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Hie R ee bg en ny iN i if j A iy, - SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 ; RIVER BASIN SURVEYS PAPERS | we Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program NUMBERS 1-6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 RIVER BASIN SURVEYS PAPERS Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program NUMBERS 1-6 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1953 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. — Price $1.75 } Baontir vit wie . ae ie ; c 7 By «: Wi novi eee ts i as nA Aiea a ee, Vek Be a) — ‘ pc : H ae rey - Sti phice ee “Teaiita tet i ) Ose ya yuna | PUA le ( 7 ; . Ae Ss Tn TAGt tA ye a a a bs mow a7 * oth AA err ea ae ee LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Bureau or AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., April 19, 1951. Sir: I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscripts, en- titled “Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program: Summary Report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1948,” by Waldo R. Wedel; “Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program: Summary Report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1949,” by Waldo R. Wedel; “The Woodruff Ossuary, a Prehistoric Burial Site in Phillips County, Kansas,” by Marvin F. Kivett; “An Archeological Survey of the Addicks Dam Basin, Southeast Texas,” by Joe Ben Wheat; “Indian Skeletal Remains from the Doering and Kobs Sites, Addicks Res- ervoir, Texas,” by Marshall T. Newman; “Two Rock Shelters Near Tucumcari, New Mexico,” by Herbert W. Dick; “Geology of the Hodges Site, Quay County, New Mexico,” by Sheldon Judson; and “The Rembert Mounds, Elbert County, Georgia,” by Joseph R. Cald- well, and to recommend that they be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, Frank H. H. Roserrs, Jr., Acting Director. Dr. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Hi i ; : =a oS 3 Avrtinra a? wp MaRS _ | - a Paty painter gut scaotnicaes : we a Sassy 18 aA, ah ast Pee A seh oat — ; i oe SET fie eee Sf gaia. OD ed ov oe ie st tamu te e~Es, tel ey pereihs e)i bee s% i © B teMradwA of ott cil Fuonekt ft) ay Ogee a ms Rudveis —_ i-¢ Poteet! : fie HX a Beco i GIT no foxpll xsierent emer e aie Gan seem rr) Ta MUA wad ARE nd: vee ae Lahsobodal ‘im *. eee? AP ane ttt. sAvatade* Lia ie aes he ‘ A me er htics -FoWiiOemids ch. 2 CAP. em bin nf aly mo ) Heart Butte: Reservoir, N; Dak2c22-_--=___- eee 60 FIGURE 1. Map of Missouri River Basin (heavy broken line), showing reservoir projects investigated by the Missouri River Basin Survey and co- operating agencies as of December 31, 1948___.__--_-----_-------- 4 PREHISTORY AND THE MISSOURI VALLEY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM SUMMARY REPORT ON THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948 By Watpo R. WEDEL INTRODUCTION The Missouri River Basin Survey of the Smithsonian Institution, organized in 1946, continued during calendar year 1948 its archeologi- cal and paleontological investigations at Federal water-control proj- ects throughout the watershed of the Missouri. ‘The present report, third in a continuing series, briefly reviews the year’s activities in field and laboratory. Although primarily concerned with the work of the River Basin Surveys, it includes also summary statements on the researches of various State agencies cooperating in recovery of scien- tific materials that might otherwise be lost because of the water-control program. As in previous yearly summaries, this one makes no pre- tense at complete and final coverage of accomplishments during the period involved. Neither should it be regarded as necessarily repre- senting the opinions and judgments of the staff members and others on whose findings in field and laboratory it is very largely based. It is, in short, a statement of progress during calendar year 1948, at the end of 214 years of sustained work. To that statement have been added certain preliminary generalizations regarding the significance of the findings in the over-all picture of native human history in the Great Plains and nearby regions. It is unnecessary to discuss in detail here the general background, organization, and purposes of the Missouri River Basin Survey, since these matters have been adequately set forth elsewhere.’ Briefly, the project is one phase of a Nation-wide archeological and paleontologi- cal salvage program administered by the Smithsonian Institution and actively directed by Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr., Bureau of American Ethnology. This program is based on a memorandum of understand- 1See Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 107, No. 6, Apr. 23, 1947; and Amer. Antiq., vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 209-225, April 1947. 1 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull, 154 ing, dated 1945, between the Smithsonian Institution and the Na- tional Park Service, and on a series of interbureau agreements between the National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Corps of Engineers. Its purpose is to locate, record, and evaluate the arche- ological and paleontological materials that will be affected by each of more than 100 Federal water-control projects proposed or under construction by the Bureau of Reclamation and the Corps of Engi- neers; to transmit this information to the National Park Service, along with such recommendations for further action as seem necessary to recover a representative sample of the scientific data which are about to be lost; and to direct the Federal phases of any subsequent recovery work undertaken, including limited or comprehensive excavation at key sites. Financial support is provided by the Bureau of Reclama- tion through the National Park Service. In carrying forward the enormous task set for it, the Missouri River Basin Survey has been materially aided by various organiza- tions, agencies, and individuals. Only a few of these can be singled out at this time for special mention. In the Missouri River Basin Recreation Survey office, Region 2, National Park Service, Chief Recreation Planner Guy D. Edwards and Archeologist J. D. Jennings continued their helpful and stimulating interest in all phases of the archeological recovery program. The Bureau of Reclamation, besides providing funds to support the work, has freely supplied maps, engi- neering data, construction programs and schedules, and other ma- terials on request. Furthermore, as is noted elsewhere in this report, the Bureau took the initiative in setting up the highly successful cooperative excavation program at Medicine Creek, Nebr.—a pattern of operation that for efficiency and productiveness might well be followed at other projects where archeological and paleontological materials are directly threatened by dam construction. The Corps of Engineers has continued to provide maps and other project data; and in the Omaha district office, T. E. Huddleston has remained an unofficial but extremely helpful consultant in interpretation of aerial photographs and in other problems pertaining to pre-excavation archeological work on the Missouri River in North and South Dakota. Local, district, and regional officials and personnel of these and other agencies, project engineers, representatives of construction companies, and many private individuals have extended innumerable courtesies to River Basin Surveys field parties and to the local Survey office in Lincoln. The same is true of State and other non-Federal agencies with whom contacts were made. Especially to be noted in this regard is the generous cooperation of the University of Nebraska in con- tinuing to provide, in its Laboratory of Anthropology, working space for the Survey. The active support and direct interest of the Com- mittee for Recovery of Archeological Remains, representing the Riv. Bas. Sur. mre Ping: No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 3 archeological profession and various learned societies, must also be acknowledged. The general procedure by which the investigative work of the River Basin Surveys is programmed consists of three phases. The first is reconnaissance, in which the primary objective is to get a working familiarity with proposed or potential reservoir areas and their ar- cheological or paleontological possibilities. The second is intensive survey, wherein there is complete coverage of the reservoir area and limited testing, if possible, of the more promising sites located. ‘The third is comprehensive excavation which, depending upon various factors, may mean either the complete working out of certain sites or else the large-scale but not complete clearing of a series of key sites. These three phases, of course, are not mutually exclusive; and as the backlog of proposed reservoirs awaiting examination dwindles and adequate funds become available, it may be possible to intensify the initial survey and then move directly into such excavation as seems warranted. From its inception in 1946 until the end of 1947, the field activities of the Missouri River Basin Survey were restricted mainly to pre- liminary reconnaissance and some follow-up surveys. No funds were available for extended excavations, although a small allotment in fiscal year 1948 made possible limited excavations late in 1947 at Boy- sen ,Wyo., and in 1948 at Angostura, S. Dak., and Heart Butte, N. Dak. Early in 1948, at the suggestion of officials of the Bureau of Reclama- tion, a major excavation program was set in motion at Medicine Creek, Nebr. Because this work was of an emergency character, funds orig- inally programmed by the Missouri River Basin Survey for other projects were reallocated for supervisory and other costs in connection with the operations at Medicine Creek. This unexpected drain on already inadequate funds was followed in July 1948 by a reduced allotment for fiscal year 1949 and then by a pay increase for classified staff personnel. Thus, the Missouri River Basin Survey went through calendar year 1948 with operating costs substantially increased and funds available materially reduced in amount. As a result, field work went forward on a smaller scale than originally planned and a portion of the professional staff could not be sent into the field. Except at Medicine Creek, no comprehensive excavation was possible in 1948. It may be appropriate to note at this point one of the major obstacles to effective programming of field work on this project. For various reasons, including seasonal climatic, labor, and other factors, the most satisfactory period for archeological work is between, approximately, April and October. This period begins in the last quarter of an ex- piring fiscal year and runs into or through the first quarter of the next. It represents an interval during much of which there is uncertainty regarding the amount of funds to be allotted for the new fiscal year 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 beginning on July 1, and also as to the date on which those funds will be available. If enough carry-over funds are held back to insure completion of field-work begun not long before the close of one fiscal year, there is an excellent prospect that the amount of the carry- over will be deducted from the next year’s allotment. All of this means that annually at the very time when an all-out summer field pro- gram should be in the making, dwindling funds and the uncertainty regarding their replenishment exert a strong restraining influence on the planning and carrying out of field work. During calendar year 1948, eight reservoir areas were visited by River Basin Surveys field parties in search of archeological remains, and 194 sites were added to the preceding year’s total in the Surveys files. The University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology in- vestigated five other proposed reservoir areas and located 34 sites. Information on the archeological resources of Davis Creek Reservoir area was provided by the Nebraska State Historical Society from its files, making unnecessary for the present any field surveys in that lo- cality. By year’s end, the River Basin Surveys and cooperating agen- cies had visited, partially or completely surveyed, and appraised as to archeological materials 57 Bureau of Reclamation and 9 Corps of Engineers projects, and had on record a total of 877 sites of archeologi- cal interest. Projects visited were distributed throughout the Mis- souri Basin as follows: Colorado, 4; Kansas, 6; Missouri, 1; Montana, 4; Nebraska, 23; North Dakota, 11; South Dakota, 9; Wyoming, 8. Paleontological investigations by the River Basin Surveys during 1948 consisted of re-examination and collecting at four reservoir sites previously examined; no new localities were visited. The University of Nebraska State Museum, a cooperating institution, re-examined two localities previously worked. By the end of 1948, a paleontological reconnaissance and collecting had been done by the River Basin Sur- veys at 97 reservoir sites, including 93 Bureau of Reclamation and 4 Corps of Engineers projects. These were distributed as follows, by States: Colorado, 3; Kansas, 7; Montana, 25; Nebraska, 23; North Dakota, 10; South Dakota, 6; Wyoming, 23. In table 1 below are summarized the reservoir projects investigated by archeological and paleontological field parties of the Missouri River Basin Survey and by cooperating agencies up to December 31, 1948. In the pages that follow are briefly described the field opera- tions and some of the findings during calendar year 1948; additional details concerning some of these explorations may be found in Ameri- can Antiquity, volume 14, No. 4, part 1, April 1949. Reviews of scien- tific salvage operations in preceding years will be found in the summary reports of the Missouri Basin Survey for 1946 and 1947, published by the Smithsonian Institution. 4 in ok, == a Np if SPs = A R 2 ot 9 —- © © Grond “p = BISMARCK sowor oo” -? @ e Coie TH by ee On A Re ' PIERRE H s white Ri SS (ai) iver a) | Amherst 2 Anchor 3 jostura 4 pi 5 Apex 6 Bodwoter 7 Boldhill 8 Beover C 9 Bellwood 10 Bison Il Bixby 12 Blue Horse 13 Bonny 14 Boysen 15 Box Butte 16 Brenner 17 Brewster 18 Bridger 19 Broncho 20 Buffalo Creek 21 Bull Greek 22 Cairo 23 Cannonball 24 Canyon Ferry 25 Cedor Bluff 26 Cherry Creek 27 Clark Canyon 28 Crosby 30 Cushing 31 Davis Creek 32 Deerfield 33 Des Locs 34 Devils Loke 35 Dickinson 36 Du Noir 37 Edgemont 38 Enders 39 Ericson 40 Fort Rondall 41 Gorrison 42 Glendo N43Glen Elder Green Gross Horlan County Heort Butte Hobson Hunter Mountain Jamestown Kane Konopolis Kelley Keyhole 54 Kirwin JEFFERSON CITY aa! fo6* 10" 102" 100 50° Figure 1—Map of Missouri River Basin (heavy broken line), showing reservouw projects investigated by the Missouri River Bae Survey and cooperating agencies as of December 31, 1948. Numbers designating projects correspond to those in column 1 of table 1. Circles indicate 4tcheological investigation ; boxes indicate paleontological examination; poxed circles indicate archeol- ogical and paleontological investigations. Kortes Loke Solitude London Little Horn Loretto Medicine Creek Medicine Loke Middle Fork Mission Moorhead Mullen Newland Nilan Norton Oohe Onion Flot Oregon Basin Pact ola Philip Pioneer Plum Creek Pomme de Terre Red Gulch Red Willow Rock Creek Rockville Rocky Ford Rosedole Ross Shadehill Shell Creek Sheyenne Smi Snowy Soral Creek South Fork Stanford Sunlight Sweetgross Taylor Terry Thief Creek Tiber Triangle Pork Webster Wells Whitetail Willow Pork Wilson Wilson Wroy Yellowtail as 953442 O-52 (Face p. 4) 4) > (i Nether Hie ie ee iY ‘ Pah ny f ier “ das tt Je ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL tiv. Bas. Sur. 2ap. 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COAT YPC es IO un Up TON ase mee core = acen OTTO | peer eeeey *(9780103[,V T eek | ao la ee fit ea ee a AVG 94|" wetae ece Seer Se MOST UNO Ta |aas cepa es earner, HID prdey | suypIg wosuyor) eloyoeg |~-------- GL SC bel petie itd L esVou lea OA MAUISS5 565855 S807 se5*s58--F- cesses > Bcta he | eae ee WMvol{syo ‘IOATY euoysoyY, |--~---~~---~-~ ulseg WoOs0IQ |~~~~777 >> 19) Some gr oF || Fe metecy al tesa |e eg oe ieee aero OAL ANY Oe ee a go PMOUIOT GT S95 SS “MOAT OY Oded Of747T | Fo" “ta5* 4 WOO) | seen aren OL FECES | SER CSC Se| Resear || Soe cee xed ‘N}| -r0;y ‘suomrurg ‘qaepng ‘atrokie i AE eo ES ee & GROATE, ONO les | aoe. 19 19 0 |rrnreene|eeo---- Vee feos Hea ‘s)| ‘Atng Aopaeyg ‘19130q ‘sousnqy IOATY [IMOss{T O4D-91101q 4107) e480 69 ‘Aamo ‘WOSION ‘[[eqdureg ‘su014suITy. 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 PERSONNEL No changes were made in the professional staff of the Missouri River Basin Survey during 1948, but owing to shortage of funds and in- creased operating costs, steps were being taken at year’s end for a staff reduction. On active duty throughout the year were six archeologists : Paul L. Cooper, temporarily in charge of the field office during the writer’s absences in Washington; Robert B. Cumming, Jr., laboratory supervisor; Wesley L. Bliss; Marvin F. Kivett; J. J. Bauxar; and Jack T. Hughes. As in the preceding year, Dr. T. E. White, on leave of absence from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer- sity, carried on the paleontological phases of the Missouri River Basin Survey salvage work. He was in Lincoln, or on field assignment out of Lincoln, from May 18 until November 5. Full-time office and laboratory personnel included Mrs. Ina May Reagan, clerk-stenographer; Dean Clark and A. E. Nixon, laboratory assistants; J. M. Shippee, expert laborer; and George Metcalf, field and laboratory assistant. One full-time and one part-time temporary office assistant were added to the clerical force during the year. Draft- ing of maps and diagrams, some of the routine processing of specimens, and the maintenance of certain office and laboratory files were carried on with part-time student and other assistance. Student assistants were again employed wherever possible as mem- bers of the field parties. Robert L. Hall and Warren Wittry, Uni- versity of Wisconsin, joined Mr. Cooper at Heart Butte on June 22, and remained with the party until early September. Gordon F. McKenzie, University of Nebraska, was with this unit from August 1 to Septem- ber 8. Dr. White was assisted in Wyoming and Montana by Ernest Lundelius, University of Texas, from June 1 to September 3, and by John C. Donohoe, Montana State College, from June 14 to August 1. Miss Dorothy E. Fraser participated as special consultant in field investigations in the Fort Bennett, S. Dak., locality with the Cooper party during the month of August. LABORATORY ACTIVITIES The field headquarters and laboratory for the Missouri River Basin Survey were located throughout the year in the Laboratory of Anthro- pology at the University of Nebraska. Until the end of September, space was provided for these facilities in the basement of Love Memo- rial Library. Thereafter, more spacious and better-lighted quarters designed primarily for anthropological research and training were made available in the basement of the newly completed Burnett Hall. As in the preceding year, storage space at the Lincoln Municipal Air- port was utilized for housing the Survey’s 11 vehicles, field equipment Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 9 and supplies, and certain specimens. As previously, also, additional Jaboratory and study space was generously provided for Survey per- sonnel by the Nebraska State Historical Society. The basic project files were maintained and expanded throughout the year. At year’s end, the basic site file included 635 site folders, each containing a site survey sheet prepared in the field, a catalog of artifacts collected and photographs made, and other data relevant to the particular location. This represents an increase of 192 over the total at the end of 1947. All of the material in the basic site file has also been duplicated in reserve files. The map file, which includes topographic, geologic, land survey, ownership, and other maps needed for reference and planning pur- poses, was augmented by 101 additional sheets during the year. It now includes approximately 667 maps. Many of these were furnished by the construction agencies and by other State and Federal offices, as requested from time to time; others were purchased as needed. There are also 295 aerial photographs, most of them on a scale of 1: 12000. They cover much of the main-stem area along the Missouri River between Pierre, S. Dak., and the North Dakota State line, as well as smaller areas on Medicine Creek, about Angostura, and elsewhere. Drafting and map-making have been pushed steadily, but almost wholly with part-time student assistance. Archeological site maps, reservoir site location charts, archeological and geological profiles, and house plans to the number of 24 had been prepared by the end of December. The addition of a full-time laboratory assistant in the darkroom in June has vastly facilitated the preparation of specimen photo- graphs, the processing of field and laboratory negatives, and the photographic duplication of office and laboratory records. Darkroom work during calendar 1948 includes the processing of 1,087 negatives of field and laboratory photographs; preparation of 1,562 black and white prints for reference files and illustrative purposes; preparation of 121 2 x 2 black-and-white slides; cataloging and filing of 373 color transparencies, most of them in 35-mm. size; and the preparation of 262 photographic enlargements in 8 x 10-inch size for publicity and reference uses. An ethnohistorical reference file begun late in 1947 was continued through 1948. At year’s end this included 5,202 cards carrying classi- fied information on the early documentary sources for the Missouri Basin Indians. Emphasis was on the native tribes residing formerly along the main stem and the references to them by European and American explorers up to the beginning of the nineteenth century. With the beginning of comprehensive excavation, the handling and storage of specimens has become a major activity. By the end of 1948, nearly 100,000 specimens had been cleaned, cataloged, and stored. 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Slightly more than half of these were accumulated during the cal- endar year. The restoration of outstanding or representative pieces and their preparation for eventual study and exhibit has gone forward on a small scale. It should be noted that the great bulk of specimens now on hand are primarily of study interest; they include much broken and fragmentary material which will be discarded when no longer needed for analysis and report writing. Under present labora- tory procedures, all materials sent in from the field by archeological parties are processed and cataloged, so as to facilitate their study. Only a relatively small fraction of the collections now on hand will eventually find their way into National, State, and local institutions. As in the previous year, the Missouri River Basin Survey furnished to the National Park Service preliminary mimeographed appraisals of the archeological and paleontological resources of reservoirs investi- gated. For those reservoir areas where intensive survey was subse- quently made, supplementary appraisals have been furnished. These appraisals consist of site location maps, summary descriptions of materials seen, and an evaluation of the probable scientific importance of the remains located. Where further investigation is believed to be needed, an estimate of the nature and extent of such additional work is also included. These reports are distributed by the National Park Service to the construction agencies, to district and regional offices of the various Federal agencies concerned, and on a selective basis to cooperating State and other institutions and organizations where their particular fields of interest are concerned. During calendar year 1948, preliminary appraisals on archeological resources of 11 reservoir sites were prepared and distributed. These include Baldhill and Garrison in North Dakota; Beaver City, Bonny, Buffalo Creek, Culbertson, Norton, Pioneer, Red Willow, and Rock Creek in the Republican River Basin of Colorado, Kansas, and Ne- braska; and Wilson Reservoir site in the Smoky Hill Basin of north- ern Kansas. Supplementary appraisals were distributed for Boysen, Glendo, and Oregon Basin, in Wyoming; and for Canyon Ferry and Tiber, in Montana. In addition, a memorandum on Cheyenne River Basin archeology, including Angostura, Edgemont, Johnson Siding, Keyhole, and Pactola Reservoir sites in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming, was furnished the National Park Service. In preparation was a preliminary appraisal of the Davis Creek Reservoir site, Nebraska, based on archeological work by the Nebraska State Historical Society and Works Project Administration in 1939; and several longer reports of more technical nature. These latter in- cluded a report on certain discoveries in the fall of 1946 at Harlan County Reservoir site; and one on Birdshead Cave in the Boysen Reservoir site, Wyoming. Late in the year, members of the field staff Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL a were beginning to turn their attention to the preparation of technical summaries on the 1948 field work at Medicine Creek, Angostura, and lower Oahe Reservoir sites. ‘These summaries were published in the April 1949 issue of American Antiquity, which is devoted entirely to papers dealing with the Missouri Basin work of the River Basin Surveys and cooperating State agencies. In addition to the various archeological reports noted above, a 71-page appraisal of the paleontological resources of certain river basins and reservoir sites in the Missouri watershed was also dis- tributed. This covers 70 reservoir sites, potential, proposed, and under construction, in Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. Not distributed were reports prepared by the paleontologist on Boysen, Canyon Ferry, and Cedar Bluff Reservoir sites, and a preliminary statement on the physiographic history of Horsehead Creek in the vicinity of Site 39FA65, in Angostura Reservoir, South Dakota. In November, the Smithsonian Institution published a summary report prepared by the field director on the activities of the Missouri River Basin Survey during calendar year 1947. As in preceding years, the Lincoln office of the River Basin Surveys furnished information, as requested, to the daily press, to technical and semipopular periodicals, and to various other agencies and in- dividuals. In the field, archeologists at various times addressed local civic and other groups interested in the prehistory of their particular localities. Especially gratifying in this connection was the sus- tained public interest shown in the excavations at Medicine Creek, where illustrated talks by the archeologist in charge became a semi- weekly part of his duties. Several staff members participated in various ways in the sessions of the Sixth Plains Archeological Conference, held at the University of Nebraska, in Lincoln, November 25-27, 1948. FIELD WORK AND EXPLORATIONS During calendar year 1948, field work was carried on by five units representing the River Basin Surveys. Four of these were concerned with archeological researches, the fifth with paleontology. Arche- ological projects included the following : comprehensive archeological excavations for 444 months at Medicine Creek Reservoir site, under the direction of M. F. Kivett; 314 months of reconnaissance and in- tensive survey at five reservoir sites in the Cheyenne River Basin in northeastern Wyoming and southwestern South Dakota, under Jack T. Hughes; 6 weeks of test excavations at Heart Butte, N. Dak., and a like period in the lower Oahe Reservoir site, South Dakota, 1 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 under Paul L. Cooper; and 2 weeks of mound excavation in the vicinity of Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota, also by Mr. Cooper. The paleontological unit, under Dr. T. E. White, divided 4 months of field activities among Boysen (Wyo.), Canyon Ferry (Mont.), Angos- tura (S. Dak.), and Cedar Bluff, (Kans.) Reservoir sites. Further details regarding these various projects are given below. Another staff archeologist, J. J. Bauxar, was detailed at request of the Regional Director, Region 2, to the National Park Service from April 5 to June 26 for archeological researches at Homestead Na- tional Monument, Gage County, Nebr. W. L. Bliss spent approxi- mately one week in August assisting in archeological excavations by the University of Nebraska State Museum in Medicine Creek Reservoir, Nebraska. NEBRASKA Medicine Oreek Reservoir site-——Of outstanding interest in the year’s program were the comprehensive archeological excavations conducted during the summer at Medicine Creek Reservoir site in southern Nebraska. A preliminary reconnaissance here by M. F. Kivett and J. M. Shippee during the summer of 1946 had disclosed the location of 15 archeological sites within the future pool area. In 1947, following the disastrous flood of June 21-22 on Medicine Creek, Bureau of Reclamation plans for construction of the dam and re- servoir were speeded up. Accordingly, the River Basin Surveys assigned Mr. Kivett, with George Metcalf as assistant, to approxi- mately 2 months of further survey and limited excavations at and near the dam site, at points that seemed likely to be affected soon by construction activities. This work, a continuation of investigations begun some time previously by the Nebraska State Historical Society, disclosed the presence of at least 20 additional localities of archeologi- cal interest here and strongly indicated the advisability of more ex- tended excavation. Findings by the field parties working here in 1947 have been briefly summarized in a previous report. In early spring of 1948, a conference was arranged in Denver, Colo., in which representatives of the Bureau of Reclamation, the National Park Service, and the Missouri River Basin Survey participated. The Bureau of Reclamation generously offered to furnish power ma- chinery and hand labor for the salvage of materials to be affected by reservoir construction, provided the River Basin Surveys would assume responsibility for the technical supervision of the work. The offer was promptly accepted, and the arrangements were embodied in a memorandum from the Regional Director, Region 7, Bureau of Reclamation, dated February 6, 1948. Under this arrangement, archeological excavations were carried on from March 29 until August Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap.No i]. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 13 20, 1948. The Bureau of Reclamation made available the services of 15 to 20 laborers, a road patrol, and, for part of the time, a bulldozer, besides providing surveyors as their services were requested from time to time. From the Lincoln office of the River Basin Surveys, M. F. Kivett was detailed to supervise the operations and to insure that the work would be carried on in accord with recognized archeological procedures and standards. George Metcalf again was assigned as field assistant. The Medicine Creek project has been outstandingly successful in every particular. Uniformly cordial and pleasant relationships existed at all times between River Basin Surveys personnel and the various representatives of the project, district, and regional offices of the Bureau of Reclamation. No better cooperation could have been asked than that extended by the latter agency in this matter.’ The division of responsibility under which the work was conducted by the Federal agencies permitted the archeologists to devote their full time to the scientific and technical aspects of the operation. The applicability of power machinery under close and constant control to the excavation of village and camp sites, not previously attempted on a comparable scale in the Missouri Basin, was convincingly demonstrated. Medicine Creek Dam, now well along in construction, is located 814 miles north of Cambridge, Nebr., in the southeast corner of Frontier County. It is to be an earth-fill structure with a crest length of ap- proximately 5,665 feet and a maximum height of about 115 feet above stream bed. Provision will be made for a maximum high-water level of 2,408.9 feet. At normal pool (elevation 2,366 feet), the reservoir will be 814 miles long, with a shoreline of about 31 miles. It will con- trol a drainage area of some 656 square miles. Purposes of the dam, a unit of the Frenchman-Cambridge project, are flood control and irrigation. Between March 29 and August, 20, comprehensive excavations were made in five sites, with more limited investigations in three others. With the mechanical aids available, entire sites were stripped of their sod and overlying soil cover, so that the complete village layout could be determined and mapped (pls. 1,2). The actual clearing of house floors and storage pits, and the closer investigation of remains uncov- ered by the preliminary stripping, was done, of course, with hand tools. This technique, which made possible the accurate determina- tion of native settlement patterns and the discovery of numerous small features not readily determinable by the usual hand-tool methods, is one of the great advantages of mechanized archeology. Remains 2 Special acknowledgment should be made of the helpfulness of C. L. Mutch, project engineer; H. E. Robinson, District Manager, McCook County; and A. A. Batson, regional director. 953842—53——2 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 uncovered include 28 prehistoric lodge sites, 75 storage pits, 22 refuse deposits, several burials, and more than 31,000 cataloged objects of pottery, stone, bone, shell, and other materials. Work began on March 29 at site 25FT17, atop a high ridge (pl. 1) that will be incorporated into the west half of the dam structure. Here the major part of one site was excavated, including 8 subrectan- gular house floors (pl. 3 a, 6), 21 storage pits beneath house floors, 4 outside storage pits, and 5 midden or refuse areas. From April 26 to May 5, the work was extended to 25FT16, a short distance to the west and close to the western terminus of the future dam. Here the Nebraska State Historical Society had previously excavated two house fioors in 1947. A third lodge floor was cleared in 1948 by the River Basin Surveys, as were eight storage pits and three refuse areas. Practically all of these materials are assignable to the Upper Repub- lican culture, although several pits and a few sherds suggest that an older Woodland occupation preceded the Upper Republican at Q5FT17. From May 6 until June 14, excavations were carried on at two Upper Republican sites located in the borrow area on the left (east) bank of Medicine Creek, a short distance above the dam site. At site 25FT13, § rectangular house floors were cleared and 17 storage pits were opened, 12 of them lying within the house units. Five refuse deposits, each lying near the entrance of one of the houses, were also excavated. Despite the stripping of large sections of the nearby village area, some of which had undergone considerable erosion, no other archeological features were noted. Extensive tests for burials on the bluff over- looking the village site from the east disclosed the remains of but a single extended adult male Indian; a few accompanying sherds, projectile points, and other objects suggest that this individual may have been an inhabitant of this or another nearby village. Site 25FT14, a small Upper Republican village situated some 250 yards northwest of the preceding, was also worked partially during this period. A single house floor was cleared, and extensive test trenches were opened. Unfortunately, the larger part of the site had been destroyed by local collectors prior to the present salvage program. On the right bank of Medicine Creek, approximately one-fourth mile above the dam site, was one of the larger village sites excavated in the reservoir area. This, 25FT70, lay only partially within the future pool area, and therefore was not completely cleared. Between June 15 and July 16, nine rectangular house floors were opened here (pl. 4, a, b) ; several of them were marked prior to excavation by slight elevations in the unbroken sod. Among the numerous specimens re- covered from this site, particular interest attaches to the quantities of charred corn, mostly shelled, and the lesser amounts of beans, sun- Riv. Bas. Sur. , , Pap. No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 15 flower seeds, and squash seeds taken from storage pits. Several sizable sections of house timbers in an excellent state of preservation will be useful in determining something of the type of vegetation character- istic of the locality in aboriginal days and may also supply information toward an absolute dating for the site and for a part of the Upper Republican culture, which it mainly represents. One small low-lying area within the limits of 25FT70 yielded calcite-tempered cord-roughened pottery, small pits, scattered post molds, and other artifacts perceptibly different from those in the sur- rounding Upper Republican houses. These, along with the burials of two children, are attributed to an earlier Woodland group. At the edge of the bluff near 25FT70, stepped trenches were cut down the hillside to check the seeming occurrence of cultural debris in the lower portion of the terrace fill. These cuts, made in some instances to a depth of 6 feet, revealed evidence of extensive washing and scattering of cultural refuse from the bluff-top site. Below the surface refuse mantle and apparently in situ in the fill at the valley edge, were found scattered bones of a Pleistocene camel and of other unidentified animal forms. There was no evidence of anything that might be construed as Early Man. This area, worked between July 17 and 20, was designated Site 25FT29. Several hundred yards upstream and also on the right bank of Medicine Creek, one subrectangular Upper Republican house site was opened at Site 25FT36. A second house floor lying above future pool level was located but not worked. Two midden areas slated for flood- ing were also worked out. Site 25FT18, a Woodland site situated on a low terrace on the left bank of Lime Creek near its confluence with the Medicine, was com- pletely excavated between August 3 and 20 (pl. 5,6; 6). Unlike the other and probably later village sites investigated, this one had no earth-lodge floors. Cultural materials and camp refuse occurred in a dark, stained layer varying in thickness from 6 to 30 inches and buried beneath 6 to 15 inches of lighter-colored wind-blown deposits. The entire cultural layer and all overlying sterile deposits, involving approximately 12,000 cubic feet of soil, were removed. Several fire- places, numerous scattered post molds, and a few small pits or basinlike structures were cleared, all lying at the bottom and just below the dark culture-bearing stratum from which came most of the artifacts and specimens (pl. 6,6). The disarticulated remains of two adult burials were also recovered from the lower portion of the culture stratum. Artifacts from site 25FT18 include calcite-tempered cord-roughened potsherds, tubular bone beads, bone awls, small corner-notched projec- tile points, end scrapers, disk beads and rectangular to oval pendants of shell, and other materials. 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 The River Basin Surveys excavations at Medicine Creek in 1948 were concerned entirely with remains of pottery-making peoples, some of them, at least, depending partly on maize horticulture. Two cultural horizons appear to be represented—the Upper Republican and the Woodland. No clear-cut instances of stratification were found, and there is no direct evidence from the Medicine Creek Reser- voir area itself as to the temporal relationships between these two complexes locally. From the broad similarity of the remains here to other culturally related materials found in stratigraphic relationship elsewhere, however, there seems no good reason to doubt that the Woodland remains represented sparingly at 25FT70, possibly at 95FT17, and more fully at 25FT18 were laid down some time before the more abundant Upper Republican remains. Kivett has tenta- tively designated the Woodland variant here represented as the Keith Focus. Pending completion of the detailed analyses now under way on the 1948 Medicine Creek collections, only a few of the salient findings or trends of evidence can be noted here. Current views are that the Upper Republican in this locality probably flourished somewhere between the late thirteenth and late fifteenth centuries. As already indicated, there are timber specimens from some of the Upper Republi- can sites that may yield to dendrochronological analysis and from which the local complex may be datable in terms of the Christian calendar. Even if that hope fails, it should be possible to determine the relative building dates of individual houses within a single village unit, or between groups of houses in different parts of the several villages. There are already evident rather definite variations in de- tail in sherd types from the various sites, as well as in sherd samples from different house units of the same village. These variations seem to correlate with other minor but consistent differences in the material culture inventory, and possibly are due to something more than mere family or individual tastes. The present excavations have confirmed and greatly amplified earlier views regarding the nature of the prehistoric Upper Republi- can occupancy. Subsistence was basically by corn-bean-squash-sun- flower horticulture, with the bison scapula hoe as the characteristic gardening tool. Quantities of mammal and bird bones indicate that hunting was also important, the nearby bison having been heavily drawn upon. Bone fishhooks and, in some sites, great quantities of freshwater-mussel shells, indicate other sources of food. Under- ground storage pits were a regular adjunct of the dwelling complex, occurring inside as well as outside the houses. They are both smaller and less numerous in relation to the number of house units than the storage pits of the later Pawnee and other historic horticultural vil- Riv. Bas. Sur. nM Pan. No i]. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 1d lage tribes of the eastern plains, which suggests to me a somewhat less intensive or less productive food-raising complex. The loose, scat- tered nature of the villages, characterized by rectangular earth-cov- ered dwellings arranged in groups of two to four or more units and separated by a few rods from another similar cluster, all of them un- fortified (pl. 1), is in striking contrast to the great, compact, often ditched and palisaded, earth-lodge villages seen among the Pawnee and their neighbors in eastern Nebraska during the sixteenth, seven- teenth, and eighteenth centuries. Judged by the findings at 25FT18 and 25FT70, the Woodland oc- cupancy of the locality was appreciably different from the Upper Republican. No evidence of domestic crops came to light, and the bone hoe was absent, as it has been so far at other Woodland sites excavated or tested in the Nebraska-Kansas region. The bones of birds and animals were moderately abundant throughout the culture strata involved. There is some indication that deer and smaller ani- mals were hunted to a much greater extent than the bison, which, in later prehistoric and historic times, apparently became the principal meat source. Pottery was present in much smaller amounts than in the Upper Republican horizon, and the number of vessels owned per family was certainly very considerably lower. Small, well-made, stemmed projectile points suggest use of bow and arrow. There was no recognizable evidence of fishing. In contrast to the substantial earth lodges of later times, small structures of perishable materials seem to have been used for habitation. ‘These, presumably, were erected in or over some of the small basinlike features revealed in the excavations, and around or near the ash-filled fireplace depressions. Unfortunately, no post-mold configurations recognizable as possible house patterns could be worked out. One of the few disappointments of the season at Medicine Creek was in the fact that no Upper Republican burial grounds could be located and worked out. The single extended skeleton on the hill east of 25FT13 is very likely from the Upper Republican period, but of course is inadequate to show convincingly the physical type and somatological relationships of the natives who left the great majority of village sites so far located in and about the future reservoir area. Unless interment was in single isolated or remote graves, or was not a regular method for disposing of the dead among these villagers, it may be presumed that among the still-unfound antiquities of the locality there must be a number of burial grounds. For the Woodland horizon, the available evidence is not much more satisfactory. The two burials at 25FT70 were those of children, and there is but a single measurable skull from the grave at 25FT18. Since these sites seem to have been generally rather small, associated 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY i Bull. 154 burial grounds of any size are perhaps not to be expected. One is tempted to wonder, incidentally, whether the placing of a grave, with single or compound burial, in the camp area by the Woodland peoples may have been a factor in their abandonment of the sites. Concerning the external relationships of these early Medicine Creek peoples and their contacts with contemporary groups, little informa- tion came to light. At none of the sites worked was there any recog- nizable evidence of puebloan pottery or other Southwestern trade materials. Absent, too, were obsidian, steatite, and other exotic min- erals from the regions to the west, as well as finished products or raw materials certainly attributable to peoples of other culture to the southeast or east. The general impression is thus one of closely self- centered small communities too busy with their own local affairs to engage extensively in long-distance trading or other ventures. As has been noted, where the sites examined this summer lay in unbroken ground or had not been subjected to long-continued and deep erosion, they were overlain by varying depths of light wind- blown soil. This overlying mantle, capped with sod, generally obscured the village horizon, so that potsherds, chipped stone and rejectage, and refuse animal bone could be detected only along the eroded margins. With removal of the overburden, the old occupa- tional level showed up as a dark-stained zone varying in thickness and in the amount of cultural admixture. The house sites had been dug to varying depths into this old village level; some houses had been but slightly below the contemporary surface, others had been in pits up to 15 or 18 inches deep. The implication would seem to be that at the time the Upper Republican peoples inhabited the locality, the terrace and bluff surfaces were at a somewhat lower level and that moisture was adequate to maintain a relatively stable vegetation cover. Subsequent to abandonment of the village sites, there has been increased soil movement, with no indication that a stable humus level was again reached until the present sod developed and a new soil-forming period set in. This apparent correlation of prehistoric corn-growing peoples with former soil surfaces now buried by aeolian deposits has been noted at other places in the Republican drainage and elsewhere in the Ne- braska-Kansas region. Some of the sites at Medicine Creek have been inspected very briefly by soils experts, but more detailed studies will be necessary before the true significance of this seeming correlation can be set forth. The prospects seem excellent, however, for eventual dating, through the associated archeological materials, of some of the climatic fluctuations that have characterized the region for many centuries past, but within the time of men who attempted to make their living through the cultivation of maize and other crops. Riv. Bas. Sur. , ne Pap. No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 19 NORTH DAKOTA The only archeological field work programmed for North Dakota by the River Basin Surveys during 1948 was limited excavation at the Heart Butte Reservoir site. Previous investigations here include a brief reconnaissance by Paul L. Cooper and J. J. Bauxar on August 15 and 16, 1946, at which time a small part of the proposed reservoir was examined and local residents were consulted. During the 1947 season, a party from the University of North Dakota and the North Dakota Historical Society, under leadership of Dr. Gordon W. Hewes, spent approximately 1 week in the locality. The 1948 operations here by the River Basin Surveys were designed to make a final test of the archeological possibilities of the locality. The party was in charge of Paul L. Cooper. From June 12 to June 20, he was assisted by Thad C. Hecker, of the North Dakota Historical Society, and the work consisted mainly of further survey, chiefly on the south side of the river. From June 21 to August 1, the party consisted of Cooper and two student helpers, Warren Wittry and Robert Hall. One local laborer was employed from July 6 to July 30. Heart Butte Reservoir site——Heart Butte Dam is under construc- tion on Heart River, in northern Grant County approximately 15 miles south of Glen Ullin. It is an earth-fill structure, with a height of 123 feet and a crest length of 1,850 feet. At full pool (elevation 2,084.5 feet), the reservoir will be about 14 miles long, with a maxi- mum width nowhere much exceeding 1 mile. The Heart here fol- lows a general easterly course through a steep-walled, flat-floored valley lined with well-developed terraces. Timber is sparse, con- sisting of some juniper on the slopes and deciduous trees—mostly cottonwood, ash, and chokecherry—on the bottoms. Most of the ground, except where under cultivation, is heavily grassed. Following a check of previously unvisited portions of the area, most of the activity between June 21 and August 1, 1948, consisted of excavation at site 832GT1, a pottery-bearing site (pl. 12, c) on the north bank of the Heart River about 3 miles above the dam site. The excavations totaled some 380 feet of trenches cut into undisturbed portions of the site. Cultural materials were found chieflly at depths varying from 6 to 24 inches beneath the present surface. There were large quantities of bison bone, most of it badly split and broken; bones of the domestic dog also occurred. Artifacts were not plentiful. Pottery showed simple stamping, with cord-impressed designs, and appeared to be related to late Mandan or Hidatsa wares. House re- mains or other structures were not observed, but small fireplaces oc- curred in some numbers. These were simple affairs—small burned areas, sometimes basin-shaped, and capped by ashes. 