~ > ¢ bel eh beth dele , Cee py) One * Ve WTS Ne Lari Trail ewe Oa tty * i : : ¥ SON EDT Are gh fen beerie%ee ne a ’ rgrmeaned : Pre exe ee ¢ MIN e POR AY ity tin ty ty ude tt a's Yiaataag 7 a . iy tet Sate ee hth eye Ne Ne OWL ata a Neely a My BEND TiS Mant 0 yy 245 Hy : ret RP Er a7 we : : PAL Se MAE Reo Hy Mates eebatiietieg Sete edibon eth 2B LHP ys mesos 8 Pd tends 6 Pei Ay eevee Pier eo blew ow te’ Soaieal Vote thn ye bg Ad Ase Yd Qeoste ove 4 aM eRe Ae the te Seta eth ass aey AME oth Ee Abe a eee ee ea De Vse ph yie Heath Penna babel dhe y Sn een rn Pe CET ame eh es Daan rey eared es ara Ps Per pire ererrtent Dei 8 Meh ea tes ValVen Couey Tas peNde are OL Sy keine ds Hoek oe me he sate oa ae oh Dy atnet ot heer Hath bails He ta des Be Se TY hated ed Lea Poa Me Np Wel tue SA ee ahd Dy We Noeiatls peat dle Ripe nin tener : 7 : . 5 ee Be Ay tary > eo 5a Abi . av Gtditign Ayia Oaths teerd bey BustotStaspart Netrers : Oe a , ety tte eve a ‘ ‘ es EN ete ‘ Hoan Me Rear e nt ae bar Ade 4 NHR Ey eh: Peay tet ttle ey ce r Serre gee sem tary bite ane A : é : naaWel : rare Sere edt baka tie™ . oti a oa Teens eters ¥ te Mattes ¢ CLOTS Ee OMe fata! eRe ere wae tate! a Fee ese eave ta ceee ay Nha le ee SUS ae ane? Paha eer he Lie cee nye Re err ned eat i en 7 ¥ fs eee ere eas Ts wit Af wana wens 2 at abate Suse Twenge ded ede a “ ‘ . Feo Non abe era ast tet Aika oo) wt tewtew 40 vas sett TA te Tae ae os abe rier MeV owen dhe dete hye Ke aly . TUE debe tym gee tres Seen fe haem Pe ey 2 " . hae whew oof gael Sra becias Bote eee Mies ? as ss ager weeny epee Melee oat " Tete Sete eey Mihe eene Pare on Masi ene a8 bee w aN =a OG w” eae > a a STITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31YVYGI7 LIBRARIES. SMITHSC ud = z : ; = = - , + — ig < = + tg = a NA = SE cs 2 “AS oO 7 z JIyVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSH SaIYVvudIy INSTITUTION INSTITUTION SMITHSO S SJIYVYSIT LIBRARIES STITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3SIYVYUE!IT LIBRARIES NVINOSHLINS SZIYVUdIT LIBRARIES a) z = a Rs = .< = = = iz BE Oo 25a eo: Ww wy WM yg Y - O a © 4 = = = z @Z = > = > & = 2 ” = 77) ». x yp MITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSH Ze np = -, Zz ne = =. 1h fy 2 : GX — xt », com ke > -_ \ ai =i = * ~ w w Hi Zz o Zz SMITHSO STITUTION NOILNLILSNI yuvUg a LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSH. SJIYVYEIT_LIBRARIES NVINOSHLINS S314 NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN ls cli wc eal (Tp) AN Za Ww ee = Gh. aay TITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSON: ” eye 4 Zz wo ud 7) e w us , : : < = = 3 < < Ye : 5 WHE : = YF co o '\ 2 ra} ma’ = Zz : J Zz ay SYVUYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI - = = - = 2 's S - 20 2) a | = ra) > Ei : = a = - = a o es a z | NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3INYVYUG!IT LIBRARIES SMITHSON! 7) z 7) z ee wn = = = LS = 5 z = ee + a : g i 2 g 2 Fe = = z > G = = 3 a » 2 Ek LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN __ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLI = ” 3 ” = on M a. aM” ee (op) = x %, a TITUTION ~ NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS us luvug ee LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSON! : oe : . Sy La Pe) SN Oe Bs) = YE = > SS » = > © Ex — ee) NES Be) = Go Z = W's = Kf z “ee tee ms Z LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLII 7) z e) z = < = = = = = acs - Oo i : Oo WK DN op} on . Ws O r me Gee 2 \S = - Zz y a i = é = é FITUTION NOIMLNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONI LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES NOILNLILSNI YVYd!iT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLII Salyvugit INSTITUTION S saiuyvugit INSTITUTION TITUTION NOILNLILSNI SJIYVYSIT LIBRARIES ae NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYdIT LIBRARIES NVINOSHLINS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIN SMITHSONIAN uvUug ea LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLII S 5 75th Congress, 2d Session = = - - - House Document No, 445 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION _ BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY _ BULLETIN 118 ~ 3 SAN. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE NORRIS BASIN UIN EAST ERN TEN NESSEE- Bibess Bie a ~ WILLIAM §. WEBB ERE-ING bes nO | oe ne lie Mae | ALV 1d Y3AIY J3SSINN3IL 3HL 4O 311JOUd HINOW JACRY STIIN ove oze ooze SWvO Oas0d0nd NOILINYDASNOD YIONN SAWO SWVO ONILSIXZ ON3937 | y HWNNVAVS " INIONVT HIIMNI/ od yNLVI30 wo0Td ard VOOONVLLVHD NOSTIM YITIFTHM ave sel” Seeeeeee eZ. Yi, “TSR JA08Y 1334 - NOLLAIT NOVA CN 8ll NILATING wzPLIZLOLLL 7 4 ave SLLVM “SIVOMS ¥#FLINOD a aN * OuvAasE~ ( ) a aaTASEV q vt ITUASHILNND ova SITVH VONVANYNOIHD ITWASY. ENT iS) YW Auvar 0 se $970 WYO FJISSVM/IH ne 7 wae, (aasodoud) wa ave SLLVM & ee) ‘AINe Ul t} cy in 0 VR AHTIVA AFAASSHUNNGAL 3HL 40 dvin ALIMOMANY ASTIVA J3SSANNSL OF HVYINGvVd-o Yi, ITHASLYIA VI GF weroninuia G FTMASHFILNND JTNASLNOH® Ra dnivoad 3ONIuON WO NOSTIM PS SS © = mE = i HLNIYOD Y —>- —_, WO ONIONVT WOIMNI/ 6 HVNNVAVS = (ersosows) WYO FTTIASLYIE7/ ASOTONHLA NVOIMSAWYV AO NvaYXna 5 2 Lex 75th Congress, 2d Session - - - - - - - - - - - House Document No. 445 | 1s SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ESOA BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE NORRIS BASIN IN EASTERN TENNESSEE By WILLIAM S. WEBB UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1938 x IADIDOIOMA a} a HO ut IC -¥ » : re . Heature No. 24, Site No; 5.00. oo eh) ee ee ee it Feature No..23, Site No; 5222s a ee «- Feature No: 21, Site No. 5 w9ie siete: Sie lee iigaeee .. Feature No!22;)Site Nowbo< 6 es [ne etanho es Dee . Typical section of trench, Feature No. 26, Site No. 5_._____________- . Drawing restoration of large vessel, Site No. 5.___________________- . Drawing restoration of large vessel, Site No. 4-___________________- Ground plan, primary floor; Site No. G2l7s2_-_2_235)_s)- =2 eee ; Heature Noi 2. Site NG. Oi. 22 oe eee ee : Feature No, Ty Site Now 722 oes ee ee eee . General outlay, Site Now8_ 32.62. .25- ee eee Page 296 296 296 ILLUSTRATIONS mecound plan, secondary floor, Site No. 8_._.-_..-.---_____.-.__._- merornd plan, primary floor, Site No. 8...20205 000.52) ek . General outlay, Site No. 9_.___-_ meexeavated area, Mound No: 1, Site No.9...._.-......-.--.0... 2. . Ground plan, primary floor, Mound No. 1, Site No. 9-_____________ iwcavated area, Mound No. 2; Site No. 9.0... 2 . Ground plan, secondary floor, Mound No. 2, Site No. 9_____________ mileature No: 7, Mound No. 2):Site No. 92.022. 2810092002 28 ek . Ground plan, primary floor, Mound No. 2, Site No. 9.____________- mbeacure No. 8, Mound No. 2, Site No. 9:..........2 2-2...) 2. mexcayated area, Mound No.1, Site Ne. 10............._._.._____ . Seventh structure, Feature No. 27, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10_______ . Sixth structure, Feature No. 29, . Fourth structure, Feature No. 30, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10________ . Relative structure levels, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10________________ . Third structure, Feature No. 39, . Second structure, Feature No. 40, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10________ . First structure, Feature No. 42, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10_._________ . Excavated area, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10_____________________ Le mleacune No, 9, Mound No: 2, Site No. 10.L. 222222022 leek mbeaturcuNe. 2) Mound’ No.2; Site No. 10_..2.-.._...2-0... 2. 2. itextuce, No, 14, Mound No. 2, Site No. 102__....__. 5 2s mixeavated area, north end, Site No. 11____...__._...- 2 e meliscavared area, south end, Site No. 11-__.._.-.__.___2-..__. LL. . Drawing restoration of vessel, Site No. 11__-_-_______-_-_-.__-____ . Drawing restoration of large vessel, Site No. 11_-___________________ . Drawing restoration of vessel, Site No. 11_-.----________--__--___- wrawine restoration of vessel, Site No. 1J__..__-...._._--___.__-..- _Oriwing restoration Of vessel, Site No. 11__...._..-___.__-.. 2. lL _- . Drawing restoration of vessel and handle, Site No. 11______-________ . Excavated area, Site No. 16___- . Trenched area, Site No. 17____-_ miapersice, Feature No.7, Site No.17_=_..--. 2-5... 2-2. 2.-- .-- . Feature No. 12, village site, Site mExcavated area, Mound No. 1, Site No. 17____..2_-.-_-12-_- 28 mHedture No. 3, Mound No. 1,-Site No. 17-222 ee eee mneature INO. 4; Mound No.2, Site No. 172.2222. 0202 ool eel. mExeavated area, Mound No. 3, Site No. 1722-22 22. 2-222 bee Seheature No. 6, Mound No. 3, Site No. 17....._.-. 5_-.- 24.2. mHedture No. 14, Mound No: 3, Site No. 17_-.__- 2 eee mixcavated area, structures, Site No. 19_._.-___....-.-__...2 2.2. mimeavated arta, burials, Site No. 19........2-222- 2 eee aOrawing restoration of vessel, Site No. 19_.._....-.-.-2-2._..-._.. morawines restoration of bowl, Site No. 19.-...___...__.-__.. 2 LLL Le mirawine restoration of bowl, Site No. 19...__..___.__2. 2-2-2 Lee weeawing restoration of vessel, Site No. 19_.__._..£_-.__.---.--_--- . Excavated area, Site No. 22____ . Restoration of stamped pottery vessel from Site No. 3_____________- . Rim-sherd sections, Charts Nos. . Rim-sherd sections, Charts Nos. . Rim-sherd sections, Charts Nos. . Rim-sherd sections, Charts Nos. . Rim-sherd sections, Charts Nos. . Rim-sherd sections, Charts Nos. Mound No. 1, Site No. 10__-_______ Mound No. 1, Site No: 102... ._22- INGO dient ape nie CO a ME Le tel, De ACGME OL Cea! Ja! ree tea os tt 2— 2 t ast ' ive p ‘ :. . Fo pad 5 oe i 7 garit. vats , r. bd _ a % > f r = $2 vk te ay rad Ee es ate i oti Sa 8. ah ati, ) ha A ye <9 raid spn eat | ime? . eh 8 5S, Pare Intigakh 6 oh site S at Petey? gloodh cbse a. Kah: sin S ee hava i. Wert oH 2.06 B Enon roe) ae shay ie vai uae rev ster Wo Boe rhe fg EP 2546 ad ie pk avs br yinld 9 4 hs “yr ¥. oie ft * fy 4 af - 7 iV ; y het FO alt .6 4. ati so ana us . “fy SE ‘ Tie ere heey oh i siden ai bas Of A? al iB, f Peat HELE, Fas Ss oy, ed tail : # (tf slg { one 8 oie. firtols ARO a othe by Bat rrehh, Pg) AR) gam Gat haunt, & en . yp orgnhh, eee mati Ate: feign ahh sted i Veo ad Sick ae on ibe + eh ; *t ix F q mon ale os 9 al § VG RHR, foeeiets ni ; f Beh a 2 foareu ytd tw 72 ik trkiet. ener ta ie I ae iF: lowaey he Z OF, aA fare e MS ‘aie ° V6. 9 Piast fyta foastev bay acktart ; YT w ate: ca Ate Aion si anf 0% wit iim. Leg OA STA 5 Oo ate Ry ares 9! in “tig om eHey AG S® 1k 5 oni 74, L.oVeobeao tt eae ye nh OM ate Lee Penats ont .& oh AL off ate = OF bane oh: Lo ne akc ey VE OF. ONE OM) bao Nl 7 aL ORL hie ae finse ‘ T1..0v%, she & Dh hairoht OM. ati sane man, it a ‘tt 1h ef t ahas S180. n PS ARVs ata aca to. PL OF 6 ae : WE 208 etie. inn . J ol ahh Dany to ig: : i er Ce eae hs Vs otic; a: Py STIS. OTE Lora seh oe Berets Ip. aon Seeaeae Pint ay. Bras eee via ses fer ke LE ate Fb ere bitedt) AIS my brio AL Ria A pbrest 2 pow, 50 bris f So Sis* BOF, ae) AOR ee bro: SI MS ik iia. sibs s: deginiis oee 20% axa , FOREWORD This bulletin, An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee, is the first of a series of archaeological reports based on studies conducted under the direction of the Research Sec- tion, Social and Economic Division, Tennessee Valley Authority. In planning the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority it became evident that the building of dams on the Tennessee River and its tributaries and the flooding of large areas would cover with im- pounded water many sites showing evidence of man’s prehistoric occupancy of the valley. Valuable evidences of prehistory would thus either be destroyed or forever placed beyond any possibility of investigation. The board of directors was concerned with this prob- lem of conservation and expressed a desire to conserve to future generations the wealth of archaeological material and information available in the Tennessee Valley area. The study of the Norris Basin was carried on under the technical supervision of Maj. William S. Webb, Senior Archaeologist, Ten- nessee Valley Authority, with the assistance of a number of govern- mental agencies. The Civil Works Administration and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration supplied labor for the field work. The University of Tennessee provided laboratory facilities for the study of the materials recovered. The preparation of this report was begun after the close of field work in July 1934, and the manuscript was submitted for publica- tion in September 1935. A report of the archaeology of the Wheeler Basin is now being prepared, and it is hoped that additional publi- cations dealing with the prehistory of the other basins—Pickwick Landing, Chickamauga, and Guntersville—can be added to this series, ; T. Levron Howarp, Chief, Research Section, Social and Economic Division, Tennessee Valley Authority. Knoxvittz, Tenn., June 1937. € ty < PS er 4 , at 3 a XN iy CHOWAAOT ca i ni deel eitiot alf ia Yarine lect tieatak a £. 608 mrcoce fastyoloondsth: t ta galwoe'a Da det enlt et soe “ant a8 dergobatl alt Bp opts) y os -webr Lejathied Rate ‘peagt id eet seas el” wt aivich ational rape oae 1 4t Pies allay Uh ik oad 1 gt" aut? to ioe eric g. " yesesis ) sad Fe ApeeD ve mii icrd “Ett ‘iy woo DlywR Reeth gate to weds aid: 5 Hicieisig . ~~ t reves G, LUEQNOD A WANE fates i eieays yd, Anreosenl z : wetinsdias eras” qT ern ORK only Va AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE NORRIS BASIN IN EASTERN TENNESSEE By Witt1am S. WEsB INTRODUCTION As early as August 1983 the suggestion was made by interested citizens that the Tennessee Valley Authority should undertake archaeological investigations in the areas to be flooded by the build- ing of dams on the streams in the Tennessee Valley. It was recog- nized that the construction of dams and the consequent flooding of large areas adjacent to such construction would destroy all records of prehistoric occupation aud forever prevent future archaeological investigation of such inundated regions. The importance of such areas for archaeological investigation is at once apparent. For prehistoric man the rivers were his highways. The rivers were attractive to aboriginal man also because there he found a never-ending source of food in great quantity which was comparatively easy to obtain. The fertile bottom lands furnished ideal sites for the location of villages, especially for those peoples practicing rudimentary agriculture. Since this region was the known home of diverse Indian tribes in early historic times, it was to be expected that the areas along the streams of the Tennessee Valley would show much evidence of prehistoric occupation. While the desirability of an archaeological survey of this region was obvious, the means for its accomplishment were not at once available. Many obstacles stood in the way of such a project. With the initiation of the Civil Works Administration, however, at least one of these obstacles was removed. It was immediately suggested that an archaeological survey of the areas to be inundated was one of the important projects which could be sponsored by the Tennessee Valley Authority and in which Civil Works Administration labor could well be employed. In December 1933 a conference was called in Knoxville, which was _ attended by representatives of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the University of Tennessee, and the University of Alabama. Mr. Neil M. Judd, curator of archaeology of the United States National 154676—38——2 1 P'2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 Museum, was invited to act as a consultant for this group. As a result of tentative plans and suggestions made at this conference, the work of the survey of the Norris Basin was begun about January 8, 1934, with the author acting as supervising archaeologist for the Tennessee Valley Authority. The work continued with the use of Civil Works Administration labor until the time of its demobiliza- tion in March 19384, and with various interruptions continued until July 1, 1934, using Federal Emergency Relief Administration labor. This survey revealed 23 sites showing definite evidence of prehis- toric occupation. The location of each of these sites is shown in the map of the Basin which accompanies this report (pl. 1). On the 28 sites investigated there were 20 earth mounds, 9 stone mounds, 4 village sites, and 7 caves. Of these 29 mounds, 12 were burial mounds and 17 were associated with prehistoric structures. On these sites were located the remains of 54 wooden structures, 20 of which were thought to have been dwellings and 34 of which have been des- ignated as “town houses.” Of these 34, 7 had suffered incomplete combustion and had collapsed and fallen after being reduced to charcoal. The detailed description of each of these sites in numerical order forms a large part of the body of the report. After the close of field work in the basin all of the artifacts re- covered were deposited at the University of Tennessee, where the author had opportunity to study and photograph them, in order that this additional information might supplement the large body of information obtained by field exploration. All skeletal material re- covered was shipped to the department of anthropology and ar- chaeology of the University of Kentucky for restoration, study, and report. Samples of potsherds from all sites were sent to the ceramic repository of the University of Michigan for study and report. A study of the dendrochronology of the living trees of the Norris Basin, which was begun during the period of field work, was con- tinued with gratifying results at the University of New Mexico. For this study samples of wood taken from the various sites exca- vated in the Norris Basin were used. The results of all of these studies are included in this report as a valuable addition to the information recovered by the survey. Tue Norris BAsIn The construction of Norris Dam was begun in 1933 under the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of May 18, 1983. The dam was named for United States Senator George W. Norris, of Nebraska, who sponsored the bill creating the Tennessee Valley Authority. Norris Dam is on the Clinch River, about 80 miles above its con- fluence with the Tennessee River and about 7 miles below the mouth S39VTIIA @SNMOL Oo dNOYSD GNNOW 3NOLS @© 3L1IS G3ILVAVDKZ © GN3931 sain | ITUAGHYN AYO SS ES Ee ee Be / as | lie Cae Se Ar I is) ! Anos SY3AIY T143MOd % HONITD 30 ASAYNS IWIIDOIOSVHDYV N34uvg DIgO 02 ALIS Oo 173M3Z4;, *3N ase =a, v0 23 (2 ad 4 ey PG = a W12M3Z4L o na 9773M93346S O'D Slo 91D lz aa) (a) Zlo ZIO 4 <.Z a4 ~< LdvyW stl NILATING ADOTIONHL]A NYOISAWY AO nvayna WN WS al ¥ SaIIN 0S Ov Of O02 O| O OI Ep ae a aqvos Oia ates 9 TG AYOLIYYSL LNSDVFaGV GNV x le Sa bis y » °0 Sige: \ IBee geet . 7 Dee pe MATIWA SASSENNEL mp ar ae i o nd ) a Gy) Lf? asn5iasadnu « 5 ? cv Co Ti} PED Sad i VIN Od Yo HL nos au \ j 2 x el . ai “SAROOMYLLVHOm a ee a Pas -- — me, | : IIA a WY aK a \ > WV YOIMYlc ( ‘cS 57 Sy f- HYNNWAVS ) ee: lean (aN Je NIN (26 ey 3 2aSSDM! ~~ oe O A jt Fad \ y i ‘> — D Ne eee FA \ ¥ SF oR Pao eo ATUAKONY oO saesona TOPE Soe ¢ y NN 7 \ qaSS SINNa oS} Y / aS STHAHSYWN © is Sh OTA TE IS eh 4) VINIOUIA > oy fe eel ee ec dVW 8ll NILA TINA ADOTIONHLA NVYOIMAWY AO Nvsayna _ WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 3 of the Powell River. When finished, it will be about 265 feet high. The top of the dam will be 1,060 feet above sea ievel; and, by im- pounding the water of Clinch River and its tributaries, it will create Norris Lake, raising the water level to the 1,020-foot contour. ‘This impoundment will flood Clinch River for some 72 miles, Powell River for 56 miles, as well as many other lesser streams, such as Big Creek and Cove Creek. Norris Lake will have an area of about 53 square miles, and a shore line some 705 miles in length. The area thus flooded, under the 1,020-foot contour, following the Clinch River and its tributaries, constitutes the Norris Basin. This basin lies in Anderson, Campbell, Union, and Claiborne Counties, Tenn. Its exact location in the Tennessee Valley is shown on map 1, a map of the drainage area of the Tennessee River. The extent and conformation of Norris Basin are shown on map 2. Survey or Norris BAsIN The archaeological survey of this basin had for its major ob- jectives: 1. The discovery of all prehistoric sites within the basin. 2. The excavation of all of the important sites found. 8. The recovery and preservation of all information and material of archaeological value. The first of these objectives implied that a thorough search be made of the entire area from the 1,020-foot contour down to the present edge of the river, locating every evidence of prehistoric occupation. Such sites, when located, were to be plotted on a map of the basin. The second and third of these objectives made neces- sary the excavation of key sites, using such techniques as would conserve a maximum of the remaining evidences of the cultures of the prehistoric inhabitants. Besides conserving the material remains of the prehistoric peoples, it was necessary, in addition, to make use of all other available means in order that such information as could not be preserved in material form might not be lost. To that end a survey of each site was made as excavation proceeded. A system of field notes, covering all phases of the excavation, was carefully kept. These field notes were supplemented by many drawings made in the field. By a diligent use of photography, an attempt was made to produce a complete, accurate, and permanent record of every feature as it was discovered. Tuer PHystoGRAPHY OF THE Norris BASIN The great valley of East Tennessee lies in the physiographic divi- sion of North America known as the Appalachian Province. The 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 great valley is a part of the Appalachian Valley, which extends from Virginia into Alabama. The region west of Walden Ridge and northwest of Cumberland Mountain lies in the Cumberland Plateau province. This area is sharply demarcated from the valley by the eastward facing Walden Ridge and Cumberland Mountain, designated the Alleghany front. The Appalachian Valley shows a uniform increase in altitude from 500 feet or less in Alabama to 900 feet in the vicinity of Chatta- nooga, to 2,000 feet at the Tennessee-Virginia line, and 2,600-2,700 feet at its culminating point on the divide between the New and Tennessee Rivers. The drainage of the valley region is quite diverse. The Powell and Clinch Rivers, flowing into the Tennessee River, form the major streams of the area. The streams fall from an elevation of 900-1,100 feet at the valley border to 780 feet at Blacks Ford on the Clinch. All the larger streams are sunk in sharp, narrow troughs 100-500 feet below the adjacent country. Most of the surface of the smaller valleys stands at an altitude of 900-1,100 feet. Above this various ridges project from 100 to 500 feet. The formations exposed in the valley region are all Paleozoic in age. They have all been disturbed from the horizontal position in which they were deposited. Close folding and faulting due to tan. gential pressure from the southeast has produced the long straight folds, which are almost universally overturned with faults occurring on the northwest side of the anticline. Some faults are continuous for over 300 miles, while the folds are even longer. The long, narrow ridges and valleys of the Tennessee Valley were brought into their present attitude by a series of diastrophic and erosional events. During the Paleozoic the region was intermit- tently submerged by marine waters, and with the change of the various kinds of sediments the formations were laid down. At the end of the Paleozoic in the Appalachian revolution the strata were folded and faulted, forming an ancestorial Appalachian Mountain system. During the Mesozoic era these mountains were base-leveled and the present drainage system established. A series of uplifts aggregating several thousand feet rejuvenated the area. Differential erosion has produced the present long ridges and val- leys, the ridges being maintained by the more resistant strata, while the valleys are developed on the weaker shales and limestones. Of geologic as well as historical interest is Cumberland Gap, in the vicinity of Middlesboro, Ky., a cleft in Cumberland Mountain standing about 1,000 feet below the ridge tops. This gap offered a convenient pass for pioneers into the region of the west. The gap WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 5 was once occupied by a southeastward-flowing tributary of the Powell River. Capture of the headwaters of this stream by Cumberland River diverted the waters to the north. Subsequent erosion lowered the land on both sides of the gap, leaving this remnant of a former valley some 500-600 feet above the present-day drainage. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is impossible to mention by name all persons who by their kindness and cooperation rendered valuable assistance to the survey. Interest in this undertaking was quite general among all property owners within the Basin. Grateful acknowledgment is made to all property owners who kindly permitted the excavation of sites on their lands. The following is a list of persons to whom such acknowledgment is due: Mr. John L. Ausmus, Speedwell. Mr. Jim McCarty, La Follette. Mr. F. Howard Bowman, La Follette. Mr. Stoke Meredith, La Follette. Mr. A. B. Cox, Edgemoor. Mr. W. S. Moneymaker, Edgemoor. Mr. Sam Crawford, Scarboro. Mr. Wiley Richardson, Agee. Mr. W. A. Freel, Scarboro. Mr. H. Clay Stiner, Stiner. Mr. J. M. Hetherley, La Follette. Dr. Sam Taylor, Clinton. Mrs. Mandy Harris, La Follette. Judge J. H. Wallace, Clinton. Mr. Harvey Hill, Loyston. Mr. C. J. Walters, Maynardville. Mr. M. N. Irvin, La Follette. Mr. Isaac Wilson, Loyston. Mr. C. R. Lea, Clinton. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the National Research Council, which, through Dr. Albert W. Poffenberger, chairman of the Division of Anthropology and Psychology, made a grant in aid of this research. This fund played a very important part in sup- plementing Federal appropriations in this emergency. The restric- tions necessary for the expenditure of Federal funds often prevent or delay minor expenditures beyond the point of greatest efficiency. This grant of the National Research Council was very necessary in the coordination of the expenditures of the Civil Works Adminis- tration funds for labor and the Tennessee Valley Authority funds for administration. Its immediate availability greatly expedited the setting up of the organization for field work. The assistance of Dr. Carl E. Guthe, chairman of the Committee on State Archaeological Surveys of the National Research Council, and Mr. Neil M. Judd, curator of archaeology of the National Museum, is greatly appreciated. Both of these gentlemen gave generously of their time and advice in locating a competent super- visory staff and in formulating plans for the initiation of the survey. Acknowledgment is made of the valuable services rendered by Dr. W. D. Funkhouser, dean of the Graduate School and professor 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BouL. 118 of anthropology of the University of Kentucky, who made a study of the physical anthropology and pathology of the skeletons from the Norris Basin. The results of his study are included as a valu- able addition to this report. ' Acknowledgment is made of the proficient manner in which Dr. James B. Griffin, of the University of Michigan, has undertaken a study of the potsherds from the Norris Basin. Dr. Griffin made a trip to the University of Tennessee for a hasty survey of the material from the basin, and has spent several months working over the large number of sample sherds which were sent to the ceramic repository of the University of Michigan. He has made a comprehensive study of this material and his report, as published herein, contains a wealth of information relative to the ceramic arts of the prehistoric peoples of the Norris Basin. Perhaps the outstanding accomplishment during the survey was the demonstration, by Dr. Florence M. Hawley, that the science of dendrochronology can be applied to the trees of southeastern United States. Dr. Hawley made a 2 weeks’ study of growing trees in the Norris Basin in the spring of 1934. As a result of that study she concluded that it would be possible to set up a dendrochronological chart for this area if a sufficient number of tree samples could be found. Due to the painstaking effort of Mr. Clarence C. Prosise, foreman in the Basin Clearance Section of the Tennessee Valley Authority, growing cedar trees were found which had some six hundred rings or more. Dr. Hawley has continued her study at the University of New Mexico and has made progress in developing a dendrochronological chart for this region. It is a pleasure to make grateful acknowledgment of this advance in southeastern archaeology. Her report on the progress of this work is included in this survey and represents the first attempt in the southeastern United States to aid the study of prehistory by this method. In every archaeological survey in which the preservation of infor- mation is a major objective, efficient field photography is a first consideration. The author desires to express his appreciation of the excellent service of Mr. E. E. Newkom and Mr. Granville Hunt, of the Tennessee Valley Authority photographic staff, who by their ability and industry procured many excellent pictures of the field work in progress. The author also desires to express his gratitude to Mr. M. G. Thompson and Mr. B. N. Glenn for their prompt and careful handling of the photographic work of this survey in the WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 7 Tennessee Valley Authority photographic laboratories. All of these gentlemen, by their interest and uniform courtesy, greatly expedited the work of the survey and rendered a service as pleasant as it was efficient. The success of an archaeological survey begun in midwinter, cover- ing intensely so large an area, and carried on by the use of unskilled labor from the Civil Works Administration and Federal Emergency Relief Administration rolls, demanded a maximum of careful and able supervision. This was provided by one district supervisor, Mr. T. M. N. Lewis, and eight field party supervisors. Mr. Lewis was selected for this work because of his ability and his known interest in such problems. He undertook this work with- out the aid of a preliminary survey of the archaeological remains of the region. In the face of many physical handicaps, he initiated both the survey and the work of excavation and carried them to a successful conclusion. The region under investigation was rugged; the roads very poor. In addition, work was begun in the middle of the winter and was continued in spite of snow and zero weather, in the winter months, and excessive rains and river floods in the spring. Mr. Lewis has also made contributions to this report by his assistance in the study and restoration of the material recovered from the basin. The field party supervisors were, in the main, young college men trained in archaeology and having experience in field work. They were drawn from university and museum work to meet this emer- gency. They demonstrated their ability to get excellent results and, in the face of many difficulties, not the least of which was the use of unskilled labor and a constantly changing personnel, they success- fully carried out many difficult explorations. Too much credit can- not be given them for their tireless energy and painstaking care. The following list of field party supervisors shows the sites on which each labored: Supervisors Sites on which they worked VSN T2270 (i a Se ie aa ae am ee 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 17. pee eemererrramm Ge Ne. Sth Is) 17, 16, 25. Peinaeinnee Vie ET A ON 2, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19. LSD eS ae es knee Cee eee eee See 2, 3, 5, 12, 15, 16, 19, 22, 238. Mermernmengell (C6 10, 20, 21. Sutera enaries Gio 10, 20, 21, During the early part of the work under C. W. A., Messrs. George D. Barnes and A. E. Wilkie were employed as field party supervisors. 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 List oF SITEs The 28 sites showing evidence of prehistoric occupation reported in this survey are listed below in numerical order. Their location is indicated on the map of Norris Basin, each site being designated by number assigned. Site no. Description Owner Is Stone: Mounds s.2 08s.) soa Be el i J. M. Hetherley. 2. BOWMAN “MOUNGS == 2 2s eT KF. H. Bowman. a NOLEpPELeDr (Cay kes [ak see: LENGE as ee teense ae Stoke Meredith. 4 “McCarty anounds =. ea ee Sen y See eee ee Jim McCarty. Dy Oar yValles Site «st WTS eee ks oe ee hh M. VN, Irvin. 6: Hillastone mound Sse. yes) 6 FO peewee see Harvey Hill. (Wilson MOUnG=.<28. 2.2.1 ete oe ee ee Isaac Wilson. S. nichardson mMounGe 2 2) 2 ee eh Wiley Richardson OV ELA TEES OUNCE Boe pce cco ee Mrs. Mandy Harris. LOY ASIMUS Mounds]: 20 225.) ee eke ey eae as eee John L. Ausmus. da OWialters willgvet. Sk EVE 2 atee 8 oe i eed C. J. Walters. ID a Wallace sea veneot sia os 9 es ay ts Oe eee eee Judge J. H. Wallace. NS Ba UOC Cawie 2638 oe Poet oa LG pelea ast ieee Roy Alexander. A LAWNS CAIN =o a a ae ee ee Federal property. ts JoOunSON: Cemetery. 2s foe eee eee J. B. Johnson. TOS Paydor sno Unde 3 So ee ee NE ee ae Dr. Sam Taylor. fi, een MOUunG ands VAAL eee ee Oe ee ee C. R. Lea. 1S Stone Mound sores we el pe ee ee EE H. Clay Stiner. TQ ASTRA sv OTN ie ah ea aly ene ego A. B. Cox. DAY” TSURE TED Ea Vie oo 2s Ey a ag 2A gg 2 la hc Speen John L. Ausmus. Al, Crawlord pmol sae tes cen oe eee Sam Crawford. 232 WP TES! MO UNC ee ee even, See meer Ss W. A. Freel. ae AS a es C0 ee Ls eee CLS Gentes DY ES William and Robert Doan. 1) (Je) ro) © =) ° ro < © Note oN TECHNIQUE OF EXCAVATION AND THE INTERPRETATION OF DrawIncs In the excavation of all mounds reported in this survey a uniform method of survey and designation was used. When surveyed, mounds were staked as indicated, either in 10-foot squares or in 5-foot squares, along the cardinal directions. The northeast stake is always designated as the zero stake. The squares are designated southward by integers and westward by decimals. In all drawings of staked areas shown in this report the stake lines have been omitted for the sake of clarity. However, one point is always designated for reference. By the use of the accompanying scale and the given reference point, it is always possible to reconstruct the coordinate system of stakes, superimposed on any excavated area. In drawings of excavated areas, rectangular post-mold patterns of structures to be described in more detail elsewhere are reported by broken lines made up of long lines and dashes. Primary structures WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 9 are indicated by one dash between the lines, while secondary struc- tures are indicated by two dashes between the lines, etc. This is nec- essary because of multiple occupancy of single sites, upon which as many as eight structures have been found, one superimposed on an- other. The extent and form of all trenched areas is indicated by broken lines at the boundary. Site No. 1—HETHERLEY STONE MOUNDS This site is located on the J. M. Hetherley farm in close proximity to a place known locally as Shanghai Branch. It is situated about 500 yards to the right of the road leading from Demery, Campbell County, to the mouth of Cedar Creek. Four stone mounds are located on the wooded south slope of a high hill within 100 feet of the crest. On the opposite side of the hill, some 700 or 800 yards distant, the Powell River flows. In all directions the terrain rises irregularly, and many springs and small creeks lie at the bottom of these hills. The high-water survey stakes indicate that the entire area will be included within the Norris Reservoir. } . All four mounds were in alinement, approximately north and south. For purposes of reference they will be referred to as Mound No. 1, Mound No. 2, Mound No. 3, and Mound No. 4; Mound No. 1 being the southernmost and Mound No. 4 the northernmost. The periphery of Mound No. 1 was 4 feet from the periphery of Mound No. 2, Mound No. 3 was 15 feet from Mound No. 2, and Mound No. 4 was 56 feet from Mound No. 3. The diameters were, in order, 18 feet, 12 feet, 12 feet, and 14 feet. All four mounds were round in configuration and their heights were, in order, 2.5 feet, 2 feet, 1.5 feet, and 1.75 feet. Each mound contained about an equal amount of rudimentary stone, which varied in size from 3 inches thick and 1 foot square to small stones. Test trenches made in Mounds No. 1, No. 3, and No. 4 revealed that these mounds had been previously disturbed by marauders. No trace of burials was found in Mound No. 4, but a few fractured human bones were discovered in Mound No. 1 and Mound No. 3. Upon removing about a foot of stone and soil from Mound No. 2, a burial was found. This skeleton was in a partially flexed position. Due to the extremely moist condition of the soil, it was decided to remove the stone and soil surrounding the burial to a depth of 3 feet, which operation uncovered two additional fully extended burials directly beneath the upper one. The three burials had the same orientation, namely, heads to the northeast and faces to the right. 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Unfortunately it was not possible to determine the exact deposi- tion of the burials, inasmuch as the moist condition of the soil and darkness prevented further removal of dirt. Upon returning the following morning, the party found that all these burials had been removed and borne away during the night by young men living in the vicinity. This loss was much to be regretted, since a complete excavation of the mound yielded nothing further, either in materials or information. Srre No. 2—BOWMAN FARM MOUNDS The Howard Bowman farm at Agee, Campbell County, Tenn., lies in Catham Bend of Powell River, about 4 miles upstream from its junction with Clinch River. This great bend in the river is about 114 miles long, north to south, and a mile wide, east to west. Here the Powell River flows northward on the east side and swings west- ward to flow southeast on the west side of the farm. The area thus nearly surrounded by the river is a rolling plateau sloping gradually to the river level. Outside of the “bend”, rocky hills covered with sparse growth of timber rise some 300 feet above the river. The topography here probably was a deciding factor in influencing pre- historic man to select Catham Bend as the site for a village. The plateau is on the 960-foot contour, and the waters of Norris Lake will cover it to a depth of 60 feet. The farm, shown in plate 2, a, has long been in cultivation. The area under excavation is to be seen in the center of the picture. The soil, which is a heavy red clay loam mixed with sand, is fairly fertile. It is easily displaced by flowing water, however, and erosion has already removed the top soil from part of the area, leaving in places barren gullies. The crest of a low-lying ridge which constitutes the center of this area in a field of about 25 acres had been plowed in the fall of 1933 in preparation for spring planting. There was, thus, very little sur- face evidence of prehistoric occupation visible on the site. The most noticeable feature was an elongated ridge of earth, some 150 by 100 feet, and about 10 feet high, having a general northeast-southwest direction. Investigation revealed that this ridge had been formed by the erosion of two closely associated mounds, each nearly circular, one much larger than the other. Trenching outside the mound area revealed a village site covering several acres adjacent to the mound. The long cultivation of this gently sloping plateau and the gradual erosion of the top soil had almost obliterated all trace of the village. All that remained were scattered post molds in the subsoil, fireplaces, and piles of pebbles below the plow line. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 11 Particular attention is given to areas designated as A, B, and D, because of the evidences of occupation which they offer. In area A a number of features were found which were particularly charac- teristic of this site. After the removal of the humus layer from thea top of the hardpan, several areas thickly covered with ellipsoidal river pebbles were discovered. The pebbles, which were from 2 to 6 inches in diameter, were laid together to cover areas which were approximately circular in form and varied in diameter from 1 to 6 feet. Each of the piles of pebbles, composed of from 12 to 125 pieces, rested upon a layer of charcoal and ashes about 6 inches thick. Some of the stones seem to have been broken by the action of heat and were discolored on the under side. Since in the same area scattered post molds were found, the stone piles are believed to have been on the floors of a structure. While these stone piles were associated with charcoal, it is difficult to believe that the areas were fireplaces. The earth beneath the stone and ashes did not show the effect of any considerable amount of heat, while adjacent areas at the same level which were not covered with stones did show discoloration and evidence of fire. In this area the several features may be described briefly as follows: Feature No. 1—This was a stone hearth with a semicircular line of stones, consisting of two large and eight small stones. A pit in the center contained charcoal and six potsherds. A series of post molds was found nearby. ‘These molds had no definite regularity of position. Feature No. 2.—This was a pile of stones which was found at a depth of 9 inches. It was 55 inches long by 47 inches wide, and con- tained about 125 small stones which were fractured by heat and were discolored on the under side. Feature No. 3—This feature consisted of 65 small stones resting upon a 6-inch layer of charcoal. The area was 42 inches by 32 inches. Some of these stones were fractured by heat and were dis- colored on the under side. On this pile a few potsherds were found. Feature No. 4—This feature was made up of approximately 30 stones, much larger in size than those in Features No. 2 and No. 3. The usual 6-inch layer of charcoal was found under the pile, and the stones showed fracture and discoloration. The area was 49 inches by 26 inches. It is believed that it was originally a circular area, but the eastern edge showed disturbance by plow. In area D a similar stone-paved area was uncovered. Feature No. 1—This area was made up of 50 large and about 50 small stones arranged in a crescent-shaped pattern which was 58 inches in maximum length and 30 inches in maximum breadth. This stone pile rested on the hardpan at a depth of 9 inches. Ashes were scattered between the stones, but there was very little charcoal under them. 4) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Since these areas were selected at random for investigation, it is quite probable that there were many such paved areas in the old village site. Their purpose is conjectural. While they were cer- tainly associated with evidences of fire, they do not appear to have been fireplaces. In area B of the plat the subsoil showed a large number of post molds which seemed to fall into two groups, as shown in figure 1. The westward group, photographed in plate 3, a, revealed an irreg- ular arrangement. The eastward group, shown in plate 3, b, seems definitely to indicate a post-mold pattern of a rectangular structure. These molds, which formed rows indicating the walls of a structure, were generally from 3 to 5 inches in diameter. A few of the molds in the interior of the structure were as large as 20 inches in diameter. A dark area following the line of post molds seems to indicate that in seating the posts for the wall a trench had been dug and the bases of the posts set in it in approximately straight lines and at the proper depth. The surface earth, darker in color than the hardpan, was then filled in about the base of the posts, leaving the line of the trench clearly indicated in contrast with the undisturbed subsoil. The form of these trenches is indicated in figure 1. Mounp No. 1 This mound was approximately circular in form and about 90 feet in diameter and 10 feet high at the center. It rested on a very definite humus layer varying from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, the greatest thickness being on the west side. Below this humus there was a heavy yellow clay subsoil. The mound had been erected of yellow clay and red clay and deposited in pockets or spread in small oval layers. ‘The color contrast was so great that it was possible in some cases to identify the individual loads of earth which had been deposited by the builders. Pockets of black humus occurred at intervals throughout the mound which seemed to indicate that a load of topsoil occasionally had been dumped with the clay. Both yellow and red clays are available in quantities in nearby outcrops. Any vertical face cut in this mound thus showed stratification of red, yellow, or black lenticular layers of varying thickness throughout. The mound was staked in 10-foot squares, as shown in figure 2, 70 feet eastward and 90 feet north-south. On the north side the tier bounded by stakes 0.0-0.7—1.7-1.0 was sliced down evenly to a depth of several inches below the humus line underlying the floor of the mound. Under the limitations attaching to the use of Civil Works Administration labor, it was necessary to employ approxi- mately 40 men at this site. For this reason, excavation was started WEBB | oO oO oO oO oO O Oo 12) 2) Oo oO 2) .e) O Oo oO 1@) .e) Oo ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN Pee cS 8.0, ° [9090 0000°0 00 O °o FIGURE 1. SLTE. 2 AREA 8B EAST END SCALE 3210 3 FEET O'\2046050. 6 6 © 6.00 13 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 simultaneously on the south side of the mound also, in the tier bordered by 8.0-8.7—9.7-9.0. Each 10-foot section was cut down horizontally to the floor line, and each vertical wall as it was exposed 20 | oS Sa Pon ro) fe) ° 5 °°. 28 ©) oy og ° FS F102 % 0 9° 816 ° SITE 2 MOUND | EXCAVATED AREA SCALE 10.8 64 20 10 FEET FIGURE 2. was carefully examined for stratification and possible floor levels as shown in plate 2, b. Figure 2 shows the location of the special features which were uncovered. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 1 5 Movunp No. 2 Early in the excavation of the elongated elevation, which was the most prominent feature of this site, it was seen that its ridgelike appearance was due to the close association of a large circular mound and a smaller mound lying to the northeast. Erosion of the topsoil from the larger and higher mound had partially covered the smaller one. Excavation was begun on the smaller mound designated on the plat as Mound No. 2. This mound was made up of yellow and red clay intermixed. It rested on a humus layer 15 inches thick, the apex being 30 inches above the humus line. The mound covered a burned structure which had collapsed on the floor. This structure was composed of split cane and grass thatching which was attached to a network of small poles from 1 to 2 inches in diameter. ‘These poles crossed each other at right angles about 1 foot apart and had evidently been lashed together to form a framework for the attach- ment of the split-cane and grass thatching. All of this material was carbonized by the action of fire. In some portions of the area material of this sort had been completely consumed by fire. Under the charred structure a few irregularly placed post molds were en- countered on the floor. Excavations were extended in three direc- tions from the center of this area, considerably beyond the area covered by the charred remains, in the hope of finding other post molds. None were encountered. If there had ever been a walled structure here the post molds were either so far removed from the burned region as to have been beyond the limits of excavation or they had been destroyed either by cultivation of the soil or the possible removal of parts of the structure by the builders of Mound No. 1. In the later excavation of Mound No. 1, several sections of burned poles about 2 inches in diameter and some 3 feet long were found 22 inches above the primary floor. In appearance they were similar to the material of Mound No. 2 and may indicate the partial dis- turbance of this structure when Mound No. 1 was erected. In the absence of any definite proof of a wall under Mound No. 2, this charred pole-cane-grass structure may be only a roof of an arbor supported on the posts irregularly placed, as indicated by the post molds. Feature No, 1,—This was a shallow charcoal pit, circular in form and 2 feet in diameter, which was found on the primary floor. The location of this feature is shown in figure 2. Feature No. 2.—This was another circular fireplace which is shown in plate 4,a. It was 3 feet in diameter and had in it 16 small stones irregularly placed. This fireplace contained charcoal to a depth of 8 inches, which is shown in the photograph, piled in two heaps as it was removed from the pit. This charcoal-filled basin was covered 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 by a thick stratum of humus, which contained no observable midden material. Because of this layer of humus, the fireplace gave the impression of long antedating the building of the mound (fig. 2). Feature No. 3.—This was another fireplace. It was 6 feet in diameter and contained ashes and charcoal to a depth of 14 inches. Other fireplaces on the original floor would seem to indicate that the mound was erected on the site of an ancient village (fig. 2). Feature No. 4.—Near stake 6.3 and near the southeast corner of the secondary structure (fig. 2), some 2 feet above the primary floor, a section of bark approximately 6 feet by 2 feet was found. This bark had not been burned, but had decayed, leaving a dark stain on the sand. Feature No, 5—This circular fireplace, which was 3 feet in diam- eter and was covered with ashes and charcoal to a depth of 7 inches, is shown in figure 2. There were some stones in these ashes. Feature No. 6—On the southern edge of the secondary structure and within the mound the charred remains of several small logs were found. These seemed to have been partially burned elsewhere and incorporated in the earth of the mound at the time of its construc- tion (fig. 2). Feature No. 7.—Near stake 1.1 there were four or more short sec- tions of logs, 2 feet to 3 feet in length. These were found 22 inches above the primary floor. They were charred and may have been portions of the burned structure from Mound No. 2 (fig. 2). Features Nos. 8 and 9.—These were, respectively, the altar and clay seat on the primary floor. They are described in detail in con- nection with the structure with which they are associated. Feature No. 10—Southwest of stake 7.3 there was a circular fire- place 15 feet in diameter located in the hardpan beneath the mound and covered by 18 inches of black humus. Four stones were placed near the fireplace. Clay about the fireplace was hardened by fire action and was covered by scattered charcoal and ashes (fig. 2). Several feet north of stake 4.6 and 414 feet above the primary floor a series of post molds was encountered which clearly represented a secondary floor. Slicing was discontinued at this point and the portion of the mound above the secondary floor was removed in an attempt to ascertain the nature and extent of this secondary struc- ture. A structure some 85 feet square was revealed. The ground plan and orientation of this structure are shown in figure 3. The circular area indicates a fire hearth which was nearly symmetrically located on the floor of the town house and slightly raised above the level of the floor. The rectangular area to the east of this hearth marks an area in the town-house floor discolored by fire and hard- burned. It is possible that this excessive number of post molds may WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 7 Coo 9 oO & ro) fo) 0° 00 ro) o3 0 0 fo) fe) ae 3 re) gre 6 fe) ° ro) Bs ° o O ° O Ae °8 O oO : O O ae °° = Q fo) 3 @ rote) 6 fo © O O co ne ® ao 6 0? a ° S 0 = bk O (e) O56 i } fe) fo We) O 0 : Bs ro) 096 Fs, rome) BA °° O x 958 Gg O oe ° . O #20 86 : | EF So. O feted . re) 000 fe) 12) 900 9000 fe) oe) 0° o 00 9 ao co oo Y 00 000 090 © ee fo) oo oe) 00 00 00°M00 00 0 0009 9000 009000 00, fe) tL SITE. 2 MOUND | GROUND PLAN SECONDARY FLOOR SCALE 5° 4°3 2:70 5 | BEET Fieure 3. 154676—38——3 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 be attributed to repairs made upon the town house after its deteriora- tion due to age had made repairs desirable. From information gained on other sites it appears that attempts at such repairs were occasionally made with the evident purpose of prolonging the life of the town house.? In order to ascertain if additional post molds existed to the east of this structure, the portion of the mound to the east of the structure was removed by slicing down to the primary floor. No molds were encountered on the secondary floor plane, but a few scattered molds were found on the primary floor in the southeast quadrant, as shown on the plat of the site (fig. 2). The south side of the mound having already been sliced down to the 2.0-2.7 face, the remainder of the mound was then cut down in such a manner as to form four faces which alined themselves with the four walls of the secondary structure as shown in plate 5, a. This was done in order that the position of this secondary structure might be noted with respect to that of the primary floor. It was then found that there was a post-mold pattern on the primary floor. Careful investigation revealed that the orientation of these two sys- tems of post molds was very nearly identical, and further, that the molds of the secondary floor were almost directly above those of the primary floor. It was surprising to find two structures of almost identical size, shape, and orientation, one superimposed upon the other. (PI. 5, 0.) This change in the technique of excavation left as a residue a rectangular block approximately 35 feet square and 41% feet thick. Plate 6 shows the arrangement of post molds on the surface of this residual block, after the surface of the secondary floor had been carefully exposed by troweling. This floor contained in the interior of the structure a number of scattered post molds of large size, which were probably made by the ends of beams used to support the roof. In the center of this pattern of post molds the floor was hard burned, indicating long-continued and very hot fires. No burned structure was found on the secondary level. The post molds on the primary level were all empty, but those on the secondary level, while easily discernible, were partially filled with black humus, due to the infil- tration of surface earth. The vertical walls of the residual block in the center of the mound were carefully studied for evidences of stratification. All four ver- tical faces bore lenticular striations, curving upward to all four corners, and seemingly indicative of the possibility that four pri- mary mounds, one centered at each of the four corners of the pri- mary floor, had been built. Horizontal striations on the faces be- 2See Sites Nos. 8, 11, and 17. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 19 tween the curved striations seemed to indicate that in making the primary mound dirt had been added in level layers, and by this means the mound had been built up to the level of the secondary floor. The secondary floor was uniformly 414 feet above the pri- mary on all faces, but it sloped to the northwest slightly, as did the original humus layer at the base of the mound. After the secondary floor had been plotted and photographed, workmen were stationed around the outer edges of the vertical block of earth supporting the secondary floor and told to remove the earth in 1-foot stages. When shovels were forced into the earth just outside the line of post molds the striated yellow and red clay wall caved off vertically in enormous slabs from the top down to the level of the primary floor, leaving a grayish colored wall, as shown in plate 7, a. In other words, there appeared to be a vertical cleavage plane extending from the primary to the secondary floor on all four sides, and situated just beyond the post molds. A wedge (pl. 7, 6) was cut into the southeast face of the vertical blocks in an endeavor to determine whether the cleavage line was formed by the settling of earth immediately over the remains of the burned structure, which was already making its appearance around the outer edges of the primary floor. The slant- ing faces of this wedge failed to show any striations whatever. The earth beyond the cleavage plane was darker in color and did not con- sist of a pure red-and-yellow clay as did that encountered outside the cleavage plane. Furthermore, there appeared to be no further indication of curved striations at the corners, nor were there any horizontal striations. It appeared that a cube of earth had been constructed over the primary floor. Following this, clay had been thrown up against this cube at the corners, thus presenting the appearance of four primary mounds beyond the cleavage plane. This condition might readily be attained if we may assume a wooden structure which had a heavy covering of earth on the roof. The great weight of the earth covering would have necessitated con- siderable bracing of the side walls of the building. This bracing was done by piling up earth at the four corners outside the walls. Thus small mounds, one at each corner, were formed by the earth piled up against the building. Each of these mounds, however, was in fact only three-fourths of a mound—the other quadrant being taken up by the corner of the building. When and if the roof sup- ports rotted and the whole mass fell like a large square block and covered the floor below, these corner mounds would remain, and the walls of the building would be a vertical plane of cleavage between the central block of the mound, which was formerly on the roof, and the earth piled against the walls. It is believed that this is what happened in the construction of this mound. The reasonableness of 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 this assumption will appear later, as the evidence from the other sites is presented. After the investigation, the surface of this rectangular block was sliced down in 1-foot levels, as shown in plate 8. This process was continued until the level of the primary floor was reached. At this level a floor bounded by the post molds which had been noted previ- ously was revealed. Covering the entire surface of the primary floor were the burned remains of a collapsed structure. Plate 9 shows a portion of this structure before it was removed from the floor. These burned remnants consisted of charred remains of logs, split cane, and grass thatching which had been attached to the log posts. Plate 4, b, is a close-up showing the cane matting covering a fallen post. This matting, to which the grass thatching was attached, had been woven of split cane and bark. The removal of this fallen struc- ture revealed a thoroughly prepared clay floor, upon which rested an altar and a clay seat. These two features were the only objects on or above the prepared clay floor. These were designated “Features No. 8 and No. 9”, and are shown in figure 5. Feature No. §—The fireplace or “altar” is shown in plate 182, a. It consisted of a nearly square clay platform 6 feet 10 inches in length and 6 feet 8 inches in width, raised 6 inches above the floor level. In the center of this platform was a pit, oblong in shape and running from the center of the altar to its western edge. This pit was filled with ashes to a depth of 83 inches. Near each corner of the altar was a circular concave depression which was very smooth on the interior surface. Each was 9 inches in diameter and nearly 2 inches deep, and was nonsymmetrically placed, as shown in figure 5. Rest- ing on this altar was a soft clay bowl, 12 inches by 14 inches by 614 inches on the outside and 4 inches in depth on the inside. It was unburned and quite soft, and when exposed to the air rapidly disintegrated. Feature No. 9.—Against the southeast wall of the structure a clay seat of three steps was discovered (pl. 10). The seat faced northwest and was made of clay hardened by the action of fire. It was in line with the center of the structure. It was placed so closely against the southeast wall of the building that several of the posts of the southeast wall had been set in a portion of the lowest step which ex- tended 14 inches behind the rear of the two upper steps, as shown in figure 4. In cutting down the clay between the primary and the secondary floor levels workmen damaged the surface of the seat before its nature was discovered. The damaged portion was restored and the seat was then photographed, as shown in plate 128, a. The dimensions and orientation of this feature are shown in figure 4. WEBB] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN Diag The form of the structure closely approximated a true square, 35 feet on the side, with rounded corners, as shown in figure 5. When the structure was in process of construction trenches about 12 inches wide and 14 inches deep were dug in the floor where the walls were to be. These trenches were not carried to the corners but were car- ried to within 2 feet of the corners. Into these trenches the basal ends of saplings 4 or 5 inches in diameter were set. Along the trench and outside of the structure a horizontal log was laid at the bottom of the trench. On the inside of the building, on a level with the top of the trench, a second horizontal log was laid and lashed to the SITE 42 MOUND | FEATURE 9 FIGureE 4.—Clay seat. vertical posts. Figure 6 is a drawing indicating the essential ele- ments of this type of construction. The trench was then filled with surface earth and a fresh layer of clay, some 6 inches thick, was carefully spread over the interior of the structure to form a smooth hard floor. The small end of each vertical post was then bent over toward the center of the building to meet a similarly situated post bent from the opposite side. The two ends of these posts were lashed together to form a continuous bow, extending from one side of the structure to the other. This process was carried on from all four sides until the corners were reached, which resulted in a double system of parallel logs over the center of the building, forming a square mesh about 1 foot wide each way. These crossed logs were tied together at certain places and over this structure split cane was spread and attached by twisted ropes of grass. Grass thatch was then applied and tied on with both twisted Deve BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 and plaited strings. Finally a covering of earth, perhaps 2 feet or more in thickness, was placed over the grass. The corners of the building were closed by using much smaller poles, the basal ends being driven into the hard earth and the small Ml it SITE 2 MOUND | GROUND PLAN PRIMARY FLOOR 4.3 in el 4 FEET Fiaure 5. ends leaned up against the structure to which they were attached. - These poles were set in the are of a circle at the corner, and being smaller than the posts used in the wall, and not set nearly so deep, their molds are easily distinguishable from the post molds of the side-wall logs. This gave to the structure the rounded appearance at the corners. | WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 23 The horizontal logs, placed as they were, one inside just below the clay floor, and the other outside at the bottom of the trench, about 20 inches below the floor, were admirably situated to give maximum stability to such a structure. When the structure was burned and fell, and later was covered over in order that another structure might be erected upon the site, the decay of these hori- zontal logs left horizontal molds in the trench which was filled with dark humus. The vertical post molds would therefore be most dis- tinct at the level of the prepared clay floor. This was a fact and was easily observed. When the earth was cut away from the outside 2 SITE 2 — OQ eRe as MOUND ONE eo TYPICAL SECTION OF TRENCH PRIMARY FLOOR — ee — \ L \ / < Vi YELLOW CLAY CONSTITUTING FLOOR OF STRUC- TURE. BLACK HUNUS FILLED TRENCH. of the post molds, and the floor layer was removed from the inside of the building, the horizontal log mold was revealed against and immediately inside of the row of vertical molds. There may be the suggestion of a doorway in the center of the southwest wall of the primary structure. At that point a slight outward curvature appeared for a distance of 4 or 5 feet. Just, within the line of molds at this point a trench which had evidently been formed by the decay of a log laid horizontally and perhaps used as a threshold was found. However, it appears, from facts observed on other and seemingly related sites, that the doors to these “town houses” were quite small. In general they appear to have been little more than a mere crack in the wall, only large enough to allow a person to enter by squeezing through sidewise. These doors seem in most cases to have been in one corner; and, from the placement of the two larger and extra post molds just inside the trenches at the northwest corner, it is believed that the 24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 door of the primary structure was located at that point, rather than on the southwest wall. The primary floor, which was covered by the fallen burned struc- ture erected on it, showed the effect of fire, as did also the clay above and adjacent to the charred remains. This fact, together with the obvious fact that the charred remains did not suffer com- plete destruction by fire, definitely shows that the fire was smothered out. There was here no evidence of any plastering of clay on wattle- work walls, so often reported elsewhere. The finding of burned clay resting on top of the fallen structure very naturally raises the question of how the clay could be so burned while serving to smother out the fire. This smothering must have occurred since carbonaceous material so readily burned, as dead grass, split cane, and small dry poles, was not completely destroyed. One naturally wonders if, in case a wooden structure so constructed had been fired, it would have been humanly possible to have covered over such a burning structure with earth quickly enough to have produced the rather uniform partial burning observable over the whole primary floor, and at the same time to have allowed enough time for the heat of the fire to have discolored the covering clay. From the condition of the clay it is not believed that the building was covered over with fresh earth while it was burning, but rather that the structure, which was built of logs, split cane, and grass, had been covered with a considerable thickness of earth while it was standing. Under such conditions, when fired, it would have had an opportunity to burn over the whole interior slowly in an atmosphere deficient of oxygen, and finally, when it did collapse, the outside covering earth would have soon smothered out the fire. It would, itself, hee been discolored by the burning which took place sill the ponldane was standing. Notwithstanding the large amount of excavation and indnatite of evidence of occupation, he site yielded very few artifacts. In the general digging, a small fragment of a steatite pipe and a frag- ment of a large biconcave discoidal were found. Other than a few crude hammerstones and flint chips, these were the only stone arti- facts discovered. In the mounds there were scattered shells of snail and mussel. Many of these mussel shells were perforated in the center and showed evidence of ‘use as hoe or scraper. It appears that they were used to scrape up the hard clay from its native deposit at the time of the construction of the mound, and by accident became incorporated in the mound. Pottery from this mound was quite scarce. Even on areas which were definitely house sites, sherds occurred infrequently. All of BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 2 a. Bowman farm on Powell River. Site No. 2. (See mound excavation in center distance.) b. Profile 1.0-1.7, Mound No. 1, Site No. 2. (Note humus line and varicolored clay lines.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 3 a. Scattered post molds in subsoil in village site. Site No. 2. b. Post-mold pattern, showing rectangular structure, in village site. Site No. 2. "2 ‘ON OJIS ‘TON Puno; “YouByI SsBis Aq pot9A0d CUIseq ULOIJ posOuIod sunyeur yawq puv ouvo yds surmoys sod podreyo Uoy[ey B Jo dn-vsojo y “q Soyse JO Soyid DJON) °Z ON 9419 ‘T ‘ON punoyy ‘Z ON omngvoy ‘ooRldoiy “Dp BAlvi1d stl NILATINa : ADOTONHLA NYOIMANY [eo] nvsayne — ee ie nee ea Pe ee ae BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 5 6. Central block of mound revealing post molds of primary structure in southwest ecrner. Mound No. 1, Site No. 2. ‘spjour 4sod 10110}UT pue sovjdery 0J0N) °Z ‘ON OIG ‘T ‘ON punoypy “Avpo poredoid ‘prey jo sem oovjams 1ooy [enjoy ‘“SuIdeems pue SuITeMO.) [NyoIvo ao4JB Iooy Arepuode PI ! l U Y ! re I Ss 931V1d 8st! NILATING ADOTONHLA NVOIYMAWY AO NVaHnd BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 7 a. Vertical cleavage plane between earth inside structure and outside structure. Outside has split off nearly up to shovel standing vertically. Mound No. 1, Site No. 2. b. Wedge cut into southeast face to show cleavage planes on left. Mound No. 1, Site No. 2. ‘ZON OU ‘TON puNopY ‘SAAT JOOJ-] UL MMOP 4Nd Yoolq [V1} U9) ALV1d st! NILATING ADOTONHLA NVOIMAWV AO NVadnNa ‘ZON 8}19 ‘T ON punoy|yY ‘poqinjsipun sinjon.4s peuing jo uor10d surMoOYs 1oOy Aleut ALV1d 811 NILATING ADOTONHL]A NVYOIYMAWY AO NVsAeNs O| ‘2 ON 91g ‘T ‘ON punoyy ‘QINJONAS UOT] VJ JO porvopo 1eqye [eUED “100 AreuItAg ALV1d 8st! NILATINGA ASOTONHLA NVOIMAWV AO Nvaynae WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 25 these sherds were soft and crumbling and many were on the point of complete disintegration. This condition may point to a consider- able age for the site, or it may indicate a soil particularly active chemically. From the nature of the sherds found one would not suspect that their present condition could be attributed to the poor quality of the original product. The sherds found seemed to indi- cate only large vessels of utility of coarse texture. There was no evidence of tempering other than shell. Plain ware, textile im- pressed, and grass-paddled sherds were about equally distributed. The only other form of exterior decoration consisted of handles. All handles were round in cross section and had an extension above the rim. No burials were found in this site, although there was a local history of skeletons having been plowed up in this field some 10 years prior to this investigation. CoNCLUSION Site No. 2 seems to have been a village of sufficient importance to warrant the erection of a town house in its midst. Town houses were earth-covered, and when the first town house was destroyed by fire a second was erected on the same spot. A village had existed at this location prior to the erection of a town house. Where post-mold patterns were discernible such patterns were rectangular in both town houses and dwelling houses in the village. There is no positive evidence that dwelling houses were earth-cov- ered. The opinion is expressed that the mound was formed solely by the collapse of earth-covered town houses erected in succession on the same spot. Site No. 3—SALTPETER CAVE This cave, which was located on the land of Mr. Stoke Meredith, was 11 miles east of La Follette, in Campbell County, Tenn. It was 2 miles west of Powell River and about 5 miles up the river from its mouth. About 50 yards from the entrance to the cave there was a spring which might have been used by the prehistoric inhabitants of the site. The cave faces nearly due east. Its appearance was very different from that which it must have presented in prehistoric times. The bank of earth in front of the entrance was caused in part by the erosion of soil from the hillside above the cave mouth and in part by other factors. During the Civil War the Confederate Army used the cave as a source of saltpeter. Large piles of earth and ashes, the by-products of the process of extracting the niter from the soil, 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 were carried out of the cave and dumped at the entrance. Excava- tion in the ash beds outside the cave yielded no evidence of prehis- toric occupation. The entrance to the cave was about 40 feet wide, with an over- head clearance of about 10 feet. From the entrance, toward the rear of the cave, the floor descended and the roof ascended until, at a distance of 80 feet from the entrance, the ceiling was 40 feet high. The floor was covered with large rock masses which had fallen from the roof. Beyond this large vault the cave was much smaller and fairly dry. Ata point about 1,000 feet from the entrance there was a pool of clear water. The entrance to the cave will probably be above the high-water mark of Norris Lake, but, since the floor de- scends sharply, the rising waters will certainly fill the rear portion of the cavern. Inside the entrance the sloping floor was covered with ashes and midden deposit to a depth varying from 3 to 6 feet for a distance of 80 feet. The midden material contained much shell and many frag- mentary animal bones. Beyond the bank of debris there seemed to be no further evidence of prehistoric occupation, although a careful inspection of the cave floor was made for a distance of 600 feet. A local inhabitant stated that some 3 years previously he had seen a burial wrapped in cane and bark resting on a ledge of rock in the cave wall, some 400 feet back from the entrance. He offered to guide the party to it. Careful inspection failed to reveal its location, or to yield any evidence of occupation deep in the cave, except for the wooden vats used by the Confederates in leaching the soil for niter. It is believed that the information given by the man was correct, since his description checked with information obtained by explora- tion—a fact which he could not have known at the time. The burial he had seen had doubtless been removed by someone within the last 3 years. Excavation of the cave floor was begun at a point 80 feet from the entrance where the midden deposit thinned out to meet the rock floor of the cavern. Here a trench was run from one side of the cave to the other. The earth was thrown behind the workers into the cave as the trench was exploited laterally toward the entrance. In this way the entire midden deposit in the cave entrance was examined. This resulted in the removal of a layer of ashes and midden mate- rial from 3 to 6 feet over an area of about 3,500 square feet. Figure 7 is a plan of the cave entrance. It shows the location of © the 13 burials and the fireplace which were uncovered. While the cave was as dry as most caves the midden deposit at the entrance was damp and had long been subjected to the action of outside water. The water flowed into the cave as the result of the downward slope WEBB] ENTRANCE F ZZ A B82 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 10 Bil B10 cs) "s % K Bé6 BT 7,9 =o B En as J S40 B9 B2 ¥ 2B 3 LZ IN ly eal : SITE, 3 SALTPETER CAVE SCA 108 6420 FEET FIGURE 7. 