aaa 1g renin sed Vetted Se PURE RIS APES Nt Won ih Widest Werte WEY be tat IY He Mita ty Sh tise ce 4A 4 tif ay! tigi} \ st atid igy Wee aya a ; TR | Ves i aaa SSO Wet eed igi a : My yy Lag Baits H i it HU ay shy itt u ¥ 4 iy 4 ive fi Ht i " i , By ts i NEL) \ nue i) 44 i Ba \ ay Deltoe Gia Dilteh the ie : Ve yey ‘ Se: nae) ber te sai isi “pay ae SMT Hie Wd stil RAN aed PAPAS ULD Wave We AE ARDELL UD ae ay My 4 tis eae Alt Mie iste if int Jig ag Nobubereuy tity hans, " Lae i ils i yah at Seat aD See ern city ei ie eke See Ie Patio Rented a: wa ane ae ; 4 ie iin, Maat ioe Se 5 Nee EY Re 2 : SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 144 THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL | NOOTKAN TRIBES By PHILIP DRUCKER ss aL R Se Hea. = ° as i os i: eed eh! oe ta ' €-4 +. e z = Z oe y a ° * F “ae See ; ; } . 5 by , 7 pe * : J | » = L _ é - Pap. g a - = ? , i yy } a ain 5 oy; =, le oe | , : : ‘ en i‘ 7 4 ¥ F, : . i ar > ; = a « 3 x 7 = 5 a y c ; a "¢ : a” Ver ; « ie. oe Pa ios he . ya, _ ry ee * J ile i ) Are Pirate 1 (Frontispiece)—Nootkan territory: View up Tasis River, Nootka Sound. (Photograph from W. A. Newcombe Collection.) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 144 THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL NOOTKAN TRIBES By PHILIP DRUCKER UNITED STATES — GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1951 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25,D.C. - Price $1.50 (Paper) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BuREAU oF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., April 1, 1949. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “The Northern and Central Nootkan Tribes,” by Philip Drucker, and to recommend that it be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Srreuine, Director. Dr. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. It CONTENTS PAGE ‘UB ERCE AERO LS are tl gt teers righ tue beh nts tbeinsphde Aedeagal Reger Licey bar acattleans Vil “TOUT RDG NCUA DY sy aa pli ari tp pe apr yr enh As pM liestae tay: tele ila, - pose 1 Sire OO tice tatri pester Speco eae nena a aren ye waters Sone eer tot 3 “TP VENS) |e a NRTA US A Ma ne ant oie io arn span cecal alge oe ts eg ees eg aa 6 SEI CETIOG ee ete ee eee Ie ee ere eg eRe 10 SPC MENGTERAING). ITT Seed i or i ge i te ea le el eagle tact age exh hace Np 15 ielemsents Ol, Lie 1OOG, Quest. = 00) ee eee ee 15 SY ETL T1270 2g Wipe allen el lt ago th rat lp rt hy yc ene a 16 ESIC CLe WAGES eee eyes oe en Ra Pe eae gM etl eee yr es 26 ERTS LEY ati alec CEN TES Ss tl eae pdt dial pc lea Roca ated reuse) fais 35 iexeconomic cycle angemetnods=a- eee ae eee ae eee eee 36 Eaeparavion and preservation of food 2.2. te oS toe 61 “Na spun exaeaTeT aL, UU She la a aga age Mt De inde nh. - 67 Hitbiianionssand Imanuracourese = a- sano eee ee oe ee eee 7 BEE HiRes Ky a Fe pg ag op le al i th tle nets er x 2 Seg 67 CSS FEY EY BUN) ey es le pagan ok py pe Pen gm Pee ed gg bg ie 77 i Lo(G (24 ST By Ceca: ead ag led ie yah peyei hd hyd eae peste essing tae 79 LENG }25106 Wh 002 samp ca gg eae yg cl Mpa ea halyard 80 INSU SHU TREN yc gh we Reel ana a apy a? ge alah 7h psf ta ro 81 (Canoes and them appurtenancesss se ee 82 NVIOOCETUERECE PLACES mem secer cea nee me ete a ee ee eee ene eee 88 Miscellaneous, household mitensilss 22 ee 91 MTR exctrlll oer tee ata renee eee any ted opment ere ed Ye SS Derek oo Mek 92 PD recsanGlOrnament sx ceee ee ate en ee ee ARO ee 99 Ceremonial saresse ose mee te tere n pe kot ceeanrant goer ec eee ere 101 SL MULE GH WS StS y a ean aa een ag ap yd gla aye pee Aap hae eta ed shay ila 103 ‘GENRE MITESY XO EWEN Oe gee ke le er dente pa eve ep thn a age pha aac my 104 JANG LETS CEE OVS LOU YEN a SpA pgp ath Di heen eg pay fl aS ee 106 Binerac cle hitimawe spss summery ar fn eee tse nMOS cy Nunta dymecree cemeetar Y U 106 cisinece And Chewilg otter sau cot ne ee rene emer fe ape 108 J REV ASIA ee Sac ex eg nes lal ona ah glean ott pe apt geal ramped aeieay hE. hint eeliaehs Woee 109 Vs BCU Bis 0) 0) oF pk ea 9 pcp a ds Dae Dar ope pa ian te sae oprah 109 JD YER REVUE faa 2 hon Lod oy ew ati cin ged ne a kop haley aloha dle ith aN] OFS KO OV Ey AS) Oe LIS eaeh Bay snd a you pe ali lage aaphipl a ds 113 ws) 2} 2) COUN ef oh 02 Bets Capbuy adam eh cri Dug een Dadi he Ppp fio 114 NS Taste tes pore eet a shee eee as en een nee ee ee Pa 114 i Calendarsrandamnemonics: = oo ees oe ee eee 115 MewiferonpacrindiwiGUalen sa se ee hee te es ie ee ee 118 Preenancy ang Dirun CUStOINS: 00s eres tase eee 119 UGA Sh ts, i 8 rear ah Pr gl ular A alah uh loth pry rhe ae 127 JE ASW Ae pI Ta ea Renta, Selsey NA aa GMs la yell td le abi 128 ENGNG FTC ae eg pricy aie ee shy gen aa eli yee me gence RE 129 LESS, tet lea ke ay ad eed tly eal lope maogtah me sckoy ta ytlay Donecomlct alain de eM AL. paetrepheded 137 CITES TSU TE Ty BYE al an ia at endian de aate aN odin 2p gba abel A ae pccerety gt 187 CONTENTS The life of the individual—Continued PAGE | Menstrual observances 2505222222. oe ne eee 144 TEAS WED MEOEST Us Yor eae rn a oe a 144 | Remedies: boo. an swe a ee eee 146 | Mortuary customs. 220.2526 el. ee 3 ee eee ee 147 Religigusmiels 9250) Stee 2a se ee ee 151 | He SUpCENALUTAL WOlG) 2202 2LL 2-2 ee ee ee 151 ‘Talesof supernatural experience. -.222_ ~~. S222 ee 157 Dealings with the supernatural... ....-.2-L-.--2222--2-- 222-2 163 The ritual cleansing-spirit quest...__.-..222=-5 2. 322-2 eee 167 Heair'seal hunting rites... 2202205 2 ae ee 168 | Sea outer hunting Tites....02. 2.503. Ds eee eee ee 169 © Whalejhunters’ riteso oe. oo Sa ee en es 169 | Warchiefs’ rites... 08h ou 3208 Ob ee a ee ee 170 | Shrines®.2 0 2056) 2 ae ee ae ee 170 | Weather magie. 2.200.225.2022 SU ee ee 174 Obsernvancesiin’ honor of ganie ss yee eee a eee 175 Hl Ri GVstaroy 0:4 ck: 0 aReNRarORe atl er eme UNO RPEIOE MA Menu oe Case RG fan abe ie Lis Se 181 Shamanistic- curing — 2222 3e 2 oe a ees Ses ee 202 Black Magic: Jou lsc o-oo eee ee ee 212 he tsaiyeq ritual... 