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 During the last week in the area, tests were made at a rock shelter, 32GT5. This produced some evidences of late, brief, and casual oc- cupancy; tests on the slope below were mostly negative. Other sites examined include two bison kills or hunting camps, five small sites yielding scattered bits of pottery and other debris, and two small flint-littered areas that may have been workshops. On the basis of the several examinations made between 1946 and 1948, it may be concluded that the known antiquities threatened with destruction by Heart Butte Dam are not likely to constitute a serious loss to archeology. Temporary hunting camps, some of them prob- ably belonging to the village tribes resident on the Missouri 50 or 60 miles to the east, seem to be the chief remains. The bison kill, 32GT6, on the north bank of the river some 4 miles above the dam site, may be of some antiquity and would possibly repay partial excavation. The considerable overburden would make this a costly and difficult task, however, and it seems not improbable that the information to be derived therefrom could be duplicated from other similar sites lying outside of areas that will be affected by reservoir construction. Un- less remains not now known are turned up in course of construction, Heart Butte Reservoir site can probably be written off as no great loss to archeology or paleontology. SOUTH DAKOTA Archeological investigations by the River Basin Surveys were car- ried on at three Federal water-control projects in South Dakota during 1948. One party under Jack T. Hughes, with J. M. Shippee as field assistant, and with local labor from time to time, was in the Angostura Reservoir near Hot Springs, S. Dak., from June 2 until September 15. On September 27, Hughes and Shippee made a brief reconnaissance of Pactola and Johnson Siding Reservoir sites, on Rapid Creek a few miles west of Rapid City, locating one small site at the latter locality. Another party, led by Paul L. Cooper and including Robert Hall, Warren Wittry, and, during the month of August, Gordon F. McKenzie and Miss Dorothy E. Fraser, worked from August 1 until September 10 along both banks of the Missouri between Pierre and the Cheyenne River. This section, with an abundance of native village sites, will be flooded by the proposed Oahe Dam to be built a few miles upstream from Pierre. During the last 2 weeks in November, Cooper and Shippee excavated a burial mound situated on the spillway line of Fort Randall Dam, now under construction a few miles north of the Nebraska-South Dakota line. Excepting this latter work, which was done in conjunction with the Corps of Engineers, most of the South Dakota field operations con- sisted of survey and test excavations. Riv. Bas. Sit. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 21 Angostura Reservoir site—Angostura Dam is now under construc- tion (pl. 7, 2) on the Cheyenne River, in Fall River County about 9 miles south of Hot Springs. Here a concrete dam and earth-fill dikes rising some 130 feet above stream bed and having a crest length of about 1,775 feet, will impound a pool 11 miles long by 114 miles wide. At maximum pool (elevation 3,200 feet) an area of about 4,995 acres will be under water; at minimum pool (elevation 3,162.5 feet) the pool area will be about 2,690 acres. Purpose of the project is irrigation. The future reservoir will lie in a narrow sheltered belt curving around the south and east flank of the Black Hills. To the west and north, the terrain is hilly and rough, with coniferous forests on the higher portions. To the east and south are gently rolling grass-cov- ered hills and plains. Within the reservoir area, the Cheyenne has only two tributaries of note. Sheps Canyon enters from the left a few hundred yards above the dam site; it contains springs but the channel is badly clogged. Less than 3 miles above the dam, Horsehead Creek joins the Cheyenne from the right; it has a valley with broad bottoms, well-developed terraces, and an intermittent flow of water. Most of the reservoir area is a wide valley, with a strongly developed series of terraces along the river. Cottonwood formerly stood along the stream banks, with stands of yellow pine in the ridges; the greater part was grass-covered. Including the findings during a brief reconnaissance in 1946, a total of 71 archeological sites is now on record for the locality in and near Angostura Reservoir. The great majority of these are sites that will be destroyed by the construction of the reservoir and associated works. None show evidence of any single long-time occupancy; frequent and repeated use of the locality by various peoples over a long period of time seems rather to be indicated. Three sites from which small sherd samples were collected suggest relationships on at least two time levels with pottery-making cultures tothe east. One of these sites, lying on Horsehead Creek, shows cord- roughened ware with simple unthickened vessel lips bearing diagonal impressions. These sherds were found in thin, shallow, layered refuse deposits, along with quantities of broken bison and other large bones. A hunting camp may be indicated, possibly one used periodically by small groups of Indians residing normally farther to the east or south. Some relationships may be suspected with a late prehistoric pottery- making group, such as the Upper Republican peoples of the Loup- Platte-Republican region. At two other sites pottery of a different sort was found. This ware was thin and well made; the surfaces commonly bore simple stamping or, in several instances, incised decoration. It isreminiscent of pottery previously found at sites in Ericson, Mullen, and Harlan County Reser- 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bull. 154 voir areas in Nebraska, in northeastern Nebraska, and on Sundance Creek in Crook County, Wyo. It is associated at Angostura with small triangular arrow points, planoconvex scrapers, chipped knives, ete.; no habitation sites have yet been identified, although there is some tendency for the material to occur in spots suggesting midden or former lodge sites. No white trade goods were found in association, though the horizon represented is generally supposed to be very late prehistoric or protohistoric. Among the far more numerous nonpottery sites, there seem to be several variant complexes. Owing to the extremely limited excava- tions to date, however, they cannot as yet be satisfactorily defined. They include numerous camp sites situated on the ridges, terraces, and bluffs along the river. Some are covered by a few inches to several feet of wind-blown sand or fiuviatile silts. Chipped stone, flakes, rejectage, bone fragments, and similar refuse occurs in varying amounts. Some sites have rock-bordered fireplaces; at others there are rock-lined fire basins (pl. 8, a); still others show rock-filled pits. In a number of instances, grinding implements have been found about these hearths. Projectile points, like the hearths and some other remains, show appreciable variation from site to site, and may have real diagnostic value for the establishment of cultural units. Tipi rings were recorded at only five locations within the reservoir area, but are said to be very common elsewhere in the locality. As elsewhere, so here there were few artifacts in association. At one site (89FA13), a tipi ring directly overlay a stone-filled hearth from which it was separated vertically by several inches of soils (pl. 9, a). It is believed that most of these rings are probably among the more recent remains of the region. Of more than passing interest are several sites in the lower part of the reservoir area where roasting pits occur (pl. 8, 6). These are about 214 feet in diameter by 3 feet deep, narrowing somewhat in the upper portions. Charcoal and fire-cracked stones occur in the bottom, above which is dark, sooty soil. The pit walls are usually hardened and fire-reddened. Thin layers of clean sand in the lower part of the fill suggest periodic reuse. Associated with these pits are small side-notched points, planoconvex scrapers, mealing slabs and hand- stones, and other items. In one or two instances, the pits are locally reported to have been used for burial purposes, with bone awls, large and small tubular bone beads, and other objects accompanying the dead. No pottery was found on these sites, although in southern Nebraska and western Kansas somewhat similar pits occur in sites of the pottery-using semihorticultural Dismal River peoples (Plains Apache) of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Noteworthy, too, is a camp site (839FA65) lying some 8 miles up Horsehead Creek, on its right bank. This site, portions of which will Riv. Bas. Sur. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 23 certainly be inundated by the reservoir pool, lies at the edge of a small “badlands” area (pl. 10, @). From the eroded margin of the site came a large Plainview type projectile point and several basal fragments of lanceolate points with narrowed straight to concave bases, fine flaking, and ground proximal edges. Lanceolate point frag- ments were also recovered in excavations (pl. 10, 6), which further disclosed small circular fireplaces without stones, and considerable amounts of minute, paper-thin flakes from the manufacture of chipped artifacts. Strangely enough, in the work done here to date, virtually no animal bones were encountered. Other artifacts include chalce- dony plate knives, medium to large bifacial blades, end and side scrapers, a gougelike fragment somewhat reminiscent of the Clear Fork, Tex., gouges, and a subrectangular mano. Some of the blades suggest affinities with the finely made implements recovered by Roberts at the Agate Basin bison kill in Wyoming a few miles to the west, and with specimens found by the University of Nebraska State Museum on Hat Creek and White River, in Nebraska, a few miles to the south. It is believed that the site may have considerable antiquity, at any rate as compared with most of the others recorded in the district, but much more work and more intensive geological studies will be needed. Much of the chipped stone and rejectage found at sites in Angostura evidently was gathered by the natives at aboriginal quarries in the region. None of these occurs within the future pool area, but one of the largest lies about 6 miles airline northwest of the head of the future reservoir. Shown on the United States Geological Survey’s Edgemont quadrangle sheet as “Flint Hill,” this is at or near the head of Hell Canyon. Scores of large craterlike pits and piles of rough workshop debris (pl. 9, 6) litter nearly a half section of high table- land. Gray, purple, brown, red, and yellow quartzite were obtained here from the Cretaceous Dakota formation. Numerous artifacts in ereat variety of size and form have been collected in and about these pits during many years by their owner, Mr. Neal Conboy, who gen- erously showed members of the Survey party over the ancient diggings. On lower benches and slopes nearby are to be seen many tipi rings; others to the number of many hundreds are said to be scattered for some miles northward from the quarries. Additional aboriginal diggings occur in the area, notably at Battle Mountain near Hot Springs. The general appearance of those observed was very similar to the better-known and more extensive Spanish Diggings some 70 miles to the southwest in Wyoming. Within historic times—that is, after about the first quarter of the nineteenth century—the Black Hills were dominated by the Teton Dakota. Before that, during the latter eighteenth and early nine- teenth centuries, they were part of the Cheyenne range, with such other tribes as the Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho also utilizing the 24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 game, fuel, and other resources of the region. It is possible that at a still earlier period Shoshoneans from the Wyoming basin occasionally wandered into the district. There is neither documentary nor arche- ological evidence that corn-growing peoples ever established them- selves here in any strength or over any long period, although it is possible that some planting of a perfunctory sort may have been practiced occasionally, as by the Cheyenne, even as late as the nine- teenth century. What is evident, however, from the still incomplete archeological record is that throughout a long period of time, migra- tory nomads seasonally or otherwise availed themselves of the natural advantages the region offered over the barren, sun-baked, and wind- swept surrounding plains. Moreover, since pottery-making peoples from the east and south evidently did venture into the locality from time to time, the prospects seem good for injecting time perspective into the local archeological picture. Additional study is needed to determine the cultural allocation of the pottery horizons represented here, and these will have to be fitted stratigraphically or otherwise into their proper position in the apparent succession of nonpottery horizons from the west. Angostura is one of several reservoirs proposed for the upper Chey- enne River Basin and the Black Hills region. Lying between the area of semihorticultural, pottery-making peoples to the east, and the non- pottery-making hunters and gatherers to the west, it offers an un- usual opportunity to study the interrelationships and to work out the chronological relationships of representatives of these two widely divergent subsistence economies. In the midst of an otherwise dry uninviting region, the Black Hills offer, within a comparatively lim- ited geographical area, the advantages of mountain, valley, and plains environments. Here could be found water, wood, shelter, useful min- erals, an abundance of large and small game, and a rather surprising variety of native flora. Small wonder that the historic hunters, as their predecessors long before, returned season after season to the Hills. Fort Randall Reservoir site-—Archeological work at Fort Randall Reservoir site, a Corps of Engineers project on the Missouri just above the Nebraska line, consisted of the excavation of a burial mound lying on the left bank just below the dam site. This mound, 39CH9, lay in the path of construction activities for the spillway, and so was slated for complete removal. Through the cooperation of the Omaha district engineer and the area engineer at Pickstown, S. Dak., the con- struction agency provided a bulldozer, and the River Basin Surveys furnished a limited amount of hand labor and the technical super- vision. Mr. John Trantina, geologist for the engineers at Pickstown, kindly surveyed the mound before its removal. Paul Cooper was in Riv. Bas. Sur. oe os aa No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 25 charge of the excavation, and was assisted by J. M. Shippee. This work was carried on between November 9 and 24. The mound lay at the edge of the bluffs some 200 feet above the Mis- souri River bottoms, its summit marked by the Corps of Engineers monument L-15 (elevation 1,454 feet). Before excavation, it rose to a height of about 4 feet, with a diameter of approximately 60 feet. Its surface was cut up by various small excavations, wherein occas- ional bits of bone could be seen. Otherwise, the only remains of aboriginal activity in the immediate vicinity were a few flint chips from the surface of a cultivated field lying nearby to the north. Upon excavation, it was found that the mound covered a subrec- tangular pit, with which timbers had been associated. There were no burials in this pit. Several secondary burials occurred in the mound fill and at its base. These included at one point a sort of platform of long bones laid side by side, on top of which were placed four skulls (pl. 11,@). Itis presumed that all the interments had been secondary, although two were apparently partially articulated. No certain as- sociation could be determined between any of the burials and the arti- facts, several of which came from the mound fill and out of animal burrows. Artifacts included two small vertically elongate pottery vessels, with subconical base; both were apparently grit-tempered, and one bears a fabric marking on the surface. There were also two chipped projectile points, one large and corner-notched, the other small with side notches. Fragments of washerlike shell objects, and a few disk and tubular shell beads came to light. There were also numerous per- forated canine teeth, the holes through the roots distinguished by cut- ting rather than by drilling, and with mesial and lateral surfaces flattened. There are several specific trait similarities between this material and that obtained in 1947 from burial mounds (39CH4) on Wheeler Bot- tom some 13 miles upstream. At neither of these sites, however, does the burial complex as a whole correspond to any other now known burial mound of the Dakota region. The associated village complex, too, remains at present unknown. Studies now under way on the cultural and skeletal materials may throw further light on the pre- historic mound builders whose vestiges occur but sparingly west to the upper Missouri Valley. Oahe Reservoir site —The Oahe Reservoir is one of five major water- control projects planned by the Corps of Engineers for the Missouri River in South and North Dakota. The proposed dam site (pl. 12, a) isin Hughes and Stanley Counties, South Dakota, about 6 miles north- west of Pierre, S. Dak., and 1,123 miles above the mouth of the Mis- souri. Here, across the lower half of Wood Island, will be erected 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 an earth-fill structure, with a maximum height of 242 feet, and a crest — length of 9,800 feet. At full pool (elevation 1,620 feet), an area of © some 298,000 acres will be flooded, and the waters will back up the | Missouri to the vicinity of Bismarck, N. Dak. Purposes of the proj- | ect, on which actual construction has not yet begun, are given as flood | and silt control, power, irrigation, and navigation. In the portion of the Missouri Valley that will be flooded by Oahe — Reservoir, the river winds through a flat-floored, alluvium-filled trench from 1 to 4 miles wide, bordered by bluffs from 200 to 400 feet high. Above the flood plains, which are often as much as 1 or 2 miles wide, benchlike terrace remnants rise at various elevations from 20 to 100 feet or more. Frequently, the river swings against the base of the bluffs on one side, leaving on the opposite bank a broad terrace or “bottom” with a gentle ascent to the bordering uplands. ‘Thus, as a result of the meandering habit of the stream, the banks are char- acteristically a series of bottoms or flats alternating with rugged, hilly sections. The larger tributaries, all entering from the west and in- cluding from south to north, the Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, and Cannonball, have all cut their valleys 100 to 400 feet below the up- lands, have well-developed flood plains a mile or more wide, and are bordered by well-defined terraces of varying age. Groves of deciduous trees, including especially cottonwood, ash, elm, and oak, stud the valley bottoms and line the stream banks, often growing also in the narrow ravines that descend from the bluffs. Remains of aboriginal village sites are extraordinarily plentiful on this section of the Missouri. They include some of the largest, best preserved, and most impressive sites in the Missouri watershed and Great Plains region. In historic times, after czrca 1800, various bands of the Dakota Sioux ranged across this territory, but without establishing any fixed towns. Along the main stem, the South Da- kota section of the future reservoir was the habitat of the village- dwelling Caddoan-speaking Arikara, who dwelt at various times in a series of fortified and unfortified towns from approximately Pierre northward. Farther upstream, above the Grand, were the towns of the Mandan, historically in the vicinity of the Heart River and above, but previously probably located in part farther downstream. Earlier settlements of this people possibly underlie some of the Arikara town- sites below the Grand. The Cheyenne on their historic (late eighteenth century) movement westward from the Red River drainage to the Black Hills, are thought to have tarried for a time on the Missouri. It is quite likely, too, that still other semisedentary groups, of whom there is little or no known record at present, at one time made this region their home. Riv. Bas. Sur. . * My 2 PAD: No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL oF In contrast to the valley below Pierre and above Knife River, a considerable amount of archeological work has been carried on at various localities in the future Oahe Reservoir area. Before the war, surveys were conducted from time to time by the University of South Dakota Museum in South Dakota, by the North Dakota Historical Society in North Dakota, and by Logan Museum of Beloit College in both States (1929-31). In 1932, the Bureau of American Ethnology worked in the vicinity of Mobridge, S. Dak.; in 19388, Columbia Uni- versity and the North Dakota Historical Society operated a joint ex- pedition in the vicinity of Bismarck; and in 1939, a Columbia University-University of South Dakota-WPA expedition excavated in a number of sites between Pierre and the Cheyenne River. In 1947, a joint expedition representing the University of North Dakota and the North Dakota Historical Society excavated a prehistoric site below Fort Yates, N. Dak. So far, only summary reports, fortunately of high quality, are available on these latter operations. Several reports on the archeology of the Missouri in North Dakota have also appeared, but the reconstructions of prehistory so far published for the main stem below the Heart River rest largely on survey work rather than on the badly needed excavations that alone will give the larger pic- ture. Thus, despite the apparently extensive nature of work to date in this general locality, by comparison with what remains to be done in the way of detailed examination of key sites, only a beginning has been made. In the 6 weeks allotted to reconnaissance in the future Oahe Reser- voir, it was manifestly impossible to cover the entire area. Priority was given, therefore, to that section lying between the proposed dam site near Pierre and the mouth of Cheyenne River some 40 miles upstream. Coverage included mainly the west bank, with some recon- naissance at several sites reported along the east bank; not all parts of the entire section were walked out. Some test trenching was carried out in the vicinity of Fort Bennett. Prior to the River Basin Sur- veys work, a list of some 30 sites known for this locality had been provided by the South Dakota Archeological Commission. Most of these were revisited by the 1948 Surveys party. Additional sites were also located, so that there is now on record a total of 46 recorded sites on the west bank of the Missouri between Fort Pierre and the Cheyenne River and about 15 sites on the east bank. Of the 61 sites visited by, or reported to, the 1948 Surveys party, the majority appear to be remains of earth-lodge villages. Fortifica- tions consisting of ditches (pl. 12, 6), low ridges of earth, and occasion- ally including traces of bastions, were noted at a number of sites. Hut rings, circular or oblong depressions, storage pits, refuse deposits, and 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 other features characterize many of these sites, particularly where the surface has not been broken by cultivation. In size, they range from small communities of perhaps a dozen or less houses to great settlements like the Fort Sully site, where hundreds of house pits and quantities of refuse cover an area nearly a half mile long by 200 yards wide. At some, there is evidence of occupation by Indians into the time of the White conquest; but it is a safe guess that many were inhabited at an earlier period. As Strong observed in 1936, “. . . the Upper Missouri area is ex- ceeded in the size and number of sites as well as in cultural importance only by the pueblo region of the southwest, the lower Mississippi area, and the mound region centering in Ohio. . . . Yet this highly import- ant archeological area is at present represented by a single major monograph and that only partially based on actual excavation.” In terms of our present salvage problem, it may be noted further that the extent of probable flooding of archeological sites in this region is not generally appreciated. With a dam 200 feet or more high just above Pierre, most of the terrace sites, at least as far upstream as Fort Yates, N. Dak., will be under water at full pool. Among the better known sites that face destruction will be: Buffalo Pasture (89ST6), on a 70- foot bench just above the upstream toe of Oahe Dam (pl. 12, b) ; Lower Cheyenne Village (39ST1) on a 60-foot bench at the mouth of Cheyenne River; Fort Sully village site (89 SL4), on Telegraph Flat 150 feet above the present river; and the Rygh (89CA4) and Leaven- worth (39CO9) sites on opposite banks some 138 miles north of Mo- bridge, S. Dak. Even those sites not under water the year around will be subject to slumping and eventual slippage into the reservoir when the Pierre shale which underlies many of them becomes water- logged. This is already taking place at the Lower Cheyenne Village site, much of which has been destroyed in the last half century by slumping; and it is quite likely that additional sites will be similarly affected. Of immediate concern is the area surrounding the proposed dam site. Here no less than four archeological sites face destruction when dam building gets under way. Two of these, 839ST15 and 39ST16, lie on and beside the access railroad and classification yard, approximately 2 miles below the dam site on the right bank. A third, 39ST14 (Scotty Phillips Ranch site), lies about half a mile below the down- stream toe of the proposed dam, in the work area. It is also situated on the right bank, and is a fortified site measuring approximately 175 by 975 yards, with perhaps 18 or 20 house pits within the enclosure. It has apparently never been excavated or tested, but offers an exception- ally good opportunity for extensive and relatively inexpensive excava- tion by the controlled use of power machinery and hand labor. Across Riv Ne Sot ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 29 the river, directly in line with the proposed intake structure and lying beneath the dam fill, is a small cluster of house pits, designated - 89HU22. The fourth site lies approximately 1,100 yards above the - upstream toe of the proposed dam, on the right bank of the stream and _ well within the future pool area. This is the fortified Buffalo Pas- ture site, 39ST6, where limited excavations have been made within the ditched portion. Excepting this latter, all of the sites here noted will undoubtedly be destroyed or very extensively damaged as soon as construction begins. It is imperative, therefore, that systematic sam- pling be done at the earliest possible moment at all of the sites, and that at least one, preferably 839ST14, be comprehensively investigated. Because of the great size of this reservoir, it seems certain that many hundreds of sites will be forever obliterated when it fills. That similar remains can be found outside the area to be flooded is improb- able. It is particularly important, therefore, that salvage operations here be pushed as rapidly as possible. Further reconnaissance in the as yet unsurveyed remainder of the pool area should be completed as promptly as possible, so that key sites can be chosen. Excavation is a time-consuming task at best; and if the initiation of a program of systematic excavation be too long deferred after dam construction begins, archeologists will be confronted at the last moment with an - impossibly huge piece of work. WYOMING Archeological field work in Wyoming during 1948 was limited to preliminary reconnaissance at two proposed Bureau of Reclamation projects in the northeastern part of the State. These were: Edgemont Reservoir site, in Weston County, and Keyhole Reservoir site, in Crook County. The field work was done by J. T. Hughes and J. M. Shippee from September 16 to 20 at Edgemont, and from September 21 to 25 at Keyhole. Both localities are in the headwater drainage of the Cheyenne River, on the flanks of the Black Hills uplift. Edgemont Reservoir site.-—The locale involved here lies on Beaver Creek, a tributary of the Cheyenne, some 35 miles northwest of Angos- tura and about 18 miles south of Newcastle, Wyo. The Beaver is a small meandering stream in a barren plains country. Its valley is lined with numerous terrace remnants and abandoned channels. The Black Hills are a few miles to the northeast. No figures on dam speci- fications are at hand, but the pool area is to be approximately 5 miles long by 1 mile in maximum width. Purpose of the project is irrigation, and flood and silt control. The 4-day reconnaissance of the proposed pool area disclosed a total of 28 sites. These occur almost continuously on and in the terraces along both banks of the stream. Generally they are fairly superficial, 953842538 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | but overburden in some cases ranges up to several feet in depth. Com- | monly the sites are marked by clusters of fire-cracked stones and quan- — tities of flakes. Hearths of surface, basin, and pit types are appar- | ently represented, and there appears to be a considerable variety in | stone artifact types. At one place, a cut bank shows near the surface | a roasting pit, which is underlain at successive lower levels by basin- like fireplaces. Here, and elsewhere in the locality, there would seem to be good prospects for correlating a succession of human occupations with a sequence of geological events reflected in the formation of minor stream terraces. No pottery-bearing sites were recorded during the present survey, although farmers living upstream from the proposed reservoir area report the occasional finding of pottery vessels along the Beaver. Most of the sites seen were littered with greater or lesser quantities of chipped stone and rejectage, projectile points, blades, scrapers, knives, blanks, chert cores, etc. A few sites yielded manos. Obsidian flakes were found at Site 4SWE29. That a long range in time is probably involved may be inferred from the fact that specimens recovered range from stone points of early types to glass trade beads of the historic period. Keyhole Reservoir site—The Keyhole Reservoir site is on the upper Belle Fourche River, at the west edge of the Black Hills some 65 miles northwest of the Edgemont Reservoir site. A dam 105 feet high and, with dike, about 1,100 feet long, will be located some 11 miles airline northeast of Moorcroft, Wyo. At full pool, the reservoir will be about 10 miles long and will have a maximum width of 6 miles. The reser- voir is intended for flood and silt control, and for storage of irrigation waters for the Belle Fourche project in western South Dakota. In the western or upper part of the reservoir site, relief is compara- tively low. The river meanders through a wide, shallow valley, tree- less except along the immediate banks of the watercourses and flanked by rolling short-grass upland prairies. The eastern portions, on the other hand, have rather abrupt valley edges and some canyon topog- raphy, and are surrounded by pine-covered hills. Vegetation charac- teristically varies from sagebrush and short grass in the west to a fairly heavy yellow pine cover on the east. In the 5 days available for reconnaissance here, it was not possible to search the entire pool area, but a check of the most likely portions disclosed 29 sites of archeological interest. A thorough reconnaissance would probably reveal many more. With two or three exceptions, all of those found will be largely or entirely destroyed when the reservoir fills. Judged by the results of the reconnaissance, sites seem to be espe- cially plentiful in the lower portions of the future pool area, around Riv. Bas. Sur. Wy esd, Paine it] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL Si the confluence of Deer, Mule, and Cottonwood Creeks with the Belle Fourche. They are situated in a variety of topographic positions. Rock hearths seem to be rather less plentiful than at Edgemont or Angostura. No pottery-bearing sites or evidence of white trade con- tacts were seen. A number of the occupational areas are of some size and quite productive; where protected as they are in some instances by overburden, they should well repay excavation. Camp-site debris consists of chipped stone, a few projectile points, blades, scraping and cutting tools, and abundant flakes and spalls. Fragments of bone and shell occur at some sites, and some obsidian was found. Note- worthy is the fact that a number of heavy lanceolate, “fish-tailed,” and notched projectile point forms were recovered, closely resembling forms which have been found elsewhere under conditions suggesting considerable antiquity. There is thus a likelihood that hunting hori- zons earlier than most of those represented at other reservoir sites around the Black Hills here await further exploration. In the opinion of the archeologist making this reconnaissance, Keyhole offers more promise than does Edgemont and would probably prove relatively as productive and important as Angostura. FIELD WORK IN PALEONTOLOGY Paleontological field investigations in the Missouri River watershed were carried on by the River Basin Surveys from June to October, 1948. Three reservoir sites, all of which had been partially investi- gated during 1947, were revisited in further search for vertebrate fossils. No new reservoir localities were examined. The work was under the supervision of Dr. T. E. White, who was assisted throughout much of the season by two student helpers—Ernest L. Lundelius, University of Texas, and John C. Donohoe, Montana State College. From August 2 to 5, White and Lundelius participated in a field con- ference of the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology and in a tour of certain paleontological localities in Wyoming, under sponsorship of the University of Wyoming. During the latter part of August, they spent approximately 2 weeks making physiographic stdies on Horse- head Creek, in Angostura Reservoir, South Dakota, in connection with the archeological investigations at Site 839FA65, as elsewhere described in this report. From June 4 to July 12, Dr. White’s party operated in the Boysen Reservoir area on Big Horn River north of Shoshoni, Fremont County, Wyo. This work was materially expedited through information sup- plied by Mr. Harry A. Tourtelot, of the United States Geological Survey. Although fossil material was fragmentary and scarce, a sufficient variety of specimens was collected to establish definitely the age of geologic formations heretofore only tentatively correlated. ae BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | From 6 localities, most of them on the lower course of Cottonwood | Creek, in the Lost Cabin faunal zone of the Lower Eocene, remains — of 23 species of fossil mammals were collected. These were mainly of | small forms; they include insectivores, primates, rodents, carnivores, condylarths, perissodactyls, and artiodactyls. One of the insectivores | represented is a species new to science. Also included in the material — is the most nearly complete skull yet found of the primitive insectivore, | Didelphodus, and the skull and jaws of a small carnivore, Didymictus, | previously represented only by upper and lower dentitions. These | and other specimens promise to contribute important information to knowledge of the morphology of Eocene mammals. Reptilian re- — mains collected will clarify a number of details concerning the cranial _ morphology of one genus. A technical report on the paleontological — findings in this area is being prepared for publication. ) From July 14 to August 19, work was carried on in the Oligocene © and Miocene deposits of Canyon Ferry Reservoir site, on the Missouri River north of Townsend, Broadwater County, Mont. Here the party was aided through information supplied by J. Leroy Kay of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Nearly 125 specimens representing 14 genera were obtained from 8 localities in the Oligocene and 2 locali- ties in the Miocene. The remains of rodents, insectivores, and small artiodactyls were most abundant. The small Oligocene mammals of this montane area, when compared to those of the same age on the plains, interestingly illustrate the principles of geographical variation as well as do the living species. The period from August 21 to September 3 was spent in Angostura Reservoir, on the Cheyenne River south of Hot Springs, S. Dak., assisting with geological studies the archeological work being carried on by Hughes for the River Basin Surveys at site 39FA65. Borings were made with a hand auger to determine the depth and character of the valley fill on Horsehead Creek in the immediate vicinity of the site, and geologic profiles were compiled. On the basis of these pre- liminary studies, it appears that the physiographic history of Horse- head Creek will have to be worked out in conjunction with that of the Cheyenne River, and that the key to a geological dating of the terrace in which 89FA65 is situated probably lies in correlation of the terrace with the receding falls of the Cheyenne. The falls now lie a short distance above the canyon in which the dam is located, but in the canyon the maximum height of the waterfall member corre- sponds to the height of the oldest terrace on Horsehead Creek, in which site 39FA65 is located. It seems possible, therefore, that the gorge of the Cheyenne at the dam site was cut, for the most part, after the occupation of site 39FA65. A report has been prepared on these preliminary findings for inclusion with a detailed report on | | | Riv. Bas. Sur. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 33 Pap. No. 1] the archeology of the site; and it is hoped that additional observa- tions will be possible before the archeological and geological features involved are covered by the reservoir waters. Following completion of the physiographic studies at Angostura and drafting of a report on them, Dr. White again went into the field. Irom September 23 to October 1, the Upper Cretaceous Carlile Shale in the Cedar Bluff Reservoir site on the Smoky Hill River southeast of Wakeeney, Trego County, Kans., was prospected for fossils. A num- ber of fossil fish were found, but crystallization of gypsum and weath- ering of marcasite in the matrix had reduced the remains to the point where they were not worth collecting. It is believed that no further paleontological salvage work is needed at this reservoir site. The fossils collected during 1948 include no material of outstanding exhibit value. Despite their often fragmentary nature, however, they have considerable usefulness and importance for study purposes. Since much is still to be learned about the paleontologic horizons repre- sented at Boysen and Canyon Ferry, it is highly desirable that further work be done prior to filling of the pool areas. Owing to the small size, marked rarity, and scattered occurrence of most of the fossils on these time levels, it has been found most economical and profitable to revisit the localities briefly in successive seasons and to collect the materials newly weathered from the clay beds. The grain-by-grain removal of matrix through normal agencies of erosion operating over considerable areas of fossiliferous deposits uncovers more material than would sustained or large-scale excavation, either by hand meth- ods or with power equipment. In this respect, the fossil-collecting throughout many of the reservoir sites in Wyoming and Montana pre- sent problems quite unlike those confronting archeologists, or those faced by paleontologists preoccupied with large faunal forms and later geological horizons. FIELD WORK BY COOPERATING AGENCIES As in the preceding year, several State-supported agencies partic- ipated actively in the 1948 investigations at Federal water-control projects. There were three of these cooperating agencies in Nebraska, two in North Dakota, and one in Kansas. Five were engaged wholly in archeological investigations; the sixth conducted both archeological and paleontological work. The operations of these agencies were en- tirely on a voluntary basis, and involved no distribution of Federal funds. Where the cooperative work was done through a formal agree- ment between the River Basin Surveys and a particular agency, the latter has provided reports from time to time on its activities, and summaries of these reports have been included in the periodic and 34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 other statements of progress furnished the National Park Service by | the Lincoln office of the River Basin Surveys. This section of the present report is based largely on data supplied | from time to time by the agencies concerned, either through statements | of progress, through preliminary reports prepared for publication, or | through discussions with field personnel. Some of the sites noted | were visited by River Basin Surveys personnel while the field investi- | gations by State agencies were under way. The courtesy of these | agencies and their representatives in making available advance infor- — mation on their findings is hereby gratefully acknowledged. KANSAS Archeological salvage operations in Kansas during 1948 were con- | ducted by the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. A party under the supervision of Carlyle S. Smith worked from June 19 to August 20 in the Kanopolis Reservoir area on Smoky Hill River and also outside the reservoir area along the Little Arkansas River in Rice County. The Kanopolis locality had been examined between August 4 and 10, 1946, by M. F. Kivett and J. M. Shippee for the Missouri River Basin Survey. Through the cooperation of interested individ- uals, including especially William O. Leuty, Corps of Engineers, and G. L. Whiteford, of Salina, a total of 18 sites was recorded in the 1946 survey. The advisability of a more intensive investigation and the probable need for systematic excavation at certain sites was pointed out in the preliminary report of that work. With virtual completion of the dam early in 1948 and the imminent flooding of many of these archeological locations, it became imperative that any salvage activity be undertaken immediatley. The Missouri River Basin Survey was committed to the limit of its resources elsewhere, and so the University of Kansas undertook what proved to be the final salvage effort on this reservoir site. Most of the sites in the pool area were submerged beneath the rising reservoir waters by the time the 1948 field work ended. Kanopolis Dam, constructed by the Corps of Engineers, is on the Smoky Hill River about 12 miles southeast of the town of Kanopolis, in Ellsworth County. It has a height of 131 feet above stream bed, and a crest length of some 15,400 feet. At full pool (elevation 1,508 feet), slightly more than 13,000 acres of land will be under water, and the lake will extend upstream about 20 miles by river to a point just west of Kanopolis and within 38 or 4 miles southeast of Ellsworth. In this section of its course, the Smoky Hill pursues a direction south of east. It flows in a flat-floored valley lined with rather abrupt bluffs capped here and there by outcropping ledges of Dakota sand- Riv. Bas. Sur. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 39 stone. Lower portions of the valleys of several formerly permanent tributaries and canyons have now been flooded by the reservoir. These include Elm and Clear Creeks on the south, Bluff and Thomp- son Creeks on the north, and several short canyons near the dam. Native vegetation consisted of hardwood timber along the stream banks—chiefly cottonwood along the river, with elm and hackberry on the tributary creeks and in the canyons. The uplands, where not under cultivation, are covered with grass. Archeological remains in the locality are of several kinds. They include petroglyphs, burial cairns, and occupational sites. Though these cannot in all cases be allocated to recognized cultural horizons or time periods, it is clear that a span of some centuries and the presence of several different native groups can be inferred. In the immediate vicinity of the reservoir, there are at least three known petroglyph localities. The principal one, 14H W1, is a promi- nent sandstone cliff known locally as Indian Hill on the north side of the valley between Horse Thief and Red Rock Canyons, about 214 miles northwest of the dam. Here human, animal, geometric, and other figures cover some 50 feet of the sandstone face. Horses and mounted figures, boatlike characters, and other items suggest that part of the gallery may be post-White contact; other portions may be con- siderably older. The underside of several large blocks that have rolled down the slope bear figures that were probably once included in the cliff front. Smith’s party found at the base of the bluff a diamond-shaped flint knife, several end scrapers, and chert chips, perhaps left by the Indians who cut the figures into the sandstone face. There has been considerable disfigurement of the locality by picnick- ers; it lies above full-pool level and thus will not be flooded, but the likelihood is strong that further vandalism will eventually destroy most of the characters in what is probably one of the most extensive and interesting petroglyph sites in Kansas. The other known petro- glyph localities hereabouts are 14EW7, known locally as Three Cave Farm, on the north side of the valley about 3 miles east of Kanopolis; and 14K W14, on Elm Creek about 2 miles north of its confluence with the Smoky Hill. Both these are relatively small and contain only a few characters. Burial cairns at one time apparently occurred in some numbers on the bluffs along Smoky Hill River. Most of them, however, have been destroyed by removal of the stones for use in construction of fences. The University of Kansas party opened two of these struc- tures at site 14H W183, at the extreme end of a ridge between Red Rock Canyon and Elm Creek overlooking the Smoky Hill Valley. Both contained small rectanguloid cists covered with sandstone slabs, but 36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull 154 | | the burials that they presumably at one time held had disintegrated or | been removed long ago. A flint chip and scraper fragment were the | only included cultural materials. | A few miles outside the reservoir to the south, on top of a grassy | butte overlooking a branch of Thompson Creek, four other cairns in | a group of seven were opened. One, approximately 12 feet in diame- | ter and 15 inches high, consisted of a rectanguloid cist measuring 30 by 66 inches surrounded by small, irregularly shaped stones and covered with slabs whose weight had crushed a flexed skeleton within. | Most of the skull had disintegrated, and there were no artifacts pres- _ ent. The other three cairns contained no recognizable cists or burials, | and were devoid of cultural materials. This site, located on the Hud- | son farm, has been designated 14EW24. The occupational sites seen in 1946 and re-examined more carefully in 1948 suggest that at least three, and possibly four, pottery-making peoples were present at one time or another within the present reser- — voir limits. No large or impressive sites were noted at any time; areally limited sites with rather thin deposits suggest short-lived oc- cupancies or perhaps transient residence by hunting parties from more permanent and larger communities situated elsewhere. A single stratified site, 14H W6, was briefly worked in 1948. This lay on Thompson Creek, near its confluence with the Smoky Hill. From the two uppermost of four culture-bearing strata came pot- sherds of Geneseo Plain and Geneseo Simple Stamped types, a tri- angular projectile point, end scrapers, a mano fragment, and nu- inerous fragments of animal bone refuse. These occurred in thin, dark soil strata, along with charcoal, ash lenses, and basin-shaped hearths underlain by fire-reddened earth. Judged by the cultural materials, these two levels belong to the Great Bend aspect, thought to be a Wichita manifestation flourishing in central Kansas between circa 1475 and 1675. A third and lower stained soil level also contained a few hearths, and yielded two small plainware sherds apparently of prehistoric pottery and identifiable as of either Upper Republican or Woodland type. The fourth and lowermost level had a few hearths and broken animal bones, but no artifacts from which cultural affili- ations could be determined. These four culture-bearing strata evi- dently represent intermittent camp sites; the sterile intervening layers of sedimentary materials presumably were laid down by prehistoric flood waters from the converging creek and river. The prehistoric Upper Republican culture is represented in col- lections from several small sites throughout the reservoir area. One of these localities, 14EW19, is on a terrace on Thompson Creek above the stratified site 14KW6. Others were noted in the vicinity of Clear Creek and on Elm Creek, where bits of burnt clay daub suggest the Riv. Bas. Sur. = wee Pap. No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948 WEDEL 37 remains of earth lodges. None of these, however, could be excavated in the time and with the very limited manpower available. Woodland materials were also noted at a number of small sites in the locality. One of these, 14K W12, at the mouth of Elm Creek, showed a thin deposit of Woodland pottery in one portion, whereas Upper Re- publican materials occurred in other parts. With respect to temper- ing, the Woodland pottery suggests two variants, one characterized by angular calcite fragments, the other by rounded sand grains or crushed quartz. Small-stemmed or corner-notched projectile points with barbed blades also occurred here, as well as planoconvex end scrapers, a chipped celt, and numerous side scrapers. At 14EW13, on the ridge overlooking 14EW12 from the east, and near the two disturbed cairns briefly noted above, were additional calcite-, shale-, and grit-tempered pottery fragments of apparent Woodland origin. Associated projectile points were small, mostly under three-quarters of an inch long, with sharp barbs and expanding stems; one had ser- rate blade edges. Other artifacts included planoconvex scrapers, a flat sandstone grinding slab, a perforated shell hoe, a small biperforate shell pendant, a T-shaped drill, and several side scrapers. Some 10 miles south of Ellsworth, on a branch of Ash Creek, the Uni- versity of Kansas party excavated an as yet unidentified subsurface feature with which were associated rocker-marked, dentate-stamped, zone-decorated, and other potsherds of evident Hopewell aflinities. Corner-notched and expanded-base projectile points, chipped disks, flake knives, planoconvex scrapers, splinter awls, chipped celt frag- ments, sandstone abraders, and other items were also associated. Al- though no Hopewellian sites are on record for the Kanopolis Reser- voir area itself, one or two sherds found on the surface by local collec- tors suggest that this horizon may have been represented by peoples who at times utilized or lived in the locality. In summary, it appears from the salvage operations of 1946 and 1948 at Kanopolis Reservoir that the locality has been intermittently occupied on successive time levels by various native peoples. These demonstrably included representatives of: the Great Bend aspect, dated circa 1475-1675 ; the Upper Republican culture, preceding 1450; and one or more Woodland variants, which perhaps antedated A. D. 1200. It is possible that there were also Hopewellian peoples here, either coeval with the Woodland or somewhat later, but in any case preceding the Upper Republican. No trace has been found of any prepottery cultures here, nor is there any archeological evidence, un- less it be in the petroglyphs showing horsemen, of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other late hunting peoples who are known to have roamed the area in the nineteenth century. 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | NEBRASKA As in the preceding year, three State agencies engaged in coopera- | ! | | tive scientific salvage work in Federal water-control projects in | Nebraska during 1948. The Nebraska State Historical Society car-__ ried on archeological excavations at Medicine Creek Reservoir from early June until August 19, under the leadership of A. T. Hill, | Director of the Museum. This work was a continuation of researches © begun in the preceding summer. A summer field session of the Uni- versity of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology, under Dr. J. L. Champe, excavated sites in Harlan County Reservoir during June and July; and subsequently this agency carried on limited recon- naissance at several proposed reservoir sites in the Lower Platte Basin in central Nebraska. The University of Nebraska State Museum had a paleontological party at work in the Medicine Creek Reservoir, and another at Harlan County Reservoir. From mid-July until Au- gust 25, archeological work was carried on by the Museum at a deeply buried prepottery site on Medicine Creek a short distance below the mouth of Lime Creek. The Museum researches were under the gen- eral supervision of Dr. C. B. Schultz and W. D. Frankforter; Mr. and Mrs. Preston Holder were in direct charge of the archeological studies at Medicine Creek. A brief résumé of investigations and findings by these agencies at each reservoir project follows. Harlan County Reservoir site—The Harlan County Dam, now under construction by the Corps of Engineers, is on the Republican River 3 miles east of Republican City, Nebr., 138 miles west of Frank- lin, Nebr., and approximately 235 miles above the confluence of the Republican with the Smoky Hill River. Project plans call for an earth-fill structure with a height of about 106 feet above stream bed and a crest length of 11,950 feet. At full pool, elevation 1,973.5 feet, an area of about 53,500 acres will be under water, and the reservoir waters will extend northwest up the Republican Valley for approxi- mately 14 miles, to a point above Orleans, Nebr. Another arm of the reservoir will reach southwest up the valley of Prairie Dog Creek to a point near the Kansas-Nebraska State line just north of Woodruff, Kans. Purposes of the dam are flood control and irrigation. In the vicinity of the reservoir, the Republican flows through a flat-floored valley from 1 to 2 miles wide, bordered by extensive bot- toms and enclosed by loess bluffs. Terrace remnants occur at varying heights above the channel of the main stream as well as along its larger tributaries. Gently rolling loess hills lie to the north of the river valley, while the region on the south tends to be somewhat more dissected and broken. Cottonwood, willow, box elder, elm, and ash fringe the watercourses and the base of the bluffs, especially along the Riv. Bas. Sur. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 39 south side of the valley, and small game and fur bearers still exist in some numbers. The bottoms and much of the uplands are in culti- vation, but extensive areas are still used for hay and pasture. It has been known for some years that aboriginal village and burial sites exist in considerable numbers along the Republican and its smaller perennial tributaries. Systematic investigations on a modest scale have been made from time to time at various localities along its course. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Pawnee had at least two villages of earth lodges near the point where the stream leaves Nebraska to enter Kansas—one near Guide Rock, in Webster County, Nebr., and another near Republic, Kans. Evidences of several earlier peoples also are present; some of these were clearly horticultural, at least in part, but others seem to have relied largely or entirely on hunting and gathering for their subsistence economy. The accumu- lating evidence suggests that these different peoples probably did not originate in the same locality or from the same basic culture complex, but that they were of diverse origins and antecedents. For most of the complexes indicated, however, the available information has been rather meager, resting on the scattered sampling of many sites rather than on the intensive and comprehensive examination of a few key sites. The Harlan County Reservoir site was first examined by a River Basin Surveys field party, consisting of M. F. Kivett and J. M. Ship- pee, during the summer of 1946. Their operations, carried on from August 20-25, consisted of surface collecting, some small-scale test- pitting, and interviews with local and other persons familiar with the locality and its antiquities. Earlier investigations by the Nebraska State Historical Society and the University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology also supplied helpful leads in this survey. In November, several of the more promising locations were rechecked, and one burial site, 14PH4, was excavated. From these investigations, it was determined that of 23 known sites in the vicinity of the reservoir, including 16 native occupational and 7 burial areas, 14 apparently lay below the 1,973-foot contour level and would be inundated at flood stage. Six others lay below the 2,000-foot level where it seemed likely that erosion by wave action or otherwise might affect them adversely; and three occurred under conditions that suggested they would very likely be damaged by con- struction work. Moreover, it was apparent that not less than four archeological complexes, probably involving a time span of as much as a thousand years, were represented within the limits of the future pool area. Included among these are Woodland variants, Upper Republican and Dismal River sites, and at least one apparently as- signable to an unnamed but probably late pottery horizon also rep- resented elsewhere in eastern Nebraska and northern Kansas. 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Since the nature of certain of these complexes, as well as their inter- relationships, remain obscure, it seemed highly desirable that sys- tematic excavations be carried out before the sites were destroyed by the rising reservoir waters. Because of inadequate funds and prior commitments elsewhere, the River Basin Surveys were unable to under- take the needed investigations here. The University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology was accordingly invited to make such investigations as seemed desirable and feasible, especially in the lower portion of the future pool area. That agency accepted, and took over the work of exploring certain especially promising sites on the banks of Prairie Dog Creek. The principal site worked, 25HN37, is located on the left bank of Prairie Dog Creek about 3 miles above its confluence with the Repub- lican, and some 6 miles southeast of Alma, Nebr. Occupational re- mains here are scattered over an area at least 1,000 feet long and 250 feet wide, along the rim of a terrace which forms a bluff perhaps 30 feet high on the north bank of the creek. With the aid of machinery, a trench nearly 800 feet long was opened along the edge of the site terrace overlooking the creek. A fire-pit uncovered near one end of the trench led to widening of the cut over what was subsequently identified as a house site. Similar features were worked out in as- sociation with each of three fireplaces located in tests made by Kivett and Shippee in November 1946. Not far from the house sites, a roasting pit was also opened. The house sites, as defined, each consisted of five post holes arranged symmetrically around an ash-filled fireplace, to form a pentagon from 12 to 15 feet in diameter. Within this pentagon, charcoal and debris were mixed throughout the earth to a depth of 5 or 6 inches below the level of the top of the fireplace. No evidence of an outer ring of post- holes could be found. In three cases, a pair of smaller postholes was found 12 or 13 feet from the pentagon on the east side, possibly rep- resenting the outer end of a doorway. ‘There were no traces of wat- tling clay, such as often occurs in the more familiar earth lodge sites of the Central Plains. Details of construction for the habitations here represented are uncertain, but it seems clear that the lodges must have differed rather widely from the earth lodges of the Pawnee and other semisedentary village tribes. There were no cache pits within the house sites. The roasting pit lay not far from the three houses. In cross section, it was bell-shaped, with walls and bottom burned a bright red. It measured 25 inches in depth, with a diameter at the orifice of 40 inches and at the floor of 52 inches. Ash, clay, earth, and charcoal strata, along with animal bone and some artifacts, filled the pit. Artifacts were not abundant in the excavations, but the limited sample so obtained and the rather extensive series of materials col- Riv. Bas. Sur. rest Pay. No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL Al lected from the cultivated site surface leave little doubt regarding the cultural affiliations of the site. Potsherds are thin, hard, and fine- textured, usually dark in color, with fine sand or mica tempering; exterior surfaces are plain or simple-stamped; and rims are mod- erately high, slightly flared, and have rounded or flattened and everted lips. No recognizable puebloan sherds or other trade artifacts are re- ported. Other artifacts include numerous end scapers; scraper- graver combination tools; drills of several forms; triangular projectile points with or without side notches; sandstone abraders; bison scapula hoes and choppers; fleshers without serrate blades; bison-rib shaft wrenches; broken awls; long tubular bone beads. Bison, deer, beaver, turtle, and other bone refuse occurs. No evidence of white trade contact was found in situ, though some of the surface iron and brass may have belonged to the Indian occupants. A report on the 1948 findings at 25HN37, prepared by Champe, has been published in the April 1949, issue of American Antiquity. The University of Nebraska State Museum was represented at Harlan County Dam by two students. In the early part of the sum- mer, while construction work was suspended because of a labor strike, these men spent their time prospecting for fossils in the vicinity of the reservoir. Several promising Pliocene quarries were located, all outside the future pool area. Upon resumption of construction ac- tivities, the Museum representatives devoted their time to watching the excavations for paleontological remains and to tests at some of the newly discovered localities nearby. During the winter, a new fossil quarry at the south end of the dam axis was reported to the Museum by Corps of Engineers personnel, but adverse weather pre- vented investigations during the remainder of the calendar year. Medicine Creck Reservoir site—The 1948 investigations of the Nebraska State Historical Society here involved the excavation of house units and refuse areas at six village sites, and test excavations at a seventh. The sites selected lay on the right (west) bank of the creek, outside the then federally owned lands and mostly upstream from those under study by the River Basin Surveys. Two of the sites, 25FT19 and 25FT20, lay just south of Lime Creek; the others were all within a distance of approximately 2 miles to the north. At none were the remains present completely worked out. Sites investigated, with the principal features opened in each, in- clude 25FT19, two house floors and one midden; 25FT20, one house floor ; 25F'T22, two house floors and two middens; 25FT28, one house floor and one midden; 25FT30, five house floors and one midden; 25FT39, two house floors and two middens; 25FT23, tests only. All the house floors uncovered were subrectangular in form and lay a few inches to approximately 2 feet underground; characteristically, they showed four primary or central postholes. These structural AY BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 evidences, the pottery remains, and the work in chipped and ground stone, in bone, shell, and other materials all conform closely to the larger series obtained in the River Basin Surveys excavations nearby. By extending the foundation of controlled data on which laboratory analysis and interpretation are based, these remains constitute an important supplement to the data gathered at various times by other agencies, Federal and non-Federal, in the Medicine Creek locality. There are, to be sure, some variations from site to site; but the materials collected by the Historical Society in 1948 can undoubtedly be safely ascribed to the Upper Republican horizon. It is not possible at the moment to assess the site variations in terms of possible time or other significant differences. Archeological work at Medicine Creek by the University of Nebraska State Museum consisted of excavations at a deeply buried prepottery site designated 25¥T50. This is located in the right (west) bank of Medicine Creek a few hundred yards downstream from the mouth of Lime Creek, on which two other early prepottery sites, 25FT41 and 25FT42, had previously been worked. At site 25FT50, the cultural materials occurred in a zone about 214 to 8 feet thick in the lower part of a terrace fill provisionally identified by Museum paleontologists as Republican River Terrace 2. There were two levels of concentrated debris and stained soil separated by a lighter colored intermediate zone in which much less cultural material was found. Most of the artifacts and about half the hearths uncovered were in the lower level, designated Occupational Level 1. Scattered about through the occupational refuse were numerous animal bones, including bison, antelope, deer, coyote, rabbit, and smaller forms, as well as occasional reptiles, amphibians, and birds. Most of the larger bones had been cut, broken, or otherwise modified by human industry ; there were no large mammal skulls. Artifacts included leaf-shaped projectile points with concave base; trapezoidal scrapers, some with gougelike bits; ovoid and lanceolate blades; drills; abrading or grind- ing stones; a flattened stone spheroid with equatorial groove; eye- letted bone needles; crude bone awls; a bipointed bone object; and miscellaneous cut and worked bone fragments. Some of the speci- mens show a general resemblance to artifacts from the later pottery horizons of the locality; but others, such as the projectile points, gougelike scrapers, and perhaps the grooved stone are reminiscent of earlier horizons. Also the depth of overburden argues strongly for an age considerably greater than that of the Woodland and Upper Republican pottery sites found in the immediate vicinity but under different physiographic conditions. A preliminary statement by Mr. and Mrs. Holder regarding the findings at 25FT50 has been published in the April 1949, issue of American Antiquity. | Riv. Bas. Sur. ve Pap. Noi]. MSRCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 43 Paleontological researches by the Museum at Medicine Creek in- cluded work at two Pliocene fossil deposits, 25FT40 and 25FT47, which were endangered by construction of an access road. From 25FT40 were gathered the remains of some 25 species of insectivores, rodents, carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, fish, birds, and other vertebrates, some of them reportedly representing new species. These forms are said to “represent the latest Pliocene assemblage so far discovered in the Great Plains region and therefore will be of utmost importance in establishing the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary ... Several specimens are the largest recorded from the Pliocene of the Great Plains and probably represent the latest survivors of their times.” At 25¥T47, the faunal list is much shorter; the quarry has been tentatively identified as Ash Hollow (Middle Pliocene) in age. ARCHEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN THE LOWER PLATTE BASIN The Lower Platte Basin includes that portion of the Platte River watershed lying east of Lake McConaughy, near Ogallala in Keith County, Nebr. The Platte itself courses generally eastward near the southern boundary of the basin. In eastern Nebraska, it is joined from the north by two major tributaries—the Loup near Columbus, and the Elkhorn near Ashland. These two tributaries drain much of the Sandhill and Loess Plains areas of central and eastern Nebraska. Water development plans of the Bureau of Reclamation for the lower Platte Basin include construction of about 16 major reservoirs. Most of these will be distributed in a belt some 50 miles wide extending from northern Gosper County northeastward to Antelope County; others lie outside this belt to the north on the upper reaches of the Loup system, or else to the eastward about the confluence of the Loup and Platte Rivers. Preliminary examinations of several of the proposed reservoir sites in this region were made in May 1947, by a party from the River Basin Surveys. Projects visited at that time include Amherst, Buffalo Creek (renamed Bison), Cairo, Ericson, Mullen, and Rock- ville. Also traversed at the time was Brewster, where, however, no actual survey was attempted. Preliminary reports of the findings at the several projects here listed have been issued, although in no case was complete coverage of the future reservoir area possible. In 1948, the University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology undertook reconnaissance at several additional projects proposed for the Lower Platte Basin. This work was carried on over a period of 3 weeks, from August 15 to September 2, following termination of the Laboratory’s excavation program at Harlan County Reservoir. Two university students in anthropology, J. H. and D. Gunnerson, made 44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 the actual field investigations, under the general supervision of Dr. J. L. Champe. Units visited include Cushing, in Howard and Greeley Counties; Loretto, in Boone County; Plum Creek, in Gosper County ; and Rosedale (formerly Clearwater) in Antelope County. Cushing, Loretto, and Rosedale are located north of the Platte River; Plum Creek lies just south of that stream in south-central Nebraska. The observations of the Laboratory field party at the four reservoir sites visited would seem to indicate that the water-control projects will directly affect a number of aboriginal sites representing various time levels and several cultural complexes. These include remains apparently assignable to the certainly prehistoric Woodland and Upper Republican horizons; and also the traces of one or more later prehistoric, or possibly protohistoric, peoples whose identity has not yet been established. Further surveys at all four reservoir sites, and probably some excavation, are believed to be warranted by the new evidence now at hand. | Cushing Reservoir site—The site of the proposed Cushing Reser- voir is on Spring Creek in Howard and Greeley Counties, Nebr. Spring Creek enters the Loup River from the north just below the junction of its North and South Forks. The proposed dam site 1s a short distance northwest of the town of Cushing, from which point the reservoir will extend upstream to the vicinity of Wolbach, in Greeley County. The maximum water surface area will be about 1,700 acres. Seven archeological sites, all lying below the 1,850-foot contour, were recorded in the future pool area by the University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology field party. Five of these yielded pottery remains as well as other occupational debris; on the other two, only bone fragments, stoneworking refuse, chips, and simi- lar materials were found. Of the pottery sites, three yielded sherds of Upper Republican type and one had sherds suggestive of Wood- land wares. From one site came a rather curious assemblage of pottery fragments including several grit-tempered sherds apparently in the Upper Republican-Nebraska culture tradition; others of differ- ent type with broad shallow grooves and trailed horizontal lines oc- casionally cut by diagonals; and one fragment with horizontal single- cord impressions on the rim exterior and cord-impressed diagonals on the outer edge of the vessel lip. From the limited observations made, it is not clear whether a stratification of archeological com- plexes is here indicated, or whether some other interpretation will be called for. The occurrence of grass-impressed wattling clay on several sites suggests the former presence of earth-covered habitations of fairly substantial character. These, in turn, would imply a fairly sedentary Riv. Bas. Sur. aaa Bap. Noi], ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 45 mode of life on the part of the erstwhile inhabitants, and possibly a semihorticultural subsistence economy. Loretto Reservoir site—The proposed Loretto Reservoir is to be located on Beaver Creek in Boone County, Nebr. Beaver Creek joins the Loup River from the north near Genoa, some 25 or 30 miles south- east of Loretto. The dam site is not far above Loretto, whence the pool will extend about 8 miles northwest along the Beaver. At maximum proposed pool elevation of 1,849 feet, an area of about 2,360 acres will be under water. Seven sites of archeological interest, all situated below the 1,900- foot contour, have been recorded for the Loretto Reservoir site. Since a heavy growth of weeds covered much of the ground surface, it is quite probable that additional sites remain undiscovered. Pottery remains were found at four sites; and, while the samples collected were not large, they suggest the former presence of at least three different pottery-making peoples. Small Woodlandlike pottery frag- ments occurred at two sites; another yielded a sherd of apparent Upper Republican type; and still another had “hole-tempered” sherds, one of which bore deep trailed parallel lines as surface decoration. These are pottery types not generally expected to occur on the same time level; and they suggest that the locality may have been occupied or visited at different times by representatives of successive widespread aboriginal cultures. The three nonpottery sites were characterized by bone fragments, chips, and other village-site refuse; there is no way of determining at the moment the relationships of these remains to those of the pottery- using natives of the locality. Plum Creek Reservoir site——The site of the proposed Plum Creek Reservoir is on Plum Creek in northern Gosper County, Nebr., a few miles south of the Platte River. No data on size and operation of the proposed project are available at this time, other than a map pre- pared by the Tri-County Project, P. W. A., in 1941. This shows two different reservoir sites; both are in Gosper County, but the upper extends a short distance into Frontier County. Both locations were examined by the Laboratory party, but torrential rains and the resulting impassible roads cut short the survey of the upper site. Ten archeological sites were recorded in this locality during the 1948 survey. With a single exception, these were marked only by occasional bone refuse, and by flint chips, cores, and other nonceramic remains. The one exception is a hilltop site, 25GO20, where potsherds, chips, cores, burned and unburned bone scrap, and other materials were picked up. Much material is reported to have been found at this spot in past years by local collectors; and of the sites seen by the 1948 survey party, this one seemed the most promising and prolific. 953842—53——4 46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | Judged from the potsherds seen, the site appears to be attributable to | the Upper Republican horizon. Information from local collectors indicates that pottery-bearing — village sites assignable to Upper Republican peoples occur on Turkey | Creek, tributary of the Republican River, in southern Gosper County, | but that only a single site of this complex—25G020, noted above—has | been recognized to date in the Plum Creek Reservoir area. | Rosedale Reservoir site—Location of this proposed project, form- erly called the Clearwater Reservoir, is on Clearwater Creek in Ante- lope County, Nebr. Clearwater Creek is a permanent stream empty- ing into the Elkhorn River from the southwest a few miles below the | proposed reservoir and east of the town of Clearwater. The dam site is to be approximately 2 miles south of the town of Clearwater and 9 or 10 miles west of Neligh. The reservoir pool will extend about 6 miles up the creek, to or slightly beyond the Holt County line. At maximum level, 2,850 acres will be under water. The surrounding ter- rain is gently rolling to hilly, with extensive sandy areas; the creek valley has low terraces rising 8 to 10 feet above the flood plain and a fringe of hardwood timber along the stream banks. Despite the comparatively small area involved here, archeological sites appear to be fairly plentiful and of varied character. Eleven sites were recorded in the 1948 survey by the Laboratory of Anthro- pology; it is very probable that others remain undiscovered. Six of the sites yielded no pottery whatsoever; their age and cultural affilia- tions cannot even be guessed at with the meager evidence now at hand. Potsherds strongly suggestive of Upper Republican wares were found on two sites; in one instance, they occurred at a depth of 24-30 inches in a road cut. In another site they seemed to be coming out of a shallow buried stratum, along with other debris and sherds of pos- sible Dismal River affiliations. The suggested association, and in any case the exact stratigraphic relationships here, deserve further investi- gation. ‘Three other sites yielded sherds with shell and/or grit tem- pering, simple stamped exterior surfaces, and parallel horizontal trailed lines which had evidently encircled the rims of the vessels. This material is somewhat reminiscent of ceramic remains found pre- viously at Ericson, Harlan County, and other reservoir sites, as well as elsewhere in north-central Nebraska. In general, this material gives the impression of being relatively late in time, but since none of the sites in which it occurs has yet been comprehensively excavated and described in print, the complex represented remains pretty largely unknown and is still unclassified. NORTH DAKOTA In North Dakota, cooperative archeological salvage work was carried on by a field party from the University of North Dakota, work- | Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap.No 1]. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 47 ing in conjunction with the North Dakota Historical Society. Under the active supervision of Dr. Gordon W. Hewes, a party of six was in the field at the Baldhill Reservoir from June 25 to August 1, 1948. | During this period, two burial mounds were opened and several village sites nearby were briefly test-pitted. Unfavorable weather and a con- sequent delayed crop season, which prevented access to several promis- ing bottomland village sites, hampered the operations. This work, it should be noted, followed a reconnaissance for the River Basin Surveys during 1947 by a party of four, under M. F. Kivett, at which time three mound groups and seven occupational sites were recorded. Kivett’s party also partially excavated a burial mound in Griggs County to salvage exposed skeletal material, and recommended further work in the region. Baldhill Reservoir site—Baldhill Dam, a Corps of Engineers proj- ect, is under construction on the Sheyenne River, 16 miles upstream from Valley City, N. Dak., and about 271 miles above the mouth of the stream. It is to be an earth-fill structure having a height of approxi- mately 61 feet above stream bed and a length of 1,650 feet. Purposes of the project are flood control, water supply for industrial and municipal use, and pollution abatement. For the 1948 investigations by the University of North Dakota- - North Dakota Historical Society party, two mounds in Barnes County were selected. These were designated as site 32BA1 by the River Basin Surveys. They lay about 90 yards apart on the left bluff of the Sheyenne River nearly one mile below its junction with Baldhill Creek, and some 60 or 70 feet above the river. Both mounds were approxi- mately circular in outline, perhaps 100 feet in diameter, and between 6 and 7 feet in height. They appeared to have been built wholly of topsoil gathered up nearby, without any preliminary clearing away of the topsoil on the spot over which they were erected. Beneath one of the mounds, the original soil surface was marked by a fine layer of carbonized grass stems and ash, suggesting that the grass had been burned off before the tumulus was built. Glacial boulders, of which many occurred on the field surface about the mounds, had been freely incorporated in the mound fill. No humus layers or other significant stratigraphic features were noted in the mound sections; both appear to have been constructed within a relatively short span of time rather than by gradual long-term accretion. Upon excavation, both mounds were found to have a central under- lying burial pit whose fill contained fragmentary and disarticulated human skeletal remains of all ages and both sexes. The central pit in Mound B measured 11 by 5 feet, with a depth of 3 feet or more beneath the original ground surface. These pits had evidently been roofed over with transversely laid oak timbers which, in the case of 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Mound B, rested on rows of glacial boulders set along the sides of the pit. It is presumed that the space below the timbers was left open when the mound was built, and became filled with soil and rocks when the timbers finally decayed. Mound A contained a second shallower pit without roof, just east of the principal chamber. In this were found four partially articulated and moderately well-preserved adult skeletons, apparently buried together side by side and alternately oriented. Artifacts were not plentiful in either mound, nor were they of such nature as to be very helpful in determining the cultural affiliations and chronological level of the associated skeletal materials. From Mound A came a medium heavy stemmed projectile point; a heavy bone punchlike object; a human molar with ground-off root; an end-perforated freshwater mussel-shell ornament; a painted bird-bone tube fragment; four partly worked or ground carnivore teeth; a com- plete human upper dental arch and palate carefully cut and ground down along with its included teeth; and miscellaneous scrapers, flakes, etc. Mound B yielded a small cylindrical copper bead, a clay bead (?), a crudely chipped-stone digging (?) tool, and one complete and one fragmentary bison-rib beaming or smoothing tool. The disin- tegrated skull, ribs, and vertebrae of a bison, possibly stained or painted, lay just above the fill near one end of the central grave pit in Mound B. A preliminary report on the 1948 findings at Baldhill has been pub- lished by Hewes in the April 1949 issue of American Antiquity. As pointed out there, it is hoped that further study of the physical an- thropology of the intact and restorable human remains from these two mounds, plus dendrochronological analysis of the log fragments from the burial chamber will throw further light on the difficult problem of dating and identifying culturally the eastern Dakota burial mounds. In certain particulars the Baldhill mounds opened by Hewes are reminiscent of findings by Montgomery, Strong, Meleen, and Cooper at other burial mounds in eastern North and South Dakota; but, un- fortunately, the complex as such cannot yet be specifically and directly related to that at any other reported mound sites of this general region or of the Minnesota woodlands to the east. RESUME AND CONCLUSIONS In the foregoing pages, we have briefly reviewed the archeological and paleontological field work carried on in the Missouri River Basin during calendar year 1948 by the River Basin Surveys and coop- erating agencies, in conjunction with the Federal water-control pro- gram. Archeological investigations by River Basin Surveys parties included extended excavations at Medicine Creek, Nebr., and at Fort Riv. Bas. Sur. abr Pap. Noi]. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 49 Randall, S. Dak.; surveys and test excavations at Angostura, S. Dak., at Heart Butte, N. Dalk., and in the lower Oahe Reservoir site, S. Dak. ; and reconnaissance at Oahe, Pactola, and Johnson Siding, in South _ Dakota, and at Edgemont and Keyhole, in Wyoming. Paleontologi- cal work by the River Basin Surveys included re-examination and col- lecting at Boysen Reservoir site, Wyo.; at Canyon Ferry, Mont.; and at Cedar Bluff, Kans. Cooperating agencies, and the localities investigated by each, in- cluded the following: University of Kansas Museum of Natural His- tory, at Kanopolis, Kans.; University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology, at the Harlan County, Cushing, Loretto, Plum Creek, and Rosedale Reservoir sites, Nebr.; University of Nebraska State Museum, at Harlan County (paleontology) and Medicine Creek (ar- cheology and paleontology), Nebr.; Nebraska State Historical Society, at, Medicine Creek, Nebr.; University of North Dakota—North Dakota Historical Society, at Baldhill, N. Dak. These investigations represent a widely scattered sampling—spa- tially, temporally, and culturally—of the aboriginal remains of the Missouri Basin region. From Kansas to North Dakota, in a variety of ecological settings, the traces of native pre-White and early con- tact peoples came under observation and detailed study. In some in- stances, important new data were added to previous records of the prehistory of the localities involved, and the place of these findings in the over-all picture of native life in the Great Plains was made appreciably clearer. Elsewhere, the findings are represented by data inadequate as yet to permit exact placement of the remains in the pres- ent scheme of things. Despite the uncertainties and differences of opinion attached to some of the discoveries and their interpretation, it is clear that our knowledge of human prehistory in the Basin has advanced materially over the past year as a result of these researches. Tt is also clear that many of the problems now puzzling the archeol- ogist here cannot be solved without the assistance of qualified students from other disciplines. With the archeological manifestations often are linked various phenomena having to do with past climatic vari- ations, depositional and erosional problems, stream changes, and other matters of much importance to the student of human prehistory but for the most part beyond his particular abilities of interpretation. Included in the 1948 archeological field work are several sites whose age almost certainly is to be measured in terms of millennia rather than of centuries. These are the Allen site, 25FT50, in Medicine Creek Reservoir, Nebraska, and the Long site, 39F A65, in Angostura Reservoir, South Dakota. At Medicine Creek, site 25FT50 is one of a group of three that have been under study since 1947. Sites 25FT50 and 25 FT41, the only ones so far comprehensively investigated, have 1 i ! 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | been assigned by University of Nebraska paleontologists to the basal | portions of Republican River Terrace 2, which is provisionally equated | with the beginning of the Mankato substage of the Wisconsin glacia- | tion. If this correlation is correct, the sites in question would ante- | date Eden Valley Yuma and also the Lindenmeier Folsom horizon, as | these have been dated by other geologists. Presumably, they would | also equate in time with the native horse, the Columbian mammoth, | and Bison antiquus, as the stratigraphic range of these mammals has been reported for Nebraska. Despite the fact that the Lime Creek sites, especially 25FT41 and 25FT50, have produced a considerable | amount of refuse animal bone, there is as yet no published proof that | any of this material represents extinct forms, or that the bison re- | mains found are other than those of the modern plains species. That | the sites involved are in or near the base of one of the older terrace | fills of the local drainage system is clear; but until the faunal and | geological evidence bearing on the sites has been fully detailed and | verified, the estimates of antiquity suggested by the paleontologists concerned must be viewed with reserve. So far as the archeological complex, or complexes, at Lime Creek are concerned, there is little at the present writing to substantiate the placing of the material chronologically anywhere near or previous to the Lindenmeier Folsom horizon, where the association with extinct bison, B. taylori, seems well documented and is generally accepted. With exception of certain projectile points, most of the stone and bone artifacts so far reported from Lime Creek can be duplicated in any large collection of materials from Upper Republican and other archeological complexes in southern Nebraska, even though the latter have no historical connection and are without question from a much later time level. Asa complex, it seems to me that the materials from the Allen site are rather more reminiscent of the remains from Signal Butte 1 than of any defined Folsom complex; whether further exca- vation would heighten or lessen this general similarity I have, of course, no way of knowing. More detailed and extended analyses and comparisons than have yet been made are needed before this prob- lem and the true relationships of the Lime Creek materials can be settled. At Angostura, site 39F A65 is an occupational zone of considerable extent but with as yet very limited material culture inventory. Sim- ple fireplaces are present; as in the Lime Creek sites, no stone seems to have been used in connection with these features. Occupation ap- pears to have been intermittent and of short duration, apparently along the edge of a creek valley whose contours were unlike those of the present valley. Several “early” point types have been found on the eroded edge of the site; in similar position, as well as in the cul- | | i | } | | | Bly. Bas. Sur. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 51 ture stratum, have been found several fragments of lanceolate points characterized by narrow straight to concave bases, fine flaking, and ground basal edges. ‘These have some similarity to certain specimens | from the Allen site, and also to a series of well-made blades collected _by Roberts in 1942 from a bison kill in the Agate Basin between Lusk and Newcastle in eastern Wyoming. It is presumed that the inhabi- tants of site 89F A65 subsisted mainly on large game, but to date bone fragments have been strangely absent. It is not clear whether this is attributable to local soil conditions or to other factors. Fur- ther work at this promising and important site is planned for 1949. Presumably later in time than the occupation of the Long site at Angostura were a series of poorly defined and meagerly represented complexes found along the upper reaches of the Cheyenne and its tributaries in southwestern South Dakota. In the vicinity of the An- gostura Dam there are several sites exhibiting physical stratification in the form of dark soil horizons of varying thickness, separated by noncultural deposits. Archeological remains occur in the darker soil formations, chiefly as fireplaces of various kinds with which are asso- ciated very limited quantities of other cultural materials. There is some stratigraphic evidence that simple hearths built on a layer, or _ within a circle, of stone may be a rather early form; that this type was superseded by a shallow basin partly filled with stones; and that this in turn was followed by pits whose diameter and depth were approximately equal, whose sides and bottoms were hardened and reddened by prolonged heating, and which usually contain fire-cracked stones and sooty soil. The last type is reminiscent of the somewhat similarly shaped but usually larger roasting pit of the protohistoric Dismal River horizon in the upper Kansas-Republican drainage. There are some slight indications that the projectile points and other artifacts found sparingly in association with each of the hearth types may be distinctive, but the available samples are too small to be conclusive. At some sites, manos, metates, and fragments are rather plentiful; elsewhere they are scarcer or wholly absent. Seasonal shifts of emphasis in food-getting, rather than distinct culture com- plexes, may be indicated by such differences. It is noteworthy, too, that few of these sites show any great quantity of animal bone refuse such as one would expect if the occupants had relied largely on hunting for their subsistence. This may mean that most of the slaughtering was done outside the living area, and only the edible portions of the game brought into camp; but somehow this is not a very satisfying explanation. The findings at Medicine Creek and at Angostura, insofar as they involve the remains of nonpottery-making peoples, are of interest for several reasons. In the first place, they help to fill in some of the 52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 long and little-known intervals of time during which the Great Plains were certainly inhabited, if sparsely, before the arrival of pottery- making semihorticultural peoples in the western plains. They indi- cate, or strongly suggest, recurrent short-term occupancies in many localities throughout a wide area that today impresses one as rather uninviting and inhospitable. At the same time, the very meager material culture assemblage from nearly all sites so far found prob- ably indicates a plane of living but little above a bare subsistence level and far below that characteristic of the historic horse nomads or the semihorticultural Indians of late prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic times. No less important to Plains prehistory than the foregoing are the additional data gathered during 1948 concerning the pottery-making Indian inhabitants of the region. These, in general, are probably from a later period than the materials considered above; but it must be emphasized that not all of the potteryless horizons at Angostura, for example, can be proved to be earlier than some of the ceramic complexes in and east of the Black Hills. It is possible that Wood- Jand and Upper Republicanlike penetrations here will be found to interdigitate with some of the later lithic horizons of the upper Cheyenne drainage. At the moment, direct stratigraphic evidence bearing on this question is not at hand. Nothing in the 1948 findings in the Missouri Basin controverts the long-held view that, among pottery-bearing complexes, those desig- nated as Woodland are the earliest in the region. It is perhaps more nearly correct to speak of a Woodland series, since there is growing evidence of more than one trait assemblage within what has been called the Woodland horizon. Kivett has proposed the term “Keith focus” for a group of sites in southern Nebraska and western Kansas which are partially characterized by calcite-tempered, cord-rough- ened pottery; small stemmed or corner-notched projectile points, sometimes with serrate blades; small chipped celts; tubular bone beads, either plain or with encircling incisions; and secondary burials in communal ossuaries which also contain great numbers of shell disk beads, triangular corner-perforated shell pendants, and certain other traits. The two Woodland habitation sites—25FT18 and a small area in 25F'T70—excavated at Medicine Creek Reservoir area in 1948, may be assigned to the Keith focus, and it seems probable that the same or a similar complex is represented at Kanopolis Reservoir in Kansas. At both Medicine Creek and Kanopolis, the Woodland sites are small, the artifact yield is low, and evidence of maize-growing is nonexistent. In general, one gets the impression that small popu- lation groups and a rather simple hunting and gathering subsistence economy, albeit one with a well-established pottery tradition, are to be inferred. | Riv. Bas. Sur. | Pap. Noi] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—-WEDEL 03 Probably also assignable to a Woodland horizon are the mounds _ excavated in the Fort Randall Reservoir area—39CH4 and 39CH9. As already noted, some of the individual traits at these burial sites occur in widely separated localities from northern Kansas to Minne- sota. Presumably the structures, whose associated village complex remains unknown, represent a western extension or variant of one of the Minnesota Woodland cultures. The mounds opened by Hewes at Baldhill lack many of the material traits found scatteringly in other burial structures around Devils Lake and elsewhere in eastern North and South Dakota, but in all probability likewise have a basic relationship to some Woodland manifestation of the Minnesota region. Neither the Fort Randall mounds nor those at Baldhill show a very close similarity as complexes to anything called Woodland in the central Plains. Woodland potsherds from several occupational sites in Fort Randall Reservoir, though few in number, suggest at least two other variants with counterparts to the south in Nebraska. Sherds dec- orated with single-cord impressions are reminiscent of pottery from sites on Eagle Creek, in Holt County, and from Loseke Creek, in Colfax County. Others have punched rim bosses and exterior cord- roughening. To what extent these and other slight but seemingly consistent pottery variations are paralleled by differences in other material traits remains to be determined. Such a definition of the several variants now lumped together as Woodland, and determina- tion of their relative temporal position, would be a long step ahead in the understanding of plains prehistory. It has been noted above that evidence of maize-growing by the Woodland peoples on Central Plains sites is very scanty or else is altogether wanting. For the northern plains, in the Dakotas on both sides of the Missouri River, there is virtually no published informa- tion from which the nature of the local Woodland subsistence econ- omies may be judged. It may be surmised that the westerly manifestations represent largely nonhorticultural peoples, whereas the easterly ones in which burial mounds occur may prove to be semihorticultural; but this is sheer conjecture and needs verification or correction. In the Central Plains region of Kansas and Nebraska, the post- Woodland archeological complexes for the most part represent peoples whose subsistence economies were based to greater or lesser degree on maize-bean-squash horticulture. Long before introduction of the horse by European invaders, small unfortified villages composed of rectangular semisubterranean earth-covered lodges were scattered along the smaller stream valleys from the Smoky Hill drainage northward through Nebraska and apparently into the Dakotas. The 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 extensive excavations at Medicine Creek in a series of Upper Re- publican village sites afford a good insight into the nature of this | early semihorticultural occupation of the Great Plains. It is note- | worthy that neither the comprehensive work by the River Basin | Surveys at Medicine Creek nor the widely scattered earlier investiga- tions by other agencies in and about the Kansas River Basin have disclosed any satisfactory evidence of trade or other contacts between these prehistoric Plains communities and their contemporaries in the Pueblo region of New Mexico. Materials probably assignable to the Upper Republican horizon were found during 1948 at Kanopolis, at Harlan County, at several of the small proposed reservoir sites surveyed in the Lower Platte | Basin by the University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology, and on one or two sites at Angostura Reservoir. With exception of © the last-named occurrence, all of the localities listed are within the | previously known range of the Upper Republican culture. Several variants apparently exist, and these may have temporal significance. It seems likely that the large mass of data obtained at Medicine Creek, under carefully controlled conditions and in a relatively limited locality, will make possible a beginning toward separation into more or less distinct site or horizon complexes. It will be interesting to see, when more intensive work has been done, whether the sites tenta- tively assigned to the Upper Republican at Angostura will continue to be so classified; and also whether they show any evidences of horti- culture or, alternatively, are to be interpreted as seasonal hunting camps for peoples normally resident farther to the east or south. The relationships of the central plains Upper Republican materials to certain sites along the Missouri in the Fort Randall Reservoir area, where cord-roughened body sherds and incised rims of collared form bring to mind the pottery remains at Medicine Creek, are still to be worked out. On a later time level than the Upper Republican culture are several sites tested or more intensively worked at Kanopolis, Harlan County, Angostura, and other proposed or potential reservoir areas. At Kanopolis, near the junction of Thompson Creek and Smoky Hill River, two levels of a stratified site (14EW6) yielded pottery and other remains attributable to the protohistoric Great Bend aspect. This complex, which appears to represent a sixteenth and early seventeenth century Wichita (?) occupation, occurs at several large village sites, marked by middens, cache pits, and other evidences of a fairly sedentary semihorticultural mode of life, on the southern tribu- taries of the Smoky Hill in McPherson County, Kans., and on tribu- taries of the Arkansas River in central and southern Kansas. Site 14EW6, lying somewhat north and west of the previously known Riv. Bas. Sor ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL +55) range of the complex, may be presumed to mark a periodic camp _ site, perhaps utilized by hunting or trading parties. In Harlan County additional information on the nature of the Dis- _ mal River culture complex has been accumulated. Dismal River sites have been found so far mainly in the Sandhills and High Plains of _ western Nebraska, between the 99th and 104th meridians and south- ward from the Niobrara to the Smoky Hill Valley in Kansas. At _ Harlan County, as in previous work on Stinking Water Creek in Chase County, Nebr., house patterns differing rather widely from those of the earlier Upper Republican peoples, and suggesting a less sub- stantial type of dwelling, were uncovered. To date, in this locality, no satisfactory evidence of horticulture, of contact with Whites, or of trade relations with southwestern peoples, has been found. Most of the artifacts correspond nicely to those found previously at other Dis- mal River sites in southern Nebraska and in western Kansas, and there can be no question as to the cultural relationships of the materials here. Ethnohistorical considerations leave little room for doubt that the Dis- mal River remains, which elsewhere have been found in such context as to indicate a late seventeenth and early eighteenth century dating, are the remains of Plains Apache who were displaced southward about the middle of the eighteenth century by arrival of the Comanche from the west. Because the year 1948 witnessed no extended excavations in any of the numerous village sites along the Missouri River in the Dakotas, there seems little point to adding further conjectures and guesses to the literature on the area. The surveys carried on have merely con- firmed the extraordinary abundance and richness of aboriginal re- mains here; and preliminary sherd analyses have verified the views that regional and temporal differences occur. Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to translate the site-to-site or locality-to-locality differ- ences now apparent into a clear story of cultural growth. It would not be surprising if something similar to the Woodland-Upper Repub- lican-Lower Loup-Pawnee sequence in the Nebraska region were event- ually demonstrated for the main stem in the Mandan and Arikara areas, but much more thoroughgoing studies and more comprehensive excavations than have been made in the past will be necessary to test this possibility. And, linked with this much-needed main-stem work, additional data must be gotten from the westerly tributaries of the Missouri before it becomes possible to tie in satisfactorily the pottery- bearing manifestations scattered westward to or beyond the Black Hills and the valleys of the Little Missouri and the Yellowstone. From such widely scattered, often sketchy, and very uneven data as are now available concerning the archeological remains of the Missouri Basin, no detailed synthesis of culture growth and human development 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 can yet be made. The broad outlines of human history in the region, however, are becoming increasingly clear. It seems evident that | throughout a span of time very likely to be measured in terms of | millennia, simple hunting and gathering peoples dominated much or most of the area. This occupation began at a time when large game animals of species that have since become extinct still roamed the western plains; and there is geological, paleontological, and other evidence that climatic and physiographic changes of appreciable mag- nitude have taken place during the period that has elapsed since. It may be assumed that the population groups during this stage were small and scattered, and that most of the energies of the peoples were devoted to the getting of food, shelter, and clothing. Since most — known sites are situated in or on stream terraces and in otherwise un- protected places, little is left of the material culture of the original occupants save items made of relatively durable materials. The extent and nature of work in skin, basketry, wood, and other perishable media is mostly unknown, as is the physical appearance of the people themselves. No positive evidence of the domestic dog has been found in association with the Folsom, the so-called Yuma, or the later pre- historic hunting and gathering complexes of the Missouri Basin region. In the semiarid sagebrush plains of central Wyoming, there is reason to believe that a late prehistoric occupation by a small-game hunting and gathering people, who were possibly Shoshonean, took place. Further work at such reservoir localities as Edgemont, Key- hole, Moorehead, and Angostura ought to show how far eastward this incursion of Great Basin peoples and economies extended. Elsewhere in the short-grass plains of Montana, Wyoming, and adjacent areas, a basic economy probably consisting of big-game hunting combined with gathering lasted into the historic period, when the mode of life was considerably altered and greatly enriched by acquisition of the horse in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In the eastern portion of the Missouri Basin, along the Missouri itself and in the valleys of its major tributaries as far upstream as the Yellowstone, primarily hunting and gathering economies gave way in prehistoric times to peoples who practiced food growing as well as food gathering. It is not yet certain at what time period or cultural level the use of domestic plants here began. A few kernels of maize have been reported from a Woodland site in central Nebraska; but the few Woodland sites where comprehensive excavations have been carried on have yielded no evidence of horticulture, except possibly in the case of the Sterns Creek complex in eastern Nebraska. It is possible that thoroughgoing investigations at other sites attributed to the Wood- land period, particularly in eastern Nebraska and in the Dakotas, will | i i | Riv. Bas. Sur. aye: Ag No. 1] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL 57 produce evidence of tillage or of domestic crops. Settlements of the Woodland peoples were small and unfortified; habitations were of perishable materials and apparently of light construction; and except for the presence of limited amounts of pottery in the western Wood- land sites, there is little or nothing to suggest that the mode of life followed differed very markedly from that of the late preceramic hunt- ers of the plains. At best, it would seem that incipient horticulture may be suspected for the Woodland peoples whose remains have so far been studied in the Missouri Basin west of the main stem. Following the widespread and as yet ill-defined Woodland occu- _ pancy of the trans-Missouri plains, with its doubtful or incipient hor- _ ticulture, came another of markedly dissimilar character. This one, _ provisionally dated to the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth cen- - turies, is represented by numerous village sites assigned to the Upper Republican and related complexes. Maize, beans, squash, and sun- flowers were cultivated ; hunting and the gathering of wild plant foods were secondary subsistence sources; and fishing, including in some localities the extensive collecting of freshwater mussels, was also prac- ticed. The people resided in small, relatively permanent, unfortified communities of rectangular earth-covered lodges; and the clustered arrangement of habitations in at least some instances suggests that kin groups may have been the basis of society. No satisfactory evi- dence of community ceremonial centers has yet been adduced for these settlements. Pottery was much more abundant and better made than that of the preceding Woodland peoples; and there were fairly well- developed and varied industries in stone, bone, horn, and shell. This prehistoric small-town stage is abundantly represented in the drain- age basins of the Kansas-Smoky Hill-Republican and the Platte-Loup systems. There are some suggestions of a counterpart along the Missouri in the Dakotas; but its existence there, and its contempo- raneity, if it exists, with the Central plains materials, remain to be demonstrated. In central Kansas and in east-central Nebraska, the small-town Upper Republican communities were apparently superseded in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by larger aggregations of semi- sedentary peoples who practised an intensive maize-bean-squash horti- culture, together with some hunting and gathering, and dwelt in vil- lages of circular grass houses or, north of the Kansas River drainage, of circular earth lodges. Considerable crop surpluses are suggested by great numbers of large storage pits in the village sites; and it may be presumed that these horticulturists traded some of their surplus to contemporary hunting peoples ranging the plains to the west. Somewhat later in time were the archeological manifestations termed Dismal River, and several vaguely defined and unnamed pottery-mak- 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 ing complexes found from the Kansas River to the Niobrara and probably beyond. Regionally distinctive complexes, of which there is evidence in the preceding small-town stage, are increasingly ap- parent; and there is also indication of more extensive trade contacts than can be demonstrated for the prehistoric period. ‘These various archeological complexes, moreover, were late enough in point of time so that in several instances more or less satisfactory correlations can be made with historic tribes of the region, such as the Wichita, Pawnee, and Plains Apache. In the Central Plains, compactly built and fortified towns seem to have developed after the close of the small-town period and after the gathering of people into larger communities was well under way. A similar tendency toward defensive measures is indicated on the upper Missouri. Among the longer established and more strongly horticul- — tural village tribes of the eastern Missouri Basin, such as the Pawnee, — Arikara, and Mandan, this period immediately before, during, and after the first contacts between the Indians and Europeans seems to have been the high-water mark of native cultural achievement in the Missouri Valley. Following it, as historical and archeological data clearly show, came the swift rise to ascendancy of the horse-using © bison hunters of the western plains and the parallel decline in influ- ence of the older village cultures. In the broad view, it is obvious that hunters and primitive horticul- turists flourished for a long time in the Missouri River Basin, before as well as after the coming of the white man. It is also clear that the archeological complexes representing these aboriginal occupancies, though relatively simple, varied considerably from locality to locality and from one time period to another. Here and there the various complexes have been aligned in what are very probably correct chrono- logical and developmental sequences. There still exist, however, enormous gaps in our information. In the western portions of the Basin, including Montana, Wyoming, and adjacent areas, numerous sites have been located but very few have been systematically and comprehensively excavated. Along the Missouri River in the Dakotas, hundreds of village sites representing several centuries of residence by various tribes, likewise remain very inadequately known. Throughout the whole Basin, there are growing indications that man’s successive occupancies may correlate with climatic fluctuations whose records can be studied in stream terraces, buried soil horizons, wind and water deposits, and other physiographic and geologic phenomena. There are excellent prospects, I think, that as archeologists expand and bring into sharper focus the story of native man’s residence in the Basin they will be able to contribute information of importance to students of the various earth sciences. This, of course, is not the pri- Riv. Bas. Sur. ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1948—WEDEL o9 mary goal of archeological research, any more than is the mere accu- mulation of great numbers of specimens; but it promises to be an important byproduct of our investigations. As the Federal water-control program in the Missouri Basin speeds up and expands, the need for an equally accelerated scientific recovery program is also accentuated. As dam after dam reaches completion, increasing numbers of archeological sites will disappear beneath the rising reservoir waters. In many instances, as particularly along the Missouri River in the Dakotas, the remains that will be destroyed cannot be duplicated outside the reservoir areas. Unless these unique and irreplaceable segments of native American history are to be irre- trievably lost, funds for their study and partial salvage must be made available promptly and in adequate amount. The time remaining for this task is fast running out. “[[y wep isdn Bury ADOTAONHLA NVOIYEWY AO Nvauna Bivid vst NiLS71NS (HOIOI-FOF "BON UO PULL [IORT fo neoing ) “‘][4 wep sf) to} BUIMOIIOg Yiivo Aq peAonsap ud9q 9DUIS oACY (492 uU99 do} pue 1ys11) ST LAST AI§ 1B UMOYS SUOIPABIXI SADAING ulsegq JOATY 9 [ “Ueo1]SUMODP Buls O| ‘(doy 1e vole UOT}ON.}SUOD) ouIs we] e92IZ) sUulSIpes]l JO MoIA [Bley ta ¢alvid vst NILAT1INA ADSOTIONHLA NVOISAWYV SO NVsayenNa BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 3 segs a, Aerial view of excavations at 25FT17, Medicine Creek, Nebr. Three prehistoric house sites and associated refuse areas shown here are now covered by the Medicine Creek Dam. (Neg. 25FT17-124.) 6, Excavating a prehistoric house site at 25FT17, Medicine Creek, Nebr. Note central fireplace basin surrounded by four large primary and numerous smaller secondary post molds, with vestibule entryway opening to south. (Neg. 25FT17-111.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 4 + = 4 es Sth a + 3 > Se a, View southeast across excavations at 25FT70, Medicine Creek, Nebr. Square excava- tions at center have exposed four house sites; dam under construction at top and left center. (Neg. 25FTO0-45.) 6, Prehistoric house sites and other features uncovered at 25FT70, Medicine Creek, Nebr. (Neg. 25FT70-11.) | | BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATES a, Pottery vessels as uncovered on floor of prehistoric earth-lodge site at 25FT17, Medicine Creek, Nebr. Upright charred timbers at rear mark approximate wall of house pit. (Neg. 25FT17-147.) 5, Excavations at Woodland site 25FT18, at junction of Lime and Medicine Creeks, Nebr. (Neg. 25FT18-48.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 6 " roses | a, View south across excavations at 25FT18, Medicine Creek, Nebr. Control strips or blocks have been left standing at i Hoot intervals to show nature of culture zone and overlying deposits. (Neg. 25FT18-22.) , Fireplaces, post molds, and miscellaneous small pits at base of Woodland ae zone, Medicine Creek, Nebr. (Neg. 25FT18- | 16.) | BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 7 a, Aerial view of Angostura Dam (center foreground) and part of reservoir area beyond, Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. Circles indicate some of the archeological sites within the future pool area. (Neg. 39FAO0-20.) 5, Bulldozer of Utah Construction Com- pany removing sod at start of archeological tests at 39FA10, Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. Part of construction area visible in background. (Neg. 39FA10-2.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154. PLATE 8 a, Workmen excavating stone-lined fireplace basin at 39FA9, Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. (Neg. 39FA9-15.) 6b, Deep hearth or roasting pit containing burnt stones and sooty soil, exposed during road construction; Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. (Neg. 39F A682.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 9 a, Excavated tipi ring at 39FA13, Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. Stones marking tipi ring are underlain in center foreground by an older rock-filled hearth consisting in part of broken manos and grinding slabs. (Neg. 39A13-3.) 6, Refuse beside aboriginal quartzite quarry pits on Flint Hill, 39FA49, near head of Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. (Neg. 39FA49-12.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 10 a, View west across Area A at the Long site, 39FA65, Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. Test | cuts are visible to right of center; Horsehead Creek in background. (Neg. 39FA65-10.) b, Excavations at Long site, 39FA65, Area A, Angostura Reservoir, S. Dak. Beside and | just above the charcoal-laden zone was found the basal fragment of an obliquely | flaked point, here shown in situ (small arrow). (Neg. 39FA65—11.) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 11 a, Grouped secondary burials as found in Mound 39CH9, formerly situated in spillway line of Fort Randall Dam, Charles Mix County, S. Dak. (Neg. 39CH9-32.) 6, Buried archeological zone (line of white stones and bone) exposed in wall of ravine cutting into Missouri River terrace at 39ST23, about 3 miles below Cheyenne River, Oahe Reservoir area, Stanley County, S. Dak. (Neg. 39ST23-1.) NOS 815 a = — ) {(smortr) Up Toney Sy] a rene omer “a1Is ainiseg “Oren ‘q € ji, pue UOTE em “wep sais wolf urvarsdn pure WeSTISuAOp pears iss nig 46 Te (einiseg oreyn) OLS6E pue Y ale (e1s YOUR sdiypiud 411098) Fl LS6£ sui pesodoid 9y1 fo sitxe 94} uo A]q9e1Ip Sol] oF 1e yuRg 1seo 94} uo “TTNHGEE DUG “ADAT SY WINOSstpAy 9yt dn JsSoMY}1OU SuTyoo] ‘ yed ae ‘O11 dA0Ge So]tu g Inoge “OTIS we] 294e%—) fo PUeIOUR | D el 3LV1d pSt NILa311Na ADSOINONHLA NVOIYSAWYV SO NVvsaynNa SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 154 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 2 Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program Summary Report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1949 By WALDO R. WEDEL 61 953842—53—_5 CONTENTS Mn LOGUICU1O Dine sere oh sees ne wen etn s oie See Soe Wea e ee leteysoumavell ey oe ee ee ae ee ae er ee ee eae ae MabOrntonyetCulvlblesans ate eos as ee et See ee eae eee HreldawokkrancdrexploratiOns se oc se ta sees eee Se ye ee She, INGGUnEID AKO awa See ads TREES Bae ae ea Oe) oe SR ee SOUIb MD AK User re ee ee ee eae ys es oye ee oe ee Bee Miamomino and Montand. .9arer a et fos NW et ee er ee ireldaworkdbyacooperating ap enCles= =. 222 = eee eee ee ee eae TERT SSS ene Bee ere tal a AP RS ee Re Bee Ay le 1k (CONNORS HSS NS eee re ae ge ena an ee a ING forrest a, Sl ed a a Re ere ny oe eo eee, INOGENWID Ako tame eee ee ee Ae Ras 8 ie eee ae ee eS Peers See PmehisiOnses a karen ee tail eee Ae AE Oe Se eee eet ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 13. a, Site 39FA10, Trench B, showing archeological remains at various levels; Angostura Dam in background. Fall River County, S. Dak. b, East test trench at site 89FA30, on Horsehead Creek, Angostura Reservoirs Mall, River County, .S.. Dake w. fie. 3225.2 29. Oe. Shes 14. a, Site 24PR2 at edge of sandstone cliff (foreground) ; looking southeast toward Powder River and Bitter Creek. Moorhead Reservoir, Montana-Wyoming. 06, Site 39PE10 (on knoll in foreground), looking west up Moreau River Valley. Bixby Reservoir site, orks; County pele. beef par hil een, ee ieee keh Daeg: 15. a, Chimney Butte from Manderson-Rockyford Road, with low terrace and site 39SH1 (arrow) in middle distance. Rockyford Reservoir site, Shannon County, S. Dak. 5b, Site 39ST14 (Scotty Phillips Ranch), a fortified Arikara village site in the work area just below @ahe Dam? Stanley County,.S)) Dake. 2222.25 2220 eee 102 102 102 PREHISTORY AND THE MISSOURI VALLEY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM SUMMARY REPORT ON THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1949 By Watpo R. WEDEL INTRODUCTION Continuing its studies of the archeological and paleontological ma- terials that will be adversely affected by the expanding Federal water- control program in the Missouri River watershed, the Missouri River Basin Survey carried on its field and laboratory activities throughout calendar year 1949. For various reasons the year was an unusually trying one, even frustrating in some respects; but within the limit of available funds and in the face of a rapidly changing personnel pic- ture, a measure of progress nevertheless can be recorded. The Missouri River Basin Survey, now in its fourth year of opera- tion, was initiated in 1946. It is one regional phase of the nation- wide River Basin Surveys, directed by Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., Bureau of American Ethnology, for the Smithsonian Institution, and is supported by funds transferred by the Bureau of Reclamation through the National Park Service. The nature of the interbureau agreements which form the basis for all these investigations, and also the general background, organization, and objectives of the Missouri River Basin Survey, have been detailed in other papers.’ In briefest outline, the purpose of the Surveys program is to locate, systematically record, and appraise the archeological and paleontological materials that will be lost as a result of the Federal water-control projects planned or under construction by the Bureau of Reclamation, De- partment of the Interior, and the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army; to pass on this information to the National Park Serv- ice; to make recommendations, where needed, as to the steps required to insure recovery of a minimum representative sample of the scientific 1See Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 107, No. 6, April 23, 1947; Amer. Antiq., vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 209-225, April 1947; and the annual reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1945-46, 1946-47, 1947-48, 1948-49. 65 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | information that would otherwise be lost; and to direct the Federal | phases of such subsequent detailed recovery work as may be pro- | vided for, including limited or comprehensive excavations at key sites. | The present report, fourth in a continuing series, briefly reviews | the field and laboratory operations in archeology and paleontology by the Missouri River Basin Survey during calendar year 1949. Like the annual summaries which have preceded it this one is in no sense a complete and final report of accomplishments. Rather it repre- sents a statement of progress made during the period indicated; and any interpretations advanced are subject to revision in the light of more penetrating analyses by the staff members and others on whose industry the present report is largely based. Also included are brief summaries concerning the work of several States agencies cooperating actively in the recovery of materials which might otherwise be lost. As in previous years, the Missouri River Basin Survey is indebted to various organizations, agencies, and individuals for assistance of many kinds. Among the Federal agencies with which the Survey was in particularly close contact, mention should be made especially of various officials in the National Park Service, notably in the Chief Historian’s Office in Washington, and in the Missouri River Basin Recreation Survey Office, Region 2, Omaha; the Bureau of Reclama- tion, including its regional and various field offices; and the district and field offices of the Corps of Engineers. Among State and other non-Federal agencies, the continued readiness of officials of the Uni- versity of Nebraska and its Laboratory of Anthropology to furnish space at a nominal fee for the Survey offices and laboratory was an especially appreciated courtesy. Survey field parties, as well as the Lincoln office, were the recipients of innumerable courtesies and serv- ices from numerous project engineers, representatives and employees of construction companies, and private individuals, to all of whom, though they go nameless here, sincere thanks are due. Last but by no means least, the continued efforts and unflagging interest of the Committee for Recovery of Archeological Remains, which represents the archeological profession of the Nation and various learned socie- ties, must be gratefully acknowledged. I have indicated that the year 1949 was a particularly trying one. There were several reasons for this. First and foremost was the question of funds. Reduced allotments by the National Park Service for fiscal year 1949, which included the first half of calendar year 1949, and mandatory salary increases for which no supplementary funds were granted, meant that the working funds actually available were nearly 30 percent below those for the preceding year, from which there had been virtually no carry-over. The prospect of little or no carry-over at the end of fiscal year 1949 meant that field plans for the summer of 1949, which included proposals for excavation of se- ang Res§"" ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1949—WEDEL 67 lected sites in Fort Randall, Garrison, Oahe, Tiber, Mullen, Yellow- tail, Harlan County, and Baldhill Reservoir areas, plus preliminary surveys elsewhere, could not be set in motion because of uncertainty concerning congressional action on the appropriations bill on which the plans depended. By the time appropriations for fiscal year 1950 (July 1, 1949 to June 30, 1950) were clear, the 1949 summer field season was virtually over and it was impossible to organize any large- scale excavation projects. The Missouri River Basin Survey was able to conduct limited field investigations in 1949 only because of transfer of special funds, earmarked for specific purposes, by the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Park Service. One of the few bright spots in the 1949 picture was the fact that the increased fiscal year 1950 funds, which finally became available in September 1949, will perhaps ease the way toward planning and implementing of a large-scale excavation and survey program in calendar year 1950. Also complicating the Survey operations was a rather heavy per- sonnel turn-over, particularly among professional staff members. Owing in part to the straitened financial condition of the organiza- tion, i. e., reduced allotments in the face of increased operating ex- penses, two archeologists were separated from the project early in 1949. Two others resigned, one in May and one in September. Thus, to the immobilizing of professionals who should have been in the field was added the loss of others who would have been preparing reports on the work that had been accomplished previously. Aside from the resulting inevitable increase in backlog of unreported data and materials, the effects on morale of remaining project personnel of all this uncertainty regarding the future of the program can per- haps be imagined. There is scant consolation, of course, in the reali- zation that other phases of the River Basin Surveys program were struggling under the same, or similar, handicaps and uncertainties. PERSONNEL Several changes took place in the professional staff of the Missouri River Basin Survey during 1949. Owing to a reduction in the funds available for fiscal year 1949 as compared with the allotment for the preceding year and to increased operating expenses for the project, it became necessary to reduce the staff soon after close of the calendar year 1948. Early in January, Wesley L. Bliss, archeologist, was re- leased, and J. Joe Bauxar, archeologist, was transferred to Oklahoma. In May, Marvin F. Kivett, archeologist, resigned to accept the position of Museum Director at the Nebraska State Historical Society; and in the same month, through transfer of special funds for specific survey purposes, Richard P. Wheeler was assigned to the Lincoln office. In September, Jack T. Hughes resigned to return to school; 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ Bull. 154 and in November the staff paleontologist, Dr. T. E. White, was tem- porarily transferred to another project. At year’s end, the profes- sional staff included three full-time archeologists: Paul L. Cooper; Robert B. Cumming, Jr., laboratory supervisor; and Mr. Wheeler. Full-time laboratory and office personnel included Dean Clark and A. E. Nixon, laboratory assistants; J. M. Shippee, expert laborer ; George Metcalf, field and laboratory assistant; and Mrs. Ina May Reagan, clerk-stenographer. Drafting was carried on throughout the year with part-time student assistance. Several students were employed as members of field parties. Neil Isto, Newell, S. Dak., accompanied Mr. Wheeler on a survey trip during June and early July, and subsequently participated in ex- cavations at Angostura under Mr. Hughes. Also at Angostura as student helpers were Glenn Kleinsasser, Freeman, S. Dak.; and Donald K. Barnes, University of Missouri. LABORATORY ACTIVITIES The field headquarters, staff offices, and laboratory of the Missouri River Basin Survey were located throughout the year in the Labora- tory of Anthropology of the University of Nebraska. In anticipa- tion of a marked expansion of Survey activities in the near future, negotiations were under way at year’s end for additional laboratory, processing, and storage space at the Lincoln Air Base. As in the preceding year, storage space for field equipment and garaging for the Survey’s vehicles were maintained at the Base. In the laboratory, the basic project files, including site survey records, artifact and photograph files, and other relevant data, were maintained and expanded. Reserve files containing duplicate records of all material in the basic site files were also maintained. The reference map file, including topographic, geologic, land sur- vey, ownership and other types of maps frequently needed for plan- ning or other purposes, was expanded by 218 additional sheets during the year. It now totals approximately 985 maps. Drafting and map-making by the Survey have gone ahead steadily ; as in previous years, this was done largely with part-time student help. Completed during 1949 were 20 profile sections and house floor plans for sites excavated in 1948 at Medicine Creek Reservoir, Nebraska; site location maps for 10 reservoir areas, including Bixby, Boysen, Cannonball, Davis Creek, Edgemont, Harlan County, Mul- len, Onion Flat, Oahe, and Pomme de Terre; nine maps of sites in Angostura Reservoir area; and one general map of the Missouri Basin showing reservoir sites investigated for archeological and paleonto- logical remains to the end of calendar year 1948. Riv. Bas. Sur. : 7, Pap. No 2] ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1949—WEDEL 69 In the darkroom 646 negatives were processed, including many returned from field parties and others made in the laboratory. These latter included upwards of 50 plates of selected typical artifacts from Medicine Creek and Angostura Reservoirs, many of which are in- tended for illustrative purposes in forthcoming publications. Black- and-white prints made during the year numbered 1,392, in addition to 72 enlargements for publicity and other related purposes. Trans- parencies processed numbered 146, most of them colored. A con- siderable portion of the time of the darkroom assistant was given over to the reflex copying of field records; about 2,000 sheets were made up by this method and added in the appropriate location to the project files. The relatively limited amount of field work in which Survey per- sonnel was engaged during the year, and the survey nature of much of what was undertaken, resulted in an appreciably smaller than usual flow of specimens from the field to the laboratory. Plan of Woodruff Ossuary after excavation._.-.-.=.-..-==------= . North-south profile across Woodruff Ossuary on El line_-_---------- 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 110 118 FOREWORD The report that follows is based primarily on data collected for the River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, during the sum- mer and fall of 1946. Other comparative data were gathered by personnel of the River Basin Surveys during the field season of 1948 in Frontier County, Nebr. Data for many of the sites came from the collections made by A. T. Hill, which are now at the Nebraska State Historical Society. Many people assisted in the investigation of those sites. The excavation party during the fall of 1946 included J. M. Shippee of the River Basin Surveys, A. T. Hill, director emeritus of the Nebraska State Historical Society who, because of his long interest. in this problem, spent considerable time at the site, and the writer. One local man, Carol Franke, of Woodruff, Kans., assisted part time. I wish to express our thanks to John Horrell, of Woodruff, Kans., who granted permission for the excavations and assisted in many other ways. For criticisms and suggestions as this report progressed, I am indebted to Dr. Waldo R. Wedel, Paul L. Cooper, and Dr. John L. Champe. Robert B. Cumming, Jr., has provided a prelim- inary study of the skeletal material. Identifications of shell speci- mens were made by Dr. J. P. E. Morrison and Dr. Harald A. Rehder, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum. I wish to thank Dr. James C. Olson, superintendent of the Nebraska State Historical Society, for permission to use certain data from the col- lections of the Society. 107 THE WOODRUFF OSSUARY, A PREHISTORIC BURIAL SITE IN PHILLIPS COUNTY, KANSAS By Marvin F. Kiverr ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND Phillips County is situated in the Loess Plain area of north-central Kansas and borders on Nebraska to the north. The county is part of a broad, gently eastward-sloping, loess-mantled plain, which has been modified by the valleys of Prairie Dog Creek in the northwest section and of the North Fork Solomon River in the southern half of the county. Numerous north-south drainages tributary to these streams have carved the surface of the plain into a series of long, nearly par- allel, north-south divides which extend at about right angles to the major streams. To the north, between Prairie Dog Creek and the Republican River in Harlan County, Nebr., drainage channels are numerous and the upland surface has been carved into a rather intri- cate system of steep-sided canyons separated by narrow and, in many places, sharp divides. Prairie Dog Creek, a perennial stream, heads in Sherman County, northwest Kansas, and flows in a generally northeast direction to its confluence with the Republican River in Harlan County, Nebr. The course of the stream is meandering, but the current is rather swift so that the channel is gradually being deepened. A few springs occur on the valley slopes along the Republican River and Prairie Dog Creek. Alluvial lands, which include the terraces and flood plains, occur in continuous strips along both Prairie Dog Creek and the Republican River. The width of the alluvial lands, which is greatest along the Republican, varies from a few yards to 214 miles. Lower terraces or benches are well developed and usually occur at heights of 10 to 25 feet above the bottom lands. The flood plains occur in strips of various widths bordering both sides of the channels, and are subject to inundation in places during periods of high water. The Prairie Dog Valley is now utilized mainly for the growing of corn, but some small grain is also grown. The uplands and steeper slopes are often grass-covered and are given over to grazing. Native timber borders the stream bed; cottonwood, willow, elm, ash, and box elder are the main species. Wild fruits such as plums, chokecherries, and grapes are rather abundant along the stream course. 