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 of the floor and because of the accumulation of earth and ashes de- scribed above which blocked the mouth of the cave. As a result of this condition some of the skeletal material in the dampest part of this ash bed had decayed badly. Because of the frequent dis- turbances of the surface since prehistoric times, the data on the depth of the material discovered was considered to have little significance. Burial No. 1——The grave contained the skeletal remains of a child buried on its back with its head to the east. The legs were flexed on either side of the torso. The body had been wrapped in cloth and surrounded by the bark of trees. The covering was badly de- cayed, but some fragments were preserved. Burial No. 2——The grave contained the fully flexed remains of a young female. The body had been buried with the head to the northeast. It had been covered with a large rock, which, in shifting slightly downhill, had caused the flexed leg bones to shift to the rear. Burial No. 3—In this grave were found the poorly preserved remains of an infant which had been buried with the head to the north. It was flexed and lay on the left side. The skull had been crushed. Burial No. 4.—This was a fully flexed adult which had been placed on its stomach. The head was under the thorax; the left forearm lay at right angles to the humerus and rested under the torso. The knees were flexed and the feet were piaced at the pelvis. The preser- vation of the skeleton was very good. Burial No. 5.—This was the body of a child which had been buried on its back with its face turned to the left. The legs were flexed to the left. The femora were placed at right angles to the pelvis; the tibia and fibula were closely flexed. The skull was crushed. Burial No. 6—A fully flexed adult, buried with the face down, was found in this grave. The knees were touching the chin. The pelvis bones and sacrum were missing. A bone awl was found between the feet and the skull. Burial No. 7—The grave contained the poorly preserved skeleton of an infant. It was buried on the back with its head to the south- east. The skull was crushed and the leg bones were missing. There was a faint indication of a bark wrapping. Burial No. 8—This grave contained the partially flexed remains of a child, buried on the right side. The skull was crushed. A dozen periwinkle shells were scattered on the body. Burial No. 9—This contained the partially flexed skeleton of a child, buried on the right side, with the head to the south. The body had been covered with a large rock, as shown in plate 11, a. Plate 11, 6, shows the same burial with the stone removed. Burial No. 10.—This burial of an adult was covered by a lime- stone slab 18 inches long and 12 inches wide. Many of the bones, WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 29 including the skull and the pelvis, were missing. From the arrange- ment of the bones, shown in plate 12, a, it would seem that this might be described as a flesh reburial. Some of the bones, the spinal column in particular, were still in anatomical order. Burial No. 11.—This was a cremated burial. The body probably had been burned elsewhere and the residue of ashes, together with the artifacts, had later been deposited in the cave. The artifacts found included a drilled antler amulet, a double spatulate bone arti- fact—probably a weaving tool—three arrow heads, one bone awl, and a bone celt. The burial was covered by a large oval-shaped stone. When the stone was removed many bone fragments adhered to it, as shown in plate 12, 0. Burial No. 12—This was an adult burial covered with 10 large stones. The skull was missing, except for a part of the mandible. The bones were not in anatomical order. It appeared to have been a burial of disarticulated bones superimposed on a burned clay surface. Burial No. 13—The grave contained a pile of disarticulated bones of an adult, covered by a pile of stones. The skull was missing. A pestle was found in association with the bones. Beside the burials the only other feature of importance encountered in the midden material was a stone hearth constructed of 25 stones in an oval arrangement, having a maximum length of 45 inches and a breadth of 33 inches. The fire pit adjacent to Burial No. 12 was filled with ashes to a depth of 5 inches. It was 36 inches below the present stirface level. Porrery The sherds from this site have a variety of surface finishes, as shown in plate 13, a, but are alike in that all are hard gravel or sand tempered; the gravel tempering being of coarse texture. All rims are plain, and there are no lugs, handles, or other forms of decoration. Among the surface finishes the following may be listed: 1. Comb trailing, as shown on the lower right corner of plate 18, a. 2. Cord-wrapped small cylindrical tool impression, as shown in the lower center of plate 18, a. 3. Cord-wrapped paddling. 4, 'Textile impressed. This textile appears to be an unusual form of twined weave. The sherds are small and wholly different in appearance from so-called salt-pan pottery, as shown by the sherd second from the right in the upper line of plate 18, a. 5. Grass-wrapped paddling, as shown by the sherd in the upper right-hand corner of plate 18, a. 6. Stamped ware. The meshes are square, 10 to the inch, and vary in size to rectangular meshes, 4 or 5 to the inch. By actual 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 count the stamped ware was found to represent 25 percent of the total. Plate 18, a, shows one sherd having a projectionlike leg. The con- struction would seem to be the same as the four-legged vessels found on Site No, 12. One fragment of a steatite vessel was taken from this cave. ARTIFACTS Stone artifacts are shown in plate 13, 6. The flint implements are in general very crudely chipped. At the lower left is shown a “turkey tail” projectile point 4.8 inches long, very thin and beautifully made, which was found near the surface of this cave. For this reason it would seem that it was introduced into the cave at a relatively late period. A few perforated steatite disks and small celts were found, together with crude pestles, hammerstones, and mortars. A seeming characteristic of this site was the use of crude two-hole gorgets of hematite, sandstone, or cannel coal, as demonstrated by the number of broken and unfinished specimens found. Plate 14, a, shows samples of the awls taken from the general dig- ging on this site. Awls were very numerous, being found by the hun- dreds. They were made from ulna of deer and wolf, deer scapula, split cannon bone of deer, bird bones, and deer horns. Many other specialized bone artifacts were found. Plate 14, 6, shows bone chisels, horn flaking tools, carved bone handles, fishhooks, hair- pins, carved bear jaw, and cut bear femora, hollowed out and prob- ably used to make a grease lamp, bone gorget and spoons made from shell, and the carapace of the box tortoise. A double spatulate object of bone 10.75 inches long was taken from the deposited remains of a cremated burial. This object is highly polished and may have served as a weaver’s tool. CoNCLUSIONS The findings in this cave are in many ways similar to those reported from rock shelters in eastern Kentucky + which have been attributed to members of the great Algonquian family. Among those characteris- tics which seem to be diagnostic the following may be mentioned: 1. Occupancy and burial under rock shelters and in the mouths of caves. 2. Predominance of flexed burials devoid of artifacts. 3. Occasional evidence of burials of dismembered bodies in the flesh? and bundle burials of bones. 1See below, footnotes 2, 3, 4. 2 Funkhouser and Webb, 1929, p. 67. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 11 a. Use of large stones to cover burial. Burial No. 9, Site No. 3. b. Stones removed from burial. Burial No. 9, Site No. 3. c. Sherds from rock shelter on McCarty farm. Site No. 4. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULEEEDIN 118) sePEATE M2 a. Reburial of portions of body in the flesh. Burial No. 10, Site No. 3. b. Deposit of cremated remains under a stone. Burial No. 11, Site No. 3. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PEATE 13 a. Sherds showing cord-wrapped paddle, grilled stamp, fabric-impressed and ‘‘combed’’ surface finishes from Saltpeter Cave. Site No. 3. b. Stone artifacts from Saltpeter Cave. Site No. 3. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118. PEATE st4 a. Bone awls from Saltpeter Cave. Site No. 3. b. Bone artifacts from Saltpeter Cave. Site No. 3 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 31 4, The occasional deposit in cave floor of partially cremented re- mains,’ the actual burning having taken place elsewhere.* 5. The association with cremated remains of some and often many well-made artifacts.» These offerings never include pottery. 6. The common use of two-holed flat and bar gorgets.* Gorgets were made of hematite, cannel coal, steatite, slate, and limestone. 7. The finding of oval vessels of steatite, with end lugs, cut from a solid block. 8. The use of a wide range of stemmed and unstemmed projectile points. There was, however, an entire absence of small triangular points. 9. The considerable use of bone for awls and scrapers. 10. The use of bone fishhooks. 11. The use of cups and spoons cut from carapace of tortoise. 12. The finding of the femora of bear cut squarely off and hollowed out. These may have been used as handles, but some are found charred inside as if used as a torch containing grease. 13. Practically speaking, no use was made of worked shell. 14. Pottery was gravel tempered, of coarse texture, and usually had grass or cord paddle marking. 15. Rims of vessels were plain and straight, without handles or lugs. 16. The entire absence of any evidence of the smoking custom. From an inspection of the material evidence from this site one is driven to the conclusion that the occupants of this cave have no con- nection with the builders of the earth mounds and village sites of the Basin, but that their cultural affinities are to be sought elsewhere. However, besides the similarity in traits at this site with the rock shelter above referred to, some of the potsherds found in this cave are remarkably similar to those reported by Harrington’ from upper Tennessee River near Lenoir City, Tenn., and classified as belonging to his “round-grave culture.” He described this type of sherd as “marked with parallel corrugated indentations” and asserted a belief based on its association that it was not of Cherokee origin. Claflin * has found a similar pottery type at Stallings Island, Ga., and similar sherds are reported by Bushnell ® from Kellys Ford, Va., on the Rappahannock. Bushnell expresses the belief that these “parallel corrugated indentations” as described by Harrington were 8 Funkhouser and Webb, 1930, p. 272. Bushnell, 1920, pp. 38, 147. See also Father Sebastien Rasles in Jesuit Relations, vol. LxVII, pp. 154-159. 5 Funkhouser and Webb, 19380, p. 274. SiIbid., p. 251. 7 Harrington, M. R., 1922, pl. xLvi1, 6. 8 Claflin, W. H., 1931, pl. 27. ® Bushnell, 1935, p. 94. 32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 produced by a basket used in forming the vessel. Both Harrington and Bushnell seem to regard this type of pottery as the oldest found in their respective regions. Ficure 8. Strz No. 4—McCARTY FARM MOUNDS LocaTION The McCarty farm lies in Lays Bend about 10 miles up Powell River in Campbell County, Tenn. The elliptical area almost en- closed by the river is about 3,500 feet long east to west and about 4,500 feet north to south. | | | a a Hh ! : i hag z is | } i [po datas : iy 1 ; | a Rage bei AA rio brid sleet Glico aenuell 28 \ or die oe ¢ SaaS gb SITE 5 GENERAL OUTLAY SCALE 40 20 0 50 FEET Ficure 11. gradually that its character would almost escape detection. After excavation had been begun in the mound, trenching outside the mound area revealed a considerable village site and a number of post- mold patterns were discovered. Excavation in the mound soon showed that it marked the site of two adjacent rectangular struc- tures of considerable size. The remains of the structure under the 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 south end of the mound was designated as Structure No, 1, Feature No. 26. This structure proved to be 41 feet long and 26 feet wide. The remains of the building under the north end of the mound was designated Structure No. 2, Feature No. 27. It was found to be very nearly the same size as Structure No. 1 and to have the same orientation, as shown in figure 11. StrrucrurEe No. 1 This structure was erected by setting the base ends of vertical posts in four trenches which formed a rectangle. The trenches were about 18 inches deep and 14 inches wide, and outlined the structure as shown in plate 18. Figure 13 shows a ground plan of the structure. The trenches were filled with dark loam and in some parts of the trench showed a double row of post molds, one row down the center and the other along the inner edge. Along the outer edge of the trench and standing on edge were numerous flat stones, both lime- stone and sandstone, which apparently were used to assist in sup- porting and steadying the posts of the walls. With the exception of the east wall, it was difficult to trace the post molds in the trenches, due to the fact that the trenches were filled with soft black loam which held the impressions of the mold very imperfectly and gen- erally made digging and tracing of the molds very difficult. A con- siderable part of this black loam which filled these trenches is be- lieved to have been due to the decay of logs, laid horizontally against the base of the vertical posts. These horizontal logs were held in place by the flat stones chinked in behind them. The stones thus appear at the bottom of the trench always on the outside, as illus- trated in plate 19. However, on the north end of the structure a portion of the trench was covered with hard clay which preserved the post molds in shape. The trench and its relationship to the molds is shown in plate 21, 6. The method of construction of the base of the walls is illustrated in plate 21, a. Here the vertical post molds go down past a horizontal mold which was made by the decay of horizontal logs laid against the vertical posts at the bottom of the trench. The logs were originally held in place in part by the flat stones chinked in between them and the trench walls. This method of construction seemed to be characteristic of the larger structures at this site. Almost at the beginning of the excavation of the south side of the mound a row of flat stones set on edge was discovered. These were designated as Feature No. 1 on the plat, and are shown in plate 20. These stones, which were 5 feet apart, were in very good aline- ment and, while they were all on the same level, yet their depth below the surface of the mound varied from 10 to 20 inches, due to WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN Al the slope of the mound surface. A few of these stones had been scratched by the plow and one had been broken, the top half having been removed. This line of stones was about 26 feet long and about SITES IRVIN MOUND EXCAVATED AREA SCALE 10864 20 10 SS FEET FIGURE 12. 2 feet above the level of the floor of Structure No. 1. In view of the method of construction of the walls of Structure No. 1 at this site, as explained above, it is believed that this line of stones set on edge represents the remains of a structure constructed on or near 42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 the surface of the mound. Due to cultivation and erosion, no as- sociated post molds or other traces of the structure remain. Only the line of stone used to chink the horizontal logs which held the vertical posts of the structure in place was left. Such lines of stone were found on the north side of the mound, some 150 feet distant, and are likewise believed to be definite evidence of structures in the upper portion of the mound. About 4 feet south of the north wall of Structure No. 1 was a trench about 8 inches wide and 20 feet long. A single row of post molds appeared in this trench. The molds could be traced only with great difficulty along its entire length because of the softness and the color of the loam in the trench. Plate 21, 6, shows at the left the molds in the trench. The loam-filled trench across the north end of Structure No. 1 certainly represents a line of post molds at Jeast 18 inches or more above the floor of Structure No. 1. This would have brought the bases of these posts to the same level as the row of large rocks which crosses the south end of Structure No. 1 at a level of about 18 inches above the structure floor. This row of large rocks is designated as Feature No. 1. It is believed that this loam-filled trench and Feature No. 1 together are parts of the same structure built on this mound after the collapse of Structure No. 1, with a floor level about 18 inches above the primary floor of Structure No. 1. Approximately in the center of Structure No. 1 was a large fire- place, Feature No. 15, a close-up of which is shown in plate 21, e. This circular fireplace, made of hard-burned clay, is 3.5 feet in diameter. It was raised 6 inches above the floor of the structure in which it was used. The central pit was 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. On the northeast side of this fireplace is a cleft or a shelf in the outer rim. This was not made during excavation and so may have been an intentional feature. This niche is 18 inches broad and extends inward 13 inches, A large stone was found associated with this niche on the northeast side at the time of excava- tion. It is possible that this stone was once seated on the shelf as a part of the altar. After the removal of the fireplace a circular pit was found under it. This pit was approximately 3 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep, and contained potsherds and burned frag- ments of animal bones mixed with ashes and charcoal. In the northeast corner of Structure No. 1 was another small fire- place which was designated Feature No. 17 on the plat. This fire- place consisted of an area of hard-burned clay about 2.5 feet long and 2 feet wide without the central pit. Along the side of this area were two parallel trenches 3 inches deep. WEBB) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN ee ee PREG A A ee a es i 02.0 — [ it : \ GROUND PLAN STRUCTURE | FEATURE 26 SCALE 543210 FEET FIGURE 13. 43 44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Approximately on the center line of Structure No. 1 and about 10 feet from the north wall was a pit with a rock standing in the center and designated as Feature No. 20 on the plat. This pit was 22 inches deep and the circular opening was 30 inches in diameter. It was filled with loam mixed with ashes. Feature No. 29 and Feature No. 30 were pits about 2 feet in diameter, located as shown on the plat. These pits contained humus and broken stone which showed the effect of fire. Feature No. 29 is shown in plate 22, a, and Feature No. 30 is shown in plate 22, b. Lying across the south wall of Structure No. 1 was a rectangular system of post molds 12 feet long and 14 feet wide. The posts of this structure, designated as Feature No. 11 in figure 12, were relatively small, not being much over 8 inches in diameter. The molds extended down well into the hardpan, but there seemed to be no evidence of trenching. This structure was oriented nearly exactly along the cardinal directions, and was believed to have represented the remains of an early dwelling house. The fact that it was cut across by one trench of the wall of Structure No. 1, as shown in plate 20, definitely suggested that this structure antedated the building of Structure No. 1, the collapse of which began the formation of the south end of this mound. It would appear from this fact, and others presented later, that before Structure No. 1 was erected and the mound was built the area was occupied by a village of many houses. At the southwest corner of the post-mold pattern of this dwelling house—if such it may be called—no post molds were found, leaving an opening 18 inches at this corner. This opening was probably the doorway. Inside, and at the northeast corner of the structure, was a pile of stones designated as Feature No. 18. Near the west wall of Structure No. 1 the remains of what was once a large cedar post was found surrounded by a circular arrangement of stones, as shown in plate 23, a. The location of this feature, which was designated Feature No. 19, is shown in figure 12. When removed for study, as shown in plate 23, 0b, this log was found to be 18 inches long and to have been so set that it extended into the hardpan several inches. It is hoped that this specimen will yield valuable information on the possible date of this struc- ture when studied by the methods of dendrochronology. Mowunp ApsovE Structure No. 2 When the northern portion of the mound was excavated, among the first outstanding features encountered were three rows of stones set on edge to form a rectangle, designated as Feature No. 9 on the plat of the site, figure 14. The northern line of these stones is WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN poe fk OQ _00000909000000000000 0000900000000 P05 ro) U UO (eo) [e) 1°) (e) ° hebeg Wen. (e) ro) i ° re) Oo fo) Oo fe) oO Oo [ens 25 Qad0 OG bare os Secliot {e) fey ro) .e) O0k0"F On 10. Ol 010 ole o ne) 6 0 o F 28 (e) ° ° Colm2D COD OO DO Ge ° ° fe) Os.6 20°00 00 Steines Ree eds 0° 00 of oe WC 3/7 Se O00 OGG5066 00000000000000090 00000] o N SITE § FEATURE 9 AND FEATURE 27 SCALE a RC y= fen 8) 5 FEET Figure 14. 45 aoaracoO cogs CO Ce coo oo 46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 118 shown in plate 24, a. These stones were at a depth of 28 inches and seemed to mark the limits of a structure on the area, but no post molds could be traced in connection with them, and no evidence of any trench was found. Upon further removal of earth south of that point a line of four stones, paralleling a line of post molds in hard yellow clay, was discovered. These post molds were desig- nated as Feature No. 25, as shown on the plat of the site, figure 14. The line of post molds was on the same level as the three lines of stones and, with them, completed a rectangle 28 feet wide and 35 feet long. It would seem that this rectangle was the outline of a structure erected during the later history of this mound. A very simple explanation of the finding of post molds without stone on the south wall and the finding of lines of stones with post molds on the east, north, and west walls, was made possible by further excavation. At a depth of about 18 inches below the level of this rectangle evi- dence of a very elaborate structure whose roof had been made partly of pure yellow clay was discovered. When this structure had been burned the yellow clay roof was quite hardened, and when it fell in position it formed a good foundation for this later structure. The south wall of the later structure extended across the yellow clay of the fallen roof. Because the clay was so tough and solid it retained the impression of the post molds and made unnecessary the use of stones for their support. ‘The east, north, and south walls of the structure were located in or near the humus of the original village floor, and, because the soil was soft, it was necessary to use stone supports. In addition, the character of the soil—soft and black—made the retention of post molds uncertain and their detec- tion practically impossible. The line of post molds forming the south wall of this structure extended down into the yellow clay which formed the roof of the lower primary structure. However, they terminated before reaching the floor of this lower structure, as shown in plate 24, 6. Within the area of this rectangle two burials were discovered. ‘These are shown on the plat of the area, figure 12. Burial No. 1.—A burial of a child, extended in the flesh, was found at a depth of 17 inches below the surface of the mound. A rec- tangular pit with straight sides and rounded ends had been dug from the surface of the mound to a depth of 17 inches. This burial was in poor condition, only a portion of the skull, the leg bones, and the teeth remaining. These last gave evidence of the age of the individual. Burial No. 2—This was an adult, partially flexed and lying on the right side. The.burial was made in a rectangular pit 28 inches long and 50 inches wide with straight sides and rounded ends. The floor of the pit was on a burned-clay area. No ashes were mingled WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 47 with the burial. The burial was covered with nine limestone rocks. It is designated on the plat as Feature No. 14. In this burial the legs were drawn up, the heels close to the base of the spine. The arms were at the sides and the forearms across the stomach. The vertebrae were all in place except the axis and atlas, which were missing. The skull was not found. This skeleton is shown in plate 25, a. Inside of the area of Structure No. 2, near the center of the west- ern wall and some 24 inches above the original humus line, many flat stones were found. Some were widely scattered and some were in irregularly placed groups in squares 8.7 and 7.7. Some of the stones in square 7.7, designated Feature No. 14, cover Burial No. 2. The stones on this level, in combination with the remains of a baked- clay floor, lead to the assumption of another level of occupancy above Structure No. 2. The stones were in general disarray. Some were on the edge of the floor and apparently had served the same purpose, of supporting vertical posts, as those found at lower levels. The stones which were discovered at the higher level had been disturbed by cultivation, since the present surface was, at a maximum, only 8 inches above them. Some of them even protruded through the earth. The stones may therefore represent a second structure built above Structure No. 2, i. e., the third and perhaps the last structure built in this northern portion of the mound. StTRucTuRE No, 2 Continued excavation in the northern section of the mound revealed another structure, erected on a subterranean floor, designated as Fea- ture No. 27 on the mound-floor plat, figure 12, and shown in detail in figure 14. The area of this floor was 27 feet by 41 feet. It had been excavated to a depth of 12 inches into the yellow clay hardpan. As usual, a trench had been dug and vertical posts seated at intervals init. The trench was about 12 inches wide and from 18 to 24 inches deep. Because these trenches were in undisturbed hardpan no hori- zontal logs were needed and no stone chinking was required. None was found within this structure. The individual posts were about 4 inches in diameter and had been well seated in the clay-filled trenches. When the:structure was discovered a trench some 2 feet wide and 3 feet deep was excavated outside the line of post molds, to give an opportunity for studying the construction of the building, and to permit the easy removal of the earth from the structure. It is be- lieved that the small end of each vertical post was bent toward the center of the structure to meet the top of a similarly situated post in the opposite wall. The tops of this pair of posts were then lashed AS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 together to form a complete rib of the building, like an inverted basket. This process was carried on throughout the length of the side walls, stopping about 3 feet short of the corners of the building. End walls were set in the same way and as the small ends of the posts of these end walls were bent down a 1-foot mesh of cross poles was formed overhead. Each of the poles was 3 inches in diameter. On top of this mesh of poles split cane was spread and grass thatch- ing attached. The whole building was then covered with earth. The weight of the roof was partly supported by large individual posts set up vertically in the interior of the structure. Later the building was burned, and, being covered with earth, incomplete combustion resulted. The structure then collapsed on the floor, as shown in plate 25, b. This structure suffered very uniform partial combustion. Because of this fact, the falling excavated portions readily revealed the method of construction. Plate 26, a, was taken of a section which showed grass thatch. After falling, the earth on the roof of the building smothered the fire and left the charred remains preserved without further damage. When this charred structure was removed from the clay floor a number of plaited and twisted strings, some with knots, were found in the charcoal, which definitely suggests the method for attaching the grass and split cane to the posts of the structure (pl. 27, 0). Plate 26, 6, shows the floor of Structure No. 2 cleared of the fallen building. The pile of charcoal resulting from the burned structure is shown in the trench at the right. This figure also shows, in the right distance, the humus line, and clearly indicates that the top of the yellow clay hardpan was above the floor of this structure. The floor was, by; actual measurement, 12 inches below the hardpan sur- face. This was the only instance recorded in the investigation of this region where a structure floor was dug below the hardpan. Further evidence of this fact is shown in plate 27, a, which shows a section of the east wall of Structure No. 2. The light-colored soil to the left represents the filled-in subterranean primary floor. The clay hardpan dug out by the builders shows yellow in comparison with the village soil when photographed with a color-sensitive film. In Structure No. 2 no horizontal molds were found in the trenches and no rocks were used to chink up posts. It is believed that these were not used because, due to the hardness of the clay subsoil, such aids in construction were unnecessary. When the floor was cleared many scattered post molds of small size were found within the structure. These were formed, it would seem, by stakes driven into the floor. There was also a central line of post molds, designated as Feature No. 28, figure 14. This central WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 49 line began and ended with a very large mold. Another large mold was exactly midway between the two end molds. Extending from the first to the last of these large molds was a shallow trench about 1 foot wide, 6 inches deep, and 16 feet long. This trench was filled with ashes, earth, and charcoal, and the bottom of the trench showed evidence of fire hardening. In this trench, and between the first and second large post molds in the north half of the line, were eight smaller molds. An important discovery on the floor was Feature No. 24, a clay seat of two steps. It is shown in plate 27, c, just emerging from the earth of the fallen roof. This seat was made of hard-packed clay, fire-baked. The top step was approximately rectangular. The lower step was semicircular in form. The dimensions of the seat are shown in figure 15. It was nonsymmetrically placed near the _ SITE::S IRVIN MOUND FEATURE 24 Ficure 15. southeast corner of Structure No. 2 and was built immediately against the east wall. The post molds of the east wall extended up past both steps of the seat, as shown in plate 129, 6, where it is placed for comparison with other similar seats found in other town-house sites. In order to show the manner of construction at the corners of Structure No. 2 the northeast corner was cut down on the outside to show a longitudinal section of the post molds. This section is shown in plate 28, a. On the left is shown a longitudinal section of post molds of the north end of the east wall. The posts were set in a trench about 20 inches deep which terminated 2 feet short of the north wall. Here several smaller stakes were driven in the floor to a 154676—38——5 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 depth of 5 inches in the arc of a circle to meet the east end of the north wall post line. In the excavation a notch had been cut in this line of post molds, beyond the third post mold from the corner, so that one may see the form of the old trench in which the posts were set. This notch was four posts wide and showed the old trench as a vertical section in its west wall. On the bottom of the notch the lower ends of the four molds were almost entirely cut out, but were still visible. Mounp ArgEA Ovursipr or Strucrures No. 1 anp No. 2 Under the mound, and resting on the yellow-clay hardpan, but outside of Structures Nos. 1 and 2, numerous stone piles were found. These were made of sandstone pebbles from 3 to 6 inches in diameter with from 8 to 40 or more in a pile. These were designated as Fea- tures Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 18. The location of each is shown in the plat of the area, figure 12. These stones were laid close to- gether in the pile, showing no definite order. That they were inten- tionally laid seems certain, but their purpose was not apparent. There were no ashes or midden material in association with the stones and nothing gave a clue to their use. Some 15 feet east of the north end of Structure No. 1 a burial was found 12 inches below the hardpan floor. A circular pit about 28 inches in diameter had been dug some 15 inches down from the mound surface and four flat limestone rocks, shown in plate 29, a, had been placed on the floor of the pit. The body of a child, which was seemingly in anatomical order, had been placed on the stone floor. The preservation was so poor that it was difficult to deter- mine certainly the method of burial. All that remained was four ribs, scattered toes, and finger bones. Above the burial, but seem- ingly in association with it, were eight conch-shell beads and other fragments of shell. Feature No. 12 was a burned area 26 feet long and 6 feet wide under the north end of the mound. This area showed baked clay and burned cane and paralleled the line of rocks designated as Feature No. 9. The pit at the western extremity of this burned area con- tained burned animal bones mingled with burned clay. About 100 feet north of the mound a trench 20 feet wide and 100 feet long, running east and west, was uncovered down to the hardpan, to see if the village had extended in this direction. This trench re- vealed scattered post molds and crossed the western edge of what © seemed to be a rectangular structure. When it was exploited to the east as shown in the plot of the trench system (fig. 11) the post-mold pattern shown in plate 28, 6, and designated Feature No. 23 was revealed. These molds were in the hardpan 18 inches under the WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN Bl humus line. This group of molds was made by exceptionally large posts, the molds being about 8 inches in diameter, a few being even larger. They were spaced about 18 inches apart; i. e., about 22 inches between centers. This was in marked contrast to the usual construction in this region. Figure 16 shows a plot of these molds. At the southeast corner there appears to have been a doorway. A rock pile, marked A, made of eight stones arranged in a small pit, was located on the floor in the southwest corner of this structure. another rock pile, designated B, was composed of 100 stones sur- rounding a large central stone on the floor. With these stones were discovered potsherds, flint chips, and ashes. In the center of the structure was a circular fireplace. This fireplace was an area of hard-baked clay with an almost square opening. The square hole was 20 inches on a side and the fireplace was 12 inches deep. It is shown in plate 29, 0. South TRENCH Some 240 feet south of the mound a trench 20 feet wide was run for a distance of about 300 feet east to west, as shown in figure 11. This trench was cut down to the hardpan and was 13 inches below the surface. Throughout its length there was abundant evidence of a village site. The earth contained the usual village and midden material in quantity. Feature No. 16, 230 feet south and 180 feet west of Mound No. 1, was an oval-shaped pit made of clay which had been hard-baked. It was filled with about 30 round smooth sandstones. There was no sign of ashes or charcoal, and the stones showed no evidence of fracture by heat. In this trench directly south of the mound a row of post molds was encountered. This row when followed to the south revealed the rectangular pattern shown in plate 30. This structure was 20 feet long and 16 feet wide. The molds, which were well preserved in the hardpan, surrounded a very level and definitely prepared floor. It is designated as Fea- ture No. 21 on the plat. There was a large post mold 9 inches in diameter and 2 feet deep in the center of the structure, probably indicating a roof support. To the south of this was a small fire pit rimmed with baked clay about 0.5 inch thick. At the northeast corner, two post molds, larger than the rest and outside the wall _ trenches, seemed to indicate a doorway. On the floor at this point two flagstones still remained embedded in the earth. The molds averaged 4 inches in diameter all around the walls, without smaller molds on the corners. The average distance apart of the molds was 3 inches. These posts were set in trenches, as shown in figure 17. A clay embankment extended approximately three-fourths of the length of the west wall. This bank was 5 inches above floor No. 1 at its highest point and was about 8 inches wide. 52 BUREAU, OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Oo. Oa = O QidiQo setts00 fase . O O Oo O oe O 42 ulPat 26a Hove 6 Oy eee o BEF 8 = i O 6 Oo?! or? i Oo to sa, ip G (} ee) O ° S ouata O O O fe) O fe) O O ® O O Oo O O O O ©9009 00 0000 000 @ > SITE 5 Te Pato to OP PA Ree SCALE FIGuRE 16. $43 210 FEER WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 53 West TreNcHES Beginning just outside the earth piled up from the mound excava- tion, a trench 20 feet wide and 160 feet long was run westward, and ecco 8 O 0900900000 oo OQO00O0 lS O ge OS OO 010 PDQ00O00000 0 0000 0 GO000000 0 O0000 oe ae o , Io 90 0 0 OND 0 QO0GO00NCAHON 00 COC0000 ye SITE FEATURE @2l FIGuRE 17. various lateral trenches were extended some 150 feet both northward and southward, as shown in the plat (fig. 11). Extensive evidence of a village covering the whole area was found. Scattered and unre- lated post molds were numerous. The outstanding feature in the 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY % bo) [BULL. 118 © 20000000000000 00000 909 0090 02 o000 fo] 8 EF 9 é ° ong ° refs) °° 3 °o re] ° o % ° ° ° ° ae °o [o} oO 12) fo} ° ° 2) re) Co (2) (o} ° 8 fe) 8 o ce) ° op Oo ° fe) ° °o oO ° ° ° 3° Qo ° ° © 0 900900 000900 000000000 0000 2000900 ° 8 o 0°o So (ome) 8 Pst 3) Oo (8) 8) ° oO ce) 8 ° S rele) ° ° ° ° (2) °o ° ° ° °o fe} ° fe) ° 3 ° ° of s ° (e} fe ° g°0 0 8 ° ° (2) ° fe) fe) ° °o (ome) (2) ae: ° ce] ° Figure 18. °o° Oo 22.9.a.0 ©2090 ce) of ° ° ° 90000 00 © 5 any SITE 5 FEATURE 22 SCALE O 10 FEET 8 6 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 55 westward trench was a rectangular pattern of post molds, shown in figure 18, and designated Feature No. 22. This rectangular pattern ~ had a length of 59 feet and a breadth of 41 feet. The sides of the structure were nearly parallel to the sides of Structure No. 2. From the size of the area it would seem that it would have been difficult to have built over it a roof sufficiently strong to support the cover- ing of earth customary on large structures. Since these molds were in the hardpan just below the humus line, and since there was no apparent excess of disturbed earth on the site, it seems reasonable to conclude that this structure did not have an earth-covered roof, and perhaps no roof at all. It may have been only an inclosure, serving as aN open-air arbor. Its use is conjectural. Because of its size it was hardly to be supposed that it was either a dwelling or a town-house site. At each corner of the post-mold pattern there was a space of about 36 inches in which there were no molds. This may indicate an entrance at each corner. To the west of this rectangular post-mold pattern, and beginning at a point about 18 feet west of the southwest corner of the struc- ture, a row of 36 post molds was found. These molds extended to the northwest in a straight line 65 feet long. This is indicated on the plat and shown in plate 31, a. The northern end of this row of molds terminated abruptly and no amount of excavation revealed further extensions of or further connections with them. The south- ern end, however, was continuous with a curved line of 24 additional molds, bent eastward, finally becoming parallel with the west wall of Feature No. 22 for a distance of 10 feet. It was distant from the wall only 5 feet, as shown in the plat, figure 18. This mold pattern suggested a gateway at the south end of this construction which may be a portion of a palisade for defense. It is possible that this stock- ade-like effect may have been only a windbreak. It is a matter of regret that it was not possible to continue excava- tion longer at this site in a further attempt to explore this interest- ing village, which seemed to extend southward and westward to the creek bank. However, a time limit was imposed by the necessity of completing the excavation in time to allow the early spring plant- ing of corn in this very fertile valley. As it was, the owner delayed the planting two weeks beyond the time set, in order that an exten- sion of the trenching might be made, which resulted in the finding of these last features. ARTIFACTS The artifacts found on this site are such as usually occur in gen- eral excavations of a village. A few shell hoes were found scattered in the center of the mound, and a few simple bone and antler awls 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 and implements were found in the general digging on the village site. A large number of sandstone mortars and pestles were found, to- gether with the usual type of hammerstones made from river pebbles of various sizes and of many different materials. Most of this ma- terial was fragmentary, evidently the wastage of the village, and much of it was too crude to be of any special diagnostic value. A few sandstone disks and one limestone discoidal are shown in plate 31, b, together with a few of the more perfect celts, made of granite, hematite, and limestone, from the general digging. A few frag- ments of steatite occurred, which were seemingly portions of broken vessels. Most of the flint material was but little more than crude flakes. Plate 31, 6, shows the types of projectile points recovered on this site. Both the amount and the quality of the stone artifacts from this site were very disappointing, as they gave little definite information. All such material, however, seemed to be definitely prehistoric. How- ever, during the excavation of the village site a workman found one small amber bead and another found a button made from a thin embossed sheet of silver, laid on a wooden disk and crimped on the back. Though tarnished by long burial in the earth, the metal took on its former luster after a little polishing. The wooden back- ing was badly decayed. These objects were found on the village site at an uncertain depth—at the most not more than 14 inches from the surface. They were taken from the earth as it was thrown out on the pile, and, since the land had long been in cultivation, their exact depth at the time of their discovery, if known, would have but little significance. In the excavation of the mound above the structure referred to as Structure No. 2 a workman shoveled out a copper coin with the bead and button above referred to. This coin, which was much worn, was about the size of our present half dollar. It was taken from a depth of about 18 inches, as nearly as can be determined. Unfortunately, the workman who first found the coin put it in his pocket and did not report it to the field party supervisor until nearly 2 hours later, after a fellow-workman had mentioned seeing the coin. An investigation made immediately by the supervisor seemed to establish the fact that the coin came from a depth of at least 18 inches below the present surface of the mound. It was, seemingly, much too deep to have ever been disturbed by the cul- tivation of the soil. This depth very closely approximates the old © floor level of the secondary (and perhaps the last) structure to have been built on this portion of the mound. It is quite possible, and it is believed highly probable, all facts being considered, that this coin was carried to the floor of this structure by its last owner. It WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 57 bore on one face, dimly but definitely, the words / pluribus Unum, and on the other side a faint inscription which was finally deciphered and discovered to be Nova Caesarea. Several objects were sent to Dr. John R. Swanton, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, for possible identification. Of these objects, _ Dr. Swanton writes: The coin was readily identified as having been minted by the State of New Jersey, of which Nova Caesarea is an old name. The date is 1787, but there must have been many others, as a good specimen is valued only at 25 cents. It may have been brought into the country in 1788 when Governor Sevier was engaged in warfare with the Cherokee and burned many of their towns. I do not know how to place the other two objects. It is to be regretted that it was not possible to have had a more exact knowledge of the level at which this coin was found. How- SITE 5 IRVIN MOUND TYPICAL SECTION OF TRENCH OF FEATURE 26 ne ase) a d [| 3 ese ¢ , 6 W_|// TTIW TT DH yj / ET TE Ww, [FS EZ) =, TN yy FieuRE 19. ever, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that this coin was car- ried onto this site after 1787, and probably carried on the floor of this town house by some men, red or white matters not, before the town house with its earth-covered roof collapsed to bury it 18 inches or more below the top of the mound. The important possibility certainly presents itself that this town house was open and the floor was accessible to someone in 1787 or thereafter. The suggestion seems to point to a comparatively late occupancy of this site by its builders. POTTERY The pottery from this site seems to be characterized by vessels of utility of fairly large size. It is all shell tempered and of medium 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 to coarse texture. These large vessels are true pots, and, as to decora- tion, fall into three classes: plain, textile marked, and cord paddled. The textile-marked sherds seem to be characteristic “salt pans” of large diameter and straight walis, with the usual range of weave impres- sions. Plate 32, a, shows a textile-marked sherd of large mesh. The warp strands are 114 inches apart and are twined about three- ply plaited woof strands as large as three-eighths of an inch in é ass gee ear eae ae cain ae ese aan ~ Seco Coe ase ‘saci aS a3 VGrget weak Be one “eg sit 2 ge? 4 o5 Fa. ie = « _ — een an ew ao = FicguRE 20.—Drawing restoration of large vessel. diameter. This vessel shows a diameter, as measured from this sherd, of over 25 inches. Most of the larger plain and paddle-marked pots show a slightly flaring rim with round handles, as shown in plate 32,5. Many of these handles rise above the rim of the vessel and terminate in a single or double lobe. Some handles are further decorated on the outside face with pits or lobes. Figure 20 is a drawing restoration of a large vessel typical of this site. This restoration shows a true pot, 11 inches outside diameter and 9 inches high, with a mouth 9 inches in diameter. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 59 The preservation of sherds on this site was fairly good, but many had become very soft and had lost all shell content. Plate 32, a, shows a number of rare forms found on this site. A few sherds of polychrome ware of lightweight gray clay with yellow slip were found. The sherd in lower left-hand corner of plate 32, a, is a type of very heavy grit-tempered hard ware. The marking seems to be a textile impression but not a twined weave. The sherd shows mw es eee oe = _—_ 2m guunenneeecnert ine * . ee ete eterzrese heer wie Se es : a ee tees PT PP OSt ton, ae 3: J zis eh 3 a Wwe — / 2 sf" 7 / s vs ~ INCHES —_ =. _ =e & =o a= = FIGURE 21.—Drawing restoration of large vessel. a straight wall with unmodified lip. Tn both material and decora- tion it appears foreign to this site. One rim fragment of a heavy sandstone vessel 114 inches in thick- ness was found showing long chisel marks. This vessel seems to have been cut from solid stone after the manner of the manufacture of a steatite vessel, and has the usual lug below the rim. A few fragments of steatite vessels were found. _ 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 CoNCLUSIONS From the evidence presented, Site No. 5 is obviously a village site which seems to have been occupied by dwelling houses before the central mound was erected. The rectangular houses were made of small logs, lashed together at the top and probably thatched with cane and grass. There seems to have been no evidence to show that they were covered with earth. Later, town houses were built on the village site, on ground formerly occupied by dwellings. These town houses were of the “small-log” type. The wall logs were set in trenches and bent and lashed together at the top. They were earth- covered so that the mound grew in height with the collapse of each successive building on the site. While the construction here was quite like that reported from Site No. 2, yet it differed from it in one character which was found only on this site, namely, the use of stone in trenches. This feature of the construction is illustrated in figure 19. Beside the horizontal log at the bottom of the trench, large stones were also placed in the bottom of the trench, outside the structure, to brace the horizontal log. This construction was used in whole or in part on three of the four town houses associated with this mound. The only one in which stones were not used had a subterranean floor, and the logs were set in the hardpan. Srre No. 6—HILL FARM STONE MOUNDS Harvey Hill farm is on the north side of Clinch River about three- fourths of a mile south of Rule, Union County, Tenn. This site is interesting because of the presence of three small mounds made of earth and stone. Mound No. 1 is about 900 feet north of Clinch River. Mounds Nos. 2 and 8 are about 500 feet distant from the river and some 400 feet southeast from Mound No. i. Mound No. 1 had been built up of earth and limestone slabs. It was circular, about 26 feet in diameter, and had been very much disturbed. Local residents reported that it had been dug into sev- eral times. In a test pit 10 feet wide and 11 feet long, sunk to the disturbed depth of 5 feet, the humus line was found to be 36 inches below the original mound surface. Mound No. 3, also made of earth and stone slabs, had been prac- tically destroyed by cultivation. Its existence was shown only by midden soil about 6 inches deep and scattered stone slabs, Mound No. 2 was a circular mound about 40 feet in diameter and about 214 feet deep. The mound was on the line of a rail fence and, because of three large cedar trees growing on its surface, it had been BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEBRIN 118) PEATE. 17 a. Irvin Village Site at Caryville, Tenn. Site No. 5. b. Central Mound, Site No. 5. (Five men mark the extent of the site.) ‘Gg ON ONS ‘9Z “ON O1NIROT ‘T ‘ON OINJONAXY Jo s[[VM SuLyAeUI SoYyoUeAT, veE-Oe-C ‘64 81 31V1d sll NILATINa ADOIONH LA NYOIMAWY AO NvaHuna ( . 95d SPISINO JSUIVSB SOYOU1] UT YOOI 940N)) g . ON oHIS 96 ON o1nqeoy ‘T ON ernjons1g ADOTONHLA NVOIMAWY AO NvayHnd ‘Gg ‘ON 9119 ‘T ‘ON o1njvog ‘ornjons4s ATepuoOdes Jo O4IS SULYIVUL SYOOI OSIL] JO OUL'T (‘punow Jepun osnoy sul[[eMp Jo m10j4ed plour-jsod 040N) VO-L-S 4019 \ 02 3ALV1d silt NILATINE ADOIONHILA NVOIMAWY AO NVvVadnda BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 21 a. Horizontal mold between vertical molds and b. Humus-filled trench contiguous with post line of stones on outside wall oftrench. Struc- molds in clay. Secondary floor, Structure No. ture No. 1, Site No. 5. 1, Site No. 6. c. Central fireplace. Feature No. 15, Structure No. 1, Site No. 5. ‘G ‘ON O19 ‘T “ON — *g ‘ON O49 ‘6Z aInjontyg ‘Og “ON VINyeog “pod YS¥ UL SeU0js UdyOIG YIM I °q ‘ON o1njBoy ‘TON eInjondyg “ped YS UI SeU04s UOyOIG YIM Ig “D é¢ ALV1d 811 NILAT1INaA ASOIONHLA NYOIYAWY AO NVayna €¢ *g “ON 9918 ‘7 “ON OINjonIg “*poAoued Jsod YIM soos JO JOA] Av[NOIID *q ALVId 8lt NILATINa emyjons9 *G ‘ON 9419 ‘T “ON *SoM04S JO JOAV] AB[NOILD JO 10490 UI IsOd Ieped JO oseg ‘D ADOTONH.LA NVOIMAWNY AO NVayNe BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 24 a. Line of stones. Feature No. 9, Site No. 5. 6. Line of post molds above primary floor. Structure No. 2, Feature No. 25,.Site No. 5. GON O19 ‘Z ON dnjonayg “s00y Areuitad Uo eanjgonsys pouring “4 ‘CON OJIS ‘Z ON [VIN ‘“peAOUIal Souojs YIM [BlINg “D Ge AlV1d 8!1 NILSATINa ADOTONH LA NVYDIBXAWY AO NVvaHnNa BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 26 a. Close-up of charred roof, showing grass and split cane on top of logs. Structure No. 2, Site No. 5. 6. Primary floor, charred structure removed. Structure No. 2, Site No. 5. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 27 a. Line of old excavation into hardpan. Pri- 6. Charred strings from roof of Structure No. 2, mary floor. Structure No. 2, Site No. 5. Site No. 5. c. Seat of clay, partially uncovered. Structure No. 2, Feature No. 24, Site No. 5. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 28 a. Longitudinal section of molds around northeast corner of primary floor. Structure No. 2, Site No. 5. b. Rectangular post-mold pattern in north trench. Feature No. 23, Site No. 5. "c “ON 0919 “8% ON O1NJvoy “91Nng0nI4S UL coR[doeIY Iw[NOITD “gq "GON O99 ‘TON [Blang “4Id 9AVIsS JO IOOTJ UI peov[d seuo4g *D 62 ALVWI1d 8ll NILATING ADOTONHL]A NVOIMAWYV AO NVvsauna O€& ALV1d 8tl NILATINGA "Cc ‘ON 0419 ‘TZ ‘ON 91N}R0,q “YOUeT YANOs UT eANjonIYs Ie[N3ue400x1 a “ Mpe- 66S “E08 ADO IONHIA NVOISAWY AO NvaHnse BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 31 a. West trench. Feature C, Site No. 5. 6. Stone artifacts. Site No. 5. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 32 a. Miscellaneous sherds from the general digging. Site No. 5. 6. Variations of loop handles on jar B, from general digging. Site No. 5. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 61 saved from cultivation and the tree roots had discouraged its ex- ploitation. It was built of earth and contained limestone slabs. Excavation revealed a well-defined floor of a structure outlined by the usual post-mold pattern. On this floor there was a central altar and a clay seat against the south wall. The floor was composed of A G& 090090000 Boe °° 0 D000 0000000 S6gooK6 0000 C000 fone) oo 00000900 L (o) 0. O (oe) oF 9 Guo .e 1010 StlES GROUND PLAN PRIMARY FLOOR SCALE © 543210 5 heen O. FIGURE 22. sand and clay mixed and was 2 inches thick. It was well indurated and cracked by numerous tree roots growing underneath it. Below the clay floor there was an even layer of humus about 4 inches thick which contained many fragments of chert. The post-mold pattern shown in figure 22 indicated a structure 31 feet long by 24 feet wide. On this prepared clay floor split-cane impressions indicated the use 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuULL. 118 of a cane matting. Plate 33, a, shows this floor with seat and altar. The seat shown in plate 128, 6, was made of hard clay and was set in the middle of the southeast wall of the structure and built up against it. The dimensions of this seat are shown in figure 23. Since this seat rested on a layer of midden soil 1 inch thick it would seem that its construction had been subsequent to the laying of the floor. The clay fireplace or altar was a rectangle, 52 inches by 40 inches, with rounded corners. It was raised 2 inches above the floor level SITE & FEATURE 2 FIGURE 23. and had a central concave basin 18 inches in diameter. The whole fireplace had a smooth surface and was well-made and hard-burned. The basin, which was about 5 inches deep, was filled with white ashes. The floor of the mound was covered by the remains of a partially burned structure which had collapsed. Plate 134, a, shows a portion of this burned structure resting on the clay altar. This material consisted of small poles with cane and grass thatching. The only other feature on the floor of this structure is indicated as Feature No. 8 on the plat, figure 22. This was a small pit, 10 inches in diam- eter and 10 inches deep, completely filled with several hundred un- perforated gastropod shells. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 33 a. Post-mold pattern, seat, and altar. Mound No. 2, Site No. 6. 6. Stone on primary floor. Site No. 7. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 63 ARTIFACTS One perforated shell hoe was found in the excavation of Mound No. 2. Besides this, only a small quantity of potsherds was found. All sherds were shell-tempered, of coarse texture, and were mostly plain. A few showed cord markings. All were in a poor state of preservation. CoNnNCLUSION Mound No. 2 of this site thus appears to be a typical “small-log” town house with seat and altar. This would suggest a village on the surrounding area. None was found beyond the evidence of Mounds Nos. 1 and 2. It would seem that they may have represented burial mounds—graves in stone, covered with earth. However, their de- struction had been too complete to draw any definite conclusions. Perhaps the most that can be said is that Site No. 6 represents the remains of a small community, seemingly closely related to Sites Nos. 2 and 5. Stte No. 7—WILSON FARM MOUND The Wilson farm is on the south side of Clinch River, about 114 miles south and east of Site No. 6. It is on the opposite side of Clinch River. , This site consists of a single earth-and-stone mound about 300 feet from the bank of the river. The site had been in cultivation so long that the mound had been reduced to a height of 18 inches above the level of a hard-burned floor which was composed of dark loam and sand. The mound had evidently been circular but the diameter could not be determined because the outer edge of the floor had been disturbed by the plow. In and near the center of the mound a considerable area was floored with large flat stones, as shown in plate 33, 6. It is believed that the scattered stones found nearby had been dislodged and moved from the central area of cultivation. Under this pile of stones and on the mound floor, but raised 6 inches above it, was a circular fireplace 314 feet in diameter. This fireplace was made of clay, evidently brought in for the purpose. The surface was smooth and there was a slight concave depression in the center. There was no evidence remaining of any structure on this site and no other features. Figure 24 shows the probable extent of the mound, the area excavated, and the remaining floor, with stone pile. Porrery A very small quantity of sherds was obtained from this excava- tion. These show that textile-marked, cord-impression, and plain 64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 ware were used. All were of rather coarse texture, shell-tempered. The scarcity of artifacts was due to the almost complete destruction of the site by cultivation, CoNCLUSION From the potsherds found on this site it would appear that Site No. 7 is related to Site No. 6 just north of it on the opposite side SITE: 7 NOTE- FEATURE 2 FEATURE | (FIRE PLACE) UNDER SCALE STONE PILE. INDICATE 108 64 20 BY DOTTED LINES. FEET FIGURE 24. of the river. It may in fact have been an extension of the same village. Site No. 8—RICHARDSON FARM MOUND The Richardson farm is about 0.5 mile south of Agee and lies on a high level ridge of land between the Clinch and Powell Rivers overlooking their confluence (fig. 25). The topography of the WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 65 country is in the nature of low rolling foothills, the slopes of which are badly eroded. The crests of the ridges are mostly cleared and in cultivation. This site is marked by the presence of a single mound, situated in a level plowed field, which has been in cultiva- iN SITE 8 Qwee GENERAL OUTLAY — oe H apg — yf f y/ a! © RICHARDSON MOUND \ o \ FIGURE 25. tion for more than half a century. There was no other evidence of prehistoric occupation. There was no midden material notice- able in the field and the present owner states that he had no knowl- edge of any such evidence having been brought to light during the cultivation of this field. 154676—38——6 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 The mound was approximately 60 feet in diameter and about 5 feet high. It was impossible to determine its original size and shape because of erosion. The humus line was poorly defined under a primary floor. The excavations here revealed that there had been at least three structures erected on this site, each having a post- mold pattern and a prepared floor. Evidence of a tertiary floor was encountered about 1 foot below the apex of the mound. This floor was badly torn up by the plow and it was impossible to follow it with sufficient exactness to make sure of its extent or to locate the structure which may have been upon it. A secondary floor was discovered 14 inches below the tertiary floor. This floor revealed a rectangular post-mold pattern 24 feet by 30 feet, as shown in figure 26. The north side of this pattern was made up of three lines of molds at the eastern end of the wall. It is possible that a portion of this pattern, as well as a portion of the south wall, may be due to the extension of posts of the tertiary structure down into the secondary floor. This point was difficult to determine because of the disturbance above this level. Plate 35, a, shows this secondary floor 34 inches above the primary floor. In the secondary floor was an elliptical pit, 8 feet 7 inches by 28 inches and 18 inches deep, near the east end of the structure. This pit was well defined with hard-baked bottom and sides which were cracked as if by heat. (PI. 36, a.) At the base of the Pores the primary floor with rectangular post-mold pattern was uncovered, as shown in plate 34. This struc- ture was 25 feet by 35 feet. The floor plan is shown in figure 27. This building was constructed in the usual way, i. e., by excavating four trenches for the reception of the base ends of vertical posts. Horizontal molds inside the structure at the top of the trenches and outside the structure at the bottom of the trenches, as shown in plate 36, 6, were made by the decay of logs laid horizontally to brace the vertical posts. The plat of the floor shows that the trenches stopped before reaching the corners. These trenches were 12 inches wide and 14 inches deep. The primary floor, shown in plate 35, 6, ex- tended beyond the structure walls about 2 feet. Plate 35, c, is a view of the southeast corner of the primary floor, showing a cross section of the vertical post molds in the trench and, at a lower level and outside, horizontal log molds. The figure also shows the shallow small molds at the corner, arranged in an arc. In this picture (pl. 35, d@) another corner of this structure is shown, illustrating how the small stakes at the corners were driven into the floor. On the primary floor and centrally located almost against the east wall was a clay seat. The base of this seat was 6 feet 6 inches. It was 24 inches broad and had a vertical thickness of 12 inches. This 67 ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN WEBB] seat was made of baked clay. While definitely formed, it was not much harder than the clay of the mound surrounding it, and the top section of this seat, which was but a few inches higher than the base, was cut away by workmen before its nature was discovered. A thin oie) ‘e) 7 (A) Ww = N ee 890 eFe) Oo 2 © co 09 0 990000, 900 20 000 fe) fo) & 8 Oo § fo) re) ° fe) te) 5 4 ° S 6) ° ro) OO SITE 8 GROUND PLAN SECONDARY FLOOR $$ za sain os FEET FIGURE 26. layer of charcoal on the floor below the seat shows that the floor had In been used before the seat. was built. Near the center of the structure was a circular baked fireplace, 5 feet in diameter, which was raised 2 inches above the floor level. it were two small pits 8 inches in diameter. 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 118 GROUND PLAN Z PRIMARY FLOOR pee re SCALE §43210 Peed FIGURE 27. ‘8 ON OfIS “Loog Areurtid ey) eAoqe pue oprsur oinjon.4s Ade pUO0dS JO SPLOT ve SLV1d 8ll NILaTInga ADSOTIONHLA NVOINAWY do nvayng *8'ON °2ON OIG “UOTJONAJSUOD LoULOD oIeNDY “p OIG ‘“loUIOD PUB OPIS 7B splour ysod Jo UO!JOeS [BVULpYIsUO'T “9 ‘SON 98UIG “450M ULOLJ LOOY AreuttIg *q "2 ‘ON O19 B't00y Arvutid aAoqe seyout gg ‘100g Arepuooesg *D GSE ALVId 811 NILATING ADOTONHLA NVOIYAWY 420 NvaHna BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 36 a. Ash pit in secondary floor. Site No. 8. b. Inside and outside horizontal molds. Site - No. 8. c. Cane impressions on primary floor. Site No. 8. ae te ; ke, =o 4 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 69 On this floor of hard clay were several areas showing the print of split cane laid as a floor covering, as may be seen in plate 36, c. The finding of fine white sand on portions of this floor suggested that it was used as a floor covering. Porrery The small amount of pottery from this site was in a poor state of preservation. The sherds show only plain and grass-paddled impres- sions. Two round handles were found. The total amount recovered was too small to warrant very definite conclusions. One badly dis- integrated biconcave quartz discoidal was found. CoNCLUSIONS It would appear that Site No. 8, because of multiple construction on the mound site, had once been the center of an important village. From the nature of the topography, if any village ever existed ero- sion has probably destroyed all evidence of it. However, it was a matter of regret that conditions did not permit excavation within the cultivated area about the mound. The manner of erecting buildings here seems quite similar to the other sites described as having the “small-log” type of construction. From this we would assume that here, too, the town house was “earth covered” and the mound raised only by the collapse of such earth-covered structure. Srrz No. 9—HARRIS FARM MOUNDS The Harris farm is on Cedar Creek Road about 9 miles east of La Follette. It lies in a rolling country of tall red-clay hills, on the east bank of Powell River, 13 miles upstream from its mouth. The soil is fertile and most of the area in Cedar Creek Valley has long been in cultivation. Plate 37, a, shows the actual site with working parties in the middle distance, and gives a view of the topography of the region. The Harris farm lies on a broad sloping ridge sur- rounded on three sides by high hills, which rise nearly 300 feet higher than its highest point. On the east the land slopes down rapidly to the level of Powell River. With the flooding of Powell River the Harris site will be covered with water to a depth of about 60 feet. Archaeological interest here centered in two low mounds on the central ridge, about 600 feet east of the river. They were in a field which had long been in cultivation and which had been plowed in the fall in anticipation of spring planting. The long cultivation of this area had assisted erosion to such an extent that the mounds appeared only as gentle elevations on the ridge when viewed against the sky 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 line, as shown in plate 37, 6. The plot of the Harris site, showing location of mounds and distance from the river, is presented in figure 28. Mowunp No. 1 Mound No. 1, which was 70 feet in diameter, was approximately circular. Long-continued erosion had made it impossible to estimate either the original size or height of this mound. It was built of (C)MOUND 2 1 ©)MOUND | ROAD sIFE 9 GENERAL OUTLAY SCALE 200_100 0 200 FEET FIGURE 28. mixed red and yellow clays and contained bits of charcoal, some shell, and scattered potsherds, all of which seemed to indicate that in part, at least, the earth forming this mound had been gathered from an old village site. Upon excavation, a definite humus line was found which marked the original earth surface. Scattered post molds in the hard- pan were revealed in great numbers and, in the southern half of the mound, a definite structure was discovered. Figure 29 shows the floor plan of Mound No. 1 and the distribution of post molds. Besides the structures, there were two other interesting features. Feature No. 1 was a circular depression on the hardpan clay, beyond the limit of the structure, in the southwest portion of the mound as shown in figure 29. This depression, about 9 feet in diameter and 5 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN Th inches deep, was filled with ashes, charcoal, and midden deposit con- taining much shell, some animal bones, and potsherds. Feature No. 2 was an elliptical depression on the floor outside and north of the structure, filled with midden material and ashes, containing consider- SITE 9 MOUND | EXCAVATED AREA SCALE Io = 55 0 10 FEET FIGuRE 29. able shell and some pottery fragments. This ash bed was 39 feet long and had a maximum width of 15 feet. The rectangular structure, the location of which is given in figure 29, is shown in plate 38. A detailed ground plan of the structure is 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 shown in figure 30. This structure was 27 feet 8 inches long and 24 feet 6 inches wide. Trenches had been dug for the reception of the base of vertical posts. These vertical posts were held in place by a horizontal log at the bottom of the trench, on the outer side of the trench. No horizontal molds appeared inside the vertical molds. Corners were made by driving small poles in the earth, in the form of an arc. ‘There was no evidence of any fire within the rectangular structure. A difference in the nature of the soil within and without the structure was easily observable. Another definite vertical cleav- age plane? appeared immediately over the line of post molds. Within the structure the soil was darker and mixed with more charcoal, dark red and yellow clays. Outside the line of post molds was a yellowish and brown clay which seemed to have been piled against the outside of the structure. On the west side of the struc- ture the post molds slanted to the west in the softer earth above the floor in which the bases of the posts were embedded. This seemed to indicate that the wall of the structure leaned outward for a con- siderable time before its final destruction by decay. There was no evidence of any burned structure in the mound and no evidence that any other structure had been erected on the site. From the evidence here, and from other sites,’ the author is convinced that many of these wooden structures in the basin were covered over with earth. Some structures had earth on their roofs to a depth of 3 or more feet. A close inspection of the remains of the structure in Mound No. 1 seems to demonstrate that it stood as long as it could with- stand the forces of nature—wind, water, frost, and gravity. When the roof logs became so decayed that they could no longer sustain the weight of the earth on the roof they collapsed. This let the roof earth fall into the center of the mound, carrying with it the log framework on which it rested. By so doing, the falling roof slightly pressed outward the tops of the wall posts which still re- mained, giving to them in some sections of this post-mold pattern the outward slant which was observed. The falling of such a roof would account for the vertical cleavage line observed, if it is under- stood that the soil on the roof was of a different texture from that which was piled up against the wall. This is an observed fact, often repeated in this basin. The earth on the roof is the same color and content as the adjacent village. Any kind of soil, even with a large humus content, would lie on the roof. But the builders seemed to understand that it took a clean, tough clay, free from humus, to stand up well when piled against the walls outside such a structure. It is an observed fact that on this site, as on others 1See Site No. 2. 2See Mound No. 2. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 73 boty ae SITES MOUND | GROUND PLAN PRIMARY FLOOR SCALE 5,43 i240... FEET Fiaure 30. 