HOUR au a i int aie oy hh 4 i 4 speg luna pelt =) Se a oe _ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 116 ANCIENT CAVES - OF THE r6 GREAT SALT LAKE REGION By JULIAN H. STEWARD / Pgs, | at . 3 | ed par SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 116 ANCIENT CAVES OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE REGION BY JULIAN H. STEWARD UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1937 TT For sale bythe Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - - - Price 25 cents LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Bureau or AMErIcAN ErTHNoLoecy, Washington, D. C., December 21, 1936. Srr: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled “Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region”, by Julian H. Steward, and to recommend its publication as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Srmuine, Chief. Dr, Cuartes G. Axszor, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. ma hg ips 2. TRL ie yo Seas “Fan m _ a lean. 7 . 4, 727 . ny } ae a tg, fez Pech heel eda hel Te oa > : i CONTENTS Page AT TiC fe VCO a 3 se Sa cn a ee 1 wave No. 1, Promontory Point.........2-..-.--...2- ---.. cece ccnn ee 7 ITOWATANG ATTOW POMS veces ol eos Soe Soe et cece cada ke dbad 11 Purr WaRINOQUNLI Se =o = = aes) fos 2 sk wo ia aes Bose cc She 17 1B ea a i ee 17 Miscellaneous objects of wood__-__..---------------------------- 19 1 YeCe Sb hl Fe ee let plein pagent ye Se ACI Coy Ee OT 19 DUI EOIN HICK Cte eee Cok Se decmincs Done etosaeuoece subse 20 Objects Of juniper Dank. 5. acs ecu ced co Sc ccew sc ee ce ceeceee 20 Misecllancous shatts:of wood 2065 ssososuc esc caeaecseccosceke 21 Wioodenitubes=a 3222 oe h28 One ose eee ae ee ee 22 Sinew-wrapped splinters of wood_............-.--.--..-----_- Wap Miscellaneous objects of wood___.__.--...-----.---------_--- 22 IRIECESTOMCULU MW O0U S222 eae ee ae es Bene ae ee ee ee 23 Cee ee eo cos erassdesbee cn csac/Seieaee ees 23 (Saree Am bili: DIECCR aoe 22 Soe oe in See ee a et oe 23 EpOOn-and-(iare CAMEG. 27 229 oo Co ooo cee peered we eee eles 24 GPE ENON CA seo) at no GCS A ee eS eee 25 1 BY G2 as RR, ee en ee Cee ee, 26 Objects of bone, hoof, horn, and shell...........-..-....-..------ 26 DONS Hwisee nose oe ee baden aes pete beiew wee basetn Sect 26 Baki PalO OLS ste me oe a a a oe et ares en Le eee ere 27 Miscellaneous objects of bone from Cave No. 1___---_-___----- 27 Miscellaneous objects of bone from Cave No. 2___---_-__-_---- 28 Objects cut from scapulae from Cave No. 1__-_-_------------- 28 Objects cut from scapulae from Cave No. 2_____-------------- 29 Mbiectsor nook from Cave No, boc 2.22 3 ee 29 Objects of horn and antler from Cave No. 1.__-_------------- 29 ROSIE CERTOIES IG! tate ore sae ee a ee ce 29 PemilGe ane Weaving. 220-2220. (28 ee oo ie eee cee 29 IVES C110 > eee pany serene A ess ts eee wee 29 iule aes irony Cave INO, Jo 2 alone ee oe Bet eee 33 See eee 2 eo Aone Ny 2 act orem is ek ee ee 33 DNS Ut Lae ee eS ee yee eas SAN ey, eel sees ee 35 MIstellenoQOUs WEAVING: 22. 2222. aoe ea oe soak neo eseee ae 35 Kno tseirom|iCavewN Owl sesso sees ae ee See eee 36 POTd and TONG 322 eae a ee eS eso coe 37 ureand (eather Cords 9]. oe. = cocoa aoa uekee See oe 40 Mince NanCOUS ODICGtS ene wa 225.6 oe, De oe se eee hice os 40 Ornaments irom Cave NO: 1... 25.2255. sects. otecc dc Se 40 Miscellaneous objects from Cave No. 2______----------------- 42 Human skeletal remains from Cave No. 2___._...------------ 42 CONTENTS VI Cave No. 1, Promontory Point—Continued. Page Pottery. a ccs oes eee en Dace ee eee ee 42 Ollaset 222 2 esas Soe ee ae eee ee eee ee a 44 IES OW Sere ee 48 Miandlete a2 wesc acme] sees ee ae eee eee See eee eee 48 Repaitaiscees Sees a ee ee ee ee 48 Potsherds which resemble puebloan ware_...-.--------------- 48 iPotteryedisks seer eee ee eee a eee eee ee 49 Opject or 1mbaked Glay.2222- 2 a ee 50 Articles of hid@sss= 2 scene sete Sea eee eae ss eee eee eee 50 Mittens sea een ee eee 50 Wovenirawhid@es-. eco se sao cae eee ee eee 51 DFM tops )) eee en ee eee eee a oe eee ee 52 Aster nes ose oe ee ee oeckL cece cae eee eee eee 52 Otheriobjects of hide2s22 4 Ase Se ee eee 54 Fragments of hide with iringé_--32- >> ee ee 54 Miscellaneous fragments of sewed hide__-.-...--------------- 55 (irimmM IN Ps se oo oe ae Se SE ee ee eee ee 55 Scraps of deer and antelope hide..............-.-------------- 56 Seraps of bultslovhides=2-22" 22-2 = eee 56 Scraps of miscellaneous materials_............-...----------- 56 5 2) & Lea ae a PR Me OPC ER A Eee SRR ed at 57 MOCCASINS = a ect Ee anaes ae ee oe Se eta eee ee 57 Dons iruchions oo lee se ee ee eee in ee 57 RY) 0:1 ae ee ree Be an eee CRY Te mere rahe fs 62 Tete ee es he ee eee 2 ee eee 62 gh (= a a Pe rere pe Pa ROT ee ©. Sp Soe 63 Weenptiesacen 2 2 Sa ey age ee ee ee 64 Tabulation of moccasins from Cave No. 1_____.__.----------- 65 Special styles of moccasins.............-.-...--------.------ 68 Comparison with moccasins elsewhere_._.........------------ 69 Cutting iplementssc 2220. oso noe ee ee eee ae 70 DOTADCTAL~ aU 2 eae ee ae eee oe ee ee 70 De oo Se ee ee oar eee eee ee eee eee 73 HONIVER. cae eae ee eee eet ee a eee te se 73 Other objects of stones... one ace es eae ee sae ese te Hitched -pOnGSe 2-3. = Ae dee ee eens cee ee is aminer stonessc 6 2 oes ee ee ee ee 79 LW LGL ei: a a ee ees eet Smee Eee enSNeAee ah aerte NEN py /< 79 UY) Gee eS ee a en ee a 80 Miscellaneous stone objects__.......--.-.------------------- 81 Flora and fauna represented_...._.....-____--...-_-___-_--_-_-__- 81 Cultural position of Cave No. 1_.......--_.-----__-----__-------- 82 PCUlOPly pHss=o5 3h bee eee Oe eo ett ee 87 RAYOON O22 poets. - wet ences tee seus sao cece ee eee 90 Stratification of Cave No. 2..-2c2c.-s. see ee eh a eee eae eee Mim VinccAsin CONStMICLION=: 2222. 25.. Suue cas coo shoes ecesee leek POMAUTMUSUAl INOCCESINS=e soe ae oan at nese eee ecco eases 23. Special types of moccasin stitches and styles____..----------------- DAMEWIONVEHETAW Nid Ot so. ase sae se ae a kee ences sees Pom ObiCCus- Ol NIdO. 226 eck Sose co ono Soe so een cone seen Ses PEemOoect ok bulalo hides .e 22. oh fe l.e obec lee oe seescsc= eed ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES x ILLUSTRATIONS . Page 27. Skin bar and object of hidés..22 22-25. see eee eee 56 28. Stone scrapers of the Promontory culture....-.--------...------.. 71 29" Broken hatte titb Scrap Cl. eee se eee eee ee 72 80. Slate blades and chipped flint points_.._..____.___-..------------.-.- 163: 31. Chipped flint knives.22.2-ess-l-oee es s8_ aoe eee eee eeeoees 74 32. Wooden knife handles: i222 2S. seeee eae oe eee eee ee 75 33. btchedvslabs of slate: = 262 = 4-82. eee eee See ee ee 77 84. Incised and etched limestone slabs. _.------.---------------+----- 78 SD: ciate pombtirom: Cave No, 4-263. 204.6 8 eee 79 SOR SUOME TUT cee tee ae es a ee 80 Si bictosrapbs On eromontory POMntiso=.2— seen see ee see ee 87 os. Petroglyphs near Connor's Springs... 2. sess ee eee ee 89 39" Plansol Cave No: 2os22.5-262-2.2 Sae ee eee ee ee 91 £0; ‘Cross sectionof Cave Noy 2.0.2.4 5-c2 5e22. a eee eee ee eee 92 41. Stone projectile points from Cave No. 2__-__---------------------- 94 42. Small stone scrapers from Cave No. 2..<.-....--4-=----222s2-2222 97 43. Stone knives and scrapers from Cave No. 2__...-.---------------- 98 44. Plan and cross section of Black Rock Cave____-------------------- 106 45. Cross section of Black Rock Cave, trench A_________-----------.-- 108 46. Stone knives and scrapers from Black Rock Cave__-._------------- 112 47. Projectile points from Black Rock Cave_...----------------~------ 115 48. Objects of clay, shell, bone, tooth, and stone from Black Rock Cave-. 116 EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1. a, Promontory Point cave formation, seen across cove from Sheehan’s Ranch. b, View of Caves Nos. 1 and 2. ec, Mouth of Cave No. 2. d, Screening Cave No. 2. 2. Promontory Cave No. 2, 1981 trench after excavation. 3. a, Promontory Cave No. 3. 06, d, Promontory Cave No. 5. c, Promontory Cave No. 6. 4. a, View of Great Salt Lake from above Black Rock Cave showing traver- tine deposit on rocks. 06, Mouth of Black Rock Cave. ec, Cross section of upper end of trench A, Black Rock Cave, d, Interior of Black Rock Cave before excavation. 5. a, Black Rock Cave, trench A, showing infant burial in situ in lake gravels. b, Cross section of 1981 trench, Promontory Cave No. 2. c¢, Crude rock cist, Black Rock Cave. d, Infant burial, Black Rock Cave. e, Adult burial, Black Rock Cave. 6. Objects from Promontory Cave No. 1. a, b, Fragments of matting. c, Fragment of feather cloak. d, e, Fragments of coiled basketry. f, Cedar bark ring. g, h, Perforated pottery disks. i, Flint end or keeled scraper. j, Flint knife; knife handle also used as fire hearth. k, Netted hoop probably used in hoop and dart game with J, feathered dart. 7. Objects from Promontory Cave No. 1. a@-e, Moccasins. f-j, potsherds; it; 4, 7:4rims. 8. Objects of bone, horn, and shell from Promontory Cave No. 2. The bone awls are arranged according to depth, g being near the surface, p the deepest. 9. Petroglyphs near Connor’s Springs. TEXT FIGURES 1. Plan of Cave No. 1, Promontory Point. 2. Cross section of Cave No. 1, Promontory Point. 8. Fire drill and arrow fragments. a, Complete fire drill. 6-d, f-i, m, n, Arrow butts. e, Arrow end with fragment, of foreshaft. k, Socket for fore- shaft. J, Arrow end with complete foreshaft. j, Arrow feather. c is 103%’’ long; all are to same scale. 4. Arrow points of the Promontory culture. a-e, j, k, 0, g, from Cave No. 1; f, l, from Cave No. 11; g-i, m, n, from Cave No. 7; p, from Cave No. 43 1, from Cave No. 6. 5. a, b, d, e, Arrow smoothers. 0 shows reverse side of a. ¢, Pipe. 6. Miscellaneous objects of wood. a, End of sinew-back bow. 0b, Foreshaft of fire drill. c, Snare(?). d, Problematical object. e, Bow fragment. f, g, Fire drill foreshaft. h, Wooden tube. i, Sinew-wrapped splinter. j, Cut frag- ment. k, Wooden peg. 1, Fire drill foreshaft(?). m-g’, gaming pieces(?) of cane. h’, Feathered dart. i’, Object of wood. j’, Bird-bone bead. @ is 314’’ long; all are to same scale. %. Netted hoop, probably for hoop-and-dart game. XI XII EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 8. Objects of bone. a-g, Gaming bones. h, Bone tube. #, Cut bone. j, Rounded section of rib. k, Awl or flint flaker. 1, Cut fragment of buffalo hoof. m, Cut and scratched fragment of scapula. x, Perforated disk. o, Cut frag- ment. p, Polished fragment of scapula, a is 1%%’’ long; all are to same scale, 9. Bone awis and points. a-c, f, h, k, m, from Cave No. 1; d, e, g, i, j, from Cave No. 2; 1, from Cave No. 5. a@ is 634’ long; all are to same scale. 10. Methods of finishing mat edges, from Cave No. 1. 11. a, Tule mat end. b, Bottom of tule bag. c, Complete tule mat. c¢ is 1514"’ long; all are to same scale. 12. Fragment of twined tule bag, 814’’ tall. 13. Miscellaneous weaving. a, Mat fragment from Black Rock Cave. 8, Fragment of twilled ring basket(?). c, Fragment of netting. d, Detail of e, basketry material woven on rawhide. f, Woven band of cord. g, Detail of knots employed in f. b, from Cave No. 2; c-g from Caye No. 1. 14. a-g, Knots and ties. h, Buckskin ornamented with strand of basketry material. 15. Miscellaneous objects. a, Incised beaver tooth. 6, Abalone shell orna- ments. c, Hoof suspended on quill-wrapped cord. d, Decorated bone. e, Stick wrapped with rawhide. f, Hair tied with bark. g, Bead of fossil erinoid. h, Juniper-bark ball. i-k, Perforated pottery disks. J, 3 hoofs im- paled on stick. J is 8%’’ long; all are to same scale. 16. Cross section of pot rims. a-c (10804, 10580, 10325), h (10863), k, 1 (11512, 10304), 0 (10304), from Cave No. 1. f (11585), g (11097), n (10349), from Cave No. 2. d@ (11526), from Cave No. 5. e, i, m, p (11440), from mound at Provo. 17. Pot rims. a, 6 (11512, 10316), j (10325), m-o (11580, 10304, 10564), r (11512), ¢, w (10316, 10536), v—b’ (11512), from Cave No. 1. d, 1 (10225), p, q (10350, 10349), from Cave No. 2. ¢ (10863), from cave at Lakeside. f-i, k, l, s, d’ (11440), from mound at Provo. 18. Olla neck and bowl reconstructions. a (10304), c-g (9510, 10304, 11512, 10304, 9724), from Cave No. 1. h, i (10349), from Cave No. 2. b (11513), from Cave No. 5. j (11440), from mound at Provo. g is 18’’ in diameter; all are to same scale. 19. Pottery decoration. a (103804), n (9510), and p (11512), from Cave No. 1, and d@ (11508), from Cave No. 5, “fingernail” decorated. 0 (10316), i (10546), l (9724), and q (11512), Incised cross hatching, from Cave No. 1. ¢ (10316), e (10825), h (10546), 7 (10546), & (9763), m (10294), Incised and punched rims from Cave No. 1. f (10546), Stuck-on ribbon of clay, from Cave No. 1. g (11440), Incised rim, from mound at Provo. o (11440), Stick-impressed sherd of pit-lodge type from mound at Provo. a is 2%4’’ long; all are to same scale. 20. Mittens. a is of deer or antelope hide, 0, of buffalo hide. a is 814’’ long; both are to same scale. 21. Moccasin construction. a, Parts of moccasins; the ticked lines indicate sewed edges. 0, The four types of stitches used. c, A typical moceasin. d, The three most common methods of tying moccasins. 22. Three unusual moccasins. a@ (11582-51), Uppers with buffalo hair turned inside. 06 (1158243), With unusual tie. ec (10257), With upper sewed to insert and nearly cut away. 23. Special types of moccasin stitches and styles. a—d, Gusset or insert stitches on 10241, 9509, 10133, and 11582-5. e, Sinew forming secondary stitch, encircling gusset. f (11582-64) and g (10191), Special style of one- EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIII piece moccasin. h (9753), Special style of two-piece moccasin. i (10241), Decoration of quill embroidery. j, k (11582-57), Top and bottom of moccasin patched with deer foot. 24. Woven rawhide (11595). 25. Objects of hide. a, Drum head (?). 0b, Fringed cuff (?) section. c, Bag bottom. d, e, Trimmings. @ measures 15’’ by 1714’’; all are to same scale. 26. Object of buffalo hide, 24’’ long. 27. a, One-piece bag of hide of small mammal. 6, Manner of folding and lacing hide for a, represented on smaller scale. c, Object of leather. 28. Scrapers of the Promontory culture. a, c, g, h, j, End scrapers from Cave No. 1. f, End scraper from Cave No. 7. 4d, e, k, End scrapers from Cave No. 11. 0, Chipped flint scraper, and i, two retouched flakes from Cave No. 1. f is 2’’ long; all are to same scale. 29. Broken flint scraper, probably end-scraper type, hafted on bone handle, tied with rawhide. Length, 45¢’’. 380. Slate blades and chipped flint drills. a, from Cave No. 4, and }b, ¢, g, from Cave No. 1, are slate blades. d, e, from Cave No. 1, and f, from Cave No. 8, are drills. ais 314’’ long; all are to same scale. 81. Chipped flint knives. a-—d, f, h-j, from Cave No. 1. e, from Cave No. 4. g, from Cave No. 38. cis 2%’’ long; all are to same scale. 32. Wooden knife handles. a, c, d, from Cave No. 2. 0b, e, f, from Cave No. 1. Solid black represents glue; dotted lines represent extent of notch. f is 514’’ long; ali are to Same scale. 0b and d also had been used as fire hearths. 383. Etched slabs of slate. a, c, f, g, from Cave No. 8. c¢ has retouched edges; g bears traces of red paint. 0, d, and e (both sides of same slab), from Cave No. 1. a@ is 4’’ long; all are to same scale. 34. Incised and etched limestone slabs from caves near Blue Creek Station, northern end of Promontory Point. a is 4’’ long; the others are to the same scale. 35. Slate point from Cave No. 4. Left-hand figure shows complete design. 386. Mullers. a, c, e, from Cave No. 1. 0b, from Cave No. 5. @d, from 21%’, and f, from 4’ to 414’ deep, in Cave No. 2. a is 1014’’ long; all are to same scale. 37. Pictographs on Promontory Point. a, 0, Kachina-like figures, and ¢, Sheep in Cave No. 1. d-h, Groups on eastern side of point. @ is 15’’ tall; all are to same scale. All are red. 38. Petroglyphs near Connor’s Springs, arranged in original groups. 39. Plan of Cave No. 2. 40. Cross section of Cave No. 2. 41. Projectile points from Cave No. 2. a-i, 24’’ to 30’ deep. j-m, 30’ to 36’’ deep. n, 30’’ to 40’’ deep. o, p, 42’’ to 48’’ deep. gq, 7, 48’’ to 53’’ deep. s—v, 59’’ to 65’’ deep. w-y, 65’’ to T1’’ deep. 2, 71’’ to 77’’ deep. a’, lowest level. s is 3°4’’ long; all are to same scale. 42. Small scrapers from Cave No. 2. a—d, 24’’ to 30’’ deep. e, 30’’ to 42’’ deep. f—-h, 42’’ to 48’’ deep. i, 48’’ to 53’’ deep. j, 58’’ to 59’’ deep. k, 1, 59’’ to 65’’ deep. m, T7’’ to 79’’ deep. a is 15¢’’ long; all are to same scale. 48. Knives and scrapers from Cave No. 2. a-f, 24’’ to 30’’ deep. g, 30’’ to 36’’ deep. h, 80’’ to 42’’ deep. i, j, 42’’ to 48’’ deep. k-m, 48’’ to 55’’ deep. n, 53’’ to 59’’ deep. o, p, 59’’ to 65’’ deep. gq, 65’’ to T1’’ deep. a is 214"' Ieng; all are to same scale. 44, Plan and cross section of Black Rock Cave. XIV EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 45. Cross section of Black Rock Cave, trench A. 46. Knives and scrapers from Black Rock Cave. a, Knife with burial in rear of cave. b, Knife from trench B, surface to 4'’ deep. c-i, from trench A. c, d, 8’? to 10” deep. e, f, 14’’ to 19’’ deep. g, 24°’ to 29’’ deep. h, 4, 45’’ to 49’’ deep. j, k, with burial in trench B. 1, Trench B, 23’’ to 29’’ deep. m, Trench B, 29’’ to 32’’ deep. a is 43¢’’ long; all are to same scale. 47. Projectile points from Black Rock Cave. a, Obsidian arrow point with burial in rear of cave. b-g, j, 1, m, Quartzite dart points from trench A. b, 8’’ to 10’’ deep. c-e, 10’’ to 14’’ deep. f, g, 14’’ to 19’’ deep. j, 19’’ to 24’’ deep. Jl, m, 32’’ to 36’’ deep. h, Flint point 20’’ deep, between trenches A and B. Remainder are trench A. i, 19’’ to 24’ deep. k, 29’’ to 32’’ deep. n, 45’’ to 49’ deep. o, p, 49’’ to 54’’ deep. a is 144”’ long; all are to same seale. 48. Miscellaneous objects from Black Rock Cave. a, c, e, from trench A. 4a, Clay pellet, 29’’ to 32’’ deep. c, Bone point, 10’’ to 14’’ deep. e, Abalone shell ring, 10’’ to 14’’ deep. b, Incised rodent tooth, trench C, surface to 9’’ deep. d, Steatite arrow straightener(?), with burial, trench B. f, Cut bone, trench B, 32°’ to 36’’ deep. d is 2%4’’ long; all are to same scale. ANCIENT CAVES OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE REGION By Jouian H. Stewarp INTRODUCTION Archeological field work of the University of Utah in 1930 and 1931 was carried on in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake, attention being devoted to caves which had once been submerged by Lake Bonneville. As test pits showed that certain of these had been occu- pied by human beings when the subsidence of the lake first left them dry and habitable, the work was pursued with the aim of discover- ing ancient cultures which could be dated by reference to the chro- nology of the lake. Although absolute age estimates in this matter are subject to the usual reservations involved in geological reckoning so that they can serve only as working hypotheses, and although future geological and archeological research may require a radical revision of these estimates, the stratigraphic relationship of arti- facts in individual sites and the correlation of the sites with stages of Lake Bonneville will always remain valid. The paucity of arti- facts unfortunately prevents adequately defining the earliest cul- tures, but it is felt that, in view of the great gap in the archeological record between the ancient Gypsum Cave and Basket Maker cul- tures of the Southwest and the serious lack of other archeological data from the Great Basin, they should be placed on record with tentative estimates of their antiquity. CuronoLocy or Lake BonneviiLe.