109 110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 For a description of the area as it appeared a century ago, we turn to | an account of John C. Fremont’s second westbound expedition of | 1843. The party camped for 1 night on the stream which still bears — the name they gave it, “Prairie Dog” (Fremont, 1887, p. 174). They entered the area from the south, after traveling up the North Fork Solomon River. Fremont observed bands of antelope and immense herds of bison to the south and, on June 23, 1843, noted the following: At noon on the 23d, we descended into the valley of a principal fork of the Republican, a beautiful stream forty feet wide and four feet deep, with a dense border of wood, consisting principally of varieties of ash. It was musical with the notes of many birds, which, from the vast expanse of silent prairie around, seemed all to have collected here. We continued during the afternoon our route along the river, which was populous with prairie dogs (the bottoms being entirely occupied with their villages), and late in the evening encamped on its banks. The prevailing timber is a blue-foliaged ash (Fraxvinus near F. Americana), and ash-leaved maple. With these were Fraxvinus Americana, cottonwood, and long-leaved willow. We gave to this stream the name of Prairie Dog River. On June 25, while traveling west along the high smooth ridges south of the Republican River, the party observed “buffalo in great numbers, absolutely covering the face of the country” (Fremont, 1887, p. 174). Since the advent of white men, large game such as bison and ante- lope have disappeared but considerable small game, including rabbits, opossums, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, prairie dogs, and pheasants, is common in the area today. There are some beaver and waterfowl along the stream. It is evident that the area offered many inducements for primitive horticultural peoples, as well as for those wholly dependent on the results of the chase. Tributary streams such as Prairie Dog Creek, with a supply of wood, shelter, game, and arable ground, were readily available. Flood-free benches and terraces along the streams pro- vided safe sites for villages. Sufficient timber was at hand for fire- wood and for lodge construction. The rich alluvial soils in the val- leys, sufficient rainfall, and a frost-free growing season adequate for the maturing of such native-grown crops as maize, beans, and squash, made the area especially attractive for groups dependent in part on horticulture. The vast herds of bison which roamed the area would have provided a plentiful meat supply. During and probably for several centuries before the historic period, the area which includes the lower sections of the Prairie Dog Valley made up part of the Pawnee hunting grounds. Their nearest historic village appears to have been the Hill site (25WT1) * on the 1 Site designations used in this report are trinomial in character, consisting of symbols for State, county, and site. The State is indicated by the first number, according to the numerical position of the State name in an alphabetical list of the United States; thus, for example, 25 indicates Nebraska, 14 indicates Kansas. Counties are designated by a two-letter abbreviation ; for example, HN for Harlan County, PH for Phillips County, ete. The final number refers to the specific site within the indicated State and county. = on. PLAN OF WOODRUFF OSSUARY AFTER EXCAVATION Scale in Feet LEGEND —— Line at base of plow zone ——_.— Line at bottom of basin X Location of feature 953842 O-52 (Face p. 110) ps3 — eS NE VERT ™ aE MD a ee TTT - Oe ee N40W! | —— PLAN OF WOODRUFF OSSUARY AFTER EXCAVATION Scale in Feet LEGEND —— Line at base of plow zone ——— Line at bottom of basin X Location of feature Ficure 2.—Plan of Woodruff Ossuary after excavation. 953842 O-52 (Face p. 110) | Mv. peas, Sun. WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT 111 ! - 1. No -nublican River in Webster County, Nebr., some 60 miles to the east. 4» village, so far as can be determined, was visited in the summer uf 1806 by Lt. Zebulon M. Pike while he was en route to the head- -aters of the Arkansas (Wedel, 1936, p. 17). Other historic groups « ch as the Oto and Cheyenne also made some use of the valley. At least one village site, 25HN37, located approximately 8 miles downstream, has been examined and assigned to the Dismal River aspect (Champe, 1949, pp. 285-292). ‘This complex is believed to be assignable to a late prehistoric and early contact period and may be attributable to a Plains Apache group. PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK The area which comprises Harlan County and the valleys of the Republican River and its tributaries to the east in Franklin and Webster Counties, Nebr., has been the scene of considerable archeolog- ical work. Prior to 1930, numerous sites were found in the Republi- ean drainage by A. T. Hill, later director of the Nebraska State His- torical Society Museum. During the summer of 1930 the Nebraska State Archeological Sur- vey under the direction of Dr. W. D. Strong excavated sites in Web- ster, Franklin, and Harlan Counties, as well as in several other counties throughout Nebraska. Excavations by the Survey in Har- lan County were confined largely to two burial sites on the south bank of the Republican River. The first of these, the Graham Site (25HN5), is situated on the summit of a rounded hill, southwest of the junction of Prairie Dog Creek with the Republican River. Here, in a nearly circular basin, which was 23 to 24 feet in diameter and 3 feet 6 inches deep in the center, were found human remains asso- ciated with a considerable number of artifacts. The majority of the remains were disarticulated, but two of the burials, both of infants, appeared to be primary interments. Scattered throughout the pit with the human remains were numerous pottery sherds; rocks of varying sizes; fragments of charcoal; some bone, stone, shell, and antler artifacts; and the remains of two copper-covered wooden disks. The cultural remains from the ossuary exhibited a close similarity to materials from sites of the Upper Republican aspect in the area and were assigned by Strong to the Lost Creek focus of that aspect (Strong, 1935, pp. 103-114). One additional site of a similar nature in the area, the Alma Os- suary (25HN2), was excavated during the summer of 1931 by A. T. Hill and reported by Strong. The situation at this site, with its disarticulated human remains, is reported to have been comparable to that at the Graham site. A comparison of the artifacts from the two sites indicated a very close similarity (Strong, 1935, pp. 122-123). 953842—53——_9: 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 A somewhat different type of prehistoric ossuary examined by Strong was the Marshall site (25HN1), located on a point of the river bluffs 3 miles west and 2 miles north of the Graham site. Although the area had been badly disturbed by local collectors, Strong was able to find and excavate some small undisturbed areas. Disarticulated human bones, many of them broken and some burned, were associated in three areas or pits with an abundance of shell disk beads and blanks. These pits were round or oval in outline and in each case were sunk at least a foot into the hard undisturbed soil at the bottom of the deposit. Some charcoal occurred in the fill, and many of the beads were calcined. Shell disk beads were the predominating type oi artifact recovered from the site; all of them appeared to have been made from the shells of fresh-water bivalves. They included finished beads, others perforated but not ground on the edges, and rough unperforated blanks. Other artifacts included two broken triangles of thin shell, with holes bored in two corners; a small bead with two intersecting perforations, one bored lengthwise and the other at right angles to it; and a fresh-water pearl with a single perforation. The only bone artifact was a broken and calcined object which Strong suggested may have been the head of anawl. Pottery, worked stone, copper, and marine shells appeared to be absent (Strong, 1935, pp. 116-122). Another burial site, Holdrege 5 (25FR9), was investigated during the summer of 1934 by the Nebraska State Historical Society. It is located on the left bank of Rebecca Creek about 2 miles south of the Republican River in Franklin County. Like the Marshall site, it consisted of a group of small pits which yielded broken and dis- articulated human remains, with which were associated nearly a thousand shell disk beads and blanks. Broken shell pendants of triangular form and a type reported to be similar to the “bear claw” form described by Wedel (1935, pp. 203-204) were found. The latter type is represented only by fragments which also suggest a crescent form of pendant. Burial grounds similar in character to the Marshall and Holdrege 5 sites appear to occur rather commonly throughout the upper Repub- lican drainage, both on the Republican River and on its tributaries. These sites, which are characterized by an abundance of finished shell disk beads and a large number of blanks, have for the most part yielded few diagnostic artifacts which would aid in assigning the associated burials to a cultural complex. A general relationship be- tween sites such as the Marshall Ossuary and those such as the Graham Ossuary is suggested by the fact that in both instances there is reinterment of the mixed bones of the dead with offerings, and by the occurrence of some shell disk beads in the sites, like the Graham Ossuary, which also yield pottery. There is, however, considerable Riv. Bas. Sur. Ea No.3] WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT 113 difference between the types of artifacts from the shell bead ossuaries containing thousands of blanks and those from the ossuaries which contain pottery of Upper Republican types and a few finished shell disk beads. Only those ossuaries containing Upper Republican pottery were assigned by Strong to the Upper Republican aspect. ‘The charac- teristic shell bead ossuary was placed in an unclassified category (Strong, 1935, p. 246). DESCRIPTION OF WOODRUFF OSSUARY (Site 14PH4) As it nears the Nebraska line in the vicinity of Woodruff, Kans., Prairie Dog Creek has a meandering course in a general northeast direction to its junction with the Republican River, some 12 miles distant in Harlan County, Nebr. The valley here has a width of nearly a mile, and numerous small tributary streams flow from the south across broad, level terraces. Little timber is present on the terraces and slopes, but the immediate banks of the stream support a dense growth. The present stream channel is near the left valley slope where it is cutting into numerous spurs extending from the general terrace surfaces. It is on the point of such a terrace that site 14PH4 is sit- uated (pl. 16, a). At its south edge, the terrace drops some 30 feet to the channel of Prairie Dog Creek, while to the west and east, the slope is less abrupt to rather narrow but level flood plains, subject to inundation during periods of high water. The general terrace level continues for more than a half mile to the north, where a transition to the uplands is effected by means of a long gradual slope. Erosion ts accelerated on this slope by cultivation, so that considerable soil has been deposited on the terrace surface below. The Nebraska-Kansas State boundary line crosses the north edge of the site less than one hundred yards north of the ossuary. The field in which the site lies was in native grasses some 40 years ago, but since that time it has been under cultivation, with corn the princpial crop. Less than a half mile to the east the stream has shortened its course by cutting off an ox bow, which tends to be swampy during periods of excessive rainfall. The general terrace level, with an elevation of 2,000 feet, is well above the limit of flooding and only the north edge would be subject to wash from the higher hills above. Although several archeological sites in the Prairie Dog Valley were known locally, none were recorded by research institutions above the mouth of the stream prior to investigations by the River Basin Surveys during the summer of 1946. At least one occupational site, 14PH5, which is situated less than a half mile east of 14PH4, had received some attention from residents of the locality. This site appears to be assignable to a variant of the Upper Republican aspect. Although 114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bull. 184 | some surface materials have probably been collected at 14PH4, there. was no report or evidence of digging by local people. | The site was first recorded during the course of a brief preliminary > archeological reconnaissance of the proposed Harlan County Reservoir | area during the month of August 1946 by the River Basin Surveys. | Limited tests in a surface concentration revealed dark soil containing | charcoal, human bones, shell disk beads, and mussel-shell fragments to © a depth of more than 4 feet over an area approximately 20 feet in diam- |; eter. Although surface examination revealed an area of darker soil — and a concentration of cultural materials, there was no evidence of a | mound or depression. Such features, if present, may have been ob- | literated by 40 years of cultivation. | During the period October 17 to November 11, 1946, an intensive in- | vestigation of site 14PH4 was undertaken by the River Basin Surveys. After additional tests had indicated that the most promising location _ for excavation lay at the southwest edge of the terrace, the area was | laid out in 5-foot squares. A north-south base line was established, | starting 25 feet south of the area of dark soil and continuing north | beyond its apparent limits for a total distance of 60 feet. The south | end of the line was designated “‘N zero.” At intervals of 5 feet from | the “N zero” stake, the line extending north was set off by stakes and — numbered consecutively in 5-foot units preceded by the letter N; thus | square “N25” would have its southeast corner 25 feet north of the “N | zero” stake. ‘These points served to designate the 5-foot squares west | of the line and each square was designated by the number on the stake | in its southeast corner. Sections in the first row of 5-foot squares | west and east of the base line were designated by the N series of num- bers to which were added W1, W2, W3, and E1, E2, E3, respectively, depending on the location of the southeast corner 5, 10, 15, or more feet west or east of the base line. Thus, the southeast corner of a square | designated N35 E2 would lie 35 feet north and 10 feet east of the “N zero” point. Similarly, the southeast corner of square N25 W3 lies 25 feet north and 15 feet west of the “N zero” stake. Within each 5-foot square the soil was troweled out in 12-inch levels to within 2 inches of the outer limits of the square. This 2-inch section was left standing and, together with the 2-inch section from the adjacent square, produced a central block 4 inches wide. Dis- articulated bones and scattered shell beads and blanks, which were rela- tively abundant, were sacked according to the 12-inch level in which they occurred. Less common materials, such as concentrations of human bone, stone and bone artifacts, sherds, and significant shell artifacts, were sacked separately with exact horizontal and vertical provenience recorded. The total area excavated measured slightly more than 500 square feet, and varied in depth from 12 inches at the outer edges of the . Riv. Bas. Sur. eZ Pap. No» 3] WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT 115 ‘excavation to slightly more than 6 feet in the deeper sections. Profiles were drawn and photographs were taken of the 4-inch control sections left at the edges of the squares. Prior to any deeper excavation of any squares, the entire area of discoloration was cleared of soil dis- -turbed by cultivation. This loose soil, which varied in depth from 6 to 8 inches, contained a quantity of human bone fragments, broken mussel shells, and shell disk beads, as well as partially decayed corn stalks. The general outlines of a roughly oval area of dark soil, which were then discernible, were photographed and mapped (pl. 16, 5). TaBLE 1.—Summary of dimensions and contents of pits at site 14PH4 Depth pegiure Location: Square | prom | Into Diameter Contents ground | sub- surface | soil Inches | Inches Inches i 32 SEU eER Under stake N30 36 0 | 836 N-S x 38 E-W__| Charcoal, flint chips, burnt earth, Wi. bone fragments, two pottery sherds, one tubular bone bead, perforated and blank shell disk beads. (eee eee N35 El and N40 56 18 | 60 N-S x 40 E-W__| Charcoal and burnt earth; ribs; El. vertebrae: fragments of human long bones; flint chips; shel] disk beads, some calcined, concen- trated in bottom of pit; one worked antler section. fib ae N35 and N35 W1-- 34 12 | 38 N-S x 24 E-W__| Disarticulated human adolescent bones, shell disk beads in lower 12 inches of pit, charcoal and burnt earth. a ae IN BY) OE eee 65 23 | 32 N-S x 34 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, adult and adolescent; charcoal; burnt earth; concentration of shell disk beads in lower 12 inches of pit. 12 NSOiand Ngos----— 60 12 | 20 N-S x 36 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- coal, burnt earth, shell disk beads, broken projectile point, bone beads, shaft wrench. (Ae as N25 E2 and N30 64 14 | 27 N-S x 20 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- E2. coal, burnt earth, shell beads, flint chips, one pottery sherd at depth of 54 inches, one projectile point. iG e N20 El, N25 El, 60 48 | 36 N-S x 48 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- N20, and N25. coal, burnt earth, shell beads, two antler tools, worked flint, tubular bone beads, one pottery sherd. 2) eeeeneee Nee E2 and N45 70 22 | 30 N-S x39 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- coal, burnt earth, shell beads. PRE al NaS ‘E2 and N40 74 26 | 60 N-S x 36 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- E2. coal, burnt earth, shell disk beads. 22a Se N35 El and N35 76 18 | 18 N-S x16 E-W__| Human bone fragments, charcoal, E2. burnt earth, shell disk beads. peers | NOG PM aoe a eee 42 12 | 25 N-S x 26 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- coal, worked shell. Grr eso ns INGO a= aa eae = 58 12 | 42 N-S x 47 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- coal, burnt earth, shell disk beads. 27___.___.| N30 E2 and N30 56 14 | 30 N-S x 36 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, char- E4. coal, burnt earth, shell pendant, shell disk beads. D8t< > w3 N35 E2 and N35 52 20 | 30 N-S x 28 E-W__| Disarticulated human bones, charred E3. timber, shell disk beads, burnt earth. Initial excavations were made in square N25 at the southwest edge of the discoloration and in square N40 at the northwest edge. The re- moval of the mixed soil in these two sections revealed undisturbed loess 116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | in the west side of square N40 and in the southwest corner of square | N25. A similar system of excavation was extended throughout the | area of discoloration (pl. 17, @). Upon the removal! of all disturbed | soil, the limits of an oval basin were discernible (fig. 2). The presence | of some individual pits which occurred beneath the basin was suggested © by a greater concentration of human bones and shell beads traceable | trom the surface to the bottom of several pits (pl. 17, 6). The exact | limits of the majority of the pits could not be determined, however, | except where the bottoms extended some distance into the yellow loess soil below the general area of mixture. The depth to which these pits | penetrated into the subsoil varied considerably and it is possible there | were other pits which did not extend into the yellow sterile soil and — were not discerned. The walls of several pits which intersected the large basin and extended beyond its general limits were discernible | just below plow level. Cultural materials from individual pits below © the basin level were segregated by levels and sacked separately. | Feature 15 (table 1), an oval pit, was located outside the limits | of the large basin at the southwest edge (pl. 18, a, fig. 2). Tests | around the edge of the basin, as well as elsewhere on the terrace, | failed to reveal other disturbed areas. With the exception of one skeleton (Feature 21), all of the burials | were secondary. A second burial (Feature 16) exhibited some articu- | lation, but certain of the bones were missing (pl. 18, 6). In other isolated instances, lower arm and hand bones, vertebrae, and bones of the foot were articulated (pl. 19, a). Skulls were few in number and were in most cases in a poor state of preservation, so they were of little aid in determining the total number of individuals present. A count of individual bones indicates that some remains of at least 61 individuals were placed in the basin and pits, and it seems likely that the total number was somewhat greater. Some remains were evidently destroyed during the last 40 years by cultivation, while others may have decayed. With the exception of the one fully articulated individual and a par- tially articulated burial, all of the bones appeared to have been de- posited in a haphazard manner; there was no evidence of bundle | burials (pl. 19, 6). Many of the bones were broken and some were burned. Calcined shell disk beads, blanks, and mussel shells were common, and several bone artifacts show evidence of fire. Skeletal remains represent individuals of various ages from infants to old adults. Bones of the single flesh burial, an adolescent, were well preserved and showed no evidence of fire (pl. 20, a). This may be accounted for by its greater depth on the floor of the basin in square N25 E1, 85 inches below the surface. The skeleton was semiflexed, and lay on the Riv. Bas. Sur. see Pap. No 3] WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT LNG left side facing to the west, with the skull to the south. Extending . around the skeleton in the pelvic area were rows of shell disk beads | in alinement. Other rows of beads extended up the chest and around _theneck. Many of the rows were of well-ground and evenly matched beads, while others included bead blanks that had been perforated and evidently strung but had not received the final smoothing which characterizes a finished bead. Triangular shell pendants occurred on both the upper and lower sides of the skeleton, particularly in the vicinity of the skull (pl. 20,6). Specimens associated with this burial, _ other than the abundant fresh-water shell disk beads, include worked sections of marine shells and one bone implement. This implement, which projected from beneath the distal end of the left humerus, is fashioned from the tibia of a deer. It is perforated near the proximal end and suggests a shaft-wrench type of tool or possibly a digging stick handle. The general outline of the basin was symmetrical except where it was interrupted by smaller pits. The slope of its walls was rather steep on the north but more gradual on the other three sides. A1- though charcoal fragments—some of which appear to be elm—ranging up to 6 inches in diameter were common, there was no evidence of post molds. Charred timber sections lying horizontal were common through the basin and most of the pits, but small charred twigs and branches were more common in the lower sections of these features (fig. 3). Some areas of burnt earth occurred in the upper portions of the basin fill where the charcoal fragments were most plentiful, but there was no evidence of prepared hearths or prolonged burning. The calcined condition of the bones and artifacts appeared to have resulted from burning within the basin with no indication of planned cremation. Many disarticulated human bones were scattered throughout the burial area (pl.21,a). These apparently represent secondary burials with which shell disk beads, ornaments, and other artifacts may have been associated originally. The majority of the human remains are well preserved ; others are in a fragile condition which may have re- sulted from exposure of the corpse on scaffolds or in trees. After decomposition of the flesh, the scattered beads and weathered bones were presumably gathered up and deposited in the various pits. Other bones which show little evidence of exposure may have been exhumed from graves elsewhere and brought to a central burial pit for final interment. The single articulated skeleton lying on the floor of the basin may represent an individual who was placed directly in the com- munity burial area without undergoing exposure or previous separate interment. The abundance of shell beads and other artifacts scat- tered throughout the basin fill suggest that other corpses may at one time have been comparatively well adorned. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | The occurrence of some bones in their natural alinement resulted | from sufficient tissue remaining on the bones at the time they were | placed in the pit to maintain their articulation. The rather numerous | occurrences of from 3 to 20 evenly matched beads in close alinement | probably indicates that a majority of the beads were originally in strings like those with Feature 21 and were disarranged during the subsequent period of exposure and reinterment. ‘The unperforated shell bead blanks, which could not have been strung, may have been scattered over the various individual burials or placed in bags.? There is some indication at the Woodruff Ossuary, as well as at other sites of a similar nature, such as Guide Rock (25WT3), that a majority of the shell ornaments were associated with infants and adolescents. ARTIFACTS Strong has emphasized the absence of pottery and artifacts of mate- rial other than fresh-water shells in the Marshall Ossuary. “It [the Marshall Ossuary]| was truly a ‘shell bead burial’ and therefore differ- ent from the Graham Ossuary, both in content and structure” (Strong, 1935, p. 121). The Woodruff Ossuary was apparently similar in construction and content to the Marshall Ossuary with its predominance of shell arti- facts; in particular, both contained bead blanks as well as finished shell disk beads. The Woodruff excavation, however, yielded a greater variety of artifacts. These include pottery sherds; artifacts of stone, bone, and antler; and objects fashioned from both fresh-water and marine shells. Artifacts occurred throughout both the large basin and the smaller pits. POTTERY The rather scanty pottery remains occurred at various depths in the general basin fill, as well as in the individual pits. The sherds, which are all from the bodies of vessels, are uniform in appearance and appear to represent a single pottery type (pl. 21, 6). They con- sist of 10 sherds which vary in diameter from 7 to 50mm. There is sufficient variation in the characteristics of the sherds to suggest that more than one vessel is represented. Tempering in all of the sherds includes crushed calcite, used rather abundantly. There is a limited amount of limestone in two of the sherds; sand, grit, and other aplastics do not appear to be present. Calcite crystals are found in various shales which are exposed along the Republican River and can be freely extracted on the weathered 2 A burial custom which may be comparable in some respects to that represented by the remains at 14PH4 is described for the Huron Tribe by Jean de Breboeuf in the year 1636 (Kenton, 1927, pp. 297-308). e2eal wollay slivet2. logo wits to Sswtxim tripile dtiw eesoJ | i . shed tne Wale, bro loos ws dtiw bexi oi wolley psy me embed Here to noitortnomes 2220! wolley m0 = ae et pee: a be i li ——= ae ie A lc = or a. = — Surface of ground Datum line LEGEND Plow zone Black soil containing much charcoal and burnt earth Charcoal concentration Sterile yellow loess Loess with slight mixture of chorcoal NORTH-SOUTH PROFILE ACROSS Burnt bone WOODRUFF OSSUARY ON El! LINE Yellow loess mixed with charcoal and concentration of shell beads Dark yellow loess Scale in Feet Radius — ee ———— Tibia Rib Humerus Femur Skull fragment Ver tebra i b — . 118) Fiaure 3.—North-south profile across Woodruff Ossuary on E1 line. 953842 0-52 (Face p. WORTH-GOUTH PROFILE ACROSS WOOORUPF OSSUARY ON Et LINE Sco jo Feet nN - paaeerets Pe deere ‘ 2 3 Riv. Bas. Sur. 7 oe i Gate Bi” WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT 119 slopes. ‘There may be other sources in the immediate vicinity. The calcite inclusions range in size from fine (less than 0.25 mm. diam.) to very coarse (over 7 mm. diam.), with most falling between 1 and 3 mm. ‘The paste is buff to dark gray in color. ‘The interior surface of the sherds has a thick carbon coating which may be scratched off easily. When viewed in cross section, approximately one-fourth of the sherds’ thickness adjacent to the interior surface is black. Freshly broken surfaces are very irregular and have a granular appearance with a tendency to shatter. Hardness ranges from 8 (calcite) to 4.5 (chabazite), with 6 of the sherds about 3.5 (celestite). Thickness ranges from 9 to 13 mm., with 7 sherds having thicknesses of 11 to 13 mm. The exterior surfaces of all the sherds are cord-roughened. The cord marks are medium fine to coarse and lie parallel; impres- sions of individual twisted cords are visible in several instances. Although the soot-encrusted interior surfaces are difficult to observe, they appear to have been smoothed. There is no evidence of decora- tions, handles, or other appendages. The few body sherds, all of which are small, give no indication as to vessel shapes. WORK IN ANTLER AND BONE Artifacts of bone and antler, although not common at the site, were rather well preserved. There are 8 specimens of antler which appear to represent two types of tools. Five of the implements, one incomplete, are made from the proximal end of the antler with a remnant of the “burr” evident as a shght swelling at one end (pl. 22, a, 5). The length of the antler sections varies from 47 to 75 mm. The original rough surface has been retained on the sides, but the ends are rounded and moderately smoothed. The distal end of one specimen has a roughly circular cavity with a diameter of 11 mm. and a depth of 19 mm. ‘The specimen is in a fragile condition and it cannot be determined whether the cavity is the result of decay or is due to modification by human agency. These implements are some- what suggestive of the antler tapping tools or “cylinders” of the Upper Republican and other Central Plains aspects (Cooper, 1936, pl. 20, 1-3). In general, however, the length of the specimens from 14PH4 is considerably less and the specimens are less carefully fin- ished. Similar objects have been described as “drifts” for working stone (Webb, 1939, p. 32, pl. 13, 5). Three antler tines were also recovered from the excavation (pl. 22, a,4). The proximal ends of all three are roughly finished. The distal ends of two are scarred and nicked in a manner which suggests their use in pressure flaking; one is worn diagonally to a chisel point while the other has a rather blunt tip. The distal end of the other specimen is lacking. The sides of all three sections are smoothed and 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 moderately polished. The specimens vary in length from 72 to 80 mm., and the greatest diameter, at the base, varies from 18 to 24 mm. Tubular bone beads are represented by 28 specimens, 9 of which came from the floor of Feature 12, a pit (pl. 24,3). The remainder were found at various levels throughout the excavation. All but one are small and well made; they were probably fashioned from small bird bones. Their lengths range from 9 to 14 mm. and the diameters vary from 8 to 6mm. Characteristically, they have a circular cross section throughout. The nature of two of the beads which are not finished on the ends indicates that the small bone was cut part way through and then snapped off. Subsequent polishing has eliminated evidence of this process on most of the beads. A somewhat larger type of tubular bone bead is represented by a single calcined specimen (pl. 24, 4), which is slightly curved longitudinally. It is 30 mm. long and has a diameter of 11 mm. Its ends are smoothed and rounded and its sides appear to have been well polished prior to burn- ing. None of the beads are incised or otherwise decorated. Bone awls are represented by a single incomplete specimen (pl. 22, a,3). Its original length cannot be determined, but a considerable sec- tion of the base appears to be missing. The surface of the break is rough and unpolished, and shows no evidence of use subsequent to frac- turing. The present length is 16 cm. and the greatest width, near the break, is 18 mm. The specimen appears to have been fashioned from the split metapodial of a deer. The point has been rounded and pol- ished, while the shaft retains the original exterior contour of the bone. The cancellous tissue has been removed from the interior. From a depth of 14 inches in square N35 El came a deer metapo- dial from which the distal end has been removed by cutting and break- ing (pl. 22,a,1). A circular hole 9 mm. in diameter appears to have been made near the center of the proximal articular surface and the cancellous tissue has been removed so that a cavity extends the length of the specimen. The exterior surface appears to be otherwise un- modified. The specimen has a length of 19 cm. Whether it had a function in its present condition or was in the process of being fash- ioned into a tool is not known. Bones similarly treated, except for the hole in the articular surface of the proximal end, are found in sites attributable to the Upper Republican aspect and appear to represent a stage in the making of awls (Wedel, 1935, p. 200). Beneath the lower left arm of the articulated burial (Feature 21) in section N25 E1 was an implement made from the metapodial of a deer (pl. 22, a,2). A second very similar implement was found at a depth of 39 inches in Feature 12, a pit. A calcined fragment of a third specimen of this type lay surrounded by burnt earth and char- coal in section N30 E1, at a depth of 24 inches. The distal ends of Riv. Bas. Sur. ra No 3| WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT PA the two specimens which appear to be complete have been removed, apparently by breaking, as the end, although well polished, is uneven. The proximal end of the specimen excavated from Feature 12 has been partially removed and the end has then been rounded. At a distance of 19 mm. from the modified proximal end of this specimen is an oval hole which averages 14 mm. by 10 mm. in diameter. Op- posite edges of the greater diameter are slightly beveled. One com- plete specimen, associated with Feature 21, has a length of 18.5 cm. while the other has a length of 11.6 em. There are two shallow in- cised intersecting lines near the end opposite the perforation. The calcined fragment, which consists of the proximal end extending ap- proximately halfway through the perforation, appears to have been similar to the other two. Three short parallel diagonal lines have been incised on one side in the vicinity of the perforation. The two complete specimens are highly polished on the sides and the cancel- lous tissue appears to have been removed from the interior of the bone. These objects are similar to the so-called shaft wrenches which occur in nearly every Central Plains complex. They are more com- monly made from rib bones of large mammals, but specimens made from leg bones of cervids do occur in the Upper Republican aspect. Whether these specimens served a function similar to those made of ribs is not known. Various burnt animal bone fragments which appear to have been cut or pelished were found. At least one such fragment, which may be from the scapula of a rather large animal, is well smoothed and pol- ished. Its original use cannot be determined. Large numbers of rabbit teeth occurred scattered near Feature 16. They were unmodi- fied and their purpose is unknown. WORK IN STONE Artifacts of chipped stone were not abundant at the site, but they represent considerable variety. Jasper appears to have been utilized to the near exclusion of other materials for making various chipped stone artifacts. This material outcrops locally in the Republican drainage and occurs in various shades of yellow, brown, red, and gray. A few chalcedonic flakes have surfaces suggestive of water polishing and may have been picked up as stream pebbles and utilized. Dark red quartzite was used for making one specimen. A total of five projectile points sufficiently complete to permit classi- fication came from the excavation (pl. 23, a, 3). The original form of four broken points cannot be determined. Two of the larger points exhibit relatively coarse flake scars on the flat surfaces but the edges are finely chipped. The three smaller specimens show rather fine over-all chipping. In quality of workmanship, the smaller points 199 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bull. 154 equal the finely chipped triangular, side-notched points of the Upper Republican aspect. The edges of one broken point are rather finely serrated. In cross section the blades of all points are double-convex with the greatest thickness (3-7 mm.) along the midline. On the basis of form,’ the five projectile points appear to represent three types, all variants of a stemmed form. All have expanding stems and are shouldered and barbed. Three have convex bases (SCb1), one has a straight base (SCb2), and one has a concave base (SCb3). The three with convex bases vary in length from 21 to 26 mm. and in width from 13 to 15 mm. One of the other two speci- mens (SCb2) has a length of 48 mm. and a width of 38 mm., while the length of the other (SCb3) is 55 mm. and the width, 31 mm. Six crudely chipped specimens which appear to fall into one class came from various levels throughout the excavation and may be classi- fied as celts (pl. 23, 6, 2). All are made of yellow to dark brown jasper and are roughly triangular in shape. The bit at the widest end is rounding and has been thinned by secondary chipping. The poll is less well shaped and may be either rounding or slightly pointed. A lime matrix, which probably represents the surface of the original jasper slab, is present on one lateral surface, and sometimes on both. The specimens vary in length from 5.9 to 8.2 em.; the greatest width, which is just above the bit, varies from 3.8 to 5.2 cm. Maximum thick- ness is in the vicinity of the greatest width and varies from 1.5 to 2cm. These specimens are very similar to the chipped celts from the Upper Republican aspect, but as a series average much smaller. There are 35 rough flakes with one or more retouched edges (pl. 23, a,2). They exhibit no uniformity in shape and appear to be hastily improvised implements. The retouched edges on many are very fine, while on others they are coarse. They may have had a scraping or cutting function. Six end scrapers, one of which came from the surface, are of the plano-convex type (pl. 23, a, 1). They vary to some extent in shape but common to all is a plane or slightly curved ventral surface. The smallest is 27 mm. by 24 mm., while the largest is 54 mm. by 31 mm. They do not appear to differ significantly from specimens occurring in nearly every Central Plains archeological complex. A few broken, roughly chipped sections, worked on both faces and double-convex in cross section, may be knife fragments. A rounding end is suggested by two fragments. Two complete specimens have lengths of 45 and 38 mm. and widths of 25 and 28mm. The broken sections appear to be from specimens of somewhat greater size. Similar specimens were found at 25VY1 (Hill and Kivett, 1941, pe lige) 3 After Strong, 1935. Riv. Bas. Sur. PapNo 8] WOODRUFF OSSUARY—KIVETT 123 A brown jasper slab measuring 13 cm. by 6 cm. by 2.5 em. is roughly flaked and may represent raw material in the form in which it was brought from the quarry or stream bed. Ris Sat TW | eam TT | Vs ee) Perforated canine teeth_____- etn (ered eae eae RN Rey WIL ee ee elie oa Rodent mandibles__-------- HAs eS aes a |e |e Gl eS Ea NN Ds Evidence of copper____--__-- || a (eee ee lle Pelee el 1ECO)LEL HS 7 a a LOD Se eat eae pt: le EE lic | Tempering : Crushed rock or sand___-_-- eh ie IS ae IN [eee (CR et ee Crushed calcite_.__--__---- TOW PUSH 2 Be) See Sis heer’ Structure : Granuland! yo egi a hl 35) VOUS |stats | eee eee ees Eee ey TNE Sea ae Sa ak ae 9 ee ao |p eel | es eee Wee Pees aa ee See footnotes at end of table. Illustrations Strong, 1935, fig. 10. Wedel 1935, pl. 4. Pl. 20, a Pl. 19, a. Pl. 18, 0. Ble2bs site Strong, 1935, pl. 9, fig. 2 I-N Pleo 24, 1: Pl, 24, 5. Pl 24) 2: Pl 25 8595 SHeLE, 1935, pl. 11, fig. 2, Strong, 1935, pl. 11, fig. 2. f. IPVS25; 105 PIE 23) pe: PIN23 Saal PJ .,23; a; 1. Strong, 1935, pl. 7, fig. 1, d. P23 4 ay os Wedel, 1935, pl. 9, fig. 1, e. Strong, 1935, pl. 7, fig. 2, ¢. Strong, 1935, pl. 17, fig. 1, f. Strong, 1935, pl. 16, fig. 2, n. lezoeOnels Strong, 1935, pl. 10, fig. 2. PA 2 ao: Pl. 22, a, 4. Strong, 1935, pl. 6, fig. 1, c. Pie225 a2 PANS are Schultz and Spaulding, 1948, pl. 30, o. Pi 22803: Pl. 26, a, 2. Strong, 1935, pl. 9. fig. 1. Pl. 21, 6, pl. 28, 6, pl. 27. 130 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 TABLE 2.—Comparison of traits from site 14PH4 with those from other burial sites in the immediate area \—Continued ise) = ™ o =~ an Z mle/e|z oo | fd = x |S dia Zz Six i[eeia Sh lel es >| fel |] Sl es Culture traits zal Se mlees [ecto fel eee Ea era Illustrations =| ms =| a 22) n ales S a Syl Ebest A el ite YS 3 Stall Hepl| fa) || Gi Es || R 2 (| q B/E/sl/Blelisisisis3 Flolc/sa/ eG Veen Se _ = = Ta (MOA Yee By _ i a i a ss ek) eae ee ae Spe | TAPED O09 eye _ 7 vv ¢ ca oP in hae S ath ao ha SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 154 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 4 The Addicks Dam Site I. An Archeological Survey of the Addicks Dam Basin, Southeast Texas By JOE BEN WHEAT 143 953842—53——_11 | noUraTrrayvt waihoeseniee , Nagloodia iteaisetnd, To. aa 5 7 rat nits Pow wrsqad ayn? giant anit | ' ‘SE AG asibbA adh : i FC cc ailalBhA, offs to vara Invigatossdors nA CONTENTS PAGE Puc Kan Owe GOIN ents ie tees le a ee Le 149 SURpmRTOE TCL LOI ten ee ye Ap ae ye bee 8 Aes eee ee ee oe Ct 2 151 ETT CN Moree A Ste se et ee Pee ae eek eee ececke cence ec ee 152 BG ORT APE y nes we ees Tt ST I 2 CE ET LS EOI BOLE 152 SEO Meee bk SD A Mee SA er 8)? Oe 154 PLANAR OMS StC Mae Me eis ed a ee eR Oe AE 154 UNIT Fae ee Ag ee ee 2B ce RES 155 EXEOAcx erence sn AM S| RI MS BOLO, FOC Bes fel 156 PRION COTY eae ack 1 012 te eS oA Hb et ok oh Ba i 157 Early exploration of the Galveston Bay area_____________________- 158 OMG laeTOM LAG MISSIONS: S52 Se ae ee 160 utheshistoric Indians around Galveston Bayo. 22-2 2222222222 2 160 The culture of the Galveston Bay Indians__-...................&% 161 mescriptions of Addicks Basin sites. 2-22. 2.2222 0 Ye ees 163 sthesAddicks Dat A) Ae SS te 190 Wnidentified*wares 2 | 2) A At ee AN 20S Ne a Se 190 Miscellancous: objects of clay =. 25222222 55s2s2- ES ee 190 Ceramic stratigraphy. oY 20 Ae 2h ek eM, ME Tees 190 IDISCUSSION no hr oe ee RS SA ok PO ee BOT 4 Et 192 IGE SUIS C05 111 6) k: >. ee ee ee ee ee Ae Rereeee eM Le 3 196 Projectile poltsoes ee ee ee 201 Wpper level ty pess- = ee eee 230 Bone ss sat 3 oe ge ee pe te 8 ee 231 SANG eT seas ok pA Ie ee ic oe pe a em ee Sa 232 re 8 Se er 0 oe hg Ly eS Se ee 233 Stratigraphy and discussion of bone, antler, and shell artifacts_._. 233 Subsistence see te oo oe a ee ee 234 Animalybonerefuses= == ee) ee See eee ed St 236 Summary and:.conclusions 52622-2020 22520-526 455 22e ee oe 238 Appendix: Trait list for Addicks Basin sites (table 9)___________--_----- 247 mitersturescite@eas. sos sue oe eee et 248 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 29) Doering site and profile. 222-22. 2.2 et 252 30. Kobs site and view of excavation showing Burial 6____-__-------_--- 252 ole ottery. restored! vessels 222 2-2 ea eee ee oe Eee 252 32! pottery, decorated sherds. 26 22 522. A Sk. 2 55 ee 252 3a0 Pottery,.decorated sherds). 2- 22-2 2 252 34. Projectile points: Perdiz Pointed Stem, Scalhorn Stemmed, Eddy SCOTT Ce es 6p ne ee ete et et Se 252 35. Projectile points: Alba Barbed, Kobs Triangular, and Provisional ‘DY PCS NOS:. bo 2) Svan 4.0 soe 2328. oie ek eh ee 252 36. Projectile points: Gary Stemmed points_____.._-._---------------- 252 37. Projectile points: Provisional Types Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and: Wells Contracting Stems 22.22 22 2 ae ee 252 38. Projectile points: Provisional Types Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24; Pedernales Indented Base, and Clovis Fluted (?) ---------- 252 39. Projectile points, unplaced chronologically: Provisional Types Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32; Copena point, Plainview point, and Baird Beveled pointe. ose 8 eas at a eae le Ls 252 40% Knives? Drillssoravers; andieccentricifinta. === ss = a= ee ee eee 252 45. Ground stone: Atlatl weight, sandstone abraders and saws, milling stone, and bandstoneszes Ate ae et oa ee ee 252 46. Miscellaneous minerals and paint pigments_______-__-------------- 252 47-2 Artifacts:of bone; antler, and shells #2-2. 2222 =e = Set eee ee 252 FIGURES Ae Niaprofigeneralearea en: een. ok 5 re a ed gy ee ee ee 153 5. Map of site distribution with inset showing relation of Addicks Dam, Barker Dam;and: Houston; exe. 4-2 ee 163 ot Sketch map; Addicks “Mound” 2 eee 164 7 Sketch map, Doering site 42/6GAG—2)— 2 2 eee 168 Riv. Bas. Sur. BaGeNo. 4) CONTENTS 147 PAGE 8. Contour map and plan of excavation, Doering site (42/66A6—-2)______ 169 Omprotiless)) oering site) (42/66AG—2)o5=- 98 9 22 oe eee 170 peeedriais, Doering site (42/6G6AG—2). _.......-......-22 2.22 2255.-5- 172 memsiceteh map; site (42/66A6—4) .__........- 2... eee ese estas 175 fe isiravieraphic section, site (42/66A6—4) _...__.....-._...-__-__-.__- 175 aaesketcn map, Kobs site (42/66A6-—3) . 2222-2 22.22.-- =. sek 176 14. Contour map and plan of excavation, Kobs site (42/66A6-3)________ 177 itoeeerofiles. Wwobsysite (42/66AG—3))- == = 5-2 Seer 179 HOME IMIAls elo bsisive(42/6GAG—3)a 022 2. a2. 5s oe ee 180 Meomoketcn map, Grisbee site (42/66A3—1) __.-..-.. -.---...------__ 182 18. Stratigraphic section, Grisbee site (42/66A3-1)_____________________ 183 RoE ottoty shum and lip profiles...) 2224) ee 186 BPO ELETYs Vessel Sha pest s= =< eset ie 2k ee a Ny ele a 187 21. Pottery: Base shapes- - -_-- ee Oe See ret a oe gee Me eee ae 188 22. Graph showing comparative projectile point stratigraphy of Doering ANCEINODSUSILCSa= ete ee Ree oe en ee ee ee Chee ee ee ee 215 23. Relative chronology of the Addicks Basin sites_____________________ 243 ye : PELL igat Bilt Aan iar he 2 aes Arla AX | the 6 lw ans iu: Baal rfin) nn ef ¢ Ta wots | duly Preis! ie geht Li ea) rer es, Wary a) Cee) s may : A os mae fie ¥i va a Mi i ate M rvs | | ’ ‘ea . o1 y sf ; ‘e Cinna vmting! puttin) Wig Me outs ie Mt ey CD iO pil nai Seas RRP! i bhi GE ala screenees 5 th BO\Shs sees Mie ar ait Mise ; it 2eC AD Par Te horn hy ha * mille ert oct i ‘bs fies... ter . Wile fea a “est adapt. re, Petit dbo Des i a ee adhe it he Signin iighocy Ol toaieingy. POG 2 ei iti gy, Nee pa eu Wh Re Stadiulity Wiinwe Pathe. Pah ca - he a OE snaps uf Sica POE ied cult shen ay | a ee! ee St ee ee Pee Ai en le ae BB a ener Othe acid dt iviDOobd ee exh. Day. - er "v= (teQAGOS8) alg einen ca na doce eso. iiveees pial toc tin dicitied) \ankiang af pn -o-s a RORY OM hag geal sical Mla ade PAGAN y | heeds ATEN lp appa rile AaThy. fn APS aad es te press ris { aie poy OPH whi, ot ee Bk ie hess su Fangs bbe a ‘te’ seatiire ray ee Petes F ignis Nin, { : 1. ar ludlh Null) uc AA al RR LS ae AN ae - ee POE I withing 46 Oo High eee Fee, Rae, Dot Ee i" Ay) “ aude - ie be adsl Wel Real ia rishi Deny, Citas) Px icin ebenall i if TR a NS REA Si ev Lit vip ily i SAH Mee By ai am . Ae me Ptirewioy Favadin: (bid oy) hiv in & Aan ,, hd oe ae AD, ORS TERD IU WN, trad atthe ty ian EIA, ‘eens, ia scmabik aut ace pees el ee FI oak aii, «Eats wolyh h, wrsebor ancediy aed hy | the ar tn vain} Tg Mee ae OR WY Rib Ci gai mF ty Pale whee Gy dete, out ‘ala eee ee, ; iH Natenaaik it nai ei aes Bs ilies 2