74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 in the basin, the earth outside the vertical cleavage plane is clean, yellow clay, free from humus. Further, the condition in which this structure pattern under the mound was found is so obviously the result of natural forces, unhindered and unmodified by the acts of man, as definitely to suggest that this structure was still standing when abandoned by its builders, and that it so remained until the agencies of time brought about its collapse. After its collapse, the leveling process of erosion made it possible for the early settlers to begin the cultivation of this site, which has continued for nearly a hundred years. Mowunp No. 2 Mound No. 2 was located about 200 feet west of Mound No. 1. It was constructed of mixed red and yellow clay and contained scat- tered periwinkle shells throughout. The mound was about 65 feet in diameter, its original size being difficult to estimate because of erosion. This mound was on the highest part of the ridge and on three sides sloped rapidly from the crest. This fact, together with the long cultivation of the soil, had produced considerable spreading of the earth from the top of the mound. Excavation revealed a humus line which was easily observed. Below this, and extending out into the cultivated field, were scat- tered post molds, as shown in the floor plan of excavation in figure 31. As excavation proceeded a floor was uncovered which was at first thought to be the primary floor of the mound, but which later proved to be a secondary level. On this secondary floor a rectan- gular structure 28 by 40 feet was uncovered, as shown by the post- mold pattern. Outside the structure, but at a secondary level, were a number of interesting features, located as shown in figure 31. Feature No. 1 was a group of fire-cracked stones mingled with charcoal which covered an area 27 inches by 382 inches. Feature No. 1 was located just outside the southeast corner of the secondary structure and also appears in the left foreground of plate 39, which shows the secondary floor completely uncovered. Feature No. 3 was a pile of small burned limestones mixed with charcoal and ashes. Feature No. 4 was a pile of charred shelled corn. The pile was 1 foot wide, 114 feet long, and 3 inches thick. The corn was covered over with small pieces of split cane and it lay upon a flooring of split cane. There was no weaving of the cane apparent. The ground plan of the secondary structure is shown in figure 32. The usual trenches with outside horizontal logs were used to hold the vertical posts in place. This structure was very nearly oriented on the car- dinal direction, and was very uniformly constructed, except at the WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 75 SITE 9 MOUND 2 EXCAVATED AREA pee se ye __ FEET FievurE 31. 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY {BULL 118 corners. Each corner was finished in a different manner, as shown in figure 32. The horizontal molds of this structure, as is generally the case where they are found, are of smaller diameter than the ver- tical posts, and they are often crooked, as if the logs which formed them had been pulled out of shape by being tightly bound to the vertical posts. There were no horizontal molds inside the post-mold pattern. The outstanding feature of this secondary floor were a clay seat and an elaborate fireplace or altar. The clay seat, Feature No. 7, is shown in plate 130, a. The dimensions of this two-step seat are given in figure 33. The seat was made of hard-packed clay, seem- ingly baked by fire. The surface was smooth and the whole well preserved. It was located against the east wall nonsym- metrically, as shown in figure 32, and thus faced the west. The post molds of the wall came up directly against the back of the top step. The dimensions of the steps, particularly the 6-inch elevation of the top step over the lower, which was 9 inches thick, did not make a convenient seat when used as one might use a modern chair. How- ever, when one sat cross-legged on the top step, the lower step was in Just the right position to be quite comfortable. Both the steps had slightly concave surfaces. It would seem that this seat was used by the “presiding officer” at functions conducted within this building. It is easy to imagine that the comfort of such a seat would be in- creased by covering it with a skin of deer or bear when used on occasions of ceremony. In addition, one can imagine that the wall immediately behind served not only as a “back” for the seat, but on occasions of moment was decorated with the emblems of sig- nificance and implements of service, as reported by early travelers in other parts of the country. Feature No. 6 was a clay fireplace or altar on the secondary floor. This altar was made of hard-baked clay and was 6 feet square. The top surface was raised 3 inches above the secondary floor. The cor- ners were slightly rounded, and near each was a circular concave basin 19 inches in diameter and 2 inches deep, as shown in plate 133, a. Portions of this altar were well preserved, but some of the corners were cracked and broken away, in a manner suggesting in- tentional partial destruction by their last associates. A portion of these fragments was removed by workmen before its nature was dis- covered. The basins had been very carefully wrought. The surfaces were smooth and of reguiar curvature, and all four were remarkably uniform in size and symmetrically placed. Further, while the altar was near the center of the structure it was not symmetrically placed with reference to the wall, but was so nearly oriented along the car- dinal directions as to show no deviation therefrom by field methods WHEB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GROUND PLAN SECON DARY FLOOR -) 543210 FEET Figure 32. at 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [putn. 118 of observation. In the center of this altar was a firepit, elliptical in shape, 28 inches by 14 inches and 12 inches deep. This pit was filled with fine wood ashes and charcoal. At this stage of the excavation a long-continued rainy season, with intermittent freezing of the soil at night, interfered with the careful and critical study of the actual floor surface of this secondary structure, which study would have been made had conditions permitted. It was found impossible, after work was resumed, even by the most careful and painstaking effort, to sweep off the actual floor. Frost action and excessive rain had destroyed the records sought. Site gS MOUND 2 FEATURE 7 FIGURE 33. Primary F1Loor After the secondary floor had been cleared as carefully as possible and the features photographed, it was decided that the central con- tent of the structure should be removed to allow a vertical slicing of the post molds from the inside, so that the method of construction of the building might be investigated. It was proposed to leave the seat and the altar in place and attempt to show them in relation to the longitudinal section of the post molds below the floor level. At once a lower and primary level of occupation was discovered. This was first made apparent by the presence of a burned and collapsed building under the secondary floor. This structure was uncovered, as Shown in plate 40. Since the primary structure was smaller and lay almost entirely within the secondary structure, the primary fioor level could be found outside the primary structure and within the secondary. When the post molds of the larger secondary structure were cut down longi- tudinally to the primary floor it became apparent that the burned structure had collapsed after burning, but in falling had not reached WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 79 the primary floor. In sections of the collapsed wall every post was shown by its charred remains, the basal end terminating exactly in a post mold at the boundary. But these posts in falling had been held up off the primary floor by as much as a foot or more of red clay. Although the clay was under the fallen and burned wall and rested on an unburned floor, yet it was hardened and discolored as a result of the considerable heat action. The clay immediately over portions of this structure showed much less effect of burning. Further, por- tions of this fallen structure were not all at the same level above the primary floor. The conclusion seemed inevitable that this structure before burning had been covered with earth. While the structure was burning, the clay on top of the building, due to its position, was subject to considerable heat. As the burning progressed, holes in the wooden structure allowed some portion of this burned clay, on the roof of the building, to fall through to the primary floor. Finally, the whole building collapsed, with the result that where the roof clay had fallen in on the primary floor it prevented the charred walls from reaching that level when they fell later. Careful observation here seemed clearly to demonstrate that this was what happened on this site, and definitely suggests that the roof of the structure was covered with earth before the burning. It would seem utterly im- possible for earth to have been carried and placed on this structure while it was burning, which would have been necessary if the condi- tion here presented was to have been attained. In plate 41 are shown portions of this structure, a foot or more above the structure floor, held up by the burned earth wnderneath the charred remains. As soon as excavation inside the secondary structure was begun, another clay seat of two steps, shown in plate 131, a, was discovered on the primary floor. This seat against the south wall of the pri- mary structure was symmetrically located and is shown in figure 34, which is a ground plan of the primary floor. The seat was well preserved, very hard and dry, and had been fire-hardened. However, after having been exposed for several days and subjected to the action of the weather, with intervals of rain and hot sun, it began to crack and finally to crumble badly. It was, however, clear that the seat was well made originally. It had been made with smooth surfaces and comparatively square corners. The dimensions of this seat are shown in figure 35. Attention should be called to the large post mold nearly a foot in diameter located at the northwest corner immediately adjacent to this seat. This mold was too near the primary wall to serve any ordinary useful purpose in wall construction, and it definitely sug- gests some association with the seat. This mold is shown in a close- up of this seat in plate 131, a, shown with seats from other sites. 80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 SITE 9 GROUND PLAN PRIMARY FLOOR MOUND e2 SCALE 543210 FEE Figure 34. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 81 Upon the removal of the “altar” upon this secondary floor and the clearing of the fallen structure, another fire basin or altar was dis- covered in the primary floor. It was a square of hard-burned clay 44. inches on the side raised about 2 inches above the floor level. The corners were rounded and in the center was a single circular concave basin 23 inches in diameter and nearly 4 inches deep at the center. A close-up of this basin or altar is shown in plate 132, 6, with other similar basins shown for comparisons. The altar was placed nearly symmetrically in the center of the structure, as shown in figure 34. When the altar was removed there was found under it two post molds 9 inches in diameter and about 18 inches deep. It was thus MOUND 2 FEATURE 8 FIGURE 35. revealed that the altar was built up of clay plastered over a depres- sion in the primary floor. When the primary floor was carefully swept off with whisk- brooms, a definite impress of split-cane matting was revealed. This cane formed a broad border along each wall, as shown in plate 42. The cane had been pressed into the clay floor, leaving an imprint of each stalk. Plate 43 shows a section of the interior edge of this cane-covered area and also shows how the whole surface of the floor was once dry and hard and cracked. It showed no evidence of fire. At the corners the imprints clearly showed that this border over- lapped from side and end to give a cross-checked pattern. Plate 44 shows the entire plan of the post-mold structure of the primary 154676—38——7 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 floor, mostly within this secondary structure pattern: In one portion of this post-mold pattern, where the secondary structure trench crossed obliquely, the primary trench and molds were superposed. The line of both trenches was observable, some of the primary molds having been filled by the secondary construction. Outside the structure, but on the primary floor of the mound, Feature No. 5 (fig. 81) was found. It proved to be an ash pit 36 inches in diameter and 18 inches deep, filled will shells, ashes, and potsherds. On the primary floor, but under the seat of the secondary structure, was found a pit 3 feet by 4 feet, having a depth of 3 feet. This pit had been filled with refuse before the seat was constructed and was therefore in association with the primary floor. Outside the boundaries of the structure in both Mounds Nos. 1 and 2 there were scattered post molds and other evidences of occupation. It is believed that an investigation of the surrounding area would have demonstrated the existence of a village site. However, the land had been plowed and made ready for planting, and permission could not be obtained for general digging in the cultivated fields. Further, the work on the two mounds continued up to the planting time, and but for the forbearance of the owner, must, for this reason, have been prematurely cut short. It is a matter of regret that no oppor- tunity was offered to search for a village site here and for any possible burial grounds that may have existed. Porrery In general, the bulk of the sherds were plain ware of medium thickness and very soft. Their general appearance suggests that they lay on the ancient village site sufficiently long to suffer consid- erable decay before being incorporated in the mounds. The two mounds seemed to be identical in this respect. The tempering ma- terial seemingly was shell, which, because of its complete removal in most sherds, left them porous and quite light in weight. They were so soft that many disintegrated in the attempt to wash them. Sherds of large vessels of utility forms were most frequently found. The plain sherds generally indicated large pots decorated only with round handles, some of which rise above the smooth rims to form single or double knobs, as shown in plate 45, a. No other type of handle was found on this site, which yielded 26 of the type shown in plate 45, a. With the heavy sherds were found some textile-marked sherds..- The number was small and did not exceed 5 percent of the total. These sherds, shown in plate 46, a, indicated quite a range of weaves. The textiles used were well made and were unusually deeply im- pressed in the clay, with the result that quite perfect impressions BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEETINGIIG. (PEATE 37 a. Harris farm. Site No. 9. 6. Mounds No. 1 and No. 2 on sky line. Site No. 9. BULLETIN 118 PLATE 38 ETHNOLOGY BUREAU OF AMERICAN Post-mold pattern floor of Mound No. 1, Site No, 9, 6€ 6 ON 9418 'Z ON punoy, "100 Arepuodes ALV Id 8tl NILATMNS ADOTONHLA NVOIMSAWY JO Nvayna ‘6 ON 9119 ‘Z ON punopy ‘omnjonays Areutad pouing OV ALV ld 8ll NILA TING ADSDONONHLA NYODIYAWY AO NVSEHNa Iv 6 ‘ON 9419 ‘Z “ON punoyyy “1009 SAOGS Y4IVE PoUING WO s}so1 OANYON.AYS pouIng ALV1d 8st NILATING ADSDOVONHLA NVOIMAWY AO NVayuna eV ‘6 ON OFS “% ‘ON Puno ‘9UBd JITdS [JIM po1dA0) GOTO SBA YOIYM LOOY AuvUTTIg ALV1Id sll NILSATINaA ADOTONHLA NVOIYAWNY AO Nvadng BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 43 Inside edge of cane impressions, primary floor. Mound No. 2, Site No. 9. Wy Sav ad sll NMSsine ADOTONHLA NVYOIWSWY AO Nvsaene BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULEETIN 118 PEATE 45 a. Loop handle variations. Site No. 9. b. Artifacts from the general digging. Site No. 9. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 46 a. Types of textile-marked salt-pan sherds from general digging. Site No. 9. b. Miscellaneous sherds, including a fragment of a pointed rim, a large bowl, and two effigy heads. WEBB] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 83 have remained. There seems to have been no attempt by the potter here to rub out the impression after removal of the cloth, as is so often the case. In plate 46, 6, is shown one plain sherd from which the tempering material has leached out, leaving numerous pits. This is the usual type here. The other sherds in this figure show types very rare on this site and, while present, they represent a very insignificant por- tion of the whole. They do, however, suggest contact with sites where these types were common. A few sherds (pl. 46, 6) showed grass-paddle and cord-paddle marks. This ware, small in quantity, seemed harder and better preserved than the plain sherds on this site. A few steatite sherds were found. ARTIFACTS Since no excavations were conducted in the village site which may have surrounded these two mounds, the artifacts found were limited to chance inclusions in the mounds as they were constructed. Plate 45, b, shows a representative group. A larger number of perforated mussel shells were found throughout the mounds. Their broken distal ends show wear as if they had been used as scrapers or hoes. The large number of shell hoes (58 perfect specimens) suggests the method by which the hard red clay composing these mounds was dug. The mounds appeared to have been built from clean red and yellow clay, and to have contained a minimum of village midden. This fact accounts for the scarcity of artifacts and pottery from this site. CoNCLUSIONS Site No. 9 seems clearly related to Sites Nos. 2, 5, and 6. It is per- haps the best example of the successive superposition of earth-cov- ered town houses, of the “small-log type of construction. It seems highly probable that the surrounding region would have shown evi- dence of a village site if excavation had been permitted. Sire No. 10—AUSMUS FARM MOUNDS This site is on the farm of John Ausmus, near Speedwell, Clai- borne County, Tenn. The farm is on the south side of Tennessee Highway No. 63, from La Follette to Middlesboro, and some 16 miles northeast of La Follette. The site is on the south side of Davis Creek in a large northward bend of this creek. Within this bend there is a plateau sloping gently to the creek in all directions. On the highest portion of this plateau are the remains of two mounds. These low earth mounds seem to be all that remains of what was 84. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 perhaps once a very considerable village. The whole plateau has long been in cultivation, and in the spring of 1934 was a hay meadow. Excavation was therefore not permitted in the whole area, but was confined to the limit of the two mounds. Permission to excavate was granted upon the condition that earth removed would be spread between the two mounds, some 250 feet apart, leaving the crest of the plateau as level as possible. This was done, so that while the mounds were completely removed, no attempt was made to determine the possible extent of the village site in the surrounding territory. To the north, about a mile airline, lies Cumberland Mountain, the nearest crest rising to an elevation of some 2,950 feet above sea level. The water level of Davis Creek, adjacent to this site, is approxi- mately on the 1,000-foot contour. To the southward the terrain rises irregularly, forming a low- lying ridge of foothills. The field in the immediate vicinity of the mounds has been in cultivation for several generations. Definite attempts by the owner to “plow down” these mounds at each culti- vation of this area has assisted natural erosion in spreading the tops ef the mounds over areas much larger than they originally occupied. This long-continued effort to reduce the height of these mounds, in order to facilitate cultivation, made it very difficult to ascertain exactly the original dimensions of the mounds. Each mound seemed to have had its height reduced by at least as much as 3 feet at its highest point. 7 Mounp No. 1 This mound is the larger of the two on the site. It is oval in shape, about 130 feet long, north and south, and 110 feet broad, east and west. The lowest floor had been placed on original clay hardpan, by the removal of original topsoil. The original humus line extended only under that portion of the area which had been built up by erosion. The area was staked in 10-foot squares—140 feet north and south by 120 feet east and west with 0.0 reference point at the northeast corner of the excavated area. The mound was completely removed. Because of an ample supply of available labor, excavation was conducted on two sides of the mound simultaneously. Each 10-foot square was cut down to the undisturbed hardpan, so that each 10-foot section revealed a clean floor, and a verticai face which could be studied for profile. This method was continued until lines of large post molds revealed the presence of structure in the > mound above the base level. This trenching was carried on for all four faces, down to hardpan, until post molds were found in the upper portion of the mound. Trenching was then abandoned and i & Pron re! - .) xt) | a ‘Am Vom Ae ee re tales teen se Fl ha: ar Ree ANE Am CEE -154676—38 (Face p. 85) WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 85 the remaining portion of the mound was “topped”, by removal of earth, to reveal a horizontal post-mold pattern as shown in plate 47.° Reference stakes were kept in position and carried down as earth was removed in horizontal sections by the use of hand barrows. This method has the distinct advantage of uncovering a whole post- mold pattern and revealing the size and orientation of the structure, as well as permitting the careful cleaning and study of the floor of the structure and its photography. However, it has the definite disadvantage of the loss of vertical profiles, which are so necessary in determining any intrusion through any horizontal stratification. This method of topping places an additional burden of responsibility on the excavator to catch at once all evidence of intrusion and to actually visualize in three dimensions what he sees, since there will be no profiles upon which later he may check his findings. The hardpan under the mound, outside of the central structure area, revealed numerous scattered post molds, ash beds, fireplaces, and other features, but in general they were so scattered that no significant arrangement could be observed. Figure 36 is a base chart of this mound floor. It shows the post molds, carefully plotted, as well as the special features indicated by number, as briefly described later. Within the central portion of this mound post-mold patterns were uncovered which seemed to show that eight different rectangu- lar structures had been built in succession on this restricted area. The various east-and-west walls differed but little in placement and orientation, but there seems to have been considerable shifting of the structure in the north-and-south direction. This, with some change in the actual length of the structure, made for a considerable variation in placement of the north-and-south walls. The structures occurred at different levels, and often the post-mold patterns of two structures would cross, or for a short space be nearly identical, due to molds from one floor extending from 18 to 24 inches below the level of the floor with which it was identified. Each of these struc- ture patterns will be described separately by number as a feature. As would be expected, occasionally portions of some early post- mold patterns had been destroyed by later construction, and it is rather surprising that as many as eight structures were still clearly discernible by almost complete patterns. It will be noted that the upper structure pattern began to show at a depth of only 1 foot below the top surface. The mound had been repeatedly plowed over with tractor-drawn gang plows, which not only completely destroyed all post molds touched but greatly assisted erosion by deep disturb- ance of the soil, and by dragging off a portion from the mound top with each cultivation. No one may ever know how many different structures were erected on this site, but it seems well within the bounds of possibility that 0° OW 3 °. 00 ©4000 ° 3 eaod ° ° ° 90° ° Pe@ °o6 ° og ° OF 0 OO QO °° Ye) co? 2 ° ° 029, g ° co © 0°0 ° ° e O08 (2) ° &. ° fe) ° ° ° ° ° ° 9 ° ° °° O°os gS 0 ° 0° & Ge g a) 20 0° gPo MOUND | EXCAVATED AREA SCALE 108 64 20 fe) FEET ® 36. 154676—8s (Face p. 85) gat seme Aone | a 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 the height of the mound, when investigated, represented not more ‘than half of its original height. The number of structures here would argue a considerable length of occupancy of this site, after it attained such importance as to demand a town house, The size of these structures would suggest a village of considerable popula- tion. The seventh and latest structure observable here—55 feet by 27 feet—could possibly seat 240 men, allowing cach 6 square feet of floor space. If, for each person of sufficient importance to entitle him to a seat in the town house, we may assume four others in the village, the population here may well have numbered 1,000 inhabit- ants or more. SpectaL FEATURES Various special features to the number of 42, other than artifacts and burials, will be described in order. Their location will be shown on the base chart (fig. 86) by the symbol F. O. Feature No. 1—A small ash pit 18 inches in diameter and 13 inches deep was found southwest of stake 12.5, associated with 13 small stones irregularly arranged. This pit was in the present humus layer and had been covered over by erosion from the top of the mound. Feature No. 2—A pile of 83 small stones with no apparent ar- rangement was found near stake 1.3 at a depth of 16 inches. This pile of stones lies in a slight depression under the eroded portion of the mound in the present humus layer. The pile was 4 feet by 3 feet and had in association a large fragment of pottery, a stone discoidal 2 inches in diameter, and a large animal bone. Feature No. 3—An area approximately 3 feet by 8 feet southwest of stake 1.4 contained 72 irregularly arranged stones surrounded by midden material. This area, also under the eroded portion of the mound, lies in a depression in the mixed clay and humus layer, just: above the hardpan. In the midden fragments of pottery and bone were found. The stones in this area—limestone and sandstone— showed no evidence of burning; neither did the bone fragments show any action of fire. Feature No. 4.—In the square 8.2-9.1, and 12 inches in depth, a group of 30 stones irregularly placed and associated with pottery fragments lay on the original humus surface. Feature No. 5.—Southwest of stake 11.4 a circular area 5 feet in diameter and 10 inches below the surface had become a deep red in color because of fire action. The area was well-defined and hard- burned. Feature No. 6.—Southwest of stake 11.5, 4 inches deep in the humus layer, seven stones, one quite large, were found in a close pile. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN S7 Feature No. 7—Near stake 11.6, three stones, one large, were sep- arated from a layer of ashes above them by a 3-inch layer of humus. Feature No. 8—Southwest of stake 1.8, at a depth of 20 inches, there was found a circular depression 3 feet in diameter and 5 inches deep, containing ashes and small stones. Feature No. 9—Southwest of stake 11.8 and 6 inches below the old humus line, an irregular area, shown on base chart, yielded a shell gorget, a stone pipe, and a stone celt, as shown in plate 48, a. This area was covered with burned logs. The artifacts were embedded in an ash and midden material layer 16 inhes thick. Four of the logs were uncovered for a length of 3 feet to 4 feet. They seemed to show no definite arrangement. Another log was found in square 10.8 at the same level. All were in such condition that they could be preserved for future study. Squares 12.9, 11.9, 12.8, 11.8 yielded a large amount of potsherds. The original humus line, which was quite distinct to the west, melted away gradually between 0.10 and 0.9 into the midden material in which these artifacts were found. No floor line showed on any of the walls to indicate the presence of a structure to which the burned logs might have belonged. The post molds in this area, although numer- ous, did not seem to outline a structure. Feature No. 10—Southwest from stake 11.6 and 6 inches above the original hardpan there was a burned-clay area 5 feet by 6 feet. In this fire area the clay was baked to a deep red. It was surrounded by midden material embedded in the original humus, which contained some mussel shells. No structure could be defined about this area. Feature No. 11.—Near stake 12.10 and 5 inches above hardpan 12 stones were piled together in a circular pit 10 inches in diameter. Feature No. 12.—Southwest from stake 7.1 and 8 inches below the original ground surface there was found a burned-clay basin. This basin was mixed material just above the pure-clay hardpan. The material in which the vessel rested was different from the mixed mate- rial above the clay hardpan. A sharp line separated the two kinds of earth. This feature was taken out and its preservation attempted. However, contraction, due to loss of moisture, caused the specimen to crack badly. Feature No. 13.—At stake 10.7, 6 inches above hardpan, a group of 17 stones embedded in ashes over an area 4 feet by 5 feet was found. Feature No. 14.—This feature was a post-mold pattern in the hard- pan defining a structure. It was roughly centered about stake 2.10 and was under that portion of mound area covered by eroded material. It was at a depth of 14 inches below the present surface. The pattern had maximum dimensions of 17 feet 9 inches length and 15 feet 8 inches width. The molds of this structure were irregularly placed but the 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 shape of the structure was definable. Inside the large (outside) struc- ture there may possibly have been the outline of a smaller structure, as the placement of the molds seemed to indicate that fact. Within this structure, near its southeast corner, was a well-preserved fire pit of irregular form about 6 feet by 8 feet. It contained bones, stones, and shells mixed in ashes. This structure and fire pit are shown in the foreground of plate 47. This structure may have predated the mound, and was, or had been, demolished when the larger structures in the mound were first constructed. Later erosion from the mound covered the remains of this structure and incorporated it in the mound area. Feature No. 15—Southwest of stake 11.10 was an ash bed 2 feet by 3 feet and some 3 inches thick. Feature No. 16—Near stake 9.3 there was a horizontal mold con- necting two post molds in yellow-clay hardpan. It was sharply defined by black dirt running in a narrow strip in the yellow clay. The mold was 5 feet 5 inches long and 4 inches wide. These molds do not form a part of a defined structure. Feature No. 17.—A fire pit, near stake 6.5, lay just below the top humus layer of the mound. This pit was so much disturbed and broken by the plow that it was impossible to determine its exact shape and orientation. The portion remaining was burned hard-red to a depth of three-fourths inch and showed a definite curved edge. It is believed that this pit belonged to the eighth structure in the mound center, described as Feature No. 23. Feature No. 18—At stake 8.5 and 6 feet above hardpan there was a circular arrangement of 26 stones of varying sizes, to form a basin. The basin was nearly circular, varying in diameter from 20 inches to 23 inches, and was 12 inches deep. This basin was filled with ashes and midden material, but from all evidence was not related to any structure. Feature No. 19——Above the area covered by the seventh structure, described later as Feature No. 27, many horizontal post molds were found centered about stake 7.6. These molds, shown in plate 49, a, were from 3.7 feet to 4.2 feet above the hardpan. They were defined by soft material and decayed wood in harder mixed material. There was a white ring of log mold around the soft decayed material. These molds of varying sizes were irregularly arranged from 2 inches to 5 inches above the structure floor. They occur virtually over the entire floor, but the greatest concentration is near the center of the structure pattern. No evidence of fire was shown here, so it would seem reasonable to suppose that the seventh structure was demolished and not burned when the construction of the eighth building was begun. The entire absence of charcoal on this site at all levels seems to show that none WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 89 of these structures were burned; and the nearly complete absence of horizontal molds at all levels, except this one, seems to indicate that the earlier buildings were removed from the site each time before a new building was erected. Had the buildings been allowed to col- lapse and fall in disarray, the wall and roof logs would surely have left horizontal molds at each level of a structure floor, as seems to have occurred in this instance. Feature No. 20.—This feature shows the definite relationship which existed between the seventh and eighth structure in the center of this mound. As the mound was topped by removal of horizontal slices, the post-mold patterns of two structures were apparent. ‘These proved to be the seventh and eighth structures built on this site. The floor of the eighth structure was 4 feet 4 inches above the hardpan and was so near the surface of the sides of the mound that it had been much damaged by the plow. The seventh structure floor was 3 feet 3 inches above the hardpan and was well preserved. The floor of Structure No. 8 was about 13 inches above that of Structure No. 7, and since this was about the depth below the floor of the post molds of Structure No. 8, their bottom was at about the same level as the top of the molds of Structure No. 7. This relationship is shown in plate 50, a. The tops of these molds represent the floor level in each case. Plate 51 shows the method of topping the mound and shows the seventh and eighth structures blocked out. The post molds of the eighth structure are visible along the higher of the two blocks. The post molds forming this structure indicate that the posts were from 7 to 10 inches in diameter, which is much larger than those previously reported from the other sites in the Norris Basin. Feature No. 21.—Near stake 6.6 and from 5 feet to 5 feet 3 inches above the hardpan was an ash layer above the seventh floor and it was covered by a line of dark mold between this ash and the material above. Feature No. 22.—About stake 8.8 post molds in the clay hardpan outlined a structure of four equal sides, each side being 12 feet 8 inches. The corners were not square. The pattern of this structure is shown in plate 49, b. Feature No. 23——This feature was the pattern of post molds out- lining two sides of the eighth structure. This pattern was 4.4 feet above the hardpan and seemed to indicate a structure 21 feet by 24 feet. Only the south and east walls of the structure were indicated. The north and west sides of this post-mold pattern, which were not, found, may have been plowed away, because on those sides they would have been very near the surface. Besides Feature No. 17, previously described, there was a burned area on the same level which was thought to mark a portion of the floor of this structure. 00 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY . [BULL. 118 Feature No. 25,—On the north end of the post-mold pattern of the seventh structure and 15 inches above the hardpan was a horizontal post mold, clearly defined, filled with decayed wood and soft material. The mold was 26 inches below the floor level of the seventh structure. This horizontal mold is shown in plate 52 in the left foreground. Feature No. 26—This feature was the system of post molds which outlined the fifth structure on this site. These molds were 1.8 feet above the hardpan. There was no floor which seemed definitely related to this structure. The outline was complete, but the tops of these molds showed up at a slightly lower level than those of the sixth structure. Within this structure were two clay fire pits de- scribed as Feature No. 28. Plate 53 shows the seventh, sixth, and fifth structures and the horizontal post mold, Feature No. 25, as well as the two clay fire bowls which are described below as Feature No. 28. Feature No. 27.—This was a post-mold pattern, shown in plate 54, 6, and the floor defining the seventh structure. The surface was 3.7 feet above the hardpan. The floor was clearly defined and sloped toward the center from all sides. The floor had a general south- eastward slope. Near the center of the area was an oval area about 8 feet long, much discolored by fire. The seventh structure, as shown by post-mold pattern in figure 37, was 53 feet long and 32 feet wide. Feature No. 28—Southwest of stake 7.5 there were two clay fire pits 1.9 feet above the hardpan. The northeast portion of both of these clay fire bowls was missing. This portion of the large bowl was probably destroyed in the building of the top and smaller bowl. The bowls were not quite concentric; both were made of hard-burned clay. It is thought, from their position, that these bowls were as- sociated with the fifth structure, Feature No. 26. The larger bowl was approximately 1.9 feet in diameter and the smaller had a length of 16 inches and a breadth of 10.5 inches. The association of these bowls is shown in plate 50, 0b. Feature No. 29.—The post molds outlining he sixth structure were 1.9 feet above the hardpan. The floor of this structure and the fifth structure seem to have been the same. That there were two different structures, separate and complete, on this floor at different times seems certain. Features Nos. 28 and 31 were so located as to have been almost in the exact center of the post-mold outlines. Figure 38 is a diagram of the sixth structure post-mold pattern which is well . shown in plate 48, 6. The post molds of this structure occurred at a slightly higher level than those of Feature No. 26. The fire pit, Feature No. 31, in the center of this structure, however, was at a lower level than the two fire bowls (Feature No. 28). WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 91 00° 0:9 oe ee os aes O pees e) O O fe) fe) O fo) c O fe) S/e i re) O fe) fe) fe) O Oo O fe) = e) O i) Oo ( \pdkep cLay : O O . O fe) 0 O (AN F 2! fe) = O re) O Oo @) ° O 0 O O 6 ° ° ‘5 ~ O 5 O fe) O 6 © r fe) > 2 re) 2 0 P00 fe) 2 eo 2 Ko, O Ny oO 18 re) a SITE 10 MOUND | FEATURE 27 SEVENTH STRUCTURE SCALE 543210 5 FEET FIGURE 37. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 92 .@) 26 fe) Ooo Oui fe) 26 00 0 08 O ° oe fe) O 12) O : O fe) = fe) Pp O Oo O Oo oD re) oO 0? 3 fe) : \)F 31 : ° S fe) S e 0° 2 re) Oo Oo O ore) oO Oo re) o re) Oo fe) eS 5 O ° SITE 10 MOUND | FEATURE 29 SIXTH STRUCTURE SCALE S4°s2rT 6 5 FEET FIGURE 38. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 93 Feature No. 30.—The post-mold pattern outlining the fourth struc- ture was 18 inches above the hardpan. This pattern, shown in figure 39, indicated a building 37.4 feet long by 26 feet wide. The height of the floor of this structure above that of the tertiary structure, Feature No. 39, varied from 2 inches to 12 inches. Along the borders of the structure the difference was least. It was greatest in the cen- ter, and on the south end it ranged from 11 inches to 13 inches. Plate 54, a, shows the post-mold patterns of the third and fourth structures. The top of the rim of the fire pit, Feature No. 35, is on the level of the fifth floor. The earth has been cut down to the fourth-floor level all around it. Note the 6-inch rule set on end. On the fourth floor the surface in the center of the area was basin- shaped on three sides—the north, east, and west. This caused the great height of the precedent floor above this—the fourth floor—at the center, and brought the post molds of these three structures to almost the same level on the north, east, and west sides. Plate 54, a, brings this relationship out very clearly. Feature No. 31,—Near stake 8.5 there was a baked-clay fire pit 15 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep, filled with midden at top and gray ash at bottom. This feature occurred in the center of the sixth structure, Feature No. 29, and was on the floor level of that structure. Feature No. 83.—At the northern end of the seventh structure horizontal post molds were found just inside the pattern of vertical molds 15 inches above the hardpan. These molds were well-defined hollows partially filled with decayed wood. Their maximum length was 8 feet and their maximum diameter 6 inches. The molds are shown in plate 55, a. It is believed that these molds were made by roof logs which fell to the town-house floor when the structure was destroyed to make room for the erection of a new house above this floor level. Feature No. 34.—This feature indicates the relation of two clay platforms found on the northern end of the primary and secondary floors. ‘These platforms were easily defined, since they were made of clay and covered with midden. They were placed one just inside the primary structure wall and the other just inside the secondary structure wall. Feature No. 35.—At stake 7.6 a clay fire pit was found 22 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep, filled with gray ash. This pit was on the floor of the fourth structure. Feature No. 36.—Lying in the square 3.7-4.6, and precedent to the seventh structure in the mound, was a post-mold pattern in the orig- inal hardpan. This pattern shows an approximately rectangular structure 14.8 feet long and 13.8 feet wide. Feature No. 37—About stake 5.5 on the hardpan surface a group of some nine large stones were found standing on edge and irregu- 94 0°00 060 900 Oo, Aa ©) O 0°00 o O BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY O O g O ° fe) > O O O O O mes O O fe) O° C/e 6 O O O ©) A O @)r 3s i O O eo O O Oo GD fo) ° @) fe) fo) ae = GO Cea N OPES O 3 Oo 6 SITE 10 MOUND |! FEATURE 30 FOURTH STRUCTURE SCALE. 543210 5 FEET FIGURE 39. [BULL. 118 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 95 larly arranged. Each stone seemed to have been separately set in the hardpan. In the center of the group was a small fire pit of clay. No structure was definable as associated with this feature. Feature No. 38——This feature indicates the relationship between the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh structures. Plate 55, 6, is taken from stake 6.4, looking eastward. Figure 40 is a drawing showing exact dimensions of these relations. It is to be noted that fifth and sixth structure levels differ but little. Feature No. 89.—The third structure post-mold pattern is shown in figure 41. This pattern indicated a structure 25.5 feet long and 99.4 feet broad. In the center of the structure there was a red- SEVENTH oo STRUCTUR ep, ED SIXTH STRUCTURE FIFTH 24" STRUCTURE ee EA a) AG | 48" FOURTH 7 | STRUCTURE, bad 2 ne | | Cas as wy SITE 10 MOUND | RELATIVE STRUCTURE LEVELS FieurE 40. burned area on floor 2.5 feet broad and 5 feet long. The floor of this structure at the south end was only about 2 inches above the second- ary floor. Feature No. 40.—Figure 42 shows the ground plan of the second- ary structure at a level of 8 inches above the hardpan. This struc- ture would appear to be 41 feet long by 27.8 feet wide. Whether the outline in this figure is the correct one for the secondary struc- ture depends on which molds are given to the primary structure. If the primary structure is the large one, as given in figure 48, all that can safely be said to belong to the secondary structure is the line of molds just south of the clay platform, Feature No. 41. If the primary structure is given by the smaller figures on Feature No. 42 this would “allow” a complete secondary structure as shown in figure 42. 96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Feature No. 41.—Near stake 9.5 on the secondary floor and just inside the south line of post molds a clay platform was raised 14 inches above the floor level. This feature was dug out and removed before excavations were completed, and it was determined that both primary and secondary floors extended beneath this platform. It should be noted that four of the post molds shown were double. oO Goa O Oo x O @ ) O ° ome = ou SITE lO MOUND | FEATURE 39 THIRD STRUCTURE SCALE 543210 5 FEET FIgurE 41. Feature No. 42.—This feature was the post-mold pattern outlining the primary floor and structure. The correct interpretation of the system of molds shown in figure 42 is somewhat in doubt. The post- mold outline of the primary structure, on account of the great pro- fusion of post molds, could not be determined with certainty. Figure WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 97 OOOO" OO oe 990 00° O O oO one) O O O oO O O O O : : O > ‘4 O : O : O § 3 o O 5 O © O : O O © O © mts fe) Oo" g OG C806 6 65 0 © ooo & SITE IO MOUND | FEATURE 40 SECOND STRUCTURE SCALE §43 210 FEET FIGURE 42. 154676—38——_8 98 [BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY O O oom QO Oo 00 00 é. A = O Oo O O e) O O = iu Oo O 7 7/6 O Oo fe) © a O O Oo P O . O Oe dal, 2Bganeg & a6 5 @\F 44 O ° © . © : © e © Oo O @ O O i Oo oe) O e O ey O 00'O, © 5 ae o YOO ose SITE 10 MAY CONSTITUTE MOUND | NORTH END OF FEATURE42 FIRST STRUCTURE FIRST STRUCTURE SCALE 543210 S FEET FIGURE 43. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 99 43 shows two possible solutions of the problem. The diagram of this structure should be carefully compared with the diagram of the secondary structure, Feature No. 40. The holes in double circles appear to have been double, i. e., a large hole with a smaller hole inside. There was a definite soil demarcation in these doubled holes. Also there was a marked difference in hardness of the two colors of soil. The molds indicated by a cross in figure 43 may possibly be the northern end of the primary structure. If this is true, it would allow a complete secondary structure. Because of this uncer- tainty, the dimensions of the primary are either length 54.5 feet and width 28.5 feet or length 28 feet and width 27.6 feet. Feature No. 43.—The clay platform on the primary floor was lo- cated just north of stake 10.5. It was 7 feet long by 5 feet broad and 11 inches thick. It was built on the primary floor which ex- tended beneath it. Several post molds came down into it; but these were from the structure above and were not associated with the primary floor. Feature No. 44—On the primary floor, at stake 8.5, there was a circular fire pit 22 inches in diameter and 7 inches deep. From its placement it was believed to have belonged to the primary floor. The primary and secondary floors were identical at that point. It is situated near the center of the primary structure. Burial No. 1—Only one burial was found in this mound, that of a child probably about 6 years of age. It lay about 3 inches below the seventh structure near stake 7.5. It was embedded in yellow sand which lay in a depression of midden material. Due to the method of excavation in this portion of the mound, i. e., slicing by levels to floors, it was not possible to catch a vertical profile above the burial to determine if it was intrusive, and if so, the line from which the intrusion was made. All evidence, however, seems to indi- cate that burial was not intrusive. There was no evidence of burial on the floor of the seventh structure. Mounp No. 2. This mound, the smaller of the two, was located about 200 feet south of Mound No.1. Plate 56, a, shows a view of this mound from the southeast, with Mound No. 1 in the distance. The original mound was probably about 70 feet in diameter, but like Mound No. 1, it had long been in cultivation and had been plowed down and much eroded. It was staked 90 feet by 90 feet to get an area well outside the original mound base. As usual, the southeast stake was desig- nated 0.0. Excavation was begun by putting down a 10-foot trench along the south side of the mound and working out 10-foot squares 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 one at a time. As shown in plate 56, a, trench floors were kept clean, and vertical profiles every 10 feet were photographed and recorded. The method of slicing in 10-foot trenches was continued until the presence of the remains of structures was detected. The method was then abandoned, and the mound was topped in horizontal layers and blocked out to uncover post-mold patterns. All four faces of the mound were cleared by trenching before horizontal slicing was be- gun. There were only three definite floors discovered, although in- dications of at least five structures were found within the mound proper. It is possible that there were as many as seven structures. When the trenches reached the original hardpan under the eroded portion of the mound a complex system of post molds was found, indicating the presence of a village site and long occupancy before the mound was constructed. Special features to the number of 23 were located on the base chart shown in figure 44, and are listed and described in order. SPECIAL FEATURES Feature No. 1—Outside the mound limits on the hardpan surface, near stake 2.8, a pile of stones was located. This pile of stones was in a charcoal area. Beneath them were animal teeth in a mid- den deposit. The pile was 2 feet in diameter and 11 inches thick. Feature No. 2.—At stake 7.8 a circular pile of small stones, mixed with charcoal and midden material, was found. The pile was 2.5 feet in diameter and 9 inches thick. Associated with this material was a stone discoidal. Feature No. 3—Seven feet east of Feature No. 2 was another cir- cular pile of stones in charcoal and bone refuse. It was 2.7 feet in diameter and 12 inches thick. Feature No. 4.—Southwest from stake 7.2 and on the undisturbed base of the mound was an oval-shaped ash pit filled with ashes, charcoal, potsherds, small stones, and midden material. This pit was 3.8 feet long by 2.8 feet broad and extended down into the hardpan. Feature No. 5.—About stake 8.1 there was a somewhat circular ash heap, appearing in the post-mold region, but surrounded by no definite outline. This heap of ashes was about 5.5 feet in diameter and 12 inches thick. It contained potsherds, animal bones, a clay quoit, and flint points. Feature No. 6—Southwest of stake 7.4 was an oval-shaped ash pit extending into the hardpan from the original humus. This pit was 4.3 feet by 3.2 feet. Its depth was uncertain since the walls had been broken down. It was filled with the usual midden material. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 101 It was enclosed in a structure area, Feature No. 9, and may or may not have been associated with it. Feature No. 7.—\mmediately to the east of Feature No. 6 was a placement of stones in the charcoal area, above the hardpan, and ° oe) 5° Bo st 5, 7 o axe Ko ° ° Z FAL ©. oboeen008 : n ‘© a2 ey ] 2 AEB» 29° ° ° ZA 3 [* ° 2 900° 60 ® ° ! 56¢9000 000° ° ° a _Fo9 oy 2% N ea SITE: 10 MOUND 2 EXCAVATED AREA SCALE 10864 20 10 PEET FIGURE 44. just north of stake 8.4. This stone area was 3.3 feet by 1.3 feet and 6 inches thick. The stones were widely separated and mixed with charcoal, animal bones, shell, and potsherds. Feature No. 8.—Southwest from stake 8.5 was another nearly cir- cular ash pit 6.2 feet long by 5.8 feet broad. The base was flat and 4 inches below the surface of the hardpan. 102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Feature No. 9-—This feature was a well-defined structure out- lined by post molds—probably a small dwelling house. It was roughly rectangular and 18 feet by 16 feet in size. Within this structure, besides Features Nos. 6 and 7, were four small pits, some of which may have been fire pits. Except for a portion of its north- ern edge, which extended under the mound, and was precedent to it, this structure was outside the mound area. Numerous post molds appeared within the structure area. Most of these molds probably had no connection with the structure itself. A long row of molds running east and west extended through the structure pattern and may have been an arbor, since no additional molds could be found that would complete a larger structure. The row of molds extended 20 feet east and 15 feet west of this structure. Since this line runs directly through the structure it would seem that arbor or windbreak was precedent or constructed at a later date than the structure through which it runs. This long line of molds is shown in plate 58, a, in the center of the south trench. Figure 45 shows a ground plan of this structure. Plate 57 shows this post-mold pattern in relation to the mound. A longitudinal section of these post molds by trenching was made to discover whether if possible any horizontal molds existed. None were found. Feature No. 10.—Southwest from stake 6.1 an earthen vessel was found, placed in an upright position in the clay and gravel hardpan. Surrounding it to a depth of 6 inches were ashes and bits of charcoal. It was in a post-mold area, but no definite structure outline could be determined. Feature No. 11.—An oblong ash pit near stake 7.2 was filled with midden material. This pit, 3.2 feet long by 1.4 feet broad, was 10 inches deep and extended well down into the hardpan. Its preserva- tion was perfect, being cut in very hard yellow-clay hardpan filled with black midden soil. Feature No. 12—This was a post-mold pattern shown in figure 46. This structure pattern was 3.3 feet above the hardpan and located as shown on the base chart of Mound No. 2, figure 44. The structure was approximately 25 feet square and contained Features Nos. 18, 14, and 15, and Burials Nos. 1,2, and 4. This structure pattern was well defined. The floor was definite and showed evidence of fire in a number of places, but no indication of a burned structure was found. The molds were from 4 inches to 6 inches in diameter, usually shal- low. On the north end the floor extended outward from the line of molds for a distance of 5 feet. Plate 59 shows this pattern as the inner row of three. In the plot of figure 46 those molds, indicated by a cross, appeared only when the floor was being cleaned. They were charted at this level, but probably belonged to a structure be- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 103 WEBB] ‘@) O © “ O O O59 00 6° 509 O05 006 td on “8 SO O ‘aus: oS . aa, O OC) 8/4 © O O O = our Se a S eee) . © 50 O O O O ae @: O ‘>, © O C) O , S: O 5 C O Oe O30 O O Gr BOO O ye OE) Oye, ogre O O O B09. O 4 O 0 OQ? O O SITE {IO O MOUND 2 & $2 O FEATURE 9 O SCALE O ih sanie oa hd ah FEET Figure 45. 104 BUREAU OF AMERICAN HTHNOLOGY ak: a ws Sa 2 O O O O O O O o_O 5 0 CH SITE-To MOUND 2 FEATURE l2 SCALE 5 43:20 2 FEET © MOLDS FROM LOWER LEVEL Figure 46. 6/3 [BULL. 118 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 105 neath Feature No. 16. In this structure the symmetry of the place- ment of four large molds, one near each corner, should be noted. These probably were made by roof supports. Feature No. 13.—Near stake 3.4 was a burned-clay fireplace associ- ated with Feature No. 12. This fireplace was 3.3 feet above the hard- pan, and was approximately 34 by 32 inches, with a maximum depth of 9 inches. The pit was well defined but irregular in shape. It was constructed of burned yellow clay. It was located near the north side of structure Feature No. 12. It was filled with ashes and char- coal and there was one stone discoidal close by. Feature No. 14.—South of stake 4.4 was a well-defined pit of elaborate construction. The top of this pit was 3.3 feet above the hardpan. This pit was 53 inches long, 48 inches wide, and had an interior depth of 34 inches. Figure 47 is a plan of this pit. The red clay sides of this pit extended about 2 inches above the floor of the structure Feature No. 12. When the pit was cleared of ashes it was found that the clay walls had been burned to a depth of 3 feet. The floor was lined with pine bark which had been charred. Charred wood—evidently small posts set on end—was found around the south end of the pit. It was later determined that this vertical-post wall had been placed around the whole pit. The south portion of the floor was heaped with chunks of burned clay, under which was found a, layer of split cane weaving. When the top layer of weaving was removed four stone discoidals, one large, were found. ‘Two of these had been cracked by heat. Pieces of a charred bone tool and a large chunk of graphite were also found. This bone implement, when restored, appeared to be a spear point (pl. 68, 6) quite similar to others found on this site. These articles were embedded in a charred black mass of light and porous material. No structure remained. This black carbonaceous material seemed to have been fused by heat and then reduced to carbon. Nothing remained to suggest its origi- nal form. Under this mass was more cane weaving, lying on the bark-covered floor. No charred bones, either human or animal, other than the tool mentioned, could be found in the ashes, although a careful search was made on the supposition that this might have been a cremation. From the fact that there was charred cane matting both above and below the artifacts, it appeared that these objects, with some form of carbonaceous material, had been placed in a bag or box of woven fabric and put on the bark-covered floor of the pit, which was Jined with small vertical posts. The whole was then burned, and as the walls of wood were consumed in part, portions of the clay wall fell off in chunks on top of the material in the pit. Finally the pit was filled with ashes. Plate 60, a, shows this pit with walls extend- 106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 SITE 0 MOUND 2 FEATURE 14 SCALE FEET LANE WOVEN BAG Ae @ ) (& Os HRS ee, or BR RID 2, we A 4 | BROKEN DISCOIDAL 2 DISCOIDAL 3 DISCOIDAL 4-5 BROKEN DISCOIDAL 6 GRAPHITE 7 CHARRED BONE SPEAR POINT FIcureE 47. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 107 ing up to the level of the structure floor, Feature No. 12, with which it was surely associated. Plate 60, 6, shows a portion of the charred parts in situ, forming the south wall. Remnants of the woven cane matting covering the artifacts may be seen. Feature No. 15.—South of stake 4.5 a clay pit appeared on the same floor level as Feature No. 14. This pit was not lined with burned clay and the contents showed no evidence of burning in situ. It was, however, filled with ashes to a depth of some 4 inches. These ashes contained potsherds and charred wood. Below this the fill was of the usual midden material. This pit was 7 feet long, 4.6 inches broad, and had an interior depth of 29 inches. Feature No. 16.—At 384 inches above the hardpan a second post- mold pattern was discovered. The post molds were so numerous at this level that it was difficult to determine exactly what molds should be assigned to this level. Some shallow molds protruded from the _ structures above, and a few may belong to lower levels. The floor here was a definite one, and was covered with a thin layer of white sand. The extension of molds from the structure above, and the extension of deep pits through this floor, increased the difficulty of determining which molds belonged to the structure at this level. At this level on the northern end, as the floor was being shaved off to complete a line of post molds, Burial No. 5 was encountered. In plate 56, b, the top level shown is the floor described as Feature No, 16. Feature No. 17—At 22 inches above the hardpan a third post-mold pattern, outlining a structure, appeared, as shown on the base plat, figure 44. The molds were well defined and indicated a rectangular structure 36 feet long by 33.5 feet wide. At the time the photograph (pl. 61) was taken the holes varied from 12 inches to 15 inches in depth, but they were much deeper when originally found. The south row was located with difficulty and only by shaving deeper than the other sides. On the northern end some holes seemed to be miss- ing, and three located there, indicated by a cross, may have extended downward from the structure above. In the southwest corner, due to an extension of a midden area, Feature No. 23, no molds were observable. Feature No. 18.—At 20 inches above the hardpan a post-mold pat- tern indicated a skewed rectangular structure, some 22 feet long and of undetermined width. The extension of Feature No. 5 downward and the nearness of the floor of Feature No. 17 obscured or destroyed the western boundary of this structure. Feature No. 19.—At 22 inches above the hardpan a definite post- mold pattern showed a structure nearly square, 17 feet long by 17 feet wide. The southern side of this pattern had been destroyed 108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 by the intrusion of Feature No. 15 and Feature No. 14. There was a well-defined floor about the center of this structure, built up of clay. It was not easy to follow this floor out to the edges. A post- mold pattern, Feature No. 21, showed up within and a few inches lower than this one. The molds of both these structures were 18 inches or more deep. Associated with this structure was a fireplace designated as Feature No, 20. Feature No. 20.—Northwest from stake 4.4 there was a burned area, 54 inches by 48 inches, with a depression on a well-defined floor. Within the depression a circular hole 814 inches in diameter and 10 inches deep contained large fragments of an earthen vessel. A large potsherd appeared to have been the bottom of an inverted pot. Nearby, and to the northwest, was a second depression 15 inches in diameter and 12 inches deep which was filled with midden material but which contained no ashes. The floor area around this fireplace sloped inward from all directions. Feature No. 21—This feature was an irregular outline of post molds, quite deep and definite. The pattern was incomplete because of intruded pits, Features Nos. 14 and 15. There was no definite floor observable, in association here, but the outline probably repre- sents a small structure about 9 feet by 11 feet. Feature No. 22.—About 15 inches above the hardpan there was a pattern of post molds which seemed to form two sides of a structure. This structure seemed to have been 28 feet long by 21 feet wide. The holes are all well defined but some are very shallow. Feature No. 23—In the square 5.6-6.5 and extending westward from it there was a large midden heap. The irregular area of this midden was approximately 13 by 11 feet. It was about 3 feet deep, extending down to and into the hardpan level a few inches. ‘his midden contained many broken implements of bone and stone, as well as the usual material. Because of this midden, several lines of post molds could not be continued, as molds not only did not show, but would not have retained their form. When the midden material was removed the base was a conical depression in the hardpan, which showed evidence of fire. BuRIALs Lurial No. 1—Southwest of stake 5.3 at a depth of 40 inches there was an extended burial of a child. The preservation was fair. In association with the burial there were found 185 small perforated shells, 3 shell beads, and 7 small shell gorgets. This burial appeared at about the level of the floor on the top structure, Feature No. 12. It was probably intrusive, since a post mold of one side of the struc- ture was encountered beneath the burial. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 109 Burial No. 2.—This burial of an adult male in a sitting posture, the feet folded under the body, was found near stake 4.4. The knees were flexed and leaning slightly to left from the hips. The skull was dropped forward, face downward, as shown in plate 58, 6. The posi- tion of this burial in the mound, relative to the floor level, is shown in plate 62, Feature No. 12. It was first thought that this burial was associated with the pit, Feature No. 14. It was decided later that the pit in which the burial was placed had been intrusive in the larger pit, Feature No. 14. The north end of Feature No. 14 had been cut away when the pit for Burial No. 5 was made. There- fore, the skeletal remains rested more or less on the edge of the burned side of Feature No. 14. The top of the pit which contained Burial No. 5 was encountered at the level of the top structure, Fea- ture No. 12. Associated with Burial No. 2 were many artifacts and other mortuary offerings, including 14 flint points, 3 graph- ite balls, a piece of quartz, 4 stone celts, mica, 2 wooden copper- covered ear ornaments, a bone hairpin, shell and pearl beads, a cop- per bead, a bone awl, a shell dipper, a clay quoit, and lumps of hema- tite and lead sulphate. Much of this material is shown in plate 64, a. Burial No. 3.—Near stake 2.4 an adult was buried in a circular pit, in a sitting posture, knees flexed. The body had bent forward and the skull had fallen face downward. This pit was 35 inches by 29 inches and 14 inches deep. The bottom of the pit rested on clay hardpan. This burial is shown in plate 63, a. Associated with it was a bone tool (pl. 67, 6, lower right corner), a fragment of copper, other minerals, two shell hairpins, and a number of shell beads. A dog had been buried across the feet of this skeleton, as shown in plate 63, a. Burial No. 4.—Near stake 5.4 a fully flexed burial of an adult male was found in an oval pit 48 inches by 28 inches and 15 inches deep. Preservation of lower extremities good, but that of the skull poor. ‘l’he body was on the left side with the head to the east. Some of the ribs and vertebrae were missing. There were five large conch- shell beads and five small beads at the left wrist; three conch-shell beads and two small beads at the right wrist. A flint point had pene- trated the lower sacrum and remained embedded there, as shown in plate 65, a. The artifacts from this burial are shown in plate 64, b. Burial No. 5—Southwest of stake 2.3 an adult male was buried in a sitting posture in a circular pit, 34 inches in diameter and 26 inches - deep. This pit was encountered a few inches below the level of Fea- ture No. 16. The preservation was fair. The skull had fallen for- ward and rested on the legs which were flexed at the knees and were under the body (pl. 63, 6). Associated with this burial were two stone celts, shell beads at the wrists, a bone awl, graphite balls, and a small piece of mica. 110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Northwest of this burial at a distance of 23 inches was a burial of a small dog. It appeared in a midden area, deposited 7 inches higher than Burial No. 4. The dog burial was not certainly asso- ciated with Burial No. 5. Porrery Since no excavations were possible in the surrounding village all pottery from this site was taken from Mounds Nos. 1 and 2. There seemed to be no difference in the pottery complex from the two mounds. The sherds are fairly well preserved, with a pre- dominance of heavy ware. The types, in form and relative abun- dance, follow closely those illustrated in Site No. 11. There was no evidence here of zoomorphic forms. Large vessels of fairly coarse texture, shell-tempered, cord-paddle-marked, or textile-impressed, appeared in abundance. There was some evidence of resmoothing the surface of vessels after paddling. Both round and strap handles were found in small number. Both flat and round lugs were ob- served. The flat lugs occurred both on the rim and below it. The practice of deforming a circular rim to an approximate square by putting it upward at the four corners, as illustrated in plate 79, a, was found here. Below each point thus produced was a round lug. Plate 65, b, is a small pot 5.25 inches in diameter of plain ware taken from a midden pit in Mound No. 2. One sherd was found which evidenced the outside application of red paint. Two sherds of stamped ware were found. ARTIFACTS From the general excavation in the mounds only a few artifacts were found which were not associated with burials. Plate 66, b, shows the forms of arrow points and celts found. There is also ulustrated a spool-shaped pottery object, a polished flint chisel, a crude slate spear point, and fragments of stone pipes. Plate 67, a, illustrates other pipes from this site. Four are stone, but the second and third from the right are pottery. No. 6, on the extreme left, is an unfinished pipe form with a rough pecked surface. Discoidals were quite numerous in both mounds. These were made from a variety of materials, including limestone, sandstone, granite, quartz, dolomite, cannel coal, basalt, iron carbonate (hematite coat- ing), and potsherds. Potsherds used for this purpose show both cord-paddle marks and textile impressions. Relatively few of the stone disks are decorated or drilled. Bone artifacts found include worked antlers, awls, and cut bone. Plate 67, 6, shows shell pendant and fragments of hairpins and bone fishhook, with a variety of bone and antler awls. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 111 Artifacts from Burial No. 2, Mound No, 2, are shown in plate 64, a. The large ceremonial celt is 9 inches long and is made of native Tennessee slate. It was apparently held in the hand at time of burial. For positions of the other artifacts, three celts, mica, shell cup, beads, awl and arrow points, see plate 58, 6. The 14 arrow points are rough, triangular points of rather crude chipping. The copper ear ornaments each consist of a wooden disk of 1.5 inches diameter and 0.2 inch thick. A groove was cut about the edge of the disk and a thin sheet of copper was spread over the outside and crimped about the edges of the disk in the groove. While the copper sheet was much oxidized, the wood was well preserved. In the figure the outer face of one ornament is shown and the inner face of the other with dowel pin, still preserved. Plate 64, 6, shows rectangular shell pendants from Burial No. 1. These range in size from 1.1 inches to 0.6 inch. The ear pins of shell, which are 5 inches long, were taken from Burial No. 3, Mound No. 2, as were the large shell beads made from the central column of large conch shells, Plate 65, a, shows the sacrum of the skeleton from Burial No. 4. A flint point was found embedded in the lower extremity of this bone. It was photographed without being removed. This point was a small triangular arrow 0.4 inch at the base and in length not over 0.8 inch. It would hardly be thought to be an efficient instrument on an arrow designed to be used against man. Plate 66, a, shows fragments of matting taken from the cache pit in Mound No. 2. One of the discoidals found in association, which was split by the heat which burned this cache, is shown in upper lefthand corner. The lower surface of this disk had received a deposit from the ashes which were in contact with it. Where the disk was in contact with the cane matting this deposit did not form. There was thus an impression of the matting on it, as shown. Plate 68, a, shows a cache of periwinkle shells from a midden pit and a cache of charred corncobs from Mound No. 2. Plate 68, 6, shows four very similar artifacts made from the central hellow cylinder of a hard bone. One of these, which is blackened by fire, was taken from a cache of burned matting in Mound No. 2. This implement had been broken in many small fragments by the action of fire. It was not until it was restored that its nature was determined. These pointed implements are believed to be spear points. The pointed end 1s quite sharp enough to be an efficient spear, and the basal end is cut squarely off and reamed out inside as if to receive the end of a blunt shaft. Each has a single hole drilled through the bone on one side, as if it were to be attached to the shaft by a dowel pin. So far as 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 is known, such bone implements have been reported but once previously.* ConcLusIons The type of structure patterns and the artifacts taken from Mounds Nos. 1 and 2 seemed to be identical in kind and there was no reason to doubt that the mounds were built by the same people. The structures in these two mounds may have been contemporary, as it was not pos- sible to attach any precedence to one over the other. Both mounds were erected upon a village site, a fact which appeared to indicate that the site of each of these first earth-covered houses had been formerly occupied by one or more small dwellings. The construction was designated as “large-log type.” The logs used as posts were generally much larger than in the “small-log type” of construction, and the molds were much farther apart and their posts were not seated in trenches. The earliest structure in each of these mounds was made of logs not much larger than those used in Sites Nos. 2, 5, 9, and others of that type, but the posts were set much farther apart. As the later buildings were erected in succession on these mound sites the structure generally became larger. The logs were larger and they were placed still farther apart. Structures Nos. 7 and 8 in Mound No. 1 had many molds as large as 14 inches in diameter, and they were generally as far apart as 3 feet or more. The manner in which this construction differed from that of other sites will be discussed in a later chapter. Perhaps the most important find at this site was the use of pit burials in the floors of houses. Here, in three out of four adult burials the body was definitely placed in a pit in a sitting posture, surrounded with an unusually large number of artifacts and often accompanied by the burial of a dog. No pottery was used as a mortuary offering. That manner of burial was so definite and different from other types of burial customs that it could but be regarded as very significant. Bushnell? points out that the custom of burial beneath the floors of houses was practiced by at least two of the Muskhogean tribes, the Chickasaw and the Creeks. It appeared that while both of these tribes buried in pits below house floors, yet this decided difference existed : the Chickasaw buried in a shallow grave, placing the body in a par- tially flexed position, while the Creeks used a deep pit and placed the body in a sitting posture. Further, the Creeks seemed to have been the only one of the tribes reported to have deposited a wide variety of ~ objects in the grave, and also sometimes to have included dog burials. For purposes of comparison it may be well to quote a number of the 1 Thomas, Cyrus, 1894, p. 382, fig. 259. 