Mil WmmmiMimi * mi U - iUWl mil, UhH (»»nln»i f mW \\\.,,. ^ <..< \ <.-■..■' \ ■_■■. . ■- * -^ . < J ' f "^ I ■: Jf J^Ji tjif vjl' liij ^iiii» Experiment Station Library. Class ^3^^.73 Number JV 5^ „ Volume ^ Source N^^1aa,.a__J,a.a.x-r, N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS. NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DURHAM, N. H. BOARD OF CONTROL Hon. JOHN G. TALLANT, Chairman, Pembroke Hon. warren BROWN, Hampton Falls Hon. N. J. BACHELDER, A. M., M. S., East Andover Hon. E. H. WASON, B. S., Nashua Pres. WILLIAM D. GIBBS, D. Sc, ex officio, Durham THE STATION STAFF E. DWIGHT SANDERSON, B. S., Director and En- tomologist. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, B. Sc, (Agr.) Agronomist. CHARLES BROOKS, Ph. D., Botanist. FRED RASMUSSEN, B. S. A., Dairyman. B. S. PICKETT, M. S., Horticulturist. B. E. CURRY, A. B., Associate Chemist. T. R. ARKELL, B. S. A., Animal Ilushandman. W. C. O'KANE, M. S., Assistant Entomologist. J. C. iMcNUTT, B. S., Assistant Animal Ilushandman. DAVID LUMSDEN, Assistant in Floriculture. CHARLES W. STONE, A. M., Farmer. T. G. BUNTING, B. S. A., Assistant in Vegetahle Gar- dening. E. H. THOMPSON, B. S. A., Office of Farm Management, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation on Farm Surveys. ALBAN STEWART, A. ]\I., Assistant Botanist. NELLIE F. WHITEHEAD, Purchasing Agent. MABEL H. :\IEIIAFFEY, Stenographer. MIRIA:\I L. HOBBS, Assistant Bookkeeper. ESTHER LOUISE ADAMS, B. S., Librarian. The l)ulletins of the Experiment Station are publislied at irregular intervals, and are sent free to all residents of New Hampshire requesting them. BULLETIN 147 THE INSPECTION OF FEEDING-STUFFS The inspection of eoniinereial feeding-stuffs is becoming fully as important as the inspection of commercial fertili- zers, and more difficult to execute. While the fertilizer trade is limited to about two months in the year and the number of different brands is nearly the same every year, the feeding-stuffs are being shipped into the state through- out the twelve months and new brands are appearing with almost every shipment. This year there were found eighty-four brands duly licensed according to law, and twenty-nine brands unmen- tioned in the lists filed by the manufacturers and jobbers Avith the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. Our present law controlling the sale of feeding-stuff's is defective in several points as shown by experience with its workings. The most prominent defects are its provision for a license fee and its requirements regarding guarantees. The provision for a license fee now in effect is unjust to the small manufacturer and yields too little revenue with which to conduct the inspection. xVll manufacturers pay a license fee, which is as large for the miller with one brand of mixed feed, as it is for the jobber who is putting forth ten brands or even more. If the money for the enforcement of the law is to be raised by license fees, there should be one for every brand, but no larger than is necessary to pay the cost of the inspection. It has been found by experience that guarantees of pro- tein and fat are not sufficient to insure good materials, since much cheap roughage may ])e mixed with a moderate amount of a concentrated by-product as cottonseed meal, and the percentages of protein and fat will compare favora- bly with those for wheat bran, while the price is usually a little lower. Analysis will show a high percentage of fibre, however, which means a . lower rate of digestibility than that of the standard well known cattle-foods. For example, some of the molasses feeds have been found to contain four- teen per cent, of crude fibre, and though this is an im- provement, because they formerly carried as much as 170 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 147 twenty-one per cent., yet they are still much in excess of the bran and even of distillers' grains. In the states, with the latest statutes governing feeding-stuffs, crude fibre is included among the constituents to be guaranteed, and a marked improvement has taken place in the character of the feeds on the market. In no other way will such mate- rials as oat hulls and flax straw be reduced to a minimum in the various ready mixed rations. Appreciating the defects in the present feed-stuff law, the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture secured the introduction of a bill providing for its amendment at the last session of the legislature, which passed the House but failed report by the Senate Committee. A copy of the present feed-stuff law with the proposed amendment is to be found on page 175. We have also added