—Preliminary to a description of the individual caves and cultures, geological facts which are per- tinent to the question of chronology will be considered. The early epochs of Lake Bonneville are complex and imperfectly known and are irrelevant to our problem. We are concerned merely with its last great rise and subsequent recession.t At its greatest depth, Lake Bonneville stood 1,000 feet above the level of Great Salt Lake, where it eroded a clearly marked shore line known as the Bonneville 1The data concerning Lake Bonneville are derived mainly from the researches of G. K,. Gilbert, 1882 and 1890. 1 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL, 116 terrace. At this time, however, it overfiowed and then cut through a dam of relatively soft gravels in Cache Valley, flowing out to the Columbia River. This drained the lake so rapidly that it cut no clearly defined terrace until it had dropped 3875 feet. Conditions which had caused its rise evidently continued so long that it re- mained at this height, 625 feet above Great Salt Lake, still draining to the sea, and cut the largest and most easily recognized of all shore lines, the Provo terrace.? That this rise to the Bonneville level, overflow, and subsequent drop to the Provo level were concomitant with the maximum of the final Pleistocene glacial period has been, if not established beyond all doubt, generally postulated by geologists.* In terms of years, this glacial maximum is presumed to have endured from about 40,000 to 25,000 years ago. A number of thousand years must, however, be allowed for the inaccuracies of such a broad estimate and for the possibility that fluctuations in Lake Bonneville were not precisely correlated with changes in the continental glaciation. The reduction of Lake Bonneville subsequent to its maintenance at the Provo level is not a phenomenon of drainage but of increased desiccation of the lake and of diminishing water feeding the lake, which occurred during the post-glacial period. No doubt this shrink- age was somewhat uneven, occasionally being halted temporarily when the lake maintained its level or even rose slightly. It may be assumed, however, that the desiccation was, in general, continuous, for the only well-defined shore line below the Provo terrace is the Stansbury terrace, which is about midway between the former and the level of Great Salt Lake, or about 300 feet above the latter. If the maximum of the glacial period passed 25,000 years ago it does not seem unreasonable to assume that Lake Bonneville began to subside from the Provo terrace at least 20,000 years ago. If it re- quired the whole of this time to shrink down to Great Salt Lake, and if the rate of shrinkage were even, then it must have reached the Stansbury terrace about 10,000 years ago. To this, however, the length of time required to cut the Stansbury terrace should be added. Moreover, Great Salt Lake may have existed in its present condition for several thousand years. These considerations would require the addition of a few thousand years to the estimate of time elapsed since Lake Bonneville was reduced to the Stansbury level. On the other hand, such possible factors as accelerated desiccation in recent mil- lenniums might require the reduction of this estimate. Any error, 2 Gilbert, 1890, pp. 126-127. 8 Gilbert, 1890, p. 818; Antevs, pp. 74-77. 4 Antevs, 1925, pp. 77, 101, places the height of the last ice age at 30,000 to 35,000 years ago, STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 3 however, in a tentative acceptance of 10,000 years is likely to be one of conservatism. CAVES INVESTIGATED.—The largest group of caves investigated is on Promontory Point and the northern shore of Great Salt Lake, where tilted and folded strata of limestone were a prey to wave erosion. Although less common elsewhere, caves occur on almost every range in northern Utah which had been reached by Lake Bonneville. (See map 1.) The exploration of these caves was under the direction of the writer and was financed jointly by the University of Utah and the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology from the Smithsonian fund for coopera- tive field work in anthropology. The program comprised thorough excava- e@ KELTON Mo TREMONTON @ ~ Connor's Spres> TAQ ayy Aaa Monin “ay tion of two large S57 8 : posers PROMONTO caves on the west- [[ic/:' WEG ern shore of Prom- |f:-:: : Ce FREER. ontory Point and wee one large cave near the old Black Rock bathing resort on the southern shore of Great Salt Lake, and reconnaissance 2 ; of other caves on |. .2 es Sirs eS > “ a Ficurp 14.—Knots and buckskin fragment. 10584 (fig. 14, 2) is a fragment of buckskin attached to a larger piece of buckskin. It is decorated by wrapping with 2 narrow strips of basket material as shown in the diagram. Knots rrom Cave No. 1.—A number of different kinds of knots were employed by the Promontory people, of which the most com- mon is the simple overhand knot. At least one of these occurs on nearly every fragment of cord. In addition to those on cords, several other specimens may be mentioned. A piece of sinew (10464), 444” long, 14’’ wide, has an overhand knot at each end. A piece of thick hide (11589), 3’’ long, is tied into a single overhand knot. A long strip of buffalo hide (11607-2) also has one. A considerable variety of other knots was used on cord, sinew, and rawhide and buckskin thongs. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 37 Square or reef knot. A strip of buffalo hide (11675), 4’ long with the hair remaining, is made into a loop by tying its ends together with a square knot. The square knot is also used on a number of small objects tied with cord. False reef or granny knot. This was often used in place of the true reef or square knot.’® It is used to tie together: 2 small strips of buffalo or elk hide (10175) ; 2 buffalo-hide thongs (9552) ; a piece of buckskin thong to a cord (10387) and 2 pieces of tule. Figure 14, e, shows 2 rawhide thongs (9627) each 14” wide, tied together with what is the equivalent of a clove hitch made with one around the other, but which, if pulled out in flexible cord, forms a granny knot. Single carrick bend. Figure 14, a, shows 2 pieces of rawhide (10548), each 3%”" to 1%4”’ wide, tied together with this knot. One piece is 20’ long. Sheet bend or weaver’s knot. This was used to tie together a piece of cord and a buckskin thong, 3¢’” wide (10569). 2 pieces of 2-ply cord (10558), each 14’” in diameter, are tied together with what resembles an Englishman’s tie, except that the overhand knots interlock so that they cannot be slid apart. Figure 14, d, is a piece of heavy hide (10312) from a buffalo tail which is 11”’ long and very stiff and unyielding. Superficially, it resembles a bowline knot, but would, if pulled tight, form 2 half hitches around itself. Figure 14, f (10171), is of stiff rawhide and is 20’ long. Each piece has been slit at one end. Then 1 piece has been drawn through the other and through the slit in its own end. Figure 14, ¢ (11606), is a strip of rawhide 34”’ wide, 7’” long, tied to a crude stick, 14’” in diameter, 834’’ long, broken at each end. The stick passes through a loop in the rawhide which is then tied to the stick with a modified clove hitch. 10182 (fig. 14, g) is 2 rawhide thongs tied together. One has a slit cut in one end, through which the other end is passed to form a loop. This is drawn over the second thong. Corp anp ropr.—A total of 76 specimens of cord, not counting those which formed parts of other specimens, were found, all but 2 of which were in Cave No.1. The data on these are tabulated below. All, with exceptions mentioned later, are 2-ply, and are generally tightly twisted. The greatest number, 28, are made of a fairly fine but tough fiber from some unidentified plant, probably Indian hemp (Apocynum) ; 18 are of juniper bark; 16 are of a tough, coarse bark, probably of some large plant or tree; 6 are of tule; 2 are possibly of human hair; 2 are of sinew; 1 is of black buffalo hair; 2 are of hide of some sort; 1 is of a triangular-stemmed grass. 19 Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 85, found the granny to be three or four times more common than the square knot at Lovelock Cave. 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 116 Thirty-six, or exactly h: alf, of the specimens are twisted clockwise, the other half counterclockwise. This would seem to indicate that the direction was chosen at random, yet all of the 14 cords which are more than 14’” in diameter are twisted counterclockwise, whereas of the remaining 62 which are 1/,’’ or less in diameter, 38, or nearly two-thirds, are twisted ae ee Thus the direction of twist seems io have some relation to the size of the cord. The usual size is 1%’ to %¢’’ in diameter, 49 Dea falling within these limits. The range of diameters is: 4%4’’, 2 specimens; 3 5 © . Fee fi . 2 , 3 5 9. 34 0"", v5 VR”, 28 ; 3465 21; my”, v5 46" Ls 9 3B"; 33 yp", ? ei 5 35 a/,rr . ae ©) YA 98 bina’ A similar difference was noted at Lovelock Cave, practically all of ihe specimens defined as “rope” (tule and Juncus, 3 to 40 mm. in diameter) being twisted counterclockwise, whereas “cord” was twisted clockwise.22. At Gypsum Cave, on the other hand, the direction of twist correlates with material used rather than with size.*4 Specimens of cord from Cave No. 1 {In the following table CC indicates counterclockwise; Cl, clockwise] oe praca | Pees | Material Remarks | Inch | 9580 | Cl____- Sel) TDGhee 6 ee | 9602 | Cl____- | %| bark fiber__.._.._._-- | 9603 | CC___- Gis eee 9604 | CC___- y ADE UU ere oe ee ee Each ply 5 or 6 tules. S610.) Cle. 34 346| fiber__.__._-.------- Glaze Figjeeee (6 {ojeaaene see oe | oe ‘A ee Hs bee eee a tee Each ply is 2-ply. ae 34 6| ae OL ea ee 96380 | CC___- 1 PUlee eae Ne ate Each ply 5 or 6 tules. CC___- PT es OO eee cer Kach ply is 2-ply. 9633 | Cl_____ 36; Juniper bark________- Ne Co... SC Oe ete A we ade dee co ie coarse bark fiber______| o é == /§ |-a—--— = do ca dea oct | 9663 | CC___- % | buffalo hair__________ | End doubled back and sinew tied. 9669 | Cl____- yeh) TGV ee i 9674 a ck oe - eS | Neste | : 9 eee ee eee lees 9689 | ClL____. va eae: | 9687 | CC____| %6! bark fiber_._-_________ CC____| el eee dG eae eae CCz... =| oe Oa = sas eee Glos) cides oT Gy alae oe 40 os a | eee | FR | atest CR) Nene ey a ee | 9690 | Cl_____ | hclocuke Oe Seo ee Clean | 3o|__ 8 Oe eee | 70 Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 73-83. “1 Harrington, 1933, pp. 158-161. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 39 Specimens of cord from Cave No. 1—Continued [In the following table CC indicates counterclockwise; Cl, clockwise] Cat. No. 10101 10128 10309 19385 10337 10394 10398 10406 10405 10411 10468 10469 10516 10532 10544 10569 10552 10574 10765 11591 () 10203 ? 11554 * Direction | Diameter of twist cord Inch CleEee ¥% | CC 2s 2 % | C23: M4 CC___- Yel Clie Ve | Cleo. % COy.4 Ya CC__-_- 346 (COs He Ci: y, | (6) 2a 332 (ee 532) e Boe 2 fe aan 16 Onae 16 66227 Sie 1 eae Ho 6G.) .@] peers % CC___. % COs VE Clb a= V% Ole. ly (@) eee 7 CC. 2. a Cho. if CC___- 34 COrz. = 4 Giese. | \% o) Eee He (G) ee V4 CCza "Ne Giese. y, Cleans: \% (C) ees % (8) Eee a % (Cjzaaae 6 CC___- 716 CC. Ne ina 2 Cou % CC 3% ec. 8 Y%, | eae % Co % 1 Miscellaneous. | cedar bark Material BINEW (lL) neon eee ees yt juniper bark_________ human hair(?)________ Tie 11] 0 =% ce econ Ree nee erent 101 =) mes, al, Bees juniper bark=22222 == ee oe do coarse bark__.-..-.-- juniper bark OTASS (aes ee eee tule (Gs. ee Lee juniper bark bark | hark fiber 2. i juniper bark= 5.2---2= bark fhe. 2s eee SING Wee ee ee eee juniper bark__------- do 2 Fron Cave No. 2. Remarks | Very loose. Knotted. | Tied to last. | For sewing matting. Two loops of basket mate- rial twisted in. One strand is 2-ply. Each strand is bundie of | triangular grass. See under ‘‘Knots’’. 2From Cave No. 3. 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 116 Other fragments from Cave No. 1 used as cord are: 9554, a piece of sinew, 14,’’ wide, split lengthwise and in part twisted counterclockwise. 9701, 2 buck- skin thongs, each 14"’ in diameter, knotted together. 9485, a strip of buffalo hide 14’’ wide, with the hair remaining, twisted counterclockwise. 9551, buf- falo hide thong or strap. The following are also from Cave No. 1: 9705 is a bundle of rawhide thongs, each 346’ wide. 9688 is a 3-strand tule braid, %46’’ wide. 10765 is a large loop of untwisted cedar bark. 11592 is the long black hair of a buffalo beard or tail, tied into a hank. 9632 is a 3-strand rush or grass braid, %’’ wide. 9611 is a bundle of sinew not yet made into cord; it is tied with a thong of thin skin, 14’' wide, 14°4’’ long. Fur AND FEATHER corps.—13 cords of fur or feathers, which were in all probability parts of blankets, woven like those of the modern and prehistoric peoples of the Southwest and Great Basin, were found. In no instance was the fur or feathers twisted on a founda- tion cord. 8 specimens are rabbit skin, 5 are bird skin (pl. 6, ¢). Specimens from Cave No. 1.—115938, 3 strips of rabbit (?) fur, each 14’’ wide and twisted clockwise. 10467, 2 strips of rabbit fur, each 14’’ wide, twisted to- gether. 9681, 9687, and 10533; each has 2 strips of rabbit skin twisted to- gether clockwise. 10310, 2 thin strips of rabbit skin twisted together; buckskin thong attached. 9700 is a strip of rabbit skin, approximately 114’’ wide, the ends of which are fastened together with sinew to form a loop 7’’ in diameter. 9702 is a eord made up of 3 to 5 strips of rabbit fur, each about 4’’ wide, twisted together. 11593 also includes a single strip of owl(?) skin, 1%4’’ wide. 9549 is a single strip of gull(?) skin, 4%4’’ wide. 9555 is a single strip of the skin of a grebe- like bird. 9556 is 2 strips of gull(?) skin, each 14'’ wide, twisted together, 10578, 8 specimens, each being 2 strips of gull or owl(?) skin with white down feathers, each 1%4’’ wide, twisted together counterclockwise. MIsceLtLuANEous Opsxrcts ORNAMENTS FROM Cave No. 1.—11565 (fig. 15, @) is the incisor tooth of a large rodent, wrapped at the root end with sinew, probably for suspension, and carved with designs formed by small dots and in- cised lines, It has traces of discoloration which suggest paint. (See “Dice” under “Games”.) 11567 (fig. 15, 6) is 2 pendants of neatly worked and polished abalone (/aliotis) shell, one 1’, the other 114’’ long, tied together with a thread of sinew. 11570 (fig. 15, ¢) is an antelope or deer hoof, tied with a short piece of cord wrapped with quill, probably porcupine, 11566 (fig. 6, 7’) is a tubular bird(?) bone bead, 15@’” long, 344’” di- ameter, made of a section of hollow bone cut square at each end and polished. Possibly 10510 (fig. 8, ) is a fragment of such a bead. 9538 (fig. 15, 7) is a bead(?) made from a section of fossil cri- Bes Ae noid (*) stem. It is $4’” in diameter, %¢’’ thick, and has a hole 544” in diameter in the center, CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION Ficurp 15.—Objects of bone, shell, hair, hide, pottery, and bar 4] 49 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 — 11534 (fig. 15, d), an ornamented bone, has been described under “Miscellaneous objects of bone.” 10535 is a string of hackberry(?) seeds strung 5 per inch on a 2-ply cord which is 4%49’” in diameter and 6” long. 9723 is 2 loose seeds of the same species. (See also “Pottery disks.”) MisceLLANEous ogsects From Cave No. 1.—11691 (fig. 15, 7) is a crude twig 834’ long on which are impaled 3 antelope hoofs. This is not a rattle, as the hoofs are fixed. 9708 (fig. 15, e) is a crude splinter of wood 284” long, having its end wrapped with rawhide. 10511 (fig. 15, 7) is a bundle of black buffalo hair, 514”” long, tightly wrapped with a strip of bark. 10290 is a split stick, 34’” in diameter, 6’” long, wrapped with hide or sinew on one end. 10369 is a bundle of doubled tules, 5’’ long, wrapped with tules. MISCELLANEOUS oBgECTS FroM Cave No. 2.—11541-4 is a hollowed cane, 34” in diameter, 414’’ long. One end is cut square and the edge beveled; the other end is broken. One side has 3 holes, each 14’’ in diameter, burned into it. The first is 23¢’” from the squared end; the second is 114’’ from the first; the third is 1”’ from the second and on the edge of the broken end. This might be regarded as a kind of flageolet were the holes larger. HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM Cave No. 2.—11531, from a pack- rat’s nest in a recess in the northwestern corner of the cave, is the only fragment of a human skeleton recovered in any of the Promon- tory caves. It isa very prognathous upper jaw of a youth, including the bottom of the nasal cavity. Porrery A highly distinctive type of ceramics (pl. 7, f-7) occurred in the upper levels of all the Promontory caves, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; in Cave No. 7, near Connor’s Springs; in Caves Nos. 8, 9, and 11, north of Bear River Bay; in the Black Rock Cave; along an ancient dry stream channel in Tooele Valley, 4 miles south of Grantsville (11259); in a mound on the Rollins property at Provo;?? on the beach of Provo Lake near the mouth of the Provo River; and in a large cave at Lakeside on the western shore of Great Salt Lake (10863). This pottery is distinguished by the general crudeness and blackness of its finish, its coarse white temper, its lack of painted decoration, the use of “fingernail”, incised, and punched decoration on olla exteriors, thickened and decorated lips, and the great pre- ponderance of soot-encrusted olla sherds. It is proposed that it be called Promontory ware. = Steward, 1933 a, p. 17. STEWARD | CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 43 Sherds from the bottom of the culture-bearing material in Cave No. 1 are identical with those found on and near the surface. 22 sherds (10484 and 10539) from between 2’ and 2’ 6’” deep are mostly quartz tempered (a few have mica) and have a black surface, some being stick-smoothed and a few polished with a pebble. They range from 1@” to 4%4”’ and average %44’’ in thickness. A rim sherd (11097) from 2’ 6’” deep in Cave No. 2 is also entirely typical of the ware. The ceramic features of this ware were previously described by the writer ** but the ware has not been reported by anyone else. It is totally unlike the crude pottery found in caves along the Snake River in southern Idaho by Schellbach,* it bears no relation to the unbaked pottery from the middle Columbia River,” and it is dis- tinctiy different from that found in puebloan sites around Great Salt Lake.2° It does not even closely resemble the ware from southern Nevada which is probably ascribable to the modern Paiute.?7 Sherds of the last, collected by Harrington and now in the Southwest Museum, resemble the cave pottery herein described in general tex- ture of paste, type of temper, somewhat in finish, and in having “fingernail” decoration, but differ in their failure to have the char- acteristically widened lip with punched or incised decoration: The Paiute sherds, moreover, are from large conical bowls with pointed bottoms, whereas the cave sherds are, with very few exceptions, from ollas and bowls with round bottoms, no pointed-bottom vessels being found. Indeed, it is far from certain that the cave pottery 1s a Shoshonean ware at all. Although the plain gray potsherds found by Lowie on the Whiterocks Ute Reservation in northeastern Utah are preb- ably puebloan, not Shoshonean, Lowie adduces other evidence that the Ute, Southern Paiute, and probably northern Shoshoni made true but undecorated pottery in early historic times,** but there is nothing to link this to the cave pottery. The writer has procured descriptions of an unpainted ware from the Shoshoni throughout Nevada, Idaho, and northern Utah on all sides of Great Salt Lake. These descriptions do not tally with the cave ware. The only hoshoni pottery actually seen is that from a camp site in the moun- tains east of Austin, Nev. This is almost identical with that of the Owens Valley Paiute in eastern California. Shoshoni pottery as known at present therefore differs sharply from the cave ware in its lack of the thickened, punched rim and the coarse quartz 1936, p. 18, 61930, p. 1 Ray, 1932. £6 Steward, 1933 b; 19386, pp. 6-21. 