22s le oe ee ee ee 215 Gapialglifpe tye ee ee oe pe ok a Pe 219 | PONG yo se es EN De Ne RE 220 | Chicklisetos: Sago. fey No 2 a SR Pee ee 222 | UAGy UIC) UO Gy a eee Gal ea 222 | Ne bISSt see = Ses are St ne a eo 225 © INAICHATIOE © Goo. 2 ose eee ee ee 227 | Mioachat is 22802 eps bak eee ey ee a 8 SI 228 Miuchralat 0) 0s Fee hee ee ey eee ee ee 232 Hesqiate)) 022 ee ee Sapo: 82) 2s 2 ee 235 Oesosatiys sees ce ae ae A te le ee 238 | OUR AE lee Se RA hee nL OR RU is ee 238 Clayequotea 2 aye A Ee ent Ll eeu eens eee 240 aa a sn TB hs Bie i a pe ra 243 Privileges. (3) oe hens Sa aaa ae Pe eo ee 247 @eremonial seats 2 = ea Ske ee ae oe ea 260 AnMbESritance se See ee ee Se eee A A Te eee 266 Speakers, wars chiefs, and clowns... 2-220. -s225-5 2552 269 GONMTION ETS 0478 a2 es ye cree ens a 2 ie) ke 271 PLA VieS ete ire te en eee a a_i a ee 272 Hereditary iCnaGes sae sere eye she eo Lee iy Soe AD his cee 273 Summary: The chiefs and their people_-----_------------------ 273 CTS py pee eh 5s 2 eae ed OO ye eee a a 274 Kinship usages and terminology. 00. 2-. 0 2 tt 276 | RESIGE Ce Cpe Fete li, Be eel LU eR Ra gerne pid reer eae a 278 IMierTi es os eaten A al eh OP Mr 2 2 nn es oP a gy Ld) 286 BSexicontiiete.: were tema fs ee ee ae ee 303 DIBEENSlon Ang social CONtIOl=. 522225 eee eee ae eee 311 SUICIG GDS C15 eee as en i Cee re ee ie cy he pete 322 | Personality types and social attitudes... ---....22----_=-25 22 53e5 322 | ideals ioe eo aoe Oates Baie end Lee 2 ee 322 | CONTENTS Social life—Continued Rear ReeO Oe POSSID: = 082 o> Se ene Ee perenne ee eS ke ee ek Ot] ate Hes teeta an een ebae HCN Lees 0 eran es ape Ss Sas ie ihe onamans’ Dance. (voqgwona) 22222. 12.2 eS age netisnt SHaMmans DANE: 22202 a eee ey AgNuchaties Shamans’ Dance. . 02222. .022 22222 2s Significance of the ‘Shamans’ Dance”. 222.2 ool oes os Suamans,, Dance miscellanyesss irk. os ok ei eae lo = @lelerahes tay, slls merce ties ae ta yale se Ee sO pa a Aa ileal ee i. (Frontispiece.) Nootkan territory: View up Tasis River, Nootkan Sound. 2. Nootkan territory. a, View up Tasis Canal, Nootkan Sound, from lower | channel. b, Tide flats at head of Tasis Canal. 3. Northern Nootkan art. a, b, Old houseposts at Kyuquot. c, Thunderbird- and-whale memorial erected in 1902-3 at death of Chief Moqwina. | 4, Northern Nootkan masks. 5. Nootkan masks. FIGURES PAGE f Typesi of salmon trapsso2s!s222 22222 5222252 Se De ee 17 | 2. (Globular kelpfish trap oes! soo5 se Se ee Oe eee 19 3. Salmon harpoon head and types of shafts________-__________ 2102. 20 | #, Codiand:spring-salmon: hook its.oscA79 5 eee been ee 22 5. Halibut rigs, position of parts while heaving out___________________ 23 Gib rame for waterfowl.and herring nets.2.)..202 2140) See 24 7. Frame for hand dip net for codfish, used with lure_-________________ 25 Synpealinenanrpoon: 62 2) 8. nf ee sere Re eS 27 9. Type of scarf joint used for shaft of whaling harpoon_______________ 28 10. Method of bending float to standing portion of whaling harpoon line__ 30 it) Disenamrotideer, déadfall: 20-2200) lj et es 33 12. Crew stations and stowage of gear for whale hunt__________________ 50 | oo) Dow foriderdiy hale: oo fo) ole aah a a 54 14. Housedrame at yukwot. (Friendly Cove). 222. 2. 68 © 15. Method of preparing and of carrying pack of cedar bark____________ 105 | ub: ( Pubesceniveirls hair ornament /o-! 6. 