2 Bushnell, 1920, p. 110. WEBB ] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 113 statements of early observers of these customs. Particular notice should be taken of the time when such observations were made. Bartram,? who traveled among the Creeks about 1790, has this to say: The Muscogulges bury their deceased in the earth. They dig a four-square Geep pit under the cabin or couch which the deceased lay on, in this house, lining the grave with cypress bark, where they place the corpse in a sitting posture, as if it were alive; depositing with him his gun, tomahawk, pipe, and such other matters as he had the greatest value for in his life time. Of the Creek customs, Romans,‘ who traveled among them in about 1770, reports as follows: The dead are buried in a sitting posture, and they are furnished with a musket, powder and ball, a hatchet, pipe and tobacco, a club, a bow and arrows, a looking glass, some vermillion and other trinkets, in order to come well provided into the land of spirits. Pope® traveled in the Creek country in 1791, and of the Creek burial customs he has said: Upon the decease of an audit of either sex, the friends and relations of the decedent religiously collect whatever he or she held most dear in life, and inter them close by and sometimes in their owner’s grave. This pious tribute to their dead includes horses, cows, hogs, and dogs, as well as things inanimate. In 1790, Maj. C. Swan, an Army officer, visited the Creek Nation and made a report of the customs of the people whom he had seen in his travels. This report was quoted by Schoolcraft * as follows: When one of a: family dies, the relations bury the corpse about 4 feet deep, in a round hole dug directly under the cabin or rock whereon he died. The corpse is placed in the hole in a sitting posture, with a blanket wrapped about it, and the legs bent under it and tied together. If a warrier, he is painted, and his pipe, ornaments, and warlike appendages are deposited with him. The grave is then covered with canes tied to a hoop around the top of the hole, and then a firm layer of clay, sufficient to support the weight of a man. The relations howl loudly and mourn publicly for 4 days. If the deceased has been a man of eminent character, the family immediately remove from the house in which he is buried, and erect a new one, with a belief that where the bones of their dead are deposited, the place is always attended by “goblins and chimeras dire.” - It seems to have been the general custom, however, after burial beneath the floor of a structure, to continue to use the house. Bush- nell points out that while some tribes had certain distinctive burial customs, yet no tribe held rigidly to one custom, but followed many different methods of disposal of their dead; so that on any one site 3 Bartram, William, 1792, pp. 513-514. Romans, Bernard, 1775, pp. 98-99. 5 Pope, John, 1888, p. 58. © Schoolcraft, H. R., 1851-57, vol. V, p. 270. 154676—38——_9 114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 it is to be expected that several forms of burials may appear. How- ever, while certain customs may not be universal in a given tribe, yet they may be distinctive. In this connection, the placing over and under the body slabs of wood and bark is regarded by Bushnell as a custom common to the Creeks. Of this last there will be further discussion later. This body of evidence on burials in a sitting posture has been derived from reports of early travelers in the historic period. There has been very little archaeological evidence on this point from sites wholly within the prehistoric. Jones,’ in writing of the Florida Indians, says: Not infrequently the dead was interred in a sitting posture. Such was the case in a large mound carefully opened by the writer upon the Colonels Island. The corpse had evidently been placed upon the ground and held in position while the loose sand was heaped around and above. In the neighborhood of the feet and hands were numerous bone and shell beads which, at the time of the inhumation, encircled the wrists, arms, and ankles. Near the skeleton lay three stone axes, several spear and arrow heads, two pipes of rather unusual size—one of clay and the other of steatite—and a terra cotta bowl, the property of the deceased at the period of his death. In another mound the body had first been seated in the centre of the spot to be surmounted by the tumulus, and there, with his possessions deposited by his side, was securely encased in a covering of tenacious red clay, 6 or 8 inches in thickness, and oven-shaped. In this manner—the clay becoming dry and hard—the sitting posture was maintained while the earth-tomb was heaped above. Sometimes a stout light-wood post was first driven into the ground, and the dead, seated with their backs to the posts, were securely lashed to it by means of thongs or grapevines. Two instances of this sort have been brought to our knowledge. In one mound a single skeleton was found at the foot of the post. In the other the remains of three skeletons appeared, back to back, the post being in the centre. Captain Bossu*® informs us that the Alibamons buried their dead in a sitting posture, stating, in justification of the custom, that man being upright, should have his head turned toward heaven, which was to be his habitation. ‘They give to them”, he continues, ‘‘a calumet and some tobacco to smoke, that they may make peace with the inhabitants of the other world. If the corpse be of a warrior, he is buried with his arms, which are a musket, some powder and bullets, a quiver full of arrows, a bow, and a hatchet, or club; and besides these a mirror and some vermilion with which they may dress themselves in the other world.” Tt would appear from these statements that the burial customs of the Muscogulges, as reported by these observers, were quite similar to that found on Site No.10. By this it is not meant to state, or even imply, that the occupants of Site No. 10 were Creeks, or any of the other Muskhogean tribes. It is only desired to call attention to this 7 Jones, Charles C., 1873, pp. 183-184. 8 Bossu, Capt., 1771, vol. 1, p. 257.- Lv ‘OL ON Og ‘T ‘ON punoy, Jo Surddoy, AaLvV1d 81l NILATINGA ASOTONH LA NVOIMAWYV AO NVvauna BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 48 a. Gorget, pipe, and celt in situ. Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. 6. Sixth structure floor. Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 49 a. Horizontal log molds. Feature No. 19, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. 6. Post-mold pattern. Feature No. 22, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. 0S punoy;w ‘ornjonays yyla S3lvid 81! NILSATINEa ‘OL ON 419 ‘T “ON *JoyJO 944 UI oUO ‘szId eIG pexeq OMY, “4 ‘OT ‘ON 0919 ‘02 “ON 01njvO,T ‘TON PUNO, ‘SOINJONAS YIYSIO PUB YIUEAGS OY} JO Sp[OUL PUB S[OAST LOOT “D ADOTONHLA NVOIMAWY AO NvWaHnSs Lg ‘OT ‘ON 0418 ‘T ‘ON punoyT *SyoO[q Ul punow sutddo yz, S3LV 1d 8st NILATING ASOTONHLA NVOISAWY Ajo nvayna ‘OL ‘ON Oftg ‘TON pufloyt (‘pitemut avof sjsod Moy OJON) ‘spfour feqttoz{idy ptie {eotlida jo Udt{d0s feutpn4Isu0'T PO-€-S 9801 2G ALV1d 8ll NILA TINE ADSOTIONHLA NVOISMAWY 3JO NyvsaHng ‘OT ‘ON 9919 ‘TON punoypy “su10eqjed o1njonsjs qJUeAOS pue ‘YAXIS ‘OAT €S$ 3ALV1d sll NILATING ASOTONHLA NVOIBAWY JO Nvayng BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 54 a. Fourth floor level. Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. b. Method of cleaning interior floors. Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEERINGHIS SP AhE (55 a. Horizontal molds under seventh structure floor. Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. 6. Relation of fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh structures. Feature No. 38, Mound No. 1, Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 56 a. Opening Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. (Note Mound No. 1 in right distance.) b. Floor-level post-mold pattern. Feature No. 16, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. OT ‘ON 6319 ‘2 ‘oN puto '6 ON costed -uI097ed plou-180g 4$ ALV1d 81 NILATING ADSOTONHLA NVOIYSAWY JO nvayng 8S qid ut psovid sem Apog ALV 1d 8ll NILa71Nge *91njsod SurIq4IS UT ‘OL ON 9F18 ‘Z “ON punoyy ‘Z “ON [Bling “¢ ‘OL ON 9419 ‘Z ‘ON punOoyPL ‘“SUOT 490} ZG Sploul 4sod 9s1e[ Jo ouly “D ADOTONHLA NYOIMAWY AO nvsaynaed 6S (‘sqi0ddns Joos ATquqoid 918 YOIYM SPTOUI JSUI0D INOJ O10N)) “OT ‘ON O4Ig *Z “ON punoy ‘ZI ‘ON 91n}¥v0,7 JOUUT 9Y43—SU104)ed pjour-4sod rejn3ueyo01 901, L, S3LvV1d sl! NILaTiINa ASOTONHLA NVOISAWY AO NVvsyng BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 60 a. Pit. Feature No. 14, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. (Note charred logs in wall.) ; 6. Charred logs and matting in bottom of pit. Feature No. 14, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. ‘OT ‘ON $919 ‘2 ‘ON PUNOW ‘TON omNyeog *UI10qyed pour part, IOS ALV Id 81l NILSTING ADSOTIONHLA NVOIMAWY AO nvauna ‘OT ON 0919 ‘Z ‘ON punoy, ‘zZ ‘ON [elINg SuTMoys ‘100g ut pouedo 414 c9 3LV1d stl NILATINEa ASOTONH LA NVYOIYAWY 3AO nvaynae BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 63 a. Burial No. 3, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. (Note burial of dog at feet of skeleton.) 6. Burial No. 5, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. (Note dog skeleton nearby.) PUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 64 a. Artifacts from Burial No. 2, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. b. Artifacts from Burial No. 1 and Burial No. 4, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 65 a. Sacrum with imbedded flint point. Skeleton No. 4, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. b. A small jar with two lip lugs, the only perfect vessel from Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 66 a. Part of cache of charred matting bag and contents. Feature No. 14, Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. b. Stone artifacts from general digging. Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 67 a. Pipes and disks from Site No. 10. b. Boneimplements. Site No. 10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 68& a. Partial contents of caches of periwinkle shells and corncobs. Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. b. Bone spear points. Mound No. 2, Site No. 10. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 115 remarkable similarity in burial customs, the possible significance of which will be discussed in a later chapter. However, it is important to notice in this connection that these so-called Creek burial customs which seem to so closely resemble the practices at Site No. 10, were reported by these observers as Creek customs after 1770. It does not appear from any known records that those burial customs were attributed to the Creeks prior to the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Srre No. 11 _—WALTERS FARM VILLAGE The C. J. Walters farm was on the south side of Clinch River in Union County, Tenn. It was 5 miles below Walker Bridge and approximately 43 miles from Norris Dam. The site was on a flat- topped hill which rose some 185 feet above Clinch River. The hill was almost entirely encompassed by a northward-flexed meander of the Clinch River. In the apex of this meander lies Busk Island. About 1,300 feet east of the site is a deep valley in which there is an intermittent stream. The highest portion of the hill will be slightly above the high-water lino of Norris Lake, but the farm and a portion of the village site which was investigated will go under water. The soil averaged 20 inches over the entire site. It had been washed from the apex of the hill, leaving there a covering not over 6 inches deep. On the east, in the small drainage valley, the soil was often 3 feet deep and contained much midden material. The hardpan was generally of a heavy red clay, but sand areas were occasionally encountered. Outcrops of chert and flint in Knox dolo- mite were found not 2 miles distant from the site. The area investigated, a prehistoric village site, was situated in a field which had been plowed for a period of 50 years or more. A preliminary investigation by trenching was made to determine what area, 1f any, was worthy of investigation. The area to be investi- gated was staked off and trenching was begun on the west side. Trenches were put down to the hardpan, keeping a clean floor and a vertical wall every 10 feet in the direction of the advance. There were no mounds or other earthworks of large size on the site, but an abundance of evidence of a prehistoric village was found—midden material on the surface and post-mold patterns of rectangular struc- tures in the hardpan. Since no one of the finds here was outstanding or distinctive, the features will be described in the order in which they were found. Their location is shown on a plat of the site which is presented in figures 48 and 49. Figure 48 shows the northern end of the excavated area, while figure 49 shows the southern end. The area was staked in 20-foot sections, the northeast corner being the 0.0 stake. After the original survey was completed it was found 116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 desirable to extend the area to be investigated northwest of the zero line for 60 feet. This new area was charted from a reference point designated N-0.0. OBI 7 ~ Ce A os ste 48% | | | a) 1s : |_ © ees 0° o 0° o—p of = e 89% Z, pe i) ° ar ©00 g © 4° ° 0%, & o%, Z 20° 80 | ° Oo ° 2 ° ) e a go ° ° $9 °° ° ° r) °° ete? a 2 Soo? % . QMIDvEN PIT SITE II EXCAVATED AREA NORTH END SCALE 2016 128 40 20 ee ae Figure 48. Feature No. 1—This was a large gray pottery vessel, 18 inches in diameter and 18 inches deep, which was completely filled with earth. It was found covered by the remnant of a larger but more WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 117 - > 0% %% ab ee Ne) Qo OFB 2% % 9° 08%59q, 24,0085 33,° OF 7 fe) F6O 3083 re a conteeis bninens a s iF 4 ° ee ae oy npeegta? OF 2 rz) ia ie . 2 F30 3 Papel ia ; @ @ 86 oF | oP of N SITE 11 G Moen PIT EXCAVATED AREA SOUTH END SCALE 20 16128 40 20 SSeS eS] FEET FIGURE 49. . 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 shallow vessel. The covering vessel was three-fourths inch thick and had a rim 1 inch thick. It was a basin-shaped textile vessel of a type often called a “salt pan.” It was only about 8 inches below the surface, and both vessels were badly cracked when found. Feature No. 2—Two pots, broken but nearly complete, were found and are shown in plate 69, a. The larger pot was inverted, with the bottom broken out. The smaller pot lay beside it, and one side had been broken. Feature No. 3—This was a circular fire pit, near stake 12.10 (pl. 69, 6), and was made of hard-baked red clay. It was found to have a diameter of 17 inches and a depth of 6 inches. This fireplace was regularly shaped. Its walls were 2 inches thick. It was filled with soil containing mussel shells and many bone fragments. Feature No. 4.—On the hardpan, about 14 inches below the surface of the field, a burned structure was found (pl. 70, a). This seemed to indicate that a roof of logs covered with split cane and grass had been present on the site at some time. The form of the building was difficult to determine, but the large logs of the fallen building seem to radiate from a center, suggesting a leaning together of posts at the top, wigwam fashion. When the charred remains of the logs and thatch were cleared away a post-mold pattern was revealed which was about 11 feet wide and 12 feet long. Within this pattern of molds there was a well-prepared floor of hard clay which con- tained a number of post molds somewhat larger in diameter than the wall molds, a small depression, a fireplace, and two stones. The depression, which was 13 inches in diameter, had smooth walls which sloped gently downward to a depth of 4 inches at the center. The fireplace was an area on the floor, blackened and burned by fire action, which contained three sandstone boulders, as shown in plate 71. The stone (2) was a sandstone which lay on top of the burned structure, while the stone (7) was a limestone which lay upon the floor. The location of the structure is shown on the plat, figure 49. On the floor of the structure were three bowls, two small pots, one large pot badly broken, one drilled mussel shell, a stone quoit, a burned deer antler, and a crude implement. About 8 inches above the structure floor, and within this area, a brass ring 1 inch in diameter was found. This ring seemed to have been cut by a hacksaw from the end of a brass pipe. Its seeming association here may be wholly accidental. Plate 71 shows also the vessels in situ. The condition of this structure, thought to be a dwelling, with artifacts and pottery scattered about the floor, would seem to suggest that this building was hastily deserted by its occupants without the complete removal of their household property. Whether WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 119 the burning of the structure was accidental or intentional could not be determined. Feature No. 5—This was an area of bright-red clay surrounded by yellow clay. The area was 22 inches in diameter and had a small depression in the center. Feature No. 6—This was a small depression filled with burned cobs and fragments of charcoal, near stake 9.10. _ Feature No. 7—A small pit 10 inches in diameter filled with gas- tropod and mussel shells, evidently a cache of shells, near stake 8.7. Feature No. 8.—This was a fireplace. It was nearly square, 17 inches on a side, with rounded corners sunk into the yellow clay near stake 8.11. The sides and bottom of the pit were baked a deep red. The pit was filled with fine ashes. Feature No. 9.—A rectangular area 20 by 23 feet was _ sur- rounded by large post molds. ‘The general outline of the structure was distinct, but no well-defined rows of molds were apparent. It appeared that several structures of approximately the same size and orientation had been constructed on this exact spot. The walls of these different structures so nearly coincided that individual molds of later buildings cut into earlier molds, so that the present molds are elongated ovals in cross section, as shown in plate 72. Certainly two and perhaps three structures have been located here, accounting for this extreme density of post molds on a relatively small area. There was no evidence of any burned structure on this floor. From the general condition it was believed that had the structure been covered with earth when it burned it would have been preserved. This would seem to point to a structure not earth-covered or else to structures on the same spot. It is to be noted that the logs used in this structure were large—8 inches or more in diameter—and that they were not set close together as in the ordinary “small-log” con- struction of dwellings. Feature No. 10.—A large rectangular post-mold pattern 41 by 43 feet located as shown on the plat, figure 49. The soil covering this area was about 14 inches deep and the whole floor surface of the structure had been destroyed by cultivation. The southwest corner was deeply eroded and all the molds had been removed: The hard- pan was a heavy red clay in which the molds still showed to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. The northwest corner of this structure is shown in plate 70,5. It is possible that this area may have been a “chunky” yard, as two discoidals were found within its boundaries. Feature No. 11.—A storage pit about 30 inches in diameter and 33 inches deep was found sunk into the red-clay hardpan, near stake 5.8 and within the post-mold pattern Feature No. 10. A small amount of charcoal covered the bottom, which was flat. The char- 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 coal was mostly of grass or thatch. There were no other associations and no evidence of burning. Feature No. 12.—Ash pit. This pit was circular in form, 60 inches in diameter and 5 inches deep. It was filled with ashes which were also heaped up into an additional depth of 6 inches, making a total of 11 inches. Walls of the pit sloped gradually to the center. This pit was near stake 5.8, as shown in figure 49. Feature No. 13.—A post-mold pattern which indicated a structure 16 feet wide and 19 feet long was found. The post molds were so numerous that the definition of the structure was rendered difficult. The post-mold pattern is shown in plate 73, a. In the center of the structure was a fireplace 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep, with nearly vertical walls. This fireplace was filled with ashes. When the ashes were removed an irregular pit 22 inches deep was found just northwest of the fireplace. A! well-hardened floor was found surrounding the fireplace. Several molds near this area were 12 inches deep. Other post molds averaged from 6 to 8 inches in depth. A large hole in the northeast corner was filled with ashes, and numerous holes partly filled with mussel and gastropod shells were discovered. Feature No. 14.—Inside of the structure, designated as Feature No. 15, was a fire pit. It was nearly square, 24 inches on the side, with rounded corners, and 8 inches deep. Feature No. 15.—This was a rectangular pattern of post molds 25 feet wide and 27 feet long, as shown in plate 74, a. The floor here was not well defined but evidently had been disturbed and penetrated by the plow. A multiplicity of post molds made the definition of the boundaries of the structure pattern difficult. Feature No. 16—Near stake N-1.6 was a structure pattern, as shown in plate 74, 6. The preservation of this post-mold pattern was very poor, as the floor had been cut by the plow. There was a hard-burned sandy floor on heavy red clay. This floor had a few isolated patches of burned split cane on it. No fireplace was observed. 'The northwest corner was cut so deeply by the plow that the post-mold pattern had been entirely removed. Feature No. 17—This was a fireplace on the floor of Feature No. 18. It consisted of three basins in an approximately straight row, 52 inches over all. The end basins were 14 and 16 inches, respectively, in diameter, with depths of 3 inches and with sloping walls. The center basin was 15 inches in diameter and 12 inches deep, with straight vertical walls. Feature No. 18—Was a post-mold pattern approximately 21 by 23 feet. The heavy red clay floor was nowhere preserved. It was badly cut up by the plow and by numerous roots from nearby trees, WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 121 but Feature No. 17 was in a good state of preservation. Present remains of the structure pattern are shown in plate 73, 0. In the extreme northeast corner of the area excavated a single burial was encountered. It was that of a child. The preservation of the bone was good but the skull was crushed. The body had been fully flexed and had been placed in a pit 11 inches by 21 inches, 15 inches below the surface of the hardpan. The body was laid on the right side with head to the northeast. The pit was filled with soil mixed with ashes, which was in marked contrast to the red clay hardpan in which the pit was dug. There were no artifacts present. As the result of the large amount of general excavation on this site a considerable quantity of material was recovered. Porrery This village site yielded a large amount of potsherds in a good state of preservation. They exhibit a wide range of form. The pottery was all taken from general trenching in the village; none was associated with any burials. Since the village midden in some places was deeper than the plow line, many large sherds were found and in some cases nearly all of the component parts of large vessels were found in close associa- tion. Many of these groups of sherds were sufficiently complete to make restoration of the vessels possible. From the circumstances of the findings it was believed that a portion of this pottery was representative of types in use at the time the village was abandoned. Drawing restorations of selected sherds are shown in figures 50 to 55, inclusive. Without attempting a detailed classification of this large body of sherds, it is at once apparent that certain types were definitely abundant on this site. Cord-paddle-marked and _ textile-impressed, sherds were about equally abundant here. Plate 75, a, illustrates the type of cord-marked ware. The shell content is coarse, as shown in the upper left-hand of plate 75, a, and constitutes from 25 to 60 per- cent of the total. The variation in surface finish is due to difference in size of cord and variation in wrapping of cord on the paddle. It occassionally happened that the cord impression was smoothed over while the vessel was still plastic. The majority of these sherds indicate large vessels, many of them as large as 16 inches in diameter. Two types of distinctive rim decoration were definitely associated with cord-paddled ware on this site. One of these consists of regu- lar fiutings, as shown in plate 76, a Another rim modification of cord-paddled ware is shown in plate 76, 6. This consists of the rim being elevated and drawn out to a point. There was a definite tendency to render the mouth of the vessel square, leaving four ele- 122 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 vated points. Under each a lug was situated. These were either round or flat. If flattened, they were either horizontal or vertical, as shown. Besides these lugs occurring under pointed rims, there were large, flat lugs placed horizontally on or below the straight rim, as well as round lugs similarly situated on cord-paddled pottery, as shown in plate 77, a. Mesa aww oe” SITE Il \ } \ SCALE J és hizro® 2 J! “t SSS) ? ve INCHES Be 2 big te ot nee yar cena ses ~ FieurE 50.—Drawing restoration of vessel. Many small and medium sized globular vessels of cord-paddled ware had nearly vertical rims decorated with true handles. Their handles were of two types. The round handle which occasionally extended above the rim is shown in plate 77, 6. The strap handle, of the type shown in plate 78, a, sometimes terminated below the rim. The ratio of occurrence of these types of handles on this site was 42 strap to 28 round handles. Types of textile-marked sherds are shown in plate 78, 6. This ware was generally of coarse texture, shell tempered, with heavy rims. The body of some of the vessels, however, was quite thin, being not more than 0.25 inch in thickness. The range of textiles used in- cluded the rectangular mesh and diamond mesh of various sizes. Both are twined weaves. The net weave was not found. All tex- WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 123 tile-marked sherds show diameters of vessels of 20 inches or larger with plain rims. Some of these rims have one or two lines of punc- tate decorations, as is shown in plate 77, a. In plate 79, a, are shown five nearly complete vessels taken from the same dwelling site, designated as Feature No. 4 on the plat. My INCHES | : aor 4 = ~~ a FieurE 51.—Drawing restoration of large vessel. Three of these have no surface decoration. Plain thin ware, with- out surface markings, was generally confined to small vessels of household use. Plate 79, 6, shows two forms of decoration of plain surfaces. The circles in relief are pushed out from the inside and modeled on the plain surface. The incised sherds show that the decoration of this type occurred while the clay was still plastic. Neither was abundant here. 124 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 No complete vessels of zoomorphic forms were found on this site, but plate 81, a, shows pottery images of the human head, and bird and animal head forms, which would seem to indicate that zoo- morphic pottery was made on this site. The central one of these images figured was painted, red on buff, as was also the sherd in the upper left-hand corner in plate 76, a. These two sherds were quite different in appearance from other material from this site, and may well be of foreign origin. The sherd of stamped ware, shown in = ee oO SS Se Sis INCHES y. ~ ee SS ee: mses Ee ans =~ = FigurE 52.—Drawing restoration of vessel. plate 79, 6, was shell tempered and was the only one of its kind found on this site. In plate 81, a, are shown two small fragmentary elbow pottery pipes. These seem to follow the general form of stone pipe shown in association with artifacts. The general digging on this site yielded stone artifacts of the forms shown in plate 81, a. The most abundant of all artifacts from this site were small disks commonly called gamestones, as shown in plate 81, 6. These disks are of a variety of stones, including dolomite, quartz, sandstone, limestone, granite, and a fossiliferous marble. These vary in diameter from WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 125 3.3 inches to 0.8 inch. Associated with these disks of stone are many made from potsherds. It is to be noted that both textile-marked and cord-marked sherds were chosen for this specialization. The textile-marked sherds generally were of such curvature as to indicate large flat pans or open bowls, commonly called “salt pans” from the assumption that such pans were used to evaporate salt water for the salt. Plate 80, a, shows a typical fragmentary salt \ SITE I! / \ \ SCALE f XN ‘ nr y * INCHES // s Vd *< Z ee igs Peg seg ~—— a, Cag wee oe ae Figure 53.—Drawing restoration of vessel. pan. This “pan” was about 26 inches in diameter and 5.5 inches deep. It was made with sloping sides and a heavy rim and the cloth was applied over the whole base and sides. This photograph was taken with the vessel inverted. Of the many textile-marked sherds found on Site No. 11, all seemed to indicate “twined woven” textiles. The positive clay im- pression of an unusual sherd is presented in plate 80, 6. This sherd is unusual in that while it is a twined weave it is very closely woven and presented at first glance the appearance of a simple under-and- over weave. The effect produced is quite different from the usual loosely woven twined weave of large mesh. Bone artifacts include awls, hairpins, bear-tcoth pendants, antler flakers, and other cut and worked bone implements as shown in 126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 plate 75, 6. A number of large femora were found as shown, cut and hollowed out, and calcined at the cut end. They suggest the possibility of use as torches when filled with grease. CoNCLUSIONS While Site No. 11 shows definite evidence of a village of fair size, yet there is no evidence of a town house. The structures here were \ INCHES / ~ -_”~ =. ad “es eee Figure 54.—Drawing restoration of vessel. all rectangular and of the so-called “large-log” type. They showed no evidence of having been earth covered. The amount of potsherds recovered would argue an extended occupancy, and the condition of some of the vessels would suggest that the site is not extremely old. The preservation of sherds here was so good as to definitely sug- gest that this site is not as old as Site No. 10, the one to which it seems most closely related. Srre No. 12—WALLACE CAVE On the right-hand side of the road, between the Hatmaker School- house and the Indian Creek Bridge in Campbell County, and ap- proximately 3 miles from the school, is a cavern situated in a tract of land owned by Judge J. H. Wallace, of Clinton. BULLETIN 118 PLATE 69 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Feature No. 3, Site No. 11. 6. Cireular fire pit. Feature No. 2, Site No. 11. tu. LS 10 Sl a. Two pot BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 70 a. Burned structure. Feature No. 4, Site No. 11. 6. Northwest corner of the floor. Structure No. 7, Feature No. 10, Site No. 11. (‘Sou0}s BaIY] JO dov[de1y 9JON) “TfL “ON O49 “fF ON oIN{eey “100H aAnjons49 & ASOIONH1A NYSISSWy JO nvaung ae Se cL ALlV 1d stl NILS TINA ‘TT ‘ON O11 ‘6 ‘ON OINQeaT ‘m104)ed ploul-jsoq ve-y-v FSzZe ADO IONH1IA NVYOISAWY AO Nvadna BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 73 a. Post-mold pattern. Feature No. 13, Site No. 11. 6. Post-mold pattern. Feature No. 18, Site No. 11. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEEDIN 118) (eeAnee74 a. Floor pattern. Feature No. 15, Site No. 11. b. Structure pattern. Feature No. 16, Site No. 11. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUELETIN 118 PEATE 75 a. Cord-wrapped, paddle-marked sherds. Site No. 11. 6. Bone artifacts. Site No. 11. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 76 VE. a. Upper row, rim bosses on bowls and incised rim strip; lower rows, rim bosses on jar B. Site No. 11. b. Pointed rims and one elevated rim in the lower left-hand corner. Site No. 11. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ONOLISITUN Wilts} JALVANID ES 7/7/ a. Lug handles on jar B and four salt-pan sherds, three of them with punctate holes in the lip. Site No. 11. 6. Loop-handle variations. Site No. 11. BULLETIN 118 PLATE 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 11. te No. i S$ jations. Strap-handle var a Site No. 11. 1008. impress pan sherds with fabric i b. Salt BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 79 a. Three bowls, a pointed rim jar, and the body oe a plain jar from the floor of a deserted dwelling. Site Os Ls b. Upper group, incised decoration on bow] rims and a grilled stamp sherd; lower row, strap handle and shoulder protuberance on ajar. Site No. 11. BULLETIN 118 PEATE so BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Tale Site No. ”’ textile marked. salt pan, ce fa 10n 0 Large sect a Site No. 11. ked sherds. -mar xtile s of te impression b. Positive clay BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 81 a. Zoomorphie pottery forms; stone implements. Site No. 11. 6. Dicsoidals cf many materials. Site No. 11. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN C27 The Clinch River is located about one-half mile to the south. The surrounding terrain is characteristic of the remainder of the Norris Basin, with respect to its numerous hills and depressions. On the side of the hill which has a western exposure and from which the limestone strata protrudes is the entrance to Wallace Cave. High-water survey stakes in the vicinity indicate that the mouth will be slightly above the high-water mark. SITE Iti SCALE \ paud 2 INCHES ™= . —_— “™ ee. = = = FiagurE 55.—Drawing restoration of vessel and handle. The mouth of the cave, shown in plate 82, a, presented the appear- ance of a rock shelter, being 11 feet 6 inches in height at the front and 5 feet at the rear. The floor was level and the ceiling sloped toward the rear. At the rear northeast corner of this shelter was a small entrance leading into extensive caverns abundant in travertine formations. The floor of the shelter was partially excavated. (PI. 83, 6.) The midden was found to vary from 18 inches at the front to 8 feet at the rear. This deposit consisted of humus, ashes, charcoal, small and large rocks, and some mussel shells and animal bones. Due to 128 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 the melting of the snow and icicles on the face of the cliff, the soil in the outer half of the shelter was too moist to permit excavation. Because of the small size of the shelter—35 feet by 30 feet—it was expected that the floor would not yield abundant remains. No burials were found in the cave. All artifacts recovered were chance inclusions in the midden deposit of the cave floor. PorTrery Sherds from this site are largely cord impressed of medium thick- ness, fairly hard, and gravel tempered. The gravel seems to be made of crushed limestone or white chert which had been partially calcined. Generally these sherds are to be distinguished super- ficially at a glance by the unusual depth of the cord impressions. It appears that these cord impressions were not all made by a paddle, but that some were impressed by rolling over the surface a small cord-wrapped cylinder. This type of sherd is shown in plate 83, a. There is no evidence of lugs, handles, or other forms of decoration. However, one sherd as shown appears to be the base of a vessel of this type having four legs. Plain sherds, gravel tempered, occur rarely. The only other type of pottery found here is the stamped ware shown in the lower right- hand corner of plate 83, a, which is not relatively abundant. This is also gravel tempered. ARTIFACTS The artifacts consist chiefly of crude limestone hoes, as shown in plate 83, 6, and crude limestone pestles. There were no mortars or lapstones found in association, and these crude pestles may be little more than hammerstones. A few arrow points, as shown, were found, together with fragments of a stone tube and a two-hole steatite gorget. This last specimen is especially interesting because, having been broken, it shows evidence of attempted repair. Two small cylindrical holes were cut near the broken edge. The original holes in this gorget are conical as if made by flint reamers. CoNCLUSIONS From the evidence obtained it appears that this site is related to Site No. 3 and has little, if any, apparent affiliation with any of the mound sites. Sire No. 13—BULLOCK CAVE Approximately half a mile from Lindsay Mill, in Campbell County, is a cavern known for many years as Bullock Cave. From its position, surroundings, and formation it was rather well adapted BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 82 a. Mouth of Wallace Cave in winter. Site No. 12. 6. Excavating floor, Wallace Cave. Site No. 12. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 83 a. Sherds showing grilled stamp, cord-wrapped paddle, and fabric-impressed surface finishes; also a four- footed vessel. Site No. 12. b. Stone artifacts. Site No. 12. WEBB] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 129 to the needs of primitive people in search of shelter. It is situated at the base of a rocky hill which rises precipitately from a culti- vated field which sloped downward toward the base of the hill, with opening on the west, The mouth, shown in plate 84, a, situated as it was at the lowest elevation, had had to accept the drainage from the field, with the result that about one-third of the width of the floor along the south wall had been washed down to bedrock. Many large rocks cum- bered the floor at a point beginning about 60 feet from the mouth and extending several hundred feet. Beyond the rocks it was im- possible to make explorations, due to the deep clay mud and water which covered the floor. The presence of an old boat suggested the possibility of a rather extensive cavern containing much water. The mouth of the cave faces the road, which is not more than 300 yards distant. Several stone mounds were reported a short way down the road, but when these were located it was discovered that they had been so badly disturbed that they were hardly recogniza- ble as mounds. It would have been interesting to determine whether the same people who built the cairns (stone mounds) occupied the neighboring caves. Unfortunately such a small amount of material was recovered from the stone mounds that it seemed quite impossible to make any worth-while comparisons with the specimens which had been recovered from the caves. Excavation was begun along the edge of the wash, following the bedrock toward the north wall. The midden material consisted of ashes, charcoal, shell, animal bones, and humus. Eight pestles were recovered from the small space excavated. In addition, 2 mortars, a deer-antler chisel, 53 bone implements, 2 antler-tip arrow points, a steatite potsherd, and a sandstone potsherd were found. At the south side of the mouth and beneath a shallow deposit of talus and earth the partial remains of a child and an adult were found. Of the child burial, only a few fragments of the cranium remained. In the case of the adult the skull was missing and a few badly decayed fragments of long bones remained. adios FI 30 ey, Pe, fo) oan Bam SO e (oes oO Bis Oe J 2) Ban Ba O QF DnliS ies iil MOUND STAKED IN 5 FOOT SECTIONS SITE 16 ¥ ¢ Se Z EXCAVATED AREA SCALE 543210 5 FEET FIGURE 56. 136 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 had the appearance of once having been exposed to surface action. Many were quite large and appeared to be a natural part of the rocky bluff upon which the mound was located. They were, in most part, embedded in heavy clay and rubble and showed no evi- dence of ever having been disturbed by man. It would thus appear that prior to the erection of this mound this rocky river bluff had suffered erosion to the point where many large rocks, the top of the underlying strata, had been exposed to weathering. Some clay remained in between these large exposed boulders, and the trees of the forest grew in this thin soil. In ‘these pockets forest humus accumulated to make a 6-inch layer of dark soil between the exposed rocks. The builders of the mound chose this location for their burials, laying down burial after burial, and covering them with clay mixed with dark soil. This clay and soil they obtained wherever they could find it lodged in rock pockets. Available soil was scarce at best in the immediate vicinity, so they also used loose stones of such size as to be easily transported. A quantity of large stones were thus found scattered through the accumulated earth of the mound. In one burial, certainly, possibly in two, there seemed to have been a definite attempt to place the body on a stone pavement or to make for it a stone grave. In all other cases, where stones were used in seemingly definite association with burials, they appeared to have been used to cover the body, or were irregularly placed on the body at the time of burial. Since no evidence of intrusion was noted, although carefully sought, the conclusion is forced upon one that each body was laid upon what was then the surface and covered over by earth brought from else- where. In this way the mound was erected. It would appear that this area had never been disturbed by culti- vation and that erosion had had little effect in leveling the mound. This was due to the heavy growth of shrubs and trees on its surface. BurIALs Burial No. 1.—Six inches above the original surface of the ground a partially flexed skeleton of an adult was discovered. The body had been buried on the right side with the head to the east. The preservation was poor, and no artifacts were found in association. Two limestone rocks were found in association with the burial. One lay at the feet of the skeleton and the other lay between the femur and the tibia. Burial No. 2—This fully flexed skeleton, which was found 6 inches above the original ground surface, was very poorly preserved. The age of the person could not be determined. No artifacts were found in association. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 137 Burial No. 3—Under a pile of large flat stones 38 inches above the floor of the mound the fully flexed skeleton of an adult was dis- covered. The preservation was very poor. Burial No. 4.—Thirty-three inches above the mound floor was found a body of indeterminate age and orientation. The bones were in poor condition, having been broken and disturbed after burial. Burial No. 6—On the original ground floor of the mound the remains of a skeleton were found. The only portions which were found were pieces of the skull. Burial No. 6—Two inches above the original floor of the mound the fully flexed skeleton of an adult male was found. The body had been buried on the right side with the head to the west. The preser- vation of the bones was very poor. One foot above the burial, and in association with it, was found the much broken monitor, steatite, platform pipe shown in plate 90, a. Burial No. 7—This burial, which was 38 inches above the mound floor, was so far destroyed by root action of the trees that its age and orientation were not determinate. There remained merely a grave area covered with fragmentary bones. Burial No. 8—This was the fully flexed burial of a young adult. The head was toward the east. This burial, which was on the orig- inal ground surface, showed post-burial disturbance by other and later burials. Some potsherds were found near the head. Burial No. 9.—¥ifteen inches above the original surface of the forest floor a disturbed burial, for which the orientation and dis- position could not be determined, was found. Burial No. 10.—On the original floor of the forest a fully flexed adult female had been buried. The body had been laid on its back with the head to the east. Thirty inches above this burial were two large flat limestone rocks under which was found a fragment of a conch-shell bead. Burial No. 11.—A few inches below the present surface of the mound the very poorly preserved remains of a human skeleton were found. It was impossible to determine the age of the individual or the disposition of the body. The head was pointed north. Burial No, 12.—Near the present surface of the mound the poorly preserved remains of an individual of indeterminate age were dis- covered. The body had been placed on its back with its head to the southwest. Burial No. 13.—On the original ground surface, and covering an area approximately 52 inches long and 50 inches wide, a group of elght stones which formed a crude floor was found. In the group of stones were the poorly preserved remains of an adult. The con- dition of the bones was such that the orientation and disposition of the body could not be determined. 138 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Burial No. 14.—This was the partly flexed burial of an adult male. The body had been placed on the back with the head to the south- west. The legs were flexed to the pelvis on the right, as shown in plate 90, 6. The radius and ulna were twisted, showing that the palms were placed downward, so that the right forearm and hand lay under the right and left femora. The left forearm and hand lay under the pelvis and the proximal end of the left femora. To the east of the skeleton three large thin limestone rocks, set on edge, formed a border. To the north there were three smaller stones on edge, and in the center and 10 inches above the burial there was a flat stone laid horizontally. Along the southern side of the grave the rocks near the head were somewhat on edge. This platform is shown in plate 91,5. The burial had been removed when the picture was taken. A sandstone hammerstone, badly weathered, was found between the feet of the skeleton. A triangular rock was placed over the lumbar vertebra. On the rock platform, 6 inches above the head, was a broken hammerstone. Burial No. 15——The skeletal remains of a partially flexed adult buried on the right side with the head to the east was found only 4 inches below the present mound surface. The preservation of the bones was fair. No artifacts were in association. Burial No. 16.—Twenty-two inches above the original ground sur- face the skeletal remains of a partially flexed adult were found. The head was to the east. The preservation of the bones was fair. No artifacts were found in association with the burial. There were no graves of children found in the mound. PoTTERY Only a few sherds were found in this mound. They were sand tempered, thin, black, and very hard. They were decorated with a stamped design, which had been partially obliterated by troweling when the clay was still plastic, as illustrated in plate 91, a. One small sherd of plain ware, shell tempered, was found. ARTIFACTS This burial mound, which contained 16 burials, was devoid of arti- facts, with the exception of the curved-base steatite monitor pipe shown in plate 90, a. This pipe, found some 12 inches above Burial No. 6, was broken in many pieces which were scattered over a small area. This suggested ceremonial killing at the time of interment. Not all parts of the pipe were recovered, although a careful search was made for the remaining fragments. Its extreme dimensions were: length 7.1 inches, breadth 2.1 inches, height 2.6 inches. It was BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 88 a. Artifacts. Site No. 15. b. Taylor Mound. Site No. 16. 68 ‘OL ON O19 ‘T'0 PUB 00 USOMJOG YOUOI] SVM “YINOS ULOIJ MOTA °Q ‘OL ‘ON 011g ‘O'L PUB O'9 WOAMJoq YOUdT YING “4SOM UIOIJ MOTA *D 3LiVv1d 8ll NILATINGA ADONONHLA NVYODIYAWYV SO NVSayNs BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEB RIN Tis) PEATE 990 b. Burial No. 14, Site No. 15. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 91 a. Potsherds. Site No. 16. b. Stone grave of Burial No. 14, Site No. 16. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 139 carefully made, highly polished, and was a beautiful specimen of its kind before being broken. CoNCLUSIONS This site, evidently a burial mound, built on a rocky bluff, is notable in that some attempt was made to use stones in prepared graves. The almost entire absence of artifacts with burials gives very little evi- dence of the cultural connection of this site. The outstanding material find was the steatite monitor pipe. This pipe has a slightly curved base, yet the curvature is so slight and its form so much like the “flat-base” monitor pipe shown by West? that it may be properly regarded as of that type. In form it certainly differs markedly from the “curve-base” monitor pipes of the Hopewell complex, taken by Mills? and Shetrone from the Tremper mound. Pipes of the type shown in plate 90, a, as pointed out by West, have a wide distribution over the eastern United States and southern Can- ada. They have not been shown to be associated with any particular cultural group to the exclusion of others. McGuire * expresses the belief that such pipes are not very old. He bases this conclusion on the fact that he observed what he thought were iron file marks on such specimens, thus placing their manufac- ture after contact with the whites. He also contends that the very small hole in the base of the pipe which serves as a stem hole would require a steel or iron drill. Such holes were too long, too small in diameter, and too straight to have been produced by any means avail- able to Indians prior to white contact. West completely disagrees with the opinion of McGuire. West considers that the monitor pipe was made and used in the eastern United States centuries before white contact. He finds no marks of manufacture on such specimens which could not be attributed to sandstone scratches. He points out that in the manufacture of monitor pipes the stem hole was drilled early in the process of making, before the base had been finished, thus greatly diminish- ing the chance of damage during manufacture. Also, those speci- mens which were broken in drilling were discarded and were never formed. (Such specimens have been found.) He also points out that long stem holes of small diameter could have been drilled with rods of native copper, such rods being well within the ability of Indians to acquire without the aid of white men. It would appear, therefore, that this very interesting specimen, 1 West, George A., 1934, p. 156. 2 Mills, William C., 1916, p. 105. % McGuire, Joseph D., 1899, p. 512. 140 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 of itself, can be of but little service in determining the identity of the builders of Site No. 16. Sire No. 17—LEA FARM VILLAGE AND MOUNDS The Charles Lea farm lies on the east bank of Clinch River about 6 miles south of Clinton, Tenn. It is situated on a hill about 40 feet above the level of the river. This particular site, an ancient village and three earth mounds, lies about 800 feet east of the Clinch River. It is probable that at one time the river was much closer to the site than at the present time. It probably flowed in the valley which is now occupied by the tracks of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. From the terrain it appears that at high water the river was at times not more than 200 feet from the mound area. The village and the mounds lie on the crest and east- ward slope of a hill, covered with a fertile red-clay soil, which has long been in cultivation. The surrounding country is moun- tainous, and most of it is heavily wooded. | VILLAGE SITE A superficial examination of the site showed that a large part of the cornfield lying within a fenced area was an ancient village. Inasmuch as the owner desired to plant the field in corn, and since the mounds were on the edge of the field and partly within an old orchard, it was found desirable to investigate the village site first. Figure 57 shows a detail of the trenches in the village site and the location of features discovered. If time had permitted it would have been desirable to have completely excavated the whole fenced area of the cornfield lying northwest of the mound area. The early approach of the corn-planting season compelled the dis- continuance of trenching in the open field. Abundant evidence was obtained, however, of the existence of a rather extensive village northeast of the mound area. The present high fertility of this area and its selection by early settlers for cultivation is probably due in no small part to the heavy covering of midden material deposited on this hillside by the people of the ancient village. Special fea- tures are listed numerically in the order found and locations are given by numbered trenches shown on the base plat, figure 57. In trenching, the humus layer, about 12 inches thick, was re- moved down to the hardpan in trenches usually 12 feet wide. The hardpan surface was troweled or sheared off with sharp shovels after careful removal of the humus layer to permit a search for post molds or any other disturbance, as shown in plate 95, b. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 141 SprcraL FEATURES Feature No. 1—In the main north trench, and 19 inches below the ground surface, a shallow pit filled with shells, ashes, pottery, etc., was found. The pit was oval in shape, 4 feet wide and 18 feet long, and extended through the humus layer into the hardpan. The =a ‘ recs es 7 O et if ‘LOY Dee \ ' { | a i ; if Cn} JRo ! le | | j b | ( pot - i iS aN i 3 lo Se Si SS ee SSS SS SI SITE 17 TRENCHED AREA : SCALE 5040 30 2010 O 18) GI SS eS Sa OE ESS SS FEET FIGURE 57. hardpan had been scraped out to a depth of 5 inches in order to form this pit. The midden deposit, which was 14 inches in depth, contained mussel shells, pottery fragments, including broken pieces of a painted vessel, fragments of animal bones, and some small pieces of mica. 142 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Feature No. 2—This was a circular pit filled with ashes, which was found in the trench, as shown in figure 57. The pit was 33 inches wide and 36 inches long. It extended into the hardpan for 13 inches. The bottom of the pit was 19 inches below the ground surface. The pit contained ashes and the usual midden refuse, in which was found a shell spoon. | Feature No. 3—KEast of Feature No. 1 a circular depression 16 inches in diameter was found. It was cut down 6 inches into the hardpan and contained fire-cracked stones. Feature No. 4.—At the extreme east end of the main trench a shell midden was found, This midden deposit was 9.7 feet long and 4.2 feet wide, with an interior depth of 15 inches. When the deposit was cleared away it was found to rest on three separate pits, ar- ranged side by side. The one farthest to the east was 5 feet long, 34 inches broad, and 16 inches deep. To the west of this there was a pit 5 feet 4 inches in diameter and 15 inches deep. At the west end of the group there was a pit 4 feet long, north and south, 3 feet 4 inches wide, east and west, and 15 inches deep. Feature No. 5—West of Feature No. 4, in the main north trench, a shell-midden deposit was found. It was 13 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 16 inches in vertical thickness. The bottom of this deposit was 21 inches below the surface of the field. Pottery sherds, bone awls, and shell spoons were found in this midden heap. Feature No. 6—This was a carefully constructed circular fire pit made of hard-baked clay, as shown in plate 92, a. The pit was 21 inches in outside diameter and 5 inches deep inside. It was inside of Feature No. 7 and was doubtless definitely associated with it. Feature No. 7—Under Feature No. 5 was a post-mold pattern, shown in plate 92, 6. The pattern indicated a structure 18 feet wide and 17 feet long, which was oriented as shown in the plat of the site. Shell-midden material had been deposited above the remains of the structure. Traces of burned cane were found on the floor of the structure. The floor was hard-packed and well-defined. It lay 12 inches below the hardpan. Individual post molds, from 3.5 inches to 5 inches in diameter, extended 12 inches into the hardpan. Figure 58 is a ground plan of the system of molds and shows an orientation of walls along the cardinal directions. Plate 94 shows the structure pattern containing Feature No. 5 in association with Feature No. 11. Feature No. 8.—In the central section of the north trench a post- . mold pattern outlining a structure was found. The pattern, shown in plate 93, a, indicated a structure 16 feet in width by 18.5 feet in length. The northwest side was not found. If it ever existed it had been destroyed. Scattered molds to the northwest indicated other WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 143 O0O0000N0 0O 9000 ODEQ00 O96 O ae 5 O 6 CM O = Oo 00 O O O O A O O O fe) 0° O O O ~ O fo) (OME 6 O O O O O O : \ ™ fe) O 8 ¢ ° 8 (| O O O O O O O O 00000000 000 0000000° SITE [7 VILLAGE SITE FEATURE 7 SCALE Sih 2 pil: oO 3 ee SS FEET FIGurRrE 58. 144 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 and perhaps later construction on this site, which may account for the incompleteness of this post-mold pattern. Feature No. 9.—A midden pit 5 feet in diameter and 12 inches thick was found in the extreme north end of the trenched area as shown in the ground plat, figure 57. A considerable portion of the midden was of mussel and periwinkle shells. There were some animal bones and a few potsherds were also found. Feature No. 10—South of Feature No. 9 in the trench was a pit 46 inches in diameter at the surface of the hardpan and 59 inches in diameter at the bottom. It was 27 inches deep. This pit was found filled with village-site rubbish. Its form and use definitely suggested a storage bin, which when emptied of its storage of food- stuff had been filled with refuse from the village surface in some ancient “clean-up” campaign. Feature No. 11.—An ash pit in the southward extension of the main trench was 9 feet by 7 feet and 5 feet deep. This pit was filled with ashes in which one discarded broken celt and many potsherds were found. Feature No. 12.—Near the west end of the main trench was a post-mold pattern indicating a structure 16.8 feet by 11 feet, oriented as Shown in the ground plat, figure 57. The posts had been set in trenches. The south line of molds was partly missing. Associated with this structure was Burial No. 1 and Features No. 13 and No. 14. A plat of this feature is shown in figure 59. Feature No, 12——This was a shallow midden pit 37 inches in di- ameter, extending 9 inches into the hardpan. This pit was located in and associated with Feature No. 12, as shown in plate 93,6. The pit contained animal bones, shell spoons, and potsherds. Feature No. 14.—This was a circular pit for storage. It is also shown in plate 93, 6. It was cut 4 feet into the clay hardpan with the bottom 4.5 feet below the ground surface. The top of the pit was 44 inches in diameter at the hardpan surface and 48 inches in diameter at the bottom. The pit was filled with village refuse which contained potsherds, mussel shells, animal bones, and some well-worked shell spoons. An infant burial was found. Burial No. 1.—Associated with Feature No. 12, and shown in plate 93, b, was the burial of an adult male. This burial was fully flexed, as shown in plate 95, a. The grave was oval-shaped, 40 inches long by 24 inches wide and 6 inches deep. It was made on the floor of the structure which enclosed it. Thirty-four inches east of this burial an effigy pipe, shown in plate 105, a, was found. Its inten- tional association with Burial No. 1 may be doubtful, but being so near to the ground surface its position may have been disturbed. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 145 Mounp No. 1 Mound No. 1 was located on the western edge of the cornfield, adjacent to the old orchard. The mound was built over a humus layer which showed everywhere evidence of former occupation as a O O} O O O O oO O! te) |O .@) O O O beneno, 0.0 0 6 6 0)90 SITE tT VILLAGE SITE FEATURE I2 SCALE S12 0 3 FEET FIcuRre 59. village site. Under the mound and in the humus layer were post- mold patterns of dwellings, fireplaces, ash beds, shell deposits, etc. In excavating a level floor was maintained 6 inches below the hardpan and vertical profiles were kept clean to enable a watch to be kept for 154676—38——11 146 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 any intrusion. The mound was built of red and yellow clay mixed with patches of dark humus. A hard-packed clay floor was found 17 inches above the humus layer. Above this packed floor and at the center of the mound there was about 30 inches of made earth- clay mixed with humus. The construction of this mound by the carrying up of small loads of earth from different sources was evi- dent in any vertical profile. Clays—red, brown, and yellow—and black humus were so mingled on this site that the size of each load could easily be estimated. The mound had been in cultivation so long and the top had been so much eroded that it was impossible to form any exact idea of its original size. It was staked off 80 feet east and west and 70 feet north and south. This area was cleared. Later the area was extended to include a 10-foot strip to the east, so that the area excavated was 90 feet by 70 feet. The very definite hard-packed clay floor was found to extend under a large portion of the mound, but no post-mold pattern was found in definite association. It is possible that the structure here, 1f any had existed, was so large that the post molds at the boundary had been destroyed by erosion, or by the cultivation of the soil. The floor had a hard surface in the center, with an oval ridge about the edge, as shown in plate 96, a, which is a view from the northwest of wall 4,0-4.7. In this picture the floor is shown as extending outward from under the vertical wall. On the southeast side of this floor there was a large depressed portion of the floor which extended toward the southeast edge. Here the floor dropped off to a level about 12 inches lower than the upper level. This is shown in plate 96, 6, which is a view from the southeast of wall 4.0-4.7, with the edge of Feature No. 2 just making its appearance. SpecIAL FEATURES The special features of this mound are numbered serially and described in the order found. Feature No. 1—On the original ground surface below the mound there was a small pile of stones broken by fire action. They lay in an area about 65 inches by 40 inches and were surrounded by nine well-formed post molds, irregularly arranged. Feature No. 2.—Near the center of the prepared floor was a square altar of unusual form. It was 9 feet north and 7 feet west of stake 5.38. This altar was built of a white clay laid on the red-clay floor. The red clay had been excavated to a depth of some 7 inches in a square about 60 inches on each side. The white clay was placed in the excavation and raised to a flat surface 2 inches above the floor level. In the center of this 5-foot square a quadrangular depression 5 inches deep, with convex sides, formed a fire basin. This altar is WEBB] ARCHABHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 147 shown in plate 134, 6. At the corners of the square the convex sides of the basin were carried toward the corners by excavating the clay along a diagonal of the square and building up ridges on either side above the altar surface. Tt is believed that the purpose of this construction was to permit the holding of the ends of four logs together in a central fire. Each log was kept at all times at right angles to its neighbor. The diag- onals of this altar very exactly coincide with the cardinal directions, the east-and-west direction being shown by the lines of stakes used in excavation. Such an altar would hold four logs north and south and east and west, which would prevent any rolling out of position while burning. This altar, when uncovered, showed unmistakable evidence of intentional damage before being covered over. The ac- tion of a heavy blunt implement used to beat down a portion of one side and one corner was clearly discernible. Except for this seem- ingly intentional damage to the construction, the preservation was excellent. The white clay had been smoothed and well baked by fire action. The superincumbent earth was easily separated from it. The condition in which this altar was found definitely suggested a ceremonial breaking or “killing” before it was covered over. The position of this feature is shown on plat of the excavated area of Mound No. 1, figure 60. Feature No, 3—On the southeast side of the prepared clay floor, as shown in ground plat, figure 61, a post-mold pattern indicating a rectangular structure 25 by 16.5 feet was found. This structure had near its center a very well made circular fire basin 16 inches in diameter and 2 inches deep, which was made of hard-burned clay, set on the original hardpan. This structure and the central fire basin were believed to represent a dwelling which was a part of the large village that covered this area and antedated the building of the mound. The southwest side of this structure seemed to be of irregular construction, the post molds varying in size, and being irregular in placement, as shown in plate 97, a. Feature No. 4.—At stake 3.1 an area of 6 by 6 feet on the original ground surface had a circular arrangement of post molds surround- ing a slightly elevated portion of the hardpan floor, as shown in plate 97, 6. These post molds were made by small posts about 2.5 inches in diameter and may represent a crib or storage bin built on the old village floor prior to the erection of the mound. Burial No, 1—North of stake 6.6 the partially flexed burial of an adult female was found. The preservation was very poor. This burial was 27 inches below the ground surface and 26 inches above the mound floor. The body was placed face down, with the head to the southeast. ‘The knees were flexed. One hand was on the shoulder 148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 and one was at the hip on the left side. The burial pit was an oval 3.3 feet by 29 inches. A small pottery vessel placed at the knees was badly broken. There was one small hammerstone near the face and two small pots under the head. One of these pots was sitting on SIPEny MOUND | EXCAVATED AREA SCALE 108 64 20 10 es a a FEET FIGuRE 60. the other. Both were whole but cracked. Beside the pots was a shell hoe, rectangular in shape, with rounded corners. Burial No. 2—An infant burial, deposited in a midden pit and covered with midden refuse which contained animal bones, pot- Wee] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 149 re) fe) te) fe) ie Or re : ro) re) fo) 6 Po Be 40 ye ° Sf 5 B re) Oo 2 re) . fe) j O 502 . : ro) re) O re) (eo) ° @) © '@) fo) ° O 0 o ° fe) . re) x : ‘ oO re) oO O ° SB slgiot O67 o1oe-0 10/10; 010. SUE Ok? MOUND | FEATURE 3 SCALE BET M25 Figure 61. 150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY _ [BuuL. 118 sherds, and shell was found at stake 6.2. The burial was 26 inches below the ground surface. Mounp No. 2 Mound No. 2 lay in the old orchard, at the edge of the cultivated field. It was heavily wooded with sassafras, elm, and sweet gum. On the northern edge of the mound stood one large poplar tree, which the owner reserved from cutting. The mound was circular and constructed of clay-loam and sand. A secondary floor was 38 inches beneath the apex of the mound. It was poorly preserved. Some years ago a potato cellar had been dug into the mound near the center. This cellar showed as a de- pression in the mound top. The cellar penetrated the secondary floor near the middle. If there had been any structures or fireplaces on this floor they would have been destroyed by such excavation. The mound was built of varying grades of clay, loam, and sand. Predominant was a heavy red clay, seen in cross section as many small lenses. The sand was clean, white, and fine-grained—a typical river sand, The primary floor was of small extent and obviously precedent to the mound. It was probably associated with the original village site. Like all earth mounds, erosion prevented a determination of the size of the mound, but it was staked off, 70 by 70 feet, and excavated in 10-foot trenches from the outer edge of the area. SPECIAL FEATURES Feature No. 1—A cache of nuts, charred chestnuts, and chinqua- pins was found at stake 4.6 on the original ground surface. Feature No. 2.—A broken pottery vessel, with a pile of charred corn, was found at stake 2.4 on the original ground surface. Feature No. 3—The secondary floor, a definite feature of this mound, was about 34 feet square. It was a sandy floor, burned and hardened in some areas. This floor, well defined in certain areas, certainly was surmounted by a structure. A few of the post molds were found. Next to these molds a few fragments of charred wood were found. In one mold was found the stub of a post, charred to the floor surface, with the empty hole beneath, where the butt end of the post had rotted away. Feature No. 2 was found beneath this charred wood, which may account for the breaking of the pot and the charring of the corn. Feature No. 4—The structure, which was associated with the sec- ondary floor, was 47 feet by 45 feet, shown by plat, figure 62. These post molds were small, as shown in plate 98, a, none of them over 3 WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 151 inches in diameter. They extended into the floor to a uniform depth of 18 inches. The lines of the molds were not straight but some- what irregular. The secondary floor sloped down sharply to these lines of post molds on all sides. The sloping sides, or ramps, are shown in plate 98, 6. The secondary floor had been removed, ° ro} ° ° dg o . ° 8 [06 ° ° ro) ° 2\i2 ro) ° fo) ° ° ° < ° ° = ° ° ° é fo) ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° fe) 2d 8 ° re) 29,0 = foe) 00 6 & N °06 s Ree ot Pe) Po ° 0 a re) foYo) SIVE: U7 MOUND 2 FEATURE4 SCALE lOo864 20 lo FEET FIGURE 62. leaving only narrow walls to mark its elevation. A portion of the ramp on the southeast showed how the surface came down to the line of post molds. The presence of a large poplar tree, referred to above, on the northwest edge of the mound, prevented the excavation from completely uncovering this portion of the structure pattern. 152 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Upon completion of the excavation of the mound a dark humus layer, uniformly 9 inches thick, was found under the entire mound. This was regarded as the primary floor, since there were patches of hard-clay floor directly over the humus layer. There were, how- ever, no post molds associated with this floor. The humus layer con- tained the usual evidence of an old village site. Mounp No. 3 Mound No. 3 is the most westward member of the group of three mounds at this site. It is on the highest part of the hill, and is nearest to Clinch River, being about 800 feet east of the river. It was at first not recognized as a mound, but was regarded as a natural elongated ridge, the highest portion of the hill, the east side of which showed considerable erosion. It was heavily covered with small trees and undergrowth, and a surface inspection was impos- sible. After work was well started on other mounds on this site and their nature was revealed, it was apparent that they were erected on an extensive village site. For this reason it was doubted that this westward ridge was a natural formation. It was cleared of brush and trees. A trench 5 feet by 30 feet, which was put down in the edge of this ridge, revealed mixed earth with a trace of potsherds to a depth of 5.5 feet. At this depth the humus was encountered. The humus, which was mixed throughout with a considerable quan- tity of potsherds, shell, and flint chips, extended to a depth of 10 inches. Upon this evidence it was decided to chart this ridge as Mound No. 3. It was therefore staked in the usual 10-foot squares for excavation. : The area selected for excavation was southwest of a stake desig- nated 0.0. This rectangular area extended 90 feet to the south and 60 feet to the west of the stake. Whole numbers were used to desig- nate blocks north and south, while decimals were used to designate squares east and west. The shape of the original made-earth mound could not be determined by a superficial investigation, and it was later found necessary to extend the staked area 40 feet to the east. These stakes were designated by “primes.” ek, mie "= VTP trees Py, 1 3 heed iat Re sene ee Me tlne . La ee Sh Pe SS me wen cnet = ’ e ES ee Cae . + oe . ete © LT) = soa BE cor Wns 33> rae Mente . ~ : : SITE i9 SCALE { 0) { SS——— INCHES FigurRE 69.—Drawing restoration of bowl. =~ ote one section of the mound a number of sherds of wattlework were found. As shown in plate 118, }, this clay, mixed with grass and some large pieces of shell, was plastered on parallel canes about 0.5 inch in diameter. It does not occur in sufficient quantity to justify the conclusion that it was used in walls of buildings. In this mound it was used only in some minor construction. Very few complete vessels were found on this site. In some in- stances sherds from a single vessel were grouped so that partial res- torations were possible. In plate 119, a, are two vessels partially re-- stored. One is a typical frog effigy bowl—a mortuary offermg. The other is a large cooking pot, cord-paddled, found crushed on the old village site under the mound. WEBB] ARCHABOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN beat ARTIFACTS From the general excavation of the mound a number of stone and pottery disks were obtained. Some also were obtained in association with burials. Bone artifacts, consisting of awls, cut bone and antler, bone hairpins, and a chisel from the ulna of a wolf are shown in plate 119, 0. Stone mortuary offerings are shown in plate 120. The spatulate perforated stone is made of limestone, having an extreme length of 5.5 inches. It probably at one time had a high polish; its present con- ee ee wT TE Se Mew em eM eee ee —_— ee ee ee ee =m ee = ~ ae oe . a i tn are ea FAM ae ; 5 INCHES Figure 70.