7 Harrington, 1927, p. 271. Au 2 Lowie, 1924, pp. 225-226. “Black earthenware vessels with decorated rim’ dug up , 1924, . 225-226. from time to time on the Uintab Ute Reservation may correspond to the cave ware. 44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 116 temper. Although the Promontory ware may be early Shoshonean, it is entirely possible that it was derived from some northern Plains people. Even that the Navaho introduced it from Wyoming or thereabouts during their southern trek should not be ruled out of consideration. Navaho water drums are definitely as lke Prom- ontory ware as are the various known Shoshonean ceramic types. Otias—Clay and temper.—The paste is, except in a very few sherds, rather coarse and is generally burned quite black. The usual temper is exceedingly coarse particles of quartz, which frequently show through the surface and stand out brightly against the black clay. Occasional sherds have mica temper in place of or in addition to quartz. The sherds from the beach of Provo Lake (11410) conform to this type, but several specimens have a dark, igneous temper. A similar ware from Mound 5, Provo (11440), has in some sherds a coarse quartz tem- per, in others a finely ground sand temper. Finish. — Vessels were first smoothed with a_ stick, the coarse scratches of which run horizon- tally on both the Figure 16.—Cross sections of pot rims. outside and inside surfaces. Some ves- sels were left with no further smoothing; others received a slight polish by rubbing, probably with a small smooth pebble, which left parallel marks about 14’’ to 14’ wide. A small, polished pebble (10478) from Cave No. 1 is flattish on one side and could have served this purpose. Vessel walls range in thickness from 1%’’ to 3%’’ and average 34,’’. The baking seems generally to have been accomplished in a smothered fire, for practically all sherds have a black surface as well as paste, and some have a satiny gloss. Use for cooking has generally added a substantial crust cf soot. A few sherds, less fired, have a brownish cast, though very few could be described as light brown. Vessel forms.—No complete vessels were found from which the entire shape could be ascertained, but rim sherds (pl. 7, f, A-j; figs. 16, 17, 18) indicate that the ollas were shaped very much like the water drums of the modern Navaho. The diameter of the mouth of the olla is nearly as great as that of the body, which is constricted to STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION ww wu x 7 Zs ce Ficurn 17.—Pot rims. form a slight neck under the rim. r4 bt ono ns a Fe EY} 5 pM - Po ong ay ba Fay Bay 4 Py dy Heel stitch no pe ee w OTD at WD H HHH DH WH OVW OH _ i PD DD HD OO OO OHH HE ot Type of tie 0 ~-» 00 dwon~m-hmWomm-~> ee} 2) [Jt] WWW TW REE _ an VO ww Nw —a—7 Op oro Hee _ nm jes On wr wNwH Ow Orw _ ~~ Deo wwSoo Repair . fe Type of tie meow two ND et HON ND OO OO oo eon ND FE bt tH eee wo Dp mn-o% ow New Nwe eee Repair it thiniono rr ol) Bles| by qoam™ rbd Him iio nm qoaoonaaot Mamasoo in bo isa} es) w cr re ™m FS fo shloniddaddg~~higg~~~oggn<~~og~gnhowwogz20gh wy 67 Lining 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 Specimens of moccasins from Cave No. 1—Continued See SS eS ees Sec ] Mate- Gusset ®- | ondar Heel |Type of a nee ean rial (Length | “type | teen, | toe Y| Upper Saran tle Repair Lining parts A stitch and B Inches 10253 B 9 | B/-cS 2 6) x 1 TO. BHI 10256 B ? B’-b 1? Oo x ? 1] W Oo 10257 B 934) B-DS 2 O xs ie te eEt BEG BHI, 0 10258 B ? ? ? ? ? 3 R12? BHI, C 10259 B 10 2 2 (6) x 1 17| HR C 10260 Z 8\44| B’-? 1 O F 1 LAO C 10251 B 834| B’-bS uf O F 1 1| W ZHI, G, © 10262 B ? B-D 2 O F iL 21 W BHI, C 10263 B 9144; B-D? 1 O a4 1 til BHI 10264 B 8 B’-b 1 O F 1 1/0 BHI 10265 Z 534 B? 28 O F 2 2] W VAs iio) 10266 Z t ? 1 O re ? welll O 10269 B 9 B’-b it O xs 1 1| W BHI, C 10270 B 834; B-D? 2 O x iL teal) LY BHI,:0 10273 B ? ? 2 O F ? 2) W BHI, C 10274 B ? 2 ? z ? ? (dal se ? 10275 B? 5 B’-a 1 O x Y 3? | O BHI 10346 B 9 B-D 2 O xs 1 jeri ast BHI SPECIMENS FROM CAVE NO. 2 10070 n Ye He ? ? F Ya ?|R O 10202 He 7 B 1 Oo Oo it ?| W, RS Oo The features of three other specimens, 10069, 10124, and 10845, cannot be ascertained. SPECIAL STYLES OF MOCCASINS.—9753 (fig. 23, h), although listed above, is distinguished from the standard style of moccasin by the manner in which the toe is formed. Except for the uppers, it is made of one piece of buffalo hide with the hair turned in. Instead of the usual puckered toe with semicircular insert, a flap, which is continuous with the sole, is folded back over the toe and fastened to parts brought up from the sides of the same piece. It is sewed with 2-ply fiber cord, type 1 stitch, 3 stitches per inch. A second piece of buffalo hide, with the hair inside, forms the uppers, or what cor- responds to part C in the standard style. On the left side this is brought across the tongue to which it is sewed for about an inch. The moccasin is lined with juniper bark. The heel is made by simply folding the hide and sewing the two edges, both of which project out behind, with a crude stitch 4. An entirely different style (fig. 23, 7) has some features of a sandal. This specimen (11582-64) is made of a single piece of buffalo (?) hide from which the hair has been removed. The original shape, when cut, was probably oval. A thin strip was then cut off the edge, probably all the way around the circumference, but left attached at the heel (?) end. Next, four slits were cut in the edge on each side and one at the toe end. The thong was then passed through these shits and drawn tight, thus pulling the edges cf the hide up around STEWARD ] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 69 the foot and stretching the slits into loops. The specimen is now 834’’ long. 10191 (fig. 23, g) has a similar construction, but there are 2 tie thongs which are not attached to the body of the moccasin. This has 5 slits or loops on the right side, 4 on the left side, and 2 at what is probably the toe end. The two loops at the heel end are on opposite sides of a slit, from which a V-shaped piece was probably removed, the edges being drawn together. The two thongs, which are 14’’ to 3’” wide, are laced back and forth in complicated fashion and it is difficult to see how the foot was inserted through them. This is 81/4’ long, of buffalo hide with the hair turned inside. 3 other specimens are made of buffalo hide of this style but have such heavy, tangled hair projecting from the inside, and are so stiff, that it is impossible to examine them without seriously damaging them. 10086 is 834’’ long; 10088 1s 10’’ long; 10246 is of undeter- mined length. COMPARISON WITH MOCCASINS ELSEWHERE.—The standard Promon- tory moccasin is quite unlike specimens in Shoshonean collections from the Great Basin, most of which are stiff-soled.*t Moccasins ob- served by the writer among Shoshoni of Idaho, northern Utah, and Nevada are either two-piece, having a stiif sole, like those of the Plains, or are of one piece, having the seam along the outside of the foot. The latter, which is a soft moccasin, is also found in the Plateau region. In addition, Plateau peoples sometimes made a soft moccasin which, like the Promontory specimens, had an instep gusset but which also had a seam runnng down the toe.** The soft mocca- sins from California and those found in Lovelock Cave ** are very unlike the Promontory style and the peculiar Fremont moccasin is -unique.** The only account procured from any Shoshoni of a Promontory type moccasin was from a member of the Promontory band of Sho- shoni. Although there is no special reason to suppose that this in- formant was deliberately deceitful, some doubt is cast on his assertion that his people made such moccasins because his statement was made only after the type had been described to him. Excepting this un- certain bit of evidence, the only reports of really close parallels to the Promontory style are from tribes far to the north—the Tlingit, Tahltan, and Tsimshian, where specimens almost identical with those from Promontory have been collected.** The latter differ only from those Promontory moccasins which have the tongue separate from 31 Lowie, 1924, p. 218; Hatt, pp. 180-181. 2 Hatt, 1916, pp. 163-168, 176-179. 8 Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 47-48. *%4 Morss, 1931, pp. 63-67. 35 Hatt, 1916, pp. 171-178. 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 the instep gusset. Other similar moccasins occur to the east among the Naskapi, Montagnais, and several tribes in the region of the Great Lakes and New England. The resemblance of the Promontory specimens to these is particularly marked in those which lack the uppers. Although these facts do not enable us to trace the origin of this style of moccasin in northern Utah, they do suggest that the Promon- tory people may have antedated the present Shoshenean tribes by a considerable time and again call to mind the Navaho, who in historic times have revealed no trace of northern culture. The occurrence of mittens in this site points in the same direction. In short, the bison hunters of the Salt Lake region clearly acquired their moccasins and mitten styles from the north. The single-piece variety of moccasin, described under “Special styles”, characterizes no region, although somewhat similar specimens have been collected in widely separated parts of the world. Hatt regards such specimens as possibly derived from sandals woven of vegetable material, such as those found in the prehistoric Southwest, and as ancestral to the moccasins with turned-up soles found in the Southwest and Great Basin.** Although the latter type is not rep- resented in the Promontory collection, the special style does have a shght resemblance to sandals. Curring IMPLEMENTS Scrapers.—Scrapers in the Promontory culture are of three rather distinctive types: 1, the end, keeled or “thumbnail” scraper of flint (fig. 28); 2, a fiat, thin, retouched slab which is usually of slate (fig. 30, a-c, 7); 3, irregular flakes of flint and obsidian, used with and without retouching the edge. 1. End scrapers.—These are most characteristic of the cave culture, ut have a wide New World distribution and ancient Old World oc- currence. They are made of a thick piece of fiint or obsidian which is retouched from one surface only. One end is rounded where it is usually thickest; the other is somewhat tapered and was probably hafted like 11583 (fig. 29). Specimens from Cave No. 1.—10315 (fig. 28, a), gray flint, 114’’ long. 9742 (fig. 28, c), excellent example of end scraper of well-chipped white flint; length, 1%4’’; maximum thickness, 3’’. 9740 (fig. 28, g), light gray, translucent flint 3. length, 18’’; maximum thickness, 14’’; unusual width, 136’’. 9848 (fig. 28, h), black obsidian streaked with brown; length, 1146’? ; maximum thickness, 1%4’’. 11569 (fig. 28, j), white flint; length, 13g’; maximum thickness, %6’’; also a fragment of what is probably an end scraper of obsidian. The most interesting specimen of this type is 11583 from Cave No. 1 (fig. 29). A broken and entirely unworked fragment, 43¢’’ long, of the rib of a large mam- Deo (6 STEWARD ] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION ra | mal serves as handle. A piece of white flint is lashed to the end of this by several turns of a rawhide thong 34’’ wide. The flint is broken but the peneral proportions of the remaining fragment are those of an end scraper rather than of a knife. Specimens from Cave No. 2.—These are considered below under “Stratifica- tion of Cave No. 2.” FIGURE 28.—Stone scrapers of the Promontory culture. Specimens from Cave No. 7.—10834 (fig. 28, f), excellent example of an end Scraper; butt end broken; length, 2’’; maximum thickness, 14’’; gray flint. This was associated with arrow points and pottery (10833) of the Promontory cave type. Specimens from Cave No. 11.—11521 (fig. 28, d), obsidian; length, %’’; maxi- mum thickness, %4’’. 11521 (another, fig. 28, k), obsidian; butt end broken; length, 114’’; maximum width, %.¢’’. Also fragments of 2 other obsidian end Scrapers. These were associated with a potsherd (11519) that resembles the Promontory cave pottery except for its lack of the characteristic coarse white temper. d2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 116 2. Slate scrapers or knives.—These are made of thin slabs, 14’” to 34’” thick, which were broken from native rock or boulders so as to be the desired thickness, for they are never made thinner by chip- ping. Most are slate; occasionally other material is used, but prob- ably slate was preferred because of the ease of making it the de- sired thickness. Some are pointed at one end (fig. 80, ac): some are ovoid (fig. 30, &); some are very irregular in outline. The edges are retouched in part or in whole, from both surfaces, so as to be somewhat sharp but very rough and irregu- lar. It is impossible to say whether this retouching was accomplished by pressure or battering. Specimens from Cave No. 1.—10606 (fig. 30, 6), slate; length, 314’’; thickness, 546’; edges re- touched except ends which are broken square. 11569 (fig. 30, c), slate; length, 214’’; thickness, 14’’ to 346’; edges retouched except base which is broken square. 11572 (fig. 80, g), nephrite (a greenish, hard, semiprecious stone somewhat re- sembling turquoise); length, 2%’’; thickness, %4e’’; one edge retouched; others broken square. 11553-6, slate; length, 57%’’; little retouched, for edges are naturally sharp; very irregular shape; traces of red paint on one side. 11553-7, thin, brown slate slab; roughly triangular; length, 344'’; one long edge retouched. 11573-8, roughly circular slate slab; diameter, 3’’; thickness, 14°’ to %4''; edges on opposite sides retouched for about 2%’’, 10530, roughly rectangular schist slab; length, 314’’; width, 214’’; thickness, 34’’; 3 edges retouched and show wear; 1 edge broken square. 10528 is roughly semicircular, of brown Ficure 29.—BProken hafted flint, probably made from a thin vein of flint; flint scraper. curved edge is retouched from both surfaces; other edge broken. Specimen from Cave No. 4.—10874 (fig. 50, a) is of crude chert, probably from a thin natural vein; length, 314’’; thickness, %4’’; edge entirely retouched except at break on butt. Specimen from Cave No. 5.—11523, more or less circular slab of calcite from vein %6’’ thick; diameter, 4’’; edge practically all way around retouched and shows wear. 3. Retouched flakes of obsidian and flint—These are irregular flakes, used as they are when struck off the core, without shaping, but with ene or more edges sharpened by slight retouching. Specimens from Cave No. 1.—11152 (fig. 28, b), of obsidian; length, 134’’; one side broken. 11569 (fig. 28, 1), 2 more or less oval flakes of thin flint, each 2’’ long ; edges retouched from one surface only all way around; one specimen has one edge broken. 10529, crude flakes of quartzite, 34’’ to 1%4’’ thick; length, 34%4'’; one edge slightly retouched. 10327, slightly retouched flake of brown flint. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 73 Specimens from Cave No. 3.—11547 (fig. 31, g), leaf-shaped flake of gray quartzite; length, 2%46’’; maximum thickness, 14’’: entire edge retouched from one surface only. 11548, 2 somewhat selguelied dates of obsidian. Specimen from Cave No. 11—11521, obsidian; length, 2’’; width, 13¢’’; edges retouched from both surfaces and worn. A number of flakes of flint, obsidian, and quartzite are not re- touched but show wear on their naturally sharp edges. Specimens from Cave No. 1 are: 10285, small flake of white flint, 114”” long. 11553-5, thin flake from outside of water-worn pebble of slate: length, 284’’. 9511, thin flake of bluish flint; length, 254°’ 9736, fragment from water-worn boulder of greenish schist: thickness, +”; length, 314’’. 10562, small white flint flakes. 11569, thin flake of gray flint. 134”’ long; also ob- sidian flake, 1%’ thick, 134’ long. Drits. — Three specimens of fiint drills have squarish butts and tapered but not very sharp points. These were probably hafted in the ends of shafts. Specimens from Cave No. 1.—11568 (fig. 30, d@) is of dark-brown flint, 14%’’ long, %4’’ thick; 34’’ of the butt is rectangular; the point is quite blunt. This may have been secondarily used as a knife. 10390 (fig. 80, e) is of white flint, 156’’ long, %4¢’’ thick. Its butt is rectangular, but flares into definite shoulders %’’ wide from which the relatively sharp point tapers. 11546 (fig. 30, f), from Cave No. 3, is of white flint, 114’’ long. The butt is rectangular, 1’’ long; the point is slender and tapering, 14’’ long. Kwives.—Six specimens of wooden knife handles were recovered from Cave No. 1 (fig. 32). Although none of these contained flint flakes, several of the blades shown in figure 31 fit nicely (pl. 6, 7). Mr. Charles Kelly found a complete knife in Cave No. 1, with a blade and handle corresponding with those described herein, indicating that the blades in figure 31 were probably hafted in handles like these. FIGURE 50.—siate biades and chipped flint points. Te BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 Five wooden handles (fig. 32, ae) are long and slender, ranging from 414’" to 434’” in length, with a notch at the upper end in which the blade was set so as to project straight forward, and held with some sort of glue. Only one shows evidence of wrapping with sinew or other material. The wood, probably cottonwood, is carefully cut and fairly well smoothed. ‘Two specimens (fig. 82, c, d) have notches on opposite sides of rd the lower ends of the X _ butts as if for tying \ on a cord. ‘Two others (fig. 32, b, e) were used as hearths of fire outfits as weli as knife handles. The sixth specimen i (fig. 82, f) is slightly é : longer than the aaa: others, 514’, and nt differs from them in oa that the stone blade was set at an angle in the side of the end. The stone blades (fig. 31) are gener- \ ally triangular, al- 7 Z though the bases are diagonal and do not make the triangles isosceles. They are of fairly well chipped flint and range in length from 17%”’ to OF 47 a/3 ° | Specimens of han- dles.—11533-2 (fig. 382, q wv v Z a), highly polished cot- tonwood; length, 414’’; average width, %’’; average thickness, (46’’; notch thickness at top, %6’’ ; at base, %’’ ; notch depth, 4.6’’ ; notch contains some glue and traces of hair; outside of handle around notch also coated with glue. 9697 (fig. 32, b), length, 4%4’’; average width, 546’’; average thickness, 146’’; notch width at top, 14’’; at bottom, 6’’ ; bottom of notch runs diagonally ; notch depth on left side, %’’; on right side, %.6’’ ; bottom of notch filled for %.6’’ with glue; handle has two pits for fire drill, one 1’’, the other 1%’’ from the butt; these are fire-blackened and are %@’’ and %’’ in diameter; below each pit a slight V-notch is cut in the edge of the handle so that it cuts partly into the pit. 115383-3 (fig. 32, ¢), length, 414’’; width at notched end, 114’’; width Figure 81.—Chipped flint knives. 1 I~ CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION STEWARD ] Wooden knife handles. DA ~. 3 FIGURE 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 at butt end, 34’’; average thickness, %.6’’; width of middle of notch at top, 546’: of ends of notch at top, 46’’; width of bottom of notch, %.6’’; bottom of notch slopes, being 14’’ deep at left side, 144’? deep at right, but is filled with glue so as to be level across bottom, 14’’ deep; exterior of blade end shows scratches in wood from shaping of handle, also slight evidence of glue and wrapping; butt has notches on opposite edges, 44’’ from end, probably for fastening a string or thong. 