occidentalis, 680
operculata, 681
pugeti, 684
punctata, 685
serrulata, 679
Crisidia, 675

cornuta, 675
Crisiidae, 674
Crisulipora, 685

occidentalis, 686
Cryptosula, 470

pallasiana, 470
Ctenostomata, 726
Cupuladria, 33
canariensis, 33

VOL. 14

INDEX

837

Cyclicopora, 285

longipora, 285
Cyclicoporidae, 285
Cycloperiella, 296

rosacea, 297
Cyclostomata, 613
Cylindroporella, 303

tubulosa, 303
Cystisella, 434

bicornis, 435

saccata, 434
Cytisidae, 690
Dakaria, 325

apertura, 326

biserialis,329

dawsoni, 326

ordinata, 327

pristina, 328

sertata, 329
Dendrobeania, 165

curvirostrata, 166

laxa, 167

lichenoides, 167

longispinosa, 168

multiseriata, 169

murrayana, 165

simplex, 169
Desmacystis, 32

sandalia, 32
Diaperoecia, 640

californica, 642

claviformis, 647

floridana, 644

intermedia, 646

johnstoni, 645
Diastoporidae, 627
Diatosula, 311

californica, 312
Diplosolen, 639

obelium, 640
Discocytis, 690

californica, 690

canadensis, 691
Discoporella, 112

umbellata, 113
Disporella, 708

alaskensis, 715

astraea, 719

californica, 711

fimbriata, 709

hispida, 710

octoradiata, 718

ovoidea, 713

separata, 717

stellata var. pacifica, 716
Doryporella, 83

alcicornis, 84

spathulifera, 84
Ectoprocta, 726
Electra, 35

anomala, 36

bellula var. bicornis, 38

biscuta, 37

crustulenta, 35

crustulenta var. arctica, 36

hastingsae, 38
Electrinidae, 34
Ellisina, 49

levata, 50
Emballotheca, 322

altimuralis, 324

latifrons, 323

obscura, 323

stylifera, 777
Enantiosula, 468

manica, 469

plana, 469
Entalophora, 667

capitata, 668

proboscideoides, 668

symmetrica, 667
Entalophoridae, 666
Entoprocta, 759
Epistomiidae, 150
Escharoides, 372

jacksoni, 780

praestans, 372
Eucratea, 17

loricata, 17
Euritina, 114

arctica, 114
Eurystomella, 389

bilabiata, 389
Eurystomellidae, 389
Euteleia, 288

evelinae, 289
Exechonella, 95

antillea, 95
Exochellidae, 372
Farciminariidae, 119
Farrella, 750

elongata, 750
Fasciculipora, 664

pacifica, 665
Fenestrulina, 387

malusi, 387

malusi var. umbonata, 388
Figularia, 189

hilli, 190
Filicrisia, 676

franciscana, 677

geniculata, 677
Filifascigera, 671

clarionensis, 672

fasciculata, 672
Floridina, 101

antiqua, 102
Flustrella, 732

corniculata, 732

gigantea, 733
Flustrellidae, 732
Flustridae, 38

838

INDEX

VOL. 14

Frondiporidae, 671
Gemelliporella, 359
aviculifera, 360
globulifera, 359
inflata, 360
Gemelliporidra, 337
colombiensis, 338

lata, 337
Gemelliporina, 357

monilia, 358
Gigantoporidae, 303
Harmeria, 281

scutulata, 282
Hemicyclopora, 439 >

polita, 440
Heteropora, 692

alaskensis, 695

magna, 693

pacifica, 694
Heteroporidae, 692
Heteroporina, 692
Hiantoporidae, 97
Hincksina, 41

alba, 41

gothica, 774

minuscula, 46

nigrans, 42

pacifica, 43

pallida, 45

polacantha, 46

velata, 44
Hincksinidae, 40
Hincksipora, 282

spinulifera, 283
Hippaliosina, 475

costifera, 476

inarmata, 476

rostrigera, 475
Hippodiplosia, 338

americana, 339

cancellata, 778

insculpta, 341

pertusa, 340

reticulato-punctata, 340
Hippomenella, 363

flava, 364
Hippomonavella, 365

longirostrata, 365

parvicapitata, 366
Hippopleurifera, 301

mucronata, 301
Hippopodina, 292

californica, 293

feegeensis, 292
Hippopodinella, 467

adpressa, 467

turrita, 468
Hippoporella, 348

gorgonensis, 348
hippopus, 350

nitescens, 350

rimata, 351
Hippoporidra, 354
granulosa, 357
janthina, 355
spiculifera, 356
Hippoporina, 344
ampla, 347
contracta, 346
porcellana, 344
tuberculata, 346
Hippoporinidae, 343
Hippothoa, 276