4220p ook ee 140 | 17. Territorial holdings of various Moachat chiefs_____________________ 250 18. Potlatch seats of the Kyuquot chiefs in order of rank______________ 261 id. Peash seater the Kynquots 22 eck eke ee ee 262 20. Potlatch seats of the Ehetisat chiefs in order of rank_______________ 262 21. Potlatch seats of the Moachat chiefs in order of rank______________- 263 zo, Heastisestsof the; Moachatsic’ “ive oo os A oe lie ee 264 23. Potlatch seats of confederated Muchalat groups, end of nineteenth GOMbWn yas Se Sos os oe eda ye eee 264 24. Feast places of the Muchalat groups, during period of confederation (latter half .of Dineteenth century) oles sc aoe eee 265 25. Potlatch and feast seats of the Hesquiat after recent confederation... 265 26. Seating order of the Clayoquot chiefs, for both feasts and potlatches__ 266 27. Residence in the icsadth house at Ehetisat in the late 1880’s_________ 281 28. Residence in the tacisith house at Kyuquot (1890-1900), and rela- Moswhips(onresidents) fel ee ee 284 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES [All plates except frontispiece follow page 460] VE . The Nootkan tribes and their neighbors . Kyuquot sites . Muchalat village sites . Ahousat sites ONOAPRWNE MAPS HhetisatrandsNuchatletisitesas. 45am ake eee ee Se OT ae Moachat sites FTES OUR ISILeSe ers seers ere ue tu etsy tare eae ee Me es Ohne Mae LN 2 ne at iL - ir yma per | Bhs ee es poe ves RMIT ath es LUE Ehe. Ne i nae ae Apo ee - a ee’ +p Sih bya, ay, aa by ta 8. gules LmIteY, “ae beh ee Aa Haas, ba af Lao) eee am BaD Pee ie [a han ie a ae v el sh Puy m ni a are PK hp in ae sa i a : oa oe By ate Pvc ey dot im ste it eal hilt. ¥ aby y, Ne a wi pedis rs) a ee { Dey. Pah TaN AY i, era MiVoAs nee: Pt. en ee rea wal few aby iN oh, Pre A ao elit ia hy ANF Fad Abate’ aie: Un - MS? yale ta NE re ' ha ay Tap SHOR” ue aan Mey Rhieg ne re ec aki eb A etn ns aig rkanatii j inate ar ee are lis $e tal tal ae ‘hes in peters Nea Ri Spy roan eae Ia ae Ladi ' saiag te pr naeecin | estan Say tage. 4 Nan Sore ea ie Wy Selon my oy Vinnie Pa Dal aes ie era 9 seit. eT ene ‘ie Ai aati My tite, om e' ie Pai PPUET eh, | RR aN dena a (Re KGa Sa Sh a Ss cai a a si ce ii ar both ‘ Fre a ea eS ay) | ies ; } FOP bate ah ewe ti Ay af anelinn Wsit, hs eae ' Wy hstainh ‘oa lain m WRIA Ce ee » Sine a ; aha a ll? obec, oh Yatag thy baju, valu ane sek iad hue SEO O aetety: hi Lhe ea fash reine ten hele ares | URAL to POuH ‘ PK Pie Ag Sa bth, TTA Mittal: tah sh, bus Sa “aad aie! he. IT Bint ey Ad Net ST ately | , bide NW. etna i's! ha i) Leal ate on eda Re NRODS A lid Ape ; ik a Bee le ere Atel y' ae A ee epanlla ate aaa i Rea AE ee el Rem Na OM la id i i ane hile YOR pty hue Age ny n, Pie ariilaeans Gi er DHalnid, ayna’s Taye eh. a 4 yee ae ae ‘ule Me MeN) Gili Nini. vines al. LPN OO mS f ; ; i ohh i“ ip Me ' ONG or BG ai ie Deh WAN abi oe i : a 7‘ ; i : a : " ie alls ART Tit FOREWORD I wish to express my gratitude to various persons and institutions that made the research and the final preparation of this report possible. The Social Science Research Council sustained the initial field work through a pre-Doctoral Research Fellowship in 1935-36. Dr. A. L. Kroeber obtained funds for collecting element lists among the Central Nootkan tribes that made possible a longer stay among them, and the following year