> ema, - eee ee eee Se 6 iRedexnaleswindented Bases je ae aa ae ee 2 Provisional aivyipe.2 le a ee ee 2 IPOH OMA Tye APs. 12 PROMASOMENL Ayo Pais = ee ts 21 Broviston aledy jp en2A aaeslaeear eee eee eens 3 Clovaseilutedh (7) sme, Beene ey 1 Total Middle and Lower Level types__-_______-- 751 Unplaced types: Provisional “ype (25. 2- = 2-2-2 = Sa 1 IProvislomaledlavpen2 Omer =e arene 5h Bacpe 1 Erovisionalhypersie- ose sos ee 2 LEON STON Mion eee ae fee ee 1 Brovisioma leday pens 9 mes = eee 4 IPROVO Woe ate Sake see ee ee 6 Provisional Type 31_- Ssh ea em ] Provisionall@livypera2= = essa ss Pee ae ee 1 Copena Ponta) jas 5 5 Sots ete See ee a RliainwiewePoimtn..55—25 5 So a ee BE 1 Baird: Beveled) Pointeses..-.-2--/UL_2 Bete 2 Nontypable frapments 22 —- 22. 2 eee! 284 PotalaUnplacedktypessa= == ase een ne 305 AboyeN Toronpouniey joven ek 1, 275 | 200 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | Artifacts of stone—Continued Chipped stone—Continued Implements: Knives: ype lacs os ee ee ee ee eee 2 | LV p6 (kbs =. ee ae eee Eh ae fees ee = 1 ype lest a oe >= = Sees elena re a pe eee 1 Dy pedis ik a8 Sp a ee A ee 8 A ORD Bas 8B ty Beae Sates Ee ene eee eS 100 Typ@igs2 suc Ji capes 2 ow eee iy i 53 Alig c):\c: ee ae oP take Fit ene eee 13 Type 52-2 232 OE el ee 6 Ly DO GAs a ee oe ee eee 1 EVDO NGD ese eed Bees SR dee Leeda ns Fe 1 Total knivedac kts. 3. Bey ql teppei eR he 186 Scrapers: End Serapers, Stemmeds& 282 bee _o 5 JH NGUISO eyo Ibs ee ee 3 IMs listed yoes open Ne ee ee 7 Side Scrapers, Large ..2 03 seu Fass ee 5 sideySerapers, small ae eee ee ee 20 Blake Serapers.=.. 2008! becte pin Lehane 2 260 Total’serapers: 2 = OC exe! Panta ee eee 300 Choppers: Onejendiunmodified 22222 ass ae 20 Both ends moditieds =o) eee 54 Chipped Celt sen... 22cc)) 2 las a ns Lee 1 Total-choppers. 23. 322 2 See ee eee 75 Drills: AP ype le: ce S522 seek 2 RS, Ne ae h Bey liane 5 Type lbee 2. 22326 foe HO ee ele 4 Py pO AC! hu see oe ae eee oh olen eae 4 Py per28. aS Se =. Set ef eee eee 3 (By pel2 bade tees Sees - Ae OP A eden eee 3 TPC Se jaa cin eee Oe aE a epee i Totalidrilis= 222. > --2e eae eee 20 Grave4rs = 2) 40 be boys w 3 ae sore a epayeh wa atey feo 13 Eccentric fim: 2 2 ee 2 os aay Ee SE phe 1 — 34 Totaliimplements+ === 44.3 tsps T fate 2 | ee 595 Totalchipped stone: == 4- hte toe ss foal oe 1, 870 oon aa ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 201 Artifacts of stone—Continued Ground stone: Atiatiewelchtss (banner stones) meses see ees a= eee = 2 Sandstonerabraders or sawses. seen ee eee ee 41 PRIN PERT OUOM ENS 2 oc fine tks 2 ee Be aos a eal pee 1 Eamdstoneciesse = carer fe: es pee, Ths ee ee Se eee 1 FOL rOUNGESTONE Ar bIL AC tS ene ee ee 45 Miscellaneous stone: ain pisMEeNntS soe ees ee a es 18 hotcalartifactsrOistone see eee a en Ia 1, 933 PROJECTILE POINTS UPPER LEVEL TYPES Perdiz Pointed Stem (pl. 34, a—n); 113 Specimens. Proportions: Usually medium but sometimes long and slender. Blade: Edges normally straight, occasionally convex or concave, frequently serrated. Shoulders: Prominent to barbed. Stem: Most frequently long relative to total length of point, and contracting to a pointed or slightly rounding base. Average dimensions: Length, 33 mm. (1.31 inches) ; width, 19 mm. (0.75 inch) ; thickness, 4 mm. (0.15 inch). Provenience: See table 3. Remarks: This type of point is the most characteristic of the upper levels in all sites tested and excavated. They are small, light in weight, and since they are commonly made from a thin flake, one side often shows most of the flaking. Workmanship varies considerably, but they are usually well made. The Perdiz Pointed Stem is one of the type projec- tiles for the Toyah Focus (Kelley, 1947 a, p. 122) which Kelley dates at circa A. D. 1500. It is a component of the lithic complex of the Frankston Focus of northeast Texas which Krieger dates between 1400 and 1600,° when it is replaced by Cuney Stemmed, a type not occurring in the Addicks Dam Basin sites. The Perdiz Pointed Stem type has a wide distribution over most of Texas, occurring from Trans- Pecos in the southwestern part of the state, across a broad central belt to northeastern Texas. These finds represent a southeastern extension of their known distribution. Scalhorn Stemmed (pl. 34, o-s) ; 12 specimens. Proportions: Long and narrow. Blade: Edges straight and frequently serrated. Shoulders: Straight to barbed, but usually obscured because of wide base. Stem: Expanding to flaring, formed by diagonal notches from basal corner or just above; base straight to convex. Average dimensions: Length, 36 mm. (1.48 inches); width, 17 mm. (0.68 inch) ; thickness, 3 mm. (0.12 inch). Provenience: See table 3. ® Krieger, personal conference. 202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Remarks: Appear stratigraphically later than Perdiz Pointed Stem, both © here and in the type area. Distribution limited to central and eastern Texas, centering around Tyler.” TABLE 3.—Provenience of Upper Level types of projectile points ! (Bull. 154 | Level Type | Site Total | 0-15 | 15-30 | 30-45 | 45-60 | 60-75 | Unle- ‘ | « e oO « 5) io cated = = | = D 8 5 1 1 1 24 20 Perdiz Pointed Stem._...___________ K 3 3 laa Shea. bh aie p of Goon aae |Pee are ab cee i ee 2 D Fil Kip oui Mogens alle Ata relae [renee 29 4 Scalhorn stemmed —. ee KE it |Peeeer = 3 2 ae 6 elt sore 1 filo: oi c| el Oe 2 Eddy Stemmed...........-.-..----- { k alee oie falas 5 (a2 em Dy wien | eae oe re |e 23 5 Al ba Barbed == asses Wee EK 4 10 3 8 hs eee ee oH i ee ae 1 7 ie (je Pi nev dla ity |e Se 23 4 Kobsviriangulars 952s eae eeeees l e 6 6 10 4 2} Pals 28 eee eee ee eae Dyce aah bee 2 | 2 ype P Mesos e asters a | as igla Gear (| My MEvP=Dk 2c Fis oy = id. EAE BC eee RA 3) lel, Me, i1'# | beset eS 1 5) eee 3 TV DO IP aoe enon Pe ee Ss ee Rage ilietee oe |x hase ALAR) ALARA ee ee EBay ae. 1 Type P-4_.__-.- SR aa a ee Re KE fa asck |poaseshe DP fit pte ae ee ee 1 1 Symbols: D= Doering; K=Kobs; 4=42/66A6-4; G=Grisbee. 3 =From stream bed collection; type P= Provisional type. Eddy Stemmed (pl. 34, x) ; 17 specimens. Proportions: Broad to medium. Blade: Edges straight, occasionally serrated. Shoulders: Barbed but obscured by flaring base. Stem: Expanding to flaring, formed by diagonal notches from basal corner, as in the Scalhorn Stemmed; base straight to convex. Average dimensions: Length, 23 mm. (0.90 inch) ; width, 17 mm. (0.68 inch) ; thickness, 3 mm. (0.12 inch). Provenience: See table 3. Remarks: Chronological and distributional data as for Schalhorn Stemmed.” Alba Barbed (pl. 35, a-h) ; 34 specimens. Proportions: Medium to long. Blade: Usually coneave from barbs to midblade, convex to tip; a few are Straight to slightly convex ; frequently serrated. Shoulders: None. Stem: Notches flaked upward from base form both stem and barbs, usually of approximately equal width; base convex to straight. Average dimensions: Length, 39 mm. (1.56 inches) ; width, 22 mm. (0.87 inch) ; thickness, 4 mm. (0.15 inch). Provenience: See table 8. Remarks: These points appear at about the same level as the Perdiz Pointed Stems, although the latter seem to predominate in the uppermost levels. The type is known from Henrietta Focus, north central Texas (Krieger, 1946, p. 140), and the Gibson Aspect in northeastern Texas (Krieger, 1946, p. 157). It is earlier in the Gibson Aspect foci than in Henrietta Focus and ranges in time perhaps from A. D. 1200 to 1650. 10 Kelley, personal conference. 11 Kelley, personal conference. | | Riv. Bas. Sur. - pena pat ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 203 Kobs Triangular (pl. 35, i, j); 34 specimens. Proportions: Medium to long. Blade: Usually concave from base to midblade, convex to tip; a few are straight to convex, sometimes serrated; basically triangular. Base: Usually convex. Average dimensions: Length, 45 mm. (1.78 inches) ; width, 22 mm. (0.87 inch) ; thickness, 4 mm. (0.15 inch). Provenience: See table 3. Remarks: These points have all the shape and size characteristics of the Alba Barbed type except the notching, which produces both stem and barbs in the latter. Distribution is considered to be generally similar, as well, with perhaps a greater concentration of the Kobs Triangular in the eastern range of the type.” MISCELLANEOUS UPPER LEVEL TYPES Provisional Type 1 (pl. 35, p) ; 4 specimens. Proportions: Long and narrow. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Prominent but obscured by flaring stem. Stem: Wide expanding stem formed by deep U-shaped lateral or diagonal notches; strongly convex base. Dimensions (only one whole specimen): Length, 50 mm. (1.96 inches) ; width, 21 mm. (0.87 inch) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 3. Remarks: These are larger than usual for upper level projectile points. The workmanship is good. Distribution in time and space is unknown. Provisional Type 2 (pl. 35, m—o) ; 3 specimens. Proportions: Long and narrow. Blade: Slightly convex edges and rather thick in cross section. Shoulders: Tend to squareness but are not prominent. Stem: Relatively short and squarish with parallel edges and bases somewhat convex. Average dimensions: Length, 65 mm. (2.56 inches) ; width, 19 mm. (0.75 inch) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 3. Remarks: Like Provisional Type 1, these are longer than is common in upper level types. Workmanship is above average for this area. Temporal and areal distribution unknown. Provisional Type 3 (pl. 35, k); 1 specimen. Proportions: Medium ; blade broad, stem relatively long. Blade: Edges straight. Shoulders: Poorly defined. Stem: Concave edges; contracts gently from the shoulders to midstem from where it expands to a slightly concave base; stem and basal edges heavily ground. Dimensions: Length 28 mm. (1.09 inches) of which 12 mm. (0.46 inch) is blade length; width, 15 mm, (0.59 inch) ; thickness obscured by thermal fracture on both faces of the blade. Provenience: See table 3. 12 Krieger, personal conference. 204. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Provisional Type 4 (pl. 35, J); 1 specimen. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges parallel to midblade, asymmetrically convex to tip; edges ground smooth along parallel portion. Base: Concave. Dimensions: Length, 39 mm. (1.56 inches) ; width, 19 mm. (0.75 inch) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 3. Remarks: The end of the blade has been roughly reflaked to its present asymmetric shape. It seems likely that this is an earlier piece which had been picked up and reused by the later occupants of the site. Spatial and temporal distribution unknown. MIDDLE AND LOWER LEVEL PROJECTILE POINTS Gary Stemmed (pl. 36, a-y) ; 518 specimens. Proportions: Commonly medium, but a few are of broad or narrow pro- portions. Blade: Edges vary from convex to somewhat concave and are frequently asymmetrical. Shoulders: Prominent, rarely barbed; an occasional point has only one shoulder. Stem: Usually contracts from the shoulder to form a tapered or rounded stem, although a very few have parallel or even slightly expanding sides. Base is normally pointed, but in some cases is convex or straight. The majority of these convex or straight base points are the result of leaving the unmodified original striking platform of the flake to form the butt of the stem. Asphaltum was often used on the stem as an adhesive for binding it to the shaft. Average dimensions: Length, 47 mm. (1.87 inches) ; width, 26 mm. (1.03 inches) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). There is a considerable size range in these points, depending somewhat upon material and work- manship. Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: The Gary Stemmed point is the most characteristic type of the middle levels. Workmanship ranges from extremely crude percussion flaked examples to well-made pressure retouched points. This depends in part upon the material: Flint, quartzite, mineralized wood, and one point of fine-grained sandstone. Typologically similar projectile points have a wide range both in space and time. Without attempting to give a complete distribution, a few pertinent occurrences may be noted. It is similar to, if not identical with, the simple haft 1 B of the Tchefuncte period (Ford and Quimby, 1945, fig. 8, h, i), and most, if not all, of the points designated as types simple haft 1 A, 1 C, 1D, 2 A, 2 B, and 2 C of the Marksville period (Ford and Willey, 1940, figs. 45, 46). Pov- erty Point in northern Louisiana (Webb, C. H., 1948, fig. 44, 1, 2, and 4); sites Lu” 65, Lu°® 67, Lu° 72, Lu’ 92, and Ct° 27 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 207, 226, 227, 236, 257, and 293) ; site 5 in the Norris Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1938, pl. 31 b) ; Indian Knoll (Webb. Wm. S., 1946, fig. 32, c) ; Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida (Wat- son, 1948, fig. 23, 9, h) ; and Stalling’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pls. 55, 56) all yield points of a similar pattern. It is common in pottery sites in northeast Texas (Krieger, 1946, p. 117 ). Furthermore, it is listed as one of the most common forms of the Woodland Pattern of the north- Riv. Bas. Sur. en. Nord) ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 205 ern United States (Anonymous, 1943, p. 396 and fig. 39, I b). The temporal distribution within this geographical range is Archaic to Temple Mound II, perhaps later. Within the sites of the Addicks Basin, the Gary Stemmed point earlier displaces a group of expanding stemmed points in favor, and is finally, itself, largely replaced by the small arrow points of the upper levels. The variation within the type range of the Addicks specimens seems to have little, if any, chronological significance per se. The importance of the group lies in the predominant role it played during the middle level of occupation. TaBLE 4.—Provenience of Middle and Lower Level types of projectile points ! Level Projectile point type Site | eae Total 0- 0-15 | 15-30 | 30-45 | 45-60 | 60-75 | 75-90 |90-105 120 | cated 448 Gary Stemmed aa 17 Wells Ctg. Stem 1 BiSy Depa tee ee ea a et ; "yd eS eee ee aie oe ae 25 UOT OYE) Sy (a ge a ee a PV DOEb Shawnee aan is ace seo ss mi Thy Del ee ° 4 “USO Re 3 20 ‘Tthqoleyl 2} Es oe a a J my Pere =12— s~ oa Sa2 3S. e eee 2 “Ey oti £23 6 ee ae ype P14 ae ee ec ee 8 Le ee eee 1 iy pelen 1 Ose e e eee en 2 Biype balsa aot st 26 2. Sc as 5 Tio Raita Sa i poype P=19e. 8 2 cee ses uf Repel hp =0 yea ene eek eee 6 Pedernales Ind 2 TIS 80) 129) ee a Ee AOD 2 10 PRVIDG iene ee oo a ; 19 ‘F059 0d SS ee Oe 1 1 BVO. b-otetaus foc o ee See 2 Clovis Fluted (?) 1 1§ymbols: D=Doering, K=Kobs, 4=42/66A6-4, 5=42/66A6-5, G=Grisbee sites; Type P= Provisional type; Pedernales Ind.=Pedernales Indented Base: *=Stream bed collection from Doering site. Provisional Type 5 (pl. 37, 0) ; 2 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Well defined. Stem: Short, contracting, bifurcate. Dimensions (1 specimen): Length, 41 mm. (1.61 inches) ; width, 22 mm. (0.87 inch) ; thickness, 11 mm. (0.43 inch). Provenience: See table 4. 206 | BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bull. 154 Wells Contracting Stem (pl. 37, s); 1 specimen (broken). Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Less wide than stem, edges convex (?); distal end broken. Shoulders: None. Stem: Long, narrow, contracts from midpoint of blade; base straight; stem and basal edges ground smooth. Dimensions: Length, circa 70 mm, (?) (2.75 inches) ; width, 19 mm. (0.75 inch) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Length of stem, 32 mm. (1.28 inches). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Basically a narrow leaf-shaped point. The stem is demarked by grinding and by a greater width than the blade, forming, in effect, a reverse shoulder. The known range of the Wells Contracting Stem form centers in northeast Texas and may be fairly late, but it is cer- tainly precontact. Provisional Type 6 (pl. 37, d, e); 25 specimens. Proportions: Medium to narrow. Blade: Edges convex to straight, rarely concave. Shoulders: Usually poorly defined, sometimes square. Stem: Slightly to widely expanding, formed by relatively broad and shallow notches diagonally flaked from the basal corners; bases mostly convex, occasionally straight. Average dimensions: Length, 45 mm. (1.78 inches) ; width, 21 mm. (0.84 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Although somewhat similar points occur in the Poverty Point site in northern Louisiana (Webb, C. H., 1948, fig. 44, 4), in general their temporal and geographical range is not known. Provisional Type 7 (pl. 37, f-h) ; 23 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Kdges convex. Shoulders: Obscured by width of stem and base. Stem: Flaring, as wide as blade; lateral notches are usually broad and shallow, sometimes narrow ; bases generally straight. Average dimensions: Length, 39 mm. (1.56 inches); width, 20 mm. (0.78 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.238 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Rough but not poor workmanship and somewhat smaller than the majority of Middle and Lower Level points. The complete range in space and time is not known, but the shape occurs at site Ct® 27 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb. Wm. S., and DeJarnette, 1942, pl. 294, 1, type listed as No. 47) ; at site Ma° 4 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 108, b) ; in Missouri (Wedel, 1943, pl. 12, c-e) ; and is listed as one of the basic shapes of the Woodland Pattern (Anonymous, 19438, fig. 39, d). Provisional Type 8 (pl. 37, i, j); 13 specimens. Proportions: Narrow to medium. Blade: Forms a compound curve, concave from shoulders to midblade, convex to tip. Shoulders: Prominent but not barbed. | Riv. Bas. Sur. aap. Noa] ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 207 | Stem: Somewhat expanding, frequently ground smooth; base is straight to convex. Average dimensions: Length, 60 mm. (2.37 inches); width, 25 mm. (0.96 inch) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: These points are larger than average for the site, and the work- manship is good. The type is quite similar to the simple haft 1 A of | the Tchefuncte and Marksville cultures (Ford and Quimby, 1945, fig. 8, | a, b, c, and e) and to some of the points from site Ct’ 17 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 27, a). Its complete range is not known. | Provisional Type 9 (pl. 37, k, 1) ; 8 specimens. | Proportions: Broad. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Slightly barbed, occasionally straight. Stem: Gently to widely expanding, formed by notches from the basal corners; bases are convex. Average dimensions: Length, 35 mm. (1.37 inches) ; width, 24 mm. (0.93 inch) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Complete areal and spatial distribution unknown, but at least one other southeastern occurrence is at Hiwassie Island (Lewis and Kneberg, 1946, pl. 66B, upper row). Provisional Type 10 (pl. 37, m, n); 9 specimens. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges gently convex. Shoulders: Obscured by width of stem. Stem: Expanding, formed by broad, shallow, lateral notches; base convex; basal and notch edges frequently smoothed by grinding. Average dimensions: Length, 40 mm. (1.59 inches); width, 17 mm. (0.68 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Provisional Type 11 (pl. 37, a—-c) ; 20 specimens. Proportions: Medium to narrow. Blade: Edges predominantly straight but some show slight convexity or concavity. Shoulders: Not prominent, obscured by wide expanding stem. Stem: Expanding to flaring; formed by broad, shallow, irregular, lateral notches some distance above the base; base usually convex but some- times straight. Average dimensions: Length, 54 mm. (2.12 inches) ; width, 22 mm. (0.87 inch) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Appears in site Mg” 2 in the Wheeler Basin, an early horizon (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 88, a, row 3, No. 2), and also in Mississippi (Brown, 1926, fig. 28, second row, last two specimens), but without context. Its complete distribution in space and time is not known. Provisional Type 12 (pl. 37, p, q); 28 specimens. Proportions: Narrow to medium. Blade: Edges form compound curve, concave from shoulders to midblade, convex to tip. Shoulders: Prominent, rarely barbed. 953842—53—_15 208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Stem: Vary from slightly contracting to somewhat expanding, frequently of a bulbous shape and smoothed by abrasion; stem constitutes from one-third to one-fourth of the total length of the point; base convex to rounding. Average dimensions: Length, 65 mm. (2.56 inches) ; width, 25 mm. (0.96 inch) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: In general appearance this type is quite similar to Provisional Type 8, the chief difference being in the consistently longer, occasionally bulbous stem of the present type. Temporal and spatial distribution unknown. Provisional Type 13 (pl. 37, r) ; 6 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges convex to straight. Shoulders: Slightly barbed to poorly defined. Stem: Relatively long, parallel-sided ; bases indented; basal and stem edges sometimes ground. Average dimensions: Length, 55 mm. (1.65 inches); width, 23 mm. (0.90 inch) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Points of similar shape but generally larger and inferior in workmanship occur over a wide range to the west of the Addicks Basin. They seem to center on the Edwards Plateau, occurring as far north as Abilene (Sayles, 1935, pl. 14, b, c, and g), west to the Pecos River (Pearce and Jackson, 1933, pl. 12, a, 6), east to the Black and Grand Prairies near Dallas (Bryan, 1930, pl. 24, 4), and on the plateau proper (Jackson, 19388, pl. 4, 1; Pearce, 1932 a, pl. 10, No. 20; and Kelley, 1947, pl. 14, 1). Provisional Type 14 (pl. 37, £) ; 8 specimens. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges straight to slightly convex. Shoulders: Barbed. Stem: Short relative to total point length, gently expanding; base straight. Average dimensions: Length, 45 mm. (1.78 inches) ; width, 22 mm. (0.87 inch) ; thickness, 4.50 mm. (0.17 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Provisional Type 15 (pl. 38, a); specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Convex. Shoulders: Indeterminate because of broken condition of point. Stem: Basically parallel-sided, edges slightly concave; base somewhat con- cave; stem and basal edges ground smooth. Dimensions: Length, circa 80 mm. (7?) (8.14 inches) ; width, 21 mm. (0.84 inch) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Specimen broken and small central segment was not recovered. Workmanship excellent, the flaking of the blade is basically collateral with minute retouching along the blade edges. This point somewhat resembles the Scottsbluff points which Webb (Webb, C. H., 1948, fig. 45, Nos. 1-5) reports from northern Louisiana. If it actually falls into that category, the Addicks Basin find marks the southernmost occur- rence yet noted. Riv. Bas. Sur. Hi. eageNo 41) ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 209 Provisional Type 16 (pl. 38, b) ; 2 specimens. Proportions: Medium. | Blade: Basically leaf-shaped, edges convex from tip to intersection with stem. i Shoulders: None. Stem: Parallel-sided or slightly contracting; base concave; basal and stem edges ground. Dimensions (larger specimen) : Length, 67 mm. (2.64 inches) ; width, 31 mm. (1.21 inches) ; thickness, 9 mm. (0.86 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Workmanship excellent with broad, parallel flakes on the faces of the blade. Typologically similar points occur at Nebo Hill in west- ern Missouri (Shippee, 1948, pl. 2, Ah, Ch) where they are considered to be reworked blades from the more typical elongate, lanceolate variety. | Others somewhat resembling these occur at site Ft-42 on Lime Creek 7 in Nebraska (Schultz and Frankforter, 1948, fig. 12, specimen 7555). Provisional Type 17 (pl. 38, c) ; 5 specimens. Proportions: Medium to narrow. Blade: Convex edges describe parabola from shoulder to tip. Shoulders: Prominent, square. Stem: Square, edges parallel ; base straight. Average dimensions: Length, 59 mm. (2.32 inches) ; width, 25 mm. (0.96 inch) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Workmanship is excellent. Points of this type occur in site Lu° 86 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 12, Bb), in Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 32, a, rows 1 and 2), and the type is listed as one of the basic Woodland Pattern shapes (Anonymous, 1943, fig. 39, Ie). Provisional Type 18 (pl. 38, d); 15 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Prominent to barbed. Stem: Slightly expanding, formed by diagonal notches from the basal corners; bases convex. Average dimensions: Length, 55 mm. (2.16 inches) ; width, 32 mm. (1.28 inches) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 4. | Provisional Type 19 (pl. 38, e, f) ; 18 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges straight, occasionally serrated. Shoulders: Prominent. Stem: Large relative to total point size; edges usually parallel; base slightly concave to convex, generally straight; basal and stem edges may be lightly ground. Average dimensions: Length, 55 mm. (2.16 inches); width, 29 mm. (1.14 inches) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Points of this shape occur in Mississippi (Brown, 1926, fig. 28, row 4, second and third specimens), at site Lu’ 92 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pl. 257, 1, second row 210 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 second specimen), and are a component of the collections from the Morhiss site “ in Victoria County, Tex., southwest of the Addicks Basin. Provisional Type 20 (pl. 38, g, h) ; 6 specimens. Porportions: Medium to narrow. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Usually obscured by flaring stem. Stem: Flaring, sometimes as wide as blade, formed by lateral notches immedi- ately above the base; base straight. Average dimensions: Length, 50 mm. (1.96 inches) ; width, 25 mm. (0.96 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Points of this characteristic shape occur in a considerable size range, the larger ones appearing in the Southeast, both as knives and as projectile points (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pl. 286, middle row, third specimen from right), in the Central Plains area (Wedel, 1948, pl. 12, a-g), and the type is one of the basic Woodland Pattern shapes (Anonymous, 1948, fig. 39, Ia). Pedernales Indented Base (pl. 38, i) ; 2 specimens. Proportions: Medium to narrow. Blade: Edges convex to straight. Shoulders: Straight to slightly barbed. Stem: Edges parallel; base concave to deeply indented. Dimensions: Length, probably 90 to 100 mm. (3.53 to 3.92 inches) (both speci- mens broken) ; width, 37 and 40 mm. (1.46 and 1.59 inches) ; thickness, 7 and 9 mm. (0.28 and 0.36 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: This type of point is characteristic of sites along the middle course of the Colorado River of central Texas.* Provisional Type 21 (pl. 38, j); 2 specimens. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Broad relative to total length ; edges convex. Shoulders: Well defined. Stem: Long relative to total length ; edges parallel ; base straight ; stem edges ground. Dimensions: Length, 85 and 45 mm. (1.87 and 1.78 inches) ; width, 24 mm. (0.93 inch) ; thickness, 85 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: The distribution of this type is poorly known. One occurrence of a similar point is at site No. 5 in the Norris Basin in eastern Ten- nessee (Webb, Wm. S., 1938, pl. 31, third row, second from left). Provisional Type 22 (pl. 38, m); 12 specimens. Proportions: Narrow to medium. Blade: Hdges convex. Shoulders: Well defined. Stem: Slightly expanding ; base convex to straight. Average dimensions: Length, 36 mm. (1.43 inches) ; width, 16 mm. (0.63 inch) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 4. 13 Collections in Museum of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 14 Kelley, personal conference. Riv. Bas. Sur. Pee Ne a1 ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 911 Provisional Type 23 (pl. 38, k) ; 21 specimens. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges strongly convex. Base: Convex to round. Average dimensions: Length, 55 mm. (|2.16 inches) ; width, 20 mm. (0.78 inch) ; thickness, 9 mm. (0.36 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: The leaf-shaped blade is one of the basie types of the Woodland Pattern (Anonymous, 1948, fig. 39, If). It is likely that these specimens are too small to have been used for anything but projectile points. Much larger pieces of the same shape also occur and are discussed below under the heading Knives. Provisional Type 24 (pl. 38, m) ; 3 specimens (broken). Proportions: Medium to broad. Blade: Convex edges converge strongly toward tip. Base: Concave with several parallel longitudinal basal thinning flakes on either face of the blade; very small lateral notches immediately above the base give the effect of ears; basal and notch edges ground smooth. Dimensions: Length, probably near 35 mm. (1.37 inches) ; width, 29 mm. (1.14 inches) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 4. Clovis Fluted (?) (pl. 38, D); 1 specimen (broken). Proportions: Indeterminate, probably narrow. Blade: Edges convex, expanding from base toward midblade; lateral edges ground; fluted on both faces. Base: Concave, basal edge ground. Dimensions: Indeterminable; present length, 40 mm. (1.59 inches). Provenience: See table 4. Remarks: Two fragments of this point were recovered, one from the stream bed, the other from the Doering midden, and fitted together. It is interesting to note that the piece from the stream bed is patinated a tannish cream color while the fragment from the midden is colored a very light cream. This is an excellent demonstration of the effect of immediate environment on patination. The southern distribution of the fluted forms is poorly known, very few having been found in context. They occur in the Abilene region to the west (Bryan, Kirk and Ray, C. N., 1988) and in northern Louisiana (Webb, C. H., 1948, fig. 45, 6-8) to the north. While this occurrence may argue for a relatively recent survival of the type, it is the opinion of the writer that it represents a fossil point picked up and reused by the later occupants. UNPLACED PROJECTILE POINT TYPES All of the following projectile points, with the exception of No. c, Plate 39, from site 42/66A6-5, are from the stream bed at the Doering site. Since they were not duplicated in the excavated series, their relative stratigraphic position may only be inferred at the present time. Provisional Type 25 (pl. 39, b) ; 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Well defined. Stem: Relatively long, contracting from shoulders; base straight. Dimensions: Length, 62 mm. (2.45 inches) ; width, 28 mm. (1.09 inches) ; thickness, 11 mm. (0.43 inch). 212 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Provisional Type 26 (pl. 39, c) ; 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Concave to midblade and convex to tip (broken) ; beveled on opposite faces. Shoulders: Poorly defined. Stem: Contracts from shoulders and then expands slightly to base; base concave ; stem and basal edges heavily ground. Dimensions: Length, indeterminate; width, 19 mm. (0.75 inch) ; thickness, 7mm. (0.28 inch). Remarks: This form resembles, superficially at least, the beveled points of the Brazos River Phase of Sayles (1935, pl. 11, a-e). Provisional Type 27 (pl. 39, h); 2 specimens (broken). Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges straight. Shoulders: Prominent, square. Stem: Large, contracting, with straight edges; base convex; basal and stem edges ground. Dimensions: Length, about 70 mm. (2.75 inches); width, 37 mm. (1.46 inches) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Remarks: Workmanship excellent. These points occur in the Morhiss site in Victoria County, Tex.* Provisional Type 28 (pl. 39, g); 1 specimen (broken). Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Well defined, square. Stem: Large, contracting, with convex edges; base probably round or pointed ; stem edges ground. Dimensions: Length, about 95 mm. (?) (3.73 inches); width, 30 mm. (1.18 inches) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Remarks: This form also occurs as a component of the Morhiss site lithic complex. Workmanship excellent. Provisional Type 29 (pl. 39, i, j); 4 specimens. Proportions: Medium over-all with broad blade. Blade: Edges straight to convex. Shoulders: Medium. Stem: Long and wide, edges parallel; base convex. Dimensions: Length, 38 mm. (1.50 inches); width, 21 mm. (0.84 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Stems average 21 mm. (0.84 inch) in length. Remarks: Because of the relative size of the stems, there is a possibility that these are reworked from larger points, although only one seems actually to have been rechipped. On the whole, it seems likely that they constitute a type. A single example of the type is illustrated by Moorehead (1931, fig. 2, lower row, third specimen) from Yell County, Ark., and another similar point from site JO 2, an Adena site in eastern Kentucky (Webb, Wm. S., 1942, pp. 310, 315, and fig. 7, 83K), but the complete range in time and space is unknown. 1° Collections, Museum of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. Riv. Bas. Sur. == i pep Ne 4 ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 213 Provisional Type 30 (pl. 39, k, D ; 6 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges straight to Somewhat convex. Shoulders: Medium. Stem: Edges parallel to slightly expanding; bases straight and tend to | form a square with the stem. Average dimensions: Length, 38 mm. (1.50 inches) ; width, 24 mm. (0.93 inch) ; thickness, 7mm. (0.28 inch). Provisional Type 31 (pl. 39, d); 1 specimen (broken). | Proportions: Medium. | Blade: Asymmetric, edges convex. Shoulders: One side has a small barb, the other a broad, long, curved barb. Stem: Shape unknown, probably asymmetric in direction opposite to large barb. Dimensions: Length, about 43 mm. (?) (1.71 inches) ; width, 38 mm. (1.31 inches) ; thickness, 4mm. (0.15 inch). Provisional Type 32 (pl. 39, e) ; 1 specimen (broken). Proportions: Broad. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Prominent. Stem: Short, broad, with slightly expanding edges; base convex; stem and basal edges ground. Dimensions: Length, indeterminate; width, 28 mm. (1.09 inches) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Copena Point (pl. 39, a); 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges form compound curve, concave just above the base, convex at midblade, and then concave to the tip. Base: Slightly convex. Dimensions: Length, 76 mm. (2.98 inches) ; width, 21 mm. (0.84 inch) ; thick- ness, 9 mm. (0.36 inch). Remarks: This point corresponds to the less finished type as reported by Webb and DeJarnette (1942, pl. 207, 2) for the Pickwick Basin. Plainview Point (pl. 39, f); 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Parallel edges, asymmetrically convex to tip; end of blade resharp- ened by much inferior technique; flaking basically collateral with parallel flake scars meeting along a slight dorsal ridge; lateral edges ground, Base: Slightly concave; edge ground. Dimensions: Length, 39 mm. (1.56 inches) ; width, 17 mm. (0.68 inch) at mid-blade; thickness, 4mm. (0.15 inch). Remarks: Although its dimensions are somewhat less than those of points from the type station (Sellards, Evans, Meade, and Krieger, 1947, p. 939 and table 4, pp. 948, 944), this specimen probably should be considered a Plainview point.* 16 Krieger, personal conference. 214 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Baird Beveled Point (pl. 39, m, n); 2 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Triangular, edges straight; longitudinal thinning flakes on both faces of one, on one face of the other. Base: One concave, one convex. Dimensions: Length, 41 and 44 mm. (1.61 and 1.75 inches) ; width, 26 and 27 mm. (1.03 and 1.06 inches) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Remarks: Points of this form occur both in central Texas (Ray, C. N., 1938, pl. 25, 1, row 5, Clear Fork Dart 3; and Kelley, 1947 b, pl. X, 6) and in the South Gulf Coastal area (Sayles, 1935, pl. 25, h). These points may, therefore, represent trade relations with either area, although the central Texas area seems most likely since several other central Texas types also occur as trade specimens. PROJECTILE POINT STRATIGRAPHY An examination of table 5 and figure 22 reveals several trends significant in the establishment of a relative chronology for the Addicks Dam Basin sites. Considering the Doering site alone for the moment, these are: (1) The greater variety of miscellaneous point types from the lower levels in relation to the Gary Stemmed group (except level 105-120 where the number of points recovered is too small to be statistically important); (2) the increasing dominance of the Gary type to level 30-45, in which it constitutes nearly 85 percent of all forms present; (3) the increasing importance of the Perdiz Pointed Stem and its associated forms in the two upper levels of the site. As already mentioned above, the data of the lowest level are in- secure, since only four points were found. It is perhaps significant that only one of these, or 25 percent of the total for that level, was of the Gary Stemmed type; but the smallness of the sample renders unsound any definite conclusions based on the occurrence of this type. From level 90-105 up, however, the evidence is clear that the mis- cellaneous group of points, nearly all of which are expanding or parallel-sided stemmed varieties, give way, as a group, as the Gary Stemmed type gains in favor and importance. The appearance of the Perdiz Pointed Stem, Alba Barbed, and associated types marks the initiation of the rapid encroachment of the small projectile points. This event probably heralds the intro- duction of the bow and arrow. The occurrence of a single Perdiz Pointed Stem point in each of levels 60-75, 45-60, and 30-45 poses an interesting problem. It may be that the Doering site peoples, through trade, warfare, or otherwise, had come into contact with peoples already using the type some time prior to its main introduc- tion. It is likewise possible that, although introduced earlier, it did not gain a strong foothold until relatively late in the occupancy of the site. The most probable explanation, however, at least for the two lower occurrences, is that they represent dislocations due to dis- Riv. Bas. Sur. ys Pap. Noo4]- ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 210 Scale of Percentage 0 25 50 75 100 100 75 50 25 ie) Level {aL LRQA! Gee), BRAVA bet: PIIOOAARAE 45-60 eta eee FEE LA RRS EE 75-90 ae Sonos (ee | ee 105- —=_———_ KOBS SITE Jats RRNA ee see ea C[S2” a ES a any oo EBS be ie Oa 45-60 SOGEANIS SITE Ficure 22.—Graph showing comparative projectile point stratigraphy of Doering and Kobs sites. Diagonal hatching, upper level types; blank, Gary Stemmed type; dotted area, other lower and middle level types. 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[NOTES INGER Si meee 0 ip tee | a carmen peqieg eqry =e SAE > Beil | AB =e |, A ma | [ENCE gel, SU |= | Ie |e ae CLL z ~7oa">">-peumuays APPA RE NaS lS 2 SR Ta || Sh eee see oi aa a 3 ae & Gabe eb oe eee ae || Ui T 77> 7>"""peulude}9§ U10G[BIS é : ; i 6 CL ‘PS 88 9¢ °99 (43 ellie mae m9} Pe}UlOd Zp19d dq ONT ‘Pd “ON ‘PI ‘ONT Pd ‘ON ‘Pd ‘ON Pd ‘ON tives “ON Dd ‘ONT peed _ 0ZI-SOT SOT-06 06-2 G1-09 09-GF oP-0E 0g-ST SI-0 od 44 qurod ao0forg OJIS S(O —S[9A9|[ PO}VoIpUr Uy syutod 9[T,0efo1d Jo WOTJNTI}SIpP 03K} Ud0I0gT 218 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 turbances caused by rodent action or the digging of burial or other pits during the normal course of living on the site. Regardless of the interpretation given to the seemingly aberrant early occurrences of the Perdiz Pointed Stem points, once the small points became firmly established they quickly replaced the larger, heavier Gary Stemmed group in favor and comprise 66 percent of the forms recovered from the upper levels. Turning now to the Kobs site, it may be noted that stratigraphically the most important factor is the continuation of the trend observed in the upper levels of the Doering site, the growing dominance of the small projectile points. Indeed, in the uppermost level this trend results in an almost complete replacement of the Gary Stemmed and associated point types. Below level 60-75 in the sand knoll, too few points were recovered to constitute satisfactory evidence. This is not surprising when it is recalled that below this level occupation must have been on a some- what intermittent basis, since it did not result in the formation of a true midden deposit. The majority of the 11 points from the sand knoll are of the Gary Stemmed type. On the basis of the projectile points alone, the lower levels of the Kobs site would equate temporally with levels 45-60 and 30-45 of the Doering site; but the occurrence of Tchefuncte Stamped trade ware in the same horizon renders this interpretation unsatisfactory. On the whole, it seems best to reserve judgment on this matter. In the lowest level of the midden deposit, however, the Perdiz Pointed Stem and associated types comprise 25 percent of all points found; the Gary Stemmed group, 48 percent; and miscellaneous middle level types comprise the remaining percentage. In the top level, the Perdiz Pointed Stem and cognate forms constitute 98 percent of the total points, having almost entirely replaced the larger types of the lower levels. DISCUSSION By regrouping into graphic form the comparative stratigraphic data for the Doering and Kobs sites, contained in table 5, the nature of the sequence may be more clearly visualized (fig. 22). The re- placement of earlier expanding stemmed forms by the Gary Stemmed type, and the appearance and growing predominance of the Alba Barbed, Perdiz Pointed Stem, and associated types, offer a criterion of relative chronology. Disregarding, for the moment, the three Perdiz Pointed Stem occurrences from below level 15-30 at the Doering site, the most obvious correlation is between level 15-30, Doering site, and level 60-75, Kobs site. This correlation is largely borne out by a comparison of the relative percentages of the Gary Stemmed forms from the two sites. If, however, the level 60-75 Riv. Bas. Sur. ws. ap eNe 41 ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 219 appearance of the Perdiz Pointed Stem is not fortuitous, the correla- tion would be between level 60-75 at each site. For the most part, the first correlation seems the more likely one. No adequate assessment of site 42/66A6—4 or of the Grisbee site is possible because of the limited nature of the testing operations carried on. Tentatively, however, they may be equated with the Kobs and Doering sites, using the appearance of the Perdiz Pointed Stem type as an arbitrary criterion of temporal equality. On this basis, level 30-45 of site 42/66A6-4 and level 45-60 of the Grisbee site (see table 3) would equate with level 60-75 of the Kobs site and level 15-30 or level 60-75 of the Doering site, depending upon the interpretation given the lowest stratigraphical occurrence of the Per- diz Pointed Stem points there. The occurrences of projectile point types such as the Clovis Fluted (2), Scottsbluff (?), and Plainview points, and those resembling the Nebo Hill points (Provisional Type 16), in the Addicks Basin sites present themselves as an interesting problem but, nevertheless, are somewhat apart from the main chronological story. With the excep- tion of the two resembling the Nebo Hill points, there is only one of each type, and one of these, the Plainview point, did not occur in con- text but rather in the stream bed. Whether it washed out of the midden, and if so, from what level, or whether it may have eroded out of the clay below the midden, cannot be answered. It is perhaps significant that the Clovis Fluted (?) and the Scottsbluff (?) points both occur in level 90-105, and the Provisional Type 16 (Nebo Hill (?)) points in the Kobs site sand knoll. Regardless of this, how- ever, their chronological significance will remain obscure until they are found in a pure site or in sufficient concentration and in context to prove them Paleo-Indian, or until a body of data is gathered which demonstrates them to be a minor but consistent component of the lithic complex of the Southeastern Archaic. Until this situation has been resolved, it is best to lend little weight to their presence. The most secure chronological tie of the projectile sequence lies in the upper level appearance of arrow points that have been dated else- where following different lines of evidence.” The arrival of the Perdiz Pointed Stem and related points probably was not before 1450 A. D. Once they were introduced, they rapidly replaced the larger and heavier dart points of the middle and lower levels. Going back in time from the upper level, the most significant factor is the decreas- ing frequency of a miscellaneous group of parallel-sided and expand- ing-stemmed projectile points whose distribution, where known, seems to be primarily among the earlier horizons of the Southeast. The 7 Kelley, 1947 a, p. 127, uses a minimum date of 1500 A. D. Krieger, 1947, personal conference, dates the Alba Barbed and Perdiz Pointed Stem at circa 1450 A. D. 220 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 percentage relationships of the various projectile point types may then tentatively express relative chronology. Turning now to extra-areal relations of the middle and lower levels, one of the most widespread projectile point types over the Southeast is the type here designated Gary Stemmed. Typologically similar points occur consistently in Stalling’s Island, Indian Knoll, a number of sites in the Pickwick Basin, Poverty Point, and the Marksville and Tchefuncte horizons of the Lower Mississippi Valley.* The remainder of the middle and lower level points seem to occur sporadically throughout early sites and horizons of the South- east, with some survival into later horizons as well. Of the 23 types for which some distributional data have been noted, 11 types compris- ing some 600 points appear to have an almost exclusive Southeastern distribution. Seven types, represented by a total of 15 points, are types whose distribution is essentially Texan, occurring for the most part in the sequences of the Edwards Plateau and the Abilene district. Four types, the Clovis Fluted (?), Scottsbluff (?), Nebo Hill (?), and the Plainview points have distributions in time and space which, as pointed out above, are at present beyond the scope of this paper. Provisional Type 19 occurs as a type both in the Southeast and in the Morhiss site on the Texas Gulf Coast. While the dearth of pub- lished material for certain parts of the Texas area to the west has probably introduced some distortions into the distributional picture, there is nevertheless an overwhelming majority of types which appear to be both early and Southeastern. The few examples of definite Texas types are, then, most easily explained as intrusive specimens. This solution accords well with the evidence of the ceramic complex, pointing to a basic Southeastern culture pattern. The introduction of the arrow points of the Alba Barbed, Perdiz Pointed Stem, and the other related types, marks a shift in the direc- tion of influence from the Southeast to west and northwest, a trend noticeable in the other artifacts as well. MISCELLANEOUS LITHIC ARTIFACTS KNIVES Stemmed Knife, Type 1a (pl. 40, a) ; 2 specimens. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Prominent. Stem: Slightly expanding; base convex. Dimensions: (larger specimen) Length, 108 mm. (4.25 inches) ; width, 38 mm. (1.50 inches) ; thickness, 10 mm. (0.39 inch). Provenience: See table 6. 1%8The data for the distribution of the types under consideration have been given above under the Remarks section for each specific form. Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 4] ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 221 TABLE 6.—Provenience of knives, scrapers, choppers, celt, drills, miscellaneous chipped stone, ground stone, and paint pigments! Type of artifact Site Knives LOO) ES ee D ‘UN Toe pee eee eee aes k “BN BY 2)1 Wo a te Kk Ao) 10 | Oe ee eee y eV TO fe eee ee ee ee ee | K 5 HLS OX be ea { » UM Aah A 5 ee ee ee { y LAY 02 GE eee Se es eee ee ee D ADA OC) (022 eS oe a K cE DOIG Dee eee se ees ee eee k Scrapers: SLemmediend=ss2 see esas { z D Wangerend sass. — a. { K (shastill Givols See eee ae { a MEAT POISId Obst ease ee { BD D Smallisid eet sao a Kk 5 D WK Gwen setae sone eee io Choppers : One end unmodified _______-_-_- { B Both ends modified_....-__---- { D (COURS. = Se ee ieee D Drills : MUA ASG) Eee ee ee ee a ee { ie Ey perl b= ase eee a Ts Se K PINVIDOp Cheee see eee si K BES V IOC) 20 eee ee oe { D MGVDG hab = eens ae ee { e ED DO1a eee re a D Miscellaneous : = CTA VOrSsaseee ee ee ee ee K Hecentriciintas222- ee D Ground : Atlatlimelghntses= aes keen ee D Sandstone saws and abraders__ { D IVGNiNn FiSTONO es eee ee eee A Elandstoneseesaneee enone = paint pigmentS=<2-css-sss--)-—~ 5 15-30 eee 1 wannzolennns 2| 3 wang fone 7 ea ae 1 igi a Berese 1 ri ea aa apes Spats (aay rig Sete PMT: erin ie 3 ilies 9| 14 Iga) eat PILE its eae eae 1 aaa 1 rial ctr erties 2 aerial 2 | uae ree Ole ay ekeceal|| aie Di iets tee Tie ob 30-45 Level 45-60 | 60-75 | 75-90 |90-105 Saas ELE tg ee es eran 10 14 9 4 3 SO) ee aes Sere oS ro ara Si ibes el 5 8) We sece|Eaceeelsaones P Hi hod ge 1 1 1 Pj eee eae oe >Hi [ee ees] ae ae PAI ees Se eee 1 ewok BD are tetes peek POO Ge D5 a 1 (inl Inlesesealig) 1 1 21 45 37 28 10 Sila 1 Eee Ses ae 7 ree 5] 238 ee 2 1 1 2 ae Pd ee 5 eer 1 5 6 4 ers) 1 (Pipes Nt tchul oa Suet | Se OE a TY) ee re a Eee (ae ee Lo SA SSE Ree 1 aoa ig. [| aaa > ee il sath 2 2 1 ee oon ear ip aes Rees 1 Pa a ee 105- | Unlo- 120 | cated = 00 rs DOWNNORHN HR HE AOOIA PPO Eb _ _ “100 ar SO BEDE PR RwWnd Hwee Abe or — _ i Re OH ORD Het 1 Symbols: D=Doering site; K=Kobs site; G=Qrisbee site; A=Addicks ‘‘Mound’’; 5=site 42/66A6-5; *= From stream bed collection. Stemmed Knife, Type 1b (pl. 40, 6); 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges convex. Shoulders: Obscured by width of base. Stem: Flaring, formed by wide, deep, lateral notches just above the base; base concave, Short longitudinal flakes thin the base on either face, 222 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Dimensions: Length, 81 mm. (3.18 inches) ; width, 32 mm. (1.28 inches) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Knives of this form are not common in the Southeast, but similar forms are illustrated by Claflin (1931, pl. 61) for Stalling’s Island, Ga., and by Moore (1902, p. 188, fig. 96) for northwestern Florida. Stemmed Knife, Type Ic (pl. 40, c) ; 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Wdges convex. Shoulders: Poorly defined. Stem: Contracting to round base. Dimensions: Length, 71 mm. (2.79 inches) ; width, 25 mm. (0.96 inch) ; thickness, 7 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Stemmed Knife, Type 1d (pl. 40, d, e) ; 8 specimens. Proportions: Medium to broad. Blade: Edges convex with rounding point. Shoulders: Prominent to slightly barbed. Stem: Contracting to expanding. Average dimensions: Length, 35 mm. (1.37 inches) ; width, 30 mm. (1.18 inches) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Judging from the variability of this group, it seems likely that some, if not all, of these are reworked from broken projectile points. Like the stemmed scrapers, they have a wide distribution through the Southeast. Some occurrences are: Stalling’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pl. 64), Mississippi (Brown, 1926, figs. 40, 41), and Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 35, d, third row), where Webb calls them choppers. Leaf-Shaped Knife, Type 2 (pl. 40, f, g); 100 specimens. Proportions : Narrow to medium. Blade: Convex edges. Shape varies from symmetric to asymmetric. Base: Convex to round. Average dimensions: Length, 75 mm. (2.95 inches) ; width, 23 mm. (0.90 inch) ; thickness, 9 mm. (0.36 inch). Considerable individual varia- bility range. Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Workmanship varies from crude percussion-chipped blades to carefully made pressure-flaked and retouched ones. These range widely in space and time, and consequently are of little value for tracing areal and temporal relationships. Triangular Knife, Type 3 (pl. 40, h, i) ; 53 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Edges straight to somewhat convex. Base: Straight to slightly convex. Average dimensions: Length, 70 mm. (2.75 inches); width, 28 mm. (1.09 inches) ; thickness, 10 mm. (0.39 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: As in Type 2 above, workmanship varies considerably. Temporal and areal distribution unknown. Bi ee Bp. ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 223 Ovoid Knife, Type 4 (pl. 41, a. b); 13 specimens. Proportions: Medium to broad. Blade: Circular to ovoid in outline. Average dimensions: Length, 65 mm. (2.56 inches) ; width, 47 mm. (1.84 inches) ; thickness, 9 mm. (0.36 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Workmanship usually good. Their range in time and space is so wide that they are inherently poor as diagnostics of diffusion. Long Narrow Knife, Type 5 (pl. 41, e) 6 specimens. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Edges roughly parallel. Some are left with thickened center as if to form finger and thumb grip. Average dimensions: Length, 102 mm. (4.00 inches) ; width, 23 mm. (0.90 inch) ; thickness, 13 mm. (0.51 inch) at thickened center. Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: This form would have functioned admirably for the opening of shellfish, being, in fact, very similar to the present-day commercial knife used for that purpose. However, few shells were found in the Addicks Basin sites. Distribution in space and time unknown. Beveled Knife, Type 6a (pl. 41, c); 1 specimen (broken). Proportions : Narrow. Blade: Edges straight, formed by beveling on opposite faces of the blade. Base: Convex. Dimensions: Length, 95 mm. (3.73 inches) estimated; width, 29 mm, (1.14 inches) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: This specialized form of knife and its companion form, Type 6b, have a wide distribution in the Southern Plains region, extending east- ward from Pecos Pueblo (Kidder, 1932, pp. 30-84, figs. 18-16) across northern Texas into the historic Caddo area in northeast Texas. Poteet (1988, p. 245), in her distributional survey of the various forms of beveled knives, believes them to be very recent. The most recent data shows them to belong to the late horizons south of the Red River (Krieger, 1946, p. 142). The type occurs in the protohistoric Austin Focus of cental Texas, and where specific data is obtainable for north- east Texas, it appears to be historic (Krieger, 1946, p. 142). On the basis of its occurrence in the Antelope Creek Focus of the Texas Pan- handle, where it represents a southern extension of a typically Plains form, it would date not earlier than 1300 A. D. (Krieger, 1946, p. 71) and would be increasingly later as it diffused south and east. The Addicks Basin specimens probably do not date much earlier than 1450 A. D. Beveled Knife, Type 6b (pl. 41, d) ; 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Diamond-shaped with straight edges. Hach pair of parallel edges formed by beveling from same face, and the opposing edges by beveling on opposite face. Dimensions: Length, 99 mm. (3.89 inches) ; width, 26 mm. (1.03 inches) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.28 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: See remarks section for beveled knife, Type 6a, above. 953842—53-—_16 224 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 SCRAPERS Stemmed End Scrapers (pl. 42, 6, c); 5 specimens. Proportions: Medium to broad. Blade: Convex to round with high angle scraping edge. Shoulders: Weak to prominent. Stem: Vary from parallel to widely expanding; base concave to convex. Average dimensions: Length, 28 mm. (1.09 inches) ; width, 24 mm. (0.93 inch) ; thickness, 9 mm. (0.86 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: While these may have been fashioned originally as scrapers, it seems likely that some of them are broken projectile points. Variants of the form are widely distributed throughout the Southeast. They occur in the Archaic of western Tennessee (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, pl. 4), Stalling’s Island, Ga. (Claflin, 1931, pl. 64), Mississippi (Brown, 1926, figs. 39, 42), Hiwassie Island (Lewis and Kneberg, 1946, pl. 65, d), Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 85, c), and western Missouri (Wedel, 1948, pl. 14, I1-n). Large End Scrapers (pl. 42, a); 3 specimens. Proportions: Medium to long. Blade: Large, planoconvex, with high angle scraping or planing edge at right angle to long axis; taper from convex scraping edge to round or pointed base. Average dimensions}: Length, 65 mm. (2.56 inches) ; width, 40 mm. (1.59 inches) ; thickness, 22 mm. (0.87 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Made from large, selected flakes. Temporal and spatial distribu- tion unknown, Small End Scrapers (pl. 42, d, e); 7 specimens. Proportions: Medium. Blade: Convex ended with high angle scraping edge. Average dimensions: Length, 31 mm. (1.21 inches); width, 35 mm. (1.37 inches) ; thickness, 12 mm. (0.46 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Thick random flakes with most of work confined to scraping edge. Temporal and geographical range unknown. Small Side Scrapers (pl. 42, f-i) ; 20 specimens. Proportions: Narrow to medium. Blade: Variable in size and shape, commonly have definitely beveled lateral scraping edges; Some are made from prismatic flakes and flaked around entire perimeter. Average dimensions: Length, 64 mm. (2.51 inches) ; width, 27 mm. (1.06 inches) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Made from relatively thin, selected flakes. Time and space range not known. Flake Scrapers (not illustrated) 260 specimens. Proportions: Variable. Blade: Random flakes with localized scraping edges resulting, for the most part, from the shearing action of use rather than any intentional flaking. A few have small concave scraping edges which could have been used for scraping shafts, Riv. Bas. Sur. AM Hagan! 4] ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 295 Average dimensions: Length, 23 mm. (0.90 inch); width, 18 mm. (0.71 inch) ; thickness, 4 mm. (0.15 inch). Provenience: See table 6. CHOPPERS Choppers with one end unmodified (pl. 43, a, 6); 20 specimens. Choppers are small river cobbles or pebbles which have a cutting edge fashioned on one extremity and occasionally along the lateral edges by rough percussion flaking. One or more surfaces remain unworked to serve as a handhold. Some of them resemble the large so-called “fist axes” of the central Texas cultures but are much smaller. They vary considerably in size, but average dimensions are: Length, 70 mm. (2.75 inches) ; width, 40 mm. (1.59 inches) ; thickness, 26 mm. (1.03 inches). Provenience: See table 6. Choppers with both ends modified (pl. 43, c, e); 54 specimens. For the most part, these choppers are roughly leaf-shaped or ovoid in outline and percussion-chipped on all edges, but some are small cobbles with both extremities flaked to a chopping edge, leaving the central portion unmodified. Both natural cobbles and large flakes were utilized. Size is quite variable, but average dimensions are: Length, 85 mm. (3.84 inches) ; width, 42 mm. (1.65 inches) ; thickness, 21 mm. (0.84 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Celt (pl. 43, d) ; 1 specimen. This is a large leaf-shaped piece of good percussion workmanship. Its dimen- sions are: Length, 137 mm. (5.37 inches) ; width, 53 mm. (2.09 inches) ; thick- ness, 22 mm. (0.87 inch). Provenience: See table 6. DRILLS Expanding Base, Type la (pl. 44, a, b) ; 5 specimens (broken). Base: Slightly expanding to flaring, well shaped, sometimes ovoid in outline. Shaft: Nearly round, relatively long. Average dimensions: Length, indeterminate; width: base, 18 mm. (0.71 inch) ; shaft, 8 mm. (0.31 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: This drill form is widespread in the United States. Some South- east occurrences are Hiwassie Island (Lewis and Kneberg, 1946, pls. 65, d, and 66, c), Missouri (Wedel, 19438, pl. 14, 9), Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 33), sites Lu°® 59 and Lu” 92 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 159, 2; 257, 1), Western Tennessee Archaic (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, pl. 5), sites Ct’ 17 and Li’ 36 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pls. 27 and 77, b), and the Crooks site in central Louisiana (Ford and Willey, 1940, fig. 47, j). Expanding Base, Type 1b (pl. 44, c, d); 4 specimens. Base: Expanding, unshaped flake, irregular in outline. Shaft: Tapering, lozenge-shaped or flattish in cross section. Average dimensions: Length, over-all, 26 mm. (1.03 inch); shaft, 18 mm. (0.71 inch) ; width, over-all, 19 mm. 0.75 inch) ; shaft (midpoint), 6 mm. (0.28 inch) ; thickness, 4 mm. (0.15 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Similar drill types occur at Stalling’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pl. 65), sites Lu° 59 and Lu° 72 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 159, 2; 286, 2), site Ct’ 17 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 27), and the Harrell site in north-central Texas (Krieger, 1946, fig. 7). 226 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Expanding Base, Type Ic (pl. 44, e, f) ; 4 specimens. Base: Expanding, unshaped flake, irregular in outline. Shaft: Short, tapering. One shaft formed by beveling from opposite faces of the flake. Flattened in cross section. Average dimensions: Length, over-all, 23 mm. (0.90 inch); shaft, 9 mm. (0.36 inch) ; width, over-all, 18 mm. (0.71 inch); shaft (midpoint), 4mm. (0.15 inch) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table. 6. Remarks: While of apparently limited distribution, this type also occurs at site Ma® 46 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 115, 6). Stemmed Drill, Type 2a (pl. 44, j) ; 3 specimens. Stem: Parallel-sided. Shaft: Short, tapering. Average dimensions: Length, over-all, 47 mm. (1.84 inches) ; shaft, 10 mm. (0.39 inch); width, over-all, 17 mm. (0.68 inch) ; shaft (midpoint), 4 mm. (0.15 inch) ; thickness, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: These specimens are made from, or resemble, projectile points on which short shafts have been flaked on the distal end, and they may have been used as awls rather than drills. They tend to have a south- ern distribution, occurring at sites Lu° 59, Lu° 67, Lu® 72, and Ct° 27 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 159, 2; 227 ; 236, 2; and 294, 1) ; site Ct’ 17 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 27), and in the Tchefuncte horizon in southern Louisiana (Ford and Quimby, 1945, fig. 9, e). Stemmed Drill, Type 2b (pl. 44, g, h) ; 3 specimens. Stem: Short, contracting. Shaft: Relatively long, flattish in cross section; contracts from flaring shoulders. Average dimensions: Length, over-all, 32 mm. (1.28 inches) ; shaft, 20 mm. (0.78 inch) ; width, over-all, 19 mm. (0.75 inch); shaft (midpoint), 5 mm. (0.20 inch) ; thickness, 8 mm. (0.12 inch). Provenience: See table. 6. Remarks: These drills are apparently modified from projectile points. Drills of similar design, but of different projectile point types, are widespread in the Southeast. They are found at Stalling’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pl. 65), Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S&., 1946, fig. 33), Western Tennessee Archaic (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, pl. 5), sites Ct’ 17 and Ma° 46 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pls. 27 and 115, 6b), and sites Lu°® 59 and Ct° 27 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 159, 2; 294, 1). Double-Ended Drill, Type 3 (pl. 44, i); 1 specimen (broken). Shaft: Nearly cylindrical in cross section, tapering slightly to either end. Dimensions: Length, indeterminate; width, 11 mm. (0.48 inch); thick- ness, 8 mm. (0.31 inch). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: This type of drill is found in Missouri (Wedel, 1948, pl. 14, f), sites Lu°® 59 and Lu® 67 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. 8. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 159, 2; 227), in northern Louisiana (Webb, C. H., 1948, fig. 44, 10), and in the Crooks site, a Marksville period Site in central Louisiana (Ford and Willey, 1940, fig. 47, i). PeeoNe eT ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 227 MISCELLANEOUS CHIPPED STONE Gravers (pl. 44, k-o) ; 13 specimens. For the most part, these are random flakes with one or more short graving points at the extremities or along the lateral edges. One piece is a fragmen- tary blade with the tip reworked. The graving points vary from 1 mm. to 3 mm. (0.039 inch to 0.12 inch) in length. Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Gravers occur elsewhere in the Southeast, in western Tennessee (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, pl. 5), Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 33), and in the prepottery cultures of northern Louisiana (Webb, C. H., 1948, fig. 44, 12). Eccentric Flint (pl. 44, p); 1 specimen. Proportions: Narrow. Blade: Pointed at both ends with deep, regular, squarish serrations com- pletely around the perimeter. Dimensions: Length, 37 mm. (1.46 inches); width, 14 mm. (0.56 inch) ; thickness, 3 mm. (0.12 inch) ; serrations average 1.5 mm. (0.06 inch) deep, 2 mm. (0.08 inch) wide. Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: While eccentric chipped stone artifacts occur infrequently in the Southeast, none are of a similar pattern. GROUND STONE Atlatl weights (banner stones) (pl. 45, a); 2 specimens, broken. One piece, made from medium-grained, well-polished, reddish sandstone, is of the winged form. It is broken across the tubularly drilled perforation and wing so that the exact shape cannot be determined. The second specimen is represented by two fragments which fit together to form part of a wing. The material is a fine-grained, dark-gray sandstone. Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Banner stones, or atlatl weights, as they seem to be in many, if not all, cases, are of wide distribution in the eastern United States. In the Southeast they are found in a wide variety of shapes, such as the prismoidal types of Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. §8., 1946, p. 227 et seq.) and others elsewhere. Weights of the same or similar shapes as the Addicks Basin specimens occur in site Lu°® 25, unit 1, in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. 8S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pl. 94, 2), Stall- ing’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pl. 45, f), and in northeast Texas (Jack- son, 1935, p. 27, pl. 5, No. 18). Sandstone abraders and saws (pl. 45, b-e) ; 41 specimens. These are made of fine-grained, poorly cemented sandstone. A few are unshaped, but the majority show wear or abrasion facets, and five have been ground or worn to sharp edges which could easily have been used as saws for bone, shell, or wood. Dimensions: Length ranges from 24 mm. (0.93 inch) to 81 mm. (3.18 inches) ; width, 14 mm. (0.56 inch) to 65 mm. (2.56 inches) ; thickness, 12 mm. (0.46 inch) to 35 mm. (1.87 inches). Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Similar sandstone saws occur in the Tchefuncte sites of the Lower Mississippi Valley (Ford and Quimby, 1945, fig. 11). 228 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Milling Stone (pl. 45, g); 1 specimen (broken). This piece is a fragment of a thin sandstone slab milling stone with a basin- shaped depression on either face. Neither shape nor size characteristics can be determined accurately. Provenience: See table 6. Remarks: Milling stones and the accompanying handstones do not seem to have been widely used in the Addicks Dam Basin sites. Handstone (pl. 45, f); 1 specimen (broken). A piece of sandstone, irregular in outline, has a grinding surface on one face. This surface slopes to either edge from a transverse dorsal ridge. While it probably was used as a handstone for the grinding of seeds or grain, it may have been a specialized abrader. Provenience: See table 6. Hammerstones (not illustrated). Hammerstones were not numerous in any of the sites but occurred sporadically throughout the deposits. None show any deliberate shaping but are characterized by roughening and abrasion marks resulting from percussion on the striking surface. Usually made from a small river cobble. MISCELLANEOUS MINERALS Paint Pigments (pl. 46); 18 specimens. Eleven pieces are red, six yellow, and one black. The red pigments are both nodular and tabular in form, and with one exception are composed of water-laid sandstone cemented by hematite plus minor elements of limonite (pl. 46). The single exception is of fine-grained, earthy hematite (pl. 46, @). This specimen has been reduced to a thick, roughly tabular form by abrasion, the facets and striations of which are still clearly visible. Dimensions of this specimen are: Length, 57 mm. (2.25 inches) ; width, 53 mm. (2.09 inches) ; thickness, 27 mm. (1.06 inches). Five nodular specimens are of sandstone cemented with limonite which imparts a yellow pigmentation. One tabular piece of earthy limonite contains a few jasper particles (pl. 46, c). A lump of black micaceous schist has been abraded into a somewhat cupped shape, perhaps to obtain a low-grade black pigment (pl. 46, d@). It has a specular appearance imparted by the mineral, muscovite. Provenience: See table 6. STRATIGRAPHY AND DISCUSSION OF MISCELLANEOUS LITHIC ARTIFACTS Those miscellaneous artifacts of the lithic complex that may be con- sidered indigenous to the Addicks Dam Basin sites present little evi- dence of chronological import. A glance at table 6 will show why this is true. For the most part, artifacts whose vertical distribution ap- pears to be limited to upper or to lower levels are represented by so few specimens as to render difficult any precise chronological interpreta- tion. Further, those types of artifacts which are numerically ade- quate for satisfactory conclusions appear to have a vertical range gen- erally comparable to the total distribution of all artifacts in the site, the maximum number of the particular type falling close to the level from which the majority of all other artifacts are derived. Only types whose chronological position has been secured in other areas seem potentially useful for establishing relative dating. Riv. Bas. Sur. aes Pap. No 4] ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 229 Of the artifacts classed as knives, only types 2 and 3 were recovered in quantity. Both types have a continuous vertical distribution, are relatively scarce in both upper and lower levels, and are most numer- ous in the middle levels. None of the type 1 variations (the stemmed knives) or types 4 and 5 are numerous enough to be established as upper or middle and lower level determinants. Only the types 6a and 6b have strong chronological implications. As discussed above, these cannot have been introduced much before 1450 A. D. Since both oc- curred in the top level of the Kobs site, they may be considered as a tentative time marker for that level. Flake scrapers are the most numerous variety in this category, and, as in the case of knife types 2 and 3, are continuously distributed vertically with the greatest concentration at about the level from which the majority of all other artifacts in the site were found. None of the other scraper forms were found in significant quantities. On the basis of stratigraphic concentration, choppers, as a class, seem to be most representative of the middle level. However, this data needs to be augmented, inasmuch as the total number of choppers recovered is inadequate. The single flaked celt recovered from the stream bed at the Doering site is unplaced stratigraphically. None of the drill types were recovered in sufficient numbers to be stratigraphically significant. Gravers have a scanty but continuous vertical distribution; and while the single eccentric flint found was recovered from the middle level of the Doering midden, it should not be considered as a chronological diagnostic on the basis of a single find. Ground stone artifacts are represented by atlatl weights, or banner stones; sandstone saws and abraders; and a single milling stone and a handstone, both fragmentary. Of these, neither of the atlatl weight fragments was found in situ, and hence at present cannot be related to a definite horizon. Sandstone saws and abraders appear stratigraph- ically late at both the Kobs and the Doering sites. The milling stone and the handstone from the Addicks “Mound” were found in a late context by Black. Hammerstones occur throughout the middens and do not appear to have chronological significance. From the standpoint of distribution, the miscellaneous lithic arti- facts are of interest chiefly in that they affirm the essentially South- eastern character of the Addicks Basin sites. This picture is not, how- ever, so clear-cut as in the case of ceramic materials or of the projectile points. In certain of the artifact groups structural requirements tend to obviate strong regional variations in pattern. Nevertheless, there are types which seem to be limited to, and characteristic of, the Texas cultures on the one hand, and the Southeast on the other. It is these 230 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 few traits, together with their chronological implications, that confirm the time and direction of cultural flow. Small stemmed knives (type 1b) and end scrapers that appear to have been made from broken projectile points, but which may have been manufactured for the purpose, are a common trait in the eastern United States. In the Southeast they range from the Archaic hori- zon to protohistoric time, but the form seems never to have spread west to the Texas cultural provinces. On the late time level the intrusion of the beveled knives (types 6a and 6b) correlates with the first appearance of the small arrow points. These are probably trade specimens from the protohistoric and early historic Austin Focus where both forms are typical (Krieger, 1946, p. 142). These re-emphasize the late cultural influences moving east- ward out of central and north-central Texas. The various categories of drills recovered from the Addicks Basin sites represent types which, while all occurring in the Southeast, are by no means limited to that area. The same may be said of gravers, which, ubiquitous in time and space, seem to occur among most groups that placed dependence upon hunting as a primary means of subsist- ence. Atlatl weights, or banner stones, occur generally in the Eastern Archaic and appear largely confined to that cultural plane. While the trait itself is widespread, there is a considerable variety of forms, each having its own more or less limited distribution. Winged forms, such as the Doering site specimens, are found at Stalling’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pl. 45, 7), in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pl. 94, 2), and in northeast Texas (Jackson, 1935, p. 27; pl. 5, No. 18). The Addicks Basin specimens, recovered out of context, cannot be placed in the relative stratigraphy; nevertheless, they point to Southeastern influence at an early time level. Milling stones and handstones are material traits in cultures both east and west of the Addicks Basin. Because of the fragmentary con- dition of the specimens recovered from the Addicks “Mound,” no in- ferences can be drawn concerning their possible provenience. They are interesting chiefly because they are the only hint that agriculture may have been practiced in protohistoric times. BONE, ANTLER, AND SHELL COMPLEX Artifacts of bone, antler, and shell: Bone: Cut: bone; a wis 2 ee ee ee eee 6 Wilma spa tila S22 = 0s ek cee oe a Se ese eee il Worked bone fragment 22s ree ee ee a ee See 1 Stained’ bone: fragments 32 = hoe ee Se eee 4 Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No 4] ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 23% Artifacts of bone, antler, and shell—Continued Antler: Rrojectile points! ((socketed)) a ee ee 5 Bea dhoT Nan Gl Ck ee a ee ee 1 RolishedAtines 1) Mwy We Se Ba ee ae a 4 Wiorkedsantlersiragment:.— eer eee 1 A CE ee peg ae ee ery nee Se ts See 11 Shell: ] EXE TYG OY HS) See a NR, ee A gE I, Na errs Mele a New ee er, 2 Motaleartifacts = 2— a) ones ee eee eh 25 BONE Cut Bone Awls (pl. 47, b-e) ; 6 specimens (fragmentary). These were cut from long bones and were abraded into shape. Some are pol- ished, either during the process of manufacture or by usage. Average dimensions: Length, indeterminate; width, 9 mm. (0.386 inch) ; thickness, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 7. UlIna Spatula (pl. 47, a); 1 specimen. A deer ulna has the distal end ground down to a roundish spatulate end. Dimensions: Length, 71 mm. (2.79 inches) ; width, blade, 12 mm. (0.46 inch) ; thickness, blade, 4 mm. (0.15 inch). Provenience: See table 7. Remarks: These have a wide distribution in the Southeast, in time as well as space. They occur at Stalling’s Island (Claflin, 1931, pl. 40, d), site No. 19 in the Norris Basin (Webb, Wm. S8., 1938, pl. 119, 0), in the Archaic of western Tennessee (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, pl. 10), the Dallas Focus at Hiwassie Island (Lewis and Kneberg, 1946, pl. 79, c), Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 45, c), sites Lu° 67 and Ct® 27 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. S. and DeJarnette, 1942, pls. 225, 1; 288, 1), and in the Tchefuncte horizon (Ford and Quimby, 1945, fig. 18, h, i). Cut Bone (not illustrated) ; 1 specimen. The cannon bone of a deer has been deeply grooved along the longitudinal axis of both sides as if for splitting the bone into halves. Provenience: See table 7. Stained Bone (not illustrated) ; 4 specimens. Three fragments of turtle carapace and a small piece of long bone are stained a turquoise color. It is impossible to determine whether this staining was in- tentional, but it seems unlikely. Since all four pieces were close together in the midden, it is assumed that the same process resulted in the accidental colora- tion of the bones. Spectrographic analysis shows the following metallic constituents : Primary element (bone former) : Calcium. Minor elements in appreciable concentrations: Manganese, strontium. Trace elements: Copper, aluminum, magnesium, silicon, iron. Whether the trace of copper is sufficient to have caused the staining is not clear. In any event, since none of the other elements present normally give 232 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 rise to stains of turquoise hue, and since no metallic copper was recovered from the site, the question remains an open one. Provenience: See table 7. TaBLE 7.—Provenience of bone, antler, and shell artifacts ! Level Type of artifact Site Ba bes Total nlo- 0-15 | 15-30 | 30-45 | 45-60 | 60-75 | 75-90 |90-105 120 |cated Bone: D 7 ie) Keeani £4] (DIN ee Ibe sp Ie 43 2 Ken Sees | eS ee 1 11S) (ees pores ame eee eee Ref 2 Cutiboneawlss22 aeons 7 eon alae “i litical (ava nea aa (NAS i CO eee See pees Kee ee pee eee ee (re 1 Wilnaispa tla eee eee eee 1 Dy eee) eel eS 3 | aes ENE (PEA TE | i Cutibone seen ins be ses see Dg | Peeece et | ee a BE es eee i | Ee nee WE ee eS 3 1 Stalnedybones eee LGM | Sie | ICSE Fe QU ee Eas |e |e ee 4 Antler: Projectile points___.........-- 1 Digs a fee Ue sen P| ees 2 a Ws Pte 5 Bead (?)! a2 ase ok ese es “ Sees) eee Y! o| oe Sf 26 ale | eee t ecea|peases li eee ee \ |pSecas |soeees beeen ee Worked antler tines______---_- { Beil | Sada eee ky co cee 1 (ule sctil oie ap eee 2 C@utlantlens: Se ee 15) oath eee | sea eet 1 Oh ee) ne eel ee sie 1 Shellipendants!2 3 1h A Se Dh Lm eae | ae eA 8b BN, I | ES 2 1 Symbols: D=Doering; K=Kobs; A=Addicks ‘‘Mound’”’; 4=42/66A6-4. ANTLER Projectile Points (pl. 47, h, i) ; 5 specimens. These are socketed for hafting, presumably for use as projectile points. Two are pointed, one intentionally blunted, perhaps for a bird bunt, and the remaining two are broken. Average dimensions: Length, 50 mm. (1.96 inches) ; diameter, 13 mm. (0.51 inch) ; diameter of sockets, 5 mm. (0.20 inch). Provenience: See table 7. Remarks: Antler projectile points are widely distributed throughout the Southeast, both geographically and temporally. They occur at Stalling’s Island, Ga. (Claflin, 1931, pl. 41, d, e; Fairbanks, 1942, fig. 23, a), Peach- tree Mound (Setzler and Jennings, 1941, pl. 18), in the Archaic horizon of western Tennessee (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, pl. 18), Indian Knoll (Webb, Wm. S., 1946, fig. 47, d@), Missouri (Wedel, 1943, pl. 9), Hiwassie Island in both the Hiwassie Island and Dallas components (Lewis and Kneberg, 1946, pls. 76, d, and 79, a), site Ct” 17 in the Wheeler Basin (Webb, Wm. S., 1939, pl. 29), and sites Lu® 25, units 1 and 2, Lu® 59, Lu° 67, and Lu® 72 in the Pickwick Basin (Webb, Wm. 8S. and DeJar- nette, 1942, pls. 97; 120, 2; 147, 1; 226, 1; and 236, 1), and in the Tchefuncte sites of southern Louisiana (Ford and Quimby, 1945, fig. 12). Bead (?) (pl. 47, j); 1 specimen (broken). This is a section of antler perforated longitudinally so that it may have been strung as a bead, or it may have served as a haft. One end is broken so that the exact nature of the artifact cannot be determined. Dimensions: Length (present), 34 mm. (1.84 inches) ; diameter, 20 mm. (0.78 inch) ; diameter of perforation, 6 mm. (0.23 inch). Provenience: See table 7. Worked Antler Tines (pl. 47, f, g); 4 specimens. These sections have been blunted and are polished from use, perhaps as drifts. Provenience: See table 7. Riv. Bas. Sur. ; sieht Pap Nola] ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 233 Cut Antler (not illustrated) ; 1 specimen. This antler basal section shows several marks as a result of cutting, but no definite shaping for use. Provenience: See table 7. SHELL Pendants (?) (pl. 47, k, D ; 2 specimens. Two small bivalve shells have been ground to an ovate shape. A part of the hinge spire has been left, perhaps to form a means of attachment. From adja- cent Squares in the Kobs midden, they probably constitute a set of matched pendants or possibly ear ornaments. Dimensions: Length, 25 mm. (0.96 inch) ; width, 18 mm. (0.51 inch). Provenience: See table 7. STRATIGRAPHY AND DISCUSSION OF BONE, ANTLER, AND SHELL ARTIFACTS The yield of bone, antler, and shell artifacts from the Addicks Basin sites was small. Cut bone awls, although rare, appear in both the lowest and the uppermost levels of the Doering site, in the Kobs mid- den, site 42/66A6—4, and the Addicks “Mound.” ‘The ulna spatula, from level 60-75 of the Doering midden, appears as a middle level artifact, but because of its single occurrence it does not have particular chronologic significance. Cut bone, as such, has neither typological nor temporal value; and since the stained bones from the Kobs site seem to be the result of accidental coloration, their occurrence does not constitute a recognizable trait. Of the antler artifacts, only the projectile points obtrude themselves as time markers, and these are confined to the middle and lower levels of the Doering site. Shell work, appearing only in level 30-45 of the Kobs site, was lim- ited to two artifacts which apparently form a set. If the bone, antler, and shell artifacts of the Addicks Basin are not of marked chronological significance, two forms are of interest dis- tributionally. Both ulna spatulae and antler projectile points were used over a span of time beginning in the Eastern Archaic (Lewis and Kneberg, 1947, p. 27) and continuing into the historic period (Lewis and Kneberg, 1946, pp. 125-126). Their diagnostic value lies in the fact that they are confined, as material culture traits, to the eastern United States generally, and are conspicuous in the Southeast. Since both are localized in the Middle and Lower levels of the Doering site, they are indicative of the generalized Southeastern cultural tradition of the earlier occupation of the Addick Basin sites. None of the other traits of bone or antler are stylistically distinctive and so do not lend themselves to distributional analysis. The single form of shell artifact appears to be a type unique to the Kobs site. Whether it proves later to be a consistent trait, it does not contribute, at present, to an understanding of extra-areal influences upon the peoples of the Addicks Dam Basin. 234 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 _ SUBSISTENCE The subsistence of the Addicks Basin peoples was predicated upon hunting, gathering, fishing, and the collecting of shellfish, probably in the order given. The evidence for these activities is of different orders. The interpolation of gathering as a significant part of the economy is based primarily upon ethnohistorical evidence, and sec- ondarily upon the assumption that any group of people having at their disposal wild vegetal foods would rely on them to some extent, regardless of primary dependence upon hunting or fishing. The ethnohistorical evidence for gathering, if we are justified in projecting backward in time the scanty data of De Vaca, De Bellisle, and the later Spaniards, points to the usage of such plants as “wild potatoes,” and almost certainly others were collected to supplement the diet of flesh attested to by archeological evidence. There is, however, little empirical evidence from the sites themselves. Black’s record of a con- centration of what may have been seeds, or alternatively, wooden beads, with Burial 1, at the Addicks “Mound” constitutes the only possible evidence of vegetal food as such. Likewise, his recovery of fragmentary milling utensils from the late levels of the same site may be interpreted as inferential evidence of gathering. On the other hand, these may have been used for the grinding of corn; but since agriculture was not mentioned for the area until 1745 (Bolton, 1915, p. 830), and De Bellisle (Folmer, 1940, pp. 216-217), in 1721, was explicit in his statements that the Akokisa had no fields, it seems most likely that they were used for seed grinding. The evidence for hunting and fishing rests on both ethnohistorical and archeological bases. Deer, bear, and bison were hunted, and shell- fish were gathered by the historical occupants of the area. Prehis- torically, deer, bison, tortoise, and in the early period, antelope, were hunted. Some fishing was done, but the gathering of shellfish seems to have been a rather localized subsistence item. Table 8 shows the distribution of the various species of mammals, amphibians, fish, and shellfish as they were recovered by site and level. While this probably does not complete the inventory of animals actu- ally taken, it is likely that it reflects the kinds available, and perhaps the preferred forms, as well. pees Bur. ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 235 TasBLeE 8.—Distribution by level of animal species in the Doering (D) and Kobs (K) sites and site 42/66 A6-4 (4) Site Animal species >] «|: LEVEL 0-15 RCT (CERIN) | Ae tee os ed RS Be See i Se oe ee ee eee eee 1 3 1 SBOE COMDCOUEIES) ee ae ners ee oe ee nee eee See a ee 2 2 1 ONOSSUTIN CIC CL DTS) Seeca ee ncn ea sees emcee eee ee ee Bie eee eee ooh ose eee ek aac a] eee nee ART HOR) (ONAN VAD | ee ne ae ee ee ee es eee eee 1 LEVEL 15-30 IB ISOTIE (EIS 01D) meee aa ee se ae ee Sk a Se Se os oo Ss essa |e 1 eee CET A(OMOCOM ES) ae ONE SN a i a ee ee etd et cb eae estesscwencues 2 3 1 PROGLOISEN CRELTO DETLE) se on ee we a OE eek cee ees esses 1 i eee VE TOUR (CG, FOIE | eer eas ge aig ES BS I ee ae ee ae eee ee eee 1) | eee Brae anid ervtisia 1S) Mesa ee aes debe at seeeateeccseaeseee di |2 SSS | Seta LEVEL 30-45 PB ISGTABCESTSO TR) eee a a ee Ee a Se cane See eee ae 1 is | TDYESTe (COMPETI TICS) \ pe ae OS Sena 2 ees ee ee ee ee 5 3 1 PROLLOISGR CHENTO DENG) secs ae ene | eee ae Re SN SS eee ee es ee SS ee 4 2 1 EGET ID Creu baa (CELE) VaR e eR me te De pe ge es eee ee Ai) 2 tees | eee air 1 ere a Nt nd OP ee oe a ee Re eee {¢/2o=s | Eee TEVACCOOMU CET OCTOTE sete ae ee a ees oA es SE ee oe ee Sore eee ee ee fee | Bad POre(CROZILEM) meee oem te eae rene NS Se ie ool oo ee ease eee tk eS. Saoeoe 1S | Eoeoae Birds dmMidentinable) 26 elie. 22 eO eet eA es). ee eed eset eS eat ale ee Ay ee LEVEL 45-60 IB ISOMOT PE OS mee ee eae See a See Ee a St ssi bs cck eee eee 1) Bes eee Deere (CORN) ie ee eee ee ee ee eee eee 8 6 1 PROTCOISGN CLENTG DOME) tae a a ee oe aes OE ERR PS Se nw eee sees 3 1 1 ID? (OMT as Cc SES EE Se Se a eS a ee eee ee ee i) eee ee ee BAG LOI Charised) stra sea SEER EK SEES ae fe ee ej SSE ee Bo eee OPOSSuUTE CD idel pital) ee ae eos es a OE ee se Ee Se es ee Ti) Soee os ELS oe Lees ay 0 Ke: (CSR OT) SS SS ee ee eee ee eS yn eee IETOESON (HGUALS Cf. COM DUCIIUS) 222s see sae Jen eae Se 3 bee ae os soe ee 1 Ee ee ee Se iBirda(unidentitis ble) Ses tee. Se ae See) se ee eae Se See 1 Lig (es || a aa Gard (he pido stews) meee eee ee a SER ee SPS Eee ee ee 1 4| See Eas Snail (hin pariwsanterterruss (Says) seat. eee eee ne ee Ee eae ee ee see eee ee eee 1 SnalltCEeHOsOniaitTOLers (Say) sas no ee ee ee a a ea ee oS ee see 1 @lame(@Quadnula‘speciosal (ied) sy ee te ee EP E S = eat soe alee oes leone 1 Clama(Glevularrotundiia) (amarks))) tees. ee ee i ee ee a ees |e 1 Clam (Carunculinatecasensis (Say,)) eee ee bee ae see s= 1 LEVEL 60-75 IB ISONIOTg ES O08 ea ee et en Dene LIK, - ENN: bu PAR RN es ERE EL De aS 1 I Eee ee eee MD COraCOMOCOL EIS) Me See ae ee en tee Lente ee oS EA) ee eee 9 2 1 FROLLOISON(CLENTA DONE) sae. tee ee eek Ie Te Le ee eee 5 2 1 Leo teye (Uiit hI) SO Ss See eS ee ee ee ee ee 1 A ees eer FAN EGIODOT(CARLLOCR DIG) teres = tee ee See ee RNS See aT Lee IS SSeS SST oe LF | See | Pee ifeaZy Oc ne 2 SRE EE Bae Se ae ee SAS Se ee ek ae ee ae ee eee ee ena 5S eens ING DEES (Os ATA ALT) eee aT ee ee ee a ee ee ee ees eee 1 Baila yivinanwsintentextecs))\ (SAVa)) sae ee ene ee ee aa [Eee Pees 1 lame (Canunculinaiterasensts (ea) meee ee ee ea Se Eee 1 Clamy(Untomencsitety alas muse (Says) sco ae ee ne a aie eee |e 1 LEVEL 75-90 IMGer (Odocoilews) > a a8 hae Re EE keels a nS ei eg S22 5 7 1 1 RRACCOOTN CES OCHON) See ree re See ee ee ee ee See eee oe eee 1 | ee epee MROVtOIsen(RELTAa DERE) cet Ree an OE a eee ee ae aS a1 ie ree 1 PATI LGOOY CAMLOCE DIG) eee en eee ee ee ae eo ee ee ee ee 1 | eee Sn oer Badgers (havidea) 2a fo. eee A RS a Ae Th Sees eee Glam (Cuadhila’speciosai(Say.) eres ere ae eae ne ee EERE ees 1 236 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 TABLE 8.—Distribution by level of animal species in the Doering (D) and Kobs (K) sites and site 42/66A6—4 (4)—Continued Site Animal species D | K | ‘ LEVEL 90-105 Weer (Odocoleus) : i 2= ~~ Ses a os cee onan te ee esc eee s see eden cane seseeenceneeaaae 6 lt Lee be Tortoise CLerrap ene) ise ee Sete Sed Ue ee ee ee ee 14 abeele caaee Antelope: (AntilocapnG) sansa oe ee oe re i ee see see ca eneeeeeeeee Ti Seg | Eager Badgern(Maztiea)) 2 eon ee ee Oe ee ee oe ered e ete eee eae eee OD yf ne Smiailveani dior PACCOOM aa. - = a ne ee a ce ee ene ee eee eee ee Se ee eee ff '|oee eo ee ossilihoner(anidentifiable) -22- asso oa ne ee nee nee sen aeons lS eee Bison (Bison) meee ooo wc ee cae en ce a ee ow wns oe en ee een eee 5 Oy ee ee Deers(Odocotlews)) 25> Sos ee ee aes ee ee oe ee ee ee eee Antélopes (A ntilocapra)) i= so s- 222 a ee eee ee ee Tortoise (LervaDene) 29-2 nso on Coane ee eee ot tee pee cae ee eae asa nn see eae see eee 1 The letter ‘‘x’’ indicates the presence of the form when the number of individuals is not known. 2 The preservation of this specimen is different from that of the other material. It was probably found by the Indians and brought into camp. ANIMAL BONE REFUSE Animal bone refuse was plentiful in the Doering midden. There were comparatively few bones in level 0-15, and only a small number more in level 15-380. From level 30-45, where there was a notable increase in quantity, the volume of bone refuse per cubic meter in- creased by level until the maximum concentration was obtained at levels 75-90 and 90-105. Below this there was a decrease in volume, in part explained by the fact that part of the level falls into the sterile clay. There was less bone refuse in the Kobs site than in the Doering site, and most of it was concentrated in the midden zone from level 15-30 through level 60-75. Although there was some bone in the sand knoll, there was much less volume than in the overlying midden. Site 42/66A6—4 yielded some animal bone, and also showed some consistent use of shellfish which abounded in the creek below. The evidence was limited by the smallness of the sample from only one test pit. At none of the other sites was sufficient evidence gathered for analysis of animal-bone content, but it is interesting to note that Black reported a considerable quantity of shell from the Addicks “Mound.” Throughout the occupation of the Addicks Basin sites the deer was the most consistently used food animal, at least 64 individuals being represented. Since all bones of the skeleton are represented, it may be assumed that the bodies were carried intact, or nearly so, to the camp. The relative scarcity of artifacts made from bone or antler shows the essentially food character of utilization, a factor which applies to all other animals as well. Riv. Bas. Sur. ise BanNo4] ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 937 Among the larger mammals, the bison follows the deer in frequency of representation. There were 10 individuals and occurrence was confined to the middle and upper levels. Whether this fact is of ecological significance cannot be answered at present. In any event, the taking of bison seems to have been on the increase toward the end of occupancy of the Kobs site. The acquisition of the horse, noted by De Bellisle in 1719, could have been a factor conducive to greater dependence upon this prime supplier of the plains. Antelope, represented by four individuals and confined to the lower, or perhaps the lower and early middle levels, raise again the question of possible ecological shifts from the early to the later periods. Be- cause it is impossible to answer this problem at present, the investiga- tion of this and related problems must be one of the goals of future work in the area. Of the smaller animals, the tortoise was most important, no fewer than 54 individuals having been collected in the various sites. They occurred in the greatest abundance in the lower level, and decreas- ingly through the middle and upper levels. It is not known whether this decrease was the result of gradual depletion of the local supply, or due, perhaps, to accidents of preservation, or to greater reliance on other fauna. Animals of less frequent occurrence are the badger (5), raccoon (2, or perhaps 3), opossum (2), and rabbit (2). Mink and alligator are represented by a single individual each. Birds were little used; three occurrences, none of which are identifiable as to species, comprise the total number in this order. Only a single occurrence of fish may be noted, a gar having been recovered from the middle level of the Doering site. Shellfish also had a restricted distribution. The only site tested or excavated by the survey to show any consistent usage of this item was site 42/66A6-4. As mentioned above, Black reported a considerable quantity of shell from the Addicks “Mound.” The occupants of the Doering site had the dog at least by middle level times. One canid specimen came from the lower levels of the Doering site, and two others of uncertain identity probably represent this species. The general scarcity of fish and rodent material in the collection is notable, although this may be accounted for by accidents of preser- vation. However, the preservation of many small splinters of other animal bones makes this unlikely. Fragmentary human bones scattered throughout the midden raise the question of whether cannibalism was practiced. Their relative scarcity, together with the possibility that they may have come from disturbed burials must, however, be considered as negative evidence. 