—Drawing restoration of bowl. dition is due to action of acid in the soil. The perforated blue slate found with Burial No. 44 is 6 inches by 3.8 inches. The quartz dis- coidal is 2.2 inches in diameter. The large disk in upper left-hand corner is a very perfectly worked hammerstone which may have been intended later to be converted into a discoidal. The large spear was under the head of Burial No. 42. Burial No. 48 yielded three mask gorgets, as shown in plate 121, a; also one badly damaged rattlesnake gorget shown in plate 121, a. Burial No. 49 yielded the mask gorget shown in plate 121, 6. The small beads, together with some 8 or 10 pearl beads, were taken from Burial No. 44. CoNCLUSIONS In the discussion of Site No. 10 the presence there of pit burials of bodies in sitting posture has been discussed. It was pointed out that this practice seems to very closely resemble the practice of some of 154676—38——13 178 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 the members of the Creek Confederacy, as reported by several travelers about 1750 or later. In Site No. 19, of the 49 burials above the town house floor, 2, and perhaps 3, were of the sitting-posture pit type of burial and quite similar to those found at Site No. 10, Mound No. 2. As previously referred to under Site No. 10, Bushnell? regards the custom of placing strips of wood or bark over and under the body at time of burial as a custom common to the Creeks. Of this he says: It is possible within this same region to trace another custom from historic back into prehistoric times, and whenever this may be done it tends to make more clear the customs of the inhabitants of ancient America at the time of the coming of Europeans. Zs = ao ao = =| Sah hee = — wma. z <= = ee ~w TT =e == = were 2 ? X = « BY | < a i a % we 4 ‘ ie ' ; i} - ; , 4 9 ean’ i ” + ¥ iS ‘+ Ria * ¢ x . me | , B y} . ¢ ' “ ue Me i < 77 ’ \ pith j Vig A ¥ ie 3 ‘ rs - ie ) ea i; hd ; \ ; ed \ *« - = y = - a anh 7 f ‘ - Te ¢ Pa Wer ret t eae ae | i H ot i ' >. A ‘ r' i ee £ id ee ne \ Le. 7 A STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE OSTEOLOGICAL MATERIAL FROM THE NORRIS BASIN By W. D. FuNKHOUSER Dean of Graduate School and Professor of Anthropology, University of Kentucky The osteological material from the sites described in this report affords some interesting osteometric data, particularly when com- pared with similar data from other parts of the Mississippi Valley. As is to be expected, many of the skeletons are not complete enough to yield a perfect series of measurements, but enough material is available to give a fair picture of the structural characters of the race associated with the region under consideration. In reporting on this material all available measurements have been included for each of the skeletons, even though some of it is frag- mentary, but in summaries giving averages and means, only adult males are considered. In the following data on individual burials all of the measure- ments are given which were possible for that particular skeleton. The absence of a measurement or index indicates that the material did not permit of the securing of these data. All measurements were made in the laboratory with the usual osteometric board and calipers and all measurements are recorded in millimeters. In recording the osteological measurements the following data were considered as important and these data were taken whenever possible: 1. Length of skeleton if extended (vertex to caleaneum). 2. Skull: (a) Maximum length. (6) Maximum breadth. (c) Cephalic index. (d@) Glabella-inion length. (e) Height (basion to bregma). (f) Nasal length (nasion to nasospinale). (g) Orbits: Maximum length and maximum breadth. (h) Occipital foramen: Maximum length and maximum breadth. (i) Sagittal-cranial are (from nasion over vertex to opisthion). (j) Horizontal circumference (over glabella and inion). 154676—38——16 925 226 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 8. Lower jaw: (a) Bigonial breadth. (0) Bicondylar breadth. (c) Length of ramus. (d@) Breadth of ramus. 4. Long bones (maximum lengths) : (a) Right and left humerus. (6) Right and left ulna. (c) Right and left radius. (d) Right and left femur. (e) Right and left tibia. (7) Right and left fibula. Pathological conditions were noted whenever such were evident and the condition of the teeth were recorded, especially if unusual fea- tures were apparent. In the laboratory studies no descriptions of graves or types of burials were made, since these records are included in the general descriptions of the sites. Only those burials are here recorded which yielded osteological material suitable for study. Consequently the numbers of the skele- tons are not always consecutive. The numbers, however, agree with those recorded in the general descriptions of the sites. Measurements are given only for those bones which were practi- cally perfect, with good epiphyses and little decomposition, so that in many cases a skeleton which at first glance seems fairly complete in reality yields few measurements which are of anthropometric value. Stre No. 3 Kight burials on this site yielded skeletal material which permitted of some accurate measurements. These are recorded as follows: Skeleton No. 1—Adult female. Only the skull was well enough preserved to permit of reconstruction and measurement. These measurements are: Maximum length, 162 mm; maximum breadth, 126 mm; cephalic index, 77; glabella-inion length, 142 mm; height, 115 mm; nasal length, 835 mm; length of orbit, 31 mm; breadth of orbit, 34 mm; length of occipital foramen, 35 mm; breadth of occip- ital foramen, 26 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 351 mm; horizontal cir- cumference, 421 mm. Skeleton No. 2—Female of about 10 years of age. Only the skull yielded measurements. These measurements are: Maximum length, 161 mm; maximum breadth, 141 mm; cephalic index, 87; glabella- inion length, 189 mm; height, 128 mm; nasal length, 31 mm; length of orbit, 31 mm; breadth of orbit, 32 mm; length of occipital foramen, 23mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 363 mm; circumference, 450 mm; bigonial FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 927 breadth, 81 mm; bicondylar breadth, 100 mm; length of ramus, 37 mm; breadth of ramus, 26 mm. Skeleton No. 3.—Adult male. Most of the skeleton in good condi- tion, with the following bone measurements: Skull: Maximum length, 172 mm; maximum breadth, 150 mm; cephalic index, 87; glabella-inion length, 155 mm; height, 185 mm; nasal length, 52 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 40 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 28 mm; sagittal- cranial arc, 364 mm; circumference, 500 mm; bigonial breadth, 108 mm; bicondylar breadth, 125 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm; breadth of ramus, 32 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 318 mm; left humerus, 312 mm; right ulna, 268 mm; left ulna, 267 mm; right radius, 246 mm; left radius, 250 mm; right femur, 440 mm; left femur, 442 mm}; right tibia, 376 mm; left tibia, 378 mm. The teeth of this skull were well worn and one was completely decayed. Skeleton No. 6—Adult male. Fragmentary. Skull: Maximum length, 186 mm; maximum breadth, 1483 mm; cephalic index, 77; glabella-inion length, 172 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 373 mm; circum- ference, 523 mm; bigonial breadth, 111 mm; length of ramus, 56 mm; breadth of ramus, 31 mm}; length of right radius, 255 mm; right tibia, 380 mm; left tibia, 382 mm. None of the other long bones could be accurately measured. Skeleton No. 7—Fragmentary. Age and sex not determinable. Lower jaw complete and with bigonial breadth, 60 mm; bicondylar breadth, 74 mm; length of ramus, 26 mm; breadth of ramus, 19 mm. Skeleton No. 9—Youth of about 6 years of age. Only the skull was well enough preserved for measurements. Maximum length, 162 mm; maximum breadth, 183 mm; cephalic index, 82; glabella- inion length, 142 mm; height, 123 mm; nasal length, 36 mm; length of orbit, 30 mm; breadth of orbit, 32 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 341 mm; circumference, 445 mm; bigonial breadth, 75 mm; bicondy- lar breadth, 95 mm; length of ramus, 35 mm; breadth of ramus, 25mm. First permanent molar just erupted. Skeleton No. 12.—A few fragmentary bones. Skull beyond repair. Left ulna, 266 mm long; left radius, 249 mm; left femur, 461 mm. Skeleton No. 18—Adult male. Skull not suitable for measure- ments. Long bones: Right humerus, 340 mm; left humerus, 336 mm; right ulna, 274 mm; left ulna, 276 mm; left radius, 258 mm; right femur, 459 mm; left femur, 463 mm; left tibia, 394 mm; right fibula, 378 mm. The averages of the measurements of eight skeletons from Site No. 3 give the following results: Cephalic index, 82; glabella-inion length, 150 mm; height, 125.25 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 358.4 mm; circumference, 467 mm; bigonial breadth, 87 mm; _bicondylar 228 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 breadth, 98.5 mm; length of ramus, 42.2 mm; breadth, 26.6 mm; right humerus, 329 mm; left humerus, 324 mm; right ulna, 271 mm; left ulna, 269.66 mm; right radius, 250.5 mm; left radius, 252.33 mm; right femur, 449.5 mm; left femur, 455.33 mm; right tibia, 378 mm; left tibia, 384.66 mm; right fibula, 378 mm. A comparison of these average measurements with the averages from the other sites and with averages of similar measurements made from osteological material from other parts of the Mississippi Valley will be be made later in this report. Srre No. 5 The bones in the burials on this site were too fragmentary and too badly decomposed to permit of osteometric study. Skeleton No. 2 showed a complete right tibia 293 mm long and a left humerus 315 mm long. The tibiae and fibulae of this skeleton, however, showed interesting bone lesions which are figured and discussed in a later section of this report dealing with pathological conditions. Srre No. 10 Four burials on this site, all from Mound No. 2, yielded material suitable for study. These may be listed as follows: Skeleton No. 2—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 170 mm; maximum breadth, 137 mm; cephalic index, 80.6; glabella-inion length, 169 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 31 mm; breadth of orbit, 39 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 364 mm; bigonial breadth, 112 mm; bicondylar breadth, 128 mm; length of ramus, 55 mm; breadth of ramus, 86 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 335 mm; left humerus, 338 mm; right ulna, 268 mm; left ulna, 266 mm; right radius, 249 mm; left radius, 251 mm; right femur, 461 mm; left femur, 456 mm; right tibia, 376 mm; left tibia, 381 mm; left fibula, 355 mm. Skeleton No. 3—Adult male. The skull of this skeleton was in fairly good shape, but the long bones were in bad condition. The available measurements follow. Skull: Maximum length, 171 mm; maximum breadth, 155 mm; cephalic index, 84; glabella-inion length, 170 mm; height, 155 mm; nasal length, 53 mm; length of orbit, 36 mm; width of orbit, 40 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 33 mm; circumference, 520 mm; bigonial breadth, 113 mm; bicondylar breadth, 189 mm; length of ramus, 63 mm; breadth of ramus, 33 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 325 mm; left humerus, 327 mm; left femur, 451 mm. Skeleton No. 4—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 179 mm; maximum breadth, 140 mm; cephalic index, 78; glabella-inion length, FUNKHOUSEE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 229 165 mm; height, 155 mm; nasal length, 58 mm; length of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of orbit, 39 mm; length of occipital foramen, 35 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 28 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 372 mm; circumference, 510 mm; bigonial breadth, 94 mm; _bicondylar breadth, 110 mm; length of ramus, 62 mm; breadth of ramus, 34 mm. All teeth well worn with many marginal cavities. Long bones: Right radius, 255 mm; right femur, 457 mm; left femur, 466 mm; right tibia, 380 mm; left tibia, 380 mm. A very interesting feature of this skeleton was that a flint projec- tile point was embedded in the sacrum in such a position as to indi- cate that the individual was bending over with his back to the enemy when the injury was received. This is shown in plate 60, a, in this report. Skeleton No. 5—Only a part of the lower jaw and some of the long bones of this skeleton, representing an adult of undeterminable sex, were suitable for measurements. The ramus was 61 mm long and 33 mm broad. Long bones: Right humerus, 309 mm; right ulna, 258 mm; left ulna, 261 mm; right radius, 240 mm; left radius, 243 mm; right femur, 423 mm; left femur, 426 mm; right tibia, 356 mm; left tibia, 357 mm. The averages for the measurements of four skeletons from Site No. 10 are as follows: Skull: Cephalic index, 80.86; glabella-inion length, 168 mm; height, 155 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 368 mm; circum- ference, 506.66 mm; bigonial breadth, 106.83 mm; bicondylar breadth, 125.66 mm; length of ramus, 60.25 mm; breadth of ramus, 34 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 323 mm; left humerus, 332.5 mm; right ulna, 263 mm; left ulna, 263.5 mm; right radius, 248 mm; left radius, 247 mm; right femur, 447 mm; left femur, 449.75 mm; right tibia, 370.66 mm; left tibia, 372.66 mm; right fibula, 368 mm; left fibula, 355 mm. Srre No. 11 A single skull from Skeleton No. 1 was the only osteological ma- terial from Site No. 11 from which data could be secured. This was apparently the skull of an adult female with the following measure- ments: Maximum length, 144 mm; glabella-inion length, 130 mm: nasal length, 38 mm; length of orbit, 32 mm; breadth of orbit, 34 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 325 mm; length of ramus, 37 mm; breadth of ramus, 23 mm. Missing portions of the parietals prevented com- putation of the cephalic index. Srre No. 15 This was an excellent site from the standpoint of osteological ma- terial, since of the eight skeletons here reported three of them were in excellent condition, yielding almost complete sets of measurements, 230 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 and most of the others gave satisfactory data, particularly regarding the skulls. Skeleton No. 2—Adult female. Skull: Maximum length, 157 mm; maximum breadth, 146 mm; cephalic index, 98; glabella-inion length, 151 mm; height, 151 mm; nasal length, 47 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 35 mm; length of occipital foramen, 36 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 28 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 331 mm; circum- ference, 491 mm; bigonial breadth, 97 mm; bicondylar breadth, 120 mm; length of ramus, 50 mm; breadth of ramus, 30 mm. The skull is considerably distorted, probably because of artificial binding, which accounts for the high cephalic index. The teeth are slightly worn. Long bones: Right humerus, 297 mm; left humerus, 291 mm; right ulna, 228 mm; left ulna, 228 mm; right radius, 216 mm; left radius, 211 mm; right femur, 420 mm; left femur, 416 mm; right tibia, 330 mm; left tibia, 327 mm; right fibula, 310 mm. Skeleton No. 4.—Age and sex not positively determined. Skull: Maximum length, 151 mm; maximum breadth, 153 mm; cephalic index, 100; glabella-inion length, 149 mm; height, 134 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 86 mm; breadth of orbit, 40 mm; circumference, 487 mm; bigonial breadth, 97 mm; bicondylar breadth, 118 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm; breadth of ramus, 32 mm. All teeth well worn; two molars missing. Long bones: Right humerus, 321 mm; left humerus, 313 mm; right ulna, 254 mm; left ulna, 252 mm; right femur, 447 mm; left femur, 450 mm; right tibia, 367 mm; left tibia, 8366 mm; right fibula, 356 mm; left fibula, 362 mm. Skele- ton as a whole in excellent condition; skull asymmetrical. Skeleton No. 6.—Adult male. Only the skull suitable for study. The skull measurements are as follows: Maximum length, 180 mm; snaximum breadth, 142 mm; cephalic index, 78; glabella-inion length, 175 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 373 mm; circumference, 520 mm; bigonial breadth, 106 mm. Skeletons Nos. 6A, 6B, and 6C.—A triple burial, probably of adult — female and two infants. The adult skeleton too badly decomposed for measurement, but with the skull showing a maximum length of 162 mm and the ramus having a length of 59 mm and a breadth of 37mm. The teeth are all badly worn. One of the infant skulls (6B) is that of a child of from 2 to 3 years of age and gives the following measurements: Maximum length, 142 mm; glabella-inion length, 117 mm; height, 104 mm; nasal length, 28 mm; length of orbit, 29 mm; breadth of orbit, 30 mm; bigonial breadth, 70 mm; bicondylar breadth, 86 mm; length of ramus, 30 mm; breadth of ramus, 20 mm. The age is indicated by the fact that the twenty-fourth-month molar has just erupted, as shown in plate 137, a, the ventral view of the reconstructed skull. The other infant skull (6C) is that of a child of about 4 years FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 231 of age with the following measurements: Maximum length, 148 mm; glabella-inion length, 183 mm; height, 112 mm; nasal length, 33 mm; length of orbit, 29 mm; breadth of orbit, 28 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 322 mm; bigonial breadth, 69 mm; length of ramus, 29 mm; breadth of ramus, 20 mm. The first permanent molars have not yet erupted. Skeleton No. 7.—Fragmentary skull of an adult, probably male, giv- ing the following measurements: Maximum length, 194 mm; maxi- mum breadth, 185 mm; cephalic index, 69; glabella-inion length, 168 mm; breadth of ramus, 85 mm. Other parts of the skeleton are not satisfactory for study. Skeleton No. 8—The skeleton of an adult male in an excellent state of preservation. Skull: Maximum length, 165 mm; maximum breadth, 141 mm; cephalic index, 85; glabella-inion length, 159 mm; height, 146 mm; length of orbit, 37 mm; breadth of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 25 mm; bigonial breadth, 110 mm; breadth of bicondylar, 118 mm; length of ramus, 49 mm; breadth of ramus, 34mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 277 mm; left humerus, 276 mm; right ulna, 228 mm; left ulna, 224 mm; right radius, 212 mm; left radius, 215 mm; right femur, 396 mm; left femur, 395 mm; right tibia, 328 mm; left tibia, 325 mm; left fibula, 311 mm. The averages for the osteological measurements of the five skeletons from Site No. 15 are as follows: Cephalic index, 85; glabella-inion length, 150.28 mm; height, 129.40 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 342 mm; circumference, 499.33 mm; bigonial breadth, 91.5 mm; bicondylar breadth, 110.5 mm; length of ramus, 45.66 mm; breadth of ramus, 29.71 mm. Right humerus, 298.33 mm; left humerus, 293.338 mm; right ulna, 236.66 mm; left ulna, 234.66 mm; right radius, 214 mm; left radius, 213 mm; right femur, 421 mm; left femur, 420 mm; right tibia, 341.66 mm; left tibia, 339.33 mm; right fibula, 333 mm; left fibula, 336 mm. The above figures probably represent good skeletal averages for the region under consideration, since the skeletons seem to be normal, typical, and in good condition. Sirs No. 16 Only two fragmentary skeletons were available from this site and neither of these yielded enough material to be of importance. The only measurements which can be recorded are as follows: Skeleton No. 10.—Skull: Maximum length, 182 mm; maximum breadth, 1830 mm; cephalic index, 71.4; glabella-inion length, 173 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 312 mm. Skeleton No. 14—Fragmentary adult skull of which no measure- ments are possible except that of the bigonial breadth of the lower jaw which is 114 mm. The right femur is 492 mm long; the left humerus measures 343 mm; left radius, 265 mm; left femur, 494 mm. 232 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Srre No. 17 A single burial from Mound No. 1 of this site, listed as “Skeleton No. 1”, yielded a skull 162 mm long, 185 mm broad, with the resulting cephalic index of 83.33. The orbits have a maximum length of 34 mm and a maximum breadth of 35mm. ‘The glabella-inion length is 153 mm. No other cranial measurements are possible and the long bones are entirely fragmentary. Srrr No. 19 The outstanding feature of this site is the extreme brachycephalism shown in practically all of the skulls. Of 24 skulls from Site No. 19, 20 have a cephalic index of over 90 and 14 have an index of over 100. (Pl. 138, 0.) Certainly any skull with a cephalic index of over 100 must be con- sidered either as pathological or as having had the condition pro- duced by artificial binding of the head. Since a careful examination of these skulls fails to disclose any pathological conditions it must be assumed that the group of aborigines who inhabited this site must have had the practice of binding the head to produce the deformity. The extreme flattening occurs in both the frontal and parietal regions, as shown in plate 1389, c, and this, of course, has produced a compensatory bulging in the parietal regions on both sides. The method of binding the head to produce this condition did not always result in an equal or uniform pressure, for often the skull is decidedly asymmetrical, as shown in plate 138, a. Plates 138, a, 6, 139, c, are all from burials from Site No. 19. Site No. 19 is also important because it yielded more osteological material than any other site in the Norris Basin. Forty skeletons are here reported from this site and many of these were in excellent con- dition and well suited for osteometric studies. As a result, this site must probably be considered as the most important in the region as regards skeletal material. The skeletons, numbered to agree with the field notes, and of course not including those burials from which the material was not fitted for study, may be recorded as follows: Skeleton No, 1—Adult male. Skull not suitable for measurements but showing badly worn teeth and lower second and third right molars missing. Long bones: Right humerus, 316 mm; left humerus, 311 mm; right ulna, 260 mm; left radius, 233 mm; right femur, 430 mm; left femur, 425 mm; left tibia, 853 mm; right fibula, 342 mm. Skeleton No. 2.—Adult female not more than 20 years of age. Skull: Maximum length, 161 mm; maximum breadth, 164 mm; cephalic index, 101.8; giabella-inion length, 147 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 233 of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 37 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 344 mm 5 circumference, 503 mm; bigonial breadth, 89 mm; bicondylar breadth, 132 mm; length of ramus, 47 mm; breadth of ramus, 34 mm. Teeth only slightly worn. Cavity in left second lower premolar. The right ulna is 272 mm long. None of the other long bones give complete measurements. Skeleton No. 3—Adult female. Skull: Maximum length, 171 mm; maximum breadth, 142 mm; cephalic index, 83; glabella-inion length, 163 mm; nasal length, 48 mm; length of orbit, 832.5 mm; breadth of orbit, 89 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 29 mm; circumference, 494 mm; bigonial breadth, 98 mm; bicondylar breadth, 119 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm. Teeth only slightly worn but all erupted. Long bones: Right humerus, 299 mm; left humerus, 301 mm; right femur, 428 mm; left femur, 427 mm; left tibia, 355 mm. Epiphyses of ulnae and radii missing so that measurements are impossible. A young individual. Skeleton No. 4—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 168 mm; maximum breadth, 163 mm; cephalic index, 97; glabella-inion length, 157 mm; height, 1382 mm; nasal length, 535 mm; length of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 42 mm; length of occipital foramen, 33.5 mm; sagit- tal-cranial arc, 329 mm; circumference, 517 mm; bigonial breadth, 118 mm; bicondylar breadth, 128 mm; length of ramus, 62 mm; breadth of ramus, 34mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 338 mm; left humerus, 337 mm; right ulna, 277 mm; left ulna, 277 mm; right radius, 260 mm; left radius, 261 mm; right femur, 458 mm; right tibia, 389 mm; left tibia, 387 mm; right fibula, 379 mm; left fibula, 378 mm. This old man must have been in bad physical condition since practi- cally all of the bones of his skeleton show some pathological condition. His lumbar vertebrae are fused and lipped, bone destruction is evident in the femora, radii, innominate, and wrist bones, fusing has occurred in the bones of the hand, extensive periostitis has involved most of the base of the skull, and some sort of osteomyelitis has completely de- stroyed the left acetabulum and the head of the left femur. In addi- tion, he had a bad case of pyorrhea, with an excess of bony deposit on the mandible; he had three large molar cavities and his skull was deformed. Aside from this, he was apparently all right—so far as his bones were concerned. It is hoped that other tissues of his body were not as badly diseased as his skeleton. Illustrations and technical descriptions of the above-mentioned pathological conditions are given in a later section of this report. Skeleton No. —Adult female. Skull: Maximum length, 151 mm; maximum breadth, 158 mm; cephalic index, 104.6; glabella-inion length, 148 mm; height, 185 mm; nasal length, 47 mm; length of orbit, 34 mm ; breadth of orbit, 41 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 315 mm; circum- 934 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 ference, 483 mm; bigonial breadth, 111 mm; bicondylar breadth, 120 mm; length of ramus, 54 mm; breadth of ramus, 382.5 mm. Teeth worn; cavities in three molars. Skull deformed. Long bones: Right humerus, 285 mm; left humerus, 275 mm; right ulna, 236 mm; left ulna, 239 mm; right radius, 217 mm; left radius, 217 mm; right femur, 399 mm; left femur, 400 mm; right tibia, 3830 mm; left tibia, 329 mm; right fibula, 323 mm. Skeleton No. 7—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 162 mm; maximum breadth, 172 mm; cephalic index, 106.1; glabella-inion length, 158 mm; height, 155 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of | orbit, 38 mm; breadth of orbit, 41 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 364 mm; bigonial breadth, 112 mm; bicondylar breadth, 1835 mm; length of ramus, 63 mm; breadth of ramus, 81 mm. Teeth worn; pyorrhea evident; cephalic index indi- cates abnormality. Long bones: Right humerus, 335 mm; left ulna, 276 mm; left radius, 257 mm; right femur, 488 mm; left femur, 485 mm; right tibia, 411 mm; left tibia, 404 mm. Skeleton No. 8—Adult male. The only part of the skull measur- able was the lower jaw, with measurements as follows: Bigonial breadth, 111 mm; bicondylar breadth, 123 mm; length of ramus, 47 mm; breadth of ramus, 29 mm. The long bones were in fairly good condition and showed the following lengths: Right humerus, 315 mm; left humerus, 315 mm; right ulna, 264 mm; left ulna, 262 mm; left radius, 247 mm; right femur, 447 mm; left femur, 4483 mm; right tibia, 380 mm; left tibia, 378 mm; right fibula, 367 mm; left fibula, 369 mm. The right radius had been broken and healed. Skeleton No. 9—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 159 mm; maximum breadth, 154 mm; cephalic index, 96.8; glabella-inion length, 154 mm; height, 142 mm; nasal length, 51 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 36 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 30 mm; sagittal-cranial are, 340 mm; circumference, 489 mm; bigonial breadth, 112 mm; bicon- dylar breadth, 125 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm; breadth of ramus, 32 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 301 mm; left humerus, 300 mm; right ulna, 254 mm; right radius, 228 mm; left radius, 226 mm; right femur, 418 mm; left femur, 423 mm; left tibia, 353 mm; left fibula, 337 mm. Skeleton No. 10.—Skull of a child between 5 and 6 years of age with first permanent molar just erupting. Measurements: Maximum length, 150 mm; maximum breadth, 150 mm; cephalic index, 100; glabella-inion length, 185 mm; nasal length, 33 mm; length of orbit, 26 mm; breadth of orbit, 30 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 33 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 320 mm; circumference, 441 mm. No long bones studied. It is interesting to note that, according to this cephalic index, the changing of the shape of the head had appar- FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 935 ently been accomplished by the time the child had reached the age of 5 or 6 years. Skeleton No. 11—A few measurable long bones representing a half-grown individual. Sex undeterminable. Measurements: Right ulna, 239 mm; left ulna, 239 mm; right radius, 216 mm; right femur, 402 mm; left femur, 410 mm; right tibia, 334 mm; left tibia, 327 mm, Skeleton No. 13.—Aduit male. Only the lower jaw and the two humeri were periect enough to be measured as follows: Bigonial breadth, 104 mm; length of ramus, 60 mm; breadth of ramus, 34 mm; right humerus, 305 mm; left humerus, 308 mm. Skeleton No. 14.—Adult female. Skull too fragmentary to recon- struct perfectly enough to give accurate measurements, but the breadth is determined as 155mm. The teeth are well worn and show numerous cavities on their outer surfaces. The following long bones of the legs can be measured: Right femur, 415 mm; left femur, 415 mm; right tibia, 346 mm; left tibia, 350 mm; right fibula, 343 mm. There is a lesion showing three old sinuses on the distal portion of the right femur, which is considerably enlarged. Skeleton No. 16.—Adult male. Great distortion of the skull pre- vents cranial measurements. Ramus of lower jaw is 51 mm long and 32 mm wide. The only perfect long bones which can be accurately measured are the following: Right humerus, 302 mm; left humerus, 311 mm; left radius, 240 mm; right femur, 440 mm; left femur, 437 mm; oe tibia, 375 mm. Baio No. 1 7—Adult male. Entire skeleton in almost perfect condition. One of the best preserved of all of the skeletons from the site. Skull: Maximum length, 156 mm; maximum breadth, 162 mm; cephalic index, 193; glabella-inion length, 152 mm; height, 130 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 837 mm; breadth of orbit, 40 mm; length of occipital foramen, 39 mm; breadth of occip- ital foramen, 31 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 334 mm; circumference, 480 mm; bigonial breadth, 114 mm; bicondylar breadth, 140 mm; length of ramus, 62 mm; breadth of ramus, 34mm. Teeth worn with considerable reprecipitation of dentine. Long bones: Right hu- merus, 321 mm; left humerus, 319 mm; right ulna, 267 mm; left ulna, 269 mm; right radius, 250 mm; left radius, 250 mm; right femur, 453 mm; left femur, 453 mm; right tibia, 387 mm; left tibia, 387 mm; right fibula, 369 mm; left fibula, 367 mm. It will be noted that this skeleton shows a rather remarkable symmetry in all skeletal parts. Skeleton No. 18—Fragmentary. Adult. Accurate measurements can be made of only three bones, viz: Right ulna, 270 mm; right radius, 250 mm; left humerus, 325 mm. All other bones badly broken and decomposed. 236 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Skeleton No. 20—Adult male. Reconstruction makes possible fairly satisfactory measurements as follows: Skull: Maximum length, 177 mm; maximum breadth, 149 mm; cephalic index, 78; glabella- inion length, 171 mm; height, 144 mm; nasal length, 54 mm; length of orbit, 36 mm; breadth of orbit, 88 mm; length of occipital foramen, 37 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 8362 mm; circumference, 515 mm; bi- gonial breadth, 104 mm; breadth of ramus, 38 mm. Teeth only slightly worn. Long bones: Right humerus, 307 mm; right ulna, 268 mm; left ulna, 268 mm; right radius, 250 mm; left radius, 248 mm; right femur, 431 mm; left femur, 483 mm; right tibia, 368 mm; left tibia, 8371 mm; right fibula, 362 mm; left fibula, 359 mm. Skeleton No. 21—Adult female. Probably about 20 years of age, since the first wisdom tooth is just erupting and the other teeth are only slightly worn on the tops of the cusps. Skull: Maximum length, 147 mm; maximum breadth, 164 mm; cephalic index, 111.56; glabella-inion length, 142 mm; height, 122 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 832 mm; breadth of orbit, 36 mm; circumference, 481 mm; length of ramus, 53 mm; breadth of ramus, 30 mm. Long bones: Left ulna, 239 mm; left radius, 229 mm; right tibia, 338 mm; left tibia, 3839 mm; right fibula, 318 mm; left fibula, 320 mm. The remarkably high cephalic index shown by this skull does not seem to have been produced by flattening, since the frontal and occipital re- gions seem to show normal curvatures, but there is no evidence of any pathological condition. Skeleton No. 23.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 154 mm; breadth not measurable and consequently no cephalic index reported ; glabella-inion length, 147 mm; length of orbit, 37 mm; breadth of orbit, 89 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 321 mm; bigonial breadth, 116 mm; length of ramus, 59 mm; breadth of ramus, 37mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 330 mm; right ulna, 272 mm; left uina, 273 mm; right radius, 255 mm; right femur, 446 mm; left femur, 453 mm; right tibia, 366 mm; left tibia, 369 mm. Skeleton No. 24.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 163 mm; maximum breadth, 168 mm; cephalic index, 103; glabella-inion length, 161 mm; height, 141 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 89 mm; length of occipital foramen, 38 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 30 mm; sagittal-cranial are, 336 mm; bigonial breadth, 114 mm; bicondylar breadth, 128 mm; length of ramus, 59 mm; breadth of ramus, 35 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 326 mm; right femur, 443 mm; left femur, 436 mm; right tibia, 371 mm; right fibula, 361 mm. Skeleton No. 25.—Fragmentary skeleton of adult male. None of the long bones can be accurately measured and the few measurements which can be made of the skull are as follows: Maximum length, 153 FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 937 mm; maximum breadth, 163 mm; cephalic index, 107; length of ramus, 56 mm; breadth of ramus, 30 mm. Skeleton No. 26.—Full-grown but young female. Most of the long bones lack epiphyses so that total lengths can not be obtained. Su- tural areas of skull bones disintegrated. The following measure- ments are all that are available: Skull: Maximum length, 153 mm; maximum breadth, 165 mm; cephalic index, 107; glabella-inion length, 151 mm. Long bones: Right femur, 423 mm; left femur, 424 mm; right tibia, 355 mm; left tibia, 363 mm. Skeleton No. 27—Adult. Probably female. Skull in bad condi- tion and only the following measurements obtainable: Height, 143 mm; nasal length, 56 mm; length of orbit, 36 mm; breadth of orbit, 40 mm; bigonial breadth, 115 mm; length of ramus, 55 mm; breadth of ramus, 35 mm. Teeth worn and showing several cavities. Ver- tebrae, flat and long bones well preserved. Long bones: Right humerus, 318 mm; left humerus, 314 mm; right ulna, 267 mm; leit ulna, 265 mm; right radius, 251 mm; left radius, 248 mm; right femur, 451 mm; left femur, 448 mm; right tibia, 383 mm; left tibia, 378 mm; left fibula, 356 mm. Skeleton No. 28.—Adult male. Skull has a maximum breadth of 169 mm and a height of 188 mm; no other cranial measurements pos- sible. Lower jaw: Bigonial breadth, 118 mm; bicondylar breadth, 134 mm; length of ramus, 55 mm; breadth of ramus, 83 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 308 mm; left humerus, 309 mm; right ulna, 259 mm; left ulna, 267 mm; right radius, 238 mm; left radius, 243 mm; right femur, 431 mm; right tibia, 358 mm. Skeleton No. 31.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 165 mm; maximum breadth, 160 mm; cephalic index, 96.9; glabella-inion length, 159 mm; height, 141 mm; nasal length, 46 mm; length of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 29 mm; length of occipi- tal foramen, 34 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 331 mm; bigonial breadth, 91mm. Teeth very badly worn. Long bones: Right humerus, 326 mm; left ulna, 266 mm; right femur, 443 mm; left femur, 444 mm; right tibia, 369 mm; left tibia, 370 mm. Skeleton No. 32.—Adult. Sex undeterminable. Skull: Maximum length, 147 mm; maximum breadth, 171 mm; cephalic index, 116.32; glabella-inion length, 145 mm. We are suspicious of the other skull measurements because of the great deformity of the cranium which is entirely unnatural. Long bones: Right humerus, 310 mm; right femur, 449 mm; left femur, 452 mm; right tibia, 361 mm; left fibula, 342 mm. This skull shows the highest cephalic index of any, not only from this site but from the entire region. This extreme brachy- cephalism is assumed to be due to the artificial binding of the head, since there seems to be no pathology involved, and yet the frontal 238 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 and occipital regions do not show any great amount of flattening. It is difficult to conceive of an apparatus which would so foreshorten the skull and still allow it to retain comparatively normal rotundities. Skeleton No. 34.—Adult. Sex not determined. Skull: Maximum length, 170 mm; maximum breadth, 157 mm; cephalic index, 92; glabella-inion length, 158 mm; height, 185 mm; length of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of orbit, 40 mm; length of occipital foramen, 33 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 28 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 334 mm; bigonial breadth, 111 mm; bicondylar breadth, 121 mm; length of ramus, 53 mm; breadth of ramus, 30 mm. Teeth badly worn, with several cavities. Long bones: Right humerus, 315 mm; left hu- merus, 318 mm; right ulna, 264 mm; right femur, 448 mm; left femur, 449 mm; right tibia, 371 mm. Other long bones strong, heavy, and well ossified, but with ends broken or disintegrated. Skeleton No. 35——The fragmentary skeleton, apparently repre- senting a female of about 20 years of age, is not suitable for osteologi- cal measurements. The skull is badly distorted, the pelvis frag- mentary, and the long bones badly broken and disintegrated. Skeleton No. 36.—Adult female. Skeleton in fair condition. Skull: Maximum length, 152 mm; maximum breadth, 149 mm; cephalic index, 98; glabella-inion length, 149 mm; height, 186 mm; nasal length, 47 mm; length of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 37 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 318 mm; bigonial breadth, 88 mm; bicondylar breadth, 111 mm; length of ramus, 54 mm; breadth of ramus, 31 mm. Teeth well worn. Long bones: Left humerus, 294 mm; right ulna, 241 mm; left ulna, 239 mm; right femur, 412 mm; right tibia, 339 mm; left tibia, 338 mm. Skeleton No. 37—Fragmentary skull of an infant of about 3 years of age. The skull is 153 mm broad, but other measurements are lacking. The lower jaw shows a bigonial breadth of 79 mm; bicon- dylar breadth, 89 mm; length of ramus, 36 mm; breadth of ramus, 20 mm. Skeleton No. 38—Adult female. Bones in poor condition. Skull: Maximum length, 163 mm; maximum breadth, 163 mm; cephalic index, 100; height, 125 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 26 mm. Teeth only very shightly worn. Long bones: Left humerus, 299 mm; right femur, 429 mm. Skeleton No. 39.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 157 mm; maximum breadth, 156.9 mm; cephalic index, 100; glabella-inion length, 156 mm; height, 182 mm; length of orbit, 31 mm; bigonial breadth, 111 mm; bicondylar breadth, 120 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm; breadth of ramus, 33 mm. Teeth well worn and showing several cavities. Long bones: Right humerus, 321 mm; left humerus, 324 mm; right ulna, 266 mm; left ulna, 264 mm; right radius, 245 mm; FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 939 left radius, 245 mm; right femur, 436 mm; left femur, 488 mm; right tibia, 380 mm; left tibia, 380 mm. Skeleton No. 41.—Half-grown individual. Sex not determined. Skull: Maximum length, 176 mm; maximum breadth, 147 mm; cephalic index, 88; glabella-inion length, 169 mm; height, 1836 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 39 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 29 mm; bigonial breadth, 115 mm; bicondylar breadth, 117 mm; length of ramus, 61 mm; breadth of ramus, 39 mm. ‘Teeth worn with reprecipitation of dentine. Long bones: Right femur, 405 mm; left femur, 404 mm; right tibia, 345 mm; left tibia, 341 mm. Skeleton No. 41A.—F ragmentary long bones of another individual in the same grave with No. 41. Three of these bones are measurable as follows: Right humerus, 330 mm; right femur, 450 mm; left tibia, 387 mm. Skeleton No. 42—Adult male. Only the occipital and facial por- tion of the skull, parts of pectoral and pelvic regions, and a few long bones suitable for measurements. Skull: Nasal length, 51 mm; length of orbit, 37 mm; breadth of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 33 mm; bigonial breadth, 112 mm; bicondylar breadth, 126 mm; length of ramus, 56 mm; breadth of ramus, 35 mm. Long bones: Right femur, 483 mm; left femur, 475 mm; right tibia, 403 mm; left tibia, 399 mm; left fibula, 388 mm. Skeleton No. 438—Skull too badly disintegrated to be restored. Lower jaw in good condition. Pectoral and pelvic regions frag- mentary. Vertebrae fairly well preserved. Long bones in fair con- dition. Measurements: Bigonial breadth, 89 mm; _bicondylar breadth, 109 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm; breadth of ramus, 36 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 323 mm; left humerus, 323 mm; right ulna, 270 mm; left ulna, 269 mm; right radius, 248 mm; left radius, 250 mm; left femur, 454 mm; left tibia, 376 mm; right fibula, 364 mm. Skeleton No. 44.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 158 mm; maximum breadth, 165 mm; cephalic index, 104; glabella-inion length, 152 mm; height, 140 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 36 mm; breadth of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 31 mm; circumference, 515 mm; bigonial breadth, 100 mm; bicon- dylar breadth, 125 mm; length of ramus, 49 mm; breadth of ramus, 338 mm. Cusps not at all worn; two cavities. The cephalic index here reported may be a little too high, due to faulty reconstruction. Long bones: Right humerus, 226 mm; left humerus, 233 mm; right ulna, 276 mm; left ulna, 276 mm; right radius, 262 mm; left radius, 258 mm; right femur, 459 mm; left femur, 463 mm; right tibia, 390 mm; left tibia, 387 mm; right fibula, 371 mm. Skeleton No. 45.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 180 mm; maximum breadth, 146 mm; cephalic index, 81; glabella-inion length, 940 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 169 mm; height, 185 mm; nasal length, 42 mm; length of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of orbit, 38 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 30 mm; circumference, 505 mm; bigonial breadth, 115 mm; bicondylar breadth, 129 mm; length of ramus, 60 mm; breadth of ramus, 35 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 303 mm; right radius, 242 mm; right femur, 441 mm; right tibia, 363 mm. Bones of left side of skeleton not measurable. Skeleton No. 46—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 159 mm; maximum breadth, 175 mm; cephalic index, 110; glabella-inion length, 159 mm; nasal length, 56 mm; length of orbit, 34 mm; breadth of orbit, 89 mm; circumference, 510 mm; length of ramus, 55 mm; breadth of ramus, 31 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 320 mm; right ulna, 272 mm; left ulna, 273 mm; right radius, 259 mm; left radius, 254 mm; right femur, 438 mm; left femur, 435 mm; left tibia, 388 mm; right fibula, 8368 mm. Skeleton No. 48.—Fragmentary skeleton of a child about 6 years of age. All of the cartilaginous parts of the bones have disappeared and the epiphyses of all of the long bones are gone. Only the lower jaw is fitted for measurement. This shows a bigonial breadth of 84 mm; bicondylar breadth, 111 mm; length of ramus, 41 mm; minimum breadth of ramus, 25 mm. The first permanent molar is just erupting. Skeleton No. 49.—Adult female. Skull and other parts of the skeleton in excellent condition. Skull: Maximum length, 161 mm; maximum breadth, 156 mm; cephalic index, 96.7; glabella-inion length, 158 mm; height, 185 mm; nasal length, 49 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 836 mm; length of occipital foramen, 32 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 29 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 329 mm; circumference, 492 mm; bigonial breadth, 111 mm; bicondy- lar breadth, 125 mm; length of ramus, 56 mm; breadth of ramus, 33 mm. Teeth only slightly worn. Long bones: Right humerus, 320 mm; left humerus, 318 mm; right ulna, 264 mm; left ulna, 258 mm; right radius, 248 mm; left radius, 244 mm; left femur, 424 mm; right tibia, 867 mm; left tibia, 8366 mm; right fibula, 351 mm; left fibula, 353 mm. The averages for the measurements of 40 skeletons from Site No. 19 are as follows: Skulls: Cephalic index, 98.99; glabella-inion length, 154.60 mm; height, 187.05 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 334.35 mm; circumference, 497.66 mm; bigonial breadth, 107.25 mm; bicondylar breadth, 124.57 mm; length of ramus, 55.76 mm; breadth of ramus, 33.38 mm. Long bones: Right humerus, 312 mm; left humerus, 306.78 mm; right ulna, 262.9 mm; left ulna, 262.16 mm; right radius, 244.31 mm; left radius, 244.11 mm; right femur, 488 mm; left femur, 438 mm; FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN PA right tibia, 367.16 mm; left tibia, 366.6 mm; right fibula, 353.27 mm; left fibula, 356.9 mm. We believe that Site No. 19 is another site which should be con- sidered typical of the entire region because of the large number _of skeletons represented and the general excellence of the material. Even the distorted skulls which are so characteristic of this site are doubtless entirely typical of the population as a whole and represent a tribal custom in the matter of head binding. Srre No. 20 It has been pointed out in a previous section of this report that the burials in Site No. 20 were not in individual graves or separate interments but consisted of a large number of human bones thrown promiscuously into a single pit. This being the case, there is, of course, no possibility of associat- ing the bones or determining separate skeletons. Since, however, many of the skulls and a large number of the other bones are avail- able for measurements, they are here reported. The skulls are listed and described as follows: Skull No. 1—Adult male. Maximum length, 174 mm; maximum breadth, 141 mm; cephalic index, 81; glabella-inion length, 165 mm; height, 143 mm; nasal length, 52 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 36 mm; length of occipital foramen, 35 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 31 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 359 mm; circumference, 496 mm; bigonial breadth, 94 mm; length of ramus, 58 mm; breadth of ramus, 32 mm. Skull No. 2.—Adult male. Maximum length, 175 mm; maximum breadth, 139 mm; cephalic index, 80; glabella-inion length, 168 mm; nasal length, 55 mm; breadth of orbit, 40 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 365 mm; bigonial breadth, 106 mm; bicondylar breadth, 111 mm; length of ramus, 53 mm; breadth of ramus, 35 mm. The teeth are shghtly worn and show numerous cavities. Skull No. 3—Adult male. Maximum length, 175 mm; maximum breadth, 142 mm; cephalic index, 81; length of orbit, 36 mm; length of occipital foramen, 39 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 30 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 358 mm; circumference, 503 mm; bigonial breadth, 97 mm; bicondylar breadth, 118 mm; length of ramus, 55 mm; breadth of ramus, 31mm. Teeth only slightly worn. Skull No. 4.—Sex undetermined. Old individual. Bones en- tirely ossified. Maximum length, 202 mm; maximum breadth, 130 mm; cephalic index, 64.35; glabella-inion length, 182 mm; height, 157 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 29 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 421 mm; circumference, 514 154676—38——17 9A? BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 mm; bigonial breadth, 100 mm; length of ramus, 58 mm; breadth of ramus, 33 mm. ‘Teeth badly worn and decayed. This skull has the lowest cephalic index, not only of all of those of this site but of any in the entire basin, and is one of the three skulls from this site which are distinctly dolichocephalic. Skull No. 6—Adult female. Maximum length, 166 mm; maximum breadth, 141 mm; cephalic index, 84.9; glabella-inion length, 155 mm; height, 141 mm; nasal length, 47 mm; length of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 35 mm; length of occipital foramen, 34 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 28 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 344 mm; circum- ference, 487 mm; bigonial breadth, 98 mm; bicondylar breadth, 118 mm; length of ramus, 54 mm; breadth of ramus, 86 mm. Skull No. 6—Fragmentary. Sex and age undetermined. Maxi- mum length, 160 mm; glabella-inion length, 149 mm; height, 145 mm. No other measurements securable. Skull No. 7.—Adult female. Maximum length, 175 mm; maximum breadth, 184 mm; cephalic index, 76; glabella-inion length, 167 mm; nasal length, 48 mm; length of orbit, 82 mm; breadth of orbit, 35 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 361 mm. Skull No. 8—Adult male. Maximum length, 160 mm; maximum breadth, 150 mm; cephalic index, 938; glabella-inion length, 156 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 347 mm; circumference, 491 mm. Skull No. 9.—ULarge, heavy, well-ossified; probably an adult male, but in bad condition. The only accurate measurements which can be given are those of 158 mm for maximum length and 149 mm for glabella-inion length. | Skull No. 10.—Adult male. Maximum length, 169 mm; maximum breadth, 151 mm; cephalic index, 89; glabella-inion length, 159 mm; height, 145 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 32 mm. No other measurements possible. Skull No. 12.—Adult female. Maximum length, 153 mm; maxi- mum breadth, 141 mm; cephalic index, 92; glabella-inion length, 145 mm; nasal length, 52 mm; length of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 835 mm; bigonial breadth, 95 mm; length of ramus, 54 mm; breadth of ramus, 85mm. Teeth slightly worn. Skull No. 13—Adult male. Maximum length, 200 mm; maximum breadth, 184 mm; cephalic index, 67; glabella-inion length, 179 mm; height, 151 mm; nasal length, 51 mm; length of orbit, 33 mm; breadth of orbit, 39 mm; length of occipital foramen, 88 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 30 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 420 mm; circum- ference, 528 mm; bigonial breadth, 102 mm; bicondylar breadth, 129 mm; length of ramus, 60 mm; breadth of ramus, 34 mm. The teeth are not only badly worn but show on the upper jaw a heavy sclerotic hyperostosis. FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 943 This is another of the dolichocephalic skulls from Site No. 20 and while it does not have the lowest cephalic index it is actually the longest of any of the skulls from the entire region (pl. 139, a). Skull No. 14.—Adult female. Maximum length, 181 mm; maxi- mum breadth, 133 mm; cephalic index, 72.4; glabella-inion length, 168 mm; height, 143 mm; nasal length, 51 mm; length of orbit, 36 mm; breadth of orbit, 35 mm; bigonial breadth, 98 mm; bicondylar breadth, 119 mm; length of ramus, 57 mm; breadth of ramus, 31 mm. The teeth are slightly worn. This skull shows undoubted evidence of burning, but whether or not this represents accidental charring after burial it is impossible to determine. It is distinctly dolicho- cephalic (pl. 140, a). It will be noted that only in a few cases was it possible to positively associate the lower jaws with the skulls to which they belonged. Seven odd mandibles which were suitable for measurement are there- fore reported separately as follows: No Bigonial Bicondylar Length of Breadth of : breadth breadth ramus ramus ——— Es ___________"! ee le i ee Peet a ee 84 111 37 29 eee ee MO See 95 114 49 29 Vole ao ee nan 97 117 50 30 ee a 101 128 53 33 peer eemee SNe Oo oe 104 133 59 34 le Le ee ee ae POG lee a a a 61 36 Since the skeletal material from Site No. 20 was in entire disarray, the bones being found in the pit in the utmost confusion, it is impos- sible to determine the relationship of the long bones either with each other or with the other bones of the skeleton. Consequently they can be reported only as separate bones. The various long bones which were suitable for measurements gave the following lengths in millimeters when arranged in order of lengths: Right femora : 427; 431; 434; 440; 441; 441; 480. Left femora: 380; 409; 415; 426; 4382; 437; 488; 442; 457. Right tibiae: 3385; 342; 353; 358; 366; 382. Left tibiae: 320; 320; 335; 350; 385; 386. Right fibulae: 349; 369. Left fibulae: 380; 342; 385. Right humeri: 273; 291; 306; 309; 337. Left humeri: 270; 289; 301; 309; 314; 314. Right ulnae: 172; 225; 244; 252; 280. Left ulnae: 225; 243; 252; 253; 254; 260. Right radii: 115; 208; 228; 238; 240; 248; 258; 255. Left radii: 114; 214; 288; 238; 263. DAA BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 The anthropometry of Site No. 20 certainly suggests that here we are dealing with an intrusive group when the osteological measure- ments are compared with those from the other sites in the region. The bones are shorter, heavier, showing more indication of muscula- ture, and the individuals were probably shorter in stature. Most significant, however, is the great contrast in craniology. The skulls from all of the other sites are distinctly brachycephalic with many evidences of artificial deformation; three of the skulls from Site No. 20 are definitely dolichocephalic, the average cephalic index is 79.99, while the mean cephalic index is 76, which throws the entire group barely into the mesocephalic division. When in addition to this osteological evidence we take into consideration the type of burial, we would suspect that the skeletons of Site No. 20 represent a group of invaders, possibly killed in battle, and their bodies thrown un- ceremoniously into a pit. This is of course a mere conjecture, but the fact remains that the material from Site No. 20 does not conform in osteometry, in location, nor in the method of burial with that of the other sites in the area. Srre No. 22 Only one skeleton from Site No. 22 was in good enough condition to be studied and measured. This skeleton is reported as follows: Skeleton No, 17.—Adult male. Skull: Maximum length, 171 mm; maximum breadth, 157 mm; cephalic index, 91; glabella-inion length, 160 mm; height, 140 mm; nasal length, 50 mm; length of orbit, 35 mm; breadth of orbit, 37 mm; length of occipital foramen, 32 mm; breadth of occipital foramen, 30 mm; sagittal-cranial arc, 341 mm; circumference, 520 mm; bigonial breadth, 110 mm; _ bicondylar breadth, 131 mm; length of ramus, 58 mm; breadth of ramus, 34 mm. The teeth are well worn. Long bones: Right humerus, 317 mm; left humerus, 318 mm; left radius, 244 mm; right femur, 453 mm; left femur, 454 mm; left tibia, 378 mm. In attempting to make a summary of the data furnished by the skeletal material from the Norris Basin we have had two prime objects in view: (1) To attempt to construct an anthropometric pic- ture of the group of aborigines which inhabited this region, and (2) to compare this group with other groups found elsewhere in the Mississippi Valley. To accomplish these two objects it is necessary to make a brief tabulation of the more important of the measurements which enter into consideration. In making this tabulation we have omitted the data from Site No. 20, since, as we have stated, this seems to repre- sent intrusive material. Also, we have followed the usual anthro- FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAKHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN QA5 pometric practice of considering only the measurements of adult males. Considering first the skulls, of which 23 were measured, we have the following summary: SKULLS Length: Millimeters | Glabella-inion length.—Con. Millimeters Merny oe 194 SIV ea Yat 0S 2 158 METHIMTUNA= s2 =~ 147 AV erage. 5. SS a Ue 160 ORS iae ye ut oo on FU I 165 Height: AMOTH ECs 166. 82 Maxaman 155 Breadth: Minima, £2.72 225.2 Nee 125 S005 | (1 175 35 [SYS 7 Re a eae tee ie 140 VMI TOTINIET Se 1385 AW CGHEC. -222)5.. 2.. e 140 QE) 0 a 156 Sagittal-cranial arc: AW OR ASO 22522 eee 154. 36 Tht ip) ee ee eS EAN AD 373 Cephalie index: VT TAIN os es ot 329 NMamcnquim 2 s 116. 3 MGA 28 4). Se 341 i i a 17 ASOT A Cees ee 349. 73 Reber sco SEE 92 Circumference : Peyerarceu reel) ie eye ee 92.5 IMascimium 2258 35! td obi a eae 530 Glabella-inion length: JUD TQUE CCR DU 0) eee eee Se Scene 480 1ST OT 0000 100 er 175 Il (CES? 1 cee ee ee en 510 NATTA) er 145 NVCUAC Ee a eae oe 507. 64 In addition to the data shown in the above summary, it may be noted that the skulls are in general asymmetrical, rather thin walled, show a rather sloping or flattened frontal region, a low cranial arch, and in most cases an occipital flattening. The cheek bones are high and far apart. The bicondylar breadth is great as compared to the bigonial breadth and to the length of the ramus. The eye sockets are uniformly wider than high and in many cases more or less rec- tangular. The above data were secured from enough specimens to insure, we believe, a representative set of means and of averages. Corresponding data for the lower jaws of 28 adult males may be tabulated as follows: LOWER MAXILLARY Bigonial breadth: Millimeters | Length of ramus: Millimeters Waa iis 118 7 Coie 0 0110 5 01 eet ee 63 Pinan: See 94. OY ETSI 0 6110 0 60 Deen ae ac SI 47 STD eee sepia eee 111 Wie iis stern eee ee eee 57 memeraeern tess) 109.8 Averdgée 22. SUNS wee 56. 86 Bicondylar breadth: Breadth of ramus: Maximum 22852 koe 140 IG a ciN TNH 00 en eee a 39 Manimum 2. 2-5. 110 DOE Ts 001109 01 ee ence 29 1S a 125 TLCS No a a 34 PAG BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 118 The data for the long bones, tabulated as usual from the measure- ments of 24 undoubted adult males, are as follows: Humerus: Millimeters | Femur : Millimeters Maxima tees Fie 3438 Maximum 2225 fe ee aeeae tt 492 Mintmiom-S 282 2 ee eS 277 Minimum 22_ oS.» aaa 418 10 7? | | a a oA ac 321 MG@an. noe | 450 Acme ra eG 30) Sie coral ata bed 319. 45 Average +o. 13 454. 15 Ulna: Tibia : Maxamont 7 Wf aa Maximum —. ae 411 rine tna ee ee ees 228 Minimum —_— 2 =.) ase 328 Merrit) SEOUL Otte el 267 Mean 20002 2 ee 376 Averages 2 bc omc eee 264, 64 Averagew-_ +... =| 2 eee 371. 93 Radius: Fibula: Maximum) s+ 2. eee 265 Maximum __._._.__._ ae 388 Minimum —.— 2484. fn ee 212 Minimum "eee 311 Mien ie TP eee 245 Mean 2: .__2 eee 362 Awerd celui sf lh 2k J igen. 247.17 Average... eee 359. 48 Some of the facts brought out in the preceding report on skeletal measurements are worthy of special comment. It is interesting to note, for example, the very close agreement between means and aver- ages, especially in those cases representing hundreds of measurements. It is interesting, again, to note how uniformly the measurements of the long bones on the left side of the skeleton are greater than the cor- responding bones on the right side. ‘The long bones are fairly light, symmetrical, and indicate a rather weak musculature. Unfortunately there was not a single fully extended burial in the entire Norris Basin, and therefore there were no measurements of skeletal lengths obtainable from the graves. Using the usual methods of determining stature from the lengths of the long bones we find that the average individual was probably a little over 1,700 millimeters in height, which would throw this group of aborigines into the an- thropological division designated as “above average” in stature. On the basis of the above figures it is possible to reconstruct, in a fairly satisfactory manner, a picture of the appearance of the indi- vidual in the fiesh. He was probably a little above medium height, rather slightly but gracefully built, not heavy, and inclined to use his right hand rather than his left. He had a brachycephalic or mesocephalic skull, somewhat deformed because of the binding of his head as an infant. He was broad-faced, wide-eyed, with high cheek bones and a sloping forehead. He had bad teeth, was susceptible to pyorrhea, and often subject to rheumatism or arthritis. The women were smaller in stature, lighter boned, but otherwise with the same skeletal characters. The above characterization does not, of course, apply to the indi- viduals represented in Site No. 20, since, as we have previously stated, FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 247 the skeletal material from this site does not conform at all with that from the other sites. This is easily seen if the mean measurements of some of the important bones are tabulated in parallel columns. Such a tabulation shows the following contrasts: Site No. 20 Other sites Skull: Millimeters | Millimeters Prasamaimoreng@t ns foe A ee 174 165 Trot aMLCAG GM) 2 oi Ae ee oh ee ee ees 141 156 CELE LSE OSS eS, 2 SA SR IG a Ona ASS SS sta a tee a eT 149 140 Memmatewmaex 2d eek ae a ee 76 92 Long bones: = STUDS, EEE SIS: 5, “Relate Ae ERAGE OREM Seay aE Ra Gi eae 304 321 OE ER ORES Sig Aer ee eS ee 248 267 ets Fe i eh a et lhe ats 238 249 Seance oe ame | oe Oe ee ete 436 450 ermine ee CNL I ie tee ON i en ah 344 376 CET 1 SNES, Na enn a eves NCE NE a ee ee ent ad 342 362 The above comparison certainly indicates that the individuals from Site No. 20 were distinctly dolichocephalic in character with a long narrow head with a high dome; these skulls also showed no artificial deformation. The skulls from the other sites agree in being brachycephalic with a low dome and with generally both frontal and occipital flattening. The long bones show that the individuals from Site No. 20 were low in stature, the probable average height being not over 1,600 milli- meters, the anthropological group of “below medium” in stature. It has been pointed out that the individuals from other sites, as indi- cated by the above measurements, were above average in height. Another comparison which we believe to be of interest is that of the Norris Basin material with prehistoric skeletons from other parts of the Mississippi Valley. The writer has had the opportunity to study and measure many hundreds of skeletons, mostly from Kentucky, and the greater part of this material belongs to a group which we have called “pre- Algonquin” and which certainly represents a group of Algonquian stock. Careful records have been kept over a considerable period of years of the anthropometry of this material, so that we have a series of measurements which are so extensive that we believe the averages and means are reliable. It has been interesting to compare these records of Kentucky material with the data from Tennessee. In making this comparison the means rather than averages are used, since we believe that while in most cases there is practically no dif- ference, the mean is somewhat more reliable, since it is less influenced by an occasional fluctuating variation. YAS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 A tabulation of the more significant mean measurements of the two groups is as follows: Norris Basin | «. ieee Skull: Millimeters | Méillimeters Maximum: lenothe 3.08 se Ee Re 165 Maximum readtlis. 325 52) tes a ee oe 156 141 Glabellasintonvieneth ree ft = 2 ees 158 165 SIC ed ob rehss ek Sn Crem Nes) eee ae Cee ae Jen 140 148 Sagittal-eranial are... 8 BAI Fe ee 341 . 846 Cire uiMmlGrenGe =e). 2c pa. eae =, pa a gt eee 510 488 Cephalichndex: O20. Ng re ee ee 92 86 Long bones: URTV SPATS pe eects Se 321 323 \GS5 cee Se) 5 nn: OAPI GL AL | eee Seeeeae Sve eS Ae eae 267 256 PERE CUTUIS 2 SOR ee pia Ay asa igi ag Mes eet Ag pe ae 249 250 SS COG oh SS | 6 YR ea hr Sa ey SoM Rs My 2 450 436 AUST VE YS Et NSE ok ooh eeu a 9 Sr 1) A aes 376 362 Oe UBL i oa) GR SRY NR Oy eR eS ORM yb re AML oS an 2s 362 350 It will be seen at once from the above that the two groups agree very closely indeed in all osteological measurements. The Tennes- see group is more brachycephalic but this may be easily due to the deformation of the skull which seems to have been practiced more generally in the Tennessee area than in the various Kentucky regions from which material was obtained. The Tennessee skulls are slightly larger and have a lower dome. In the other parts of the skeleton the mean differences are so slight as to be negligible. The Ken- tucky groups seem to show a somewhat shorter leg and the stature was doubtless lower, but an attempt to draw distinctions between other measurements would be pedantic. In addition to the close agreement in actual measurements, the bones of the two groups are entirely similar in general contour, musculature, and other features. We are of the opinion that the aborigines who inhabited the Norris Basin are of the same stock and probably closely related to the groups which are found farther north and west in the Mississippi Valley. It is interesting to note, also, that the material from Site No. 20 agrees very closely with material found in Kentucky, which has been tentatively determined Iroquoian. There is considerable evi- dence to show the presence of dolichocephalism in certain Iroquoian groups and it may be that the long-headed individuals from Site No. 20 represent such a group and that the suspected “invasion” which we have conjectured was an Iroquoian invasion. PaTHOLOGY The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. C. N. Kavanaugh, Dr. E. S. Maxwell, and Dr. J. B. Juett, all of Lexington, Ky., for their diag- noses of various pathological conditions presented in this report. FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 249 In general the bone pathology is much the same as that which has often been reported from other sites in the Mississippi Valley. Various types of lesions which might represent one or more of a number of different diseases are common and it is seldom possible to make a positive diagnosis, but a few can probably be definitely diagnosed. The individual skeleton showing the largest amount of pathology was doubtless the old man represented by Burial No. 4 in Site No. 19. This skeleton showed a complete fusion of the lumbar vertebrae in all of the joints and the same conditicn was shown in the right wrist, where several of the carpal bones are fused and the head of the third metacarpal is fused with the carpals (pl. 141). The same skeleton showed complete destruction of the left femur with some prolifera- tion on the denuded surface and marked bony destruction of the left acetabulum with late bony proliferation (pl. 148, 5). The same indi- vidual had a hypertrophic arthritis of the spine, atrophic changes in the shaft of the left femur, extensive periostitis involving the upper portions of the occipital bone and the mesal and posterior por- tions of both parietal bones, together with a considerable amount of dental pathology, which was noted in the discussion of this burial in a preceding section of this report. Burial No. 2 of Site No. 5 showed proliferative periostitis of both tibiae and fibulae as represented in plate 142. The condition of the fibulae as compared with normal bones is shown in plate 148, a. The same figure shows the radii of the skeleton from Burial No. 8, Site No. 19, one of which shows a healed fracture with displace- ment at the proximal end. This skeleton also showed hypertrophic arthritis of the spine. An interesting and rather peculiar lesion was found on the right femur of the skeleton in Burial No. 14, Site No. 19. This is shown in plate 145. In this bone there are evidences of three old sinuses and the entire distal half of the bone is greatly enlarged, much roughened, and covered by dense bone. The cause of this condition is conjectural. The left femur of the same skeleton is entirely normal. A posterior view of the pair is shown in plate 144. In Skull No. 14 of Site No. 20 the occipital region is badly burned, but whether the burning took place before or after death can not be determined. The same skull, which is shown in plate 140, a, shows old healed osteomyelitis of the frontal bone with five distinct pits and several smaller depressions. A most interesting example of the healing of a broken bone is shown in a femur from Burial No. 15 of Site No. 22. Here can be seen a healed comminuted fracture with massive callous formation with a cleft from which a sequestrum has disappeared. The result of this 250 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 healing must, of course, have resulted in a great shortening of the leg (pl. 140, ¢). An example of Paget’s disease of the bone was found in a skull fragment from Site No. 20. The fragment showed clearly the mas- sive thickening and great density which is characteristic of that dis- ease (pl. 140, d). Frequent examples of hypertrophic arthritis were found in the miscellaneous vertebrae from Site No. 20. It will be recalled that in the burials in this site the bones were not in anatomical order but had been thrown promiscuously into a pit in great confusion so that individual skeletons were not determinable. Many of the vertebrae were fused and many showed extensive lipping on the cephalic and caudal anterior edges and heavy deposits on the anterior surfaces. Other pathological conditions encountered are those which have been commonly reported from many prehistoric sites and do not warrant special mention. Various types of osteomyelitis and periosti- tis are frequently noted and are interesting only in that they indicate that pre-Columbian man was subject to many of the same diseases found in civilized man today, and it may be assumed that these osteo- logical conditions were due to the same causes—trauma, pyrogenic infection, tuberculosis, and perhaps even syphilis. Asymmetry is common, but so far as we can discover has no patho- logical cause, even though the deformity is often so great that it must have given the individual a most peculiar appearance. Such an exam- ple is shown in the norma verticalis of the skull from Burial No. 5 of Site No. 19 (pl. 146, a). DENTAL PATHOLOGY The results of the study of the dental pathology of the Norris Basin material agree entirely with the results of similar studies which have been made on other groups of aborigines in the Mississippi Valley. The teeth are, in general, in bad condition, worse than those of the average civilized man of today. In spite of the common notion to the contrary, it is evident that these primitive people had as many and as varied troubles with their teeth as do the civilized races. Pathological conditions in the teeth are extremely common and repre- sent most of the diseases and malformations found in modern man. By far the most noticeable condition is the great abrasion shown in practically all of the teeth of adults. By the time the individual had reached middle life the teeth had become so worn that the cusps had often entirely disappeared and the enamel lost from the whole surface. Irregular occlusion is very common. The usual type seems to be a projection of the lower mandible so that the inner surface of the lower and the outer surface of the incisors are much worn. RUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULEETRIN 118) PEATE 137 a. Infant skull showing erupting molars and distinct notching. Site No. 15, Burial No. 6B. b. Malposed bicuspids, norma basilaris. Site No. 19, Burial No. 5. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEE RIN 118° PEARESITSE a. An asymmetrical skull. Site No. 19, Burial No. 4. 6. Extreme brachycephalism. Site No. 19, Burial No. 21. GON [Bling “Té ON [el ‘61 ON O11 “sUlle17 ey [vJoLIed puv [equOIy “9 ‘6. ‘ON 9219 ‘SI[B1078] BULIOU ‘BayTIOAd JO ssvo Vy “q "eT ‘ON [1049 ‘02 “ON 2219 “[[NyS o1[eydesoyorfop y “np 6E€l ALVId 8tl NILATING ADOTONHLA NVOIYAWY AO Nvsayna BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 140 a. A partly burned skull. Site No. 20. Skull No. 14. b. Paget’s disease of the bone. Site No. 20. Compared with normal skull fragment. c. Healed fracture with sequestrum cleft. Site No. 22, Burial No. 15. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 141 Fused vertebrae and carpals. Site No. 19, Burial No. 4. Normal arm and hand on right. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 142 Proliferative periostitis of tibiae and fibulae. Site No. 5, Burial No. 2. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULBETINATS PEATE TAs a. Proliferative periostitis of fibulae. Site No. 5, Burial No. 2. Healed fracture of radius. Site No. 19, Burial No. 8. 6. Bone destruction in the hip joint. Site No. 19, Burial No. 4. Normal femur and hip on the left. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 144 Normal and diseased femora. Site No. 19, Burial No. 14. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 145 Femur with enlarged distal end, lateral view. Site No. 19, Burial No. 14. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 118 PLATE 146 a. Norma verticalis of asymmetrical skull. Site No. 19, Burial No. 5. 