arranged for me to make a brief stopover at Nootka to fill in some of the major gaps in the field notes. I am also indebted to Dr. Kroeber and to Dr. R. H. Lowie and Dr. R. L. Olson for advice and criticism of my draft of the section on Nootkan social organiza- tion. Dr. Ralph Linton was also good enough to read that section, and gave me keen and constructive criticism. Of the many people who aided me in the field, Mr. W. A. Newcombe, of Victoria, B. C., put me under the greatest obligation. His tremen- dous knowledge of Northwest Coast ethnology and art, his acquaint- ance with the various localities, and with many of the older Indians, he generously put at my disposal. He also gave me permission to make use of early photographs of Nootkan scenes from his extensive files. It is very pleasant to be able to express my thanks to him. To Dr. H. G. Barnett also I am indebted for many ideas and helpful criticisms, and for many other favors as well. Dr. Gunther is another person to whom I am indebted for the many helpful pointers she gave me, based on her extensive knowledge of Makah culture. While in the field I received many courtesies and the hospitality of a number of people, particularly Mr. Arthur Park, of Nootka, the various officers of the Nootka Packing Company, Father Joseph of the Hesquiat Mission, the good fathers at Christie Indian School at Clayoquot, and Mr. Caldwell, the very capable and progressive missionary of the United Church establishment at Ahousat. ‘To all of them I am very grateful for their kindness. It goes without saying that, like all ethnographers, I owe thanks for whatever merit this report may have to my Nootkan friends who, with endless patience and unfailing good humor, ransacked their memories to explain Nootkan life in the days of their youth to this not always patient field worker. Ix ; Td LR +i ¥ i " an a) : i oe ee ad i \ 5 7, ea ‘ ee KE GHOWNAOD oe ddiend here anowtag avorury of ohwipitety pana s ‘ a tiigaeny 1Gt97 visl) Yo reaitorneeviy Lani ol! bytas r Bak P Blof Liisiad ond bosiinvers ional) dain mote me A. PEROT tai qidewoils'd dyviaaAl poral ai , Ht gion; weil Innit watiotlow ww) aban bontaide ys at hid told yer Yds somal 0 oldinwod abn Hi sacl a .: da wwvoqaie Mind si adau ot om 10% begnorse fee: Woe, Hatdobst cele arm T estos bled ads oi eqny sopmar ort Yo Ay ‘eotehy 10% od dA a0) beca otvronl A Aah OS ova TV saiimrgio leioos uadiooy, sty moitoor ods to Mar yt en af hi soituae Jedd beer od dguos boog cela alow mata wi ca ey * Anaioitho e7Linwenos Bra mapa ber ayy sadinnowo7 AME AM Jblsit ost «i sot hobiw odwielqosg yaanug is: 1 siento: si .mbitayilde deninory cult whew oom tug OA, Seine by) BipUpow eit die bar yactondts danuld towilloyl to ine a eosibad wohlo arlt to Voes itor base asatilaool wOITEY oat d * Gi Anleeigniey ans ovey ovls off Jexogeib won fa diy y a "i mrienetze aif aio aoneoe pialiosY, lo adiqaryoieda lates rave 7 kat of etfiterlt vin ewreyxo of side ad ot dinsepalq yaay! at a ; Pe) Sutqloil iw essbt-yaum tol batdabei ore Fooly Made DO Aa Mg P wodions ei dani 1 tow ae ero vad wade vier 40) bak ace at ada einiaiog Wiqhit yoant ods ie botdéabit mm DL aod na oe i b purl