divaricata, 278
expansa, 279
flagellum, 278
hyalina, 277
Hippothoidae, 276
Hippothyris, 363

emplastra, 363
Holoporella, 495
albirostris, 497
brunnea, 496
hancocki, 499
peristomata, 500
quadrispinosa, 502
tridenticulata, 498
Hornera, 688

pectinata, 688
pinnata, 689
Horneridae, 688
Immergentia, 752

californica, 753
Immergentiidae, 752
Inovicellata, 10
Labioporella, 108
sinuosa, 109
Lacerna, 361

fistulata, 362
Lagenipora, 484

admiranda, 491
hippocrepis, 489
lacunosa, 490
marginata, 489
mexicana, 486
punctulata, 485
socialis, 488
spinulosa, 487
Lepraliella, 452
bispina, 453
contigua, 452
Lichenopora, 701
buskiana, 704
canaliculata, 702
intricata, 707
novae-zelandiae, 70j
verrucaria, 703
Lichenoporidae, 700
Loxocalyx, 761
Loxosoma, 760

davenporti, 760
Loxosomatidae, 760

VOL. 14

INDEX

839

Lunularlidae, 112
Lyrula, 184

hippocrepis, 184
Malacostega, 14
Mamillopora, 517

cupula, 517
Mamilloporidae, 517
Mastigophora, 479

pesanseris, 479

porosa, 480
Membranipora, 19

annae, 774

fusca, 25

hastingsae, 29

membranacea, 21

pachytheca, 28

perf ragilis, 24

savarti, 27

serrilamella, 22

tenuis, 26

tuberculata, 23

villosa, 22
Membraniporella, 174

aragoi van pacifica, 174

crassicosta, 176

pulchra, 176
Membraniporidae, 18
Membraniporidra, 62

porosa, 62
Micropora, 105

coriacea, 105
Microporella, 375

arctica, 779

californica, 381

ciliata, 377

ciliata stellata, 378

coronata, 386

cribrosa, 380

gibbosula, 386

marsupiata, 382

pontifica, 383

setiformis, 385

tractabilis, 384

urabonata, 378

vibraculifera, 379
Microporellidae, 375
Microporidae, 100
Microporina, 106

borealis, 106
Mollia, 60

patellaria, 61
Mucronella, 435

connectens, 437

labiata, 437

major, 438

microstoma, 781

ventricosa, 436
Myosoma, 762

spinosa, 762
Myriozoella, 515

plana, 516

Myriozoidae, 513
Myriozoum, 513

coarctatum, 513

subgracile, 514

tenue, 515
Nellia, 119

oculata, 119

tenuis, 120
Nolella, 737

stipata, 737
Nolellidae, 736
Oncousoecia, 624

abrupta, 626

canadensis, 625

diastoporides, 624

ovoidea, 626
Oncousoeciidae, 618
Onychocella, 100

alula, 101
Pachyegis, 313

brunnea, 315,777

princeps, 313
Pachystega, 687
Paludicellea, 736
Parasmittina, 411

alaskensis, 419

californica, 415

collifera, 416

crosslandi, 418

fraseri, 419

jeffreysi, 414

spathulata, 415

trispinosa, 412

tubulata, 420
Parellisina, 75

curvirostris, 75
Pedicellina, 762

cernua, 763
Pedicellinidae, 761
Penetrantia, 753

concharum, 754

densa, 753

sileni, 755
Penetrantiidae, 753
Petralia, 290

japonica, 290
Petraliidae, 289
Pherusella, 734

brevituba, 734
Pherusellidae, 733
Phidolopora, 447

pacifica, 448

pacifica van catalinensis, 449
Phylactella, 481

alulata, 483

aperta, 482
Phylactellidae, 481
Plagioecia, 629

ambigua, 638

anacapensis, 637

grimaldii, 634

840

INDEX

VOL. 14

lactea, 639

meandrina, 635

patina, 631

sarniensis, 632

tortuosa, 633

tubiabortiva, 636
Platonea, 661

elongata, 664

expansa, 663

veleronis, 662
Porella, 392

acutirostris, 394

Columbiana, 398

compressa, 393

concinna, 396

minuta, 780

patens, 397

porifera, 395
Posterula, 309

sarsi, 310
Proboscina, 620

incrassata, 623

lamellifera, 623

major, 621

sigmata, 622
Pseudostega, 115
Puellina, 185

setosa, 186
Ragionula, 310

rosacea, 311
Rectangulata, 699
Reginella, 178

furcata, 179

mattoidea, 182

mucronata, 180

nitida, 181

spitsbergensis, 182
Reteporelllna, 445