11585-1 (fig. 32, d), probably cottonwood; length, 4%’: width at notched or blade end, 134¢’’, at handle end, 15%4.6’’ ; average thick- ness, %6’’; notch is enclosed by width of handle on one side but only by a tongue of wood %.6’’ wide on other side; notch depth, 114’; notch width at top, 4’’; at bottom, %4.6’’; bottom of notch filled 14’’ deep with glue; back of landle also bears traces of glue and of wrapping as far down handle as notch extends; butt of handle has shallow notches on opposite edges 3¢’’ from end for fastening string or cord. 10365 (fig. 32, e), length, 41%4.6’’; width at blade end, %.6’’; in middle and at butt end, 1%.’’; average thickness, 14¢’’; noteh depth, %’’; notch width cut in handle, 3¢’’; one side of notch filled with glue holding small peg, 14’’ in diameter, as wedge, leaving actual width in which blade lay 5$9’’; glue also on outside of handle around notch; handle has one pit for fire drill, 1144’’ from butt; this is %.’’ diameter; a V-notch in the edge of handle below pit cuts slightly into it. 11602-1 (fig. 32, f), un- usually well smoothed and polished; length, 5%¢6’’; average width, %’’; aver- age thickness, 54’’; notch or groove for blade is cut in edge of handle at one end; notch length, 234’’; notch width at ends, %’’; in middle, %6’’; notch depth lower end, 1%4’’, sloping to surface at other end; notch largely filled with glue as indicated by broken lines in drawing. Specimens of stone knife blades from Cave No. 1.—9715 (fig. 31, 6), dark gray flint; well chipped; length, 2%.6'’; point is broken; base width, 156’; thickness, 14’’ to %46’’. 10584 (fig. 31, a), brown quartzite; present length, 21%’’; point and butt broken off; thickness, 4’’. 9710 (fig. 31, ¢), pinkish flint; well chipped; edges finely retouched, showing wear; present length, 27%%'’; butt broken but probably was diagonal, for setting in handle with either a notch having a diagonal base or with a noteh on the side of the handle like figure 32, f; width, 1546’’; thickness, 4’’. 9735 (fig. 31, d), light flint; length, 21'’; tip and side near tip broken; width, 1%6’’; thickness, 14’’. 9714 (fig. 31, f), burned flint; length, 214’’; width, 114’’; thickness, 14’’; base diagonal. 11568-1 (fig. 31, h), obsidian; length, 2’; maximum width, %’’; thickness, 34.6’ to %4’’; base rounded. 11568-8 (fig. 31, i), gray quartzite like the materiai used on the Black Rock Cave dart points; length, 17%’’: maximum width, 1346’; thickness, 4’’; base somewhat diagonal. 11564 (fig. 31, 7), obsidian; length, 19¢’’; width, %’’; thickness, %.6’’ to 14’; one end rounded; other end broken square across. 11569, pinkish flint; length, 34°"; width, 13¢’’; one end broken; other end rounded. 10773, from Cave No. 4 (fig. 31, e), bluish flint; present length, 2%4’’; butt now broken but had been diagonal like 9710; thickness, %6°’; workmanship good. Several other pieces of chipped flint from Cave No. 1 are so ex- tremely crude and irregular that it is unlikely that they were hafted as knives. 11569 includes a piece of bluish gray chert, 334” long, 1%4’’ wide, irregularly chipped somewhat after the fashion of a coup-de-poign, 9564 is a similar piece, 234’” long, of dull bluish flint. 10326 is a fragment of a similar piece. These may have been crude scrapers or choppers, or simply rejects. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION Ti Oruer Opsects or STonE Ercurp stongs.—Caves Nos. 1 and 3 yielded a number of small, crude, unshaped slabs of slate on which are etched or scratched geo- metric designs. ‘These designs, which are so faint as almost to escape detection, are formed almost entirely of straight lines, bands, tri- angles, and chevrons filled with finer parallel lines or crosshatch- ing. The nature of the designs gives no clue to their meaning or purpose, nor does their occurrence, for all were found scattered in the rubbish on the cave floors. Figure 33.—Etched slabs of slate. Similar slabs are reported by Mr. Charles Kelly, of Salt Lake City, to occur in considerable number on the surface of the ground near Little Mountain, west of Ogden, Utah. Others are said to be asso- ciated with the Promontory type of pottery in a cave at Lakeside on the western side of Great Salt Lake. Mr. Alfred E. Bruerton, of Ogden, Utah, has kindly supplied illustrations and information of eight limestone slabs from caves near Blue Creek, a station on the old Southern Pacific line at the northern end of Promontory point. Specimens from Cave No. 1.—11553-2 (figure 33, a), length, 4%6’’; thin slab broken from a water-worn pebble; design is a band 3¢’’ to %6’’ wide, forming an inverted chevron across the slab. This is filled with vertical par- allel hatching; two lines %’’ apart descend from this to the lower edge of the slab; lines very faint. 11553-1 (fig. 33, f), thin slab, 396’’ long; upper line is inverted trapezoid, divided by a horizontal line into two parts; enclosing 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 116 lines of upper part are fringed inside with fine vertical lines; lower part filled in with several irregular horizontal scratches; below the trapezoid are irregularly placed vertical lines; horizontal scratches fill in part of the space between two of these near the center. 11553-4 (fig. 33, g), thin slab from pebble with irregular surface; 31'’ long; lower part of surface decorated with diagonal lines which nearly converge at bottom edge; short, fine scratches run upward from these, fringe-like; a short horizontal line near the bottom edge, connecting the diagonal lines, is similarly fringed; slab also has spots of red paint. 11553-3 (fig. 33, c), slab, 396’’ long, with edge retouched as knife or scraper; one surface bears irregular vertical scratches which do not form a design. Specimens from Cave No. 8—11573-1 (fig. 33, d), slab, 35¢’’ long, %’’ thick; point at upper end decorated with band 1%4’’ wide, filled in with diagonal and vertical cross- hatching; lower half has fringed line enclos- ing semioval area, with its base on lower edge; a diagonal fringed line runs to each edge from the sides of this; upper end of the area has eleven irregu- lar horizontal lines, the spaces between some of which are filled with diagonal par- allel hatching; several more vertical and horizontal lines occur below this; near each edge of the slab, outside the semioval area, are small circles. 11573-2 (fig. 83, e, shows the obverse and reverse sides), slab, 25¢’’ long, 144’’ thick; obverse decorated with three horizontal rows of triangles, each filled with parallel lines; top row has four triangles with their apexes down; next row, blank; third row, six triangles with apexes of all but one up; fourth row has 5 triangles with apexes up; below this are irregularly placed vertical and diagonal lines; reverse has two large triangles with their bases somewhat intersecting and resting on the lower edge, their apexes on the upper edge of the slab; these are filled with finer vertical scratches; the right-hand triangle is also bisected with a heavier line. 11573-4 (fig. 38, 6), slab, 43¢’’ long, 14’’ to 14,’’ thick; long edges retouched for knife or scraper; one side bears several straight lines forming a design which somewhat resembles a tent. FrGcurE 84.—Incised and etched limestone slabs. Specimens from the limestone caves near Blue Creek Station (fig. 34), all found in the backs of the caves. These are fire-stained and bear finely scratched lines, except figure 34, c, which Mr. Bruerton STEWARD | CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 79 states was made with a point which was “wiggled in the manner an engraver sometimes uses his tools.” Figure 34, a, length, 4’’, thick- ness, 34’’; decorated on one side and end. Figure 34, b, length, 314”, thickness, 14’’; decorated on both sides. Figure 34, ¢, length, 4’; decorated on one side. Figure 34, d, length, 314’; decorated on one side. Figure 34, e, length, 3’’, thickness, 34’’; decorated on both sides. Figure 34, 7, length, 314’; cross section approximately 14’’ square; decorated on three sides. Figure 34, h, length, 234’"; decorated on both sides, A pencil-shaped object of polished black slate (10873, fig. 35) from Cave No. 4 is 25¢’” long and %.’’ in diameter in the middle, and tapers to a blunt point at one end and to a butt 745’’-in diameter at the other end. The butt end is drilled for 5¢’’ with a hole 540’ in diameter, suggesting that the object may have been placed on the end of astick. Short transverse scratches are irregularly placed around the butt for 34’’. Two heavier longitudinal lines beyond these branch into finer lines and look like small trees stripped of their leaves. Be- tween and on each side of these “trees” are rows of short transverse scratches. No meaning can be ascribed to the decoration nor use to the object. A decorated pebble, 11585-1, from Cave No. 1 is formed of one-half of a small spherical water-worn quartzite pebble. The flat or broken surface is 114’’ by 7%’’ — Fisure ee rie ls in diameter; the semispherical surface is %”’ tall. It is decorated around the edge, above the broken face, with 17 more or less evenly spaced vertical marks which are about the color and size of pencil marks. Hammer stones.—No shaped or hafted mauls, hammers, or axes were found. Hammering and pounding was accomplished with nat- ural rocks of convenient size. — — — — ee — — — ~ — ~~ ——4 — ! | uh Specimens from Cave No. 1.—9737, small elongated water-worn limestone pebble; one end battered; other end broken. 9739, water-worn limestone pebble, 614’’ long, 314’’ wide, 2’’ thick ; each end battered. Specimens from Cave No. 2.—10070, like 9739; 314’’ long, 21%’’ wide, 114”’ thick; each end battered. 10071 like 10070. Specimens from Cave No. 3.—11545-1, like 9739; 334'’ long; each end battered. 11545-2, like 9739; 354’’ long; each end battered. Mouttrrs.—The only implements for seed grinding are several mullers. No mortars or pestles, nor, indeed, even metates were discovered, SO BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 Specimens from Cave No. 1.—The finest muller or mano is of serpentine (9738, fig. 36, a). It is 1014’’ long, 2%o’’ maximum width, 114,’’ thick. Although it is well smoothed all over, most of the grinding seems to have been done on the lower surface (indicated by heavy line in cross-section diagram) which is divided into two parts: one, the main rubbing surface which is 214’’ wide; the other, a narrower surface, 54’’ wide, which forms an angle of about 150° with the first. One end of the muller is rounded and shows no evidence of use aS a hammer or pestle; the other end is broken. 10577 (fig. 36, c) is quite unlike the last, being short and wide, and of rough, coarse-grained quartzite. It is 6Y,;"' long, 414’’ wide, and 2’" maximum thick- ness. Fractures along the sides point to ham- mering as the initial step in shaping it; pecking (not battering in use as a hammer) was employed for fur- ther shaping; but it was used before it had been worked to final form, for opposite faces, which are not quite parallel, were used for grinding. 9512 (fig. 36, e) is the end of a muller made of c gneiss, 3’’ long, 214’’ wide, 114’’ thick. This was partly shaped by pecking, much evidence of which remains. It has opposite parallel grinding surfaces and bears smudges of red paint, especially on the bottom. d e Specimen from Cave Ficure 36.—Stone mullers. No. 5.—11525 (fig. 36, b) is a good example of a complete muller of gneiss. It is 67%’’ long and more or less egg-shaped in cross section, having three distinct grinding surfaces. Both ends are pitted from pecking. Pirr.—aA single tubular pipe (11559, fig. 5, ¢) was found in Cave No. 1. It is of dark steatite and bears a high polish but no decora- tion. Slight longitudinal striations remain from scraping during its manufacture. It is 4’” long, 54’ in diameter at the bowl opening, 34/7 maximum bowl diameter which is about 114’’ back from the bowl opening, and tapers back to 14’” diameter at the mouth end. The inside of the pipe has been worked down with some instrument, which has left scratches running lengthwise, so that the walls of the STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 81 bowl are only 345’’ thick. The walls are beveled at the open end of the bowl to a sharp edge. The hole at the mouth end is approxi- mately %45’’ in diameter. There is no evidence of the use of a sep- arate mouthpiece or stem, The interior bears a slight incrustation, probably of tobacco. MIscELLANEOUS STONE OBJECTS.—Cave No. 1 yielded several frag- ments of paint or rock to be used as paint. 10517 is a small lump of red paint. 9511 and 10438 are lumps of a reddish mineral which were no doubt brought in to be made into paint. Fragments of rock foreign to the formation of Cave No. 1 were a plain water-worn limestone pebble about 34’’ in diameter (11585-2) and a circular water-worn pebble (10302) 154,’” in diameter, 1,/" thick. These originated in nearby beach gravels. A lump of asphalt (10502), found near the surface in Cave No. 2, came, in all probability, from the deposits on the northern shore of Great Salt Lake just west of Promontory Point, about 30 miles from the caves. Frora ano Fauna Representep Specimens of animal remains from the upper levels or pottery culture period of the Promontory caves included bones, horn, hide, fur, and feathers. Some of these could not be identified with cer- tainty. As these bones were not selected at random, the proportion of different species is not necessarily that represented in the cave. Miss Edna Fisher, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, has assigned these to the following species: Bison bison bison (Linnaeus), plains buffalo or bison, probably 30 specimens. Antilocapra americana americana (Ord.), pronghorn antelope, probably 83 specimens. Lepus sp., rabbit, probably 5 specimens. Canis nubilus Say. (Canis mexicanus nubilus), plains wolf, probably 3 speci- mens. Erthizon epixanthum subsp., porcupine, 1 specimen. Lyng sp., bobeat, 1 specimen. Felis domesticus, common house cat, 1 specimen; probably wandered in from Sheehan’s ranch. Bubo virginianus (Gmelin), great horned owl, probably 4 specimens. Aichmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence), western grebe, probably 1 specimen. Cathartes aura, turkey buzzard or vulture, probably 10 specimens. In addition to these, there are probably species of geese, gulls, and pelicans. ‘Two specimens are small dried lizards. Tentative identification of another batch of bones from the upper levels of the Promontory caves was made by Mr. O. Whitney Young, of the Department of Zoology, University of Utah. These give probable species as follows: Elk, 6 specimens. Antelope, 85 specimens. 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 Deer, 25 specimens. Buffalo, 15 specimens. Rabbit, 8 specimens. Goat, 2 specimens. In recent times sheep and goat herds have wandered over this region. Dog or coyote, 1 specimen. Dog (very immature), probably 1 specimen. Wild cat, 1 specimen. Bovine, 2 specimens. Identifications of plant materials used in artifacts made by Dr. Walter P. Cottam, of the Department of Botany, University of Utah, are as follows: Celtis reticulata(?), hackberry. Phragmites communis, reed. Suarcobatus vermiculatus, greasewood. Chrysothamnus sp.(?), rabbit brush. Sambucus glauca, elderberry. Scirpus americanus, tule. Scirpus validus, tule. Sambucus sp., elberberry. Saliz sp., willow. Saliz exigua, willow. Juniperus utahensis, juniper; locally called cedar. Populus sp., cottonwood. Betula fontinalis, birch, Acer grandidentatum, maple. CuLrurAL Position oF Cave No. 1 A determination of the chronological and cultural position of the culture in Cave No. 1, which we have called the Promontory culture, may be undertaken through stratigraphy or by a comparison of the artifacts with specimens from other known cultures. Stratigraphy as an age criterion is of less value than might be expected, because although Basket Maker style pictographs occur in Cave No. 1, no artifacts of Basket Maker or other recognized culture complexes are represented in any of the sites bearing the Promontory culture. The most that can be said is that in every one of 12 caves the Promontory culture occurred in the uppermost stratum but that nowhere were post-Caucasian artifacts associated with it. The cul- tures stratigraphically under it in the caves seem, on the basis of the implements of stone and bone, to be somewhat simpler but cannot be positively related to any known cultures. This point, however, will be discussed more fully below. A comparison of artifacts with specimens from other cultures throws more light on the problem of chronology. The earliest South- western culture known in the Great Salt Lake region is one of a puebloan, pit-lodge people and is entirely unlike the Promontory STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 83 culture. The former has horticulture (corn and squash), clay fig- urines, metates, gaming bones, and pottery of distinctive though definitely puebloan styles, and several other features *7 which ae latter lacks. For this reason the Promontory culture must be either earlier or later than this. That it is earlier is at once ruled out, for it is clearly not pure Basket Maker. The Promontory pottery is totally unlike any known Basket Maker ware and does not include any of the Basket Maker features found in the pottery of the Northern Periphery.*® Moreover, as has been shown elsewhere, there is no other evidence of a pure Basket Maker culture in the Great Salt Lake region, or indeed, in the greater part of the Northern Periphery. The use of the bow and arrow, which is abundantly proved in Cave No. 1 and elsewhere, requires the same conclusion. The bow was not introduced into the Southwest until toward the close of the Basket Maker period. It is very unlikely that there was around Great Salt Lake a culture which was earlier than Basket Maker and which pos- sessed pottery and the bow, or which was contemporary with but totally unlike the Basket Maker. Moreover, even the sinew-backed bow, which is later in America than the self-bow, is represented in Cave No. 1. These facts, together with the culture’s uppermost position in all known sites, show it to be post-Pueblo, that is, to have existed some time after about 1000 A, D. or a trifle earlier, when the puebloan cul- tures vanished from northern Utah, and before the white man came into the Great Basin about 100 years ago. It is possible, though un- likely, that the Promontory people occupied the caves during this entire time. The relationship of the Promontory culture to recent Indian cul- tures is impossible to establish. The Promontory culture existed in a region recently occupied by the Shoshoni, but its correspondence to Shoshoni culture is far from complete. In contrast to the Shoshoni, who were essentially seed gatherers using a highly developed complex of twined basketry, the Promontory people seem to have been pri- marily hunters, leaving great numbers of the bones of large animals and numerous scraps of hide but no twined basketry in the caves. In explanation of this fact, however, it must be remembered that bison were very numerous in northern Utah prior to 1832. The relation- ship of the Promontory culture to modern cultures is further confused by the presence of certain southwestern as well as far northern traits. The following comparisons will serve to demonstrate the far-flung connections of the Promontory culture. 37 Steward, 1933 b, 1936; Judd, 1926. 33 Steward, 1933 b; Morss, 1931. 