dayelt Jo oybolirand ovienoiies iil ao bag in’ 4 a YWilmiqeod oi} hax aslesinuon Youn favicon T blok ont a i ad) alioo Yo iw qui 6 chuiloowtiaq alqooq ia’ Ry lo dageol wdte'l ungreo) goiloat otloo¥l aly to “wa Bi), looto® caibat wiseiwi) 10 viaiint hooy oid wtoimaidt 4 Dy wrievergoig haw oldaqan cu ott Sinwblad AM bow | ii. te, oT anaodA tw ttiemniidldates dowd bearteld oslt rag = Absabotd tied? ol Leland baci! ies ) gevacleads ovo L amdqaigonidss sold stadt paren i me #80 oi teed ehasitt dation”. yo ot avn yatm doneypor ayy " “a | : badanaans womud bow yailissst, hin ations ya he ‘dinog tied’ Yo wpal od pi wil nado yaya rae | “sro blot dui a. USER, 7 | a we se ARABS AZi DAO , y “a! The3 40 POSE. ht . i \ $i URLS PO NINE ET NE ON. vm, yt ‘ * vet eee eh AHS Bos 1 Sd Sua et a es —_— NORTHERN NOOTKAN TI \ THE NOOTKAN TRIB AND THEIR NEIGHB (NON-NOOTKAN GROUP WA IN PARENTHESES) THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL NOOTKAN TRIBES By Puiuip DRUCKER INTRODUCTION The material for this report was collected in 1935-36 with the assistance of a pre-Doctoral Research Fellowship granted by the Social Science Research Council. The research problem was to de- termine the bases of social stratification. I had no intention of diverging from the specific problem to collect data for a general ethnography, but I soon found that the societal factors could not be isolated without forcing the material. For example, with various economic property rights as important as they were to the status of the nobles, or ‘‘chiefs,” the fact that a chief owned a salmon trap of one kind, and a man of lesser rank a trap of another type, makes it necessary for the field worker to learn what the different types of salmon traps were to see if there was anything of significance in the two specific cases he has recorded. Again, one cannot evaluate the significance of the ownership of particular ritual privileges by chiefs without knowing the whole ceremonial. Before long I found that my quest for the basic forces of social organization were leading me into all phases of the culture: economy, technology, ceremonialism, and the rest, so I ended up trying to round out the picture. The aim, however, was always to relate these topics to the problems of the social structure. On my return from the field I began to prepare an account of Noot- kan social organization. As in the field, I found that the description was hampered by lack of the background data of economy, ceremonials, and the like; the paper became uncommonly cluttered up with ex- planatory footnotes in which I tried to condense these relevant facts to make the discussion intelligible. At last I concluded that, to do justice to the material, it should be presented in the form of a full description of all aspects of native life. I was particularly fortunate since, by the time I had reviewed my field notes, Dr. Kroeber sent me on an element-list survey of the Northwest Coast, and arranged for additional funds to permit me, en route, to spend a few additional 1 GOASIL- (SOUTHER vateeaierd RY WETS a hss a Lie =. x ai yews nl U rer’ Ag WAGU ; 2 (ans aoe ae. ae ( KEASKINO ofS NORTHERN NOOTKAN TRIBES —