6. Sclerotic hyperostosis, norma frontalis. Site No. 20, Skull No. 13. FUNKHOUSER] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 251 Supernumeraries are occasionally seen, usually in the upper jaw. Various types of pyorrhea are found. The commonest form appears to be an alveolar periodontoclasia usually seen at the bases of the incisors and canines. A case of pyorrhea is shown in plate 139, 6. Many of the skulls show impacted third molars, generally in the lower jaw. This fact certainly does not bear out the theory often advanced in modern dentistry that this condition, as well as some other types of dental pathology, is due to modern methods of cooking foods and to the mixing of races. Certainly the aboriginal Amerinds did not have modern foods nor modern methods of cooking, and the mixing of races, at least from the standpoint of the ethnological classi- fication of races, had not taken place. Three of the seals from Site No. 19 had malposed bicuspids. The norma basalis of one of these skulls, from Burial No. 5 of this site, is shown in plate 137, 6. This skull also had an abscess penetrating into the sinus on the upper right second molar. Caries of almost every conceivable size, shape, and condition are common. Often these cavities are associated with pyorrhea pockets, particularly on the upper molars, Premolars and molars often show serumnal or salivary calculae in which, in addition to the breaking down of the bony edge of the mandible, a considerable calcareous deposit has accumulated in the region of the gum line. One such case, in which the sclerotic hyper- ostosis is so abundant that it forms great’ knobs projecting from the edge of the maxilla, is shown in plate 146, 6. This is a photograph of Skull No. 13 from Site No. 20 and shows in addition to the dental condition the broad and high malar region so characteristic of these skulls and the wide and subrectangular eye sockets. A rather peculiar tooth condition is observed in the case of the skull of a child reported in Burial 6B from Site No. 15. In this skull the upper incisors show a distinct notching, with distinct per- pendicular ridges on the anterior surfaces. This may not be patho- logical, but is apparently anomalous. This is shown in plate 187, a. . ta. of | r? + -| ry : 4 iJ “a lit ie f “cr : asf we “ nd =. a ba 7 7% $ i 4 S | f fy" ’ j me eS < : , oe aa ys } 4 i ‘ {i ; ct ; » ca f ote ¢ y oe aad. SE ‘ - ¢ ] at « : , 1) -_ 7% af 7 Lh - ‘y Birt oy an wa A atts = ti ' Ld ¥ i i wo ‘> 2 s te) 0 a dedeetee:? Yeti Ft a1 a Hoe a4 ie cue sign a eo r ' Me teary Hat aes ‘ih $ <: ae? ee ime fev f ’ ») CTEds nett bE | . ' 29 +" 1 . r 4 iy here ey d . : Ft Pads Whe lat ‘ o" Z 4 ‘ : w) aos j : BRED t Hii b ate » re Y ae ~; uy ( P ¢ F > THE CERAMIC REMAINS FROM NORRIS BASIN, TENNESSEE By Jamezs B. Grirrin Ceramic Repository, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan INTRODUCTION The pottery discussed in this report was obtained from 10 of the sites excavated in the Norris Basin. When the field work was com- pleted in June 1934 a representative series of sherds from these 10 sites was selected and shipped to the Ceramic Repository for study. It was not until the main portion of this report was completed that the writer knew the geographical or cultural relationships of these sites. In other words, the pottery analysis and comparison was con- ducted without any knowledge of the other material found at the sites, As has been explained in the main body of the report on the exca- vation of the Norris Basin sites, a complete examination of none of the valley sites was possible. At some of the places it was only feasible to dig the mound areas and at others only the village site or limited portions of it. Furthermore, the burial grounds, which might have contained considerable ceramic material, were in most instances not discovered. The manner in which the domiciliary mounds were constructed and their long period of cultivation has made it prac- tically impossible to recognize any change in pottery type at any given site. The pottery itself gives no clue that any such shift in ceramic styles occurred at any of the sites discussed, except in a few rare instances, and these might better be explained by some other hypothesis. For the above reasons I have not deemed it advisable to rely very heavily on a statistical comparison of the various pottery types found at the different sites. Had a larger proportion .of each site been explored, and if all of the ceramic material had been available for study, such a procedure would have been much more valuable. In spite of these difficulties, this study of the Norris Basin pottery has been made possible because a representative sample of the total ceramic complex at each site was available. The number of the sherds analyzed from each site and the fact that the sites are from a limited, hitherto relatively unknown, area enables the report to 203 254 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 fill a gap in the archaeological history of the southeast. I have entered into considerable detail in order to present a method by which the pottery determinants at a given site can be ascertained, and the various sites compared on the basis of the ceramic complex. Before the material was laid out for study it was washed and cataloged by sites and according to the location within the site. Due to pressure of other duties and because it was desirable to prepare this report for publication at the earliest possible date, the rim sherds, handles, and other significant pottery fragments were sorted out from the mass of body sherds. All of the rim sherds or other significant sherds from a given site were spread out on a large table, and the various pottery types were grouped together. Since a preliminary study indicated that there were no cultural differences of great import within any of the sites, the pottery from each site was studied as a unit. The basis upon which the division of types was made was simply that those sherds that looked alike were placed together. The characteristics which were most noticeable and valu- able in sorting were the type of surface finish and the shape of the rim. The salt pans and bowls are easily recognizable and practically all of the remaining vessels were variants of jars. The rim sherds representing jars were grouped together without regard to size or very minor differences in rim shape. Following the selection of the types of vessels present at a site, the sherds of each type were arranged on the table, numbered, and a chart was prepared which would show the major characteristics of each sherd. The type of chart utilized enables one to obtain not only the total number of sherds with a certain kind of surface finish and with a certain rim shape, but it also allows correlation of the various characteristics of the sherds. One can readily recognize any signifi- cant relationship between the degree of flare of the rim and the shape of the lip, or between the type of surface finish and the hard- ness. The cross-section drawings and the illustrations of the pot- tery from the study collection bear the number of the sherd and the number of the chart where the sherd is described. In this way it is possible to obtain a fairly satisfactory idea as to the physical make- up of a good number of the significant sherds. I have followed the archaeologist’s custom of using the word “tempering” to indicate the material consciously added to the clay and water by the potter in order to insure it to some degree against the stress and strain due to drying and firing. Occasionally the word “aplastic” has been used to relieve the monotony of the repeti- tion of the term “tempering.” The hardness was calculated accord- ing to the method recommended by B. March.’. The area tested was 1 March, B., Standards of Pottery Description, 1934. GRIFFIN } ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 255 usually the outer rim. My opinion of the texture of sherds was obtained by an examination of the cross section and comprises the texture of the paste itself and the size and amount of the tempering material. It is to be hoped that a more objective means of deter- mining texture will be available in the future. The shape of the rim was determined by the rim itself and not by the angle at which the rim is attached to the body of the vessel. I have considered the rim to be that portion of the vessel adjacent to the lip and the area modifying the oral aperture. On the bowls and salt pans it would be difficult to identify the rim if the lip were not present. On the majority of the jars a clearly defined neck was not present and the rim has usually been considered to be that portion of the vessel above the maximum constriction of the body. The lip has been considered as the area marking the meeting place of the inner and outer surfaces of the vessel. A rounded lip is one which is gently rounded with no perceptible lessening of the width of the rim as the lip is approached. When the width of the lip was noticeably less than that of the rim, but was rounded, the lip was spoken of as being narrowed and rounded. A noticeable flattening of the lip surface without sharp edges is called flattened and rounded. I am indebted to Professor Webb for his never-failing helpfulness and courtesy. I have benefited from the experience and advice of Mr. Horace Miner of the Department of Anthropology of the Uni- versity of Chicago, and Mr. Volney H. Jones, of this museum, in my study of the textile fabrics represented on the salt pans. I have followed Mr. Miner’s classification of weaves as set forth in his master’s thesis. I would also like particularly to express my ap- preciation to Dr. Carl E. Guthe for his suggestions and guidance. The pottery from the Norris Basin that is now in the Ceramic Re- pository can be roughly divided into two major divisions. Two of the sites can immediately be set off as distinct from the rest. These two sites are listed as caves and the pottery from them could not be confused with that coming from the sites located in the valley flats. While the pottery complexes from these two sites are similar they are not identical. ‘There are a number of characteristics that they have in common but there are also differences which may be more sig- nificant when more material of the same general character is subjected to this type of analysis. I shall deal with each site separately, then discuss them together, and finally compare this pottery with analo- gous finds. Site No. 3 There are 155 sherds from Site No. 3. They are divided into four major groups, the division being primarily based on differences in 256 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 surface finish. There were very few rim sherds present, and for that reason the analysis had to be based on body sherds. The tempering material in every case was grit or crushed rock. In the majority of the sherds this consisted of limestone. Upon examining the limestone pieces in the pottery it was noticed that in some sherds very small shells were present and these shells were tentatively identified by Dr. G. M. Ehlers? as being Zygospira sp. (?) from Ordovician limestone. Other rocks that were broken up to be used as tempering material were slates and crystalline rocks. The first type at this site is tooled or malleated on the exterior sur- face with a cord-wrapped paddle. See Chart I and plate 13, a, the sherd in the upper right-hand corner. This group has the highest percentage of grit material other than limestone, as only 6 out of 21 sherds have limestone used as tempering material. The surface hard- ness ranges from 2 to 4, with the majority of the sherds having a hard- ness of 2.5. The texture of this group is predominantly medium to medium coarse. Approximately one-third of the volume of the paste is made up of the tempering material. Discoloration of the exterior or interior surfaces occurs on about one-third of the sherds. The predominant exterior colors are brownish gray, gray, and grayish tan. It is very difficult to accurately identify the predominant color of a group of sherds, or even of one sherd, when there is such a great vari- ation as appears on the pottery of eastern United States. However, an approximation can be given. On many of the sherds there is a noticeable line of demarcation between the less completely fired in- terior paste and the outer and inner surfaces. The distinguishing character of this group is the cord-wrapped paddling on the exterior surface. These markings are usually paral- Jel to each other and usually at right angles to the lip of the vessel. On vessels of this type the markings become less perpendicular as the base is approached. In that area there is apt to be considerable cross stroking and consequently a lack of definiteness in many of the im- pressions. The cords all appear to be of the close-rope variety and are close together. There is little or no evidence of smoothing sub- sequent to the malleating. There are only three small rim pieces belonging to this type in the Ceramic Repository. They are straight and have the cord-wrapped paddling continuing up to the lip. One of these has cord markings on the lip but none of the sherds have cord markings on the interior surface. The lips are somewhat flattened and slightly narrower than the rim immediately below the lip. The interior surfaces have been smoothed and usually very fine parallel, horizontal striations can be seen. 2 Curator of Paleezoic Invertebrates, Museum of Paieontology, University of Michigan. crirmIN] ©§ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 257 The thickness of the body pieces ranges from 0.5 cm to 1.1 cm, with the usual width being 0.6 cm to 0.8 cm. Sherd No. 3 on Chart I belonged to a vessel with an estimated diameter of 8 inches at the lip. The second distinct group at Site No. 3 bears the impression on the outer surface of a paddle which had been carved into small squares or rectangles. This was the largest single type of Site No. 3 which offers a strong contrast to the scarcity of the same type at Site No. 12. The analysis of this group is given in Chart II and representative sherds are illustrated in plate 18, a (the sherd in the upper left-hand corner, sherds 3 and 4 in the second row, 1 and 3 in the third row, and the first sherd in the bottom row). By far the majority of the sherds in this group were of lime- stone temper; only 7 out of 55 contained other types of grit. The texture is not as coarse asin Type I. The individual pieces of temper ure usually smaller and a higher percentage of the volume of the paste (in some sherds at least 50 percent) consists of the added aplastic. The sherds range in hardness from 2~2.5 to 4, and while the majority are 2.5 there are 22 above that mark, and of these 9 have a hardness of 3. The color of the exterior surfaces is usually one or more varieties of neutral grays and browns. There was pronounced smoke blackening on 38, or almost 70 percent of the interior sur- faces of the sherds, while the same kind of discoloration occurred on only eight of the exterior surfaces. The paste between the ex- terior and interior walls is almost black in color and offers a strong contrast to some of the exterior surfaces, having a light tan color. The size of the squares or rectangles impressed into the surface vary not only from sherd to sherd, but even the same sherd will have impressions of different size. This, however, would be expected, since it would be almost impossible to carve a wooden paddle so that all of the squares would be exactly alike. They vary in size from 0.3 cm to 0.5 cm square, or 0.25 cm by 0.85 cm to 0.5 by 1.1 cm rectangle. The most common size square is 0.35 cm., and the most common rectangle 0.4 cm by 0.7 cm. The exterior surfaces appear to have been smoothed before the application of the grilled paddle. These surfaces are not now as distinct as they once were, but I am unable to decide whether this is due to smoothing before firing, to actual use, or to immersion in the soil. The interior surfaces are smoothed but have a rougher finish than is present on the exterior, and there also are more tempering particles that can be seen on the interior surface. The sherds range in thickness from 0.4 cm to 0.9 cm, with the most common thickness being between 0.5 cm and 0.7 cm. Asa group they are thinner than Type I. Figure 73 is a reconstruction 154676—38——18 258 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 of the probable shape of this type of vessel. Sherd No. 20 on Chart II has an estimated diameter at the lip of 10 inches and Sherd No. 45 on the same chart has an estimated diameter of 8.5 inches at the base of the rim. = =o —_ = FieurE 73.—Restoration of stamped pottery vessel. The distinguishing characteristic of the third group is the textile impression on the outer surface. Two-thirds of the sherds have limestone temper. The majority of the sherds with fine grit temper, or with grit temper other than limestone, are of the wide-warp variety. The texture of the sherds is about equally divided between medium and medium coarse, with only three being coarse. Those GRIBFIN | ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 959 sherds that have the fine texture are also distinct because of their wider warp and coarse gritty surface. The hardness of the sherds . varies from 2-2.5 to 4. Over 60 percent of the sherds have a hardness of 2.5, while 35 percent are above that figure. As a group they are not quite as hard as Type II but harder than Type I. The interior surfaces show smoke discoloration on a little more than half of the sherds, while the exterior is blackened on only one-fourth of the pieces. The surface colors range from black through neutral grays to grayish tans and a reddish brown. This latter color occurs on the first four sherds. While the textile impression on all of these sherds is of the same general type, some of them, notably the first eight in Chart III, typical examples of which are shown in plate 13, a, row 2, No. 1, and row 4, No. 8, have a wider warp than is present in the other pieces. The majority, however, have the appearance of those shown in plate 13, a, row 2, No. 5, and row 4, No. 2. The impressions on most of the sherds in the Ceramic Repository have been somewhat smoothed so that it has been difficult to get a clear positive of the fabric which made the impressions. The type of basketry that is represented on these sherds seems to be plain plaited weaving, with a close weft. In most of the sherds the warp threads are completely hidden and in none of them can the exact character of the warp be determined. The warp varies from 0.8 cm to 1 cm in width, with five warp strands being 4 cm in width in the best example. On the same sherd five weft threads were 2 cm in width. The finer impres- sions have a measurement of 2.1 cm for five warp threads and but 0.7 cm for five weft threads. The sherds range in thickness from 0.5 cm to 1.3 cm, with the majority of the sherds being between 0.6 and 0.9 cm. The sherds making up the last group, Chart IV, were in the main those that did not rather obviously fall within the first three. They consist of three sherds with a striated surface as though they had been brushed (see the lower right-hand corner of pl. 13, a) and the rest have fairly smooth surfaces. In a number of cases it was pos- sible to identify the type of surface finish before the sherd had be- come smoothed. Hardness again ranges from 2-2.5 to 4, with a little over 50 percent of the sherds having a hardness of 2.5 and about 30 percent having a hardness of 2-2.5. Only 4 out of the 39 sherds had other than limestone temper. The texture was pre- dominantly medium with the next largest group being medium coarse. In most of the sherds the amount of temper and clay is about equal. Twenty-three of the sherds have smoke-blackened interiors and 10 have the same discoloration on the exterior. The exterior surface coloration on this group corresponds to that noted for the first three groups, 260 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 As will be noted in Chart IV, the first six sherds are rim sherds with the lip present. Four of the lips are either flattened or slightly flattened. One of the lips has distinct remains of the grilled paddle on its surface. The rims are only very slightly flared. Because this group included both rim sherds and basal portions it has the greatest range in thickness. Some of the rim sherds are only 0.3 em thick at the lip while one of the basal portions is 1.5 cm thick. Most of the sherds, however, are between 0.5 cm and 0.8 cm in thickness. The two basal portions in the Ceramic Repository collection appear to have belonged to vessels with a conoidal base. The basal sherd, plate 13, a, row 1, No. 2, has a small foot, probably one of four at the base of the vessel. It should be noted that the surface finish of this sherd was produced by a brushing or combing technique which left the striations that are visible on the sherd. Sire No. 12.—Wat.uace CAvE The pottery from this site has a clear resemblance to that from Site No. 3. A detailed examination, however, shows that there are some important differences. The sherds have been divided into four groups primarily on the basis of differences in the treatment of the exterior surface. The first group is almost identical with Type I of Site No. 3 as far as the surface treatment is concerned. The grit temper is predominantly limestone and the texture ranges from medium fine to coarse, with the majority of sherds having medium texture. The percentage of sherds having medium coarse to coarse texture is, however, higher in this group than in any group at the two sites. Probably half of the volume of the completed vessel is made up of tempering material. This group is softer than the cor- responding group from Site No. 3, as 93 percent of the sherds have a hardness of either 2-2.5 or 2.5, even though it rates as the hardest type at this site. Seventeen of the 28 sherds have smoke-blackened interiors and 10 of the exterior surfaces are discolored from the same cause. The predominant surface color is a dark smoky gray, with a few sherds having a grayish tan surface color. The paste is a dark bluish gray. The surface has been malleated with a cord-wrapped paddle. Ex- amples from this site are shown in plate 83, a, row 1, No. 3, and also the sherd in the lower left-hand corner. The cord impressions on most of the sherds are clear and distinct and have not been subjected to any smoothing. Two of the sherds have occasional cord im- pressions on the interior surface but the majority have been roughly smoothed, with occasional fine horizontal striations bearing witness to the smoothing process. This group is thicker than any of the GRIFFIN ] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 261 other groups at the two sites except Type II at this site. The range is from 0.7 cm to 1.4 cm, with the usual thickness being between 0.8 em and 1 cm. None of the sherds in this group at the Ceramic Repository have a lip, but the rim sherd photographed appears to be straight and has a rounded and slightly everted lip. The sherds that were grouped together under Type II at Site No. 12 are quite distinct in regard to their surface treatment from any of the pottery present at Site No. 3. The tempering material is crushed limestone but the proportion of grog to clay is low and the texture of the group is the finest at the two sites. Almost 65 percent of the sherds are of medium fine texture and the remaining 35 percent are all medium. ‘This type is also the softest of any of the ones found at the cave sites, as 94 percent of the sherds can be scratched with the fingernail; in other words, 2-2.5; and the other 6 percent are 2.5. There is less discoloration from smoke blackening than on any other group, as only nine sherds are so blackened on the interior and but one on the exterior. I have not been able to get a clear impression on plastic clay of the nature of the fabric that was pressed against the vessel while the clay was still soft. It appears to have been made by a weave with a fairly close warp and was pressed against the pot a number of times and from different angles. The softness of this group has further interfered with securing an accurate reproduction of the fabric. The nearest approach to this type of ware that I am cognizant of in the literature is figured on plate 28 of W. H. Claflin’s report on the Stallings Island Mound, Columbia County, Georgia.? In the final discussion of these two sites I shall devote more space to this and other resemblances between the two groups (pl. 152). There are three rim sherds bearing lips in this group and all are narrowed and rounded. This accounts for the fact that the thick- ness ranges from 0.4 cm to 14 cm. Many of the sherds are a little over 1 cm in thickness, and this group is the thickest at the two sites. It is possible that all of the 28 sherds may belong to one vessel, but they do not fit together. The pottery that has been considered as Type III is analogous to the same type at Site No. 3. The grit temper is predominantly limestone with only five sherds having crystalline aplastic. The tex- ture of this group is the coarsest at the site, as 80 percent of the sherds are medium to coarse. There is also a high proportion of tempering material to clay. Eighteen of the interior surfaces and but three of the exterior have been discolored by blackening. The colors range from a light yellowish tan to a smoky gray. Some of the sherds are reddish to chocolate brown. § Claflin, 1931. 262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 As at Site No. 3, it has been difficult to recover a clear impression of the fabric used to impress the surface of the soft predried vessel. It seems probable that the fabric was a simple plaited weave. One closely woven type, illustrated in the upper left-hand corner of plate 83, a, 1s also represented in the Ceramic Repository. The sherd at hand has a measurement of 4 cm for five warp threads and only 0.8 em for five weft threads. A more common type, such as the one sherd in the lower row between the basal sherd and grid-marked sherd (pl. 83, a) would measure 2.5 or 3 cm for five warp threads and 0.9 cm for five weft threads. The sherds range in thickness from 0.8 cm to 1 cm, with the usual measurement being 0.6 cm to 0.9 cm. The miscellaneous group of sherds includes stamped pieces, of which there are only three at this site, whereas they occupied a sep- arate group at Site No. 3, with 55 pieces at least of this type of surface treatment. Also included in this group are six sherds with a brushed or combed surface treatment. This type is illustrated (pl. 152) in the photographs of pottery from this site. Most of the sherds whose surfaces had been so smoothed that it was difficult to accurately tell the original surface treatment probably belonged to Type III. The tempering material is almost altogether limestone, and Sherd No, 28 (Chart IX) contained quite a number of odlites, prompting Dr. Ehlers to suggest that the limestone which served as the temper- ing material was possibly derived from Mississippian odlitic strata. In most of the sherds there is a high percentage of temper. Nine of the sherds in this miscellaneous group had fine texture. Associ- ated with this characteristic was a smooth surface finish and a thinner cross section. One sherd has a hardness of 2, being the softest sherd at either of the sites. A majority of the sherds have a hardness of 2-2.5 and only five are harder than 2.5. Seventeen of the interior surfaces and 12 of the exterior surfaces are discolored by smoke blackening. The color on the exterior surfaces is similar to that of the material in the other groups at this site and at Site No. 3. The thickness ranges from 0.4 cm to 1.5 cm, with most of the sherds having a width of 0.6 cm to 1 cm. The first sherd in this miscellaneous group has an atypical shape, as can be seen in the cross section drawing. It has a long sloping shoulder with a straight rim about 2.5 cm high which is recurved outward at almost a 45° angle to the shoulder line. The estimated diameter of the vessel just below the lip is 9 inches. When the two sites are compared it will be seen at once that the pottery belongs to the same general group. All of the sherds are © grit tempered, with Site No. 12 having a higher percentage of lime- GRIEFIN } ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 263 stone temper than does Site No. 3. There is a suggestion offered by the few fossils found in the limestone that this form of grit probably was obtained from rocks of different geological strata. The sherds from Site No. 3 are harder and have a coarser texture than the ones at Site No. 12. Both sites have a good percentage of sherds with cord-wrapped paddling and with impressions of a textile made by a simple weave. One of the significant differences between the sites is that Site No. 12 has only three sherds with the grid squares stamped on the surface, while 45 percent of the sherds at Site No. 3 have that type of surface treatment. But if Site No. 12 has few stamped sherds it has a type of paddled fabric impression, Type II at that site, that is foreign to Site No. 3. | Pottery that has been malleated with a cord-wrapped paddle is very common in eastern United States and its use does not seem particularly significant at present as a minor culture determinant. Some of the sherds that I have grouped under this heading may have obtained their surface finish from a grass-wrapped paddle. The ma- jority of the sherds, however, even though all of the impressions might not be distinct, showed the twist of a cord in some of the depressions. If a cord-wrapped paddle is pulled across the plastic surface of an unfired vessel instead of being rolled, it is impossible to say with much certainty that the impression was made with cord or grass. It has also been quite difficult to arrive at a definite conclu- sion as to the exact nature of the weave represented on the sherds grouped under Type III. The writer now leans to the opinion that the majority of these impressions were made by plain plaiting of the “close” or “tapestry woven” variety. It is also possible that the fab- rics were made by plain twining, with a close weft over a wide warp, but the twining of the weft elements was not discernible. It is also possible that some of the impressions may have been made by a small stick around which a cord had been closely wound. This latter ex- planation, however, I view as the least likely for the majority of the sherds of Type III. The resemblance between Type II at Site No. 12 and pottery found at the Stallings Island Mound has already been mentioned. Types also present at Stallings that are found at the two cave sites under discussion are the grilled, stamped ware,‘ the impression of a fabric with simple plaited weave,’ the brushed or combed surface treat- ment,° and the small feet at one of the four corners of a pottery base.’ While these pottery types were associated with shell-tempered wares at Stallings Island, a number of village sites south of Augusta 4 Claflin, 1931, pl. 26, nos. 1 and 2. 5 Claflin, 1931, pl. 27, nos. 1 and 2. 6 Claflin, 1931, pl. 32, nos, 1, 2, and 8. 7 Claflin, 1931, pl. 33. 264 BUREAU OF AMERICAN HTHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 along the Savannah River yielded a similar complex to that found at our two cave sites. At Silver Bluffs? Claflin found the grilled stamp pattern, the textile design, sherds with the brushed or combed surface, and basal portions with the small conical, teat-like foot at the corners. These same patterns were also present at the New Savannah site.® Grit temper is characteristic of these sherds in Georgia as well as in the sites under discussion in Tennessee. W. H. Holmes in his early work on prehistoric textiles has a draw- ing of the textile design on a sherd from Carter County, Tenn.’ This county is in the northeast corner of the State. The textile is described as being of the plain-twine type with a close weft and wide hidden warp. Probably due to my unfamiliarity with the tex- tile field, I can not make up my mind whether impressions made by similar weaves were of this plain-twine type or simple plaiting with a hidden warp. Certainly the twist of the weft elements is not shown in Holmes’ reconstruction of the textile and it is not dis- cernible in the positives from the pottery obtained from these cave sites. When M. R. Harrington sought to compare some of the pot- tery found with his Round Grave people he also referred to the illustration of Holmes cited above. His sherds, particularly }, d, and e, of Plate XLVII, are very similar to those found in our cave sites and described as Type ITI.1?_ After making impressions of these sherds, Harrington concluded, “it was seen that the marks are the imprints of a stiff fabric consisting of a warp of rushes and a weft of twisted fiber cords”.1? Harrington’s excavations were in Loudon County, which is south of Knoxville on the Tennessee River. The tempering material of these sherds was predominantly shell. It should be noted, however, that if the other types present at our cave sites were also present in the remains of the Round Grave people, Harrington makes no mention of them. The probabilities are that more than one of our types was present at the sites that Harrington links with the eastern Algonquian groups. In the same publication a small sherd is illustrated with the grilled-stamp design.* It is grouped with the “Cherokee” potsherds from Hiwassee Island, near Dayton, Tenn. Excavations at the Nacoochee mound in White County, northeastern Georgia, yielded two of our types in association with a considerable amount of other types of pottery.1* The types present at this site are the grilled-stamp impression and the brushed surface. See plate XX, 8 Claflin, 1931, p. 20. °Chaflin, 1931, p. 20. 10 Holmes, 1884, p. 410. 11 Harrington, 1922. 2 QOp. cit., p. 155. 13 Op. cit., p. 180. 14 Heye, Hodge, and Pepper, 1918. GRIEFIN | ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 965 fig. 1; plates XXXVI and XXXVII._ It is interesting to note that Etowah also has an example of the grilled stamp design.*® Vessels with a surface finish resulting from the application of a paddle with carved squares are found sparingly at Fox farm **?” and Madisonville.18 Those are, however, the only two Fort Ancient sites at which this design occurs and the other characteristics of the vessels on which it appears are quite distinct from those of the Norris Basin sites. In Greene County, Ind., at the Huntingdon site, Black 7° found one sherd which had small squares imprinted on the outer surface. The squares measured 0.5cm. ‘This site can be attributed to the Woodland culture in the north. Wintemberg, in speaking of the distinguishing characteristics generally credited to Algonquian peoples in Canada, says: “Other surface markings were made with a paddle with a chequered surface.” 2° The Parmelee rock shelter in Wayne County, Ky., excavated by the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan, contained a few sherds with this same stamp design. Other sherds from this site have a surface finish that was obtained from the same type of weave that characterizes Type IIT. As a matter of fact, most of the grit-tempered pottery from the caves and rock shelters of eastern Kentucky can be included in the same general pottery classification with the Norris Basin cave sites.” I have called attention to the presence of pottery with fabric im- pressions resembling Type III in association with the Round Grave people and at the Stallings Island Mound. In Holmes’ discussion of the pottery of eastern United States he illustrates sherds belong- ing to his Middle Atlantic province that are similar to Type III. This is particularly clear in the case of sherds d and e, on plate CXL, that came from a site near the junction of the Anacostia and Po- tomac Rivers.??, A number of sherds in the Ceramic Repository, from the Levanna site,?? in New York, appear to have the impression of a simple twine or plaited weave upon their outer surfaces. W. J. Wintemberg, in his report on the excavation of a shell heap in Nova Scotia, pictures two sherds, Nos. 4 and 6 on plate XXVI,*‘ that he con- siders as having been decorated by a cord-wound stick, but which appear to me to have been impressed with a fabric similar to Type III. Probably the closest relationship to the type of pottery found at 15 Ashley, 1932. 16 Smith, 1910, Plate XXV. 17 Ceramic Repository collections. 18 Ceramic Repository collections. 12 Black, 1933, p. 300. 20 'Wintemberg, 1931, p. 82. 21 Funkhouser and Webb, 1929 and 1930. 22 Holmes, 1903. 28 Ritchie, 1928. % Wintemberg, 1929. 266 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Sites Nos. 3 and 12 will be found in the general area in which they are located. A collection of sherds from Lauderdale, Limestone, Morgan, and Colbert Counties along the Tennessee River in northern Alabama, that were obtained by Tennessee Valley Authority workers in 1933-34, will undoubtedly have many close analogies to the pot- tery from the cave sites in the Norris Basin. The northern rela- tionships seem to be with sites that are grouped under the roughly synonymous and perhaps misleading terms, “Woodland” and “Algon- quian.” CoMPARATIVE CHART FOR PoTTERy at Sires Nos. 3 Aanp 12 Site No. 3 Site No. 12 Temper: iLamesione.-t62 2 fp ek ee ee A Abundant__________ Abundant. Other tormis of pris oe er ee eee d0... se Rare. Texture: BRON SS a a ale Se ky ge Absent--*. «

, Ge espana (peer |. Se a ee >< 0 -6-.7 Dee ee eee oe se x 1 ale sve > Ge) eemelet a eee atad (2 mee N-deedets x 0 Pa B0ssaCiuee erst cen Soe ee x ee ee ee DS a x 0 x . 75 | ae eee Se eS Se ead bones xX OS ees Moees Se Se See aie ee 0 0 afd 40 26 112 AR ET | 29 7 8 | 15 10 18 Hs a (ome oe Be Line 16. Narrowed lip—quartz temper. 17. Some crystalline temper. 19. Larger cord imprint. 33. Granite temper. 37. Larger cord imprint—granite temper. 38. Larger cord imprint—granite temper. GRIBFIN ] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 317 CHart IX.—Srite No. 12—MIsceELLANEOUS—STAMPED, STRIATED, SMOOTHED PIECES [Catalog No. 6431] Grit Hardness Surface finish Texture Color a Sea | a ca as GE (a we cs | a Ul Va (ee ee to ness L | Cry.| 2| 2, | 25|72"| 3 | 3.5] sta. | str. |sM|7,“| F | MF|M|Mc|sBI|SBE cm 1$. 22. oe ee >) eer) ee a ea Yi ae Ses See See > | Beli | ae eee 0| XX] 06-08 Ze Dk |, RES Noh Ire, S| a ak a 0 0 .6 5 eee ES ae eee eee eae > ts ere | eee (Ee 8) ae |e > a eee 0 0 .5 Ce ere hr eee 79 Fae bere eed pcs sen ae ebay ney [ores cen Sree =| ee > Gg aoe, Oe Wis ee 0 0 .6 ae DS {pees ee > Si ee a ae Se | a ee 4S ee > Ge ae ce ee) ee ee 0 0; .4-.6 G2... 5. 2S (SBE See ees ee eS lesen Ae | ei Ee S16 ee [aed ee ae 0 0 4-.7 (ae We ie=s=--|=-- 2S MS a ER) i at aM OR eal me fee ee 0 0} .5-.6 Be 3 Dh See SO |S ESE ee ae Se ee eee Peale Rp essed ahs 0 0| .5-.7 OBL 2. Oo eke oes RS) C0) Eee RE ee eS ee ee Bees eee | ae Bees SEES et, Ee 2 Se eee aE Oe ee ee See CE > ay aaa 0 0 55 Wheel 2S: |e eS Se Pp | cases sic Say ie Os > Ge | aaa IE PS ee |S) aae< 0 .5 (CRS ae >i ee |S) eS 1 ee ees yt SEES ee At | 0 ie a oe .5 URS ee a Se Sa eae ee) (MES has eo Te > es | Moe Be ape OC .5 1S eae See eed eee ee XN |eeecateas|eecsescae Kehna peck |eeslewctelice x 0 0 .6 (Se | eal Cae ae >t Rae ee. ee oe) See ee Gh | RISE Si ap SEN Sere EE > 0 .5 iia? O~ foo fee SG) att Ee A ee eee | ee MK asus leas > a Eee | Nie a x xX 25 ip i 2 Se Eee ee eee fy aes | SBS BOS) Sees >a Ses | ES aes eS ae pa > el ae < 45 (OES Se ee pS ee Ee ee Eee a ER) | Ee eee ea SOE eG Me > ON Fe .6 CEES > Ce | See ek es x 0 0 1 PE Bes eS es ee Sif | See] AE AS |S |S (eee Malesal eX [Peete ces 0 0 275 Dee te [ao soa = |<< - DK | Pe (aa ese | [eae dears (as |e) Ea | | Se pe eae bee x 0 0 iL 74 i eee eee scene cles. Spal epee en | ee | ae | See) | ba | ee FS So > Gah | apie 0 0 Af 7 ee ei > an ee es ee |e Le So Gl Ree ae (Be Kl) xX 0 1 Dame OX ele 2-2-5 Db ees | seer (ee |e | Ee eae (ee my | eae RE APNE [> Gr 0 0 .8 ES eS ees S| Se) SEE a eee ee aires epee Di |e |S ee Ia eae 0 0] .9-1.3 BOL==a | DGi-=2-2-/-2- DE [|S ss |S az | a eta | ees Pe Peslose si K ee cee 0 0 <7 54) a | gr] ae a ee (| ae | ne) | Nae | ee | ay | Gaal wees eee cee 0 0 S7 SYS I Fl eae ee Doilea ss poe ee ie Rf Da | Bali | Ge Pie ae |e! bee a x 0 5 62 P< ee oe sso | aed eee ce moeat ON sone peels en eee (MES .6 3 eee | <) es S e (eases ee isfeee oie sat | re | (een Dia | ar ns a |e x 0 0 1 Boman Nn WS [ace e-il=< P| SRS ah PRD |e Sea | Vp Kolb aa] SSee Ea x 0 0 1 5( es ee be ee DS) | eel |e ee || | ee eee | Sei pial See Pe ae ni as x 0 act 5 / eaeeee eee DSi | ee asthe Pee | ap eee Seas | Sees Kolbas eee > Si pee es 0] X 6 ‘Es Ny <3) ee Fae Sh | eee Pee Sre ae CEE ia ea) jae (Fase poi | Sere) (AR tae > Sh eas 0 0 1 SG eae fig Me, Ee aes ae es Pree csseecleee eo Cais Rylbsaiceees ppwaleeees x 0 6 AQEEP AT et td fess. OG a ER ec eo ee > | Aer a sas || > 0 0] .5-1 CA SE (ee <9 ee Ue ON ose eaoee ee sles aie cus ea cua|e S = Ae eS atekte co Ee ee 0 0| .7-.9 Ce SIE Ch ee OSS RRs | Py |S or (eae | ene | eign > | Rees (Ea Sib |e Bate 0 0 a) BN al acaebpas le) FE ee >See a 0 0 sit Ce C8 es SS ee ee eee ieees|enees|taocs >is ge) || (AOE a a ed (SS ca 0 0 Sidi SESS cS eee ee eee DS a | SE) NL | papas Wee Deh Se Sa rs sel he ed ae ae x 0 .6 LS fa ee ee ea! Pee ge ee ores Pei EE SE [ere |S pl Fees |, Gaal eS see (A Mla] BRR 0 0 . 65 Zea linn oe eee A ie apne (Bila ER YS (ue ee 0 0 a7, 50 3} 1! 35) 12 Vela we 3 CHORE 2A Og eet Ts 21a ha hm aligan year | eames Line: 12. More indistinct parallel, closely spaced narrow 1. SI. Fl. rim 2.5 high at 45° angle—Lip Fl. and striations. Rd. stamp. smoothed. 13. More indistinct parallel, closely spaced narrow - 2. Stamp marks are indistinct. striations. 3. Stamp marks rhomboidal, .9 cm by .7 cm. 14. A wider, deep striation. 4, Flattened, outward slanting lip, straight rim. 15. Probably had been striated. 5. N. and R. lip—very slight flare to rim. 16. Same as 12 and 13. 6. Lip is R—slightly everted, sl. fl. “ rim. 17. Striated like 14, but not so pronounced. - 7. Fi. lip—sl. fl. rim. 18. Bottom piece; exterior has hole tempering. 8. R. lip. Short—sl. fl. rim. 19. Small foot, mastoid shape. 9. Probably cord-wrapped paddle i impressions. 25. Probably Type III. 10. Probably cord-wrapped paddle impressions— 27. Surface eroded; looks like sun-dried mud. dragged.. 28. Probably Type III. 5 a lI ul. ae indistinct parallel, closely spaced nar- 29. Probably Type : row striations. 318 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 CHART X.—SITE No. 12 Hardness Surface Finish Texture Color 3 male 2 g 1D oF S . me |e a a Zi) R|als|siax a iS) Flolelt i 2 lslelslS IC le lélge ts lalels|slol2ia Type L._.-- a 2s et We ae OE By ogee eo ae ees 41111] S1)7i wim Typed. 1 128 128 (2a Pe Eee OS eS a St 18 | 10:1. 9/1 Tyne BL. 40140. [Lal 26 alo Pah yo ae a 70 Ga eS 8.1.15 110-1) 9) Isa 7a Misceliane- Aliso 5S As enol Pen Dd ee 31.6 |.24.1.20 1.9 | 104.20) i eee 7 | —_ ] ff | | ff J | ff | Lj 149 |149 bay eared ae eee ee 57 | 28 | 14 | 61 | 26 Note.—Type Ii—douwble impression of fabric. ‘CHART XI.—Site No. 11—Satt Pan Rims A—FAsBRIC uP To Lip [Catalog Nos. 6414-6429] | | Hardness | Texture | Shapeoflip | Color Type Size weave sus wl ul | | Width| Width no. -=|-8 S_|S,, | oflip | ofrim 2 |2-2.5/25|MF|M|N&! R | ES isp SBE a| sa | 85 |S3 R R E a: Se cB os aeleEle |= cm cm cm cm eee eee 6414 yo ekee (eee se eee ee ~lOObocbest 08 13.2] 23 | 4 So Ey G408) | ep Tel a (neon | ele <|0] ob X28 |e eee Naot i Se (458) [ook SC a eeeet eee CAR Payers meee yee MS 7 ene e yoy bee Wes 2 ee Races 5 Eee ise Oe ey beta en ieee L2 -|4.44- op) ee cies 6400 | KELLY SCL eee ae mee, x | x |} Sees Pe eee ae GHG (eeepc eh pe ed om pests 0-0) S61 1. -}-954oh ee 1 aa TOT g ee Cecil 2 we wee Se x|olx |x Liles 1264 aie eee 2 an See 6006 See Be epee ve ee o-olse foes 85 | 234 es) eee 7h goa, OO e495 |...) Xe oe eae 01-01% [22/02 -| 24 eee 10.2 GATS = eae Hee % [boas oa a Ee Ee os os 1 |3.7|L3-18] 8 i an ae G40? | ob Se ab ped ty Ld ho O41 Gils: bee at 95122] 1.7] 9 Se aga og Me ee Ge ao a ee a mae 0} ol)! @ | @i21} 3 "6 CE eee S, 60 Lb ee Bee 2 er a0) ee LB le "8 (7 oar 48h oP ee Se ee ad Sa eee o'| olf 3<- [2 are Eee C71 j.58 enemas W701 Mts See Om ier cones) Boe pao" b So | Secfe ames 141 Per ee 160)... 3) GG eo see ae ae eee a Pee 0 |-0'}- Ea 2 |}24) (om) oe Spa Yoo We eg, eRe, es ee Seal (ee x 1-01 6 | Se [ha ae ee igt te es 6416 |e) x ec Oe ee oe Ee ery ee Bear 12 -|3.3|- 2881 dl Tn 6si6 |. Pe Be © eet ee eee er ecen erie 11 3:-7)0.e pee SE EERS eat || KL & ES IEZIL AP so} 0 bs [Ea ee O15 GE Se Se fee oe der eefe 6-0 bees Wepre ss) pet awe as ah B47 ey x fe Be ie se-b-se | ab se et i247 |— 28 | fee She Lge 0 eh 5 ee: ve eee 01 ol @l @mi 19} 20] Lo Dy ES ok G46 |b og ee Oe Beeee O1-hoe e 1.7-|-- 6 | eee rt SY Bi Ge TSC Fee & oe ae ae Sésfeeres On| Oit-Se-[eeeet 12 |6.4]-) me Seanad 3 eke aes Se eee ee eh eae ee 56-1 —Oh h-Se-fanaal t -| Sa-) oe eed cE Bi e600 | Kt 7 ecw Pee Be Se -[--B| Ol) se [emcee L1-| 244-29 aoe Cj iia a AO el gas Se i gl aes | nae exes TA ad Wis de (a pe = LOT oUzTy oT r aeceeae i eget Se Sr Bee ie xX | ao} ol (ECL fas | ee feat ee OLS OER Kaa WS ay, SD WTS S boc Bae 21. 3 7 tee 7 aan OS ian FOR eae SR PEN ee aR x ye ees 1 21| 12 5 gdh tei 6499 | SS SE ee oe eee o| ol xl) 127) sone ee 6p. | se ae | eee et Oo Wee [ee 12 125| 24] 8 9 aelcaeelicre 7 ee aae gh nee ei a Sr (aM el aia o| o|....| <1 .9 | Le eeouenane ASE AR 6416 [ck 0 ORL (Nc GA 1 ol ol see 14137] 15/843 epee ae M15 Pee Poe a a nes. o| ol Sc) las| ae} 2 | Lo oo g42p pee gee ee >a aa OO ea pg wales Whig ah (ea. L7- pec at eg ee aa gage | | ee PVT) OS Pe Le ee "3 NCC i: a a Vl Shady Rll RS a ates xs | XS ccihe |e ane £8 GT ||, ee tee eee ee Sag ee Ol. Oe 10129! 24 8 1| 341 5| 27/13] 11 19 a 31 6 32 | 802) Ba ee rr 1 Estimated. 3 The lip has a continuous central depression between the inner and outer edges. 8 Sherds Nos. 39 and 40 have holes on the lip—No. 39, 1 row; No. 40, 2 rows. GRIBFIN } ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 319 CuHart XII—Srre No. 11—Satt Pan RiMs—Fasric DEFINITELY BELow Lip [Catalog Nos. 6414-6429] Shape Type of Size of Size of cross Hardness | Texture | ofjip | Color | weave weave section Sees ease f= ee = oo og 10 Eze ce] oe! S la 2|2,\25|MF/M/R|F |SP\S8\" SF el as|as| a |=8 Br eee ese bree) oe aie |e = e |e cm cm (Ge al | Pee Klasea|- Miz--2 1 LK PSO Oren oes. DON ae ee 6414}__-- | eae | ee Xx 56 fe Ree) fa be x eee 0 Oa Ol ele Seene sees Oe o. Se 6416}__-- a eee x Mzase2 Mletaa]-) Xe-22 0 O} cB erGh Pee Yager 6429} Xj]_-.-=}---- 4 ees Kies Xleacel. Kies x X} .35} . 55) . 65 Go cueck 2 eee G421ie. xX bse te See x Xlssss2 Ki sesh KES 0 Ol joe tds |e Gin oh eae bok ered G418 pees ee | ae x Daal pee fe ee xX OX ses x XU .G) 25.) Ee ee Gal4 es Speens x Mi s2s4e | soos D4 (> <| eS Xx x} .4).4/.4 ea ee Sek ae 6428) OSes Sa eee Xx DS (Renee) (eee > p< ee DS lame (S(t ORE See a Re eo 6420]__-- DA Pee Sa x eee Xt Xess 0 Ohic Dal see | eee 102 4 =e seu Se 6426] __-- > eee ee x > 4 aS XI. ies x OU of} Gale 1 Pe a es Sepia 6420/7 Xess ses S x Xin > ¢ Seen iw <|[E 0 0} .4 41.0 [___ Ny ee Ce eS ee Oe G4IG6|) OX. |e x Micess- SER: Sees 0 01.5] .8 | ab 13 ee ee eee 6424) Xie se see izes > ee ee x Jehe 0 Ol Gof ae lee Ave a eee eerie 6425}___- Nees tess x OG eae yer Khesee <1 OnE 2a ea i Uae es ante) ee p< Pee! [es ee jes eee > al aie>.¢ pees ee Xx 0 0] 45) 28 ex 165 2e2 2 25 C427 eX Ss eee eee Dn ee ee xX eek | see Xie ox p< eg ay (8 ee py (es Se 6428} ___- > al aie) tae x PK S352 | Pees Socal tein es Oj iv | Gale 6 Gla. (4ln eel ko 15 2 8} 9 13) 4 9 Ee a eg Line: 2. Rough surface texture. 12. Hole tempered. 3. Knob—May have been handle. 13. Hole tempered. 5. Hole tempered. 14. Outer rim strip. 10. Knob—Almost surely a handle. 16. Hole tempered—Outer rim strip. 11. Hole tempered. 17. Outer rim strip. CHart XIV.—Si1TE No. 11—Bowtrts—Incurveo Rims [Catalog Nos. 6414-6429] Sur- Hardness Texture | face | Shape of lip Color | Thickness Cat- finish alog no. ee | | | | CW,iIN& F& ; : cm | cm | ee EE Soe eee ere Li 2 Ly a TS a (eS Kp ea ese Pema <8 (2h ale bop X41 KP Regs eS 7 ary ee a ta G14 oe My least! OG faseale wn ee este ee Rl DR eaeaena: 5 Sino easowes eee tenes a= at Se 6421 ieee | VK ecco ON Neale Ope Kulsoces x a 9 er ee ee eee eee 6418) |e 22) [Ssea} —~ Gr Sses | 5- Gees saeaee x 0 0 {1.1 - 65 a SS an 6426. jaa) XX Heal OG |eacsllt DG oe eee ee xX 1) XK hae -6 Dascne toc ce seccedeceensecssae Le a Pe Se pS We laa WGilaa- =< Kileseee x 0| .6 8 SE OES FS OE Fe Ota EX eee een Ke) Kl eeseloaees 0 0|.5 of Ae Be eee eee G42 eccah ho esec| oN eae Ke |e eee 0 0] .5 ae ee eae 64212282 )20 25: Xolscos] LapX glBe se > Gi aes x 0|.7 9 AQ. 25. bee ees os see 6423 | XP [S20 ese lee, CO eeete Xess KM pcK 66 5 1S a eee es a oe iE 8 eee rai (eee ai a eee > a eer ee x 0 0}.7 oi 1 ere eS ee ee eee 6423) |--- tes eas] LR ee Kal e222 esses xX 0] .35] .7 6 ee ee eee 6429) |e ae Ok |Ssco|e patesee M [aeze MK HekeSe Oo; Xj}.65| .9 14. 2224 tee age Soc loess 6410 [22a SC a eal) Rh esse Mo) el etas] che 0 0|.4 -9 1D. abo cs cReeee seeks G42 UK [eso se fees soe se xX} @ Pe er ee 0 0;.5 {1.2 16. obs oe Se aen G41Sh (a -asl> e eae! RIE eel Ke oS ee es 0 ie ee -6 1 a Se Oe ee ape SSS 6420) 2222 Xe sc oleeces Meee [fe ok en Ole fed 5 4) 12 | 11) 367) 2 14 6| 6 5 9 we eee 4. Unusually smooth surface—small lug. 6. Hole tempered—bifurcated rim lug. 7. Hole tempered. 9. Small rim node or lug—larger cord imprints. 10. Small rim—lip lug. 11. Angled shoulder—2.2 cm below lip. 12. Upper rim everted. 15. Upper rim has parallel gashes—0.3 cm wide, 1.5 cm long. 16. Smooth. Upper rim flange—notched deep. 17. Lip projects exteriorly—perpendicularly notched. 321 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIBFIN ] CHART XV.—SiTE No. 11—RimM Bosses [Catalog Nos. 6414-6429] Nodes Thick- Color aes Shape of rim Shape of lip Surface finish Hardness | Texture P65 nie eae Lie) ey ee ee ee eee eee eile a 6 he Oe Oe ae. eS AR ie 8 €jo qysue'T | DOGMA OS EDI Hod ar ededs ed od odo sod Aled Het ie HHA HAA A 3H | § tot ee oe “ WOW ODONDI- HDWIHOWSDOHHAAOINMTOWDMOWIDOOOON BS eG (0.6 eee Pee wi ele) A On 8 me 0 als A 8 ee 8 ee ee Sessa es SAI NNTB NSN BAN FRR RNB ANNI NS re [Yo) ~S art | § aas | ras | SUlIep ‘Is | “99 | ‘OU Z0[2}80 | a) Mia, ria- ce siavess. Bie gio) (erp ieg tae a6) 6 ow 6 A686 e oe 58 eee eo) 8 Ue 8 (=) onl onl is) ie) CB PMH NH 1D OH HO 1D 60 HO 0 19 1 IN OID INO DM INDINARE O10 ned Vo 8s ee eS aaa vO eka? (eu ese ewe ex es 60 18 Sa 6. “One Vers sig By 8. lea So oooeooo co. e900 ceccooeooo°o°o°oo oo x De De x xX qoooococeoc,.°oco i=) oo. ,.©co°oo ooo oo x RIO. DS xX XX x elikipx (ie ete IxKXK IMKK IKK LAKKKK IX IKKMKKK IXKXX PEED EEE IX EEE E EE Pix bib bbb bexx | XI PLEE boc | box boo | | boo Bc LTE DOO DT EEX TE be x PELE E DE EB PPOPCEEEE LTTE ix bx EEE bc EEE E pox bx eK Im ERKKEMe XO IK Meee IKKMEXK | OX) x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX | x i DOO Be fob folate bbike te ttoobetithote lohye te ieliste ktOGlrte tit NRH ARRAS SN SA On SSaRSn SR TOnNeSe BEEP EEEEEE EEE PEED ED EEE EDP EEE DDE 1 Estimated. Line: 3 a So 2 qa .9 | a8 bo} ois a Er! Hq ain 5, g 73 A= ° 3 dgadess oe gor bh Bossa l ia ardac §8.g gSodgrneS Qroosvs? Sos SSaqmnm& MH>omhaAoccon QSoOSRaBS 154676—38——22 (BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 322 CHART XVI.—SiTE No. 11—Jars WitH FLATTENED INNER-UPPeR Rim [Catalog Nos. 6414-6429] DDS OS 2 OD DD rt rt rt v4 1 0 0 CON CO OD HO ONO O HIS DOM ONOAM DO AOMANMAE SOOM GIN ORM HOD MH HAMID OF Oo oat) MARY NG) Men ar a) Se ee ie) re) te dae mee) ok 8) ee ee ee ey 6 Ue ey ee a ep el an 6 6” 8 6) (Eb es Oe Me ON eS eee 8 te eS ee ee eee ge oe 8 Uk es eee ae am n n a g as = ca — ~— cm Ulld Sujis[ gy NAINA RNA NANN SANNA NNN NN NN SSRN NNNNN ANN AHN NANA N NR HHH NNN NN RRR NNN Ge cS ak Star tae ane Me nie eek Hee at eee ec eek ot Dae ee ee eer em, oi gree So nN BR, 1G, 0, AB RD 4S) ims 38) ial Sy 6a 78, SE, Om aU: es a Oe Oe re ew, OS CS OO! OPE eee Te Che ta TR Se CN pied ewe i CTR ey er RY Pm SUN oo es tid Peer 0 Vien TT Wie es mes Been em zs Pia EM EE en Ie te oie teehe Wede a Et att So Ge EN Po ane Gee oe ead =) =m | i) SV ARAL LANL Se a at OCR aa Uc SCM As gts ee at ft Pe

a ES OR ec PA i eS 1 SH te Gla x 3S mmGteips |) Xi) XM pe SCE a [et sek Mies eee A Stl T-Sh SX 715) 62) a i SR 2 RE 2 he ee ES es I) G5 91] 1.919 oll x =) 0G a ee a ec eee SES Sa aS RS eee here ay Pere Si a Oth Ble xP OS 77 oC SE ie es Ree < eel (-< 4 CEE HES Cie PERG a ae oe 4 ie 8 38 5a 3 Xi 0 “|, 21 BS << (a <|_____|__.. Sees AES on SCM. Seen aa ee eal i ee Sal 7) 2-310 -Ol. x 86) 6414) X}_2--2\--_- eG eee Peet | mance Scone De terse ren nee SOT eT OL” 0 Br 6429) X< EER > GI TR BS i .| ES Pa a oO Ses 6 SB 20lt- Ol 6 89] 6424) X|_____]___- ey 2 Se ES 2 es OE he Ee SE llama et WeLeealeziOin O} 10 17} 61; 11} 80} 9 70 i AM 4S) talon es CVA al | (A aa 29] 23 Lin [BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 0 Gas Lore OT & si eee ne eee Rl eee o| ae ele ee. oe, aS eS x 5 le etal (sabes Moro eee eee LE x Kee 6 Ch a|ke ale & Sb eo Sosa | atom | > | (aca ae > aaa ae seit Eee ee Bere PMP ICN AMG OH lett tee ita 9€ 0 (gaa. a eats 0'T Qe ees oa iel| ot eel ow Maes slecer es > ae eg bao AEST? call Se peer ta an Fe sal be ide eralenay: yma Bro dhe AL dd eae bap ce a GE 0 0 (ae ake bps (ace Na a a | amas | cna a ae | Sh Nile pS ps baie) ees § Wetclit oe dee, x Ai dlpaer leas Qipoui at eeeE Poe FE x x i Le ) Ae ie ae DR ile eile sso ca a enna oat ae ee ee Pe) eee onan Pind] nop ae eet | oe aa hea mal acne CrUn|Siteaete bia && 0 x ¢° oS Pe Gace alo cree. > eal (ee ee PT Oe RE et ae Xs le See oe ee oa beeen err ia aaa: KinieaMOCwOh|G@uraem se GE 0 Oe > 4 2" Oe. |. ee Sal Sees ies | Mate Se > ean | aes = Be ee ate [0 allen eel eee Pare orate ee De," alee S| mero. 1 x Otel 8° Lise saa abc bags ec > Ae ee Paes 2] pe Pe Solin sa eR Coleg ce a ee (aadrent | eeeprs Sa eee RE keg wel eae ee SIERO: GARSON Gao santas SN 0€ 0 x o'T OT ACO SSF | aes ores > al ake si oy (aa Deecsiite fey > ek Eee i aa (ae OR Pesci Ake = es diag a 8 C4 TOE he aa a a 63 0 > aaa ie Ge O° Sper ee? ale > ag He | Se ae > Sea (Say a | page| | a ae > rs aaa | ake Po candy | pesos || de aS er aaa a Peo dpaeeeal 3/415 2G ie a ae ee 8 x x 9° 6° OF Wee Macrae = ie pa al ee x Pe G a Soll Saran: aaa ES alte es real 4. Hee al See Se Riga ssPOLPONIe a a ak ac eer eS oe 1KG 0 Oe ores L° ws | al ear | poe a > a iat | ae apres ea Krall arena | eae este athe ba Nilesat Deen Wee nea 7 Fabaceae ca oe aa 9% 0 0 ‘oe 6° Greer all Sate ae > Er de cpanel Wa ae ae. x || SE ET Kail: och ae DMS |e ae | aia eae ese DENS SenlCLAba| ee sented foe ee 9G 0 Mee il food C054 ft aa ae | aa lp cae Ir De a pal ee eae Sitges | a ea a ee D Get Fag, et ese Pine |RN San | ee ge Ue Seits Me SALOPONIG & Myc ek cae ae ¥G 0 OMe eS oT Osis IG Sl ee ew ee Flee Oe Bikce a > en laie! (gas | ii (EEE © x Sees Spa aaa | Bi 2c || arta Xe Geol sft eo Ge ae €% 0 x 8° 9° Pe keed nde tetepenal| ae eae 8 | oe akan! |i ee | aaa! aan a tilipeasl: cara kere os Oe Tal ae ieee > ae al ls FES KEIR BoP CLPOalpgcas a cies Comer aes (KG 0 x 9° 9° Pa ele lee ae eign ee x Meine a > aia | Saga ere ON ded | ae eae) 7 ame esr > gr oa Dine | [oC AU |S RET EN 1Z 0 Omes | 2° =" O'T Oetbsass = Me - Sel ese bak xs kate OXe wileeaet am aaa > Pan ers Fe oeee Merle eve ae Pao atl Se Pe Mable ea COLOslne Liab IAiee con 02 0 Oise Eo 1 af OE oars AP ote ONE tis eeeery aes | > ie | | sae oh ig a a Kee ON oes pee Wey Ss Wea aaa | age es ex SIMOSP OIE cpa, seme ura er eres 61 0 0 g* 9° ARS | aaa sees a eli eb Sle eon: ON GEE Se || ES Ee or inset le ae ee > Sala | RESP AS |W es ee Ree eo Gi age (| Tne a ae ae NaRCE oa 8I 0 One aliases Cob | aoe eee sos OS [PRES 1% ime Niet oilter aoe ine PSs lie Cee ONS eae gs, aoa ee eee |e oe De Ta COOP LP ONIC Mea ce ke be eee Pee Lt 0 ema bi mala 8° Ree. ep eee Se Boil eee > Gena | anes || > aa lee ce | |e I gee yom a | me a ae (Peas > Smeal aaa Bee > eee a 2/47) ale Be ok SE eens ae: 9T 0 Obes tnd eee 8° Oia eeee | ea ead ee | be rigs Sr 5 |e aes i til | Coa ae ae > 5 pal pete i (Gas S| | es >See aie | aa Pace | abae SNS Scie seen (a1 (al Og ge i QT 0 Om 21" ~goe8 9° oct [naa ae aaa bari: x TUS) tem ep or Me || age Ni aes Ni Na Sak | Be aetil hoe eece> | agama eae | Eee Seawall Si Sos Ga Neg Sasl (0°10) 40) | ai a eee RE FI 0 PS geil iia ae (st (Lf | inser ee ae x €°% x les a Go a | Re | |e a | Tom awd ig nied | oie 2 em | Se SS SSIECCEO | eae aan aes €T x 1 li (as Sa (at cA a cea [a at x CeCe | Peter oo iho Seiler Poa Woke) tle 2 tie ees me UlGae ss Ala caliccreel tate Skee aI x x / s. OS ee olcg 6s 5 ee ae ee eS > mes eae > Gare | Saeed | aera eg > aaed | Sle Ba ae > Om ty aac ol ee RODEO ee: (eer Sabet fe oes II 0 0 LT 8° Cees Wg eS aie Ae Binge s > Acer | aan Reread | Gs a (gl) ee ee eee Dee Poe SAIC RL EO ua” Cae aot oe he oT x Qs |S Fre Oost ec cas | > al (paar ag | VaR | KC lel RAG Ve a x seam ilk Bee ee Ainge aay | iar wae eras et lees < | pees Stee Seem || eee a er ware! |) eben ee oe ee erilie ee Sari sop leOulpew eee cc mad cae a eae 8 0 0 6° OSB (Oa stir aes eoliee Fa Cot ioe i sale et et oat | ee ae [Sebel | Seca ee aay » Aiea | ae Ds Gia ee (2) 4 | Re a an a i L 0 0 g° 8° Oeeal ss aoe 8 Male. Hie er we he eee > in| (area hese aa Aetna | (aos cd |eRe s Ba bie » ane | eee SG. ES ARGTPO I ae ce a eee 9 0) 0 Tae Bos Der mnie | ee aie ath eee ecto aia sat x > | Rae (enema Sam sie) ie mare ee x DC ints |e | eoaaeen load lie ier SSRIRCC PO: eeaeae kere. Sooke g 0 eee | be Me Lea a esac eileae Tae oii ie = Sle ke ete” OPE ollie sw ON Paice tating cp We elena SCAISETHIROCEOL eke bse banc re ae > 0 (1); "9 GV Rea Sal baat Lemon | epee a Pere | asm [Sanus ceca Cael his cae | RAMON FP SRN S | iS Para | eee ao Pde eS co Sto eeeeris Me ee ale CC POUl « tip te eee ce Sea € 0 Opes se Cees lie eal! Dye et ee x 8°E Pie hae | eee | ae a Ne lhe ah eee, ko toe yo nee Sar ae Mot oaRCCeOM at ae ee eee ee ee A 0 OF teee. OS 0200 eens eo bl ita ligt Fab Peale ee >| (amine |e be gamed > ae cca MAbeokes pale 6 ee lc IMOGEA iS ce Ay oa IT wo | wo | ma ; ; UWI |. : wrsTal « Sd) d 7 |q7- H#as| Ids |} “Us u T li |UPA) UW |W VN H | ‘wg suy |] ‘ld |‘1t'IS| 38 | 8 MO | MO OW | WI AW | 8% [92-3 SG | egg pusq 30] Sn NEO ES oe Oe re ee eee oe Piles eee eg) OOO SSoUHOIy,L, dit Jo odeqg WiII Jo odeqg angling 91N}x0,], ssoupiey hah | oar re eg ea ee te ae ee eS ig ee ee ee a eee [6Z49-PIF9 “SON 30[8980] SWIY UvV(—[l ‘ON @LIGS—]IAX LUVED 325 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIFFIN J Ral aeccaee Oe 2e ee leas Sree vrais Meow FS ea eee ale Ease Ke iv tripe slaas Be cal alee ren CQb alo. sy ee ee 18 > eae ahaa 6° | gat nero tacecn ab eseead Kt losers: ec aleecic mit tea alien oe, baa lain | ee DSi | pan | iad Sie rer Neos Dae eT oUa| a a eee ne ee 98 Uiapeere] eae sia L L > Fan GA aa iy Ss | rena | eR 28 > eal Wie Hal ane Psa lex apace ge aR aa: > Sepia limes MO aIChOde oe ¢8 aw Segre 8 Teh ee bees ec ance ean a oe eee ee Ci teas = eee: a i Rae | eee PS > eee lage Monee cenpaiie fe ee $8 fies) apni 8 Ge eas > easel aroha eee gies | emtaees SENSE eels ele ea DK IES TIS ME oo leon al ao > ama | segs Sag a | ye Tt alia cela a aaa £8 See eee 9 Rey teeta betaine ee > ae) alone es aia ee IESE ASS RSS > ee eens Kalas a) SSS eee a by ae fears bears ie ee 28 Oceee|E se a Teles|o2 8 eles SPAS ra | een i ale aie eet eee OG AINE a eee eco alae alee Re CaS le eto Nee ee 18 > a ie 8 Re er ae Te ee ee eS ea ee | ee ie See x pst | Pe lesa |e ae XK -s|- sh Sh Bete ate ot eee 0 4 ) (oh eee | waster esata aaah De chale as ce My iam tal | ali ac alie oe s PT th || Seal Get MER 7 ee | aca seas 17 | a i eae 0 q Oete ec ec cs at (Ci) (oboe eset eee | ahesigde (seat | Pees eee || ames SES. DG | enlace 5, Ane |RSS ERIS [ra 1,70) ae eam x oT 9°T (ees ee ee |e DAE ee alae x > aS | | Seas pets i A ma ea [pee Del anes | ees eee KGRGCEO sees eee LL (sess lite ss 6° | SN | eerie arash | sore > eer te | Seeaegene > SEE | Beer S| | SASS |e ae oe | Sasa! | Saeshar 7 Seay || SSRN | REET > Golam, | sees OS SaRGeeOslietscete een ee eed 9L 0 zs g° | a | Oe || es > | eran |e Se > aaa | sisiaarinta | Seach ae le pee (Saar al sees GIRS emer cafe A) (0) baa tet apenas, x g° BS Tg | Saar wa | Same | | SRN | zetsiecic Dy Sem |e nie s|| Ties! Say SEER RE Cae DPC | ae || > aaa | Pe IE EC ener re 3 bh 0 B05 Os0 ) a0 ks ORE F525 Se ae | xotpes DG es anaes | seers eg | Paar > eee | pies |e A > i | ae | ake [kelsey el 0 (A) ea | Cn Fa «pa | Sega | zoel 5a ae | sie Sa Seay, >: aR | mats || Oe Se Stee | aes >, ee | Biesiene| | aap ee | aaa > ai | cil B00) =| | ele Ss te = Sia las cL Os ES tees Cath? ONE aid lie ca Salta CEI eal Me © ibe etre eel Se IE Bei Gee cle ee OIE TIE IP gens DC AF ATEOR neue eae ee TZ x OT] 2° By ) sckinss|| eae) | apnea Pee ap eae) | eae se | eae x > Gane | Saeeeanl | chars 1SVEO) ic ee ee ees OL 06. a ibee G Mee al el ae le ae CG) Naame | spi | i [era > Gere RG. ERS >, ai | aa DK ci OS IF BODE |, canes cneen eee 69 0 OT] 8 CO! SiG asl a S| alpeache lesan | nia eae aa | ieee | Sega 5 dilly ‘kel ge | Sakae 5 oe | aaa | Sealine | alas! x > (saa |S NhO! ee 89 x ie L (9 ie | Sees | SDE R AN | > en = > ae | Bascane| | eras Oe alla Sele > eae | SC epaee | Seal (Eee > Seems | Cannan] | aa IP TICEG): locas ones a eee eee ea 19 x 9° L | (euler e| | See | os os eas bili cicees > ales ge) Sas nal ee lee ere esha] | nee | ES 2 > emer | Span Ey STESHIE ea 99 x Tele Zab Sis tee alsa 6 > ast | acer | ame gaae x OX eel | peat aoa |e > ieee SNRs ier es ae > es| | Reeanal |r as > es eee |For oe Sul (ROEDER. eirenctn ae aeons c9 0 eae | BR Tes See liee oe ae DS Siena | Mae x ee | ieee |e es x ere ates | piece De | Sie agisell | Sar OEE Pes | 1) aaa Se ep eR x Bee 1) | Seam Ox ardee De el Fergie] | Boece DC aes || Saag set | ae > Ge | Ries “ab | Bose es eee ieee Paces | Bers > eee ee S| eee DOP STROM ioe sea inal €9 0 jie [C31 Geel | se Soret | Seas |S aaa | teraee | near | eae x > S| | a ES || Ge ee > (aoa | Fes 2 | Soar > tices | Sa ey ick | PS D4 > Ae le el SE QUBO) Wea a cee eee a eelig weae 0 Es js (Oe PS | Rae earn |S > SN | Seay > ee | Se Se || Se Dae at) Spee |e oe | eee > real | Doeea an oal| eas > ame | eae Ses 16 SIR SRROHIE- cs > oe eee T9 0 gE 8 Ge Ail = oe > Aer | elalien pe | Scone | Sone ake » Gia | (seasick >, ka | eas! | PRE el pS | pea | °°) | Reames ae este aga 09 x L° eee] ("gel | a | Saar | o> ae | RPE ET | eae ee >< geaen | agen | ete ee gil ae ee eee Site | ee aaaes|| ore > Gare | aba > | mame 6 7) Sep ST ALE x OT IT Oi aes aes Dot | REaPE|| EES x ee | eRe asa | arene > ae | aes ees git | Gres see > eg | > ae | Bae sl | ara ATEOR Fo ak a gg x 9° 1 5) tel | el ie | aipeeete | epee Da | Bea | Fees D4 » aR | elegy epee Oe | See 2a | Saintes > Sieg | Siskatsies gt | Seep ee | alae > ae | eel |<) || apres te tare Lg x 9° 8 (of Nila | aged eta) | || aa | eae Mee lea ee REY reece | easel eater > Cae | Bacio seats 3 ae | eee SOI - "=| aObie aa eee en a8. aaa 99 0 ¥° 8 9 Poe | PORES a | PE | PERSE Xx XS aie Deiger| | SemeesS ceales > eas Rae | See bec teen | satiate SC PE SSIPOIPOR IC ce ee heal cg 0 OS O8 a Pe pee |e go x » ee aa epee | Peake a | a al peste x > Cam | og | aie geen | Genetagig |eata pA a1) 5 | inlets apres leanne peas vg x CO ieee | Sea ga LS) po | Sere | Genera | a aa > Rae | RS EMDE| | TA eee | ED maar | SR oer | > pat | eta See oa > ees | Sees | Es ream | iin 5 < Saal | Seen en | ges eee | RSME > ia | 5 a Ne OUP OR te cre mene ch a ed og x 6 8° (Sen | cameo Seer | esa Re. eae | Pee > lair | ee paceeeal | Samet Serge Sl eas > See | ares || aaa | ae e SC IE SaIRORPOR henna Gee el T@ (1) eeu | paae es 0'T Ta | Seeks = | SS | Ry oe x | doe | aes | Taeapel| eee | Fea eae | eee Sas X | 8279 Se Sa or Tea Ss «ee Yi | ets » eee | Beall ee pe OES) ol G. Aa se Re eee x Sats | saga | Paeese | | sae Slee | Sez Sel ee 3 GUO) Ss ee ee 67 “| Vabociaaa te eae 1/2 pis eee |e es | aa io ere BT Sapa | avin | seeceerianes | TPS | ae a | eerie | SS Pe | eH o> Selo dems Pa 6 pes cai ep ae 2 _X__| OT] 6 Slee rages 5 pa | ache inka | se en eaecee | sabeaiaga|| Specks > aa | i es | ee | aay SS MA | Satie es | ety Dee eae SCTE SE IBIZED lt roe ee bec oe lb | Se Sa i eae | Se Kol Ear ees lear eae | SRR | Baie > See Paar | Sse | ee as Da | Pees tas S iaa | ess STE eo OGPOMIEC EL = cs ee 9P eae (anes Ot | aaleiael |seeeer | Pe 6) a cs eee | | ie le sp Soclba bates | ect | sete ae | tales | Sale ME NOCD ooo sce cece Oe aan | Bes Dee L 15) | aa: | Pa ae Pa | eles or pe Nee ce ieee 5S é Wi steel aya eee S| ood | Oe hits lime | Hi ee ee OT it Wi ell ae eae a ie BR | Bde S'S pe ae date ae So feseeee|===- oO jects Se | btgg [neem es 0 8 a | ae as a | ae eat | eee bel | a | Maas 5 ORE | aes | ee NS ee eles Seg geass Seolre—FOisUPEL owt: cee ae deo. 4 4 0 GRIEF 18 DOr ce seen YE epee | Penh Dea eee (ESET | eee Si | PES ale See So tee os $0 ee ES PRE SCE Te oe aaa ga aan ae a lF x b* | 99 sae eae > el RADE a)! eee Nix cal eae oe be Sag aaa >, ea aay | De See ese See alr = SEGUE Sonne eee OF x 9 9 | in| ae a | aan a Py || Paes Ot Stee ee ol coal weir aS pees | PAE best | asa AT oe GUBORIEL oc ce a 68 Xx g 9 i gs | sent | lariat | ah eae eee Misi dt ae oe I | aie | deaalag | Bao ae | Se MS Fh eee A Sees) ce ical ge [BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 326 x > ee Nee. eas 0'T \s Rae | peas [|i PAN |B eee | Px salle | Dall ae at x PAE | AP: | VME | NRRAORAE | eR eS x 0 On Tees 0'T Oye as eallig ad a Ki ae ad rn Se || apes | |p ila enege| eee P| SE ak | (Dos TERRES | eS, | ecko x x Rea 6° 0 eae | eee | Vee > || Se Tee ER SE ES Oe oa Pan ee | iis |B Sale 5 ie || Sera | Habe gece | [Siar pee | teak x 0 x (J) | ay 2) Ones Pain [aa | peach | ae > er Sere x Mee Aa ee et x< SAPO Me A oe alee) x 0 0 g° 6° (gaia | acbeigess | ean | a roe x 0% >, i | Saree oe | | aca: > an | aca, Pee (Roane: | | altaake | lipeakeiniah | (Pee >. 0 0 9° he Oe" aaa eg XK 4| lee > ae | "Spal | eae ek, > Selig | ites ea | oe > Tse | i Speetaai| (SSB wake | ee >nG x 0: ee 6° | Ge | aaa || ee Oe Ps Al eke > Saline eek Gn Se ee DA | ae apr |S kaa | lig simaateas | (aaa 4 0 Or > lessees gg iseesaiseca=s paella ee Ee ome lk tae SC. iseesa5<43 (Ob a cael pees lao x x KL lll> ae 8° (AS |S ore || Sac | > ee re || as > aan ERE: Daan Ke iP Set Seen > eee |= SIGIR | Saeco are | RCRA x 0 > ees |e ee 0'T Jia | aka torn mee |e a | Nie pe: PT > Gaim | Rapcpastacees | SS aoa | Vs am x KA ae eee alee > 4 0 Os a PTras 0'T OMe fiisrcue > Seay a | See ea > Gills | eisai: || etioe or | ahaa x > Aes ee ipiaoas |e AER | | Sepaabiecel | cea x 0 x jie 6° oy easel ere All Paes ea 8°T Siam | eee sp || Capertee | ae pas x > S| (ae Nabncaaes || SS PRA | \ecaepnstares| RE: A 0 0 Hee 9° (2) elie ee | | ge ote? alee 8 > Gamma | SRG. iP ||P Go So | a a > Dd ee SS Sites” Sal eee ae a x 0 OC ANS Br a 6° Me | nee | ec | > ieee | | >| leek naga Va > Seah | Gea DRS Sn age aloes a [ rag x 0 Oy leesss Hetil Gs dieeesaieesses SOA age alae as So Ser waa laser sales ssc Sessa) [ass ~slaaessa| sam x 0 Oe ceesss Ge) iGo esaraleaeccs Mlegeses aor 3 aa at ta hates |e aia So. desu (py liSgee esi ae erealeess x 0 xX 0'T 6° Oe Wrasse aliacec SG Ale ou > ae | he ea a a aie >: Se | eeeonacha| (a emer | (Ge Seamer Rae x 0 Dy Ihe 9° Ce ee a See Fer >, Oe lies ere | ieee > Spam | (is ecg | Satay >: eee lice: Saar | aes bey | We aaa | Adina | futeee x x i Aa ee T'T ON ilineeal me DA oeorallt ste ol aot > tae | Sain | ea >a [aagececheget || SR | Vigo | NaS x 0 > Game Ns cia 8° Oo Wreeealaeer ss >a | aie ape | (aa > are | ane > tates| Hime aes a Sa MOSSE Sale We ealrens x 0 OF. ui Saar 9 8° Lie Aieercoal ees 8 Sr eoo site > gs ell Gore otal ie ea > San | aaa | Sea (ie cae | lopment | ta >4 0 > eat ae tas 8° Bs Ae lS Sans gai >| RRs | ee OR AS eer sea | eroccent| epee = Ba | Pee, a | ees ae 7) | areas | eghagacaly | lieg >4 0 >4 6 9° (RI | Iie Neataratg Pe Vie igi | te >, S| \agagaciaat | iategk oases > Sie i ibe ataee | aaa | ap, Sams | eS eps | Haase x x 0 8 Boo ws leecesiecssan $c. Seecetalnesa 5 Se WeSseesiexess3 Se ase SC |poceealnar Perl poccea|aaes x 0 0 jl 6° [0 rane | aaa Dee MN 5 oe ol oe erage > dam | lid: , Helen | eas > Fec| Sea |. a elaine | Ga ead | Ne > 0 Oo seas 0'T Gi lipwesslisee > = 5 Oe Seo loaned > Sania | (ace area |e can |. ie P< | ea | p< Sete | [RT | aes | RS x 0 0 wisesess OOt | (ee: est ealeseses| tees ge | IS ata Gates Seo deer eines (3). [aeasal tress tees x x OF Ses 6° (Blea papacea | eta gen > an | epee | (ceataas > aaa lige eater | rae, > ee | iia Saeaaa’ | Rea (¢9) YR he ca | ligeaeseameca| lesan x 0 Wee €'T LESBO | |S saa | Wane ie > lines OG rere es Se gees >, eam | RRS | RS > ign | eee >| te aaa | Hie 0 x 6 g° Ps Ape eal ge eae ae) > eaten eae aohes > Vad \ipaeiepricl | ieaas aes > aaa | Vio Big >, S| a edinnes'| |p RSPR | Nips | [Era x “pases ee © ties |e can ag 8° 8 Pee ans. lM oeelrices co alia er ox Pie mes seep tios ltee-S ape | baci | Noe (07) Taare | Nar | ans (enone | Be. 0 ee ee eg 2'T / A | i Seb | Pee a Rallteracs i L°s tear alboesctt Me Deep aati ||-e>, Goma: | MiP ur | peace | Io ra x 0 OR a eee 0'T Oy Sleesenlntencal ae Me Pa lisoe oa > aes | |b a Pal | ieee Gao > SaaS | lap daige | ee Ia > ae | (ae lea x x Qe Ne Sees 2 1 me pee | Wee || al > ate | arrest > femme, |e amen |r eget Hg wees He Re Mell tae Aine ae ae x 0 On. rear [ie Ge Agere RISE OE se cs al a eee a > Somali | \ipaea case |e eta | Mies > Game | aaa || Paseo > eee | aarp > x 0 Coe ae Gpsy Hees Bf ee osebese al rosee aloe onalessoc| panes SN Po Be a|peeen | aea =a eeeeecl een x 0 Of sleagass Osta Neceslesescs Dil sae 229 Ro cera ese rsa avesnal eas sns pO pate atta OM Ouloge. Mahe (a NO cae ae a fala x ws wd wd . E i Lasaee . . ° . . 8 yy d d / . | it 5 10 —| gas|tas|‘as]}/ ul] 1 | ‘wlupal a luen ar mg | 2UV | Wd PIs] 38 | 8 [Pav | vo | OW | W] AI | 972 [oa] 2 S| ee | eee | eee | a gig 10[09 ssoUyOIqT, diy Jo odeqg m1 jo odeyg Meu 91N4Xx0,J, ssoupseyy eovjing ponunju0j—snIy AVf—[T ‘ON @LIGQ—]IAK Lavag 327 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIBFIN | oo 9° 02 x ee eee ee erry ee | ee fl HS | | | | |] ———— ] —___ —_ ] —_ ——— ] —-. far etl ae PRNNOGHOI| ance oo aa et *sdvtsod ‘oq “‘porsduis; e[oy AlI4SITS "TTY odAL, Wey -xOq 09 WON *paji9Ae diy *poqi9Ae diy “UIs 41049 *[OSSOA [[BVUIS "dis Wy Jeddn pouaoxaIy, *pIeAjNo po[e1 pusw peuezjey diT *ssN] UIs [[Buls OM], *poyey ovjIms 1Of19}u1 PUB IOLIOIX| *o[PUBY JO OPOU VAO0Q* pdsiVl DIY *A[PICMAjNO Poj19A9 GI[ ‘JOYS AIOA WII *o[dUe 406 SB OILY *1OLI0}{UI WO [JeGg *8u0d OdBjINS—O]1ojU! Poyel aq “9[30B 06 SBY UIT *pivm no sedoys dvy *SUISSIUL AI] 03 o[puvy dv.iig *pivM4no sodofs diqT *MO|[OA 9BUBIO [BNSnuy *TWHId [[B9 AOA “Os[® [[o4S—ysno1 sovjing *[OSSOA [[BIS—UIII JI0Ng *pos0d a0) efoHy *ps19d 184 ajo “OdBJ INS JOUUT TO JueUTOIOId [[eqg ~~" Ler 328 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 CHART XVIII.—Sritre No. 11—Loop anp Strap HANpLES—RIM [Catalog Nos. 6414-6429] Tex- Shape of Shape of Thick- Hardness fare SS ip Color Se Handle Cata a ee (Be ee oe eS | pe log = no. ront 2- Sl. N& F&/SB/SB 2 25 2.5] MF | M ] St. Fl. Fl. R R Ror ioe L R | Lat.| to |Height back cm |cm{|cm| cm cm ell 64163 |e DG etl TS bie eel oh 2 | de) Ma Xt xX] 010.710.6304 ee eee Dl G420r eats ae (eeres] Eee Sel Petes) eases (eseeeien| pemeresy (messes Pal (eee tea Sel tate al Megs 82790) een — 2.4} 1.8 7.8 SNNGLIS eee x cdl Peehed| a> og |e See (ok esl | ee DAN ers fe PY ies Pine De ae eee! at te A WG421a eee Mlecasl evi ce ee ee Be eae erie 2 ee ale ee eee PS 7 ek 5.1 6421 pa2=22 Dau ‘opal ery il Cea (ere tl [pence [ema [pega fe mcd earrinel [oeeecee| (ee | ee 2 a 1.6 1 3 [le G2G420e Ko lsecat IS ee he ee ee Ee Se ee ee VEY bh ee 7 OA2O ae DG rere (Sas Oe Hel | E > Aall See see) (aes M fesich O10 | 65.) S85 ee eee $0) 6420)) 2222 Kifascal ~'Qsiewtel need aha bee ois ae es hee ea ee | ee 2.1 1) (ea Oo) 6421s |= 3 OR se SSS ae ee AY a i es ee ee 1.8 1 We 5 LORCA || Sk es eee >< lie Eee WEES ae (Sr Se ee ea eee Ooh Onteas 1.3: 257) ees 6.8 1) C416) == Ke iltecly EXO SE See So ee ee ee eee 1.6 id hip ee VD NG429) | Keeoesh ewe ee a a ee ee 2..5° | Ege eee 13) (G424. Ieee el Sa De ess aE a EN Se el 2.3 | Py i He See | 14 G4 SE in| ener re Gin epee] MET Ie [mene (ace (ere Heal oe ea See 2. 4: | 25 ee ees V5! (6429) See aS OS ee slee cal eas Bees eee Lee eee 2.5 19) hk Ee xe 16°}, 6422 |--=2 GE Veen [nn al | eer he A KM Pea KOs Se a eae Az 4.1 22 GA oie SI a pe ieee i (eee pare Poe FN Sr oe 03 Oa .65 | 3.6 .9 4.4 9351 (6420) [pee a ig) Matern (ME pl oa Ube i) a 1) Sh a Koleees) 0} (Ose. Sr Hes 9 4.0 DAS GAZE ES lise News| locas ete soe [eee Bes On Xess 2/5 eS a 3.6 QRNNGAZON AS [ooo eae 6 Wess a es Se ee ee ae 4.8] 1.3 Gad 26 | 6419 |_____ XK cee OR fees a ce ee Ss ea ce eae a oe Sy gl ae 1 a) ee Diet G42) a2 2-2 Dn ese (Nim, iy | Sea jas se (ph tad feta 0 OU lz2=s= 1.0 jicte2 Eee ee 32516420) eae Meee Sere See SCH Sk ee XM | 8S ee ee SoP Ks O425e Oe ose pees ag Ee (oe aa RR RE Wk a 3 Ses oe Ones Cas ae 453 |\_ 255 ae ee 34°) 6425, |22--- Hf Dae (ei > Sal | ROS hale TE | | 5s ail (ea eee 0 0; .3 wf. [sek eee 35) G42) yee as oe TK ten Mee ee OG eS eee PSN (Stel | HRS 0.[°565-|.9 {25522 SG} 6426) |2eee2 SS ee Deir [ees Te CR Se | See err ee <0 OE LO ear eee 1.5 B84) 27) 4) 841 21 SY 64] SLI) 24 6) 8 eee ee Pee ee eee Line 8. Two deep grooves in upper surface 6 cm wide. 9. Two round impressions in handle. 24. Hole tempered. 31. Beautiful rivet hole in side wall. . Lip rolled outward. . Flares sharply in upper quarter of rim. . Probably a lug below lip. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIBFIN ] Sea x €% | LT | O02 16 oT OFT 14068 x x yale .| era ales cf alee. aloes POE ee alas sal os RO Td) | ee a er eT per ee | !/ 2 See BON OFS Sats OO) lhe: aes 9°Tt (B)is 0 ies esi lige anal ears ae Bilt alae BP x Se gles PPE oe ae Pe NOLL OM pearcin - kiee osc kd bee vE raee a aw (An Am Ws) Galil Sis he |S Mae 6° 6° 0 0 ears eb ag Ppa ex | \ece-abe || Sea a) ES enn Pee x Sage toa 1 biA | loor- soy Ga pameettp- or = area aaa £& > es a | a a Cre Sak ee sag = Gls iv x x yp on |eeeaer a = Sig RO | ean x Pabealleveit lee ok a PSL] 178 | Sa ea ae a at (43 » See Me | ES Seber Pa Se ise ee cP" cP 0 Qe V7 eer OMG ee Es oe x Peli cake le ae ak ae ees x SAGER F101 tear ane els iain eae San: a 1g ee Be eS Gol APR ID: pe Orci a ig L° 0 Monealeoae es i ae (a ae |b rk Alii, te C2): patra neon alge. ZN alee. Sika OE Ob ie aetna ae ckde opp aS cea 08 > ameter aes. at ae a as) Va fe | cia 8° Ge 0 Reon capa eege x » ee es pa omen aes Perdis | coat | Se mae 7S) AL DE SS Se SES EAR RE cel 62 RT Ee Bice (MOlGeg |) SiG wltennae 8° Gre 0 > SOE | SS > as aR De |S es x ilne seaaliasted Reg IE OS i Pol au pell Mies otaeee ee eee ahce as tase 86 Soe, MS (Ra 7 Bee ae | | (a Gi | VV a L° x ORF gS Ae NE ae Se x BE) ESE hae ee De Rel sal OUT Dall bce s Bees pyc a chwore ica kened ete Ké geen Seca Dera Oee iG Pe se emitter 9° 0 x 2 Na tat in ae | see os PSredlieoy Suan. Mineceeall oan ale Oar talus: 3 Ap SLED Se tht ewiaaice cia scare ere 9% RG ted all canoe SO ILS SS ce Dey 9° Pe 0 7 aE on lar eS > ea ee x EES 4 Kalba inet eaprs x WES 8 aes a aR eee 5 GZ Dee | ee SiGralegmk, Old Nerspes 0'T 9° 0 ee seas |e eis Pike Alsen ro x aC i ae a eave 5 at aan A Os io ey Sci a sera an: Ss ¥ ae aa LEG SMe ~ i Bel — | esewe = OT €° 0 Oencclie save © SER | ae Se | Ewe x Sag. Hee (yeas elk geee tilled x Tt WMOP Oil's ey Raed Scat weaeabeoa ein haan &@ Pade wilh oes at 8T | OT |07@ | 3° 9° on 0 x cdl Te eee ok 3 Diahcll seein Saal oaks PE Glin 8 cell Ghee OGYS:: | Sai Soca had eaten seer anaes! (46 Pecemy|\ me oe Se al Goel | Nees a | Pa he L° 0 a aaa al | aieap ct aba x oe al fenlee}. ales. elder Tass EVDO, soni sade s apiehe einen iaiciag Sines 1% eee | ae ae P26) SiG ea PR alec ae 8° 8° 0 Ops] gee Tee dee coll woes Dik da loko) dl Mealleweck alee = DS, nll gil ALOE loca che ele ale eo 02 Wiuem ae a Eige eget elvaus ike €'T g° 0 Om leeeee| ee x » Oe he eae ace eal PRN Ge cae A alive ct | UGE wo: carcieaieanleseme sn iieet meietane 61 ee la Ona CG |&T | L2E | G2 9° 9° 0 Olga oe. Neandseallkgn ae x BAP less | Post lwweas (mer be Nis GILV Ooo cyarc cee nGes Seen aaa Rabat ance 81 eee | oe ORS ep S26 aleCur a|atas on 6° L° 0 IG laags al > a Ne agers | ears ey x Pe dmg cal eee’ deewes DSS fealline dA Ali cc see Sao? LT > aN (a Ree Sie seal ee nore | wee 0'T 9° 0 OR: ill beeper is oct We a dl Wes coe x Ee call PAR alec lees. lliba seal ee ae PAO GEO: || s-xn 3a obs oa 3 emote eae ame Of Gestalt OG a GS cal Fe aie eae ce ¢° 0 0 Deol ad leant Kd lere a eee aes le oe heres x PGI (C4 5 | aan mane presets Corea yr ear ST Reta ag | Oe OIG | CNG seG sh aloo eee L° a 0 Oi. - SS all oe oe | EER x Oeiale He Fe lacks x Po .M Me Calon ok (3)] 25) eS R ae = ere Saas Mem a= FI > Se (ie eae Tis. |) 20 | 2a 1-6 8° L- x x > ORR a 4 ae Rens ce || eT x Rte Hes aes Poa See ee Nee eg UD tl ee aes a cle lee &T Wiad nal tas os 6G |9T | 89 | TT | 8° 9° 0 x Me pwllecs csc!| he ieee x Kal ee Poi, Ale cls ee at ON PORD: cu camereceatad cetdela eee ees ol Petia ee o§ | FS | 6S | 6 I'T 9° 0 Of ee ee x Beciiee Woe x eee ome eae > ae ane fd): nee eee errors air pre oS, It ere ll es 6% | 1S | TL | St | et 98° 0 0 Missilice.- eee Atel eo eee x Malet dseew x te at] WROPD ls oo be an oo on a Oe or D Een Ws i ONG SCOT S| On Ohh | ates TT ¥° 0 ee pe eeer ers = wg ee aera De eae ale eeu SSeS olor x ukl|” CORO” ltrs ticdt -oseretnd Spe due eee 6 ticle te 3 VIG einOrG. elal se wines ae 8° L° 0 0 DSiuall See) Wakes holla c x Sa A MEY Hen OK PRI es ed ane ORO. ors 2 onc topes btae thy See aaeeas ae 8 Oil 2 oe Lis ah 9aS aint: Ree cae IT L° 0 Obese pacer Dose Se. ee iliteeaese x Se lees Sree) ib oad 6: ee ol PRGRO os soar sacs oka ae ae ae ee Z RS eae PL Sab see =| Lil al 6; ie 0 0 Mandiieecs ah ie lees x mes Po Se We 2 ota mae 36: GRRO 220.7. anrsebrekseet ie separ ee 9 eee x OSD LET AG Gren ie Se 9° 0 0 x Popes mangas mes poe nat ee eet pe Sl Rim os oc AGRE oo eS doc nase ae eee ae ie eee cS ae Se 8ST |6T | 2e@ | fT | OT L 0 0 oo Pee es Pe CREE el te ae Kee a OG che Se BID: ane" So ae ees car de ap een P eee x ODS Set eS es iez 6° 9° 0 x eee. ped | ae Sa ae ee ea rd OS eres (os ny AGP Dale ao age were pee Teast ee Urns ee ee al (Oia arma | a Ga 1 fet Sen (es | IT ¢° x (USE eel ictaaatginas ||) 2a So eh | A as x Ree) Oe Peilereee ie. oe > Tn PM 4 en area pero rime on 4 ae x OrGes|tOnl aimee ne aiee0 || (ONL 99°0 | 0 0 aN ee ees Sa Ui ig “Pa 'a 2< Pp tok Sete > laa seep MORRO | earch ee Ma ens ce ae eed wd wo mo uo wo wd A - f J — | RM J FH . | _ [ — — ——— _ ] ———_ | — ——_ | ———-- ] S| - | | —— —_ f | - J | J | | | dit iy shin ‘ ‘ d Reterie A d ' é ; ACPA! OL M H T us | wy | dit | HasS|/ IGS |UPA| WA /UPN| WIS] 39 | 8 Mo |W] AW | %% GC-S! 3 ane See nee aR PES tea | LENE epee Ss] See SL en OO Seem Ne] el Re Fi 0) “BY8O UILI qslug s3nT SSOUHOIT,L (0) (oY@) dit jo edeqg Jo edeug eovying 91N}x0,], ssoupley] [6Z49-F1F9 “SON SO[eIBH] SDO'T HITM SAUTHJ—TT ‘ON BLIG— XIX LUVHO [BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY *pori0d ue} e[OFT “zg *() THeayoNC “Og *ZULI0d 010} BJO “1S ‘San [[BUIS OMT, “9 "san [[BUIS OMT, “9 “SSN [[VUIS OMT, “E "SdN] [[BUIS OMT, °Z Sa] [[BUIS OMT, “T soul'T “poyeUnyISHL 1 ola Teee0t eee" ee ee Glee eT oes Bee OG ar levee |nSteceleolienl (UL © JRChmn AGL |aees| Seulichoea|e Out au.8 ||aad Ee Bic Oo Wer | ta 6 oy cena aie cae fae asl Pee glean > ea) Deal atl aseatll eae SOUEZEO: |eocnc: < ce ecebues suuaer pean 29 i lacceae Car seat. Oe Jlerrse: 9 Oey Oe BIO Flaseamal gee eS eta SOUT Xe |e [ca it oc aia 7 eke 6 ig nei Rasen Geers apareae 19 aes SVS aif ac Se [yt aly ee fet esata te a (Cale crcl ts eae ie (> fae) lm Te 19 ea oe i oe aa Che liae alagen pibeapellsscseiects alee oO (Eseese ps MO) ee |gcosaal Oe [esea[ G2) discact-e6° /Saccal 2h aaa RGN [a aie esos seca ese cle oa Se KG He lleretleeseccl (Gab aICORE ol MG (sO. = “WO! cl baee so |oacs SMe | Sc lahenlasealeeee I aeoliee c[c co n| ee ie ec) OURO |e Dae esas aracasameecnan dete ea So ie Ae Ge Wea ticeeee al Be OO. WO Iscectl Mee eS Ide Dee crcl): fier OC rae So) QUAD: yas Seea meas saeec een oge donee ee Se Adee reece le tee GTP Gee loess SMe lease lem IS acc asl OS I Be leceee leehel e foc call eeien IR IMINO Ge oe ala neemeatienee wares e-e Mee ted COSI 51 el SAE cig LOE Ra Fak Sec (0 el J Si atl PU) ee [ie > Se foe ik vil, I :) || fc ee a ace ee PR i a fe ees Gi ede Me eee eae scaler Tit seas loe ee MT me llcoe a calcccll oe (EI keen alles acl MUEOs [tag cpe tc ehieaesnus nemnes hheeger es Coe ae nme egeelassessieteesaleestenl Gee [idiom lepers | Cdn (ee tae tire Saipestirogs SES WIEN OG | ns WAND tae eaes sashes acme mesa sa samunaee a eS clan street At i fe i Gee lege © eat a esstcelepas | Me, leccetcl Oe) deer) [cea OX eco thea s| ae | ORES) |e cues « mcaievcngdebmnmaeescle ae Sewell Waa nee[ Cade Bw eat oe 0 Biss fi BG oto wilagen se Iressa moat acaaaa| eer cn (neeer Maca de HG-o So] mo eae OLR [eg a coe cameo ecc san anee Le oe MO ee Se aie Gl 8 Get O WO Met SR. lees beast [an Oe ee slice leas (MOCO) Gann toe enact deat avataneseonaellh age alne Ware (gee ee weasp Be Oi Weseraclaee ak ae SIC Oe. ueokalcamt lets Neale [ec | ee. local MUU |searnc ne oearaeeonecssaeesca samen pet Sempre ie ode execs on ims are GIO). opessacc AG) jess cco osll eG» nekletwa.| eel cee eee as as gal MUR [tenes ts -o--cnbigz aoe ceeeenbanaye a eee hip ea Rectan eleseearee shag Uesceraiese ay een oceIoes icgea|L Bee ts tle eal Be | LRUO lata igeneinsarenen nae con eeeamnlae ae Bee Gh eed uch ete le ashe GEC IL 2AsO sel acd Oies sb aye RON mes Ra OKs [ies] eae peat eSE | Pe eee eae Woe [ees AGED [oa 267k aos eae eee uo uLo ula uo 7) wo a eS | le CL. eee ae a "“M | “H ‘T | ‘ag | uy | diz | AaS| Ids |UPT| U [MPN TIS) WS | 8 a WW | AW | 9S | MB-S| @ und ysuy sony ssouyoIg LT nC) (oF@) dij jo edeyg jo edeyg eoujing 91N4x9,], ssouple xy eee Vb a Ee tg ee a EE TS ponunu0j—soo']T HLIM SCYTHS—[T ‘ON BLIG— XIX LUveD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIFFIN } aso x Ls ae Gee tlie eee ser ol sen aipaeet| | meee OP Rea see sls ON ee el een oe eee te ee Mine eal Oy GO ule = samme eres. So a Rea eo ae carne 0 ERED PST Wee YD) me ae heheh | (> Gi (Un SG | aca Ieee I> << rego Fel C/) BR Vee al eS Bice lic ance adler SO RO ih oh oie eed oe pcre ar eee Rese Xx 9° be Hig Siac Via a aie eal hes Seem | ace Pew oe me Oat eolte. a(S OR hall agains Sew alec s*< eral) GEG O leva — aan Ne ae Cat age ere tte eee Ris x Ea hell OBE | eatin eonellameeae|-GeOt noe elie acer ON, | cl opel ince | esl omen PETS ogee eimai ton AIP PGOn|(c +s 4 oe emperor ae ern pert hie Se P| ae meio | nc) S| en =e Vel ae a | Sl fae a ma te Peal ee. eter calle & now Sd arin enamine SSB 1 ames, ees eae ei aged 1) 5 eer Ps | acacia Ole lp e al eG |e | ae ale [ead eee ee on Oe eciaes lpn 2hacell hiselcsicaad lige |S Niece | Deine Nasmcienl| eO Saga | RESO | ene es ee We ta Ser 106 x OMe Wiese aes (oF) Gist) Ai fee ea aoe x (Oe ieee ee ma | aaa as x > Gi (Sear een ON ar Rees Blea el tot oe PEGS NG epimers e fee se io clean sie eae 82 aimee 0 Ro ea NeO eae he hire es oc Ble emis > Sa (eee eters aia He, 4 ERE | MTS | OG 7a es eens Stee" Sco eee oat eae eee ae) 4 Bite ee lS saee |, Oe OF see | ak (OS Slee ee Fee os > Sal ee alls & Bese. Slee me ae Ree Pe ae es Oe eee ener an es era A ay 0 So Oak Mf, Ea Ale OG ioe so Al aCe es alle [oe PRO ieee tlic ay eee ial a Sat eas Ie re SC ene See a 15 Lee Ue aeg ee TESS i EES 0 Bre alive Oi Disaa rc et eee als ase il taes eens [roe S| as ON > a nena Vein eee cal tay, mee || esmvas| aerial eh fal eran eae he bene rs entre are a ee oe Xx 8° ibe . el | ce Wee [eRe [econ Us MONE ue Nira | adage ISTE iS ae an? sper | Seige |t-S aS a es ti AA eee Mea ice Rae arg ie ms ge joe ee AE roars) 0 iad |i auc 21S ee 1 ere | pee | elec) este IB 4 RN ee he Ae nel ac ale ie ale | AGG oo gape See aay ce a a amy Sees 0 g° Ihe geal aoe ell eae aie cals ale eee ai ow x alee = WI er re eee Se OPS OHI <7 Bie so Sati cn Catena enna me Sa Gy Ses 0 6° 8" o> 3X 2 ie apne (era | |uaaane as eateries | >< Be Facet er al fe Soe epee eos POPS O i =. pulls an Rene a eee eee Cm) (5 Bidar 0 Deon el, Oe ome al ame = OMG et ras alow Cee oles x PRES ieee EA al IRR ies enfin Grek on pees Tal wot OF Pale Saas Galo Delo lrsa = Rol a ae rale eee ee oe x Chee call eet POE aeee ae alice gas | oe ae Pe 1 mana ee rg Ar op ra SI we 0 Sao it Ome OF Seer a eee a ca Oe ee eee Celt ae hiatal Wh ate We aie can fe >< eoek es ee Ht we RB SON rch ss se oy ee can eam eT Samah x 9° jis g° Me rape IEE po ee tele x ie | sab a Fane Sed | Ree » IN | ad ae ots | eae Pe ORO D oor ere oer cn ot ie ieee eee ee ee 91 ee al | Ieee as bie UGB ae et x Oe |e als ees x lees ne eae > ima tea eee ai ce eae EES OIC oee ro ee eee, oT Ga (0) ii: | tape atee 6° Geer, ee me ae i (JEG | se os ences De TRS Oe dee ne oa Bee ea eee alae PET fe atelier Nie ee aR gt sek ial Waa ei mae (0) Gaeta, Sean as We|acs a Giese FS oa ie oe x Malte is le Ce ge Bl ee x SPH Rg Oia ata corer pe ter nae a €I en en x fhe 3° 2 Se | aie | | ee Speke ie Sa | aces re oe lo SMe ae tot Oe Lilet x Sw GOL NT cme r= te oat e Sine noes ier eae él Pe, 0 eb a) 9° x PS [Ser EG Gee lines ie [eee eal agen Nee heme Sa oe ete alc ae ce eee: cab ce SLU GO| ee ate mai tne ein Oe ke eee a Sate (0) ae eas Se Cal aod as ales. al mead pian Naas tie tl gt emp ne Des ale oar on 4 x Sai SE a Mache le aera ars ri a ergo | OL as Opa arate ORL 4) Lae RO oe AIPA dey lc a aN i | eae eed a eae x Sem tite te Ales OES SS cere ro co ee ee Gee 6 eas 0) 8° iy ea eae alae als aed eee rel ee a > Se edie ped | PRR) ea’ Ex alinMfcy ted|s eet WOHIAGERG [ac ot cee nee ae ae 8 eas x OR tale OR: Sie SI ae leone. os eae INES Goa We ees eg tes cee” res OREO ali te maa eaese tee em eee Ris SF 0 9° ORL ISPs lee Ie aaa ae no si eeaiees (pein ae ea | esa ie meas Varo pees V1 1) ae ee ar eae Po) eee 0 8° ie bis Qo teal: (LONG: We eaetlgeee slow 7 ee aus Wan |i Sse at (seemed A> oe A RESO "os Set | ete momen a eee ieee 0 Se TT de Zs Pe lea I OE al pele eet | a MN ei ee ee ale ee. Te C/G 0 | Sener ap eet ae eet amie ere are One. aa 0 g° L- las ree age lh oe OG eae aes SOON wa hea (as ens te aoe || pueasene| lars 8 ae 0) 1b eI eS am aoa tee ete 0 8° (Aa § be ete srs Cilla os, ie) Hae | aera > Saas |S soaes (estas ora! bese Mi Si act eae celtic, eet x To ANGE: So ToS ed Gn ae ee ea G x x $0 |60 |9°0 |" melts 2, a[ oe me ie oe a | eee Kale itece cho de Pe erce eA eee Be A PRG ON ae oo eens eee Angee oes aeons uae T wo | wo} wo cine la Sg? SIOH | HAS | IGS | “US a Tl |APa| UW |APN; AN lf ‘Ig 4S | 8 dMO dMO|/W] TN | | 9S | 8s-2] 2 1ajnO ‘ou rio) (33 ESO ea Th a eas i as ae eae Se ae rs a SI ae S| ep et eee oe va Rie (eas ges a 380 -W18,L, (0) (0F@) ssouyoIy,L dij jo odeys UllJ Jo edsyg yqsjug oovymg 91N}X0,7, ssoupie xy [9#89-0Fg99 “SON 20[8}89] @ Gs ‘SWHIY Uf—OT ‘ON FLIS— XX LIVHHD (BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 332 ‘