114665—37—_ 84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 116 Traits of probable northern origin are: the style of moccasins and mittens (far north; Lemhi Shoshoni made such mittens) ; the sinew- back bow (also found throughout the Great Basin) ; the type of hand- game bone (Plains; in the western Great Basin and California, these are bone tubes) ; °° the end scraper (especially Plains but widely spread and also found in earlier deposits in the Salt Lake region) ; possibly beaver-teeth dice (Puget Sound). Traits of probable ultimate southern origin are: pottery (south- western; it is possible, however, that this came from the Plains to the Promontory culture); the tubular pipe; cedar-bark rings, which are probably pot rests (Pueblo) ; possibly wooden tubes for the hidden- ball game (Pueblo); bird-bone beads (Basket Maker and Pueblo) ; pottery disks; possibly cane dice. The comparison of the Promontory culture with that of the modern Shoshoni is tabulated below. As only those classes of objects found in the caves may be included, it is necessarily incomplete. Moreover, even within these classes, absences in the Promontory culture may not be assumed merely because the objects were not found. Nevertheless, most of these classes seem reasonably representative of the Promon- tory culture. The Shoshoni culture is a composite picture based upon the asserted presences and absences procured by means of a trait list from Old Diamond and his sister, Posiats, both of whom belonged to the Prom- ontory Shoshoni band, and from Grouse Creek Jack, a Shoshoni from the adjoining region to the northwest. The inclusion of Shoshoni data from farther afield would not materially alter the comparison. In the following table plus signifies the presence of the trait; minus signifies its absence (and carries the implication that it really was not part of the Promontory culture); NF signifies that it was not found but is not necessarily absent; R that the trait was compara- tively rare. rican Shoshoni a Shoshoni ture culture ture culture Arrows: Digging stick, plain hard- Shaft of cane__-___._____- + R wood.__.___.__ H PPL + + pate of Leap alse ele ee i ei Se poe Tings: -- ses 8 se = int, side notched______- fooden tubes..-2 +222 2s + = Point, base notched _ --__-- R R Bird nooses tied to pegs__-___- os ee ae Shaft painted under feath- Dice obcanes.2 2 eee +? = CrSeoe en ee ee + + Diceiof woods... 4 22 2--e = Arrow smoother: Two stones, Hoop-and-dart gam — ve each with one longitudinal Hand-game bones. - ESS ae ae STOOVOS sec teeet eee ee + + Beaver-teeth dice__._.___.___- +? = ow: Boneiawis:=---29.2 tee eae! + + Self, of wood__-..--_----_- SF ar Bone flaking tools. .-..__.---- + = Sinew-backed, of wood--- cia a5 Antler flaking tools__.____-__- = Ar _ Of sheep horn------____-- NF + Tubular bone beads + oy ee eeeens Sonate + + Mats) (5 3 =) es ieue oreshaft in socket. ._____ + — Twined tule_____--_-___- Foreshaft in split in shaft - NF ae Twined juniper bark_____ a zn Foreshaft spliced________- NF + Sewed tule..-2.2- ee s8 2 RB _ ® Culin, 1907, especially p. 271. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 85 | Promon. | Shoshoni | Fromon- | Shoshoni ture culture | ae culture Twined tule bags_.----..____- + _ Moccasin: Saskptry SS Dae me + ae Promontory type..__----- + —? ae i a =F - | ec ie a Soe on a = af 1 Ponce Sees ees = wo-piece, hard sole____-- = + oe woven: caidas 2a ee =f = Uppers added -.---.-.---- oF a UMN oe a ae o- = Moccasin lining: _ “ie aly att dy, pho + + Fur turned inside- ----_-- == ap Reved tar binikes 7) iin Weegee lor ede 33 i ee blankets _ -__| +? - Keeled or “thumbnail” __ + | =p Shoshoni gray ware___._| — je || Heohanee tara? kes... __- ef a Promontory black ware__ + - | Hafted fint drill ae Ae + Incised decoration._--___--- + - || Hafted flint knife + +? a DISKS se fears ae + _ Unhafted flint knife. ________- +? + Be es Wee Os Zc - | Pecans SUONGS22 a= 4 e= oe ate == Skin and fur bags-----------| 0 + + Hl mapaiar stone pipe._..._.___- H i Fringing on clothing, ete____- a a Monitor stone pipe_-_-_-__-_-_- NF + i Certain of the traits here enumerated merit further comment. The side-notched arrow point occurs also in the puebloan pit lodges in northern Utah, is general among the Shoshoni and Paiute of Nevada and Idaho, and has an imperfectly known distribution outside the Great Basin, though it appears to be the more recent form in the Southwest and is the most recent type at Signal Butte, Nebraska.*° The sinew-back bow is very general in North America north of Mexico, especially in the west. The longitudinally grooved stone arrow polisher is also found in Pueblo pit lodges in northern Utah and was used by all modern Shoshoni of Nevada, Idaho, and north- ern Utah. Its occurrence in the lowest level at Signal Butte, Ne- braska, where it was associated with projectile points related to Folsom points, however, demonstrates its great antiquity. The digging sticks are not unlike some crude Basket Maker digging sticks nor are they distinguishable from those used by all modern Shoshoni. Matting of tule and bark is both Shoshonean and Plateau. Matting from Lovelock Cave, especially of the late period, is much like Promontory matting.*? Fur and bird-skin blankets are especially Basket Maker and Pueblo. In Lovelock Cave feather blankets were more common in the upper strata.** Modern Shoshonean blankets were more often made of fur, but occasionally of mud hen and other bird skin, except around Great Salt Lake and in Idaho, where only rabbit fur was used. The dart and netted ring game resembles Southern Paiute, Nevada and northern Utah Shoshoni, and some Plains specimens. Lovelock Cave yielded a knife handle ** which is much like the handles in Cave No. 1, and a blade described as an 40 Strong, 1935, pp. 231-232. “ Strong, 1935, p. 230. “Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 28, 56-60. 48 Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 27, 50-55. 44 Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 100. 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 116 “gnfinished arrow point”,® which has a diagonal base like some ot the Promontory knives. The double-pointed, laurel-leaf blade of Lovelock Cave *® does not occur, however, in any of the Promontory caves. Certain Shoshoni traits which might reasonably have been ex- pected among the abundant remains of Cave No. 1 but were not found are: métates, bird or rabbit nets, twined basketry, grooved hardwood arrows, perforated horn arrow wrenches, and some trace of the many Shoshoni dice games. Non-Shoshonean features‘? of the Promontory culture are: the exclusive use of single rod or rod-and-bundle coiled basketry (some single rod coiling has been introduced in very recent post-Caucasian times among many Shoshoni); the distinctive pottery (the nature of modern Ute pottery is not known); the four-piece moccasin; the fire drill having the foreshaft inserted in the main shaft (Shoshoni and Paviotso foreshafts are spliced or inserted in a split); mittens (except among the Lemhi Shoshoni); etched stone slabs; juniper- bark rings. Summarizing the resemblance of the Promontory culture to cul- tures of other regions, there are 6 elements of probable northern origin, 7 of probable southern or southwestern origin, 29 which it shares with modern Shoshoni of the same region (but many of these traits are very widespread), 22 traits which the Promontory culture possesses but the Shoshoni lack, 10 which the Shoshoni possess but the Promontory culture lacks. It is worth noting that of a total list of more than 2,500 Shoshoni traits, only 61 were comparable to the archeological material. So large a percentage of these 61 traits, however, fail to lnk the two cultures that it is a safe conclusion that the Promontory culture is definitely not Shoshoni as the latter is now understood and that it merits a distinctive name, Apart from numerical considerations, the impression one gains from studying the material is that the culture is basically one of a_ northern hunting people and that it existed in northern Utah suffi- ciently long to acquire southern and local traits. The great differ- ences between the Promontory people and the modern occupants of the region in such important diagnostic traits as pottery, basketry, and moccasins indicate a fair antiquity for this culture. It is even barely possible that such Southwestern traits as juniper-bark rings came through direct contacts with puebloan peoples in Utah. Such © Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 108, pl. 56, j. Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 108, pl. 55, a, b, I. Incidentally, the latest occupants of Lovelock Cave seem not to have been Shoshonean. These comparisons with Shoshonean culture are based upon ten months of field work among Nevada, Idaho, and Utah Shoshoni made by the writer during 1935 and 1936 and upon Lowie’s “Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography”, 1935, and “The Northern Shoshoni’, 1909. STEWARD ] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 87 contacts could not have endured long, however, for the Promontory culture lacks virtually all distinguishing traits of the puebloan pit- lodge culture of northern Utah.‘ This possibility, however, at once suggests that we may have remains left by one of the Athapascan- speaking tribes who, during their southward migrations, acquired puebloan traits from the tribes they are presumed to have driven out of the Northern Periphery. More than this cannot be said at present concerning the origin and rela- tionships of this culture. Except for Basket Maker and Pueblo cultures, Utah is unknown archeologically, Ne- vada, except for Loud and Harring- ton’s work at Love- lock and Harring- ton’s work at Gyp- a 5 a sum Cave, and in Basket Maker and Ny WMA MN ATT ne WOR we Pueblo sites, is vir- Wh fy tually unknown. Ss FA Idaho remains even 22 @o Uj tt Vii Yy vt =a SS SS eZ t a YY “ uayve S43d0q Se — tf, " = Y STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 93 than the comparable material in Cave No. 1 because water has washed and seeped into the cave. This stratum contains pottery through- out and represents the culture found in Cave No. 1. la, a thin layer of barren gravel, marking a temporary break in occupation. 1b, very little fiber; probably hearth site. 2, 6-inch stratum (2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet deep) of clean earth and angular gravel which lacks evidence of human occupation ex- cept under the large rock. This thins out and disappears at the western end of the trench. The gravel fell from the roof and washed in from the exterior, and indicates a considerable break in occupation of the cave by man. 3, 86 inches (3 feet to 6 feet deep) of banded charcoal, ash, and brown and gray soil. 4, large lens, 12 inches thick, of fine, clean, yellowish dust, having a fine band of white dust through it. 4a, 30-inch stratum (6 feet to 8 feet 9 inches deep) which is a continuation of the yellow dust and band of white dust from stratum 4, but which contains much angular gravel. In part of the trench this was encountered at 5 feet 5 inches deep, and is so desig- nated in the table on page 106. It lacks bones and artifacts, except in the layer of charcoal at its very bottom, in the middle of the trench, where several broken bones were found. Several artifacts came from the lowest 6 inches of this stratum in the northern end of the trench. The bed of charcoal directly overlies stratified lake gravels. Most of strata 4 and 4a probably comprise wind-blown dust and possibly a small amount of water-laid silt. The undisturbed thin bands above the charcoal show that the cave was occupied but little by human beings during the accumulation of the bulk of this stratum. 5, rounded, bedded, lake beach gravels of unknown depth. These are slightly cemented on their surface. In places a smal] amount of angular gravel separates strata 4 and 5. Many of the artifacts from the upper or pottery culture have already been described. Those which have stratigraphic significance are described below. The absence of artifacts of chipped stone from the upper 2 feet of deposits is due to the impossibility of screening this material. The loss is not serious, however, for the types are rep- resented in Cave No. 1, the culture of which is identical with that of the upper 2 feet in Cave No. 2. STRATIFICATION OF Cave No. 2 ProgEcTILE PorInts.—Stratum 1, surface to 24” deep. Although no projectile points were found at this depth, Cave No. 1 proves the type to be a side-notched arrow point. 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL, 116 24’ to 30’ deep. The above-mentioned arrow point does not occur. In its place is a comparatively large, broad, more or less irregular point (fig. 41, a7) which has the notches cut from the lower corners so as to leave a wide tang and frequently barbs. These vaguely resemble Basket Maker dart points, although the latter are side- notched, but are most hke the quartzite dart points in Black Rock Cave. Specimens \ are: 9450 (fig. 41, a), present length, / t \ 1’; point broken; a notches cut from b 2 a f corners, leaving broad tang and barbs. 11102-5 (fig. 41, b), obsid- ian; length, 114”: thickness, 14°"; workmanship, fair. 11102-1 (fig. 41, ¢), obsidian; length, 1144,” thickness, 3477, 11102-6 (fig. 41, d), dark flint; length, 114’’; thick- ness, 14’%; work- manship, crude. 11102-3 (fig. 41, ¢), obsidian; length, x x < 134’’; butt broken; | thickness, 54." 111024 (fig. 41, f), obsidian; length pede 34’’; tip broken; a ¥ 2 thickness, 4”. 11102-2 (fig. 41, 7), obsidian; length, 144’"; butt broken; thickness, 34¢’’; more slender than usual; non very choline on aes 11102-11 (fig. 41, 2), obsidian ; iene: as point broken ; butt square; unnotched ; jay have been ae or scraper. 9457 (fig. AA, 2), obsidian; length, 134!” ; broken, but base seems to have had a long barbs without any tang. 30” to 36” Co Three of four points from this level are much like those uae above; the fourth is plain. 11109-3 (fig. 41, j)s obsidian; length, 134,’’; ae broken; workmanship, crude; corner- notched. 11109- 4 (fig. 41, 2), epee length, 114’’; wonmanciet PX FicurE 41.—Stone projectile points from Cave No. 2 STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 95 fair; corner-notched, leaving a very short, tapering stem. 11109-2 (fig. 41, 2), obsidian; length, %’’; tip broken; workmanship, crude; corner-notched, much like 11109-8. 11109-5 (fig. 41, m), obsidian; length, 18’’; workmanship, fair; thickness, 344’’; plain, leaf-shaped. Stratum 2, 36” to 42’” deep. This depth, comprising mostly the barren gravel stratum, yielded only one specimen (11113, fig. 41, 7) of the corner-notched type found above. It is white flint, 134’ long, 346°’ thick, with good workmanship. Stratum 3, 42”” to 48’’ deep, or just below the barren layer. The two points from this depth do not have distinctive characteristics, 11117 (fig. 41, 0), gray chert; length, 134’’; tip broken; thickness, ¥,”’; slight notches at bottom of sides. 11119-1 (fig. 41, p), obsidian; length, 1’’; tip broken; workmanship, crude; stem is swallowtail. 48”” to 53’” deep. One of two points from this depth (11120-3, fig. 41, g) 1s a broad obsidian point, 13¢’’ long, 14’” to 546’ thick, with shallow side notches. The other (11120-1, fig. 41, 7), also of obsidian, is made of a very crooked and narrow flake, and has notches in the side and base which are scarcely perceptible. It is 114”’ long. 58”’’ to 59’’ deep, no points. 59”” to 65’” deep. Two of four points from this depth are unusual. 11184-1 (fig. 41, s) 1s a beautifully made point of streaked, waxy brown flint, 334’’ long, 14’’ thick. Besides its great length, a striking characteristic is the swallowtail butt. 111342 (fig. 41, ¢) is very similar to the last and is well chipped of greenish flint. It is 1%”’ long, 34,’” thick, and has a butt like the last. These resemble the large dart points from the lower levels of Lovelock Cave ** and the Pinto Basin points in California.®* 11133 (fig. 41, w) is an obsidian point which is shallowly side-notched like 11117. It is 134’’ long, the tip being broken, 7%’’ wide and 14” thick, made from a partly retouched flake. 11137 (fig. 41, v) is a plain, leaf-shaped point of brown flint, 134’” long, with serrate edges. 11128 is a fragment of an obsidian blade, each end of which is broken, but which appears to have been rather long. Strata 4 and 4a, 65’’ to 71/’ deep. 11144 (fig. 41, w) is a leaf- shaped point, like 11137, of very clear obsidian. It is 114” long, 34¢’’ thick, and crudely made. 11141 (fig. 41, w) is a short, wide point with shallow side notches, of almost transparent obsidian, 1% thick, 1%4,4’” long, 34” wide, and is well made. Another specimen (11141) is a fragment of an obsidian blade or point which is broken at each end. 71’ to 77” deep. The only specimen from this depth is a very slender, irregular point of poorly chipped obsidian (11148, fig. 41, 2). 52 Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 108. PS & Campbell, E. W. and W. H., 19385; Amsden, C. A., 1935. 96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 116 4? It is 1154,” long, only 14’’ wide, 34,’’ thick, and has scarcely per- ceptible side notches. 77’’ to 81”’ deep, no specimens. The lowest level, 6’’ above the lake gravels, yielded only a single leaf-shaped blade or point (9481, fig. 41, a’). KNIvEes AND sCRAPERS.—Scrapers fall into the three groups de- scribed above: 1, “thumbnail”, keeled or end scrapers; 2, retouched slabs, generally of slate; 3, retouched and unretouched flakes of obsidian and flint. By “knives” are meant blades, usually of flint or obsidian, which are too large and broad to be projectile points and/or which are unnotched. Stratum 1. No specimens were found above a depth of 24’’. 24’’ to 30’ deep. An end scraper from this depth (11102-12, fig. 42, d) is poorly made; it is a flake of obsidian, retouched from one surface only. It is 11%’’ long, but the upper or scraping end is broken off. 9452 (fig. 43, 7) is a more or less triangular slate slab, 134”’ long, broken at each end, 34¢’’ thick, and having its long edges chipped to sharpness. Two other specimens (11102-9, fig. 42, 6, and 1110210, fig. 41, c) are good examples of irregular obsidian flakes, the edges of which have been retouched from one surface for cutting. 11102-9 is 214” long; 11102-10 is 21%’’ long. 11099 is an angular rock, 27%’’ long, 134’ wide, 7%’’ thick, the edges of which have been retouched. 11096 (fig. 48, e) is a large crude flake of dark gray streaked flint, 21%’" long, 5%’’ thick. One edge has been retouched on both sur- faces to serve as a knife or scraper. 9452 is two small, unchipped obsidian flakes, the edges of which show slight wear. The following blades are chipped all over on both surfaces, 11102-7 (fig. 48, a) is a long, slender blade (possibly projectile point), well made from black flint, 14’’ thick, 214,’” long, but hav- ing both ends broken. 11101-1 (fig. 48, 6) is the point of a knife or scraper which is very crudely chipped of quartzite, %4,’’ thick. Its present length is 15¢’”.. 11101-2 (fig. 48, ¢) is a complete blade, probably of the same type as the last, of rose quartzite. It is 214” long, 114’’ wide across its rather square base, and 34,4’’ to 14”’ thick. 11101-8 (fig. 48, 7d) is a knife or projectile point, crudely chipped of white flint, 1,’’ thick, 15¢”” long, its butt end broken. 30” to 36’” deep. 11109-1 (fig. 43, g) is a large fragment of obsidian, 254”’ long, %4,’’ thick, one edge of which has been retouched from both sides to sharpness. 11109 is a crude, unchipped obsidian flake used as a scraper. Stratum 2,30’ to 42’’ deep. 9473 (fig. 42, e) is a small end scraper of obsidian, 1”” long, 544’ maximum thickness, 34’” wide, with a very STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION Figure 42.—Small stone scrapers from Cave No. 2 concave under surface. 9440 (fig. 43, 2) is an obsidian flake, 21’’ long, 1%4”’ thick, the edges of which are unchipped, but have been used for scraping. Stratum 3, 42’’ to 48’ deep, just under the layer of barren gravel. 11114 (fig. 48, 7) is the point of a triangular slate blade made of a GS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 116 j- FIGURE 43.