a copy of a type of uniform feed-stuff law which was approved by a con- ference of state officials and leading manufacturers at Washington, D. C, September 10, 1909. This proposed law is verj'- similar to that adopted by the Association of Com- missioners of Agriculture of the southern states and is supported by the manufacturers so that they may have uniformity of legislation in tlie different states in which their goods are sold. Of all the feeding-stuffs examined, there were few notice- able failures to meet the guarantees, and these were limited to the cottonseed meals and distillers' grains. Of eleven different brands of cottonseed meal nine were guaranteed to contain forty-one per cent, of protein, but three of them should have been guaranteed in the same class with the two for which 38.5 per cent, was claimed. The southern cotton crushers are particular to grade their goods according to the nitrogen content or its equivalent in protein,and prices vary accordingly ; but northern grain job- bers classify all cottonseed meals alike as regards prices and as a rule make the guarantees on the basis of choice meal. Some offer rebates if the consumer finds the goods de- ficient; but the user of a few bags of cottonseed meal rarely secures an analysis, without which no rebate can be claimed. December, 1909.] FEEDING-STUFFS. 171 Hence a shrewd jobber can make increased profits by put- ting out a second-rate meal for the price of a first-rate arti- cle and maintain a reputation for square dealing by offer- ing rebates, which can seldom be claimed. The consumer will be safe to avoid brands that inspection reports show to be inferior to the guarantees. The attention of feeders needs to be given especially to the relation between prices and percentages of nutrients. Standard concentrated feeding-stuff's — cottonseed meal, distillers' grains, gluten feed and iiux meal — ranged in price from $1.65 to $1.75 per one hundred pounds. There were but two of the compound feeds that sold for less than $1.50 per one hundred pounds, while many of them cost as much as the standard concentrates. Every feeder knows the value of cottonseed meal, gluten feed, bran and so forth. The value of a ready mixed grain ration is uncertain, therefore there should be an effort on the part of consumers to bear the prices of such rations down- ward to a wider margin between themand standard materials. A notable feature of the inspection this year is the marked increase in the number of brands of poultry foods, especially of the grain mixtures. A study of prices is in- teresting, since it shows they cost from $2 to $2.50 per one hundred pounds. Of the grains, wheat, oats, barley, corn and so forth, wheat was the only one which sold as high as $2 per one hundred pounds at retail. It is asserted over and over again, that the farmer must grade his products or else be satisfied with the price of the poorest article for the lot. In the feed business, it seems that the farmer is paying the price of the best ingredient for the whole mixture. The following table gives the list of brands of feeding- stuff's, together with their guarantees and the percentages found. All samples were collected b}^ Mr. Albert J. Rich- ardson, agent of the State Board of Agriculture, and credit is due ]\Iessrs. W. L. Adams and C. II. Reynolds for the analytical work. Only four of the brands of cottonseed meal were duly licensed ; but protein was determined in the other seven and they are included in the table. 17-2 X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 147 O 001 spuuod J3d J s o 0 •punoj •p89!}UB.lt!nf) o •punoj •paa^uBJBnf)' o o fe •-<> ^ K ^ o. >J -^ >-< -^^ ^ ~ O o O O pa c* o c ».* ut L* :r c L*; 1" o -^ O O O mS I- 51 I - «0 -O f C C C ~ O L* o O L* o I* o o .00 ■c L* ui i^ CO ic L-^ -t" -^ o o L"; u5 OOOOOOQOOOO OCCOU-OOOSOO c; X t- «> t- ci t- 1-^ 00 id o6 COOOQOOOOOOO iq o o o o iq o ;= o o u- 5 « ct' ';s t^ 1^ -t* Tj- tp cj ip cc -^ ■i* CO CO ^ CO oooeoooQOooo ■ooooooosooiao c « •i^ ' J ■^ '' ^ '■ ^ o bo o «- •' c:* " "- 2 > fe S o H r '-' '•< - ■ c E . *^ b^ CO < -^ M O 03 (6 a T. o H H SO. :-0 '■'■• _ *- r *:? 1> s Q C "" Ed '"■^ u ■C 0) ^ O) V a> M 0 u c *^ >! ♦J 3 5? -' :y t: cj 4) . fe : ^- cj - ■ aj r, '.^ rt fc— _fc.=-= fee: ;-»i - -y. S.— c; CJ o-.ii c; c c : /t-i: ^23 z.-: i C,-'"^ ••- is-, r. , ;2:C^'— cuo--/:. E-Q Doeenibor, 1909.] FEEDING-STT'FFS. 173 §iO Lt O O O O i.'^ S ul O O iri C O O L*; O »C O lO Q o o o u* o O o 30 c: t.'^ -^ o ^^ i^ -o :i '^ t^ o t- i^ o i- :o r^ w * -p '-D m ?^ 5 O U'i O C O Q O O 1;^ o o o o o CI -^ w O O O iC C" ^ O "Tl ^ -^ t'i zl z'i ci ci c-i ci ^ *i ci ?i c^i t^i CJ M c: C i.*? r- f^ ?