aaa Sees 9° iene] crea | See x Ssnsdincoall oenctonat| SEA spears a aR | SRE aS boy ae aiacies,| cere} Pe ee On| ona eee ne eee one 19 x 0 O5- tee 3° yi) Der pre ene ay (Oh Atel eiiiaeae| (asad Soe ae Den aes call ete | ao eee orate a alana PAMOPRON Sere et One ae ee eee 99 x 0 Ope ee 6° OS ee Mae | leeke balegneal x Metdlicgtt argtings ld Caan cal ne ean PRO Me So eer ee ETD ES ee gg by 0 ile. | eaeaa Sia Ee mee Wispeaa| ici x GHie re Pee ir see x Bel ale eee al ee > gonial || ais (a ea Pe NGOPCOMEt ore kins oa Se gee ShS Tree +9 x x Once S55585 he Pee) (oescatars eS ea ee oe Paes | areas, Se ea ao || OORT) | BSN > Coca sich || ies an | A IChOUR ses en ie me Cac oo Mpieee Sere pas F 7 £9 sae x x 9° 9° g Poole s alo ipa aes | gaia |e 4 vege | es ae Sr 2 sel go Sie Gl Rene ow lee OPO OM a oie a5 = en Te eege oO) resis ~ x ore dl ae GOT eS TSH a ae es ae pad |e lame | Sime [ae 6 ea | aig | Be PISS ORSON te aie en, ae Danna rae EO Ws2" 0 DER Tee a OFT) og oS Ea SSH Gale ae | A en Oe CE Be Oe ec Ge eee | ae ARP OR) [mt > eee Sarena eae oe vd er eese 0 0 SERS ae gee ee Cen te RR al ee ol Mulroy an col ORS Se Pe ee ae NPE OILS cies tor ca bo? eee eae eae Oo a rid 0 0 OT eet ie 9 x PETE eMC Ale <2 alll bee al aew Suis i aliens oh oo ow aor eG Ar ae RPE G OU tes ae ws tn a ek ees eee ci reraccs x Me eres, Go ene ees ee et a eee ed eee ee eos i oi | ae | Since pp Cosel OL ASL! | NN a ie Dein soe ae, Srrane A Gesaies 0 0 peers ll Ole Fo aaa Poa oe) |e a i eae aan ea a elem | ee Peale a alae) ec ca aeee ee Boo WW SPQ neses an oy oe es oo oe OG ercses 0 0 CE SSE HME OSL) tt a a ga AA oe) D> le tae’ | Tae gaa Veen Sh. ° Oa |e (Re Coe fue Im) (8S = epatmeea acienrshaer tatiana eee wk eel eas Secs) apes D4 x ee 9° c TTP alee ON 2 S| poe aaa | Soaee hos ao ae i fis tie: accel p< i RES URSirs h aeee eeoe oe uae ae ers an aie 0 0 > 1 ee } Tone ee a i ae Ok Sl te et ae CP cole. IIA GUCUP Gk Sater a oes ce ao ere er Sa 0 0 Us 8° Ol ae et eee: ee ee | ae gee eee oe do alte Ay St ae as | oORICLES Oe eee Be cess bo ee ee ee ee eng, x 0 0 9° 1s (aa Iie dt i | eee 8 «|| aig >< es |i amui| Neg as a x sei oe ieee sic (i ae x ORE DOM aetna 2h ne is hgcc tM ian be ge ene 1g bey sg 0 x “Re ie 9 x So Sigege (Ging. lita ak oe ite ml ees) sabe Sh HG ee We ee eS ea TSO Ra Meh Bo eee te ee ce eee ay sina at 0 0 “BrecTl s6e Gee ai) eel oe GO ee ite tea eS I eee a dit on ae ee a + ATO OS ee a ee OR >4 0 Or fees a Ol eo ea. a ee ae x gh ae ala lk 3 si Sie Po ee | 2. Me CEO SoReeR SE Tee Bes ce eee ee ee SP x 0 Sale es GL* (0 temic a SC) | Nie epee Fae | ae eR aed x rei oe Ales esl ie te neo es Pere ERODE amen ee ce Dee gr 2 oe ake ee meee so L¥ wie tate 0 0 my ee Oe oe ea Sass eee or ee on jae PN Sea aa ee lial) ae ieee Ae ae | GECOM eae Sete re ree ep She 0 0 EGO whe ss CN eB ee le es "Ee cow ay a ie ts ef ae | PO CEO OEP ek ee ee ae Se ag x 0 ey a6 ; de aaron lima | le Oe Wm SR ae, fale Baas ae =o ol eles || ee eS Ty RCRA sae sO ere ae ee ar ae 0 0 ASE el, ee Pe wee Faerie el OhGe kegels = aloe Balke ae pail 8 iP oe me ae te an CNS ee | STE O | ORME ESE GS roe et a tae een ey rae eae 0 0 Soe ral ae Ee ee Oe a ae ae ON lee aie ee ae cle ow i ci aa Pal | RR PS! | SDS |e Gee 8. Re Oe eee Gamma G ae am 0 0 Shae ot ey OT] X Resa CpG. me cole bee) ieee arm lae exer ae eee < SSS Sen PSS" le OPO nage pete at ene omar sae ee oe ae ae 0 ee S| are dee ea er ee ee eee Me oe De ae ae eA ge he & eee Oe eee ea sel ee CC EGOM a tear ota aco ee eee a pe x x (a) jee ¢ Sr lt ORICME Ci ae ewe ee Pee a mole oN Oe ae Noe dlc a ah Ia el a Sal Veo eee ge Te es oe ee syne ee ane D4 0 bag as ae 8° L SCR ass a | ae ee he ule eae eee ag i Pe it ee ele BO SvUO eee ee nn ee 8e x 0 x 9 8° (Sie | ie eal eg Seo eee eh ee x eats Wi al ara a) ig aoe > dan aes eae |S ancl (> aa 6 Kel PEC NE Eee Coo ee ee oa 148 aang Se x x Sa tea Oa 4 See alt Oe oe Gabe Ales aw Pat \ise> aeeas |e oe OR eel WS Pale eles FPSO oCOM ie wee Goes ee ee ee me Sm x 0 90 DE Oa ON ee as i es ig > aici a pNP Ge ed epee | ie a a me fa sak let am) >< ee GPoOe Ss wee fe ee ean uULd Wd Ua ers 1 SE eOH | AAS) IAS | “Ws a T |29aA| VIAN] BN | aA is 49 | S aM dMO| WI] AN | 7] Vs | Sse] @ 10109 fe) ou Paxo) (:} cris Jed Bo Ab aera: OB Ws Xie [gare Ss em ee cece eee ae or Bae en he Oo Wi Gree aera Bad eo “480 re fn ACO) (07@) SSOUHOIQ LL, dt Jo edeyg UIlI Jo odvysg ysluy sovying 01N}Xx9,T, ssoupIey ponurju0pN—q ddA, ‘SNIY Y(—OT ‘ON ALIG—X XK LAvAD 333 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIEFIN] "dll PojJJOAI—[OSSOA [[BVUIG “OL dl] poJIOAG—[ESSOA [[BUg ZO “ufI ioddn peueyorg3 AYYUSg “19 *pieMINo Sjuv[s Gry *¢g *[8j3U0ZII0Y WI eddy “Fg "HID °[ SSOUROIQ] A11jS UII 10INO “Ze “UIE JAOUS “SE ‘IIP[NOYS poe[suse Us JSOMIYV “ZZ “JOp[NoYsS po[sue ue JSOUI[TY “0Z “O10 ZT SSOUHOIY? “S “YW “O—pPsAeAINO suBo] AIT ‘6T "Md 2°0 1q810Y WY “ST "8018 ULI PoyjJOOWIS ON ‘ZT *Apoqd UO SUlyIeU o[pped peddviM-pl0y “F *IOp[NOYS PUB UII WeeAjOq B[suUV “¢ H2)0 4 tag ee [ — | — |] — | — |] — | — | — | — | — — | — | S| | | |S | | | | - | —_——_| - 334 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 CHART XXI.—SrTE No. 10—Jaz Rims, Type A [Catalog Nos. 6540-6545] Hard | Tex) surface finish | S@peof | shapeorlip | Thick | BinttT cote ness ture @SS Tim Cata- log an ae AG PS ee cp oop ah Tae epee eo | tnt apr i oc) eye eee oe rl no. 2 CW iCWP Sl. |Rim|N & F& - -_ |Thick-| SB} SB 2 /2-2.5) MF | “p = S |St.)F1 |pand| R |B] R | MP|Rim) pecs | 1 | cm em cm cm Siclun es 6544 da OCR SET NG [eee tees lee on ieee Gal | Mene 0.8 {1.0 19; o1° x pee Bald a ON OSC CSG ole oot Mila al Ooh Sees ale ee a ae 1.64) Bete MERE 5 O5tE gene EG ee fee Gl (BME! FRE 5 el ria) lis an icine Hiren 5 18 2.21 0| X ee: i ey ED Ri) as ie ae 5 ai eapbe| ke pda ov A) BM gl Ps ce 4 11.0 16] O| oO iets. § 6544 | X {____- ey) ee ee ee SC Cal Oop seas Se Sabot 6 11.3 ae Be 2 ra CoE ee SON OC eee eee Seri een eee a See ee 61 oe x! xX 7 ere 6544 Pe eeel x Me eoes ica Me |See sh Gee > ales 6 8 1.9 0 0 es 2 Goat Sc oe es ea Dae cy ee ee ry ee 5h a 6.) 28 2.11 X40 ge 6544 feel Mofo see pa eee eee 52 lafisoup cdot ae ane 5 {1.1 pay i i | 10.1 G5 441 Sie SC SC es a Sines Sl Selecest EG rk se lesen) 2 leas 8 BD PSE ae 6544 | X |____- Sh (as es dk Lee E25 8) aon pal aS 5 | 85 1 tS oe a6 Cee 8 6541 4}. 1 Seulement ee (ais PEE 8 Oe ay tee 8 {1.0 1.9.4-3¢----9 ign 6644 12 Se Se pce ee SCF ee ES cal se a ee EU M4 i 14. 6544 1 eR SL: Se Sa Sa eiey eee eee SOnt Gee 1.4/0) 69 1 eS 6544 eae > oi (Se lames le On| ease p> ies | et ea 6 .8 1a yxX 0 a 6543 | X |_-_-- 5 il ae Rea PP ice gel aie fh Cee | clae iealle | le Ao ¥ | 9 | .67 ee ie ae in G545 (Ce ee See alee SoCo | hemes pe fa | a 4.1 ..35°| 2 Seon ea igh owe 65431 XC [ee a ae Cee eva ALO ace at wet ee ee GS) seten LWT 8 19h. G54 SN See pdb (ees at east || OS S| Mae a ee 65 |.7 Ls} 04 > 0 G1, aie 6541 | X |_-__- 5 ad ES eS een |G yk eral eas > ee 5 sae 201 X1+ 0 7 AS Oa AG Ca ec ts os | 7|\i | 2) 8} 6 Line: 6. Short-angled rim on a wide-mouth jar. 12. Hole temper. 330 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIFFIN | “10d U19} O[OU—Sepou UII OM, *0Z "10d 19} 8[OY—Sepou UII OAT, *6T ‘Jed UIE} o[OU—SOepOU UII OMT, ‘ST “YSiq O10 72 Itjs WII 10jnO *2LT *sn] 9A0ge peyojou dry “oT ‘Jodu19} O[OU—Ysiy UO QT A1I4S WII 109NO “ZI ‘Jodule} e[oOg"—Ysiy Wd ¢’Z AIS WII J0jNO “TT "YsIy U0 QT dIs4s WII 10jNO ‘OT ‘Ysly Wd 8'Z dI1}s UII 10jNO 6 *pieM no sedojs dry -¢ our'T II (eS ieee ee) | ee onl eee) ie iia Ae ea 9 g v 9 ¥ G LT ST v G 81 T 6 OL Ra Rea tae it sal. saleeOy ¢ x x eee alli OS Cees Le ee BS x Sepa is Saran) oe Be cee eae eS Le ee ea meee Sei Giese Leebn eee. ily ~ alpen ie ae ee ES. Soe ae EO. 0 0 Bee ex Se es ies sae eS x geek ee | es HalEON See Wee ele OS LPSOu| ein Pa ee Pee gee a mero DR sce off hee pe ere aS Srila Soe x Pe AE Teg Sant =< Sele See x See = Wanna) lhe warn » Sar oa ae aR | aes x 531 capa aes eeli ii ay cence ERE aan 8I Biel a €¢§ | 6T | Te Sis Wik ear x ye eee ne Be Ge x ae laa AS oS Sad ee At er ORE SEB rig Aha se ee es Qh ae Gon eke ee. LT (Goi Ne al ete €% | GT | €¢ 6° g° 10 Oe tei a eee ce Te lk oes x Peo lege wae e DA Eee alee a x aS See GE Meee Sees SUG OT ea ok aOR Gan lmemtealiozes ia EES 0 as hie. oe laos x Freee s lees Sree Vio ey ELC ee ee es eras er aa es Ge il! 5 ne ae A eeOkG 480 Le Guba Seekcslauecal 0 Sk Filey ae ge Bama PS x ut Salt PR O™. Ow RS) OS Reb Le ee oe ee 5 eee vs ees aple9eG, aebe dl satletG) elie hr. 0 Sea, - G5 | as =e Me Snel ea x eae SSE le OK aca me =ainscm | Oi ite aps rah rm mnie ie canna 8s el Oe eee Go | 27 | &e 6° es al bs Otte sepa ee ee x > ae | ela | ear ok ea eS Tee, MAES OS ee x ak CERN os es ee Wii’ Saponeenis ol eae ea|| LeGumsl areca ae. Ce ie esa) x ee ale ee eae te lees x = a GRE GA Salam ase es CroOv Re ale © ee eg oe eer aS mS Nee lh a ate 9° g* 10 0 pet: ees EFS alam Peta (2 x irc | i eco tc CEA PSleG aie |i 4 el ieieeeareminievas whined See. CL ead NESE aes GG | LT | 68€ TT} 99° | 0 0 KES 5 6s eee ae ee aa x Ss |G | Tgadia tas UC a ene ego ara. mgr. 6 Osman i ene OES. SS She SaSae igre 9° | 0 0 Re Gs elites. Sr tae x PRB on = caps Sat ee © Rx ac i ili Ren a TV GOR eee ka Sera ee eo ees uate 8 Oe ie aaa | TS oy SCG | MOS Ze |e Ya spe (0 aa Nee ai | |e gS Ke, Wide de ae Cee | aia a Sa S| ea 3 DS | MS SNS Neca x LAA 2a ane een east cases a L ORG Rie 9% |}1%@ 109 6 Lao 0 al mle ee x | eae. Wee Ksealte Sewell oat x (Ue ree eLns wink ©aks So. 9 ee hae Sree eeGe (PS eS a Seta cierto Sea | Cae al iS i ae x Di ot NON take aa eg Wereale | eee x Li | eementmeaies S tai = Re ee oy ¢ (oy eee eae IG AN) GW teh 4 6° ry | 0 (Seta | hacaipais | inate See als Se One oF el Same eS eee 7 |e Ac eae Mie RN Phas SETS ae ae ¥ as Kerra | Sele sa eS ee 0 0 Pa Jes lew a) eee ee eels x ek | eee leew SOS PEST SPAN CSUN Sars. tee ee pee eee ee ene OnG) tre MG WE NAD iy 60; $0) 0 Pe aale setts Pe + =,| ae 2 XS le fone Re eas > Sens | Smeg 2 Case al i on sae Lad Ca Seca ae cee sey cee emer Sees Fe (6 — | Bre Spe hOeg SI SeiesatSer Rao 0 er alee, Sle noe |e me |b eeetralaget fey lo ae | OR Bela ae a ie eee OR eer ae ree ae or wa wo TE) TF) UT) wo diy diy . S¥d : 7 Mop | OL M H T a T |HaS| 188 APA) A |MVN; AIS; 48 $ MO W | dA | Gs | $e-< G ~ SO[ ysay core) UONdIIsep sn’yT ssouUyoIy,L, P (0) (al@) dl jo odeyg WI yo edeyg goujang 01N}4X9,], ssoup1Ie yy, [S¥99-0F99 ‘SON Z0[8]80] SOOT HLIAA SCYTHSY—OT ‘ON BLIS—TIXX IIVHO 336 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 CHART XXITI.—Sit# No. 10—Bow 3s [Catalog Nos. 6540-6545] Pe Texture ee Shape oflip | Thickness| Color Oat [a3 3 5 Oe eS ee od one Pe |e ee no. CW 2 j2-25|F |MF| OY) s |N&/ Re | £ | rip| pim|sBI|sBE cm | em Ree ae tk RNS pede Ss 6540) 221) Ke K legesee > om ER ae >, | ee ae 0.75 | 0.75 0 0 7 a ae eS EE Re aera. 6544 eshte Ph ee ae x Pap (Ie a ee ae = My i 0 0 = eee SS se ee ae 6545 | X |----- Jesh Sats Seuss >< Be ee alsa 5 5 0 0 , CS ern oS Sel a 6545' | Seis. sie pS eee > Oe ea % 158 8 0 0 Ss Sek ee ee ee 6543) ez a3) Xe ees > Sp A ae > ah ee 5 Ai 0 0 RE ee BN Sch? WS ate eh oY NN a> Patent | Noe ee > a ery te Daan ere > a eee 7 gL | >< 0 ere os oh Ae ee eae G544s Nee S| eee > pe ee Xx pes eee piraee He 5 . oo 0 0 ee Ey wo A ee ee eee G45) [taal Kes De eee Meck ESS x 4 6 0 0 OF cee Rae ae a 2 | SO Ee x pa es Eee Se Spl EE ss 6 .9 x< 0 3 6 i 8 1 8 Z 5 25) spss SE eee 7g (ee See ine: 3. Hole temper. 4. Lip flattened and extended exteriorly. 6. May not be a bow] rim. 7. Smali rim—Lip rounded, node-thickness to inner surface 1.5 em. 8. Smal] rim—Lip extended, node-thickness to inner surface 1.1 cm. 9. Almost beaker shape. CHART XXIV.—SitTE No. 10—Satt Pans [Catalog Nos. 6540-6545] Hardness | Texture | Shape of lip Color Typent Dimensions | Thickness Cate es ae ee ew hl OB ols oo] ‘S So no. agklog a = N& F& aaa! G3 | So 2 |2-2.5)2.5|MF| M R R R SBI|SBE oS BE TE i=-5 i) & S\H5| Be | Be] a m cm cm | cm cm eee 6545) [2s ee MS Meccaleeee Sole x Qin at dS 0.8 1.4] 1.4 0.8 ye Skene ic oe eel > eel ees) Hale pl ane Kies 0 Osi! ese. |-- 2. alee Ae. 1.3 Secs City VA a ee ee a eae eS eae x< 0 0 |=2=-|--5. 4 eee Lowe all Oe sstse 6544-2252) XK ecole |= ee Klass 0 Oh eles 1.0 3.4 | 2.3 .8 102s 6545 [ones OX fosahh OY feceatscaee be ae x M [oosdssec [hee ae 1.3 .9 We .223| (6545 cst OK asad] Oe lease ee alaseee OR ab oleee= .9 2:83) 1-150 1.0 PAE Gh44 oe KR eetel) Se Se esee Se D4 x Xi oxdieese ka ct al od a eo eed, B54391 SC foo ase]esae St les sbeboholiccae 4 0 XS eee eee 27 yf |, eee 6544.) XS [ace sce ee Eee > a eae > ee aoe 0 O eto 2 2c 1.5 1.3 15se cs 6545012 2a a [SSS IE Ssa ee Sdn Eee x |) 2 eee ees eee a eee AY 1 Ba! 165503 G54 XS, [sss te==2 D Cal es Hee? ua) erm bea 0 0+) feces] Lt He) | fees .6 WZ sre 6545) (2 2) Keeccel) BS ees Bd eee nt 0 rh ke Takes 1.0 2.6 | 13 yf 1 Cee nae. 6545 ex sae ios Kis ose ee x 0 0 [ues] 22-0] eee 1.5 L.2 1 Ree 6544) BX Le ee aeeoteeae a ee 0 OF) XK ole-e 8 2.6 | 1.8 6 Zoeces|| Goll oq soso XK. jeeedtiseeee MK focus 0 Olesen o 2] 225 eee 1.0 -8 21S ree 6545: |GS (s-2 she XM fecal Seselicse shew x One eaters lea! B40 Jaccom 6 PA te ee G545 (eee CHEN OE eet see ie oeatee ene 0 OF See ae 1.0 Sal coe 1.0 5 ee Gia [SS aS ESE POS esl eee eee ae 0 OO eee ine 5 Fay Nal 1.0 24. 2 2 6543 (Seb ax eo-8 |) Xe sealS eee as 0 OL Sa2 .9 23) [eeeee 1.0 71 Se 6545) |X feoes. 1-5 MM [aa slea Nss tea 0 OW XK e2 .9 3.3) | 2 1.0 2652 25= afar a b= ee o> GS fem S| ie a BR ES ee eee. Se OF net ale ete 2:9) eee Bye oo (See 6541-2. Se Sse Ske Be 0 il ae eo) (Eee 10! [ecb 12 28 eS dATP [Eke ef es a8 2 a aoe alan 3 x OVE Ma eesele SEO bees .9-1.5 74 ee ee Tae: Sa i al eS eae be Pere ee ee ee 0 OV ies alee L 625228 -8 30.265 Bad oy ee ere SC Wee ee ee 0 Oo Meee ale Ba fe LE .9 12 16 2 27 3 £4} 12 7 7 9 | 19 3 |s32-.2]ec.cneoleeess eee Line: land 2. Close weave. 14. Surface roughly smootned. 5 and 6. Hole temper. 15. Upper rim ridge—surface roughened. 7. Lip slopes inward—surface partially smooth. 16. Atypical sherd. 9. Lip slopes outward. 17 and 18. Lip slopes outward—hole temper. 12 and 13. Centrally depressed in center of lip 23. Red paint on interior (?). GRIFFIN ] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 337 CHART XXV.—SITE No. 19—JaRz RIMS {Catalog Nos. 6550-6553] Surface | Shape of : . Hardness Texture Anish ae Shape of lip Color Thickness Cat- OCMmRaLTGRT GN aes IO Roe IE ea LE a en eT mS. CW SL IN & F& ; : 2 \2-2.5|2.6) F |MF| M P&S S | St. FL| R R R SBI|SBE| Lip | Rim} Sh. cm | cm | cm fee leGope | ~--|.—-- GS cel eax, [eee Paes oe een Ree sous ee 0 (0) [ea 0.7 | 0.68 Deen mG OOM eel XK def 22 S| esas | eres Daal ol jeer j-s| | seg etl pag igen 0 Ne peptic tS fl PE Se (Goes ee Dil Fe lke Mcafee Se Peal giltan ee le bw eee eee 0 (0 (tar: Sa af 6 Bee A OOOO NOS otal a|a2-2)--~. > ey [et ebeaca | Re UE 5 Sst al fees | Ee x * Os). 6y (10 6 See Op00M| aa af-o% |2—-5|-<45 > i eee eee Died erNol Shas [eat Dy Ge ees Pow N | ei Ole! | 100 5 Ge5e5 | ee eee Sei Sl Eee ee (erie Di Na Soa es ae a (apn see al ile donb 4 eee: SE ee Ses ee el econ leseees Rate teres oes bore DOA SOM SRY TG 6 ces | (ait | a ae Sea abe Meets (een Su sae orate ee x 0 0; .6 {1.0 6 eee eno letacsl XX, |--2-j----= ah Ss eee ee AN alli cee ae Kole Ogle OM al Oleg Om. eee TOS 6551 fea2.| “X |e_-_}---- DSi i =| ase SG ES Gia TRE he ge | pa ol aX Oui 65" 1.90 \|- G25 Ie Ga00) |e = |oo— >< 2 Eeseaae [ales eae D6 |S Ds sy (Nae | es x 0 0; .6 {1.0 .6 NZEEs Goole ===) < |--22]=-- Di secede npepmiy ei OR ee ee Dal ete 0 0; .7 {1.0 oe IpaeinGaacsieen |! ok |2.--|--5- DG eget eae a Deh | tea ha Saal a ae x 0 0;.8 {1.0 .6 1422 |56552)is2 ~~ =. Dee ID On seepage Dealer kb eel x 0 0} .65] .8 75 1a OSpse OS <|e= a= 525 Ketwiene a soeeleocas Kessel OK Koilladss|ecus MK OniesouipOon) «3 16S 2S |RO500r dE 52 34 DS Roce ite Seal esl (eee Pa oon eae ee Wijessas x Oi | inal a8 74 aud NEE) Ge (ae FR See ORS eee oe oes SN teil SRE re) (eee K [eecse 0 Oa Gg ode elec sae ie heeas Cas | a DISS haem ct ete | ey Cee OR Pe sere Se x 0 Oa s9 56 Tee CEste( 1) OR > Gi as (ee eG epee ater Ohi SEU EE) eae De P< Ones Oey | Siena aaes Oe GDOU |e =" |) OX toces | . ee ee DSi Eee [eel teat Sele erg OF re sorter 4o Bie IOSOD ose) os, fos cele Wi sos feaeee Aalto |eaee(eeees pis peal 0 ON oe as Se eis) CSS NA | 20) Cae RI HR Dal ae) (eee eae p20) | all (ee ee DiS ag |e ear SVS [bee |g cla Le GB ee Cl iam a fl Uta / att eeeaNiGone |e ate >< aS | ge es eee SCE Se st ae ne 2 x mea Dh (ae ic Cle (LS SO ae > < fa ars bless alate fe aie > ol [AA Le Na Gol ae 0 On on |) .6 .5 BOS Gabe ie |e” KES! hehe eG [es (ees DS jee Sa [pean i eee Pee 0 (O)| Meats een re | eee = SESE) FET SO a | PCa ve seeieea| beatae ps PSs b 5 aliases base Galas Se Rao Wey a] ete By agen (ts) a Da i ee es eee GE (a [eee | Ue ceed | SP OSS Sa Gi al. ae Bd222| Gbs2ie-—- foc nes Plossl ma Wl erred | ewe ae Sal reed bapa ad eel aes Gan epee 0 Oe SGe ati onal 2 5 iol EE ee ae a il fs eae | ae oe RR ee || ee ae > Sa eee Del ee (i 7) Wes i Re Oe oA) | 2) Ist ie 4 | 30] 27! 7 CIMA NTN HES a Cy pti es |S Line: 1, Had straphandle attached to lip. 2. Had strap handle attached to lip 5.5 cm. 3. Had lug handle attached to lip. 4. Hole temper—large vessel, rim 7 cm high. 6. Grit temper—some mica; smoothed pebble. 15. Small rim lip lug 2.5 cm. long—rim raised. 24. Short-bodied vessel. 28. Small vessel. 29. Small vessel. 154676—38——_23 BURHAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 338 . 2 ee Se Ur ae ween wenn e eee ee eee rs “MH nH HAHN DAHA NR of omte: ieive Aerie ANA OO HCO HO SH HIS THN SD OMR MOOK MOO MWON MOOD O19 09 09 rN 5 5 BAMA MOrOOrKRDODOORS 19 O19 GS HS 519 09 HO HH Hod CS as e tee! se “ies re re CEI 1 OOWMr-OrrDOrADMADrPOODHr-WAOrRrFCSSDO bem Lt) 1D © 6 HAD 0D 6 19 19 1 ID HOR OM Oi O O19 OT ee ahs OT L e |e Pa L: g: 8°0 | $90 JT) Vie) Mee aul Fe 215 5 eae ee x > Ak ie eee Py Cealv ee alee OY x ge od re Fe lb (See tlie aeelers weiter. |. ft | esas pee se Blige Salta he aes | arctese| aise x a eS 7 ee ee ba ethics ts Se, De Be | pa: x CLE, Slee eee 2 |e ol ees oe a | LN Se tleee ey foes x Ae rat 7 ele oe we OS oe x as he a 2 its ie al | is al he Poole siti = ||| ae geal oe eet aes YS AR Pas Bas al POSE o x oles bis Sele be x PAG he guide| ier eee] aaa x 7a \ioals es tea x > Ss le aes aha P illic eeeal | eater sees ol hh. esl oe malt meee ew cee COE Seah Ce eee la alt 1G) esol 0 ele meee 9X > rags deregid| \* Seaain | Ships as Rr saree b | On aly ears x a PF DN Pct [pee fal OS a Vie Be kas a >< we a Ze iacall i Scotus x > Sell eS a Wane ae x eit. ae Ae lage” |e aa 26 Weeilne- Fe cil hal ow ee Ble Lee SEA Fe S, x Moles bole hs Wi are Sek x Dik ena Yoo eens (age a aes Tee eee eae | 76 pe | ee ee Bil, SON We ee ola b aaipee. 5 x Alt et Pe x Oe eae Ye RCI 5 ae (eile sas Og (Sa SS Ee Ka ce x nek > esl Eee al eae ales cin ee os aellfce,- Ge ec a eS aaah : ae ge gil aoe lee oie fete liar onc taal deed cea vas a DE eogann lee sok - cal be Be il Sek eallpe Gaie | aeaRite | r Sates EOS Gila 9 x > ia Uns sar eet Bs > ama bales x S55 Th iates Sn Seat Sil lees AAR Pele les Te Aas ae REESE Se cain: gl a (7 a le ae l(a Ca Nabe See Wai I< ee Te 8 |e ee x > sera ae ae > > ated oie x etl | |e P| cad x De Nt ee e's, x ee se eae ee > Sa PS Be S|! Gea aaa Pe Ge | F< CE | aaa ee >i FE ie lk sc Se Sie | a ee eae sl a ewer I< Scie S| eae eh ele een ala piibon l= & caw DG | al Sa (rs aks x pS ee eee aa ee > ee a x > Sco PR aN (PEs x a ae oe esta OE FS x a Re |S sieceesalies ee x CONSE SS Nes 25 [> Geant ea a) Pa a ere Plea Cle Seow oie | NL leeleok Tes atlice ee ah ey ele le es x xia >| Niiacanagl | oe aaa x -—_———— | | OO OO | SC | | EL | | | EE | ES ES | woldtz0sep sn'T mig | dit | Has| IIgs tel a TH | - SPd : Aa eT , ssouyory,L, IO[N9 dijjoodeqg |um1jo odeyg aoe eIN4Xxo J, ssoupie yy WLS BOS eae Sa Oe Seema are ve OEcOs Santer got Tarte ee eat €& De oOR nel ee a east eee (43 Dias theater es ok Tg aa ieee rT st 0g CoOL eee eee ee mokes so 62 oie ete ae | ee eG 8% (|e Re te i Sea geal Matas Sak ike TR aE KG OSGOKa. ana errs eee eee re | 9% UC) iia a See Mine ie Deen An ik gue SONk 2. tu 9% CTL Nias ear DIN ae GA Gees ee Etats Gwe Ko (ALL a erie aby tate 2 Sarees tue mawicn RSS a MESS &% ee ORT bn Glo ots oe a Ride ce eee (Z6 Mee O na aA a selgben Ome Oe Oey ee ES 1K 1) 90S ie aC Se 5k a ee a ee ee ee Bre 02 UTED ead acy Aine eae ane Mem Sai, AS FS 6I Qe OR iss. ae hen gh ee ae eee Se ae 81 GoD is | ences sen ere pao a cia lg eae a LT (6 een RD enenene Paper re em eae SS ~ 4 oe 91 ooh IN aap gee 1, es Ree ee eee ea ead ST (6 0h ies hatte Keane voll anes Ore yo v1 Ee teehee ai aeaiia Saks dnaanas? mua eter &T CATHETER TS eS San hes ae etl ol OM OEG ak tb 0b Se Ge RGAE 55 Lp GIST gaaS See Rena A II GSO ire ot Wp gee Oe ca Bee ee ae OL GO d Mee i a wie pow oe een ae: MND eC OH eta tw nah to Wet rin a ee 8 Qe OR er ge ee kare 2 eee Gok e L US Fe Se TEMES Bh ee ee ae taal one eo! Oe apace ttre > yaea tas Sw pie SAE g UD a ae Ce Se In Sey GSS i ae SS 8G / CELE OTE No aid a ee ee Se eS eae ae. Dec Naaan Pes ma Le Lie e ee aed j COCR ia i Sa es co ata oe Peel Sia MRR eta aE fe T ‘ou Fei0) -B4BOD [eg¢9-0¢¢9 “SON So[eyep] suv¢ NO SNA J—6L ‘ON DLIS—IAXX LUVHO 309 ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIFFIN } "y0j0U doop SUO—UIII pesivey “Ly ‘10d 10} B(OH “6E “PE SB OUIBS “CE *pieM no sedo[s dij—Jedu1087 SoH “FE ‘Tal Ivou poesseidep wor410d reddy °¢z ‘10d 0194 S[OH “ST “pued poyuepu! [[vag °8 ‘OSPlI pojyuepuy °9 *SOSPII [8}U0Z1IOY MOIIGU OMY, "F soul] "poyeunyysa 1 62 DG Sig tale eel le he ee vI ol 02 91 | & ¥ G& 1g | & v | Zé ST TZ g 1 ee OS S| ie, ae g 6G g° g x AS Pk aD > eo aa C) ke Poul ieeetcl alee = - ae ee ae Meola ew QUO a peaennaeee ee ee a tc, te ly ee eo 6T |}; 24T | 79 OT; 4° | 0 0 ist 37 Sl eee a at SH Rhee || FPS x » I ae cre: (AY hig oe < - ERIS RRC “a eee OF hapieet Bee Vo | VT | 67 6° oy (0) 0 oie | ocala x Gms pale > ieee | aa a) eee oe A 0999) rte: “gage 2 So wo Eee ae 6& ! Nien (Sg se 9T |} OT | O08 9° Grex Oo Lin ara Dea oe Sete x SS real eas x [Gee eee (ial (ills ekg Onna AR oy oS We Se 8E ES Se LT |9T | FP 8° AD 0 Swe te ee Oe | ee > Sear eae Radalny. te Me Cle COSCO ttc. + econ ae a RE Bae a LE ae ea x &¢o | 8 | o9 6° 9° | 0 0 Ate al os Sats bese A cs er Recent ade © |LLoe Pee HTS eal al OSGOb le, bau le ie he ec Oe mms iter eaig|| Sete So Tas ae ZS 9° 10 x ee a al eee oe at x Pie ole > ae aie || ea a Gag RT ee a ee ge 340 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 CHART XXVII.—SITE No. 19—Bow 1s [Catalog Nos. 6550-6553} Hardness | 2¢%-| Surface | sghapeoflip | Thickness | Color Cata- ture finish log See ES 1) ae ae Si | ee ee Oe ee ee re | er ff ff | | | | = cm | cm | Le a a ae ity, eee. Pee 6551 > S| een > ear peer Dobe | feseegneen Eee X-| 0:61, 08% x 0 IRONS BOA EEE FANS 6552 b <7 eee Si Ee > So eens) eee oe mee yin 2 x x Oe CRS Seg eee eee eee 6550 Dy ae > | ee x< Deri [ees | lee <4 | 350 0 * Ao eae ease teres ne (AD: |aawes OK > Se 5 a x 0 Oop ee eee ee ed 6551 {22 x DM il ation 2 x Xo fesealoces .5 .6 0 x GE ee ea 6550 K lao ees DM a | eee > = ene ee | eee .8 x x (Eee Re ee 6552 Dae eer oe Rill et dire Seine eest | as x | .6 .6 x x arte ane Tee ae 6551 GH Ieee Sie ha as eo |e BY Bie fe pace: 0 x eee Bere ae 6550 ee eee Meee en > ee eee ee Kl iend . 65 x x Cee ais PRS seals 6552 De (SUSE EY > ce eee bee lessees iesG .6 0 0 Ucar ie ge 6551 > an eee > oe eras ae >< emma Ie ae Mahe ab .8 x< 0 jee bens CS ey Aol: 6550 SAG eae beg Ee DC See Pepi tel? ad 36 . 85 0 0 515 eantie cae 2 Bes: ia a 6552 De | a as SK Dee | ee ee ee (Bee Mae th 0 0 A ARs ee eae 6550 > i | eet eo cee > (aa 3) ees Se 1.0 x 0 y Uses nee ert CFs ares Ba 6551 Ke ae ee ahem De | See PK ees Leaeee x ay 9 »4 > 7AM ees See) Oe 65520 |e x Se eee >| Ma ee ee Weald SU x Xx 7 lees CO OEE: courte 6551 See | Saree > ae ess fee x ho .6 0 x DAS eetns SEPA Se SRC A 6550 > Ra > an ae > a eS ee >< .6 .6 >4 4 Doe heh: ON oe roe 6552 |peo 22 =< > oe ee Dig eee ee (eee x fees 8 x x Din Saco Sn see 28 6552 Mi ste=e 2 ye ee > een ae (Ee x1 B6 .6 0 0 PANE ae Means) Ray 2 6552 > at EE Cal en SK aAleesee OK [Eee 8 8 x x 711 pa ORO AST ail ss nye eae 6552 > | [es noenies a asec > Sg) eee | Ae x 8 7 0 0 LM ek SN id 6552 >. Gis (PR stem be ee 7 Vinee aeons x 5 ais x x 23 4 27 1 26 3 4 19) 222364 15 15 Line: 6. Lip slopes in. 7. Lip slopes in. 8. Surface not as smooth as common. 9. Surface not as smooth as common—lip slopes in. 10. Rim lug 3.8 em long, 1.1 em high, 2 em wide, 5 em below lip. 11. Rim lug 2 cm long, 1 em high, 1.2 cm wide, 7 cm below lip. 12. Fragment of rim lug. 13. Rim ridge 8 cm high, 6 cm below lip, 1.4 cm to interior surface. 14. Rim lip lug 1.6 em high, 2.3 em wide. 15. Rim lug 3 cm long, 9 em high, 1.3 em wide and 5 em below lip. 16. Rim lip lug 2.1 cm long, 9 cm high, 1.6 em wide. 17. Notched rim lip ridge. 18. Notched upper rim ridge; distance between 5 notches 2.1 cm. 19. Notched upper rim ridge; distance between 5 notches 1.6 cm. 20. Notched upper rim ridge; distance between 5 notches 3.5 cm. 21. Notched upper rim ridge; distance between 5 notches 2.9 cm. 22. Notched upper rim ridge. 23. Notched upper rim ridge. 24, Notched rim lip ridge; distance between 5 notches 4 cm. 25. Notched rim lip ridge; distance between 5 notches 5.1 cm. 26. Horizontal row of incised circles, 1.5 ecm diameter; 1.2 cm apart, 1.7 cm below lip. 27. Small rim ridge just below lip. GRIBFIN] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 34] CHART XXVIII.—Si1TE No. 19—HANDLES {Catalog Nos. 6550-6553] | Hardness |Texture}) Handle dimensions Cata- se Front no ron . 2-2.5 2.5 MF | Lateral pack Height cm cm cm Laan ee es 6550 > nee eee < 3.0 0.6 4.0 [hme SES a ee ne 2 Ce ee ee 6550 Ke lip ~ 2.8 (8 ta Sees Seatac cee ee re ee ee rere eee 6552 PS ee < 4.7 MO Gieeeee = hese Sie te ee en Se ne ene ee 65504} i >< 4.8 BOD [Lesceees ee ee Sn ok ose wanawtenceacoceese 0502) sea oA > 4.5 SOO ipasankees Unie bk Sa See ee es a ee 6551 > a) eee x 4.2 a va Le ee “edocs se aso ee eee ee ee, eee 6551 > eee x 3.8 oe 4.7 Ded edent th er a ee eee ee 6551 ee x 4.9 RU YEN [ee ee a See tse te eee ae i a 6552 Serio x 4.4 Noh aoe neces Unbetet He eA ne rs 6550 > dal ee x 6.5 jae eae Dipl tei te ee ee eee G55): pes eee yA x< 4.2 . 65 5.0 ER oes ecb seassuceceeeke G552 42 ee S4 o 4.1 .6 4.7 Ie be 2 ee ee ee 6551 ba SESS < 4.7 . 65 6.4 Di eoes-nendoe ee ee ee 6550 > Sal eee << 1.4 M4 Veoee es 10 4 1 ah ieee re | ER | Line: 1. Contracting sides. 9. Straight sides. 2. Straight sides, outer edges ridged. 10. Straight sides. 4. Contracting sides. 11. Straight sides. 5. Contracting sides. 12. Straight sides. 6. Straight sides. 13. Straight sides. 7. Straight sides. 14. Loop handle, holetemper; small knob abovelip. 8. Lower surface tooled with cord-wrapped paddle. CHART XXIX.—SITE No. 5—Satt Pans—Fasric ExtTeNps To Lie [Catalog Nos. 6546-6549] pee Texture ane of Color hi ay Size of weave ie a wip oe no. 2 Plain|* 7") width| Width| 0! 2P | ofr 2| 3. (Mri M|N®| r | BE |spi/SBltwin-|,°4 | of 5 | of 5 ¥ ing ing warp | weft cm cm 1 Se Boe 6549 j.-.-| X | Seen ae IX 0 | (ea ay 1.0 4.1 1.9 0.86 fe men ae 6548 j--.-| X > Ripe aes Set | jalan x 0 0 > sh tastectel 1.0 4.0 1.8 1.0 She a Sd Goon OX pene Sree ea x OW xX py: hed ayes feted A See ealahn se We 5 a aad 7 UE pS Us ete 6549 | X j.---- DG bsp) Rela ee x OPEC | 2 ge oS CL eee 1.4 1.0 De ee ee Ba I ph a (eee PG | hace seal REA | I x 0 0 RG MI ice, Mee er ee Ree 2.0 152 Gee eee GG te.) KX Nee i ee OC AE Se. OPaCR ia seu: Se COE ree 1.4 (?) (theo Sew 6546 j----| XX 7h [aah testi [epee x 0 0 Dl ae 5 LR | eae Ei 1.6 -8 po eo 6549 j.---] xX Pai aie [eats PG ashes otal |i Ging 2 eee = | (cep etl a) i | si aden 2.5 (?) Gee een G547) Tes elt KX il aeete=s | aapo| ( a Re Oe OM cs baron ae i ES ah a 2.0 1.8 10522 6546 |-..-| X Sees | Sere Dx eee 1) [p> LANE tg Che ee 1.4 ah PieeeeeivGn4s jo- 1”. Sk Set, fe alae Pee eee SLL, al sil >.6 4 Bead Rigas 1.6 M7 .8 | iP te SB p49) PK ee Pgh [Ae | | eden elated 0 OMS eI foes Le (?) (?) 1.0 1.0 Bie ee E5230) | S| baa | ese oe. eee Pn eee > 0 OR ee ek 2 fal | Sees ti 1.4 1.0 ieee ee 6549) KX foc. << 7 Sie tates 2s (flag Lgl (eet Het ge Sb os ft ny: Sie, ferent 8 CLE Ee es .9 1.0 1 5 et 6549 |__..| X Deel basal bese > pl sea? U1) fated i) x =x // = 369 1 | SEE a te tae 5 10 | 14 1 1 6 8 | 3 | 4 6 2, | Maer seca PE etek Bi je ihe) ea ey aM Line: 4. Hole tempered. 12. Hole tempering—heavily eroded. 5. Hole tempered. 6. Outer surface eroded. 11. Weit encloses 2 warp threads alternately. 14. Heavily eroded—hole tempering. 15. Zigzag twilled twining. 342 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 118 CHART XXX.—SiTE No. 5—Bow ts Hardness | Texture | Shape oflip Rurlate Thickness Color 2 2-2.5| F MF R |F&R/Smooth} Lip Rim SBI SBE cm cm ja eee ae, Seen Bae | ee ee > | eee x > | Pee eas x 0.6 0. 6 0 xX 7 See eee es eee ee > a see Kaossse Peaks ae oe >< .6 .6 0 0 Dhar ee hens Me, celine le aM ieee ee a (ER aero >< x .6 8 0 0 Ais tert te AY tee I, > al | eae Glee. I ae x x 9 al 0 0 SB tec ae et ee ohh p ee | Se Males >< 6 .5 0 0 Cree eh ete > al Soe KX |ese-<2 Mailesenase x 6 5 x x< eee oo se Mil@sccze XK ojseeeccleasese x x ail, .5 >< 0 Qe 52 ope Reon eae dete MX iscee2s XK, [esencslb-2 a8 x x 8 .5 0 0 ‘a 2 6 3 4 5 9.22 eee 2 2 Line 3: Hole tempered. CHART XXXI.—SITE No. 5—Jar Rims [Catalog Nos. 6546-6549] Temper] Hard |For] Surface | Shape ot | shape ottip | Color | TRlek Cata- le. et no. CWP Sl. N& F& SB . Hj} S|} 2 |2-2.5|MF &Ss 8 | St. FI. Fi. R R R SBI E Lip Rim cm | cm eee A ee > eS ape A ae De ees OR Ole ee ae > ah (Saas 0; 010.4 | 0.6 Die tee Le THD SM fleeooll SS Heseae XK |assee2 MK Weecclesse > KK leeoee 0 0; .6 6 Smears . be G5AG ees |e |e helices Kelisce a Mow sassteoooe NK-[eense Mil aie a7? 4s Dike 65485 |e | al peat Oe Ws PPS] eel bose Malesess 0; 0|.9 oid Osc5 22 eee (apy: Sosa fo Ga |e > yes| eee lieing een | 1 Pee) eee >.< x 0; .6 ad Sizeiwe th) C548 Ko BSSSh OK [eee 8) Ee eee DG HOG Sees See sense ae eee Xx 1x | .45 -5 QO. aes 2s GB46) Ko eG es x > al ell (>, Go| et ceee | t= seme fe , al Neda | Woy a Pe S| ena x 0 0; .9 .6 ip Aap ge ee 6547 1X (BS SEX ee SG ok p< HES S| epee | Pe Eee Xie ssas 0} OFF. 7 ll 13: 3 eee 6548): [/22. FIX eee SX Soe See SS [py cer | ccs a |e | he ee a 0 0; .6 ees [Arete sores 654921 xX ese alee x Mo Pees MPSSesI KO eseclecese Pa ee OIrK 1 e6 .8 [jects ueeNe GOAT Sa Eee oe x pea | eee ea SS il Nia 6 eee 0 Oui ead 1.0 162255 ee G54S A KE aS ees SS Use Se EE [p> Gir ae oe eee (Ee x< 0 0; .8 ate. hy (a Re ps G549 2 SASS PS a eee py a ede es XG Ie Se ea ee >< x< 0; .8 .6 PReeste. See C5463) Se Xe ea k SG eee Gi | o> | abe pie jotta bel | |b Sos >< 0 0} .6 6 ph! ae ge se C549 Ue Ee Sai ee > eee Bil | ob SI bt Go| Han vA Pe | Poo a x x< One G6 Ay} D1 | aes Baie: uss G54741 Sees | eee x Ki s-sslesee X |seceteesee > (Re C 0; .6 ae Zea CSA0 MS ca ESE REA es Ke |eaae Meles-c|ea=5 > Gaal Seas eres x Xie oeeae .6 Does we Be G49 SOG S ea eee x< See > Gel | > Get hers A Hee |) es ter x lee ee- x Ouies .6 D3s ore) eae GHETTO ee aes Og) (Scale ee SG Bl |e Ge (Pe | eee yaaa Poe ae x< 0 Oued .6 DA Pines Seas G4 ES Ree Se aera er ee Se SIE Seale eee | x x 0; .8 By Zoe te eed (339% foal feo or I eS Gia > ie eas £ Bo fh ea Lac Gall speepaeie) Honerser | Ne fle we 0 0; .8 yf Aj eam ead GoETSI KEES eee MK zeae se Se (eee (a> ai eae Ihe Gal | eS KAIROS eens aie coe | eee x (OA SS 5 es 0 isjad eee ONS 6547 1X ESSa yy Kees > Ca ene DAE | K SeSce see MK |asacafonses 0|;x|.4 1.0 PAY: ae Bi G5ETAIE KA Ee Sa see > ai | een 5 Bl lime Soe] (aesten| [o cae | ee fen xX XS eae 8 31) ene Bh G54aTE Ke ea el ee > deal (2, Stee Si Se ee ae eee x 0 0 }1.0 .9 Sigma ee Gb48 712222 | PS eseIT SG peal eevee § el Ne eelose eee > Sed ERE Xo x EG oi oy Mae! Weg GHG Se ee eee pi | Seam 5d a en! jee a | rare Maesce 0| 0] .8 .6 He isa ets take 6B47 1 SCS es SM ees Pee Se ee ee x x 0) .9 .6 aL oe eee G549 LE Xa ase OGilee Sas GIs SIX eee x 0 0; .9 .6 a eee 65495 SS ese SK oe > Sa | ee ees Se rerothl Oe: ee a eae xX Ol S Gaus | ove artes (ge Fa a mp (DE Mr AIR | Sopa x 0 0| .6 .8 As ate eee 6549 eee ae [eres ae Soul Ses Gti | oe line Ci |g | lee | epee x 0 0 /1.0 ne ATS Sas i. Gadi) jess reel EES Moise > So ie ating li Naagaeeas | chia > Sey VES pets SOp Oe a lies tn ee ae oe x x ° 0852 RRA Morena PSE RTS SS RER STAs x Kec REESE IAA ROSSI A A SSIS RT A PR SE SS PORES pee (anne (mera GOD RMe irre te 1g x 0 cg" Resco pec oe Ge ame | amc et (rc ea Va a aka x ORE eee crea |e ss = palais | Si | emeaes les ee GECOR. laneaeens ar ae sara as 0g 0 x gg" i) al | es sa SS. PS SSeS ES ae x eT par ole lie > ae = RANE FSW Slee eee Keats CSL ESHS eae lances = Sacer atin eke Ace 62 x x gg’ Oia pee ee goa | Beep es || ee getn lee at esas x POE | Gie- saaied| | aioe stale | arate Sr sieee oe eater ean soy > ah Bees Goad lipo ee ee ee 82 x x Hie y > ee | Seen rears ELepae petet || 7 aA DG 3- || sae seal | sania | eins 5 S| FORD a) esac te) Maer el easy x O80 eeet ere ee Se Se Ser ike 0 x Grialecnioles = Paice \ Zee estat | pitta | wan coe x me as ES leas ae Dee | Saas | oe | See Ciel | tae BOQ se a se ere ee pore ee 9% 0 0 8° io) | Se ease See \ aoc tcgeas | salad ia pape ecu Oe eee ee ee 2, aang | gets! | actagieda | geste > ee See ish eae Fees ge cpaekaag GC ila eco GZ 0 0 Oni Saal > ee | Saree | aapialpnag (ah ow Dl aoa Wik hassles well ee Cale a 3 le eclbces ee ee x TOO) ~ cNercoee ts acoso see, % x 0 Li Or ate Pee | reel gl ie ay | aaa x Sc pit | sip reaaale || sipteouysaenr | Geraanee Pelli | Sloe a | cae erage | eae bo Sey | par ae S19) dima isk coy Sees tas aN BRET &% 0 x Re | Os > eae || ss ei | Siecle | hte SG Sela GP me ce ale ale D a | ree Peer | Soca Ae | Sama BIOQ' Bere ese saa ais Ge x x Ls Jpeg A SR ea Ses Sane ack | emda | Seapets x DS a3 Same aa | weasel | Bolas pee | stern | Rasika | ahaa ay ae eye x OUGOT: 2 Ferre eres as are ae ee 1% x x ts!) Soe ate 2 ee > Coe nena | apse | seagate | totaal | eee Seas x Br) apes a naa | Seagate aa Pio | papas sate a la rae Bee) eae see ae ee Beare es ar 02 x 0 fie (oes Sea eee ae a Ge 3 lle oe x DS | ae ines! | opel ates tag | ar na 9 eae | Tac | ag sbaoee| | piste chal | Ges gigs x (019[0) aie Seema ates eae he 61 x 0 9° [Pod Foam cers ae aes DR phos aes De srann ake Se Oe all SS Seal | rao pan | Src p Vis | prea] Sas | | ea ae Ne || Se a CALMS game | eae pecan ities wee sate, ST 0 0 ig LS ea p oe ligvaaiseoslbeaoes Pde ses ete Gee le ane GA alt oe > ie | AEs hell Gc eroal ae as, x IS) Ao) eee teenie aes ROE Ree ea OF, LI x x 9° (2) |S eared leeks eerie | pt etter | pebble BRM | Sieg er ee a kee dla >< ea | ge car | te at | ae este bee | atte (OSG) lease oe ag eae ey 0 x jie ieee | pa ea 2 See | Bers ass || SERS | Sh ay Dales | eA DE | teats Saas >A vessiocl lbs gael | Basecchaekese | SURE 5 ene | rene (510) 19 Sian) | Smear imapmeiaacs at ea ns SI 0 x jhe Sige linea aes dep eae laa an |e core aad x Sy | SESE | Sena SES; Pe || Sate || Saaaetee || et ey ae || SESE ORe [oT SS}8) Same || Rapa ws pian gies eee aes iat 0 x ois OG Nass ecle lige OG. iteene co llaee eee ee ON Geode aed > Pama || ap | ha lst |G stee ee Agee I) ee Rea eT eS SI 0 0 hg Diner ese WSS ale verpeaced| Sa an aie ae ee x ad fi ESP ee ee ee | eae Di Rae eager epee ae > as ae aa FANS) ee | gris eee ee GS rat x 0 Ue) ial ENS 2 | peak ee | Se | emia || ieee | See ype (SF aaa casey | Sos eats 7 ea Sahat 5 aa | gate Cee || Rae CA NEI || Stee deca eii pm ele 19 x x g9° (eG | a epee Saar || oa ae | SRS Kear Sane De | ae Se | Seta te | See thaes GRE | li | este || es ae DEE || PIES AEE tae || PaaS ie OL x 0 8° (2) es [ie eee lis saeael| | Seema || rte We = Wemcc a 2a Fa aa | a aaa ate | lates aarts >| | sitet | Sieteniae | Docc ie | SRS PCO secs sos ees ose ee oneae 6 Xx x 8° (0) | haem Roald oer Seal Cae Sa x Gey ges al Adee elise ead > Oe || Reker | siresine| Sseoe ae SIF Esse5 COEOR We og eee 8 x 0 ia Sf? Sie pases De Snes ae a ||P tae alee Pies | | ECS ae |i eccalaae | ates > ake Sey | Sees || RES SES > ae | eee OOS Oh alee aera ae ees li 0 0 jg OSTSIE AR Sora eee alors ce eal eae g een lle > aipheg || Sastre Sas eee | aemiesees > i || Beer || ae | RR Saae > eae || Seer GSEOh ose ee ee: eae 9 0 0 9° f° BSP tay eon) as Toes |e esas | il aes > Ge Sates | eke eer ei a Nise a eae ies ee are | cede ee OSS IPS See x COO} ER | ae gar Pyne Q x x 9° Pelee eos cis asl ee eee cae oe x Pea ieneaee yc ciliate [poe a > aaa |e len | lima a eas eee | Faas ORCAS Vale se eee Pv x x 9° (Ie li es emai De aes || Seer erasete [ise eie Oe ree eB Nee eae allies oe cs oe ee > eae | Seca | | Resa (SS Saas me | aE J) (C0 ie | Se ised ae nisi eee a g 0 x Ls Gis eae Pee | ania Boe 0) aeons > Saal |e ea Ey || RP Bae | Sal eae aaa: eg | ace | aia [ie Sas > et Seinen (210.212 Feet | SBMOh aa ne ceria Mer 4 0 0 OHO" ORO Kee ee eaalles cai onl eae oe ee > Rea | Sana wager |e eae he idl Sees aa os Soalceae ORES | ae. Oo aes || Soe a ae aie I Wd Ti) | re | | | | ee | ee | ce | eee | a | ee | enero | meng | ence | eee fen | eee | meee | apenas | cece emeeeneeeeeeecere ween aads | 148 |u| dir iuval au |urn| ta | ais! as | g | 87d] 4d wilaw| a MO MO e tO ‘ou 30 Forces a psa ee “8180 OOD SSoUYsIyL dI[ Jo edeqg t]2 jo edvys qsiuy eovjing @1N}XO,L, ssoupleyy [9Es9-E8h9 "SON Z0[8780] qiuH#dWAT, AIOW LON—SwIY Ave—G ‘ON BLIS—]IIXXX Luvyg [BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 346 0 0 g9° Nace || aioe at De WALA oe ode § yee wise OG BRE” Gas S/R eters. wae. a ogee |B ieee ie ae eked le: Pe aia RSS x 0 a Cre SG ae ee es ee gaan sagen Det Ee aa OE SIR ge molten Y RO ag |e alter eon) re 0 0 g° 1 ess ee, San SpegRe AS! |i ay tad ef dla ee utyi| COik pelt gatatlk. 1. Mpaclietcs lgsc ealea ae Bee Nes x 0 9° / gga Rees | ee) | wae EP See, ee ae Meee aor 1 rem ate Wik eae cle his eae oe mene MI Scat | x x L° ! manne? = a heen x 0 ag OEaeGn ten [tke Pale (en ne a a| eee eae Sales | 2s ches Spiele et Speers =| Sait Me CE bln ee cee > Seeks ipepeiag | pene’ 0 0 9° Gaba Resin: S| ineemehcape!|\mpasapicaee| paasapspecaan x 5 ae! Iegceeilgties (mgkeisipapiaics ‘sebabee ae » ¢ oe: | aaa 0 0 Oi OY ee oe Pk ad bee Sal a. ee x Rew Cis pce dt eee Ol a Ps aaa as eee oy Sie eS ls x x MS Fa uae i Se Mn LS clear: Iga ae eae > a | Sis at Wes Teen pee ae Man Mee ee ete eet a 0 0 9° ) Jee Sp ROE RIT Sige kaha Fe eR Cee eid dane > een | Sle ths oS Nell (ue cichaie| ile eae lan 7 er (sauabion. x x Pr Gide bas eeepc | ca all bea y 2] ales lta a a x 7 aaa \eeariay|| 5 ee peep Rea De Ai oes a ee le > TS eae x x L* Oe sare oe DT ASE ete calla be IS eee oe > aay aaa rig |S See ote lp eg a > ae pened | Some okt Gitrag 5 = Saas x 0 0 9° OA Nt epor ot = Kiawdllzcce ocak | See 2 (bapa ane x Pevrad Met oleae sea cena OSS Al Rex knal| ea meee aes > ees |S aa x 0 Or Nee ee wtea| Be oils Co See Oe oken| eee el x aa | PR ae ae emp a DS sel aR | ete | |S Pea ORE eae x 0 ¢9° Oe Asa «4 itgatcg| arenas |cuboinle ee 5s. x > aan | pee aa i ee pean | a ee > ees peace RR Daven | ales = lean 0 0 9° Se, Sea eae Peseta ais oo | ote wa! x age | aaa Ri ieel| ake eal | eee De ir Ss areal Rares 2 dl eel cand x x 9° Biko eee See ikon Ree deel edema eee x Als eee oae ce oe a all Neca enn ilheaaon all ee eeeabl Mévuliciaaalt es 0 0 (0) 7g Me Ge i Sea ic ap ia ra re fae a See x C6 iliteenkvn clientes aod Ghaska ORs en coal aac eee ee a | epee: 0 0 9° OS 1] Negeateerbe! Tk Se |e Goer Real ee Ss x 7. Te ase A Aaa ees eel | ada 2S Sam PSN SAE > Rees ee Sep ENR x x 9° Gerda head | ere teen ge Ado |S areee Seal ES. ie LN ip Srna hemo cote | eee PA ALE ce pollo oe | aan Pe A ead x x L° Ry dla Reo Gaal cee lle ee Pt GE a DX ph iat Ge ier ise al cotangent FE ilies andl no ein | eawiae > gem | eae x 0 ce Siig Wack lpater ae hecced| cle x ee aeamellweecomalel inca OG. Uae aeenl a coat pera 7, ae bape x 0 ae UPB Seaman pee ees | Dey et van Emenee pee, x b pam |S ge ae | San es | eae Ty Ox Uno e call eee Sake len ieee OC dines x x cc” Deal ie ae Al ee ol low ines niall eye tems em x ye | ERS IPS a epee lores tq DG Smad allt acai |e manned |e x x x gq. oie Rvicias| ties ca) OK SAE eg axhalcal aaah tas Ee | Nan pits |e Ey egies? | Ra ge, OG tl eel ead lei el > Sake || Saaiasertesee x 0 Whe ie. Atekurese||, SO fleas aes alow aoa Reet ta SCAMS | SRE: | PS | ey OE IS ANE cecal || ed aad geal = See | ee rapaeae 0 0 Me ae | eae SaaS DCA 5|lpaesset-ael| diem nelle cannes yam | ae, Fed ae Wicaeakan paseo 7 ime | a | gg A 4 | Heanor A, alec 0 0 L° Gp didl a Ko cllicp ane en paeeale o > ne (le ee > OE | pepe see ea | aa ee > ame | BIE ae | apes | aap ee a | asa 0 0 6° ae |S. ae eee inka g eee celle eae] es Oe | x > ey Ra spy ngs Se ees | Labi Se > a \ iB ies || Sees | Ema >, ies | | as 0 0 8° OS deers om val ee eran ee a x i Aine |e eeel| Genk a IC ep aed|tepe tel leemedal Meo] x 0 0 6° (sams | ease eeses | anaes ian ts||eka oa Ptivdesl| Pe 2 led | epee ree ena eeye | ase py > ee Ee Bes ee | ol 0 0 6° Le OS fee ||xteeallas vosa ee ner ee > ae | te eat cc aes | ee aes | Pees om [Ppa > alam | SERS: ar Dee | pceipcce | eae a. x 0 0 9° {Page = sacar > Soper | liggete ean |e gs De ee eee a x > eae | BEE ey | NSeeen eae > aa | NE eae | | Pape os | Papa Moelle | 0 0 8° Sar ink ale = Semel aes re x > eo | ane ee 6 |e Paes |S Se >, iam WERE =| Seay | RENE aE | iets eee, x x 9° 1 Jig |S 2; 5 aoe |e coca | ial arse | eee apere= | eee a x Se i may Saar | 2S eee ey i ees be lel Pe a eS Atk wel 0 0 PEAS CU | ae ree we > See | eae ae) eae: | ee als x Sa: | aaa | mene pe | eae, Me cal| Ge. 2 4lleeeaed le on nat >. Sam | as aaa wo wa Gas | 148 | Uy] UI }uPra |] A | MPN] WW | WIS} 4s 8 MO a W/|dW| @ € 9S |9t2| & IO[OD SSOUHOIY.L dit Jo edeyg uli Jo odeyg ysjug eovjing 91N}Xx0,,, ssoupivyy a | ee | cee | ace | et | ee | ee | ee | a | a | | | | | | — LT | ne | RS, fo ee [9899-869 “SON 30[838D] ponutju0gj—aaugadNay, TIO LON—SAIY UVf—6 ‘ON G@LIG—]IIXXX LuvepO 347 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIFFIN ] “Vv 0dA} ‘TT 0}1S—ur0 TZ PIBMINO 4Ueq—poy}OOMS UTI eddy “oOT “AAUSITS preA4no sedojs dij—porzedure, ejoy AYYSITg “tg “Vv 0d44 “TT 091s—un0 [°Z prvMjno yuoq—peqjoous mld JeddQ “66 “UII 41009 °0g *pivajno szooeford dij—peqyooums m1 addy °g6 *PIBAUI sodojs diT “GF *o%h P1BA4NO so[sue aI Jaddn—poyy4oous ml JeddgQ °246 *[OSSOA [[VUUS A|QBQOId “gp *peyjoours mii addq *96 *[OSSOA [[BUNS A[QBqoId ‘LF *peqsooms m1 eddy, *G¢g *410GS AIOA DIY ‘OF *poyqjooms wii eddy “Fg “41008 AIOA UY “PP *peq70oms ml eddy °*¢6 *410YS AIGA WI “OF ‘orpped pedderM-p109 WTA psfoo} Apog wd Z| Japlnous -z% *ATAUSI[S plsMurt sodojs dry “gg ‘efpped peddvim-pi00 YT pefoo} Apoq wd FT Jepynoys “og *pieMjzno sedojs diq “FE ‘e[pped peddeim-pi0o 4414 pejoo} Apoq wid g°0 Joprnoyg “6g *peiodure; efoy APGSITS “83 “ref [[VUIS—wud g°O AljeyUOZLIOY PIVMINO 4U0G WII addy °*8g *peuexoig) diy pus uli 1eddq *9z “ref [[BUsS—und ZT A[yezuoz110q preAyNo 4ueq uls Jaddy “2g *pouexoig} wis 1oddy “az "ULI J104S—18f [[BUIg “Eg “pesedure} efoy ATV AIS “86 *pie@Mjno sjoo0foid dry “62 "AUIVGSI[S prvAyNo syooford yy “ZT *piBAyno sjoofoid diq °g) *piemjno sodojs dry ‘9T "(g) yoou 01390 “92 "10d m6} e[0Y ouIOS—pojz10Ae A[IYSIIs AT “FT “ud Joddn pouoyaiyy AYYSIIS *g9 *pomeyoryy dry “gt “Ulld J10G§ “29 “OHO T SSOUWOIY} Jop(noys “OT "Mlll 41049 "99 *peueyoiq} dij—pievM4no 4Ueq u]4 JO JejIenb 1addq °9 *pie@Mjno sadojs dy “19 ‘e[pusy doo; peg Alqeqoig °¢ “tayI Joddn poeusyxoigy ApYINS “ge ‘Ig[NoIpuedied su0]4BI19s ZuIq,OOUIsS—paiBM NO sodojs GIT °Z% *piBajno ying dq *ze *potieyaiy} dij—suoissoidwit pi0d poyzoouisun Me Y ‘T Hale t la § a er Sd eh Ne ee a ee 8¥ | eee | > Sie! OS a 1g (Gi 9 v GE 69 £8 OT L T ¥6 g T VI &Z cl 0 0 OP See ec = pees | REY «| Saat (OP neal | Be Ties Se Fs | Baggies Re ie PGi | tape PS Re) a i 2 es Pa ens | ct ae (es Sita omaen es Bis 41,0) 0 0 OOS: ee Dobie) eed eeets ih | eis Ce ae DS eall| Cesare | Pear as | geo aes DOORS | Mianran | Ss eas Sat iol aad aiid (een ObdD =| esis 5 in oe Ce ee ee 66 0 x L° 21S aia |S ace | haere a!) Bei s/o neia me ee TSRRC IE | amesre ty | Ber ee blag | GUE | GS aes DSS 1 ee patatial (SS Sica sd" | Seen EES Ae kg 0 0 je ieee x ol xanine It ieee ee eile > eae | aapaiy | Be Sem Fae S5 P elibe! ieee OSS9 |. Sle tees cy oa: Sra 16 0 0 OSB ie Pade | NEEARE| pearsabe| | FE 6 yams 7S ie | SS > 2a |S ees AS scam | ie = cee 2 gate Sea | aS Beat BES Re ARS ic ee aoa meee wae eeere. <'[5) 0 x 8° )) aa Bis ee pea | ET RE wi | Baader | Bee tae me Wa IB yess >, aia! Tat as > aaa SESS | Peay | WS ae Sane ieee (Se certains MERI e TET io 1s) 0 0 6° (1) asec GT) Mea | BSE rinasel| Sen bagi | Se 6 Sete |e esl | acini p obinanen | ie * eae Tavad Excite. |e ee YES Sea 000. sha ean ee oat 0 0 6° Shahan | ae > BIR | Pe Sa Wiehe eine a eee is CaS SEA > peers | eae | Seige | 2 Oy | ee OS90 ~. Wee ees ses Coptia yal ear £6 0 0 Gil ORT Ieee ictal | eek gas | aire! SCS taney x Tee Weer aol oe eo Alt elt we ee > eee aot OGED - slicer ae donee Do eee nO 0 0 ONL | ED alee a eae eel aes eee pS Has) | apie | asked |e > ite | Ge" > SG RPS GOO. iin es eee oe ane 06 aS x 6 (Iie | eS era | eae apenas | paseeRl| ie parm 2 x We \Pieeered|Eaacacnal Se Yao | aia | 26> a | BT ae een Ie 6859) nits = may ae eee 68 x x “ie Lg | Ge Rae | eae eS epee | BEBE) PE x DC ER Se Saray oe | pate | Sars Sage Bg leon dle ee | ae > SR! | aaa VOOD «tees a bae se = om ners ee x x ce 1 oa | i 3 Sees > Seg|| SPD Naw Leena! | Py SSE ae | ae celta |Past ae y, Sea | esata |e gear 772 a air aber CCID will cen Seni eee eam x 0 g Maa |S eee Yael | ees teed | epson || Ho> ae e x DS Soial| Segeistco | Seis Saar | Fes ea | pe », aa | Se ae | eT > amet | irgaises COOB): - lt cere ugs a sere te eae 98 x 0 ¢° ee eS Maes | Seaver | pee eter) | as eS Secs x >< Sel manana | Perey | o> ge aan | ek mae | ae el ae FT pis Nn OBTO ails anne creep ee $8 0 0 9° al AR | Sais | 2 act | er Eo, Pris goal ieee DU | Beane | Pani orl | Ie > get em | Sear) |e Oa | ae #5 > SPREE (eae TE ie aaieaes eater gee ae, |.) x 0 g* go ein, | octal espa | eka ie ee DS BO ae = 2 a anna | a> Ses ei coll anal Ser Waa Eee ace C000 oh ee rene ened oa £8 0 0 gr aa ge Aaa | ROE ARS ews) [ses | SS Xx wae Eee ili I OR I | ante ks | SF vi uiesll aenieaes Al i eee renner res eS 4 x x GRO ae ital | SE RND | SION | Oe sab ey xX ON ghee | Se Aaa | Parc aaaias) |e Saas 7 sy) | eae Bee pet ile aioe) eee Ce eee See re eenet ee x x 9° 7 reign eS Silane |S ea | Reaeaipared |= || 8a ea x LS aan SESS |e Seat ie aay DSis Ny Mii taal Noor clk Se | 6 alee SH Bie Ee Bee ep eee eee 08 0 0 SP- ae |< age ER) a GreaRee:|| aoe oe ? . Fes Pare LOADER? ie Oe eae ae eae aC 62 x 0 9° Be (React cated ln a ae 2 SA es ae | RA rac ae cra |S eee 0 RR | BE S| Tera | de eae tae let sai LSE el eee eerie Pee ce 0 0 v° Lae | A Sa ics oc le ee x NET sak es + AUT A > ee | Sauna jaa Ng Wai Cul cee OtG0eetlese 2 a LL [BULL. 118 348 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Has las 10[00 O° | £r 2) 3 eRe renyrnseatan(manaanyaee-n-n- 5 ee eer > teed baa tate x 1 gI¢9 ele ie amie” GOR gears iptcapccece|am mcen I eeeiea Se Oe i eeeoere aie oeeer oes > ae ea c6u9 L° a > imme |= saree a baiateanconte maces | Ie aan | (Sein a EE x OK, dle sear r ca |e ae a tae S| Whe aia | aati x C6r9 Be HOS lege aol bate o ee teamsel feemetenl| eam mneer A PR ene 5 ee eee > ed ee 6149 as Oe ee 2 Pate, | |g amiage gr s| |e aa ren | aa ee x > em |S e naeer | > eames | cas pO | ea raw) jiaume ae VAR'e- aiis ateece| pe inorae||roaes |e-pemnanie > WS ins cad | ence ten rei + es as a | baa x | F199 9° (Chia tgs 15 > Golam | ees | esmaealesce |L eats aye | lanai ae ae x > Gait. Spear lees Sa Ke Al heel eo y4 GESY O° | O° |e epee lpaarcean anaes |non—a=as Be ll Se - || -eaeanealernnenea lace x i x | egg 7g Vy Ts ee a a | aa Me [esos Belper terns Sea irae | oats x | zz¢9 Be | ety eg ot Seo Aenea |aemane| Panam aan Se eed eeee= glows c= 5 ke | fe ata (aaa x | greg pee a | ale |e sere (TS saeeee = |e ae i da rte x | cep9 g° | Zt [cfscece- Ye eases | rales scam Sl ee ge SC [rtenesiean=== xX | sero Mie 8° 7 lian: | V5 asia | Gag Rar aca | ies Sacer Ie Ra x > eee | paatcte aie | eral aaa ona ae Ilona s x OPPO 7H ee |[-. a he 9cr (a'r tafe | mcmama INS TR | eee Rime nice Sree areas x | rosy NS SS lait ctaccat | aecae | lata SRE IE 2 | [Sctacserst | estes alse Oe oe y6v9 ged oy iieetanae- Su isee === 24 neenee eo ee es gel ee es ase es kar | oe x | 269 9° My ta | 7 | (age apenaa Eee | Ine | (05- iieiRan x > eaeaiae | ear ametrss ||eS hepa ae a ae) Lae x yesy 9° ta > Shocks ||P Span | eae een alas Ne’ eae eer face oe Al een ae DK Sal age USS See x CZy9 Fe |leet Foam | kee. utes ll tery | spac | eam se eely |e 0 ge llateae once ft S| rae | (set x | 269 pe foe (Petal oct | ehamr tera |r tae Det Nas: Geet Gahcaatabe btaitatet S00 [eceeeefe----- x | Figo 1 ap igtas | Re’ maa Kea | Je | fre > aa | osc gala | iit | eaete re ge es x | 10se Gia Ts Rene sage dian asanna jaaeann|= oa = een ee Hm | serena | [nice Mo i|saeo=9[-o=-=- xX | 169 Be ie st oi see eecleaanaana|saana|--ea--e= > Cea | fae face |faeeaniccnes | Putter 5 eee | ineratat | [rece x | zzg9 (foje heng seat es tmes [> tos Naat eat [=O aa ie Were sale aae a Xo |ecese-|------ x | p1g9 Flee leet jes | fas, Simm lls hae cea frat | ec le OE Neb CS aseaoece eS ee ER EE < | egg @: |, gt |-ne-2--- gare | S| Meeel|esnese Siullb=saassa|ececener MK |eceteeleneeee x | geeg og° | gt [e=---"=- Ripe peeteeee| enemas |= eenee SEES ee. S¢r ju leseasace % esenes|--2--- x | czeg g: | pt [erscree= Son beaeeres| or ar= Some Pea SORES Sooo eect S¢_ Jeceess|t-se= x | piggy 0G eae | eee | ee ee Aa Sh ft Ee ee SM feeoooe 5¢.. |esnees L089 Be | gt | Kv [eeene-|eroreee=|=22-"=]-=---20= os el kt ert So |eceees|eoeeee x | 26b9 i a lis yb aera eee alee eee ne Se x | Pat Se nels: xX aises eee x POSS gol Gf SK lareoe=|onseeee<|--5-=- Se G5 ac Bl ae) Fae Se, [roere-|--=--- x | sig9 Li 8° OR 2 dl RRS ah ee real Atak eae Webi ice sae all Ieisac oe > CEN eae ee a x GeS9 7S est ae tac) aba | ea baila ine oetell we en Mealer ees x | secg gel) ie alle Soe geal ete pRB tales |i i ESSER See Oi Cece x | zeg9 Te Sf aaa pepe ue CS [Se are re SO [estensir==-=- x | 1299 4°0 (15) ball Se ieee || ape eae acts | aerate ake ba | Ste es Oo tS Sa id aac ame || ace ty x 60°39 wo (TA) my|dq| wa | a | un | w|] | ag] gs | 8?’¢d | amolaw| a |ee7] 2 Is MO °ou a | ee ee |e ee ay HOS SSOUOIG L, dij jo edvyg wi jo edeyg qslug soejing 01N4X0,T, ssoup1e yy [9€99-E8P9 “SON 30] 87BD] daiuddNay, AIOF—SWIY Av(—G6 ‘ON BLIG— AIX XX LUVAD 349 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN KOSKSOKOKORKSOOKKSKKS SS KOSS K KOS KOSS YK KSOMSSSOYYyyoooyoy 6 Mr WOBMOCSCDOTOSCHOHOVWVBVNDDDOwNOooOorA_qwpor OSoHCowmwwnovogjosovoerwvoooeworworrowrsd PEMCUHarsteieiiie: Vie) \sielet ire 'e |". / et te) fe} leo ef el el we ml et of wl ej Mela We. # aha aie 2) Malte alan ee, vale euhe ve sin lets 19 ooorr XXXXXXXX eee weer we ee een Ce ee err ene wn | mm ee meme n| ee enw n| ee ee em ee ee ey ee ee Da ee ee eg ee ed ee es ee ee ee ey ee ee ee ee ee eres ey ey ee ee ee ee ed ee ee ee ere err ee ee ee eee ee ee eee es ee ee eee er ee ed ee ed ee eed ee we meen | me em eee | em eee | ee ee eee ee Sa es Co eee Co er ar Sa ee See en Ca en ee ee ee eee eee eee wee| ee enw ee eee Oe eee ee ee eS ers eS er ee er eee ee er ee ers ee eer ees errs es ee Os Oe eee er 11 ESS aes Re, 2 TE NE 220 TES: °° 88 Dod diac cee gee co ae 18 GOs Gea ee ee 98 QUSU al csige aE ees oe a 98 RON | Oo es me ee +8 OHSOr Yn Sc nce ae Mert Re eer £8 Gero sl OO 28 dS age Soegieepene > 7 Sain ancanaenag 18 dil OE | Reese nego oek oar occa nal Ghee ki 08 QI09: Non Se en ere Megs ae 6L TA | a a RRS BS LES A STs BE NIE oe 82 ml nabeilalaeseaiors Sorensen 5 LL BOGG {08 =A so ee ae a een Oe ee ee 94 Gn IRR octagon de na ae op 9 We inert ae nt a a bl | (5 | OM aM cas et ca ay ca wr er aed £2 (Aut ln (Seige Mp Rei eas Ges cng ee an aoe L GROG” 55. oa se. <3 eee ne eee TZ geop [TT Te RSecess sera Cee eee aa 02 7 ian nusbbeaceabi eerie etesee ses oS 69 TGPQ | [reSTSTO TTA i a cee" eae ene ee 89 ZEON pe we ea <5 oe on oe 19 RM iliac ee sas 99 DOrON Moor eee eo o9 7 Ea eae AMEE B.S REE O NE StI vo UD een actew qacudesneceaeane corel aaeneeeeeee £0 Coy ee eee ee 29 CEO | acenetctgna cece eeeneeene aieenee eee oad: ee een 09 25:1) el IE RIE ecg aime ar ee 69 OE ale ane REET CE TRAE Si olen Tae 89 1 el laches ce NB Serna Spee ST ee SAR MIR need el raed ye 2 99 TGQ: [So See ee aes eee eee deg coe ag Te ee Sane CPM Tot a 79 (aC ee gle ARIAL. olen cee sees, > £9 BONO |e eee ere ee ag GOOD le RORRNN Ger “Se roes ates enema ae 19 5) 2 le i a enka oe at 0g 10) a GUI RBA DICE AB chine este i nine Se 6h Oe Rl aa ARTE RE Bs doi lags Mace Se ot 8h i (nS 2 ok aed eas Seo Ly 0 MMe WR Sc A Se a oF LUC ME ICS © GAC i yell antl ek Meer coeelice= teae ig BOUQIAL Faemeraihahy aesonesseah~serna esr see vy ee | MERRIER es ak ide hints area io Bee ey pig. —llaxaresbis peingaena Stress psae “<3 ob Guggusn |qeene*eanne cae sets etme nea net ee Tp Oi Ma aA Gas to de a EEO ES Sl OF Pigg ©. [siete esos aermegneen ees SS ee 62 TM | ae ti TE a cae A a BE [BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 300 oy 62 x x 0 0 x 0 0 0 x x 0 0 x x x x 0 x x 0 0 0 0 0 aas | as 10O[OH *"posedure} ef04 JON “O0T *poiodme} efoy JON °66 *poisdme} 90g JON °86 "UID 9°0 Jop[Noys—o[sZus ,cF JV PIBAJNO SolVy WIY *G6 *PIVAINO JUSG—pouoeHIIg} A[JUSI[S WII JO UO00S Joddy °76 *pieMyno sedoys diT ‘06 “SOUl[ SUIZULIS JJO[-09-94311 pes}oul-deoop MOIeU OM, ‘E8 “A(WUSI[S p1vayno sodojs diqT “FL ‘AUUSIS preMgno syoofoid diy “Tz “ATIQSIS prvMyNo pool dT ‘09 ‘pIsMUl Sedojs diy “gg ‘PAIBATI SJUBIS CIT “gp OUIS 4B O[PUBY 4SO[[VIIG “LP “AQYSI[S prvMut sodoys dyj—paoys yyy Ayjpensnun uy ‘ep *peleduie} e[0g JON “sg *PISMINO szUBIS UIT “6zZ *pieMjno sjus[s GIT °8z *pisM4no syueis diy *2z *A[IO110} x9 SJoo[oId AIT “6T *4O1q} Wd 99 JOp[noys—Jop|Noys su0;j—4104s DAY “OT “e[pusy doo] pe *€ “pousyoig) wore dit ‘Z *pivMyno sjyoofoid dyyT “Tt uly == eae-|nEn= 89 og 12 Zz | a ye Te I BG lsgueee| Guest 16 Qi le Ge ekGenbet laces ocleacensac|eececal a Rn eeneeee eaue nes SRC ee ee Geen: >. |=ss2sscanueaeassuegass sac sscoosseesoeee" 00r O: |G: 9 — \eazaacleccecencleccaczlesscezns SOSA | GoeS=Seef scence yl aeeeae K.-wifP sere Bang ~ |saaescacncasecas canker sepeaes a5 teaeteeees 66 go | go |-Se----- S¢.. |ecszeeec|o=eneele=o-===- Ser lbCe) ‘Sia=ancansleeesaass Cg Pesce Seca een STGg) |cs4enec= 20 ae -cacaezecs cess aeakense>cnncases 86 Me NotGy a\eqaccecs fi redlauccaees|aeseas SE ifs a eaaeane Waaeeaes Sen eee S32), 3@ | QdeO _ \saaccecetessaeeec vonccesseeass cage seaneenns 16 g° | gc [eccoo--- $€ |scsnegec[eceecn|=o2-2--- S01) 2 seers ee nee So \essean|naceas Se | Q0GG, | \ecasausece ness auesssaeeacRe= ss ssceatseeeees 96 Soe ee lao Gul lassasaas accuse cpeacecs Sess Siaseeccen| pene oan s oe alesauas|aasees Se IpOuG) = |aazecucuescencecesecs <= - Ca ae |S a [eee age | ices | Pea page Rane x >. artes terete tate |i Sea MG - RSS Sta Sees ee x PCS). AS SPST Sas TS pes Se SSE SS FSS SEES See 26 9° | 92 |-te--2-- % feoeoes SSB e SO sl S@ le=sctcen|cnena==- Si) \\cazcnalenance S¢ lhgecn, _\lexstc-assesaneasseacecuseeensuens 16 be | 9c | [etteec|eeee-n-ele----- M0 [eae==- Si fecceonce|eececeoe 5) | Reaase Sssccr Sl gegg — |sezo-n=>cea tases anc aee sa sas st oasaena eee 06 Gen) Grose 60S jeseesucs|jesaeea|| Seco SAIS 52 SESS ae Si laaeanaineanas MK | 1699 [rwmnn nem emn ccm erence ee ere ee sees 68 JT 74) wo muldr| ua | a | un | wl ff | as] s | S?4 | amolawm| a [oee| 2 Is MO ‘ou a 0) YO) SSOUAOIY.L dy jo odeyg Wilt Jo odeyg yslay eovjang @1N4X0,], ssoupieyy ponulju0g9—aauganay, AIO—SWIY UVC—G ‘ON GLIGS— AIX XX LUvVHD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIBFIN | SSS ee — ————~ —_—_—_—_———— OO |S LL, | | | ff GL oT 6 T SEES 9 T (G6 aan GT c@ ae 9'T 0@ akeeeaas 8'T Ont aap ¢c'T oT es oT 1% ota VT 0% Shay te) €@ Soe oT 61 na Seer CT ez 8°8 Lit 0G Meee CT 6 'T © Sl 1 0G 0% SOE USE oo a Seen) yT oT bras ae 9°T T'§ Dee 07 LZ Sr TSE. 0% ee eo 9 T 9 T eee ct 6 T nes LT 0Z ae i ¥T oT Pas rT 9% AS 9 'T 0%@ Sa GT 8 T pare ¢T oT ie mace LT 9% arene c'T cl meee Cat 8 'T oS ah ¢cT 0G wa wo yorq 1 09 quoi iq suo|suoMIG o[puvy 181098'T | gxoqy Le eee x Le L M0 freee ee|eeeee-]------ its Mase te 3 Oia gFal iain SC | eeeee-]-"----]------ VOR eed Cee Cee ” emma NS a5 ac Oe | ieee aa ae tal oe al oo ge » Giana | Siete? g Le x ‘S| ees ee So fecenee|eeee--]------ So |eeeee-|------]------ SC [eeeee-|------]------ S00 feneeee|------]------ So feeeee-|------]------ S00 [reeeee|------]------ So feceee-|------]------ SC [eeeee-|------]------ S600 [eeeeee|------]------ S00 |eeeee-|------]------ D beatae? Seal Sa or So [econo |------|-=---- S00 feeeee-|------]------ So feeoee-|------]------ S00 |eeeee-|------]------ ae ee | ee ¢" So |eeee--|------|-7---- So fereeee|------]------ SX eee--+]------]------ x ee ees Py eae a ee 8° SS aie | ag a aes Lie Dale | ac aa aa IT qn \dyoz] ua | a peqoryy Vy SSOUYOIG,L, aas I0[VO Ids }UPux| A |AVPNIWIS) 3 diy U1 jo edeys jo odeqg [9E99-E8F9 "SON 30[848D] FIN | Wf @1N}X0,], SHTIGNVH—6 ‘ON GLIGS— AX XX LUVHO Jod m0], ssoupie j GRO sie cs seme g& COLONIES = “Cs A ee 8 10) 20 alerts £¢ COLO Ik siteckegs aoe 3 Ze CRO asy ame ae a its BOQON etek token 2 0g WOOO: sea gap a Shas 62 SUPORle. avbiccmees 8% AS a eee” Se Le ICL OP IS See tae ee ei 9% COPD) Pibsestaee see. 5 4 GIOOHIT a extn eae Sedee 1 NOP ONIE > yeti lanai 2 &% HOO |S 2 anu saeeane da QRQDAI SS acer epe ee reg 1% 1690" |; caer lease aad 02 POTD. Nios 2 ertheless 61 L050" later aig feces 81 ONG Reo te aoc ae AT S1G0: | Earconars aneeamren as OT G6y0.-\ ror wen 7 cea GT GBEDE |i cree eeeereees v1 GEGD. easy Sei eae eI tile eae abt baions sa ZI O870) ee ery eee I S000. pr crate oe rea OT Gedy lectin sieaneanatiam 6 FalO. co + Soouaeaaar es 8 GEO. Ip =o arrose See L L000. a3 Saaa eee aay g Hey ag| ~ eres q CULE. t= Saher eroded v 1G 0 baa Serena g SLVR eenaee ae gaara. z EGEO) pen eten, oa nara I (BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 302 meen ee 6 oo oe ae eee ee ee ee ed ee eee weer e-e--- ee ee CHEIA Wins trowel Soe I oe Bh oe oe WAOMAWMOWOWOBDMrrOWMON SOs APCS RE Nm eR OR SHAH HAAS HAHAH on~ aa BPOMOHAOSDHWCSCORrOCOCOANNMDSODONMORHAH SoA suo]sueuIICy o[pury rane aoe gietegr per oleae Bae Ve ry cores Jae Sox 9° 19 eee iy pigeol tes. glee ms: Sires ENS 5 |e 6 eae hee Bead Pee Gag aloe daogy NO) a | peqov}iVv SSOUYOIY,L ee epee See |S SaaS ase a OS Ge ps | ae ta) ay ae iy | NU gael eg aa a, LO ee as eases Rib i le a a Oat |e ae Sige ae Aa te ee | SaaS ices X TD ae ge mae Toe ie ROS fg i yee A a ete os Ponies Ae ee x Ys Ney (a ee as | SRR tl agen cic | pia atte | bas ies | ae piae > Speae geaelrata Sea ee | | Sane, yg a aa 9 eam \aneaestiaall' Sakaiaaiibes! Wnevginsican| asegiamibenis! elolEwaal ieaesaaias eae iekesaidl (selma Ploeeie scelaraiaca| ckaeaeaite x 0 Nie | aes matical cats ie sree ge x + Se naa ea cee Baer ae Somers x x | pa | rage, 27 gg tae oe eae gees | cag elena STP | Dears | areas x x 0 Pa Gemsetn | Lak Vaal al ela ia x ie” eles toe era a 0 x ea i wd ae iS | Sere x dia | Beate | erecta ee Se sale te x 0 0 PeeWee, ae ce Ale x veal || Sree siny| lame cee Pe culver. le, ee x x beans |e seanecre Bs ela kcecaeal 5 ees | rR el ie | leone bE oleae | sean cans x ete eater a Sete ery Celle ce eam eee dae Pe allay eee nae > ek || Seeiaegs Ie x x cr gt gg Gea | ies |e emacs | ae 2 ae fa 2 pe ac 3. Dagale cece ts ee a Passe x hee |e | ae ok we ee eel eee Mc eae Po ae tea xX x lg ak | cai | Baca | Lenmar is cat 2 x Saha aia |e oe eee ae ee x Oa ica CASS | aR on | oa a a 5 || Been i ere | RT Gas ane eee 2 ee SaaS x Cee ile aoa 8 Lal Ge eae ee cease eee aa eae ae ee Me ee ee x x 0 > Seta S| cnaareet |e aE bees | aaa eat heen: Poa WIG ode baa > ae icaet iad 0 0 Seale | Goce | ene. || Eats x re as Oras | ears, Bs le Rae ae oN See eee | Ser ae || CR oeale |i, “ania | ap aires | Starner vices ern Msn ae Tee dle Mags a x 0 ed |S ae as || Sa Sa | ies | NP eae | eee || aa ame Mie ee ea eT ee alee re x 0 OF en tare i eure cecal eed ba) En Bee Wes it Me ali 2 Sages | eee x ocean; ewe Oe | iar S| paren” | ag Siac | ai eles || gRChs Me ee be toe 4 eee Mie ee ne x x Pe ED | eas | igeegy |licaetres eames i asag > aes | area » a | aay ema ae es x x ARES | RS || Sp emenie: ([eStar sg x aa | Sagas as on Nee ae os is aaa 0 Die dae 8 Rie ans am Ho oar oe x Yule ml alge Deed np rome loge cal x 0 (ie SS ae Sos 5 a Se eas De Ale tery to > a? | as Se Pi we. tio a Sia | Sean 0 0 Meer ees ted x ee We a Re dees aoe x 0 Oe all ee eta ee le x Red a BWR Tes | lari Sa | slats ASP ge | SS Le || MORE ages | MGI oR agai | ae | en > Se Oe Se abe ae wt cee Wd x OR ey | Pee CES | ay Sas ik eo |e papi |i eas | ama a ii 98 SS lia ae | eas Rae ed x Peo eee a eee Cae ale a ° ak | (ERG | ae Re > air aes Ie as x fm Sim | HOUR NSS |S hai | pg ca | pl Laer apg Iga go » ame | RE EN a OS ae ae x x >< SERS | aes (Sie ect | Ree | ea et =e wih ce ae ed AG ee 4 x x baer | Sei SEE RSE Se ee a te x SS 1S | eae ma ealee 4 x x ocean wieael. Baad > PRES | ie age x Se ee eH aS FF Gee. a 4 x x 0 PO Sita | ae Soe Z| i ater > RES | aia Sow are Ait ie + aee | et |e ae Ads | las |upva| a |UPNiwis| 3s |aw| a | ght leon|sz joes] 2 UITI joodeyg | C2XOL Jedma,1, ssoupleyy I0[OO ponunu0j—s@IaNvy{T—6 ‘ON @LIS—AXXKX LYVHO -8}8) 309 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN GRIFBIN ] “Bn| Way ‘any WY ° “HIB YT XOT so[quresel—e[puvy dvs os1v7_T ° SSN] WL [9] vied IejnoIpuedied om, *poyuyjod ATjYsI[s—,oE pAvAjNo sopszaes urls 1oddy “Soy dy wry “Sn wy ‘ys}ug eoRjIns “gq “MM *“O—SN] WY ‘pou WII punoy “BN ULI [[euIg ‘epou UL punoy *[M0q 8 oq AvUI—SN] UI [Mog 8 oq ABUI—sN] WY *[Moq B oq ABII—sN[ UIIYy “O10 28 "MM -U10 2°, ‘A :sopou diqs wy ‘qs}uy a[pped “68 "83 “48 “98 peddviM-p100—ul0 fe" AM ‘UNG TH :sopoudiys ayy ‘Gg *qouy pwoig ‘sopIs perenbg ‘zg “OL “d]] 9A0q’ poster ‘o[PaeyY YI WOsUN 48 pasied A[JYSI[S UAIY “OUIS 18 e[puBY Jso[[vUIg “diy MOTOq Wd ¢*] peyoeyye o[puey ° ‘o[PUBY YIM TOlUN 4e pastel A[WYSI[S WIY “e[PULY YIM DOIN 4B poster A[IOSI[S Wy ‘e7pusy YPM DOlUN 4B posted ATJYSI[S UIY *sqouy OM{—9[puBy UO UOIssoldep [v1VUeD ‘OPIM UID O'T ,,S18d,, ‘SOUY OSIB[ OMT, * ‘moIssoidep Aq peyeiedas ‘doy ao sqouy OM, “moysseidep Aq poyeiedes ‘do} uo sqouy OM, * *peoy [vullus Adgyo ‘[Moq eq ABT * “‘uoIsseldep Aq poyeiedes ‘doq ye sqouy OMA, * ‘uo|ssoidep Aq pozeiedes ‘doq 48 sqouy OMT, ‘ojpuey jo doz uO sqouy Om, "posseidep A[[eijue90—qouy pvoiq odie] ‘uoIssoidep Aq poierudes do} 18 sqouy OM, “"moIsseidep Aq poyeiedes doy 48 sqouy OA, “‘molssoidep Aq pojeiedes do} 18 sqouy OMT, “mO}sseidep [B1}U900—qouy IUSITG ‘ZZ GE Oyomaieces oka st 6g 02 8T vI 9 or 96 66 if 8F AOL eRe S Py 8'¢ PEARSE Py NS GS ee” Sil Gk pair an Bede lis Sota fone galas || carat eget Te ena (cape aie i PgR a a a eS ghey ot fee Re ee er bee eal | | Hs, Sale eacmoneae | lier [I > ae | aarti papas bapa | elie x ges |S Ok ae es Sea |e es oe ee lee | PR | Sele ler ee ae eae ee ee a Wa alae aes Gn Me hee a Le 200 0 GET: GES, SESS BE Seabee x > ee | Spake x Bes | A Rar ae eae le es el eee L° 9° | 0 0 bites SL “ie i lage bet* a |< | ae Tae Vee ee L% Fe Palteee ee ae el O 0 x ieee |S cans Be igen |e Caner eee eases | (Teel ea ae ¢°9 NS Ud Be pee R ts 6° he Ah) OF 34 SEG lea oe 2a ie eas x Ee a Se x OG We (ae U2 S2l aee 8° 9° |0 Saal a rinaieacatls | Sar ae Brie Ree | a od x > aah es aes xX ‘Oren FS ae ¢'T Ta Cal ae eee eo 0 ieee ATE || acta | Fa ai leas |< rceee | oe le ae |g Re eas dieses. gsi ale ee | ea x Als cea Qi aie dae dR. cal ae sa ae fare er. y I oT Ta Bean Al ee eal fe as x x SABIE |e” eae’ S| ae | > aia | aaa he |i" heey tS ides | RL Co a apa 8° Te 0) 0 Svat le | seen | cea x ee |, aes x cw ae ele Te i es | pas | tage) x = Rae Ea | cay ee |b Sea | ems - USS |e ae age ote ed SYS A SRS an SL a Hh Zo il!) 0 Pe wal nes lage mae aa x oe ALE ed x cr ee eee tla eles 9° G° | 0 > Mehr |e donee | aes BRA Spo go ad x Wo Al ae ed x cease Pas She cee 8° 8° 10 Oh satan td 7 Se Ie ae el acres x > Sa | taken x a LE etapa ede! (eeeatels rel increas ty x O° 1-80") PK 0 ee | cians | Fie a > a | eneabicaaes ae less daha x 95 = RS ese Deas eras aie geese x 9° g° 10 0 a eee | RARE || ses © | ee xX MS ALE 3 x Ge |g 28) ' ONG Sect egos aeaion goer a Dio ae es eae Pe ree ae eae alee > ee | Nees x ig Sa £'T 6'T papitata el ea Be || eure |e, be Ae eer ne | al lnheceeweaate) (fos Tal hee nal fn aed ena nent bebegeta A ge L't Oy ee pe Gir EZ | setae cee lp ages | tie | OE geet eas OMNES ZRSIEE > ie | Saas x COO A ee ae ae Oe Se Ro ee ee ans 04 8° Ue OCs lee ele ae x 0 (ae | Si DS Tease Te a a or ge a |e ea x GUI9 | ee ee a eR Peete ene TA 8° ae o|o ean ee ele x 0 i. Slee eee Phe ae Res ea x > Saale | Buea CSO Li ee eS eth Se Nn eee €% 9° i Ca Vr ae le Lae ees x 0 x am’ Sh fae’ | a * Sian OR oF aa eas | Dor ame x (CONTE Si Mia dekagess qa bees 7S agama eas See ad Cul Vili |, ee AEE oC) ew 0 0 Avalie = albe oe tl eae Ze sl ae x COro Fn a. SO ae Sa OE eS er ana 1Z 0'T (A SS RS Cae atl ae Sas as ag eis x 0 x ie = sabe se ss x ee ie a yes Wears VECO Ae go go aa ee RMS co ee pees ae mere ae 02 0'T / Aye ie (a seca ie Sars + allie x x On aE ae > ee | | ase > alga Ss sae SC esse x QIGQ [rr rt rr rrr rrr rrr rrr rn nnn nnn ee eee = eee 61 6° (JE) Sa ECORSS: Gage as le Ses x x x 2B one SE ES | eee a> ales > ER | ea x Wo Sie. A oe ee RR ae esos oH O'T A ae ea a rite x 0 0 Dae. 0 ia | ea aa aaa aaa | is a x OPO Cr a a a a: Cal ee eee ees LI Ee Co Se tess ol a ceeee ck Ge ibe dhe . x 0 KB alee Tee = ee nt > ae | ae x GOO Sie owe ee ee A eee eae 9 0'T (hel Ae Sali se ie ee x 0 0 FSi real ltamagiae > ile Nig Sse > ees || aaa x TGhO eg SP ar aS een rere ome ee aI 8° Cola maaree cc a | eee, x 0 0 cee a Bacreaa lige ee > me is eas SENT sake x CeO a TE Se ee oe oe ret val 0'T a a oe Se ON Girczorllsse x x 0 DG. Ol eae |e eae OBIE |e. eas > | ES aie x GOIO Te go a ee ne eo reas €I 9° 6G | 08 Qala = [naar x x 0 Se 2s] | NS | NE x > See |S aes Re Sal cana (COU ean ieee iii Wi alee) Sekai so pay eis OE ook (ej I'l Ce Pe | See ak ee ieee 0 0 (irae SAR ae el See > a i aa Ke eos x Cocoa ec A AN ER RR ee oe ear Il ae eee | OP Ne ea oe Zo oe ls a eee Oo eS Xx x éb PA Webi o|lmeeees |X x eines altos Bier WSh) Ml eS aE Peo OC ee ae ee na 4 Goa | east nl | ach cael | lp kloan I sodas x (Owes BER nies Sos > a | peas a x > IER | eR | Cate x CC oO clean Dhan ace Se ey ee oe eee 6 eT (sl Cian [NB ye es aan RS oa (ae eam | ee x x > Se leans me, SN ae Rear 2 ae oe Ales ECON I Se aE eee Oe ees 8 0'T OM as a pe (1) Oiiex Ob Fel aes > le | eae x > RN aces > eae || eee CLAY Maia elecanies aeecigie Be ANE T= et Gee eee ares a l IT Seen Oe hen | eee mala | amet 0 OS FS x ag |e ” pens | iene | kc aceieas x eat (eA cami np emma alias haar. .< 0} .6 1.0 PHN i we Sn 6529 |_.---- x x > ee ee) pee x Shel (ees ete 0 OF e275 .8 aa alia aston oe elena EL 6509 DK etetnens x > | Ee ere eee 0 Kae. 6 Ay Gp jc8ée. ee (a Pf) ee xX DG a sees KK leeks 0 >< . 65 . 55 Conceal a ae 6509) |2222-2 xX x >A EE ae | ees 0 Oness .6 Ree Ne le 86 lsec222 *< SOs eee >< aes 0 OFiae5 .6 0) 2 OS ee eee 65337 ee-—= x > 48) Serene > SesaS Xx x s%f . 65 O23 eee 6489 |-222-2 >< Di Ee ee x x x 4 .6 it 9 10 4 5 1 4 (9 ee Wa Line: 5. Hole temper. 6. Hole temper. 8. Hole temper. 9. Small rim, lip node. 10. Small upper rim ridge, transversely notched. (BULL. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 306 x ee eee L° Mest eto Te Wace Se cate aa x x Sait SEY Seger ane L Meet ek eee lee oe x wien x x OF Seo parse $9° 9 moe (tees ik ieee ee x x Be Snes 99° ie | Bik ae Maa its aie eel lost |) aimee x x eee, lees one Gi pe ey |e ee ey Be eee x 0 eli aaa tpg 6° Pelee eS a Sia Be SA eer alee aire re x : RO phe cen g° Ba dors a Pee | Slee oe |e |e ak 0 Qi Tea Oi ieeninarne fro Par ets > emacs esac = | erating x 0 eB happen SE Si eo pies egos i omer x 0 Gan ea ps ee ig Bee Ae | prec ste epee x 0 Seah ie a aan 9° Ory [bss oe gai ae sh ists ||) sd gesbaigeala x x Oi) aie ee 8° Mes ae els aa I a Tas x 0 I ses eats g9° 1 ges Ns 9 I oc epithe pk SS x x Sek i amare et Drag alts ee i (RS ie IE Peas || Sees x 0 x ia v° cecil. oe | eee ie Sa ian Seas || Sema se! x 0 Une g.° EP ne en eee i (ead ik ae | SSS x 0 x 0'T L° Oa gite beak ta onl iy Reeenli teg hag elute | > arenas x x Opa ener: 9° POA SOM be Eee ales ee oe x x Joa | hes eee ae 9° Ress lcenterr re a male ae Ne eee x x Sal ae eae 9° Boas kat eeael| a Sana wea 5 eae x x ar ea aati a gg° Pes alite age le a ee Se a Sages ee 2 Nsoeealves ae x x 9° Re Bev tees oat | oe x uw Sie ei oclbenecel aa te x x 9° ¥° Souk? ceo ee a ae, wea Pec Mi cceh cca css, tae Be" Doles ac Sears 3 a eee le aa os ale x ETS Strona shy 9° Ce eee ak hella Bt ae hilt Tobas|seqsea|( ce. oes 0 Oe oa eT g° Whe ne Ncseee tl Maker tee onl ee nll Bee a rt x x 0 £ RB ef ia fa ae seen Neos” ghey Bee, leery : eal pet ah ake ae 0 0 9 L* 1 es | tae lan Bod MF Beka |e ee Pee coi teal age Ul betes Mee eagle” Rk ens ia wares L° Bye es eee ee ae | ened eon ee 0 x 0'T 8° ee WH Pikes es ea Ia Gi atts bak Seles Peal car, al eee oe x x €° g° ag | tao Saha ve ie | Ge eal (ts x x Oy Sree QO: one ree Deveen|e Se tree dl eae x x x 0'T 8° a (prea wa aes Nee ee |e eee x x 0 Mie 4° all he aie ag I ae ma ee oi toe ese Flitaakealees es x x 6° 9" 1 ha hes i Pehle oe leek aoe x 0 x L* ke fe es TD oes aa aula |g deal i bi eras x 0 0 60 See Ome Sloe ct ee A Oc Tremere oe ee wo wo | wo aas | 1as Hap mye | aT | UP ad | YN | WH | WW IS| Ls | ° W | tN a “Thos B (0) (0@) SSsoUHdy,L dij Jo edeyg uli Jo odeyg ysjug eovjing 01N3X9,], ssouple yy [9gs9-Peg9 ‘SON S0[R]BD] BSAIY UV(C—LT “ON @LIG—']ITAXXX LUvAED 307 R ‘10d m0} 9[OH{ *pivM4no peT[or djj—1ed m9} ojo] ‘10d 010} O[OH eu0jsouny] A[qeqo1d—iedu103 ojo, eu0;seuLI] A[qvqo1d—1ed m0} o[0F{ ‘d} ;pouexo1y} A]]ensnun—iodu1e} efoH ‘eUOFSeUMT, A[Quqoid—iod 0104 ojo "Jed 010} 9}OH ‘Jed ue} oUo3sseuN[—l9du103 OOF, ° “10d W194 O[OF, *pivAyNO poor djj—ouojsoury Ajqeqoid—sodu104 9|0F] *IOd 010} 9U0}SEUI]|[—poajzI0Ae A[AYSIIS dry ‘19d M10} OU0ZSEU|[—I9d 10} O[OF{ “Jed U0} 9/0, "10d a9} OOF ' *pezI0Ae UTI Joddn—ojoyy ti *Jedm10} 9UO {SOUT *peioAe ty Joddn—ejoH (2) ‘Jedu104 euoyseuryT *pez10A0 UllI Joddn—ojoy (j) “Jedu1e7 ou0jsouIT *p93l0A0 tay1 Joddu—oeoy (2) ‘19d ue} ouO4somy'T ‘19d W194 GUO ISOM] ‘eU0JSOUTI] S| Jodm1eJ—poj}10A0 UI Jodd *OU0OJSOUI!| S$} JedUIE3—poI}J0AG WII Joddy ° *9UOJSOUTI| S| JodwieJ—pejzJ9A0 MII Jedd (), QUOJSOUI| ST Lod WeI—peq10AS WII Jodd () ‘OUOJSOUI!| S] JEdUI93—poq10AS OI Jaddy~ "1993 , Aputs,, ALIGATS ‘OPIM WD GZ BpoOU UII ‘diy \[wuIg ‘O(pped peddviM-pi0o 441M pojoo3 Apog OS | | TS | | | LT | A | A | | | a | nes | nes | nee | nen cees | seein nes | ed eee Burials in floors of dwelling place_..-......--.-...-------- » CG aera x x x x x Predominance of flexed burials__..........-.-..---------- eee ee x x x x x Burials usually devoid of artifacts...........-.._-.---.--- > yi eee > x x x x Occasional bundle burial of bones_.-._-...-....---.--_.__ Ko | ae ee a x > ee x Occasional burial of cremated remains.........._-_-.-___- a | eee ss ee ee Sl | etl ata 2 Cremated remains accompanied by artifacts_..._...-____- SC | BOSE IF pe FOS Sey Bee See ee Pottery not used as mortuary offerings..__._._..___.._____ > ph |e x x x x x Flat bar two-holed gorgets__.......-.-..--.._._...-_-_--- x x x x x x x Sherds of steatite vessels___....--..--------.-----.---._-- PS eae as cil | peeve ali | Noid Be Wide range of stemmed projectile points..___......_____- oles ee ea x x >< x Sherds of sandstone vessels__.......---------_--__-_____._]------|------ SGiheseeae >< SIN eens eee PORNO - 40 8 TET US ee Se ee oe OL os Oe eS Se 2es¥os x Xf Ee x PGR Ne ts MONTATSIMIA SCONES) 22 oe os eek eee pvt | Me eves aad ae x Sa MAIMeStoneposs a= esses kee Pe Dees eee ee eee ee Ee as x x xX x Absence of all evidence of smoking custom__-____________- x x x x x Xx x Considerable use of bone for awls__.__-....-_--_--__-_____- PRE | Rept & x x x x Wanrved bone handles_-.:_..3.- 222.222.0200 wee De Ne ats ie ned S| [ata arog he x x x Spoons cut from tortoise carapace_.._.....-.----_-___-_-_ ORE | Te | ee ee x DR ae aS Femora of bear cut off and hollowed___-_._...__________-- Dr [eee ing > ee ee >< xX x x Xx Pottery grass paddle marked__..___-.___-_____-__-_.--__- Dey tea x x x Mien ene Pottery small cylindrical paddle cord wrapped___---____- x x SAP ile da re il SARE Eisele. Pottery without handles or lugs__...__..___-.-_.--______- x x ~ x x x x Stamped ware, rectangular mesh_______...______________- x OK Se. ia See > eee Xx Textile impressed (close-woven ribbed)__.________..-.___- x x Sip lala: Ne (eee Aig a ae < BOUSewienOUriees= 2.2 8 bk ee x Si eR (IE Ne aed ) oa eg Xx Pottery comb or brush scratched...........-.--_.-___---- x MS >< x > CSL Sa eee Be >< aed) tee ire-ckacked stones in ash bed_.--=....2+...-2--2.--=--=--=- Dal OX a Slee ses Xie S| See >< pe. Small areas floored with river pebbles____._.___-----_---__- SK Boel 7 SR esa as] la $4 dat Bo Whidden deposited under mound .... -.=-=-.---=---==+.-+-~+~-|=<-- Kisses} Ril aodat SSP KS re ee SS STRUCTURE TRAITS Rectangular post-mold patterns__--.-----.-.--------------- Ke KI OKI RIP OX EK Se Dwelling-house patterns, not earth covered__-...__---------- P< (esr ey epee een (Re >A SIT S.< Eas Dwelling-house patterns under mound.-________-----------|---- > a en <| ec (ee DR (2 ee SRP SC Barth-covered town houses_-_.....--...-..--.--------------- || PS OS eX OG Pe XI Successive superposition of town houses_-_.-.---_----------- S| (SS I< SEE (| BE | <| [a S| Structure floors constructed of clay____.._--.----_---------- Ol SS ON OS I I OI EX Orientation of structures in cardinal directions_-_.__.....-.]_._- ><) ae | eee > 6 | ee MEST ee 28 a Dwellings constructed of small] logs..-............---------- oleae ee =| aa | pase | Ree >< |e Town house constructed of small logs......-..--.---_-_---- SS AIM Gls DSS Gly Gee >< one Base of wall posts set in trenches___..._---.---------------- Alysia sciezacte 2S! O62 S83) 2e Xie Corners of structure closed by small stakes_____...___------ DRE EG = DRS RIS Dealt DR ese eee Re Corners of structure not clos2d by small stakes._...__..__--|__-_|---- Saher ee 2E ee SK] SCHIST SC Dagrmim corner Of Structure-=-..---2=-.-..2--.=-=25--.---=--|__.- > <1 eS teal jie St 1 7.< Hees a PGS