—Stone knives and scrapers from Cave No. 2. natural slab, 346’ thick. It is 184’” long, the butt end being broken, or left unchipped. The other two sides are sharpened by chipping making a rather rough edge. 11119 (fig. 42, gy) is a more or less squarish obsidian flake, 114,”” long, one edge of which has been retouched from one surface only. 9 STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 99 111194 (fig. 42, f) is an unworked flake of obsidian, 214”’ long, the edges of which are so roughened by use as to appear as if they had been chipped. This is interesting in that a concave edge has been used, perhaps as a kind of spokeshave. 11119-5 (fig. 42, 2) is an obsidian blade, or perhaps unnotched pro- jectile point, chipped on both surfaces to form a leaf-shaped point, 18%”’ long, 72”’ thick. It has an unusually sharp point which could well have been used for drilling or piercing, although there is no sug- gestion as to what manner of handle it had. 11115 (fig. 48, 7) is a small blade of pinkish quartzite, chipped over both surfaces. It is 114”” long, %46’’ thick, and has a rounded point and concave base. 48”’ to 53’’ deep. The most interesting scrapers or knives from this depth are three slate slabs with edges chipped to sharpness. 11121-1 (fig. 48, 7) is most complete, being 43%”” long, 3¢’” thick, and 134’ maximum width. It is more or less leaf-shaped but has a slight con- striction which might be regarded as notching 34’’ from the butt end, which is 114’’ wide, and either broken off squarely or the natural end of the slab. Except for this butt end, all the edges are chipped. 11121-2 (fig. 43, %) is the point of a blade like the last, 214” long, 114”” wide, chipped along its edges except for the break across the butt. 11121-8 (fig. 48, m) is also the point of a blade like 11121-1. It is 314’’ long to where it is broken across the butt end. One edge is chipped to a rough sharpness; the other is only partly chipped as it is naturally sharp. 11121-4, -5, -6 are small fragments of slate. 11120-2 (fig. 43, 7) is a roughly retouched flake of obsidian, 15%” long, 14’’ thick. Two other irregular, unchipped flakes of obsidian (111204, -5) have somewhat worn edges. 58’’ to 59” deep. 11126 (fig. 48, n) is a somewhat irregular slate slab, 334’”” long, 34”” to %4,4’’ thick, 2’” maximum width, having a rounded point and a squarish butt. Its edges are chipped to sharp- ness. 11128 (fig. 42, 7) is a very crude obsidian flake, one face of which is left flat and practically unchipped; the other is chipped to make the blade roughly pointed, 134’’ long. 11128 also includes two irregu- lar flakes of brown flint, the edges of which are not retouched but show wear. 59’’ to 65’’ deep. 11182 (fig. 42, &) is a well-shaped end scraper of white flint, 1344’” long. 11133 (fig. 42, 7) is of obsidian and resembles an end scraper but is somewhat longer than most of those heretofore described, being 1134,’ long and only 5%”’ wide. ‘The edges, which are retouched from one surface for the entire length, show wear. 11136 (fig. 43, 0) is a slate slab with edges chipped to form a blade 354” long, 14’ to 4,4" thick; it has a maximum width of 14’. The butt end, broken square across, is 5g’” wide. 114665—37 g 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 118 11139 is two small unchipped obsidian flakes with bulbs of percus- sion, the edges of which show wear. 11138 is a triangular flake of brownish quartzite like that used for the Black Rock dart points, 134,” long and 3”’ across its broken butt. The two sides forming the point are retouched from both surfaces to form a sharp edge. 11130 (fig. 43, p) is a broad, leaf-shaped point of creamy chert, crudely chipped over both surfaces. It is 214”’ long, 114’’ wide, %4”’ to 34” thick. 11135 is a blade of spotted gray flint, chipped over both sur- faces but broken at each end. Strata 4 and 4a, 65’’ to 71’’ deep, from the northern end of the trench where stratum 4a thins out; that is, from within 6” of lake gravels. 11142 (fig. 43, 7) is a natural slab, probably of calcite, from a deposit in a crack, in the form of a quarter square with a 3’’ radius. It is %4,’’ thick. Part of the curved circumference is chipped to form a more or less sharp edge, although the chipping may have been simply to produce the curve. 77’’ to 79’ deep. 11150-1 (fig. 42, m) is the deepest specimen found. It occurred in the 2”” of deposit which overlies a white dust deposit in stratum 4, which is in turn on brown dust which covers bedrock at this point. It is a keeled scraper of creamy white flint, 1%4”’ long, 4%,’ maximum thickness. The edge is sharp and evenly chipped from one surface, but the butt is broken away. MULLERS oR MANOS.—Several specimens of mullers, much lke those described above, came from Cave No. 2. Stratum 1, 24’’ to 30’ deep. 11087 (fig. 36, d) is a fragment of muller of fine hard sandstone, 234’’ wide, 15¢”’ thick. It is more or — less oval in cross section, the top side being pecked, the lower side being the grinding surface, which is so rounded as to imply consider- able rolling motion in its use. Stratum 3, 48’’ to 53’ deep. 11124 (fig. 36, f) is the end of a muller made from a natural water-worn pebble of odlitic limestone. It is 814%4”” long, 23%’’ wide, %’’ thick, and has but one grinding surface. Bone awis.—Stratum 1, 24’” to 30’ deep. 11094 (pl. 8, 6), of bird wing bone; length, 3’’; butt cut square. 30’’ to 86” deep. 11104 (pl. 8, 7), splinter of large bone; length, 5%46’; edges and butt rounded and well polished. 11105 (pl. 8, A), deer or antelope leg bone; length, 57%’’; knuckle serves as butt. Stratum 3, 42’” to 48’’ deep. 11112 (pl. 8, 7), well-polished awl; length, 48¢’”’.. 11116 (pl. 8, 7), bone point from splinter; length, 372”’; less sharp than awl; could have served as dart point, but edges are worn with use; may have been flint flaker. 48” to 53’” deep. 11122 (pl. 8, %), deer (2) bone with knuckle remaining as butt; length, 27%%’’; much used. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 101 53’” to 59’’ deep. 11127 (pl. 8, n), splinter of large bone; length, 2114 6’’. 11129 (pl. 8, m), long bone of large mammal; knuckle, which is somewhat trimmed, serving as butt; length, 43¢’’; well shaped and much worn. Strata 4 and 4a, 65’ to 71’” deep, or 6’’ above lake gravels at north end of trench. 11143-1 (pl. 8, 0), splinter of long bone of large mammal; smoothed all over; scratches of shaping instrument show; length, 414’’. 11148-2 (pl. 8, p), splinter of large bone; only point smoothed; length, 334,’’. MISCELLANEOUS BONE AND HORN OBJECTS.—Stratum 1, 24’” to 30’ deep. 11091 (pl. 8, e), fragment of a thin flat bone, probably of a scapula, one edge of which is somewhat rounded; the other edges broken; has hole 14”” diameter drilled through it; perhaps is disk neck ornament. 11092 (pl.8,a), unshaped bone fragment, 154%’ long; surface and edges polished and rounded with wear; perhaps gaming bone. 11095 (pl. 8, c), antler cut 234’’ from base or proximal end. 30’ to 36’ deep. 11108 (pl. 8, #), broken bird bone bead; length, 1%,’’; diameter, 34,’’; ends cut square; polished. Stratum 3, 48’ to 53’” deep. 11123 (pl. 8, 7), long bone of large mammal, cut off 7%’’ from knuckle; probably discarded scrap. Strata 4 and 4a, 65’”’ to 71’’ deep. 11146 (pl. 8, q), bird bone bead; length, 11%’; diameter, 34¢’’; ends cut square and smoothed. OTHER oBJECTS.—Stratum 1, 24’’ to 30’ deep. 9452, three small water-worn pebbles, and 11100, one small water-worn limestone peb- ble, were possibly pot polishers. 9452 also includes a small lump of obsidian, the edges of which are not sharp as in normal fractures, but are beveled and slightly scooped, about 145’ wide, as if a tiny gouge had been run along them. It is difficult to see how or why this was done. 9464 and 11093, shell fragments. 11093-1, fragment of shell, both sides of which are covered with red paint. 11093-2 (pl. 8, d), shell fragment (Margaritana margaritifera Linn.) having a hole %46’’ in diameter near one edge and traces of another hole in its broken edge. 11098, slightly dished fragment of coarse sandstone, possibly a metate fragment; if so, this is the only trace of metates in the caves. 30’’ to 36” deep. 11106, hardwood stick; length, 93¢’’; diameter, 54¢’’; tapers to point; probably arrow or dart foreshaft. 11107, hard- wood stick; length, 87%’’; diameter, 544’’; bark remains; one end cut; other end burned. Stratum 3, 42” to 48” deep. 11118, slabs of micaceous rock, for- eign to the mineral formation of the cave rocks. 583’ to 59’’ deep. 11131, shell fragment. 102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL. 116 59’’ to 65’’ deep. From this depth came a single sherd of pottery (11140). It has extremely sandy paste, made up largely of small, rounded grains with a few larger, rounded particles. The exterior is brownish and smoothed but uneven. This is not the usual cave pottery, nor does it resemble the puebloan ware in the region. As it was found more than 214’ lower than any other pottery, it is diffi- cult to interpret it as other than a stray piece from the upper levels of the deposit, brought down by some burrowing animal. 11181, fragment of “clam” shell. 65’’ to 71’’ deep. 11145, shell fragments. Fauna—Mammalian remains comprise only species recently char- acteristic of the area. Of special interest, however, are 29 specimens scattered through all levels from the surface to the 6’” of dust over- lying the lacustrine gravels at the bottom of the deposit. One highly competent zoologist identified all of these as dog (Canis familiaris). Another identified them as wolf and coyote. a 3 a! o List| Seule ave ES ES = ic} s& |p na ‘sy BAlARAlaD n < <4 a Stratum 1: Surface to 2’____ x XK x x DS x 0 0 x 0 x x x 7 Hai ols eee anaes 2 4 3 1 4 1 9 2 0 0 1 1 L Stratum 2: BubOnes Ov ee sene 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 a) 20.6/°to'3! 67 Aq. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1) Stratum 3: 3.6’ to 4" BM. 0 2 33 4 1 1 1? 2 0 1 1h 1 9 Qe toh) 6.22 2 2 4 2 ly: 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 Stratum 4: : 515! to6" 9! == 1 0 0 1? 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 t 1 X, represented in Cave No. 1. ; ' A, from the northern end of the trench, where stratum 2 thinned out so that the layer included a few inches from both above and below stratum 2. Summary.—Cave No. 2 was first occupied at least 3,000 years ago by human beings who built fires upon the lacustrine gravels, but whose few artifacts include nothing by which to distinguish them. After some time had elapsed, during which the cave was intermit- tently used, there came a people whose only distinguishing artifacts were the swallowtail points and slate blades, but who left other bone and chipped stone artifacts of types found widely elsewhere. The depth of their refuse, stratum 3, suggests that they used the cave during a long period. There followed an interval during which the cave was not used, after which came a people who made at first broad, corner-notched points, and later smaller, side-notched points which are definitely for arrows. They were the makers of pottery; their culture is more fully represented in Cave No. 1. It is curious that Cave No. 2 yielded not a trace of the puebloan peoples who left pit lodges and other remains around Great Salt Lake. This is unfortunate, for the relative age of these two cultures has not yet been established through stratigraphy. BLACK ROCK CAVE Black Rock Cave is located on the south shore of Great Salt Lake, one-half mile west of the Black Rock bathing resort, about one-fourth mile from the lake, just over the Stansbury terrace of Lake Bonne- ville, or 364 feet above the level of Salt Lake in July 1931 (pl. 4, a, 6, d). ~ RE Sea a 1° 0242049 pi io mee a ges Fo eM D.Tfeeas042 pus pepe Ts a - Vv youssy CSTE PRED 0 og 1 nn ae OE TR 4248 40° Spay ae pes hoa” jo pus +-—1s mejjak puodesb payors = = aa eee ts Tog ae pred ear tee = Pps oa Si Peles 510 anette aE ENS Serra eae vseysoeyyoy An A @uojs sjuasasdas duryovy [2/9474 ANS \\ \\ j70747y> syuasasdos 7427/9 Pues WV HONIYL JOVI NYFLSIMHLYON~MOT1I9 V HINTYUL GNI YINNI~LHIIY AAVO MOOU NOV 1E V HONSYUL £° NOILOSS SSOYO Site ea8 yurmenek A WW i \ = \\ AAA AN \ wSawes D GAPE rey si JREXEALED 1X CEES TEESE CE ee Re ee LIPM APD \ ANY \\\ \\ \ \ STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 109 4”’ to 8”’ deep, banded ash and charcoal; a well-defined fire level at a depth of 8’’. Contained acorns (10933), miscellaneous broken animal bones (10931), and artifacts, 8’” to 10’” deep, banded ash, soil, and charcoal. Contained a flint dart point at 3a (fig. 44), miscellaneous animal bone fragments (10934), and artifacts. 10’”’ to 14’”” deep, much ash throughout; a fireplace with 2” of hard-packed ash at 4c. Contained 3 complete quartzite dart points at 4a and 4b, miscellaneous animal bone fragments (10945), and artifacts. 14’”’ to 19’’ deep, charcoal, ash, and much rock in large pieces near the rear end of the trench; 2 inches of hard-packed ash at 5b. Con- tained a bird-bone awl at 5c and miscellaneous animal bone frag- ments (10958). 19’” to 24’’ deep, much rock, e. g., at 6a; a deposit several inches deep of fine, slightly gritty yellowish substance, perhaps dung, at 6b. Animal bone fragments (10971) and artifacts rare. 24’’ to 29’ deep, soil is moister and more sticky than above; at 7a and 7b, rocks project from layer below; charcoal and ash through- out. Contained miscellaneous animal bone fragments (10977) and artifacts. 29’” to 82” deep; northwestern part of trench had much charcoal and ash. Contained artifacts and charred wood. 32’” to 36’” deep. Charcoal and ash beds in northwestern corner of trench; charcoal and ash throughout, but much rock at other end of trench. Contained a few animal-bone fragments (10986), a quartzite dart point at 9a, and other artifacts. 36” to 40’’ deep, ashes and charcoal scattered throughout, but arti- facts rare. Contained animal bone fragments (10992) and artifacts. 40’’ to 45’’ deep. Much charcoal and ash (11001, 11003). Contained a few animal bone fragments (10997, including a small rodent jaw at 11b, and a skull fragment at 11c), a flint point in hard ash at 11d, and other artifacts. 45’’ to 49’ deep. Earth moister; charcoal and ash seams. Con- tained a few animal-bone fragments (11005, e. g., at 12b), a fragment of worked bone at 12a, and other artifacts. 49’’ to 54’’ deep. This comprised many angular rocks and some charcoal which rested on lake gravels (pl. 4, c). Rounded, bedded gravels were encountered under this stratum in the upper part of the trench. There is no question that these were washed by Lake Bonne- ville when it was last in the cave, for although the pebbles range from almost microscopic size up to 1’” in diameter, all are rounded (sam- ple, 11024). The top 4” to 6’ of these, however, are, throughout the cave, mixed with dust and decayed fibrous material, as if they had 110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 been trampled, and foreign material introduced by the first occupants of the cave. Some charcoal, even, is mixed with them (pl. 4, c¢). Under these disturbed lake gravels are clean bedded gravels which lie just as the lake left them. This layer contained a few animal bone fragments (11013) and a few artifacts. 54’’ to 60’’ deep. Lacustrine gravels were reached at this depth only in the outer half of the trench, being 66’’ deep at the outer end of the trench. This layer comprised very moist soil containing angu- lar rocks and what is probably decayed organic remains. Charcoal continued down to lake gravels and in spots was cemented with dust into hard lumps (sample, 11021), probably by an ancient drip of water laden with lime from the ceiling. 14a is a large flat boulder on lake gravels. Contained a few animal bone fragments (11018), a flint fragment (11020), and a few artifacts. An infant (11022) was buried 6’’ deep in the lake gravel (pl. 5, @, d:; fig. 45) in a grave which had been scooped out when the cave floor was not over 6’ above the gravels, for the strata were unbroken 6’’ above the gravels. The grave was thus 12’’ deep. The infant lay on its left side, with its head toward the southeastern wall, its arms stretched by its side, and its legs flexed. It was accompanied by a dagger-like worked bone (11023). The bones, except the tibia, which is 31546’ long, were too disintegrated to measure, but the individual must have been under 1 year of age. Stratification in trench B was: Surface to 4’’ deep. Post-Caucasian remains. Contained one ani- mal tooth (11026). 4” to 9”’ deep. Soil is very fine yellow dust. A fireplace at 2a, with rocks and charcoal. Contained animal bones (11029), pot- sherds at 2b, 5’” deep (11028). 9”” to 18’ deep. This reached lake gravels at 10’’ deep at the inner end of the trench. Contained animal bone fragments (11030) and one potsherd. 1 13” to 16” deep. At 4a, a hard-packed bed of charcoal rested on rounded, stratified lake gravels. Contained animal bone fragments (11032) and an obsidian implement. 16” to 21’ deep. Contained much charcoal and ash, but level comprised mostly yellow dust. 21’’ to 23’” deep. Contained animal bone fragments (11035) and artifacts. 23”” to 29’’ deep. A layer of ashes 3’ thick at 7a. Contained ani- mal bone fragments (11040) and artifacts. 29’" to 82’’ deep. Much rock in this level which rested on lake gravels. Contained animal bone fragments (11043). a charred stick (11046), and artifacts. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 111 Against the southeastern wall of trench B, 35 feet from the cave mouth, a pit, 3’ 5’” in diameter NE-SW;; 2’ 8’’, NW-SE, was due into the lake gravels, here only 1 foot deep, from a surface but a few inches above the gravel (pl. 5, 5; fig. 48). It was dug so that the cave wall formed one side, the other sides being crudely lined with slabs, and had been sunk 11’’ into the lake gravels. It contained nothing, A skeleton had been buried in the NW part of trench B (pl. 5, c; fig. 44). The grave was dug from a surface 6’’ above the lake gravels. A stratum of charcoal, 2’ 2’’ below the ground surface, continued unbroken 3’ over the body. The skeleton lay on its back, its head northwest, its arms extended by its side. The skull was entirely gone and the legs were missing, but scattered toe bones in trench B probably belong to this skeleton. The grave contained a polished soapstone object (fig. 48, ¢) on the left shoulder, a quartzite scraper, a well-shaped bone awl point on the right pelvis, a bird-bone bead, and a flint chip which had been used on the edges for cutting. Porrery.—The pottery from the Black Rock Cave is, in all essential features, like that from the Promontory caves. The paste is usually quite sandy and varies from dark brown to black. The temper is coarse white quartz or gravel, which stands out distinctly against the dark clay; occasionally some mica is used. In a few sherds the temper projects through the surface a little. The inner surface is uneven, though somewhat smoothed. The exterior is frequently pol- ished with a pebble, but is slightly undulated, and is almost always black. Thickness ranges from 549’” to 54¢’” and averages about 344’’. The great part of the pottery came from near the surface, that is between 4’’ and 8’’ deep, or just under the refuse which is largely post-Caucasian. This depth yielded 27 sherds (10982, 24 from trench A, and 11028, 8 from trench B). 