^ r: 00 ■^^ Ci o o o O t^ C5 n -f ci *i rt -t" M ^J rt -f M rj r- L'5 ?i X -r ■5'OWCOCO-1"«W-f»OCOO-1« C L* C! — — O iC u"T o — — » O iC 3 »-" ^ O O w ».^ o o ^ lO o -^ -T "1- t-'i -I" ro "^ -f ro i" '-■ to ci CO ci 71 30 f-H ^^ i— -^ i— o »OCMCSOCOt^l5)CO>^OC1t*C-t-CCOCJCO-1'lOCIt^»OCOI>;I>t^ ^oc^o6c^t^c^cic>ciciooo-t«oMo6cit^'-^oo'36c^o6^--o ^X;^^^^ «^^^ COMCOo<©c'ircc^cO'-0»rS -oci ^^^„ ^^)^_^ coeocccic^ci»o o o ct 7; -- :£ _> ^ eij C K O o o I -Jo — 1/— I in a: c- ;^ "^ ^ ^ o 2 w' 'w ^, ^_ t£. ,'-' '-t- w •^ ~ /, ^ ^ /. E u * " -> ' ' ;- i u tt r a s i* ' ■ C" .,^ .- - zj r- ■ •y.z — ''^'J— i: ctS < 3-:^C :^ ;, 3-i<— ; Q Z O i S r := <- - =.r w-y; jx j' ■/: t-f — - r*' ? r ^ .j.^-y,xi.r--;x -— ■' C-xSoo©ooooo 5OC000000 o o p. o- Q be- a S •itJ o o en O Ed u ti: o 5, Pi 5 i' C CS be u en aa -— ■1/ 1- ■h - J !:fi £ " S ^'''^5 o ;r ^ -A •- — — xi c.-^ =^ = = r --^ - ■A « 0/ ' •~ ■- 1; 1; t- - ; ~0-( l* i> = .^w2 a; ? s 5: XX « £i:5x^. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 147 is sold at retail in hulk or in jiaekages belonging to the purchaser, the agent or dealer, upon request of the pur- chaser, shall furnish to him the certified statement named in this section. Sect. 2. That section 2 of the same act be amended by inserting after the words "corn and oat chops," the words "wheat, rye, and buckwheat bran and middlings," and by striking out the words ' ' neither shall it include wheat, rye, and buckwheat brans or middlings, not mixed with other substances, but sold separately, as distinct articles of com- merce, nor pure grains ground together," so that section 2 shall read: The term "concentrated commercial feeding- stuffs," as used in this act, shall include linseed meals, cottonseed meals, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewer's grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, wheat, rye, and buckwheat bran and middlings, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, and all other materials of similar nature ; but shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor the unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn. Sect. 3. That section 4 of said act be amended by sub- stituting for the words "a license" the words "an anal.ysis" throughout the section; by substituting the word "fifteen" for the word "twenty"; and by inserting after the word "dollars" the words "for each brand offered for sale within the state" so that section 4 as amended shall read: Each manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller of any con- centrated commercial feeding-stuffs, shall pay annually during the month of December to the secretary of the board of agriculture an analysis fee of fifteen dollars, for each brand offered for sale within the state. Whenever a manu- facturer, importer, agent or seller of concentrated com- mercial feeding-stuffs desires at any time to sell such mate- December, 1909.] FEEDING-STUFFS. 181 rial and has not i)aid the analysis fee therefor in the pre- ceding month of December, as required by this section, he shall pay the analysis fee prescribed herein before making any such sale. The amount of analysis fees received by said secretary pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be paid by him to the treasurer of the state of New Hamp- shire. The treasurer of the state of New Hampshire shall p'ay from such amount wlien duly approved the moneys re- quired for the expense incurred in making the inspection required by this act and enforcing the provisions thereof. The secretary of the board of agriculture shall report bien- nially to the legislature the amount received pursuant to this act, and the expense incurred for salaries, laboratory expenses, chemical supplies, traveling expenses, printing, and other necessary matters. Whenever the manufacturer, importer, or shipper of concentrated commercial feeding- stutf shall have filed the statement required by section 1 of this act and paid the analysis fee as prescribed in this sec- tion, no agent or seller of such manufacturer, importer, or shipper shall be required to file such statement or pay such fee. UNIFORM FEED-STUFF LAW APPROVED BA' A CONFERENCE OF STATE OFFICIALS AND MANUFACTURERS AT WASH- INGTON. 0. C., SKPTK:\rRER 10. 1009. A conference of iecd-.stutt manufacturers and state offi- cials, having in charge the enforcement of cattle-feed laws, was held at Washington, I). C, September 10, 1909, for the purpose of recommending a type of legislation which would bring about a greater uniformity in the feed-stuff laws of the several states. This conference appointed a committee to report to them such a type of legislation, which com- mittee consisted as follows: State officials: Dr. E. B. Voorhees, Director New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, chairman; Dr. PI II. 182 N. n. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 147 Webster, Director Kansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion ; Dr. E. H. Jenkins, Director Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station; Dr. B. W. Kilgore, State Chemist, North Carolina; jMr. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agri- culture of Pennsylvania; Mr. L. F. Brown, Chief Bureau of Food Stuffs, New York Department of Agriculture. Manufacturers: Mr. J. C. Reid, Corno Mills Co., St. Louis, Mo. ; Mr. G. A. Chapman, Quaker Oats Co., Chicago ; Mr. J. W. Young, Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago; Mr. A. S. Winter, American ]Milling Co., Chicago; Mr. W. R. Anderson, of "Flour and Feed," Milwaukee, Wis.; Mr. M. C. Peters (by proxy), M. C. Peters Mill Co., Omaha, Neb. Dr. Voorhees reported for this committee as follows : The following is rather a declaration of our views than what is meant to apply in any one state, so what I read is not complete in the sense that it is supposed to cover all conditions that may arise in different states. WHAT THE LAW SHOULD CONSIST OF. The report of the committee is as follows: Section 1. It is recommended that section 1 shall define clearly the commercial feeding-stuffs which are intended to be covered by the provisions of the act, and so far as possi- ble all feeding-stuff's shall be included which are intended for use for domestic animals except hays and straws, the unmixed grains or whole seeds and the unmixed meals or chops made directly of the entire grains or seeds of the cereals and buckwheat. Sect. 2. This section shall require that whoever sells, offers or exposes for sale any commercial feeding-stuff' cov- ered by the provisions of section 1, shall cause to be plainly printed on each package or on a tag affixed to each package a statement which shall give the following information: No. 1 . The number of net pounds in the package. No. 2. The name, brand or trade-mark. December, 1909.] FEEDING-STUFFS. 183 No. 3. The name aud principal address of the inanu- faeturer or person responsible for placing the commodity on the market. No. 4. Its chemical analysis expressed in the following terms : (rt) The minimum per centum of crude protein. (&) The minimum per centum of crude fat. (c) The maximum per centum of crude fiber. No. 5. If a compounded or mixed feed the specific name of each ingredient contained therein. If anj"- such commercial feeding-stuffs shall be sold, ex- posed or offered for sale in bulk such printed statement shall accompany each car or lot. Whenever any feeding- stuff is sold at retail in bulk, or in any package belonging to the purchaser, the agent or dealer upon request of the purchaser, shall furnish to him the certified statement named in this section. Sect. 3. Before any manufacturer, firm, association, cor- poration or person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in this state any commercial feeding-stuff, he or they shall have for each and every brand of such feeding-stuff filed with the proper official, a certified copy of the statement specified in section 2, said certified copy to be accompanied, when the off^er in charge shall so request, by a sealed package con- taining at leas; ^ne ])o;md of the feeding-stuff to be offered or exposed for sale, and the company or person furnishing said sample shall tliereupon make affidavit that said sample corresponds to the feeding-stuff' which it represents, in the per centum of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber, and if a compounded or mixed feed, the specific name of each ingredient contained therein. Sect. 4. The proper official shall cause to be analyzed at least once in each year at least one sample of the dif- ferent commercial feeding-stuffs sold or offered for sale under the provisions of this act. The said proper official, or his duly authorized representative shall take a fair repre- 184 N. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 14/ sentative sample in the presence of at least one witness. This sample must be divided, in the presence of such wit- ness, into two equal parts, each part weighing not less than one-half pound; such parts shall be put in sealed packages in the presence of said witness, one package to be delivered to the person apparently in charge of the sale of such feed, the other sample the proper official shall cause to be an- alyzed at the earliest possible opportunity and the result of the analysis of the sample or samples so procured, to- gether with such additional information as the proper offi- cial may deem ad\dsable, shall immediately be transmitted to the manufacturer or person responsible for placing the feed on the market, and shall be published in reports or bulletins from time to time. Sect. 5. No manufacturer, importer or seller shall sell, offer or expose for sale in this state, any commercial feed- ing-stuff that is poisonous or deleterious to domestic animals. Sect. 6. Any manufacturer, importer or seller who vio- lates any of the provisions of this act, shall upon trial and conviction, be guilty of a misdemeanor which shall be pun- ished by a tine of not less than $ . . . . nor more than. $ . . . . for each such offense. Mr. Brown moved the adoption of the report. The mo- tion was seconded by Dr. Webster and unanimously adopted by the conference. At this point Dr. E. H. Jenkins, Director of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of Connecticut, presented the following as a preamble for the outline of a uniform feed law reported by the committee and moved that it be made a part of- the memorandum of the doings of the conference. A conference was called in Washington, D. C, on Sep- tember 0, 1!)(J1), by the American Feed ^Manufacturers' Association to which were invited the officials charged with the inspection of conunercial feed-stuffs in all the states of the Union, having laws on the subject. Decemhor. 1900.] FEEDING-STUFFS. 1S5 Such officials, or tlieir representatives, were present from the following states : ^Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec- ticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, IMaryland, Virginia, Ken- tucky, Kansas, North Carolina, New York. A preliminary draft of the subjoined statement was pre- pared by a joint committee of the association and the feed control officials, and after full discussion was adopted by the conference. It expresses the general opionion of this conference as to the main features of a law regulating the sale of commercial feeding-stuffs in the states, which if it were made the basis of all state laws on the subject would adequately protect both buyer and seller, and, by securing uniformity of require- ments as to branding or tagging, would avoid much of the embarrassment and confusion now experienced by manu- facturers and dealers which results from the differences and multiplicity in the requirements of the present laws on the subject. The conference recognizes the fact that certain provisions of state laws, such as particular exemptions from its pro- visions, the taxation of sales by license fees, tonnage tax, etc., cannot be made alike in all the states, but believes that the most important features of a uniform law are embodied in this memorandum, and urges that such uniformity as to statements of composition and guarantees as herein sug- gested should be secured in the state laws. The statement bears the official endorsement of one large section of the feed trade but is accepted by the state officials present only in their individual capacity and not in any sense as officially representing any organization. 186 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 147 Avei-age Composition of Common Cattle Foods. Water. Ash. Protein. Soluble Carbohy- Fibre, d rates. Fat. * Hay, red top * Hay, Timothy * Hay, clover * Hay, Hungarian •Oat fodder * Rye fodder, in bloom * Corn stover. t Corn silage "Corn.N. H.Flint * Corn, Western Dent * Corn meal U Hominy feed * Oats, wliole IT Corn and oats, pure § Wheat bran, spring § Wheat bran, winter H Wheat middlings, white .. IT Wheat middlings, brown.. IT Wheat feed H Gluten feed IT Gluten meal + Di.stillers' Grains t Brewers' Grains t Malt sprouts IF Linseed meal, old process, t Linseed meal, new process H Cottonseed meal ' 8.9 5.2 13.2 4.4 15.3 6.2 7.7 6.0 8.9 6.2 8.5 5.9 40.1 3.4 80.5 1.5 10.1 1.5 10.6 1.5 ! 15.0 1.4 9.0 2.8 11.0 3.0 12.0 2.2 10.6 6.0 ' 11.7 5.9 11.3 2.7 10.6 3.8 10.8 4.3 8.6 1.2 8.8 0.7 8.8 1.8 8.0 3.8 11.0 5.8 9.8 5.5 9.1 5.8 6.9 7.2 7.9 5.9 12.3 7.5 7.6 9.7 3.8 1.6 11.6 10.3 9.2 11.0 11.8 9.8 16.3 15.2 15.8 17.8 17.0 26.3 35.5 32.1 23.1 27.1 33.9 35.2 44.6 47.4 45.0 38.1 49.0 45.1 43.4 31.9 10.0 70.2 70.4 68.7 65.0 59.7 68.5 53.0 54.8 62.5 57.0 58.1 53.4 50.3 34.9 49.4 42.6 35.7 38.4 25.1 26.6 29.0 24.8 27.7 29.3 30.2 19. 7 5.8 1.1 2.2 1.9 3.6 9.5 3.3 9.4 8.5 3.5 5.5 5.1 6.9 1.6 11.0 10.8 11.9 7.3 8.5 5.6 1.9 2.5 3.3 2.1 2.8 2.3 1.1 0.6 5.5 5.0 3.8 8.6 5.0 4.2 4.7 3.9 4.2 5.3 4.7 3.6 3.1 11.4 4.9 1.6 7.8 3.0 10.6 * Composition of American Feeding Stuffs. Jenkins and Winton. + Analyst's made at the N. H. Expl. Sta., 1895-1899. § Penn. K.\pt. Sta. Hull., No. 48. tCompil(