< ets | es Dall esescses| A (feel ee || aes Slabs of bark used on roof of structure__.............------- SER SS eee ao ee ><) ea es Ol [Re _ Cane impressions on town-house floor._......-..-----------|---_|----|---- oS << eR ees aa es Dwellings constructed of large logs........_......-.--------|--__|---- PoC eee teed ao | Rais Dd heme >- 4 a town house constructed of large logs................l2225S3|s.-2|2-22|--2 }e seus 2 [ess BX |e ot x Horizontal large log molds on town-house floor. -_...._...-_|_-__|---_|---_|---_]----|_--- Sj] jees| aed x Vertical cleavage plane over post molds----._.__--.---_---- Ge Ee Rae eee amen p< | ae | Goes BA: ie a 368 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 TABULATION OF CULTURAL TRAITS ON ALL SITES SHOWING Post-Mortp PAaTreERNS— Continued Sites STRUCTURE FURNITURE Rectangular clay seats 273.29. ee es _ e ees a Pree (ei em Sal (ie Sill i>
ail fake 2 Altarsvhavine four circulam basinse =). 22. ee eae > Seal ees (Eat ee | PR | M eS es ee Altars having one central basiniv 222k eS SL a ee |) Sele Xe Sees ees Ke Altars showing intentional destruction_._-__._._.....-..--._]----|-_--]_--- |e ee Se aets Fire on level fioor of structures) 2s eee DP SRE OR EL = PR, a eee < eee Raisedicircular fire basins. as ce ee ed ee ee x, [eet pe See Gh > il Ee Biretin‘eircularpitain floon 220k: 22s ee ee eee ee eee Sa 8 Pete ee GI | SSE SAS Fire basins outside of structures_____.....____..---_-------- > aaa Ni >) ee, a ene (es Se (Co >
, Gam (PAS -< << Pipes not used ‘as!burial offerings! 25. ete. sae > | Ee ee EC a eee x | See ARTIFACT TRAITS Mareeidiscatdalsts...- 3 at ae a Re os ds eee X je---| X lees |) Ke Se ee eee Steatite irazmentss 8! ily elas 2 ees Sea SO SS X ee] & EL ee ee eS eee eee Perforated shell hoes scattered in mound__________-.._--_-- Kl XX lee ee eee pa ae Snail’shells:seattered inmound= = ee eee XK Joccal KK LESS a ee River. pebble hammerstoness2 2 se ee ee Kessel ce oe ee D4 >. > < Simalleamestonmevdises! -- so aeke sete oe Sa eel ee ees Dai tie. Gil Pa (aS pain > ) |B Daiscsimadettromisherds 322). Sey ee Be oer ire Ee ey ee ED S| ee ae (>a (tem [>a >a

< Pointed-rimipots with round lng 2s: 22225 Be ee ee eee eee x [24 Xl Gale 5 Jars with:rim (bosses (flutings).-32. 2.220832 ee Lee ee > eee <0 Pres He “< Exclusive use of loop handles__-........-.--.--.-...-------- Kl XK he XM 1 el ea ae ee ee Xoiteossl Strapubandles: sb 2 ey Ue ee ee eee ee | ce | ees ee | DG > a Ee few ~< Blongatedirim lugs 232. otek le eo Le Bel, lee el eee Xi) healy Seales Loop handles raised above rim___. 0-6 SY LEK eee pat (eilirttas (odes Me leece Loop handle raised and bifureated_--__.......-_--.--.----- Kil Shh lee ee 1:25.) Bee Loop handlesiwithi pitsior lobes-e--- eee 4 4 Burials also made in village cemetery-.-------- x x epurinis made.in the flesh...-.2-..-.-.2.-..u222 x x . Burials usually loosely flexed_......-.--------- <3 PIAS SDE . Xx Xx Xx Xx . Some burials extended on back-_---.----------- Few burials extended face down, limbs flexed_ . Some burials in sitting posture__--------------|_._----- WON MOIR Pe 10. Graves usually rectangular in form__---------- a (ea ee 11. Double burials do occur__...------------.----- x 12. About 30 percent of burials show artifacts--_-- x DK 13. Dog burials in association....-._..------------ SEEN eae eae ee ces ORR | ee a 14. Graves covered with wood and bark_-_-_-_-_----- x 15. Some graves coveredby clay layer, fire burned_ < 16. Piles of stones in disarray in mound_-_---------|__--__--|_.--_----- 17. Individual seems to have been killed by same type of arrow used as burial offering-____--_-- Ge | ube araea es glee Perea ees es] kes Come Maat (cs Re re ae x STONE ARTIFACTS 1. Round celts—probably hafted axes__.--------- x x x Xx x 2. Stone pipes, elbow form, flanged-__._---------- x Xx x Ci | eee owes x 3. Triangular arrow points exclusively ----------- x x x Milegeees x 4. Large discoidals—biconcave-_-.----------------- x ae eociree disks—Diplane: .=--25_. 2 .222--25-2222 L.A. 2a] 2 ile 6. Small stone disks—gamestones (?)...--------- *K De feline knives, lone ovate..__._-..--...-.---...- x SK 8. Stone hoes, limestone, slate, etc..------------- x 9. Flint knives placed at base of skull, often RMS MORSE Ce ese 2 5s $2 oe ee SSeS x x x 10. Spatulate ceremonial (?) ax, polished limestone-|_______- De | (ae eis 11. Pipes used as mortuary offerings__.----------- < < 12. Flat celts—straight edges, fleshers (?)---_------ On Reet aaa x 13. Gourd rattles (?) adjacent to femur, as in- dicated by group of quartz pebbles remain- BEPALOUOL HOP Sere spt 8 tee oo eee DEE ie es Ee ge ee x Kd asses. BONE AND SHELL ARTIFACTS - Bone beamers or drawshaves---_-------------- Dee a x< DCIS oe eee . Bone hairpins, pointed base and other forms--|______-- DG | Sen eS pein > SK Large bone cut obliquely to point hole in base_ x . Considerable use of marine shell for manu- ROUTER ee a a a Ee on EUEE ESS te ll I ema Pi iaapsnake Porrets. .. .-.---.------=--- 2 Ty CSTE ae a tl enn . Circular gorgets, scalloped edges--------------- ONDA PwrDe XXXXKXX X XXKKX POTTERY ARTIFACTS . Pottery infrequently used as mortuary offer- . Sharply incised band of lines below pot rim_ -- Hivetched projecting rims......-_._...------.-- Beading below rim......2.=......-..--=-----=- seHornzental fiat lugs at rim____.....--=.-_------ - Textile-marked salt pans....-.--.------------- Ean pots toy vessels. _______..-...-2--.-_--L- Pplnerethiay, Vessels... .. .-..-------------L-- mera eftity vessels. --___o-_.- seen 22 . Human face effigy on rim__.------------------ . Stamped carved paddle, scroll design... ------ . Stamped carved paddle, rectangular mesh----- . Impressed by solid points—dots-_--.----------- . Impressed by hollow cylinders, cane or bone-- . Impressed by cord-wrapped paddle_-__-------- . Impressed with grass-wrapped paddle.-------- - Pottery dishes made from sherds -----.-------- 2 Lottery pipes, elbow form.-_..>......-£.--£5.- ad Be Ro NSI6S oa a A oe es Grape Da xxKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXKX SS |V —_ —— | | | 374 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 ANALYSIS OF PROVISIONAL CHEROKEE TRAITS The total number of traits 1s 62. The number of traits reported by each observer may be tabulated as follows: Harrington reports 55, or 88 percent. Thomas reports 44, or 71 percent. Nacoochee reports 48, or 77 percent. Dandridge reports 42, or 67 percent. Site No. 19 reports 41, or 66 percent. Site No. 10, reports 31, or 50 percent. Since Harrington reports the largest number of traits, that list may be made the basis of comparison.. Harrington and Thomas report a total of 59 different traits, of which 40 are held in common, or 68 percent. Harrington and Nacoochee report a total of 59 different traits, of which 44 are held in common, or 74 percent. Harrington and Dandridge report a total of 60 different traits, of which 38 are held in common, or 63 percent. Harrington and Site No. 19 report a total of 62 different traits, of which 35 are held in common, or 56 percent. Harrington and Site No. 10 report a total of 59 different traits, of which 27 are held in common, or 46 percent. If it may be assumed that the first four columns of this tabulation contain only Cherokee traits, and are sufficient to designate the Chero- kee complex, then Site Nos. 19 and 10 only correlate with this com- posite culture group by percentages of 66 and 50 percent, respectively. This is about the degree of correlation with Harrington of Thomas, Nacoochee, and Dandridge, 1. e., 68, 74, and 63 percent. These results as demonstrating any certain cultural connection of Sites Nos. 19 and 10 with the Cherokee seem quite unsatisfactory. In particular, although Site No. 19 appears to have a 66 percent corre- spondence of its traits with the provisional Cherokee total complex, and a 56 percent correspondence with the Harrington list of traits, it would nevertheless appear the part of wisdom to regard the possible connections with the historic Cherokee, while not positively denied, still not definitely established. In taking this view, which may be regarded by some as unjustifiably conservative, the author is im- pressed with other evidence not possible to present in such a tabulation which appears to be important. Such evidence and its possible bear- ing on this problem may be presented under several separate topics, as follows: (1) Many of the most important and definitely observable traits in this provisional list of Cherokee traits are known to be very widely distributed in the southeastern area, in regions which the Cherokee, so far as is known, never occupied. Such traits as triangular arrow points, mask gorgets, and textile-marked salt-pan pottery, to mention WEBB] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 375 only a few typical illustrations, seem to be regional rather than tribal in their distribution, and their diagnostic value, so far as Cherokee relation goes, of little or no value. This fact becomes very important in this connection when we consider how very many traits in this group are found on sites far removed from known Cherokee connec- tion. Because of this widespread distribution of many so-called Cherokee traits, it may well be doubted whether it will ever be possible to definitely fix on a list of traits defining Cherokee material culture. (2) In comparing the traits at any site in Norris Basin with such a provisional Cherokee complex, it has not been possible to consider in the comparison the additional traits presented by rectangular town houses, and multiple occupation of sites as observed in Norris Basin. Such traits have never been reported by any writer from any Chero- kee site, although such traits may have been present. Thomas, as previously suggested, reports on post-mold patterns in mounds at Toqua and Settaco, but he does not indicate what was the form of the structure discovered. Harrington suggests that some of the truncated pyramidal or platform mounds along the Tennessee River may have been sites of town houses, but again no definite information is avail- able. ‘The same is true of the Nacoochee report. There are available many rather complete descriptions of the Chero- kee town house as seen by early travelers, in particular by Timberlake and by Bartram. All agree that the Cherokee town house was circu- lar in form and built on a mound. Timberlake says that the town house at Chote was “built in the form of a sugarloaf”, which is taken to mean a right circular cone. At no time has any suggestion appeared that the Cherokee had ever used any form of town house other than the circular form or “rotunda.” This trait, like many other Cherokee traits, seems to have been shared with other peoples, especially with the Creeks, who also had circular town houses. The fact that all sites in the Norris Basin showed only rectangular struc- tures is an obstacle in the way of accepting Cherokee connection, even if a considerable similarity in other traits may be evident. This fact is particularly impressive when considered in connection with an absence of rectangular structures reported from known Cherokee sites and the definite knowledge that in historic times the Cherokee used circular town houses. (3) Had the Norris Basin been inhabited by any members of the Cherokee tribe as late as 1725 it could hardly have escaped detection by early travelers, who would have left some historic reference to it. Col. George Chicken * certainly would have learned of any such set- tlement of Cherokee on Clinch or Powell Rivers when he came on an official mission to the Over Hill Cherokee. On August 2, 1725, accord- 8 Chicken, in Williams, Early Travels, p. 102. 376 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 118 ing to his journal, he met at Tunissee the headmen of each Cherokee town. These, as listed by him, were: Tunissee, Terriquo, Tullassee, Suittico, Coosaw, Elejoy, Tamantley, Cheeowee, and Conustee. Rep- resentatives were absent from the towns of Iwasee and Little Terriquo. Had it been occupied by any other people immediately prior to that time the Cherokee would certainly have had a tradition concerning it. Haywood refers to a Cherokee tradition of a Creek settlement at the mouth of the Hiwassee River when they first came to the Little Tennessee River. Dr. Thomas Walker,® in his trip to Kentucky in 1760, when he went through Cumberland Gap, which he named, would certainly have made note of Indian settlements of Cherokee or others which might have been in the region of the Norris Basin. The lack of any early historic record or any Cherokee tradition of any oc- cupancy of Norris Basin seems clearly to indicate that these sites had been occupied by a people other than Cherokee at a time before the coming of the Cherokee on the Little Tennessee, and the sites on Clinch and Powell Rivers had been so long deserted that the Over Hill Cherokee had no knowledge of this occupancy. In such case the cultural connections of the builders of these large-log town houses in Norris Basin must be sought elsewhere. In this connection it will be remembered that the Over Hill Cherokee, who always built their town houses on earth mounds, re- peatedly asserted, according to Mooney, that they had not them- selves built these mounds, but had found them there when they came into the country. Could these mounds on Little Tennessee River have been of similar origin as those in Norris Basin? It does not seem wholly impossible. When Stephen Peete excavated the Toqua town-site mound for Thomas, and reported “stakes driven in the ground” and post molds, did he discover the pattern of a rectangular town-house structure? Alas, we may never know, since all of the mounds on Little Tennessee River were so “thoroughly explored” that all information we now seek has been destroyed. The author feels that the weight of probability is in favor of the conclusion that the mounds on Little Tennessee River on which the Cherokee erected many of their town houses were built by an earlier people—perhaps the same people who built the large-log town-house mounds in Norris Basin. Without attempting to say who these earlier people were, it is believed that they left their remains of rectangular large-log town houses widely scattered far beyond the limits of Norris Basin, and it is perhaps one such site which Lewis has excavated at Dandridge, the report of which has not yet been published. If this be ad- ® Walker, in Williams, Early Travels, p. 168. 10 Mooney, 1900, p. 22. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 377 mitted tentatively as a possibility it would follow that these people antedating the Cherokee occupation had a material culture in many ways similar to the Cherokee, or, perhaps more correctly stated, the Cherokee adopted after coming into the region many of the cul- tural traits of this earlier people, which may in part account for this widespread distribution of provisional Cherokee traits. In this connection it is important to note that Thomas did not find any trade material in any of the mounds which were investigated and no evidence of any white contact. The work of Thomas shows that the mounds and their contents were all wholly within the prehistoric. It has been reported, however, that certain commercial collectors have excavated in areas surrounding these mounds and have encoun- tered numerous trade objects, such as the Cherokee were known to have possessed in protohistoric times. These trade objects were associated with burials, and with many other artifacts of Indian manufacture similar to those found on altogether prehistoric sites. It may well be that the coming of the Cherokee into east Ten- nessee was the occasion for and marked the time when this earlier people left the region. If so, the date of the last occupancy of these large-log town houses may approximate the date of the coming of the Cherokee. From an inspection of known Cherokee sites it does not seem necessary to assume a very great age for them. It may be found that the Cherokee, when Fort Loudoun was destroyed by them in 1760, had not been in east Tennessee more than 100 years, if that long. In fact, the author is inclined to the opinion that the Cherokee first occupied Little Tennessee River in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. Further, if this idea is at all tenable that the Cherokee erected historic circular town houses on earth mounds built by this earlier people, it should be possible to find one mound as yet undisturbed in the region of Cherokee settlement, which might show the pattern of a “rotunda” at its top. and a rectangular post-mold pattern at its base. ‘If, however, the rotunda generally was covered only with a thin coating of earth it may be that this earth layer was too thin to afford any adequate protection to fallen structures, which would in consequence be completely destroyed. This may account for the fact that no remains of fallen town houses were reported by Har- rington on the Tennessee River. On this point Bartram, in de- scribing the Cherokee town house, says, “and sometimes they cast a thin superficies of earth over all.” Thus, by inference, not all town houses were earth covered, and further, if the film of earth was thus insufficient to protect and preserve evidence of a “rotunda” there 1 Bartram, 1928, p. 366. 378 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 may be at this time no remnants of a Cherokee town house remaining anywhere. As a brief summary of these speculations on possible Cherokee connections, the following tentative suggestions are offered—without definite proof, since proof is not available at this time. (1) Cherokee material culture cannot be exactly defined because many traits are too widespread. (2) Cherokee built circular town houses on mounds erected by an earlier people, along Little Tennessee River, of which Toqua and Settico are examples. (8) Circular town house remains are now probably all destroyed because there was not enough earth over them to preserve them, but the post molds may remain and should be carefully sought on sites in this region to see if they are superposed over rectangular post- mold patterns. (4) Mounds on Little Tennessee River built by an earlier people were the result of the collapse of earth-covered rectangular structures, so that Toqua, Settico, and the other Over Hill Cherokee mounds, if undisturbed, should even yet show rectangular post-mold patterns at lower levels. It would also appear that, in some cases, after a town house had collapsed, additional earth was carried in and deposited upon the remains. Lewis reports that the lenticular loads were plainly evi- dent in a mound recently excavated by him in Roane County, Tenn. He found a depth of earth of from 8 to 5 feet between floors, part of which was carried on the site after the collapse of a town house and before the erection of another. (5) Dandridge mound and also Site No. 19 were built by this earlier people. They had no apparent connection with Cherokee occupancy. (6) This earlier people probably did extend down Tennessee River beyond Hiwassee Island, although there were no rectangular struc- tures reported by Harrington. No circular structures were reported by him because they were not preserved, although probably built by Cherokee there. However, rectangular structures have recently been found by Lewis*® in Roane County, Tenn., not far from Bussell’s Island and farther down the Tennessee River. (7) Except for house forms and minor differences in burial cus- toms, the material culture of this earlier people and the Cherokee was quite similar, as was also that of the Creeks. (8) Nacoochee is Cherokee, influenced from the southeast, but it chows little connection, if any, with this earlier people in Norris Basin. 142 Lewis, T. M. N., University of Tennessee. Personal communication. WEBB] ARCHAHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 379 (9) Cherokee never at any time built rectangular town houses. All such structures appearing on sites occupied by Cherokee in historic times are to be regarded as the work of an earlier people. Who, then, if not Cherokee, were these earlier people? If the de- ductions in the chapter on Conclusions is correct, we have to account for two different peoples, the large-log town-house peoples and the small-log town-house peoples. One naturally asks if either could have been any of the Muskhogean tribes. The answer to such a question in our present state of knowl- edge is.only a guess, but the author is inclined to consider it well within the bounds of possibility that the large-log town-house people were of Muskhogean stock. There is some evidence which appears to be growing in importance and which seems to show that the Creeks lived on the Tennessee River, and that their range of occupancy was much farther to the north in the valley of the Tennessee River than their homes in early historic times would indicate. Haywood * states that the Cherokee had a tradition of finding Creeks living near the mouth of Hiwassee River when they first came into that region. Recent excavations in Madison County, Ala., in connection with the archaeological survey of the Wheeler Basin conducted by the author, seem to indicate occupancy on the Tennessee River by some branch of the Muskhogean people closely associated with the builders of the Etowah mounds. It is possible that these were some of the Upper Creek tribes. The burial at Sites Nos. 10 and 19 of bodies in a sitting posture has been discussed in the reports on these sites. Also the use of bark and strips of wood for covering graves has been found at Site No. 19. This trait was also very prominently shown at Dan- dridge. Attention was called to the close resemblance of these cus- toms with burial customs of the Creeks, as reported by several white observers about 1790. While these facts all seem to point in the same direction, certainly no one could draw from the information at hand any definite con- clusion as to the identity of the builders of “large-log” town houses. While relationship with the Creeks is yet unproven, it would not be astonishing if future excavation should develop a very definite connection. In attempting to “speculate” as to the identity of the “small-log town-house” people there is even less basis for conjecture than in the case of the large-log people. However, there is a line of suggestion, very weak from lack of proof, but representing an interesting possibility. It has been obvious that the two people of Norris Basin occupied generally the same territory, 1. e., the sites were mingled. On Site No. 18 Haywood, 1823, p. 234. 380 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 5, and possibly on Site No. 17, there is a suggestion that both large- log and small-log construction were used on the same site. And yet, while on these two sites these important groups partially merged, yet on all other sites the cultural traits definitely separated themselves into two groups along this line of cleavage—the type of house construction. This would seem to suggest the possibility that if there were two different peoples in Norris Basin they may have been for some period simultaneous occupants of the general region and probably had friendly intercourse between all sites in the Basin. If it may be tentatively considered that the Creeks are responsible for the large-log construction, one has the problem of trying to find some separate and distinctly different people with whom the Creeks were associated on terms of friendship whom we might possibly iden- tify as the small-log town-house people. The fact that the Creek Con- federacy took into its organization so many remnants of different peoples in the early historic period would seem to make such a task of selection quite impossible. However, there is one group—the Yuchi, perhaps the most problem- atical of all the prehistoric people of the southeastern United States— who were, in historic times, closely associated with the Creeks, and while speaking a different language and maintaining their own cus- toms, yet rose to a prominent and respected place as the Yuchi band of the Creek Confederacy. One naturally wonders if this apparently sincere friendship of these two peoples for each other began after the Yuchi “came south”, as they are known to have done, or could such a friendship have been the result of close association in a northern home at a much earlier date than when reported by Hawkins about 1796 in his travels on the Tallapoosa River ? If we admit this possibility, we are prepared to look for evidences of the Yuchi in Norris Basin. Since no known Yuchi site has ever been carefully investigated and reported, their material culture complex is wholly unknown, and there is no basis for any identification by use of cultural material. However, it is possible that the migration of the Yuchi took place just within that vague borderland of time between the early settlement of white men on the Atlantic seaboard and the beginning of written records of the Indian population of the interior. If this be true, it suggests the bare possibility that there might be some historical record, or tradition, of the occupancy of the region by the Yuchi. In searching the early reports of Indian occupancy in the period prior to 1700 one is struck by the story of Gabriel Arthur,” a servant of Abraham Wood, of Virginia, who was sent with Wood’s agent, 14 Alvord and Bidgood, 1912, pp. 212-214. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 381 James Needham, to explore the territory of Virginia to the westward beyond the mountains. While much that the servant Gabriel Arthur had to report is of very problematical ethnological value, the agent, James Needham, an older man, evidently of broader education and ex- perience, had opportunity, before being killed by the Indians, to report to his employer the result of his early explorations. The most inter- esting single fact of all the varied details of his report is that, after traveling west by south for some 24 days, they came to a people calling themselves “Tomahitans.” It is obviously quite impossible, from the nature of this narrative, to definitely locate the habitat of this Indian tribe. However, it is clear that this tribe dwelt on the western slope of the mountains on a stream flowing to the westward and not emptying into the ocean. And they were some 24 days’ travel west: by south from Virginia. From such vague and uncertain information it may never be possible to do more than guess at the location of this tribe, but it should be pointed out that Norris Basin could very well have been the place where Needham found the “Tomahitans” in 1673. Interest in this speculation grows when Swanton identifies this tribe, “the Tamahita”, with the Yuchi of early historic times who were closely associated with the Creeks on Tallapoosa River and who later became an important band in the Creek Confederacy. In presenting the evidence of the identity of the Tamahita and the Yuchi, Swanton * says: Last of all, we must not lose sight of the fact that the origin of the Tamahita, like that of the Yuchi, may be traced far north to the Tennessee mountains. It seems rather improbable that a tribe from such a distant country could have settled among the Creeks and, after living in close intimacy with them for so many years, have passed entirely out of existence without any further hint of their affiliation or any more information regarding them. And the fact that they and the Yuchi share so many points in common and appear in the same places, though practically never side by side, must be added to this as constituting strong circumstantial evidence that they were indeed one and the same people. While probably no one seriously doubts the correctness of Swanton’s identification of the Tamahita and the Yuchi, yet the possible connec- tion between Tamahita and the builders of the small-log town house in Norris Basin, if any, is still to be demonstrated. Since the material culture of the Yuchi or the Tamahita is unknown, this suggested possible relationship with the Creeks has for its basis only the fact that this unidentified cultural complex denominated as “small-log town house” is found to occur in the general region of the traditional home of this most problematical of tribal stocks, the Yuchi of the Tennessee mountains, along with the “large-log town-house people,” who may be Creeks. 145 Swanton, 1922, pp. 190-191. 382 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 In this connection it is interesting to note that the present-day Yuchi has knowledge of house construction of a type quite similar to that found in Norris Basin, which has for them become obsolete. This information was obtained by Speck+* in 1904 in his ethnological studies of the Yuchi band of the Creek nation, now living in the State of Oklahoma. Of their house construction he says: The Yuchi remember still another type of family dwelling house which seems to show that the commen house type of the Algonkian tribes bordering the Atlantic coast farther north was known to the Yuchi as well. We are informed by the Yuchi that the framework of this type of house, yu, consisted of poles stuck in the ground in parallel rows at certain distances apart. These were bent over and lashed together at the top, forming an arched passage underneath. The whole top and the sides were then covered with strips of bark cut entire from cypress trees and attached in overlapping layers to the cross pieces connecting the upright poles. Matting is also said to have been used as house covering material. Such structures are commonly remembered to have been about 10 feet high and about 16 feet square on the ground. The roof slabs were weighted down with halved logs secured at the ends to the framework. The fireplace was in the center of the floor space. It was excavated about 6 inches below the sur- face of the ground. A hole was left in the roof directly above the fireplace for the smoke to escape. In the way of household furniture the Yuchi remember that beds, tow’fa, used to consist of a framework of parallel sticks, supported by forked uprights, upon which skins were piled. These benchlike beds were ranged about the walls. Mats were suspended to form screens when desired. This statement in many details is strangely like the house construc- tion called “small-log” type in Norris Basin. Finally, if the Yuchi, or Tamahita, and the Creeks were associated in 1673 and earlier in the Norris Basin, their later friendship and association is easy to explain. 16 Speck, 1909, pp. 40-41. AUTHORITIES CITED ADAIR, JAMES. 1775. History of the American Indians. London, 1775. 1930. Reprint, edited by S. C. Williams, Johnson City, Tenn., 1930. ALVorRD, C. W., AND Bipcoop, LEE, 1912. The first Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Vir- ginians, 1650-74. Cleveland, 1912. ASHLEY, M. E. 1932. A Study of the Ceramic Art of the Etowans. Phillips Academy, Dept. of Archaeol., Etowah Papers, pp. 107-182. New Haven, 1932. BARTRAM, WILLIAM. 1792. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Hast and West Florida. London, 1792. 1928. Reprint, New York, 1928. Bipcoop, LEE. See Alvord, C. W., and Bidgood. Back, G. A. 1933. The Archaeology of Greene County. Indiana History Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 181-346. Indianapolis, 193838. 1934. Archaeological Survey of Dearborn and Ohio Counties. Ibid., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 171-248. 1934. Bossu, M. 1771. Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisi- ana. Vols. I-II. London, 1771. BUSHNELL, DAvIp I., JR. 1919. Native Villages and Village Sites East of the Mississippi. Bur. Amer. Hthn., Bull. 69, Washington, 1919. 1920. Native Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi. Bur. Amer. Ethn., Bull. 71, Washington, 1920. 1935. The Manahoac Tribes in Virginia, 1608. Smithsonian Inst., Misc. Colls., vol. 94, no. 8, Washington, 1935. CARR, LUCIEN. 1877. Report on the Exploration of a Mound in Lee County, Virginia. Tenth Ann. Rept. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. and Ethn., Harvard \ Univ., pp. 75-94. Cambridge, 1877. CHICKEN, GEORGE. 1894. Journal of 1725. Yearbook of Charleston, 1894. 1928. [Extracts] Reprinted in “Early Travels in the Tennessee Country”, by Samuel Cole Williams, pp. 91-104. 1928. CLAFLIN, W. H. 1931. The Stalling’s Island Mound, Columbia County, Ga. Papers Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. and Ethn., Harvard Univ., vol. xiv, no. 1. Cambridge, 1931. CUMING, Sir ALEXANDER. 1731. Journal of 1730. In Historical Register of London, vol. Lx1, pp. 1-18, London, 1731, 1928. Reprinted in “Harly Travels in the Tennessee Country”, by Samuel Cole Williams, pp. 122-148. 1928. 383 384 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 FUNKHOUSER, W. D., AND WEBB, W. S. 1928. Ancient Life in Kentucky. Kentucky Geol. Surv., ser. 6, vol. xxxIv. Frankfort, Ky., 1928. 1929. The So-called Ash Caves in Lee County, Kentucky. Univ. of Ken- tucky Repts. in Archaeol. and Anthrop., vol. I, no. 2. Lexington, Ky., 1929. 1930. Rock Shelters of Wolfe and Powell Counties, Kentucky. Univ. of Kentucky, Repts. in Archaeol. and Anthrop., vol. 1, no. 4. Lex- ington, Ky., 1930. GENTLEMAN OF ELVAS. 1851. The Discovery and Conquest of Terra Florida by Don Ferdinando de Soto. Publs. Hakluyt Soc., vol. rx, London, 1851. GRANT, LUDOVICK. 1909. Historical Relation of Facts delivered ... to the Governor of South Carolina. South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. x, pp. 54-68. Charleston, 1909. HARRINGTON, M. R. 1922. Cherokee and EHarlier Remains on Upper Tennessee River. Mus. Amer. Ind., Heye Foundation, Indian Notes and Monographs [no. 24], New York, 1922. HAWKINS, BENJAMIN. 1916. Letters of ... 1796-1806. Colls. Georgia Hist. Soc., vol. 1x, Savan- nah, 1916. HAyYwoopD, JOHN. 1823. The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn., 1823. HECKEWELDER, JOHN. 1819. An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 1, no. 1, Phila., 1819. HEYE, G. G., Hoper, F. W., AND PEepprr, G. H. 1918. The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia. Mus. Amer. Ind., Heye Founda- tion, Contributions, vol. Iv, no. 3, New York, 1918. Hopcet, F. W. See Heye, G. G., Hodge, and Pepper. HoitmgEs, W. H. 1894. Prehistoric Textile Fabrics of the United States. Third Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. 398-425, Washington, 1894. 1903. Aboriginal Pottery of the Eastern United States. Twentieth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 1-201, Washington, 1903. JONES, CHARLES C. 1873. Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particularly of the Georgia Tribes. New York, 1873. LAWSON, JOHN. 1714. The History of Carolina. London, 1714. 1860. Reprint, Raleigh, 1860. 1903. Reprint, Charlotte, N. C., 1903. LEDERER, JOHN. 1672. The Discoveries of John Lederer in three several Marches from Vir- ginia to the West of Carolina. London, 1672. WEBB] ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORRIS BASIN 385 Marcu, B. 1934. Standards of Pottery Description. Mus. Anthrop. Univ. of Michigan, Occasional Contributions, no. 8, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1934. McGuikp, JoserH D. 1899. Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1897, pt. 1, pp. 361-645. Washington, 1899. MILLs, WILLIAM C. 1916. Exploration of the Tremper Mound. Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio, vol. 1, pt. 3, Columbus, Ohio, 1916. Mooney, JAMES. 1900. Myths of the Cherokee. Nineteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 3-543. Washington, 1900. Moori, CLARENCE B. 1897. Certain aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. x1, Phila., 1897. Preprer, G. H. See Heye, G. G., Hodge, F. W., and Pepper. Popz, JOHN. 1792. A Tour through the Southern and Western Territories of the United States. Richmond, 1792. 1888. Reprint, New York, 1888. RaAmskry, J. G. M. 1853. Annals of Tennessee. Charleston, S. C., 1853. 1926. Reprint, Chattanooga, Tenn., 1926. RASLES, FATHER SEBASTIEN. 1723. Letter from ... to Monsieur his Brother, Oct. 12, 1723. 1900. Jn Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Thwaites ed., vol. Lxvi, pp. 133-229, Cleveland, Ohio [1900]. RITCHIE, W. A. 1928. An Algonkian Village Site near Levanna, N. Y. Research Records of the Rochester Municipal Museum, no. 1, Anthropology I, Rochester, N. Y., 1928. RoMANS, BERNARD. 1775. A Concise Natural History of Hast and West Florida. New York, 1775. Royce, CHARLES C. 1887. The Cherokee Nation of Indians. Fifth Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. 121-378, Washington, 1887. ScHOOLCRAFT, H. R. 1851— Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the 1857. Indian Tribes of the United States. Vols. I-vI. Phila., 1851-57. SMITH, Haran I. 1910. The Prehistoric Ethnology of a Kentucky Site. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthrop. Papers, vol. v1, pt. 2, New York, 1910. SPECK, FRANK G. 1909. Ethnology of the Yuchi Indians. Univ. Pa. Mus., Anthrop. Publs., vol. 1, no. 1, Phila., 1909. SWANTON, JOHN R. 1922. Early History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors. Bull. 73, Bur. Amer. Hthn., Washington, 1922. 154676—38——26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 118 Fifth THOMAS, CYRUS. Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. 3-119, Washington, 1887. New York, 1890. 1890. The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times. 1894. Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. Twelfth Ann, Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. 3-730. Washington, 1894. 386 1887. Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United States. TIMBERLAKE, HENRY. 1765. The Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake. London, 1765. Reprint, edited by Samuel Cole Williams, Johnson City, Tenn., 1927. 1927. WALKER, THOMAS. 1888. Journal of an Exploration in 1750. Boston, 1888. [Extracts] Reprinted in “Early Travels in the Tennessee Country”, 1928. by Samuel Cole Williams, pp. 163-174, 1928. Wess, W. S. 1928. >. - 190-191 GISeuSsion Offa. oF. 2 190-191 searcity of remains of______ 191 DWELLINGS, CHEROKEE, descrip- FO) OA (i (ao eee sa San: ae iE oe AS HARTH-COVERED STRUCTURES : burning of, described_______ 78-79) CVIGCRCE~Ofs2~ se es 193 historical records of____-_ 193-194 HcHora, mention: of 2+ 2-2 = 202 EFFIGY VESSELS, occurrence of_ 124, 277 EHLERS, G. M.: shells identified by______-__ 256 suggestion made by__--_-_-_ 262 ELEJOY, a Cherokee town_______~ 376 EROSION, Of mounds. 82-5222. PAW EXrcHon, battle near____________ pAL ETOWAH MOUNDS: reference to builders of_.___. 379 reference to pottery from___ 265 EUSTUSTIE, 2 Cherokee town____ 214 Page EXCAVATION : change in method of________ 18 methods used, in___- =e 8, 115 of, Cox Mounds. sae 161-163 FACES, HUMAN, occurrence of, on pottery ....2 =o) =| +--> _ | «=e 2th FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF AD- MINISTRATION, assistance ren- dered. by-..2)4s=:=-5. sabes RY, 24 FLORIDA INDIANS, burial customs O62)... eee 114 Fort ANCIENT SITES, reference to pottery, from____-_..._ = 265 Fort Dosss, building of_______-_ yaw Fort Loupon: building of... =..___._. 211 effect of destruction of____ 211-212 located by Timberlake_____ 216 reference to destruction of. 377 Fort PRINCE GEORGE, eStablish- ment of____.___._._. =. 3 = Zi Fort STANWIX, treaty signed at_ 207 Fox Frevp, reference to__-___--_ 160 FREEL, W. A.: acknowledgment to__-_____-~ 5 mound on. farm;of_=] ss 8, 186 FREEL FARM MOUND: conclusions drawn from_____ 189 description, of... 186-187 location- 0f2s+ 2.28 eee 186 ownership of_.___.._ === 8 FROG, Symbol of, on pottery___ 175-176 FRoG EFFIGY BOWL, mortuary of- fering of___....._.. 4 =e 176 FULLERTON FIELD, reference to___ 160 KUNKHOUSER, W. D.: acknowledgment to________- 5 report of, on osteological ma- terial = ee 225-251 FUNKHOUSER, W. D., and WEss, Wa. S., cited_.°. -+ =e 265, 364 GAMESTONES, abundance of______ 125 GLEN, GOVERNOR, treaty made by. 211 GLENN, B. N., acknowledgment to_ 6 GorGETS, materials used for_____ 31 GOSLIN, ROBERT, work of_-_---- i, GRANT, COLONEL, military expedi- tion Of2__=. se eee 212 GRANT, LUDOVICK: cited —..._._. bt 194 incident described by__---~ 209 INDEX 391 GRAVES: Page| HAWKINS CAVE: Page bark-lined __----_ 171, 172, 178-179 conclusions drawn from_--__ 1830 See also Burtats; CEME- description,..0f2——. j= wee 2=— 130 TERY ; ROUND GRAVE PEOPLE. location): Ofei<2 2s ee ae 130 GREAT CHOTA, reference to_---_ 214 OWNETSHIP), O8j2% Fok te 8 Great CHoTE, a Cherokee vil- HAWLEY, FLORENCE M.: Pepeemaiviciting Ts wits 216 demonstration by_--------- 6 Great Istanp, a Cherokee vil- paper by_--------------- 309-362 Peet. fib ole! ray 216 | HAywoop, JoHN: GREAT ISLAND Town, reference CU ees aa 379) Tp AR ee 214 CUO Ped ae Pee ee 204 a —— pancr, place for HECKEWELDER, JOHN, cited____-~ 2038: holding 214 HETHERLEY, J. M.: GRIFFIN James B.: gh! tn BA acknowledgment to__------- 5 acknowledgment to_--~_-_-- 6 site owned by_—-—____ oe ta 8 aper by, on ceramic re- HETHERLEY STONE MOUNDS: “ eiilias : 959358 GeSChipionm Gfo- 2 ea lo 9 i oo a aE eae ee IGCAtOM Ole ee 9 GUNTERSVILLE, ees regarding__ XV Hee ere ae ae GUTHE, CARL E.: : Livy Dieu Boke l USES) ee 5, 2 ; HEYE, Hoper, and PEPPER: H aes S. twas 5. k hah. fig Cherokee traits reported AAG ILLIAM G., work of__-~ s : ; ES ee nee es eal, 372, 374 HAtrway Town, a Cherokee vil- : Se ee Mn BS WES, O64 29 0S SS eee 216 Hitt, HARVEY: ead Tee acknowledgment to_________ 5 charts showing traits of___ 328, et eemedhpe ioe sree ee g : 341, 344, 850-353 | ro vARM MOUNDS: loop LS ee Ean § 287-288 conclusions drawn from____ 63. strap, description of__-____ 283 description of nee wer Ea 60-63 See also HANDLES AND LUGS; HANDLES, LOOP AND STRAP. HANDLES AND LUGS, analysis of. 291-— 293, 295-296 HANDLES, LOOP AND STRAP: chart showing traits of____ 304 Miscussion of... 275, 303-304 HARRINGTON, M. R.: Cherokee traits reported yee ee 371, 378, 374 eles ee 31, 3877, 378 quoted on pottery__________ 264 Harris, Mrs. MAnpy: acknowledgment to________- 5 sine owned by = 8 HARRIS FARM MOUNDS: BibiraeCes, TOM... 83 conclusions drawn from____ 83 Meserpiion Of... 69-82 |. features Of. 70-71, 74-78 GW MOT SIG) OF 28. ot ae! 8 Wottery, cfromee ee oes 82-83 HAWKINS, BENJAMIN, cited___ 215, 380 OW MERSIN Oils tee ee 2 8 HIWASSEE ISLAND: reference to pottery of______ 264. report on excavations on____ 371 HIWASSEE River, traditional set- tlement at mouth of________ 376, 379 Hopen, F. W. See Heyer, Hones, and PEPPER. HocoHrca, application of the DAMe4eehs a PTR Se 204, 205 HOLE TEMPERED, explanation of the) Terme 2: Prune stew 20h. Sr 287 HoLiey, Mr., mention of work OMe ee a ele 360 HouMEs, W. H., cited___________ 265 HornHouss, Cherokee, description OF) 6 oo. fe) 215 Howarp, T. Lrvron, foreword Diy hn ee 2 ay te a Xv HUNT, GRANVILLE, acknowledg- IMEI EEO ree ia NN est cs Z 6 HUNTINGDON SsITF, reference to PGtbery. frome os 2s 392 ILLINOIS INDIANS, conquered by Page EVO GOT $3 PERCY Ber et 206 INDIAN TRADE, rivalry for________ 208 IRoQvUOIS : land Glaimed. byt). Be oe 2038 reference to league of_______ 203 territory ceded by__._--__ 221-222 IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY, discussion of land dlaims ‘of 222222." 206-207 IROQUOIAN DESIGN, in Freel farm SPE ee ee eee eee 189 Irvin, M. N.: acknowledgment to______-__ 5 site owned by 8 IRVIN VILLAGE SITE: conclusions drawn from____ 60 Geserintion Of — = 38 POVCUTEN) Oi ons 2 eee 40, 42-46 iOCATION, OF os Sa 38 Itsatr, the Cherokee capital____ 202 IwASE#, a Cherokee town _____-_~ 376 JAR RIMS: analysis of sherds of___. 289-290, 294-295 charts showing traits of... 324— 827, 231-334, 337, 342-343, 345-347, 348-350, 356-357. discussion of____- 280-283, 286-287 with lug handles________ 282-283 JARS: characteristics of types of. 300-801 charts showing traits of__ 322, 323 rim ‘Sherds. Gf2.-=——2- == 277-279) wide-mouth, discussion of_. 272 JAR-SHAPED VESSELS: characteristics of -____--- 300-301 chart showing traits of___ 302, 307 GISCUSSIGN OF 22.22 —Heree se 272-274 JAWS, LOWER, Summary of meas- urentents GF 2523 305. . corome aes 245 JOHNSON, J. B., site owned by_-___ 8, 180 JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM, conven- 410n ealied: by ee 207 JOHNSON FARM CEMETERY: conclusions drawn from___. 133 CeNCrintign OF 2 =" 131 location wf. Seng pe Se Se 130 GOwiershiy Ot. 8 JONES, CHARLES C., cited______-- 114 JGNES, VOLNEY H., acknowledg- THEN Oe re eee 250 INDEX Jupp, Nem M.: Page acknowledgment to ~--_____ 5 consultant at conference__.__ 1-2 JuETT, J. B., acknowledgment 10235 ete ee 248 KAHITE, a Cherokee town___-_--~ 215 KAvaANnAved, C. N., acknowledg- ment. (0:22.22) ee 248 KENTUCKY, Skeletal material fPOM 22 ee oe ee 247, 248 ,| KEOWEE: a Cherokee town __-______-_ 214 conclusions drawn from in- cident’ at... = See 209-210 incident in town house at___ 209 KEOWEE Oxtp Town, location of__ 206 KNOXVILLE, TENN., conference in. 1-2 LABORATORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SANTA Fr, mention of________ 359 LA FOLLETTE, TENN., work done || eee 360 LAWSON, JOHN, cited__._________ 154 LAYS BEND: description of____- 2 == 32-33 official name of. == 32 LEA, CHARLES R.: acknowledgment to____-_-__ 5 ‘village site on land of__-_-- 8, 140 LEA FARM MOUNDS: description 0f.. 2 2 145-159 evidence of construction of... 146 features. ofc. eee 146— 147, 150-151, 152-157 Joeation of__.___ 140, 145, 150, 152 ownership 0f_ =~ =e 8 LEA FARM VILLAGE: conclusions drawn from__ 158-159 description: of 140-159 featirres of. eae 141-144 location of. 2222 eee 140 ownership 6f{__ eee 8 LENAPE, mention of____2-- 3 203 LEVANNA SITE, reference to pot- tery fron Eee 265 Lewis, ANDREW, fort built by--_ 211 Lewis, T. M. N.: acknowledgment to__-----~- r { Cherokee traits reported Py.ccce ce ee 372, 374 Cited 22 k= eee 378 reference to work of___----- 376 LiTTLE CARPENTER, mention of___ 211 INDEX 393 LitTLE TENNESSEE River, discus- Page| Mounps: Page Sion.of mounds on... 2-022 376, 378 Ausmus farm..25 oul haat 83-115 LitrLe TERRIQUO, a Cherokee BigiFoce ka) Aas 220-221 Po SS ee eRe als 376 Bowmen farm 2!) ete es 12-25 Lues: burial, conclusions regard- chart showing traits of___ 338-339) Tf pe OOS BA Ae S 8 TG bce 18 ee 366 on rim sherds________ 275-276, 279 burial, erection of________ 134, 136 MaptIson County, ALA., reference Cox eee 161-179 to excavations in_____________ 379) Crawford. farms fi 180-185 Marcu, B., use of method of____ 254 Dandridge: <7 2A h ie bhey 378 MAXWELL, E. S.. acknowledg- earth, conclusions regard- Tp IE PEL St yo ou 248 Deke eT Awa ee - 366-370 McCarty, JIM: erosion Jef 20204 aay 217 acknowledgment to_________ 5 Ebowwades 2 ec ores es. 28 265, 379 site owned by_-____---______ 8 explanation of formation of. 163 McCarty FARM MOUNDS: Wreel, farne? ase tet) pee 186-189 conclusions drawn from____ 38 Hapnisadamm: 220 22!) eo 69-83 Geseripfion: Of2i2 8 ao, oo Hetherley 0% sisi ey) 9-10 Pome MPRCS OR Se 33-35 Blk, Tam 2 kei 8 es eee 60-63 fagwmioOniOr 22 32 Lea, Aaa. a ek ha 145-159: Ownership of2eli so 8 MeCarty farmet elie ci ws) 3 eit 33-38 McGuire, Jos. D., cited_________ 139 method of excavation of____ 84-85 McMurray, Boyp, mound on on Little Tennessee River_ 376, 378 TADS 'T) ELS ORE ee 217 on site of Chilhowey_____- 217, 218 MEREDITH, STOKE: on site of Settacoo_________ 219 acknowledgment to_____-___ 5 stone, conclusions regarding. 363 Siremowued by. ___._ 8 stone, of Stiner farm_____ 159-161 MIALAQUO, a Cherokee village___ 216 town. houses. ona = hs see Zi MIAMI: Moytoy, nominated chief of conquered by Iroquois______ 2064 3 Cherokee] bee ee 208 THCMIPIOIECOE fo 205 | MuscoeuLcEes, burial customs Mars War. C.,. cited... 139 OES Ang vaste. crea es 113, 114 Miner, Horace, acknowledgment NACOOCHEE: Joe i 255 Cherokee traits as reported MouHAWES, application of the 19) See Re PEE 373 UD Ls ee ee ee 206 conelusions regarding______ 378 Monacan INDIANS, mention of__ 202 types of pottery from_______ 264 Monettr, J. G., quotations from_ 207} NATionat Musrum, mention of__ 5) . MonryMAKER, W. S., acknowledg- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL: OS a ee 5 acknowledgment to_________ 5 Mooney, JAMES: Feference 10.25 eae 5, 359 OEE 213,376 | NEEDHAM, JAMES, explorations mapimade by! ee 2 201 jotta neainet a WEES Se Pokal 381 | quoted on the Cherokee___ 202-203 | NEowEE, a Cherokee town____~- 214 MorTUuARY OFFERINGS: NEQUASSEE, meeting at_________ 208 among the Creeks_________ 113 | Newxom, E. E., acknowledgment frog effigy bowl___--_______ 176 CO_ Ses Be a a oe eras ee 6G GHesrOne. ean 177 | NICHOLSON, GOVERNOR, treaties Mounp BUILDER AREA, tree-ring madel Dy sae G ie eT 208 PER Ty etree» eck rey racy 3860-361 | Norris, SENATOR GEORGE W.: Mounpb Bumpers, attempt to iden- bill sponsored by_-_-__---~ 2 DEE Sy Mie ei ae oe RD ae 219 GamiymaMed) Fors 2. 2 2 394. INDEX Norgis BASIN: Page | POFFENBERGER, A. W., acknowl- Page classification of remains in_ 2 edemeéent 102255) S.4 5-75 eee 5 Gescriphion: Of 2 seh 2-3 | Porn, JOHN; cited >.) jee ee 113 discussion of pottery from_ 253-358 | PorsHERDS: early history of__-___-_-_- 201-224 study made -of_...-- 6 early occupancy of__. 375-376, 379 See also PoTTERY; SHERDS. Seology-” OF: Me sAbnen ee Ete. 4| Potrrry: HOGA LIOM Or Ieee. ee 2-3 charts showing traits of__ 310-358 object of survey of_____--__ 3 Cherokee traits shown in___ 373 physiosraphy. Of. - 0 Se tres 34 difficulties connected with Subvey: WOrkvones 4:24 _ 3" 2 Study; O£2-...._ 2 _ ae 253 Norris DAM: from Ausmus farm mounds. 110 deseription (of. 23 4_ tae 2-3 from Bullock Cave___-__- 129-130 origin of name of_____-_.__ 8 from burial mound_______-_- 138 Norris LAKE, description of____- 3 from cemetery_—___________ 133 Nova Scotia, reference to pottery from Cox mound: {233% 175-176 PROM SStiticy 20 | wee sears 265 from Harris farm mounds__ 82-83 Qin) Hop; «mention .of_-_... ae 310, 314 two major divisions of______ 255 with zoomorphic forms___-~_ 124 See also Bowts; HANDLES; JABS; POTTERY ‘TRAITS; SALT PANS; SHERDS. INDEX 395 POTTERY TRAITS: Page| Roycnr, C. C Page correlation Of. 222" 297-809! CCG 22-2 52 es ee 203 miscellaneous___________~ 305-306 GQUEted 228 2s Ss Eke eres ae 205 POTTERY TYPES, percentage rela- SALT-PAN RIMS, chart showing Hensnips Of ______ SUS-SUNE. “LLALES (Oho terreno ee eet 318, 319 POWELL RIVER VALLEY, Cherokee SALT PANS: PaLneE Rey eee eS SS ne ee 208 charts showing traits of____ 298, POWHATAN INDIANS: PIeLIONS Of. ae MeCRON Or = fn SE 202) POWNAL, GOVERNOR, cited on Iro- quer “conquests_ ss 206 PROSISE, CLARENCE C., acknowl- Sreament “TOs ee eS 6 RAMSEY, J. G. M.: ELST 2 eee ty on 214 ONT P25 ee ee Se eae 206, 211 RECTANGULAR STRUCTURES: conclusions regarding_____ 366-370 GISCUSSION. Of 2. 2 190-201 REMAINS: Algonquian, characteristics DEL ean ee Sree 30-31 elassineation of. =~ =... 2 RICHARDSON, WILEY: acknowledgment to_________ 5 Sike Owned by 22-2. 2 8 RICHARDSON FARM MOUND: conclusions drawn from____ 69) @esermeion Of. 64-65 Gywmercnapy: Of 2. 8 RIM BOSSES, chart showing traits RIM SHERDS: chart showing traits of___ 303, 320 tie AMS 269-270: ‘UPL i ec aa eee 270, 320) RIMs: chart showing traits of_____ 320 Beesrarion Of 22 121 inmenin VW. A., cited... 265 Rock SHELTER OCCUPANTS, cul- PmenEAITS Of 365-366 Rock SHELTERS: classification of pottery LEED LID ayia eeepc ants ila 265 on McCarty farm, descrip- [iL TID eee eeenletie artery ia 37 RoMANS, BERNARD, cited_________ 113 Rotunpsa, a form of town WITS Et aw ee pee ned otO, OL Rounp GRAVH PEOPLE, pottery TL Ee a eee 264, 265 336, 341, 354, 358 description of sherds of____- 280 discussion: 0f.= 2a 266-270 Shaper obs = 2s. eS 268 sherds of, analyzed___ 298-294, 296 sherds of, desecribed_____- 284-286 SALTPETER CAVE: conclusions regarding_______ 30-32 deseription’ Of 2) eee 25-32 leGatiOn Of =.=. a ea 25 OWwhershiy Oboe 8 use of, by Confederate PERT Ye ee ee shen ee ae 25-26 SAVANNAHS, allies of the French. 211 SCAFFOLD BURIALS, indication of. 189 SCHNEIDER, MARTIN, mission of__ 215 SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R., cited_-____ 113 SEATS, CLAY: econstruchon, of... 31. 2 195-196 description of___ 62, 66-67, 196-197 three-step, description of___ 20, 79 two-step, description of__ 49, 76, 79 use designed: €or 2a". Ao ek 195 SETTACOO: a Cherokee town_______-~-_ 216 Cherokee traits reported 1 0 1 by empty IR cnt 372, 374 mounds on site of == 219 SHAWANO INDIANS, mention of__ 202 SHAWNEES: conquered by Iroquois___~~_ 206 land, claimed=by2. oe 206 SHELLS, uSe of, as hoes and PGi b-2 J) 2) she a Se oe ree Pa 24 SHERDS: frit-tempered: 2. 2-9 288 hole-tempered________ 287, 288, 289 with lugs, traits of___ 329-8380, 335 See also PoTtTery. SHETRONE, mention of___________ 139 SILVER BLurrs, types of pottery LEQM tee ce ee 264 SITES SHOWING OCCUPATION, list of_ 8 SITIKO, a Cherokee town________ 396 Srx NATIONS: land ceded by-_----------- 207 land claimed by-= 2222. = 206 protest of, concerning land_ 206-207 SKELETAL MATERIAL: diseussion:@f 2.226 et 246-247 dispositionw-of__..-—-__.___.. -— Z measurements of____----- 247 SKULLS, summary of measure- WMCRES (Of. 2s tes ee 245 SmiTH, Harwan I., cited_______ 160, 265 SoconEE, a Cherokee town___--- 214 Speck, F. G., quoted on the DET t pe oe lee eaten rs & mao 382 SPECULATIONS, regarding Norris 1672 1] eye era ee Sen pene ae 370-382 SrammwaAy, of logs... 167 STALLINGS, W. S., mention of NOT) (Cert) es See: See ee a ee 359 Statrines IsLAND MOUND: reference to pottery from__ 261 types of pottery from____ 268, 265 STINER, H. Cuay: acknowledgment to___-_____ 9) information furnished by___ 160 site sownedbyi.22 G0. 758 8 STINER, SHERMAN, mounds on Land) OF 2.22. AiG ren fe ties 159 STINER FARM MOUNDS: description, 0fz2s224 2. 159-161 location. of 2244.4 -n-. wees 159 STONE MOUNDS: description of______ 60-638, 159-161 ownership Of. 2-222... 8 STONES: use o£, in: burials:=: 136, 189 use of, in mound eonstruc- FOE YS 2 a er 60 STRUCTURES details of construction of___ 21-24 earth-covered, burning of___ 78-79 Of ; TORS 52. see seh ee DEE 112 rectangular, conclusions re- Sardings......-. _ liraaeise. 366-370 rectangular, discussion of. 190-201 superimposed, unusual num- | OTe ed ile se nc ee 85-86 STUART, SUPERINTEDENT, treaty eConchided: bys... 207 Sucak Town, a Cherokee town. 214 Svuirtrico, a Cherokee town______ 376 SULLIVAN, H. M., work of_______ 7 Page SUPERVISORS, FIELD PARTY, ac- knowledgment to__-_-----_--~- rd Swan, Mag. C., quoted by School- Stat ee 113 SWANTON, JOHN R.: coin identified by______--__ 57 quoted on the Cherokee___ 204, 205 quoted on the Tamahita___ 381 SWEAT HOUSE, structure identi- fled Ag). )6 ee eee 154 TALLIKE (TALLIQUEWI), identifi- cationsofn ison) See eee 204, 205 TAMAHITA, identification of_____ 381 TAMANTLEY, a Cherokee town___ 38/76 TAY Lor, A. -P:, work of... 7 TAYLOR, Dr. SAMUEL: acknowledgment to___-____- 5 mound on farm of__________ 133 site owned. by...) 2 esse 8 TAYLOR FARM MOUND: conclusions drawn from____ 189 deseription- 0f_..2..--22= 134-136 location of......2 Se 133-134 ownership of. 323s 8 TEETH : of bear, as ornaments_____- 1606 See also PATHOLOGY, DENTAL. TELLASSEE, a Cherokee village-__ 216 TELLICO: a Cherokee town__----__-__ 214 town house of... 2S ae 215 TEMPERING: materials used for_________ 256 use of the ‘word2— == 254 TENASSEE: chief town of the Cherokee. 208 first record of the name____ 208 location of eee 208 TENNESSEE : aboriginal title to_.— = 206 origin of the name_________ 209 See also 'TENASSEE. TENNESSEE [town], a Cherokee Village. - 216 TENNESSEE River, Creeks on-_-_-_ 379 TENNESSEH VALLEY AUTHORITY: mention Of 2... 2s ee 6 object of studies of________ XV represented at conference___ 1 studies conducted under____ XV work suggested for_________ 1 TERRIQUO, a Cherokee town__-_-~ 376 INDEX Page TEXTILE IMPRESSIONS, pottery fin- FSC Wit oe 121,122, 125, 258-259, 261, 264, 265, 267-268 THOMAS, CYRUS: Cherokee traits reported 371-372, 373, 374 112, 204, 223 extracts from report of___ 217-221 mound explorations of__--_~- 215- 223, 376, 377 quoted on town houses____ 213-214 suggestion regarding find- RR rn Aes Sk ha od A) 217 THomMpson, M. G., acknowledg- SUL RTEYS (Cette Sa ep 6 TIMBERLAKE, HENRY: Cherokee visited by__------- 208 “Thal Le eel eee aaa 194, map published by-_-------- 216 service rendered by__------- 212 town house described by__ 215-216 TOMAHITANS, discussion of habi- TOMMOTLEY, a Cherokee vil- JP eee 215, 216 TOQUA: a Cherokee village__________ 216 Cherokee traits reported Pom, Site Of... 372, 374 excavations of town of______ 220 TOQUA TOWN HOUSE, marked by UT a eee arene 216 ToskKnGEE, a Cherokee village_.___ 216 TOWN-HOUSE REMAINS, mounds LP PE CST SG) 5 5 a an 191 .TOWN-HOUSE SITES: Giseussion | Of22__ 22 e 191-194 multiple occupancy of______ 194, 213-214, 222 TOWN HOUSES: at Chote, description of_____ 212 Cherokee, form of_____-__ 375, 377 Cherokee, summary of facts Glo ges ih 222) compared with Cherokee__ 222-223 covered with earth_________ 192) described by Bartram_____ 212-213 described by Schneider_____ 215 destruction of, by fire______ 192 disintegration of___.._______ essentials for site of______ 213-214 397 Page Town HovusEesS—Continued. intentional burning of__.__ 192-198 TNCCTION, Of 2 2. 8 ee: 195-197 openings of__--____-- 194, 209-210 rectangular shape of___-_~_ 375 BYQES) OTL oo a Ba 191 See also CGUNCIL HOUSE; TOWN HOUSES, LARGE-LOG ; TOWN HOUSES, SMALL-LOG. TOWN HOUSES, LARGE-LOG: characteristics ef_—2—- — 201 deseription, Of 22052 72a 199 agesiruction Of. 2-2 200 TOWN HOUSES, SMALL-LOG: BURT LCT SS CBee esr tee a tere 379-382 "PUPBILUEOS OFA2 ets ttt 195 TRADE WITH INDIANS, rivalry for. 208 TRAILS, on Timberlake’s map__-_ 216 | TREATY : Of Fort Statwik.- 2 207 with Cherokee, at Hard 3 D471] C1) aia Set ie insta pak 207 TREE RING DATING, paper on____ 359-362 TREMPER MOUND, reference to____ 139 TRENCHES, use of, in construc- BTA UR 2 Pe oe) aah 21 TRENCHING, use of, in excava- UOT 3 = 2 pete = reper co ee ert 50-55 TuGALoo, a Cherokee town___-_- 214 TULLASSEE, a Cherokee town__-._ 376 TUNISSEE: a Cherokee town__-------_- 376 identified as Tennessee_____ ail TUSCARORAS : incorporated with Iroquois.__ 206 MmentioM Of ee 202 TuskieA Town, destruction of___ 214 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, repre- sented at conference_________ 1 UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, mention a ge i et A a a) 359 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, mention es Sie oo a ee oe 359 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY: Men{iOn) (Oh 22 Se 6, 360 skeletal material sent to____ 2 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: MENETOM ORs 6, 359 pottery Shipped to...._.__.— 2, 253 reference to work of_---_-_- 265 UNIVERSITY OF NEw MExIco: BH ORION 10 6, 359 Study made by.—.— =-..__.— 2 398 UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE: aid rendered by----------- artifacts deposited at-_-_--- 2 mention-Of 22.2 22--2-20. ey 6 represented at conference__ 1 Upper SwEAT BEND: Page xV description” 01-222 == 32-33 Toear Name Ol. oe VILLAGE SITES: Classification. Of --—-2=--22— 366 cultural traits of, tabu- ated 2.26 ee 367-370 identimieation. Of _—..----- 216 Virtaces, Over Hill Cherokee, MSiROF 2 ee 216 VIRGINIANS, attack of, on In- GAnGIO Fee Se ee See 204 WADDLE, COLONEL, reference to__ 211 Waam Ovum, reference to__- 203, 205 WALKER, THOMAS, cited_-----~~ 376 WALKER, WENDELL C., work of__- (i WALLACE, J. H.: acknowledgment to_----_---- 5 cavern on land of___--___-- 8, 126 WALLACE CAVE: analysis of pottery from__ 260-266 conclusions drawn from____ 128 description of...____._-____ 127-128 1OCHHON OL.) 2-6 ee 126 OWNEESHIP OF 2253 ese se sees 8 WALTERS, C. J.: acknowledgment to_--_______ 5 site owned by —__.______ Sues) WALTERS FARM VILLAGE: conclusions drawn from__.__ 126 GESCTAPLION (OF a. 24 pee 115-126 features Of 281220) ean to 116-121 locationvof.~vowrss sa -yrrae 115 INDEX WALTERS FARM VILLAGE—Con. Page method used in excavation (eh Le 115 OWNEPSH HOLS b> i see Ee 8 Wag custom, Cherokee_________ 215 WATAUGA OLD FIELps, Cherokee Seitlementygt <2. eee 204 Wess, W. S.: acknowledgment to________~_ 255 cited 2.32 224222 eee 160 suggestion made by_______ 359-860 Wess, W. S., AND FUNKHOUSER, W.. Dy /eltedein ow 160 WEST, Grorcp A., cited_________ 1389 WHEELER BASIN, preparation of report. Ons... ee XV WILDER, CHARLES G., work of___ 7 WILKIE, A.B: work of. a WILLIAMS, GENERAL, punitive ex- pedition, of__.._.. — = eee 214 WILLIAMS, SAMUEL COLE: Glled =< 2.25.55 eee 194, 209, 210 quoted... Se 215 WILSON, ISAAC: acknowledgment to_--______ 5 site owned. by_.__- 8 WILSON FARM MOUND: conclusions drawn from_____ description of Ownership Of. ee 8 WINTEMBERG, W. J., cited_______ 265 Woop, ABRAHAM, mention of____ 380 Woop, OLD, method used in pres- ervation Of. _.2 ee 164-165 XALAQUE. See CHELAQUE. YucHI: discussion of, as Norris Ba- Sin dwellers___________ 380-382 house construction of______ 382 identified as Tamahita_____ 381 reference > toz2 22224 Sis 205 O s 7 : Pie atl : ‘ SANE " Cg Ay f hee Teles Wine Ps : oe Mypeaye®. qoire a ad 5 Sas | eee Ne i Ea Sy a ee > sina, a RS oe ie ara ADS ae Sarit . A Wee e:,. ARGS ae ork, Se Aid 51 a erry im we 8s Seika, | ae gee — i Xs es Bue Sure = i 2 et aE bee aT | ra e: ie os Bhi. S — Pas F ing i! - ‘ 197 SI, XL oe 198115 ~ 3b4 tf rey w % \ L , r . > Rca % * \ “ \ a ; : : \ Fi } s 4 , 4 ‘ % ¢ ‘a fe , d. | 4 i > t ¥ é Te iy = i = = — w = J1YVUGIT LIBRARIES i < wy a oO ets WS zi & “MN = . = i a NOILNLILSNI io) uJ e < ~ © ne J1yVHEIT LIBRARIES SIIYVYUSII NVINOSHLIWS \ : Df Jiuvugiq LIBRARIES NOILNLILSNI ISTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION JIUVUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN STITUTION NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES J1YVYSIT LIBRARIES \S¥A4 SS a et = \e = be ie a = SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOS| z * g 4 = — Zz \ = = oO —L - © =) ISS 2S = E Wz : Ww = wo NVINOSHLIWS saiuvyal LIBRARIES SMITHS = a S ” 3 tu , = = ser ws op ¢ hic: Ee < Z, S 3 a S ay : Ss ane te 2 5 _oMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSE = = | o ms e) = - = “ow bod w 5. 2 5 wD = = 2 g rm 2 m = = w i a - ot! B RAR l ES |, SMITHSC A > VASE > - ee) Q SN _— Ps) — be. m S\S w = Ww ro jf | n Ain = 7) = ) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NYINO w Pod * wn” = : = < = < sam as = 4 (ae = oO x © : : 8 ‘2 = E =, & = = >" = sts = ” Za 7) , ts as _LIBRARIES SMITHS = WW = a : : : : = _ o = 5 at Zz a 2 a 4 _ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOI (@) — SNE FA: ey “SX 5 3 5 3 rITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3INVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONI. = w = - é “ q - a = x = a < a < = < a = BW NW = =| a = S SS = S ~ YVYdIT LIBRARIES Roar OE Svea Tiny Nee re as ro) = re) =e i" . = 0 = ow AS 3 = a = 0 \S Ss > E 3 ca = > ea e. = r = Oo a Se ra m | NVINOSHLINS S31Y¥VUaII SMITHSON! wn z wn z w = < = = = 4 z = z = oe ae g g i | Z 2 = ai = Z > G = a Ss ; a 2 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION ». NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLI NOILALILSNI LIBRARIES LIBRARIES NOILNLILSNI TITUTION NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Ii¥WVYdIT LIBRARIES SMITHSON INSTITUTION NOIMLALILSNI z i = eo - bad = = = = - > > — = 4 a - w nS Tp Mas z ys a z iyuvudii ae. B RARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI MN = = ay ae Oat: z 4 Zz 4 Zz Oo = Oo = a) w”) Wo a” Oo ew A oe O = , >" = w = 7) elie z rT) _NVINOSHLIWS S3SIYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSON iJ wn uJ w uJ a a7 a — a co Oo ca 5 a. ay ae a z2 a 1YVYdSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHL csv ew “ S, Ris Ye Dr IN\ KA KIHSON/S > A AWD, = cA ya JTION 2 % z 4 JTION ugly Ni ll | LAN SMITHSONIAN me RA Sam Con esoaymess wes ate Prekash we tay aos We RYN ht AM MALI IVE MENUS BLS, Bes ee ag es ens eteF ates Means ty elt aS! GAVE Ua SQ MOONE 5 Serer SEEN VE ar SAV Neat SNe iat Me DDR ie sofas “s nel eae ee oe aes | are rent TAREE SMa ta wrod twran tuxaie gaa ety Bes tiie 2 fe on SUSE NISHA cae Aad jrsiings RA ne th UTR ON A OUTER St ie Stat 184 SPIN Been 8h ise Se. in habe Gy HSA WNW Se OS Be ANY Aa7 gy ays He ran. aoe ee SLES POR YBa t ec aLe were MANETS BENS ET DRS ina Rte tro Wis RAS BT meade s AT ET ASE EE Qe | SATSANG AISLE Ae Ee! LE ARIA Sede aeatee! NA Lek Ptelt Na C4 vig AAO Mes p es Wg AUN ERR aT, ae eee oor Beda Aas WP ee NR occa? SPY Sars Bap dare MK Pty ae ud ac ny Nate ty tas ett te oe WAAR WN oa be aRey ee A ESO gs FOE OP ON Me tol ater eon Ns. On aueat tie ae Pw aay PUA CAA etree ate a reepat bates ree. a repiyt rons a ewet et Nk Tess vets are ndsgeyae Sprites ty ak Pater ee rat, weno AIEEE Aen tei. Pape ns ee Raps Seabee many oe meg een etre Cn aera SOs REY CS Wass Nee SAY, BE ee onee aera Meee AEM eS Meet Breanne ow Ge Vae ee TUR yr Beet OR RNP OP wees ae St ara Y ata Ong ene ry haynes, race wes thee ‘ Nias a io te eh pe Siders! outs ueaase tee ge sem a8 ae 82 EP hg ety See eee ree wast 12 Ls Bivisega ge a a ry tyne te gett ee went sean ee etm yerag Aor nr re cre ir a oy i a riPh Sy ahs TEN nns Sekt antelie ee De eee og tr easente pene one eee et yee ate Apes Mpa, sews tote Nae ett te eke ae ae Cra nS eee ears TTL pleas ORS aa ee Se ones tee peat ate eg es net ier Aerie he Sar as at Soke ar aCe erties ean 4 TDL Nore hagas LEP ees Ree naa Meee te ett AG, apenas Or nan a fon ed wets Mr sehen oe tbls 2270 ra aie il ca ae Ua Pe ee Ce Oe WBNS bea NAM Fa Jee eels sere ke Te See ee ne Nar Dew as : Fee PD ay, ety © Cae tension or i ea Se ve 4 “Shonw LP ete: aa l= OP ae em wit te Lae tn eeh 2NN Py One Me ite te awnaetp hot Ri erent AEBS SPR NE TE ae SEED a Roar hy PPPOE AE saa mr Sone Pare Nesom ene Ae " PETS SEO Laat See way eee REPRO ARD a aie ele R PAE EID IONE p ANN et LR NN iM ates ME UE OE AM tie al hd el he a PL Sa ETE DAR Cait ey SEE BALE MRR NSO DUDE RIE Y RE?! TREN ER OLA AAT MEN ORE Ow Hy, OR NER TE AD ie ane Oe beget antes Tarees es a OOPS TOE IPN MN ABS tM Ric Ry DEAE ANA BY ELA BL een AEE NIN OOS SRY Cau gees Bee Eta WOE IOP MN a LEME TO NIAOR POAT E NERY IS Net ee Oe gap Phe eR FAD FIle PO OE AY, SAID MEN IEOL BO se NB eRe SP eee A RE Bae eh ORE Kateri aw WER eee State PER BS mba aU ha aay MAE READ Ft se AED Pre Nye Ik Cae yay Sep ea tee en ecage