10932 includes the only rim sherd from the entire cave, one from a plain vertical collared olla. 11028 includes two sherds which bear traces of red paint on the zns?de surface. Trench A, 8’’ to 10’” deep, yielded 4 sherds (10944) which are typical, except one which has a somewhat reddish exterior. From 10’ to 14’” deep came a single gray sherd (10995) which has a fine, dark temper, including some quartz, is well smoothed inside and polished outside, and resembles the puebloan pit lodge ware more than anything else. Below this depth, trench A contained no pottery, but a round pellet of unbaked clay (10985, fig. 48, a) 1’’ in diameter, 34 6’’ thick, was found between 2’ 5’’ and 2’ 8’’ deep and several lumps of pinkish clay (11011) came from between 3’ 9” and 4’ 1” deep. Trench B yielded, between 9” and 13’ deep, 1 sherd (11031) 5 be tween 16” and 21’’ deep, 2 sherds (11034) ; and between 93/” and 29 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL. 116 deep, 2 sherds (11042), all of which are typical of the cave ware. Between 16’ and 21’’, however, was 1 sherd (11034) which is finer and thinner than the others and greatly resembles puebloan pit-lodge pottery. 1 sherd (11044) from between 29’’ and 31’’ deep somewhat resembles puebloan ware, but is blacker, rougher, and tempered with some mica. The occurrence of these sherds at greater depths in trench B than in trench A has no great signifi- cance, however, for trench A was much b better stratified. And the resemblance of certain sherds to puebloan ware may a be simply fortuitous variants from the standard cave ware. IKNIVES AND SCRAP- “we ERS—30 specimens of knives and serap- SS . 2 ers were obtained from the Black Rock Cave. Materials used include flint, obsidian, and a dis- tinctive kind of quartzite, The only observ- able stratification of these is a preponder- ance of beautifully worked jeaf-shaped hk points or knives in FIGURE 46.—Stone knives and scrapers from the latest culture Black Rock Cave. ; above 19’’ deep. The leaf-shaped blades resemble the knives associated with the pot- tery culture in the Promontory caves, except that their butts are rounded rather than straight. One of these, 11072 (fig. 46, a), was found with a burial in the back part of the cave, associated with a side-notched arrow point which marks it as belonging to the pottery culture. It is 414’ long, 14”’ to 544” thick, and is excellently worked of gray, streaked flint. Another (11025, fig. 46, 6) came from trench B between the surface and 4’’ deep. It is well shaped of brownish flint and is 234’” long, 14’’ thick. The butt is rounded, like 11072, but is distinetly worn on one side. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 113 Trench A, 8’ to 10’ deep. Two blades (10935 and 10936, fig. 46, c, d) are of quartzite like that used for dart points in this and lower strata. 10935 is rather crudely chipped, 314’ long, 14’’ to 144” thick. 10936 is a flake 234’’ long, with slightly retouched edges. 10939 is a crude thick core of brownish flint, the edges of which were probably used to some degree for scraping. 10” to 14”” deep yielded four scrapers. Two (10956) are irregular fiakes of obsidian, the edges of which are slightly retouched. Two (10953) are unworked flakes of quartzite which may have been used as scrapers. 14’” to 19’’ deep, or below the pottery, yielded one knife and sey- eral scrapers. 10959 (fig. 46, e) is a knife of gray, spotted flint, 236” long, %4¢’’ thick. 10961 is a crudely chipped dart or knife point of quartzite. 10962 is an unfinished quartzite blade. 10964 (fig. 46, 7) is a flake of white flint, 1%4,’’ long, 4,’’ thick, the edges of which are retouched from one surface only. Some of the many auartzite chips (10965) found here may have served as scrapers. 19’’ to 24”” deep contained a single unworked flake of gray chert (10972), the edges of which were not retouched but show wear. 24’’ to 29’’ deep had a single broken knife or scraper (10978-1, fig. 46, g) crudely worked of dark-gray flint, 114”” long, 1/,’’ thick. Also miscellaneous chips of flint, obsidian, and quartzite (10978). 32’’ to 36’’ deep yielded one blade fragment and several flakes used as scrapers. 10989 is the fragment of a gray flint blade having a rounded end. 10989 also includes a small flake of gray flint, one edge of which has been retouched from one surface. 10990 includes two fragments of quartzite, two of gray flint, two of deep red flint, and one of obsidian, several of which were probably used as scrapers. 36’’ to 40’” deep had the only drill (10996) in the cave. It is a point of white flint, 154’’ long, 14’’ to %e’’ wide, having a tapering sharp point but broken at the butt end. 45’’ to 49’” deep had one knife and one flake scraper. The knife (11009, fig. 46, 2) is a beautifully chipped blade of a fine grade of deep brown flint. It is 254’’ long, broken at each end, and 14,”’ thick. Its base seems to have had a single deep notch cut in its center. The scraper (11007, fig. 46, 7) is a flake of white flint one edge of which is retouched. 54’” to 60’ deep yielded a single scraper made by slightly retouch- ing a flake of dull obsidian (11020). This resembles somewhat an end scraper. Trench B, 23’ to 29”’ deep, yielded the rounded end of a broken knife or scraper of red fiint (11041-1, fig. 46, 1), 13”” long. eee other knife or scraper (11041-2) is a blade of very dark flint, 24% 114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL, 113 long, 114’ wide, 54,’’ thick, each end of which is broken but which seems to have been pointed at one end. 29’’ to 82’’ deep contained a scraper (11045, fig. 46, ), made by retouching from one surface all the edges of a flake of almost trans- parent obsidian. The burial in trench B contained two scrapers. One of these (11065, fig. 46, #) is of gray quartzite skillfully flaked on both sur- faces to form a more or less rectangular blade with a sharp edge all the way around. It is 23’’ long, 1%’’ wide, 3¢”” to 14”’ thick. The other (11068, fig. 46, 7) is a very irregular flake of gray flint. the sharp edges of which are retouched mainly from one surface. Trench C is of little importance stratigraphically, but from be- tween the surface and 9’’ deep came two unworked flakes of gray quartzite (11052) the edges of which show wear. PROJECTILE POINTS.—Stratification reveals a definite sequence of projectile points. The earliest culture, trench A, 45’ to 54” deep, has only small dart or arrow points. Next, through the greatest part of the deposit, trench A, 10’ to 36’’ deep, the predominating form is a quartzite dart point with a more or less flat base and notches cut from the corners of the butt. This may be correlated with the broad, corner-notched points of Promontory Cave No. 2, although the latter are shorter and are never made of quartzite. The latest point is the side-notched and sometimes base-notched arrow point which is associated in the Promontory caves and else- where with the cave type of pottery. Surface specimens. 11073 (fig. 47, a) is an excellent example of the late type of arrow point, and was associated with the knife (11072) and burial in the back of the cave. It is skillfully chipped from a curved flake of obsidian 114’’ long. Trench A, 8’’ to 10’’ deep, yielded one typical quartzite dart point (10937, fig. 47, 6), 114”" long, %4,”’ to 144”’ thick. 10938 is the frag- ment of a somewhat similar crude point of dark brownish flint. 10’ to 14”” deep had three complete typical quartzite dart points (10949, 10950, and 10948, fig. 47, e, d, e¢), and two tips (10951 and 10952) probably of similar points. 10949 is of light grayish tan quartzite, 184’’ long, 34,’’ thick. 10950 is of purplish quartzite, 17%’’ long, 846” thick. 10948 is of purplish quartzite, 214,’ long, 34,’ thick, and is somewhat crooked, being less completely shaped than the others. 14”’ to 19’” deep yielded two butts (10960 and 10963, fig. 47, f, 7) of typical dart points. 10960 is expertly chipped of gray quartzite and must have been originally close to 314’ long as the butt is 154” long. It is %4,4’’ thick. 10963 is the butt of a somewhat similar, though crude, point of pinkish flint, now 114”’ long, 545’” thick. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 115 Between trenches A and B, 20’ deep, was a small dart or arrow point (11047, fig. 47, 2) of brown flint, 114’’ long, 346°’ thick. Trench A, 19’’ to 24’ deep, contained the butt of a typical dart point (10973, fig. 47, 7) of purplish gray quartzite, 11/ long, 0” thick. The only arrow point(?) (10976, fig. 47, 7) from these inter- mediate levels was also found here. It is well worked of obsidian 13%,’ long, %6’’ thick, and is distinguished from the points of the pottery culture in being base and corner notched. 29’” to 82’”” deep had an obsidian dart point (10984, fig. 47, kh) of unique form. It is crudely made and has slight protrusions at the shoulders just above the tapering stem. it as 134°". long, 4’" thick. 32”” to 36’’ deep had two typical dart points (10840 and 10839, fig. 47, 2, m) of gray quartz- ite. 10480 is 1%’’ long, 144”" thick; 10839 is 2” long, 3%,’ thick; both are well made. : + 40’’ to 45’” deep yielded only the much-worn tip of a well-chipped point of brown flint (10999). z Z 45’’ to 48’” deep cid ha : Fe had only a small, FiGuRE 47.—Projectile points from Black Rock Cave. leaf-shaped point of white flint (11008, fig. 47, n). It is 134” long, 4%” thick, and has a rounded base; perhaps a knife. 49’’ to 54’” deep had two points (11014 and 11015, fig. 47, 0, p) which, judging from their size, might be regarded as arrow rather than dart points. 11014 is fairly well chipped from a crooked flake of brown and gray flint, is 114” long, 4”’ thick, and has crude side notches. 11015 is very crudely made of obsidian, 7%” long, %46”” thick. OpsECTS OF BONE, HORN, AND sHELL.—Trench A, 8’’ to 10” deep, contained a point (10940), probably an awl, worked from a splinter of bone, and a small piece of worked bone (10943). 10’ to 14’” deep yielded the tip cut from an antler (10947). A broken bone implement (10946, fig. 48, ¢) is 17%’’ long, 3¢”” wide, 36” 114665—37——_9 116 BUREAU OF AMB®RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 thick, and has a chisel-like point. A ring cut from abalone sie (10957, fig. 48, e) is 1144’ outside diameter, 7;4’’ inside diameter, 46” thick. Also a bone joint which has been cut off (10945-19). 14’”” to 19” deep yielded an awl made of bird bone (10969) and 2 awls made of bone splinters (10958, 10968). 19’’ to 24”” deep yielded an awl made of bone splinter (10974). 24”’ to 29” deep contained a fragment of polished bone (10979). 29’” to 32’” deep yielded a bone awl (10981). 32’ to 36’ deep contained a charred awl made from a splinter of bone (10988), a bead (?) made by cutting off the ends of a bone (10987, fig. 47, f)—possibly these ends were gnawed—leaving it %.’’ long, 3%’’ to 1%4”” in diameter. 36”" to 40°’ deep contained two awls (10994, 10995) made from splinters, each having a hollow worn on its. side, and another awl made from a bone having the joint left on as butt (10993). 40”’ to 45’’ deep contained an awl FIGURE 48.—Objects of clay, shell, bone, tooth, and stone made from a bone from Black Rock Cave. splinter (10998). 45”’ to 49’’ deep contained a large fragment of worked bone rae! and a bone chip (11075) which may be a hand-game stick. It 1s 3146’ long and has rounded ends and edges. 49’ to 54”” deep contained no bone artifacts. 54’’ to 60’ deep contained an awl (11019) made from a splinter of bone. With this level also should be included the dagger-hke bone implement ay 23, pl. 5, d), which accompanied the infant burial. The object, 914,’” long, seems to be made from the bone of a very large bird. One end has the joint cut off so as to be square; the other tapers to a long, very sharp point; the whole is highly polished. Trench B, 21’” to 23’” deep, contained 3 beads (11039-1, -2, -3) made by cutting the ends of bird bones square, leaving them as hol- low tubes. Two of these are 234’’, the third 27%%”” long. Two awls (11036, 11037) are made of bones with the joints left on one end and are respectively 514”’ and 534”” long. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 117 In trench B with the burial was a well-made bone awl (11067), having the jomt, which was somewhat trimmed and smoothed, left as butt, and a bird-bone bead (11066) like those above, 37%’’ long. From trench C, between the surface and 9” deep, came the incisor tooth of a small rodent (11051, fig. 48, 6), 34’” long. It has a small transverse groove on the outer surface 14’’ from each end. This may have been a die for gaming or an ornament. In the rear of the cave, about 150 feet from the entrance, in the upper few inches of earth containing disturbed human burials, were several bone awls, which probably belong with the pottery culture: 11071, 6’” long, having the joint for a butt; 11062-1, 37%” long; 11062-2, 4%4,’” long; 11062-3, 614”’ long. There was also a sharpened bone (11061), 8154,’’ long. 125 feet from the cave entrance, about 30’’ under large boulders which had slipped off the northwestern wall, was a bone splinter (11048), 27%”’ jong, trimmed to a point, which was probably used for flint flaking. Sueuis.—Identification of these shells was made by Dr. Elmer G. Berry, of the Department of Zoology, University of Utah. Trench A, 14’’ to 19’ deep. One specimen of unworked “clam”, Margaritana margaritifera Linn. (10967). Also one snail, Physa ampullacea Gould (sinistral shell) (10970). 19’ to 24’ deep. Specimen of Oreohelix haydeni gabbiana Hemph (10975). 94’’ to 29’ deep. Specimen of Margaritana margaritifera Linn. (10040-4). 29’ to 32” deep. Specimen of Oreohelix haydeni gabbiana Hemph (10982) and of Oreohelixv haydeni utahensis Hemph (10982). 32’ to 36’ deep. 4 unidentified snail shells (10991). 40’ to 45’’ deep. Specimen of Oreoheliv haydeni utahensis Hemph (11000). 45’ to 49’’ deep. Specimen of same (11010). 49’’ to 54’’ deep. Specimen of same (11016). Trench B, 4’ to 8” deep. Fragment of “clam” shell (11029). 29’’ to 32” deep. Two fragments of “clam” shells (11043), one having traces of red paint. MiscetnaNrous orsucts——Trench A, 10” to 14’” deep, contained 2 water-worn limestone pebbles (10954), each about 114’’ to 9’” in diameter, having a slightly concave side with a high polish, as if it had been used for pot polishing. 10966 is a rounded pebble. 14’” to 19’” deep yielded a rounded, slightly elongated water-worn limestone pebble, 21,’ in diameter, about 144” thick, one end of which showed slight evidence of hammering. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 116 19’’ to 24’” deep contained the only fragment of weaving found in the entire cave. This is a piece of matting (10972, fig. 13, a) woven of tule with an open diagonal twine. The warps are spaced widely apart, 3 per inch. The weft, which is a pair of tules, twisted clockwise, is spaced at irregular intervals. Near the top edge of the fragment three strands are braided across in place of the usual pair of twining elements. With the burial in trench B was a highly polished object of steatite or fine slate (11064, fig. 48, d), the use of which is uncertain but which resembles an arrow straightener more than anything else. It is 25¢’” long and more or less oval in cross section, being 34’ by 14” in diameter in the center and tapering to %4.’’ by 14’’ at each end. A groove, 14’’ wide and 345’’ deep, runs its entire length. Small striations, left by the implement employed in smoothing it, run longitudinally. Fauna: Mammals—Dr. Edwin H. Colbert, of the American Mu- seum of Natural History, after a general examination of the mam- malian bones from the Black Rock and Promontory Caves, writes: “The fauna is a characteristic assemblage of western plains or foot- hills mammals . . . closely comparable to the existing species in the western area. I have shown the collection to Dr. H. E. Anthony, Curator of Mammals at this Museum, and he feels as I do about the specimens, namely, that they may all be referred to existing species.” Identifications of specimens made by Dr. G. S. Miller, of the United States National Museum, show that mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) and the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were most abundant, specimens of the former occurring in trench A to a depth of 40’’ and the latter te a depth of 60’’. The pronghorn (Anéilo- capra americana) occurred in trench A only at 10’ to 14”” deep and 14’ to 19” deep. Two specimens of bison (Bison bison) came respectively from 14’’ to 19’’ deep and 24’” to 29’’ deep in trench A and from 18’’ to 16’ deep in trench B. One specimen of grizzly | bear (Ursus sp.) occurred at 40’ to 45’’ deep in trench A. Jack rabbits (Lepus sp.) and woodchucks (Marmota flaviventris engel- hardti) were fairly common. The first was found from the surface to a depth of 32’ in trench A and from the surface to a depth of 32’ in trench B, being especially common between 8’” and 10’” deep. The woodchuck was found on the surface and in trench A to a depth of 45’... Trench B yielded one specimen of woodchuck at: 814,’" deep. The presence of the dog, as in Promontory Cave 2, is doubtful. 4 specimens, 3 from near the human burials 125’ back from the mouth of the cave and 1 from trench A between 14’’ and 19’’ deep, may have been dogs. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 119 Fauna: Birds.—The following species of birds, identified by Dr. Alexander Wetmore, of the United States National Museum, are represented : Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). Trench A, 8’’ to 10’ deep. American widgeon (areca americanus). Trench A at depths of 19’” to 24’’, 24’ to 29’’, and 29’’ to 32”” (4 specimens). Trench B at 4’” to 8’’ deep and 29’’ to 32’” deep. Duck (Anatidae sp.). Trench A, 19’’ to 24’” deep, 2 specimens. Trench B, 23’’ to 32’’, 2 specimens. Golden-eye duck (Glaucionetta clangula americana). Trench A, 45’’ to 49’ deep, 1 specimen. Turkey buzzard (Cathartes aura). Near burials in rear of cave, 2 specimens. Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis). Near burials in rear of cave, 1 specimen. Trench A between surface and 4’’ deep, 1 specimen. Ferruginous rough-legged hawk (Buteo regalis). Trench A, between 14”” and 19’’ deep, 1 specimen. Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Trench A, 32’’ to 36’’ deep, 1 specimen. Duck hawk (falco peregrinus). Trench A, surface to 8’’ deep, 2 specimens. Prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus). Rear of cave, near burials, 1 specimen. Sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Trench A, between 29’’ and 82’’ and between 54’’ and 60’ deep, 1 specimen each. Dusky grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). Rear of cave near burials, 1 specimen. Trench A, between 29’’ and 32’’ deep and between 49’ and 54’’ deep, 1 specimen each. Grouse (Zetronidae sp.). Trench A, 10’ to 14”’ deep, 1 specimen. Raven (Corvus coraz). Trench A, 14’ to 19’ deep, 1 specimen. Hisrory oF Buack Rock Cave As a very tentative guess, it may be supposed that Lake Bonne- ville receded to the Stansbury level about 19,000 years ago. As the Black Rock Cave lies 364 feet above Great Salt Lake, or approxt- mately 60 feet above the Stansbury terrace, it may have been left dry and habitable 10,000 and possibly 15,000 years ago. That it actually was occupied soon after it became habitable cannot be doubted, for no accumulation of any kind intervenes between the lacustrine gravels and culture-bearing strata to show a time lapse between the recession of the lake and its first use by human beings; in fact, evidence of human occupation in the form of charcoal is mingled with the gravels. Even should the more conservative esti- 120 BUREAU OF AMBHRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 116 mate of the antiquity of the oldest cultures be reduced by as much as several thousand years, there is no question that they are, as American antiquities go, exceptionally old, and antedate by some thousands of years the earliest known Basket Maker period of the Southwest. Unfortunately, these early cultures cannot be fully characterized. A review of the stratification of artifacts, however, suggests that they did not remain uniform throughout the cave’s history, but that three more or less distinct periods are represented. These data are tab- ulated below. Stratification of Black Rock Cave, trench A Small | Quartzite Pee Fxg Chipped} Bone- Mie Depth Pottery | projectile dart ae flake knife splinter honest points points scrapers scrapers blades awls jects Promontory cul- ture: VETO 10s ocee es oe 0 1+? 