bilabiata, 445

denticulata van gracilis, 446
Reteporidae, 444
Retevirgula, 85

areolata, 87

lata, 86

tubulata, 86
Rhamphostomella, 424

bilaminata, 427

cellata, 431

costata, 426

curvirostrata, 430

fortissima, 427

gigantea, 433

hincksi, 428

ovata, 432

spinigera, 429

townsendi, 430
Rhynchozoon, 454

bispinosum, 455

grandicella, 459

rostratum, 456

spicatum, 460

tuberculatum, 461

tumulosum, 458
Robertsonidra, 294

oligopus, 295
Rosseliana, 105

rosselii, 106
Savignyella, 288

lafonti, 288
Savignyellidae, 287
Schizmopora, 492

anatina, 493

margaritacea, 494
Schizolavella, 335

vulgaris, 335
Schizomavella, 330

auriculata, 331

auriculata acuta, 332

auriculata ochracea, 331

porifera, 332
Schizoporella, 317

cornuta, 320

dissimilis, 321

linearis van inarmata, 319

trichotoma, 318

unicornis, 317
Schizoporellidae, 316
Schizoretepora, 449

tessellata, 450
Schizotheca, 450

fissurella, 451

umbonata, 451
Scruparia, 15

ambigua, 16
Scrupariidae, 15
Scrupoceilaria, 130

bertholetti, 133

bertholetti van tenuirostris, 134

californica, 135

diegensis, 136

ferox, 137

harmeri, 138

inarmata, 150

macropora, 138

mexicana, 139

obtecta, 140

panamensis, 141

profundis, 142

pugnax, 143

regularis, 144

scabra, 144

scabra van paenulata, 145

scruposa, 145

spinigera, 146

talonis, 147

unguiculata, 148

varians, 149
Scrupocellariidae, 120
Semihaswellia, 304

sulcosa, 304
Sessibugula, 163

translucens, 164

VOL.14

INDEX

841

Smittia californiensis, 421
Smittina, 399

altirostris, 405

arctica, 402

bella, 403

cordata, 407

landsborovi, 400

maccullochae, 405

retif rons, 402

smittiella, 404

spathulifera, 401
Smittinidae, 390
Smittoidea, 408

prolifica, 408

reticulata, 409

transversa, 410
Steganoporella, 107

cornuta, 107
Steganoporellidae, 107
Stephanosella, 367

biaperta, 368

bolini, 370

vitrea, 369
Stolonifera, 745
Stomachetosella, 305

abyssicola, 309

cruenta, 306

distincta, 308

limbata, 307

sinuosa, 306
StomachetoselHdae, 305
Stomatopora, 619

granulata, 619
Stylopoma, 336

informata, 336
Synnotura, 150

aegyptiacum, 151
Tegella, 77

aquilirostris, 83

arctica, 82

armifera, 79

magnipora, 80

robertsonae, 81

unicornis, 78
Terebripora, 751

comma, 752
Terebriporidae, 751
Terebriporina, 751
Terminoflustra, 40

membranaceo-truncata, 40
Tetraplaria, 466

veleroae, 466
Thalamoporella, 110

californica. 111

gothica, 110
Thalaraoporellidae, 110
Trematooecia, 502

hexagonalis, 503

porosa, 503
Tremogasterina, 98

granulata van subspatulata, 98
Tricellaria, 121

erecta, 126

gracilis, 124

occidentalis, 122

occidentaliscatalinensis, 122

praescuta, 125

pribilofi, 124

ternata, 123
Trigonopora, 442

pacifica, 443
Triticella, 748

elongata, 749

pedicellata, 748
Triticellidae, 748
Trypematella, 373

umbonula, 373
Trypostega, 280

claviculata, 281

venusta, 280
Tubulipora, 648

admiranda, 656

concinna, 655

egregia, 655

flabellaris, 657

flexuosa, 653

pacifica, 652

pulchra, 653

tuba, 650

tuba var. fascicuHfera, 651
Tubuliporidae, 647
Tubuliporina, 617
Umbonula, 298

alvareziana, 300

arctica, 299

patens, 298
Umbonulidae, 298
Valkeria, 745

tuberosa, 745
Valkeriidae, 745
Veleroa, 473

veleronis, 474
Velumella, 103

americana, 103
Vesicularia, 739

fasciculata, 739
Vesiculariidae, 739
Vesicularina, 739
Vittaticella, 286

elegans, 286
Watersipora, 471

cucuUata, 472
Zoobotryon, 742

verticillatura, 742