0 al 2 1 at Black Rock culture: LO to W4th 2 0 5 Z 2 0 0 2 1a tO 24 eee 0 2 2 1 1+? 2 3 at DA to BQ. <= one 0 0 1? 0 0 1 0 1 32)? to36 2. .- 0 0 2 1 § 1 1 1 Early period: BO4 bO.45/"s 22 8 0 0 1? 0 0 0 3 1 CMG (ais: Ge ae 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 Ba tov 72 eae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 The earliest culture represented in Black Rock Cave, that with which the infant burial was associated, lay in the lowest 2 feet of refuse between the depths of 3 and 5 feet. Its only significant fea- tures appear to be the complete absence of quartzite dart points, which are common at higher levels, and the use instead of a pro- jectile point which is so small that it resembles modern arrow points. The lack of the quartzite dart points, however, may be due simply to the general scarcity,.of specimens. Other artifacts include knives, retouched flakes used as scrapers, and bone-splinter awls. The - absence of end scrapers and other implements of well-known types which were found at Signal Butte, Nebr., and the Lindenmeier Folsom site *? in Colorado could be explained merely by the paucity of materials here. There is nothing specific, however, to equate any- thing in the cave cultures to Signal Butte, or the Lindenmeier, Folsom, or Clovis sites. The greater part of the deposits, that lying between 10 inches and 3 feet deep, seemed to contain a single culture, the most conspicuous feature of which is a distinctive style of corner-notched projectile point of gray or reddish quartzite. We shall call this the Black Rock culture. Other artifacts, however, are like those previously ®2 Roberts, 1935. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 121 mentioned from the lower strata and include a few small points of obsidian. The leaf-like flint knife, which is widest near its rounded butt, appears to be shared by this culture and the overlying Promon- tory culture. The proportions of all these blades are similar to those found in the Pinto Basin, California,®? which may or may not be significant. From between 4 and 10 inches deep came abundant pottery repre- senting the Promontory culture. Only one quartzite dart point was found here, and although arrow points were not associated in this cave with pottery, we know from the evidence in the Promontory Point caves that the bow was used. Other artifacts from 4 to 10 inches deep are like those found at all depths. It is not certain whether the arrow point, the large, beautifully worked knives, and the bone awls found near the surface in the outer part and mixed with scattered burials in the inner part of the cave belong with the Promontory culture or are modern Shoshonean; or, in fact, whether the Promontory culture is actually Shoshonean. Post-Caucasian objects were not definitely associated with any of the artifacts. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS The difficulties in the way of correlating the data from the caves, especially the Promontory Cave No. 2 and the Black Rock Cave, with one another and with cultures in other regions are so great that it is well-nigh impossible at the present time even to give a tentative reconstruction of the major features and sequence of cultures in the Great Salt Lake region. The most serious and almost insuperable difficulty is the very great paucity of artifacts from the earlier peri- ods. At the risk, however, of setting forth hypotheses which future research will modify, we shall attempt to synthesize our data. Certain peculiar and somewhat negative facts should first be men- tioned. First, as not a single artifact from any cave is associated with post-Caucasian objects, there is no certainty that the modern Shoshonean tribes of the region ever left important remains in these caves.°* | Second, with the exception of the painted petroglyphs in Cave No. 1, there is very little suggestion of Basket Maker or Pueblo cul- tures in any cave. Not only is this a serious loss to stratigraphy, as it deprives us of excellent means of dating certain of the cultures, but it is puzzling, for as the Basket Maker and Pueblo have endured 3,000 years or longer in the Southwest, during part of which at least the caves must have been occupied, one might reasonably expect to 6 Amsden, 1935, pp. 40-43. ; ; “The writer has examined many caves known to have been used by Shoshoni but he failed to find any identifiable Shonshoni objects. The scarcity of objccts at most Shoshoni sites is striking. 109 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL. 116 find some trace of them in the caves. Even in Lovelock Cave, in western Nevada, there are definite though restricted Basket Maker features in the early period.°? The only other possible trace of Basket Maker influence in the Black Rock Cave is the quartzite dart point, which, however, is corner-notched, whereas the Basket Maker point is side-notched. A few of the points from various depths of Cave No. 2 are only slightly more like the latter. Third, there is no great similarity in the early cultures of the Black Rock and Promontory caves, despite the reasonable assurance that the sites were in some measure occupied contemporaneously. End scrapers are common in Cave No. 2 at all depths and slate blades which occur in stratum 3 are not known from the Black Rock Cave, whereas quartzite dart points, which are so characteristic of the Black Rock Cave, were not found in Cave No. 2, unless the broad, corner-notched points of flint and obsidian, which were especially common between 2 and 3 feet deep and associated with some pottery, are actually the same point in a different material. In short, the two caves do not harmonize and each seems to show serious gaps where a culture is represented in the other. Bearing in mind these difficulties, we shall proceed with a reconstruction, start- ing with the most recent culture. The latest occupants of all the caves investigated had the Prom- ontory culture. This is characterized by the self and sinew-back bow, cane arrows with hardwood foreshafts, longitudinally grooved stone arrow polishers, “fingernail” and rim decorated pottery, cedar bark pot rests, three and four piece moccasins, extensive use of hide, single-rod or rod-and-bundle coiled basketry, tule and rush matting with cord twine, fur and feather cloth, triangular flint knives set in the ends of long wooden handles, and incised slate slabs. It is known from practically all caves around Great Salt Lake, from a mound in Provo, and possibly in the Uintah Basin. Although, on its face value, the fact of being stratigraphicaily highest argues recency, the failure of this culture to conform more closely to the modern cultures of the region indicates some antiquity. It cannot be positively at- tributed to modern tribes of the region, for it possesses a curious combination of traits of northern and southern origin. It could be early Shoshonean but it could also be that of any of several hunting tribes which were in contact with potters long enough to learn pot- tery making, but which did not learn horticulture. The culture in Lovelock Cave which was probably contemporary with this has re- markably few points of resemblance to it. The self and sinew-back bow, rush matting, fur cloth, and cane arrows with greasewood fore- 6 Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 121. STEWARD] CAVES OF GREAT SALT LAKE REGION 123 shaft are shared by each but are very common elsewhere.** Only single-rod coiled basketry may indicate a closer relationship. Prior to the Promontory culture, the Black Rock Cave was occu- pied for a long time by people making quartzite dart points. Whether this was before, after, or contemporary with the Pueblo and Basket Maker cultures, we do not at present know. The correla- tion of this, moreover, with cave No, 2 is uncertain. If the two caves were occupied simultaneously this culture is probably repre- sented by the broad, corner-notched points of flint and obsidian, practically all of which occur at the bottom of, or just under, the Promontory culture in Cave No. 2. An interruption in the occupation of Cave No. 2 is indicated be- low this, but a corresponding period in Black Rock Cave is not seen. Preceding this temporary abandonment of Cave No. 2 is a period characterized by slate blades and swallowtail points. Although but 3 of the latter were found, they are very distinctive and resemble certain Lovelock Cave points of the early period ®? and the Pinto Basin points. Neither is represented in the Black Rock Cave. The oldest culture of all is that lying in the lowest 2 feet of deposits in the Black Rock Cave, but it yielded too little to char- acterize it. The early flints described in this paper and the forms of Love- lock Cave, Gypsum Cave, and the Pinto Basin probably indicate that west of the Rocky Mountains there developed a series of types of as yet undetermined sequence whose general pattern differed markedly during its early phases from the Folsom and related forms east of the Rocky Mountains. ® Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 122-123. 8? Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 108. LITERATURE CITED AMSDEN, CHARLES A. 1935 The Pinto Basin Artifacts. Southwest Museum Papers, 9: 33-50, ANTEVS, ERNST. 1925 On the Pleistocene History of the Great Basin. Carnegie Inst. of Wash., Publ. No. 352, pp. 53-114. CAMPBEIL, ELIZABETH W. and WILLIAM H. 19385 The Pinto Basin Site. Southwest Museum Papers, 9: 21-32. CULIN, STEWART 1907 Games of the North American Indians. Twenty-fourth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1907. CUMMINGS, Byron 1913 Quoted by the Salt Lake Tribune, April 21, 1913, and Semiweekly Tribune, May 16, 1918. GILBERT, G. K. 1882. Contributions to the History of Lake Bonneville. U. S. G. S., Ann. Rept., No. 2, 1880-1881, 1880 Lake Bonneville. U.S. G. S., Monographs, Vol. 1. GuERNSEY, S. J., and Kipper, A. V. 1921 Basket-Maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. Peabody Mus. of Amer. Arch. and Ethn., Anthrop. Pap., 8: 1-117. HARRINGTON, MARK RAYMOND 1927 2 a= 43 ‘CONCLUSIONS: drawn from Cave No. 2-__ 106 general, drawn from excayva- LOU Se ee eee 121-123 COoNNOR’S SPRINGS, petroglyphs MICH eo eee ee 88 Corp: and rope, description of____ 3740 Hlustration Of-222222222—=— 34 OL fur’ or feathers-222222--— 40) CoTTAM, WALTER P.: acknowledgment to 6 identifications made by_____ 82 CULIN, STEWART, cited 24, S84 INDEX CUMMINGS, BYRON, cave described by DARTS FOR GAMES, description of_ Dicw, description Of22 =222===== DIGGING STICKS, description of__ Drinis, Specimens /0f--====2==2== DruM Tops, description of_-_-_-- EUREKA VALLEY, discussion WORKSNOD pn] S22 eee es EXxcAVvATIoN, method used in_--- FIRE DRILLS: deseription o£ --=-= == =-==s22 Whistration Ol 2-2-2 = FisHER, Miss Epna: acknowledgment to__-----~- identifications made by__--- FLAKING TOOLS: described 2222.22 ilustrated.— = FOssIL: bead 0f2 2.222 ae bead of, illustrated__-----~- FREMONT MOCCASIN, reference to_ FRIDAL, MR. : acknowledgment to_-_------ eaves reported by_--------- GAMBLING PIECES, CANE, descrip- TION! OL so == eee GAMES, implements used in__--- FILGERT.,, G. K., cived==2_-= = GLACIAL preRIOD, correlation of, with Lake Bonneville___-_--~~_ GOSIUTE, Caves and territory oc- cupied by GRANTSVILLE, Comparisons with pottery froms==222= a == GREAT SALT LAKE: archeological work in vicin- ity) 0&3) 22 map of region of__--===—=_= GUERNSEY, S. J., AND KIDDER, ONG, Cited 222 2 ee GypsuM CAveE, comparison with— GYPSUM CAVE CULTURE, reference FAIR. Specimen of.—__ === == TIAMMER STONES, specimens of_-_ HANDLE, POTTERY, Specimen of___ HARRINGTON, M. R.: ClILG@QS At ee eee 3 reference (02.22 2222-22 Hatr, GUDMUND, cited 23-94 23-26 1,2 9 a 48 HIvE: Page @EtICIES OF £2922 2h 50-57 buffalo, fragments of_______ 56 deer and antelope, fragments (01) eh a eee a a 56 fragments of, described _____ 54-55 objects of, illustrated_______ 55, 56 Hoc MOUNTAINS, caves of__--__- 5-6 HOoor: ODICCE Olson Se a 40 object of, illustrated_______ 41 Hoop, NETTED : deseription of___-_-__-__-__ 24 MUUStrationvof so 2-2 24 Horn, objects of ---_---__- 29, 101-102 IMPLEMENTS, CUTTING, description ILE eee dg ee ee at 87-88 KELLY, CHARLES: acknowledgment to____-___ 6 information furnished by___ 6, 77 knife found by------..-- ie Kerr, A. A., cave visited by____ 7 Kipper, A. V., reference to work (0) 5 Ded 0 SOL EETS ha amen ee 103, 106 KNIVES: flint, description of_________ 74-76, 112-114 flint, illustration of____ 74, 98, 112 handles of, described__-~__~ 73-74 handles of, illustrated_____ (63 leaf-shaped, desecribed_____~ 112 types of, at various levels_ 96-100 Knots, described and _ illus- tebe Ce ee a a ee ss 36-37 LAKE BONNEVILLE: caves submerged by__------ if geological history of___---~ 1-3 LAKESIDE: artifacts in cave at__--____ V7 cave at, referred to_____-___- V7 LINDENMETER, reference to__---~ 120 LITTLE MOUNTAIN, artifacts HOU Near. 27 = Tht Loup, L. L., AND HARRINGTON, INR ClleG =e 23, 35, 37, 38, 69, 85, 95, 104, 122, 123 LovreLock CAVE, NEV.: comparisons with_-__-_----- 19, 38, 69, 85-86, 104 fod reference to_______-____ -__- 7 Lowig, R. H.: Page Cle aaa tee Le oe Re 43, 69 comparisons based on work OL ee cee 86 Manos. See MutLterrs. MAp OF GREAT SALT LAKE RE- GLO NS ce ee ee 3 Mais: illustrations of_________ 31, 32, 34 WAVES Olea 2 See eee 29-33 MatTrTinG, materials used in_____ 29 Miter, G. S., specimens identi- Ml eGU Dy 222 ae ee 118 MITTENS: illustration of __-._________ 50 specimens of, described_____ 50-51 MoccASINS : CONStTUChLON Of222 22a esa 57-62 construction of, illustrated__ 51, 53 general discussion of_______ pho haya 0) meee 62-63 methods of tying___________ 63-64 ornamentation of___________ 60-61 repairing. Of 222 ee 62 special styles Of -=2—= === 68-69 stitches used in heel of_-__- 61-62 tabulation of data on____-__ 64-68 types of, illustrated__--_--~- 53 unusual, illustration of_____ 52 MONTAGNAIS, comparisons with MOCCHSINS Of eee 70 MORSS; NOEL, Cited] === == sess 69 Mortars, in Eureka Valley_---_- 105 MULLERS : Geseription Ol-= === === 79-80 RUUSTRADLON RO = ee 89 specimens of_-__----_-----__ 100 MUSEUM oF ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIV. oF UTAH, specimens in___-~-~_~_ 6 NASKAPI MOCCASINS, comparisons 121 8 eee et aed eee a en 70 NAVAHO POTTERY, compared with Promontory ware------------ 44 NETTING : description Of ==—= === 24,35 Tlustration Ob] -—- == 24, 34 OLLAS, porrEry, description of__ 44-48 Pack, F. J., acknowledgment to- 6 Paiute, reference to pottery of_- 43 PEBBLES, LIMESTONE, description 1) GRR Dany SUNS rene rene 7 PETROGLYPHS : description of_------------- 87-90 Wiustratvion OL —-==————-_—— 89 130 Page Prerocriprys, illustration of_-_- 87 Pinto BASIN, CALIFORNIA, refer- ence to blades from_-_----~- 104, 121 PIPE, STEATITE, description of_-_ 80-81 PLAINS INDIANS, type of mocca- HTT eC Lee ee enn, ee ces ener ee 69 PLANT MATERIAL, from Caves, identification Of--22.2===—2.—— 82 PLATEAU REGION, type of mocca- SETTLE G2 ot eee eee Rtas eae 62 Points: etched slate, illustrated___-- 79 fing, Wihusiravon Ol 2=—=—=— 73 See also ARRowPoiInts; PRo- JECTILE POINTS. POTTERY : clay and temper of_------~- 44 Gecoration Ole 2s s— a." = 4648 disks of, described_____---_- 49-50 disks of, illustrated__----__ 41 TOLMS Oto = ses 2 4446 from Black Rock Cave, de- SCription Of 222-22 222-. = 111-112 illustrations showing _ 44, 45, 46, 47 Promontory, discussion of__ 42-50 PROJECTILE POINTS: from Black Rock Cave____ 114-115 PIPIStT ALON COL == eee 94,115 NOCH COS ee ee ee ae eee 105 types of, at various levels__ 93-96 See also ARROWPOINTS ; POINTS. PROMONTORY CULTURE, compari- SONSe Withee ee ee 82-86 PROMONTORY POINT: caves excavated on___.---- 3 petroglyphs on_---.-.______ 88 PROVO, POLLEY idta==-2= === eer 42 PUEBLO CULTURE, relationship of, to Promontory culture________. 82-87 PUEBLO POTTERY, comparisons 51/7 0 Ue eel cae eye Ea 48 RAWHIDE, WOVEN: ruUstrations Ofs2—=-- = 54 SDeGiIMen Ors === ee 51 WRAY, Vi 0, Cited... 22... 9 43. REMAINS, ANIMAL! discussion of --_-_________ 102 from Black Rock Cave___ 118-119 identification of_--_________ 81 INDEX REMAINS, HUMAN: Page in Black Rock cave_--_-- 110,111 in Gave No: 2-2-2 ee 42 ROLLINS PROPERTY, mention of__ 49 RYAN, Miss ELIzABeTH, acknowl- edoment 10-2 === see 6 ScHELLBACH, LOUIS, cited_______ 23, 43 SCHENCK, W. E., cited---_-___--- 88 SCRAPERS : description of_----- 70-71, 112-114 illustrations of___ 71, 72, 97, 98, 112 obsidian and flint-__.______ 72-73 or knives of slate_--_______ [2 stratification of-_.______..- 96-100 types: 002.2 eee 70 Srgps, necklace of__.--_-_----_- 42 SHAFTS, miscellaneous, of wood, described 22222. = eee 21-22 SHELL, objects of_..-_____--___ 29 SHELLS, from Biack Rock Cave. 117 SHOSHONI INDIANS: caves and territory occupied game played by_--_-_---~- Le 24 relationship of, to Promon- tory culture___-_________ 83-86 type of moccasins of___-__ 69. SHOSHONI POTTERY, compared with cave ware______________ 43-44 SignaL Butte, Nepr., reference to implements from_____-_~_ 85. 120 SKELETAL REMAINS: in Black Rock Cave_____ 110,111 in Caye..No) 22 eee 42 SNAKE RIVER POTTERY, compari- SONS) (wi t= See eee ee 43. STHATITH.e Object of____-_-_____ 118 STEWARD, JULIAN H., cited_____ 42, 43, 48, 49, 83, 87, 88, 103 STITCHING, varieties of_________ 60 STONE: etched, illustrated_________ 77, 78 etched slabs of, described__ 77-79 miscellaneous objects of__- 81 tabulated data on objects Offer 104, 106 See also ARROWPOINTS; BLADES; KNIVES; MUL- LERS; POINTS; SCRAPERS. STRATIFICATION : of Black Rock Cave, data INDEX Page (O) 0S eae 120 Of CaverNo: 222s §3-102 Strona, W. D., cited _____ 85, 104, 106 Strone, W. D., AND SCHENCK, \ is LO Oe) I eT 0 ee a 88 TAHLTAN MOCOASINS, compari- SONS) Withho 222. <3 2 Jo 69 TEXTILES AND WEAVING, remains () ee er a 29-40 TLINGIT MOCCASINS, comparisons VALLEY, Sa 69 TRIMMINGS. of hide_--___--____ 55-56 TSIMSHIAN MOCCASINS, compari- SOUS EWAbM== = 22 22 Se 8 ee 69 TUBES, WOODEN, decription of_ 22 UINTAH UTE RESERVATION, pot- Reyes itOM = soe a = 43 Unitep States NATIONAL Mv- SEUM, reference to____-_____-_ 118 114665—37——10 131 Page UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, refer- CNC GRO eee eee ee eee a 81 UNIVERSITY or UTAH: acknowledgment to_________ 3 archeological field work of__ if mention of_________ __ 7, 81, 82, 117 UTE INDIANS: invasion of territory by_____ 7 pottery made by---________ 43 WEAVING: fragment of, described______ 118 miscellaneous fragments of_ 35-36 WELTFISH, GENE, Cited__________ 34 Woop: method of cutting__________ 23 miscellaneous objects of_____ 19-23 objects of, illustrated_______ 18 YounG, O. WHITNEY: acknowledgment to____-____ 6 bones identified by--------- 81 “LNIOd AYOLNOWOY'd ‘2 ANV | “SON SHAVD t3LvV1d 911 NILATING ASOIONHILA NVOIMSEWY AO NVaENa BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 116: (PEATE 2 EXCAVATION IN CAVE No. 2. “LNIOd AHYOLNOWOdd ‘9 ANY 'G ‘€ ‘SON SSAVD SLVad Stl INES ana ASOTIONHLA NVOIMAWYV AO NVEAYHNG Y ALV Td 911 “AAVD HO0Y MOVIE Nita71Na ADOTONHLA NVOINAWY SAO NVaYNNgG BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 116 P EAS Ee EXCAVATIONS IN BLACK ROCK AND PROMONTORY CAVES BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 116 PLATE 6 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS FROM CAVE No. 1, PROMONTORY POINT. 116 PLATE 7 BULLETIN BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 1, PROMONTORY POINT. MOCCASINS AND POTTERY FROM CAVE No. BULLETIN 116 PLATE 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY OBJECTS OF BONE FROM CAVE NO. 2, PROMONTORY POINT. SONIYdS S,YONNOD YVAN SHdA1908 Lad BALV1d 91! 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