238 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 On the whole, cannibalism cannot have been economically important, and probably was not practiced. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The survey of the Addicks Dam Basin, together with its outlet channel and related works, resulted in the discovery and recording of eight previously unknown sites. Further information about a ninth, the Addicks “Mound,” which was destroyed several years ago, was abstracted from the field notes of Marshall Black, of Houston. While there undoubtedly remain some additional sites within the basin, and many more along other stream courses in the general area, the basic culture patterns of the prehistoric inhabitants may be inferred from the results of work done by the survey. Of the nine sites noted, four have yielded most of the data. Two of the nine sites had been destroyed by construction work; one by the channel rectification of Buffalo Bayou, from which we have Black’s data; and the second by erection of the Addicks Dam embankment. Two others proved to be scattered, sparse accumulation of habitation debris; and the remaining five were midden deposits of varying ex- tent and thickness. While the survey was refused permission to test one of the middens, stratigraphic tests were made in site 42/66A6—4 and in the Grisbee site. The main corpus of information, however, derives from the more extensive excavations carried out in the Doering and Kobs sites. Before passing on to the conclusions, we may briefly review some of the more significant data. All of the sites, none of which is very extensive, are situated atop sand or clay knolls that originally formed segments of discontinuous natural levees bordering the stream channels of the area. Most of them are midden deposits. No structural features were found in any of the deposits. If houses had been present, they were of such perishable materials as to have left no traces in the middens. They could, of course, have been built away from the midden itself, but if so, there remain no surface indi- cations of them. Furthermore, there were no definite fireplaces or pits encountered, and a single bed of charcoal was the only objective evidence that fires were built on the middens, although it is probable that much of the discoloration of the deposits was due to carbonized vegetal materials. Seven burials were recovered, one of which can be tentatively cor- related with the middle or lower level of occupation. This much- disturbed burial was semiflexed on the right side, oriented to the east, and there was no burial furniture. The remaining six burials belong Riv. Bas. Sur. iat Baga 41 ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 239 to the late or upper level. Five of these were flexed and one semi- flexed. Three were lying on the back, two on the left side, the other on the right side. There was no apparent preferred orientation, and while oval burial pits were probably used in all inhumations, they could be defined in only three. As in the lower or middle level burial, there was no definite association of grave goods. The indigenous pottery of the Addicks Basin consists of a highly variable ware, termed Goose Creek Plain, and its cognate decorated form, Goose Creek Incised. The pottery of this area is primarily sand-tempered, but sherd and calcium phosphate aplastics appear late in the stratigraphic sequence. Both may be intrusive. Color ranges from bright orange through browns to gray. Fire clouding is common, and interiors are sometimes intentionally blackened. Appli- cation of a red film appears to be a minor trait. Four vessel shapes may be noted, falling into two main groups. These are basically elongate jars with conoidal or truncated conoidal bases, and deep, wide-mouth bowls of simple contour. Decoration, when present, con- sists of lip notching, incised lines parallel to the rim of the vessel, pendant triangles, ladderlike elements, hatching, and occasionally punctation used either singly or in combination with the above ele- ments. Tchefuncte Stamped ware, intrusive into the middle level occupation, is of considerable chronological import, while a second intrusive ware of the upper level cannot be identified with any known source. The probability that pottery is absent from the lower level of occupation is likewise important chronologically. Because of the homogeneity of the local pottery wares, the stra- tigraphy of projectile points on a percentage basis is the best criterion of relative chronology. Three main groups have been distinguished. The first of these is a composite group of parallel-sided or expanding- stemmed dart points which dominate in the lower level. These are replaced by the second group, comprised of a single variable type with considerable range in size and finish, and termed Gary Stemmed points. These form the bulk of the projectiles recovered from the middle level. The upper level is characterized by small arrow points of sev- eral types which rapidly and almost completely supplant the Gary Stemmed points of the middle level. It is important to note that the lower and middle level points seem to be primarily of Southeastern derivation while those of the upper level were introduced from the west and northwest in relatively recent times. A considerable variety of miscellaneous artifacts was found, and while many of them are so widely spread in space and time as to be of little chronologic or distributional value, certain forms are of some significance in these respects. Small stemmed knives, apparently reclaimed from broken projectile points, and similarly produced 95384253817 240 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 scrapers are Southeastern traits, while two forms of beveled knives from the upper level occupation confirm late influence or trade from the west. None of the remaining knife or scraper forms appear to have more than minor value in terms of dating or extra-areal influence. Drills, choppers, and gravers occurred in all levels and hence can- not be considered as time markers for any one of them. While of little temporal import, the drills, particularly, tend to confirm the general Southeastern pattern of the lithic complex of the Addicks Basin sites. None of the ground stone artifacts are chronologically secure. Two fragmentary atlatl weights, or banner stones, recovered out of con- text, nevertheless infer early Southeastern influence. The milling stone and the handstone, both from the Addicks “Mound,” are late indicators of gathering or perhaps of agriculture; but these cannot be placed in a distributional framework. Antler projectile points and an ulna spatula again point to the Southeast as the probable original source of the Addicks Basin culture pattern. Hunting was the primary subsistence activity of these peoples, but while the evidence is scanty, gathering must have played a consider- able part. Collecting of shellfish was localized in the Addicks “Mound” and site 42/66 A6-4, even though clams abound in the streams today. Whether use or nonuse of shellfish has cultural or chronologic significance cannot be determined until one of the sites where they formed an important subsistence element is excavated. ‘The question of an ecological shift is obtruded by the occurrence of the antelope, limited to the lower level occupation of the Doering site. Turning now to the conclusions to be drawn from the foregoing report, it may be noted that description has been in terms of three levels or periods of occupation. There are, besides these, certain suggestions of earlier occupancy. These are by no means clear or definite. The evidence is limited to the occurrence of projectile points usually considered to represent the Paleo-Indian hunters of the high Plains. A single fragmentary Clovis Fluted (?) point and a Scotts- bluff (2) (Provisional Type 15) point were found in level 90-105 of the Doering site. A Plainview point was salvaged from the stream bed without context, and two points very similar to the Nebo Hill (Provisional Type 16) points came from the sand knoll beneath the Kobs site. There is nothing inherent in the nature of the finds to indicate any considerable antiquity. Therefore, it cannot be stated whether these should be considered as fossil points picked up and re- used by the later inhabitants, or if they actually are a minor component of the early Southeastern cultures. Future excavations will probably solve this intriguing problem, but little import may be assumed at the present time for the occurrence of these points. \ Riv. Bas. Sur. PenuNG 41. ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 241 The division of the midden deposits of the Addicks Dam Basin into three occupation levels or periods is admittedly an arbitrary device, designed to facilitate the formulation of a relative chronology for the various sites of the region. Each of the levels evolved from the immediately preceding one, for there is an essential homogeneity in the culture pattern, marked by a continuity in the sequence of artifact types and in the structure of the middens themselves. The division into levels rests upon the introduction of new elements into the continuum, elements which once absorbed became strongly characteristic of the level into which they were introduced and of the succeeding levels. Thus, the addition of pottery marks the boundary between middle and lower level, and the acquisition of small arrow points of new types delimits the upper from the middle level. Moreover, these novel elements represent influence and con- tacts from differing directions, for the pottery is Southeastern in character, while the upper level projectile points and correlated arti- facts found their way into the Addicks Basin from the west and northwest. We may now define the general nature of each of these levels. The lower level occupation was confined to the Doering site, levels 75-90 to 105-120. It is the least secure of the three periods, and is charac- terized chiefly by the lack of pottery. Projectile points of Provisional Types 14, 17, and 20 are limited to this horizon, as are, probably, Provisional Types 27 and 28. Intrusive points of this level are the Clovis Fluted (?); Pedernales Indented Base, which had a long time span in central Texas; Provisional Type 15 (Scottsbluff (?)); and probably the Plainview Point. The atlatl weight, or banner stone, probably belongs to this period, since it is primarily characteristic of the nonpottery horizons of the eastern United States, but it cannot be definitely placed. Nothing can be said of the burial customs, inasmuch as no skeletal material was recovered from this horizon. With the inception of pottery-making comes the transition from lower to middle level. To this period belong levels 60-75 to 30-45 in the Doering site; the sand knoll, levels 60-75 to 105-120 in the Kobs site; and perhaps the lower levels of the Grisbee site and site 42/66A6-4. The most striking feature of the projectile point com- plex of the middle horizon is the almost complete dominance of the Gary Stemmed points which, however, was shared with both lower and upper levels. Provisional Types 16 (Nebo Hill (?)), 24, and probably 29, appear confined to this period, and the single Copena point, found without context, was probably intrusive during the phase. The single ulna spatula and the unique eccentric flint occurred in this level but do not constitute strong traits. Antler projectile points are shared by middle and lower levels, as are Provisional Types 12, 242 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 18, 19, 21, and perhaps 25, 26, 30, 31, 82, and the Baird Beveled points, although the latter group was found without context and therefore may not be accurately placed. Knife Type 1d was probably also shared. The only burial recovered from this period was the much- disturbed Burial 1 of the Doering site. It was semiflexed on the right side and was oriented to the east. It does not, however, con- stitute a strong trait. The upper level of occupation is the most secure of the three cul- tural periods and was found at all sites in the Basin. It begins with the introduction of the arrow points Perdiz Pointed Stem, Scal- horn and Eddy Stemmed, Alba Barbed, and Kobs Triangular, as well as Provisional Types 1, 2, 8, and 4. Knife Types 6a and 6b belong to this horizon and offer strong chronological implications. Large end scrapers and Drill Types 1a, 1b, and 1c were here confined to this period. Sandstone saws and abraders from the Kobs and Doering sites, and the milling and handstones from the Addicks “Mound” are, on the basis of our evidence, upper level traits. The unique examples of shellwork are likewise confined to the late period. The ceramic complex, begun in the middle period, continues with little change through the upper level. The only notable difference is found in the tempering. Sherd (?) and calcium phosphate tem- per appear, but whether they represent indigenous or intrusive wares is not clear. In any event, they are but a minor element in the com- plex. Figurines may also be characteristic of the phase. The burial complex of the upper horizon is represented by six inhumations; one semiflexed, the other five flexed. There seems to have been no preferred placement or orientation, since burials on the right and left sides and on the back occur, with heads oriented in all directions. No burial furniture was definitely associated with any of the burials, and so may be tentatively considered a negative trait. The upper level shares a number of traits with the middle level. These are the ceramic complex, Knife Type 5, small end and large side scrapers, the use of hematite and limonite pigments, and per- haps the projectile points of Provisional Types 5, 10, and 13, and Wells Contracting Stem. In the burial complex, inhumation in ovoid pits dug into the sand knoll or midden debris was probably shared, although the information on this point is obscure because of the homogeneous nature of the midden deposit. The essential continuum of the various phases is further. brought out by a number of traits shared by all three levels. The basic consideration of choice of living sites, as well as the midden nature of the sites, are common factors. Certain projectile types occur, or probably occur, in all levels. These are the Gary Stemmed point which, although particularly characteristic of the middle level, none- Riv. Bas. Sur. = Papeworday ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT 243 theless occurs throughout. Provisional Type 22 likewise has a com- plete vertical range, and it is probable that Provisional Types 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 23 have a similar range. Knives of the types 2, 3, and 4; flake and small side scrapers; both forms of choppers; gravers; ham- merstones; and drill forms 2a, 2b, and perhaps 38, all appear to have continuous vertical distribution in the Addicks Basin. Of bone ar- tifacts, only the awl] seems to have been shared by upper, middle, and lower levels, but the general paucity of bone artifacts may have a distorting infiuence on this picture. LOWER|MIDOLE| UPPER LEVEL Figure 23.—Relative chronology of the Addicks Basin sites. By utilizing the diagnostics established above for the delineation of the three periods, it is possible to correlate tentatively the various sites of the Addicks Dam Basin (fig. 23). Thus, it may be seen that the Doering site alone has a component of the lower period, comprising levels 75-90 to the base of the midden. Although it can- not be included here because of the lack of precise stratigraphic data, it is probable that the Addicks “Mound” also contained the lower level. The middle phase is present at all sites, but this period must 244 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 have been brief at the Grisbee site and somewhat less so at site 49/66A6-4, judging from the thickness of the strata containing the middle-level material. The upper-level period, like the middle level of occupation, is present at all sites. Level 15-30 of the Doering site would equate with level 60-75 of the Kobs site, 45-60 of the Grisbee site, and 30-45 of site 42/66A6-4. It would seem, on the basis of projectile point percentages, that only the early part of the upper horizon is present at the Doering site and that all the other sites continued to be occupied after its abandonment. Having set up a relative chronology, we may now attempt to determine its temporal placement in relation to neighboring cultures. There are two factors occurring in the Addicks Basin sites which have potential chronological significance. These are, first, the intrusive Tchefuncte Stamped ware in the middle-level period, and second, the time horizon of the introduction of the small arrow points and the beveled knives. If the date of A. D. 500 to 900, suggested for Tche- functe (Martin, Quimby, and Collier, 1947, p. 401), be accepted as essentially accurate, then the middle period of the Addicks Basin would fall somewhere in this time span. Since pottery was already an important part of the culture at the time of the Tchefuncte intru- sion, it seems likely that the beginning of the middle period would date near the earlier terminus, perhaps A. D. 600 to 700. This would allow some time for the peripheral lag in the introduction of new traits. The earliest date for the upper level would depend upon the dating accorded the Alba Barbed, Perdiz Pointed Stem, and related points. These types have been dated at circa A. D. 1450-1500 (Krieger, 1946, p. 211; Kelley, 1947 a, p. 127), and we may tentatively accept this general time horizon as the beginning of the upper level occupation. The final date for the abandonment of the Kobs site may well be about A. D. 1600. This date would depend on the placement of the beveled knives. As previously explained, these are components of the protohistoric and historic Austin Focus (Krieger, 1946, pp. 165-168). Furthermore, nearly all the beveled knives from eastern and northeastern Texas, where the circumstances are known, are post- contact (Krieger, 1946, p. 142). Since none of the sites in the Addicks Basin showed European contact, it may be assumed that they were abandoned prior to any strong influence from the Spanish or French, if they are not, indeed, entirely prehistoric. Because there was con- siderable traffic by the Spanish and French in the area during the latter half of the seventeenth century, it seems most logical to place the terminus of the Kobs site occupation at somewhere near A. D. 1600. 7 Compare radiocarbon dates published by Arnold and Libby, 1951. Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap eNGia | ADDICKS BASIN—WHEAT 945 As for the date of the lower-level occupation, little may be said beyond the probability that it antedated the middle period by perhaps a century or so. The problem of ecological changes would have a direct bearing on this date, and it may well offer a new approach to the dating in the future. It is difficult to comprehend the small size of the sites when con- fronted by the probable time span involved. This is particularly true of the Doering site, where only 1.20 m. of refuse seems to en- compass a thousand years of human history. Nevertheless, it is diffi- cult to escape the conclusion that it does, and one is forced to look for an explanation. It is, of course, entirely possible that the dating of the Tchefuncte horizon is too low and that of the Austin Focus too high. It is equally possible that the Tchefuncte ware recovered from the Kobs midden had been kept in the nature of an heirloom, finally to be left long after the date of its manufacture. Perhaps the most plausible explanation is that the site was occupied by a small group of people more or less continuously, or seasonally, over the entire span of time. Certainly the site is too small to have served a large com- munity for more than a short period. None of the other sites covered so long a span of time. The Kobs site seems to have been inhabited intermittently during the aggrada- tion of the sand knoll forming the base of the later midden. This occupation dates to middle-level times. Whether the site was left unoccupied for a period of time and then reoccupied by upper-level peoples, or whether the aggradation of the sand knoll was slow enough to span the time from circa A. D. 900 to about A. D. 1500, cannot be answered by physical stratigraphy; but with the beginning of the definite midden deposit, the occupation was by upper-level peoples, as attested to by the lithic complex. Both the Grisbee site and site 492/66A6-4 appear to have been occupied chiefly during upper-level time, but little may be said of them because their excavation was limited to testing operations. A comparison may now be made between the prehistoric occupants of the Addicks Basin sites and the historic inhabitants to determine the nature and extent of their relationship. Swanton (1928, pp. 712- 718) characterizes the Attakapa as a loosely organized group of low culture who practiced cannibalism and who were definitely marginal to the Southeast proper. This would presumably hold, also, for the Akokisa, the westernmost group of the Attakapa. The Akokisa fol- lowed a simple annual economic cycle, passing the winter in perma- nent or semipermanent camps, and the summer in wandering to the seacoast and elsewhere. They followed a hunting and gathering 246 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 subsistence pattern, including the collecting of shellfish. They had pottery, but whether they made it or received it in trade is not clear. Swanton (1946, p. 737) states that they received most of it from the Karankawa, the Avoyel, and probably the Caddo. Trade was also carried on with the peoples of the interior. In general, the pattern described for the Akokisa might fit the prehistoric pattern as well. However, there are certain discrepancies which may be examined briefly. ‘There is obviously no means of judging whether social or tribal organization was loose, and the deter- mination of a low or high culture is a relative one. That cannibalism was widely practiced by the prehistoric inhabitants may be questioned so far as the evidence in the excavated sites is concerned. Further- more, the pottery of the prehistoric sites is much too uniform to have been imported from a variety of sources. It does not conform to the pottery known from the Karankawa nor from the Caddo. On the other hand, it seems likely that the economic cycle described for the historic peoples of the area was much the same as that of the pre- historic. Whatever form of shelter was made and used by the precon- tact inhabitants must have been perishable, and this may be generally equated with the house types of the historic peoples. Further, there is archeological evidence to support the story of trade with the peoples of the interior. But the majority of the cultural factors which agree are factors which might be attributed to an environmental basis. Therefore, it is impossible at present to derive a satisfactory answer. One solution to the problem lies in the excavation of known Akokisa sites such as the site of the Mission Nuestra Sefiora de la Luz. It is likewise impossible to fit the Addicks Basin sites into the Attak- pan Phase of Sayles (Sayles, 1935, p. 41), inasmuch as there are insufficient details given for a comparison. While the pottery appears basically of the same pattern, the statement that the sites usually show signs of European contact removes them from direct association with the sites covered by the River Basin Surveys. It is probable that these sites represent, as Sayles points out, the early historic occupants—the Attakapans. The sites of the Addicks Basin, then, represent a people South- eastern in origin and basic afliliations, who, marginal to the main stream of cultural achievement, seem to have developed slowly and in relative isolation. This is attested to by the essentially homogeneous but static culture complex. In late prehistoric times they came into the sphere of influence of the peoples to the west and northwest. Dur- ing this time the bow and arrow was probably introduced, and cer- tainly new and distinctive forms of projectile points and knives. Nevertheless, the culture pattern remained Southeastern in character until the final abandonment, perhaps around the year A. D. 1600. Riv. Bas. Sur. : 3: GE DeNO 4 ADDICKS BASIN—-WHEAT APPENDIX TaBxeE 9.—Trait list for Addicks Basin sites } 247 Trait list Levels Upper)|Middle| Lower General traits : Sitesislongside:stream ‘on natural knollo:2.-= -22 2.228 ee iiddenude pOslteemers meee ee weed Ee Oe 25 ee ee le, see Burial complex: (QE, STEIN SIGUE cece Selly en SSI 7 a aan IE ee re ere ev OaGiio nei Gaeye Se See rae eS ee a oe, SA Ee ek, oe ay Pp NATED [OETA ab T rat DNs) ae SE SA le Ses heey eae ere Material culture : Pottery complex : (Goose Teeka bh laineesesnese see ce sr eee cone lh eek eR a ee ‘Sei (eae re. oan. See eee» ces ne eee Pavey eee Siratal (erooy oye Ae See Se Se ce ee oe ee eee ee ee ee ees IOP R Tatar Be Las HRS See ee SURES S ON yn Be Aa ee ea ey TRV GTEYNT LI ote het FA Ph CME ERS Ee Riek beds ee UE dd Pee THis) 8 SS ee are ee ee Le ee ee eee \AVOE GOL OT Clie Se SS ee eee ea eee ee Lithic complex : Projectile points : RendizsPOMmtedas bem. sep cee son eee ee ers ee ee a ee ae s(ealoveycen (SVireye eb caYere LS Rss CS SN ES See ye ee ee ee ee ca Ry (Sh eraoe cna Le Re A ee SS 2s a eee Oe See eee re eee PA DAS AT DC eats oes oe ee ee en ew Shen ee TeGa ayes I Ne aes fd EY ees ee eee Seen eee ee eee eee IPTOVISIOHALE RD VON = te ee ee es Se A a Oe Te IRrOVASIONAl Ey Gp ome sem ae eee ec a cere Cee See IRrO VAS ONS elyye id se eee eee ea eh eee ee ee IBTOVASIONSI ML ye aoe etre ae ee Fee OB A ee, eI Cora, Sianeli ee eae ee ee ee eae Welisi@ontractinesS Cemetery ee ee eee ee IBrovisionalny pe bees seek eee eth en ep ee ar A ee ee PATOVISIONAL MSY DOO me ee ee rete ea ee ee en ne ee ye eee IRrovisionalMiby Mey. Satcce eet g eee a Aa ee eee ee PBrovisionslulype Sean. oes = Provisional Type 9__.____---__- Provisional Type 10 Provisional Type 11 Brovisionsluly pero toe ecu eee ee ee ae ee eae ae BTOVASIONAIU My Op sae eee al Oe poe bate ONS LSE ProvisionalMiype lan. oe Eee ee ee ek Pee et ie ae IRrovisionaliky nos 5eeeeaba tn ecu Yee a eee ae IBrovisionalyly pei Gee ee eet a be eae hee Se eee ee Provisionsliiy pepsin e es ee ee ee ee IRrovisional iy peste See ae 1 ekee. 2 A ee te Ree ae Provisionalvhype lotsa > seis et 2 ee re eee Teor Provisional ERY pew0 ee ais REL OEE ee oe ee Sy ot Sten ah ae sage | hedermplestindented bases. -- ean ease soe es fe re ee | Provisional Type 21 Provisional Type 22 Provisional Type 23 Provisional Type 24 Clovis Fluted Provisional Type 25 Provisional Type 26 Provisional Type 27 Provisional Type 28 Provisional Type 29 Provisional Type 30 Provisional Type 31 Provisional Type 32 WopenaiPolntea= oe ee Plainview Point#*.2 2249.2 See footnotes at end of table. So Bs se a MO wat Od OO OO OO 248 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 TaBLE 9.—Trait list for Addicks Basin sites \—Continued Levels Trait list id ca Upper|Middle| Lower Material culture—Continued Lithic complex—Continucd Miscellaneous lithic artifacts: ives: TRV ON As ee one eee es ee a ee eee oa 5 Se | % ? FEY /B) Oil Es ae = Sees A pte = aS ee ee ee Se eee eee Xi yee sees | Re SeAE ARNON Ce A ak ie Nye ape Tak ee SP ind Se Oe a Se ee eee ee —— X. || sont PISO GIs ee! SE ee RS ea Ree See eee = | Ae om 2, STS O 2 ee ee nea ee ee oe ee ee te ee x x x FEST G\S tee ee ee eS EE Des de, i ee Mine 8 ea So x x x ARS A OLE pe Same eo ai Be a ee a Raa eee Se een x x x HIB DO) bees heeds Piso ee Se yh be geined W Copt Set ee See eee x Xj)h|Heaeee FIR G Gaueee era ener eee RI CNN he i Ree 2 ee Cee eee Xo) cyl peas | eee FVD OOD ecstasy aad ee ee ie eee ee ys |esee ane eee Scrapers : ‘Stemmiedion dt. os Seo a nj ee a es eee Ss See ee % x x WAT POET atts eee te Rae ey eee ee ee eee eae so Xi ulezedaed eee Smallend eis shes Ae ke ae Se Re ak Be ee eee ae x X fe Seas. 1 DNL (OVS ahs, see 8 es wR Brake aR OR Soya N eh Metin s/s Dt tes pele See x Kagel [esse <= Smallisidé=-2is Re PR ea A es Se x x x LOVER fq2)e2 caps gt AS Dan nae op oe eigehg cn RO ANI AL eS as pid al hed eh eh ET x x x Choppers : (OVAVE\ hero ioaVayeb bat =Yo leetsei hae tana Al Gao a pea te eh ey oer see weer 3 x x x PAISideshmodified: Bos Res ee Bac 25 8d ht gd wal es ia a 2a en te os x x x AR GGECOL GS ee eee a ee ee ee ee ey ans ene een ne ea ceed | eee ? ¥ rills : ARS OIE te, mie SSM ite ML asi eal Ripe eI BW echt a) tun x P ferpe Ples VE™ tw Be X yhi|sase tt ee TRV Dep bees oso em es he ae Be wk Sie ee. be ewe 8 Beate eel X._ o1| Pe ea eee eee A BAGO eey I tg aS 9 a pn lh DR Sa Nat lee le ge ad a eee Ae SB X jee seal ees UDA OO 4s tet ee a Ea pe HO ERS Dyke RNS Se re ee ee ee ee x ? x A BATA OLS) 74] Oe Ar pe ais peer GE) Sie lil lhe a el Reh ala A een Taba? abe a OE x x x MBA OS nee mee Ce ee ee ORT R S) Se ee eee LEER ee eee anne a ae ye oe 2 ? ? Grav Crs eee aan Cyne Pe Ene Beane Eee eee ene n Le ee eaten x x x FHIGCOM EDICT Gone Some aetys BLU Ce ee eh LS ES Be G8 9 Latah ee ois Ot ancl ae a Xi hleeeeee Ground stone : Atlatliweights (banneristones)) soo: 23. 2 bee ee sk le le ll ee ? Sandstonesawsiand abradersesee tens ene ee eee > CNY ape pe eae re VENTE OXG TOT Oe Serene eat ee ache Pee el SL EE AO no) eas ape SS Mea pe eg 0) an A Sout Hise eee TANI SLOG mee ee eee ee we ee EEO Rtg VATS en poe ook eeeee Ky) |e ee ees ITAMIMEEStONOS eat ete beg Oe Sta Pb Ne a eed ee aia ab We meee x x x BIN EDIGIMOMLS cee cee eee ae ee Ee et ENE Ie ee oe eee eee x 5 ay PY eee Bone: Cuabone wists se ee ee ee Se ee rele) eo ee eke x ? x Wing Spatula soe Sesh ey as PP A ee LE tS Ro oe ee Kh esha Antler : IBrojectile;pointS:- Meese an ee et I ado, J eet 2 | x x IES CAcl emetic MLA Bey cpet NOE: Rae py ee WO TF eT 2s FY ee ee oj ie Ae ee Wiorkeditines tuk on whe Tel os ees ee a ee eee x 5 ee Shell : PP Grid ants ee ae acd 8 a tN SMa gd Oy eR er Se ee eR AE ee X' } pee aoa eS 1 Symbols: x=known presence of trait; ?=probable presence of trait; numeral indicates the number of occurrences where that data is relevant. 2 Prevalent. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS. 1943. 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WEBsB, WILLIAM S., and DEJARNETTE, Davin L. 1942. An archeological survey of Pickwick Basin in the adjacent portions of the States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Bur. Amer. Hthnol. Bull. 129. WEDEL, WALDO R. 1943. Archeological investigations in Platte and Clay Counties, Missouri. U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 1838. WItEy, GoRpon R. See Forp, J. A., and WILLEY, Gorpon R. ZON, RAPHAEL. See SHANTZ, H. L., and Zon, RAPHAEL, 7 a ten BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 29 b Doering site and profile. a, View from the west bank of South Mayde Creek. 5, Profile at | Kast. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 30 Kobs site. a, View before excavation. ~~ * ; ¥ * ‘tee = a é { - { = $ ‘ , - ; \ “, al b b, View of excavation showing Burial 6 in foreground. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 31 ee as a | — — Pottery: Restored vessels, Goose Creek ware. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 32 k i Pottery: Decorated sherds, Goose Creek Incised. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULEERIN 154 PEATE 33 Pottery: Decorated sherds. aj, Goose Creek Incised. k&, Tchefuncte Stamped. 1, m, Unidentified ware. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULELERIN 154° PEAT ERSAs | V Ww x Projectile points. a-n, Perdiz Pointed Stem. o-s, Scalhorn Stemmed. tw, Eddy Stemmed. 5s, Length, 45 mm. (1.78 in.). BUREA\WJ OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 35 n Projectile points. a-h, Alba Barbed. 7, j, Kobs Triangular. J/, p, Provisional types. m-o,2. k,3. 1,4. Length of m, 70 mm. (2.76 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 36 m r ‘ Ww x Vv Projectile points: Gary Stemmed type. Length of 7, 56 mm. (2.20 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 37 4 ; Projectile points: Provisional Types. 0, 5. d,e, 6. f-h,7. 1,7, 8. k, 1,9. m,n, 10. a-c, 11. p,q, 12. 7, 13. 2, 14. 5, Wells Contracting Stem. Length of p, 72 mm. (2.83 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 38 Projectile points: Provisional Types. a, 15. b, 16. c, 17. d, 18. e, i SE a, AVL j, 21. n, 22. k, 23. m, 24. 7, Pedernales Indented Base. J, Clovis Fluted (?). Length of b, 67 mm. (2.64 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 39 . . i Projectile points, unplaced chronologically: a, Copena. f, Plainview. m,n, Baird Bev- Glack “leioistomAlloess 5 26 ie, 4O, ch Sle 284, Pie se Bn 85 Lal 30. Length of a, 76 mm. (3.01 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 40 Knives. a, Type la. 5, Type lb. ¢, Typele. d,.¢;-Type ld. 2, Type 2. 0h, type 3. Length of a, 109 mm. (4.25 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 41 Knives. a, b, Type 4. c, Type 6a. d, Type 6b. ¢, Type 5. Length of ¢, 108 mm. (4.22 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY i) \ Scrapers. a, End scrapers, large. b, c, End scrapers, stemmed. BULLETIN 154 PLATE 42 d, e, End scrapers, small. f-1, Side scrapers, small. Length of f, 76 mm. (3.01 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 43 Choppers. a, b, One end unmodified. c, e, Both ends modified. d, Celt. Length of d, NAT sawn; (S37 Tins))o BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY m n Drills, eravers, and eccentric flint. Drill types: a, b, la. c, d, lb. ¢, f le glegeb: 1, 3. J, 2a. k-o, Gravers. , Eccentric flint. BULLETIN 154 PLATE 44 p Length of 7, 57 mm. (2.26 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 45 Ground stone. a, Auatl weight. b-e, Sandstone abraders and saws. f, Handstone. g, Milling stone. Greatest diameter of f, 106 mm. (4.18 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 46 Miscellaneous minerals and paint pigments.% Length’of d, 63 mm. (2.48 in.). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 154 PLATE 47 J | Artifacts of bone, antler, and shell. a, Ulna spatula. b-e, cut bone awls. f, g, Worked antler tines. A, 1, Antler projectile points. 7, Bead (?). &,/, Shell pendants. Length On a, Wl sono, (EUS) iat) ~ _ A Pe ee wie Abily uy rails AO ae Veron ie SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 154 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 4 The Addicks Dam Site II. Indian Skeletal Remains from the Doering and Kobs Sites, Addicks Reservoir, Texas By MARSHALL T. NEWMAN 253 953842—53——18 i No ap i re an i ", i th a hy a ca SMA fis r ee aif iy nity Wand Al : o fed ‘ye scaly ‘i : i iyoney 1 i ts i) ‘ pl dhe Sprig aes +p ogi iiinni—ncih fatale pial Ab hier tal opment emitted ehinkvnn ae hor wi ravor OPN bean puny eaAbehes eee 1s ictoslopastinn cempiamcatetl ent eat eee Tamer oe US CRar een aot as morromrart marnonwente uy Hi / yaoloratiat iuxatyont dy to wane . “hat nitolin dt . hb of A aa sina soit | | | aie ristt wloibhA oft ‘la he abso, orld trot eniento dt Inbstoste cai : ane dlortaee adgibiea. eatie aloe | wAMWaH A Ad ABEAM ye CONTENTS PAGE BETOGUCTLON SS eae Sar eas bOCe Sieh Be. ft A Ree Sel Pe eae 527 DULCE OS A ps ay oe Oe gE TL ree ee NE eS ee Sy 258 MRD US cia As 3 Sie eee ce eae ee nw ee ST Re, 8 264 BS es ren CRCI EDC een oy ts Se et 2 ee ns ge 266 FIGURES 24. Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 2________________---_-_ 258 25. Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 4_________-_____-____- 260 26. Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 5_________-__________-_ 262 27. Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 6_____-____-_-----_---- 262 28. Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 7_______________-___-- 263 . A ‘shat + iin oe a ey ees BAS ae : Ml kw: OS Sot ; ; rae - ‘aae an ae : : aa a ih ete rr a Se | PTUSTHOD a a goed lith yeah agile othe sintering 4 labo? teen) Vedi add Vo urotees 2 A Lent] iercerd Htirsha edt hw Lhe nton Wy lard? cvcvsi'tlieda oft Wo uiatpe le ¢ lat toe (lp axl? Wo oon 7 - - = a oo 2 Ot i. 7 ~ 7 . ie ay: _ wie os ) aoe . J = PESGhn > ae INDIAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE DOER- ING AND KOBS SITES, ADDICKS RESERVOTR, TEXAS By Marsuatt T. NewMan INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to describe and analyze the skeletal remains from burials 1, 2, 8, and 4 (Doering site) and 5, 6, 7 (Kobs site). Due to their fragmentary nature, few measurements could be taken, and much of the description is in terms of morphological obser- vations. Unfortunately, these observations are more subjectively determined than are the measurements, and hence are less useful in comparisons with the work of others. For this reason, most of the comparative analysis has to be based upon a few actual or estimated measurements and upon the stereographic drawings of the skull vaults (figs. 24-48). These drawings are approximately 1/ life size. The comparative data from the Texas coast has been taken from an unpublished State-wide study by Dr. Marcus S. Goldstein. In addition to permitting the writer to use his study, Dr. Goldstein was also kind enough to examine the Doering-Kobs material. His com- ments, based upon first-hand experience with a great deal of Texas skeletal material, are most valuable and have been incorporated in the present report. Both Dr. Goldstein and the writer are reluctant to make any sweep- ing interpretations of the Doering-Kobs material. There simply is not enough of it, and even after careful restoration it is still frag- mentary. But it possesses definite value since it is archeologically documented material. While burial 1 has been tentatively assigned to the middle phase of occupation at the Doering site, the other burials (2-7) were prob- ably made in intrusive pits from the thin midden surface of both sites, most likely during the late phases of occupation (see pp. 238-289). The absence of European trade materials suggests the sites were not occupied in historic times. From an archeological standpoint, then, the remains of burials 2-7 can be considered as one series. In a 257 258 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY - -" - Ne eres fee we ewan - ~ -~ ——— ¢ Ficure 24.—Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 2. (Approximately 44.) properly tentative way, Wheat has linked the Doering and Kobs sites with the Akokisa band of Atacapan-speakers, who occupied the area at the time of the earliest French and Spanish explorations (see pp. 245-246). Thus, for present purposes, the series from burial 2-7 is probably late or protohistoric, and possibly Atacapan. The measurements and observations were made according to tech- niques previously discussed (Newman, 1947, appendix A, B). The contour drawings were made with the Schwarz stereograph. No photographs of skulls are included because of their fragmentary nature. DESCRIPTION Burial 1 (Doering site)—Unrestorable skull fragments, almost intact lower jaw, incomplete long bones, fragmentary pelvis and ribs of a middle-aged (86-55 years) male. One skull fragment shows a “pinched” occiput, suggesting a long-headed individual. No occipital deformation is apparent. Strong areas for muscle attachment on the skull are indicated by large mastoid processes and a large mound- type occipital torus. The lower jaw is massive, with a mediobilateral chin of medium projection, and strongly everted gonial angles. No teeth were lost during life, but heavy (fourth degree) wear into the [Bull. 154 | pee Shr. ADDICKS BASIN—NEWMAN 259 dentine exposed the pulp cavities of three of the molars. Apical abscesses resulted, apparently involving the antrum in one case. The wear is diagonal, heaviest on the lingual surfaces of the upper teeth and the buccal surfaces of the lower teeth. Since only the condyles and part of the most distal shaft are missing from the right femur, an estimate of the dimensions of these missing parts was based upon a comparable femur from another collection. This gives an estimated maximum length of 430 mm. and suggests a short stature in the neighborhood of 162-163 cm. Burial 2 (Doering site).—Partly restorable undeformed skull, part of right maxilla, most of lower jaw, and a few very small long bone and pelvic fragments of a middle-aged individual—probably female. The sphenoid-shaped vault and “pinched” occiput suggest a long-headed individual. Cranial deformation is absent. Other skull characteristics are: small, divided-type browridges; low fore- head of medium slope; medium development of median frontal and sagittal crests; small parietal bosses; medium temporal fullness; small mastoid processes; medium lambda position; and a ridge-form occipital torus of medium size. The lower jaw is small, with narrow bilateral chin form, and only slight chin projection. The eversion of the gonial angles is medium. The lower right molar was lost dur- ing life through exposure of its pulp cavity by wear, with an apical abscess resulting. The pulp cavity of the opposing upper molar was also exposed, but caused no apparent abscess. All the first molars present show excessive (fourth degree) wear, especially on the lingual surfaces of the upper and the buccal surfaces of the lower teeth, where the entire crown and neck structure has been worn away. The second molars are less worn, although no enamel remains on their occlusal surfaces. The third molars show even less wear, with the dentine only visible in spots. No caries is present except in the cases of exposure already noted. TABLE 1.—Cranial measuremenis and indices Measurements (mm.) and indices No. 1 No. 2 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 male female? male female? | female male Giahello-occipitaliiength: ——- 2222- ess eee |e es ase 182 184 (188+ ) 172 186 Maximum) bread thie: 22 oe ee ee ee eee eee 1(150+)} 2128 122 133 IBasion-DEOg Ma ele NG see aoe ae eee eee eee aoe eee | Leen ee | enone m (130 ) (223) ei acca INGER DIEY Pa EST 1 oe Se ee a eee ee 121 (E19) ease 114 Minimumpirontalidiamoeter-.--+-s—=. 2+. =||---- 22.2 5-22 5522— DOG Wee ee ak 86 90 Breadth of ascending ramus-_-_-_-_---------- 34 32 38 30 30 33 ength-pread thiind exo. 222 ots te ee aes ee 275 (81. 5) 268 70.9 71.5 Wreansheightpnd exe os bees es ee oe | eee eee (82.3) (C50) See ee sa auricular height inex: 55.22 SEr es Lee ee 65.7 3) ssa 61.3 1 Figures in parentheses are close approximations. 2 Estimates. Burial 3 (Doering site).—Partly restorable skull vault, facial frag- ments, part of lower jaw, fragments of femoral and tibial shafts and 260 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 pelvis, bodies of three cervical vertebrae of a young adult (21-35 | years), probably female. What there is of the vault suggests a moderately long-headed individual. There is slight flattening on the | occiput just above the inion, which may not be artificial. Other skull | observations : small, divided-type browridges with a medium glabella; low forehead of medium slope; small frontal bosses with no median crest in-between; medium mastoid processes; medium occipital form; medium-sized ridge-type occipital torus. The lower jaw is medium in size, with a narrow bilateral chin. Gonial eversion is pronounced. All teeth, except a heavily worn upper incisor, were either lost or broken off after death. The lower jaw exhibits a hook-shaped excrescence of bone just below the left mental foramen, which is probably of traumatic origin. The three bodies of cervical vertebrae show considerable crushing and lipping, probably arthritic. Ficure 25.—Stereograph contour of the skull from Buriat 4. (Approximately %.) Burial 4 (Doering site) —Partly restorable skull, with parts of the face, most of the lower jaw, large portions of both femora, tibiae, humeri, pelvis, and part of the radii, fibulae, and sacrum of a male in advanced middle-age. The skull is round and rather high-vaulted, with the length-breadth index estimated at 81.5, and the length- auricular height index 65.8. A trace of occipital flattening is present. Riv. Bas. Sur. hake Pap. No.4] ADDICKS BASIN—NEWMAN 261 The strong areas for muscle attachment on the skull and long bones bespeak a very rugged individual. An estimated maximum length for the left femur of 455 mm. suggests a stature in the neighborhood of 166 cm. Skull observations: Medium-sized divided-type brow- ridges; medium glabella; low forehead with pronounced slope; pro- nounced postorbital constriction; pronounced median frontal crest; medium sagittal elevation and parietal bosses ; large mastoid processes ; medium occipital curve; broad occipital form; large ridge-form occipital torus; deep glenoid fossae; massive malars and lower jaw; mediobilateral chin form with medium chin projection; pronounced eversion of gonial angles. ‘Tooth loss cannot be determined. Wear on the three remaining lower molars is fourth degree. No mandibular caries is present, but two apical abscesses resulting from pulp ex- posure are evident. On the mandible the left first premolar is in inverted position, with part of its crown showing through the mandi- bular bone on the lingual surface. The corresponding tooth on the right side erupted in normal orientation, but is misplaced toward the lingual side. A bony fusion of the left fibula and tibia took place about mid- shaft, and may be traumatic in origin. The body of the fifth lumbar vertebra shows heavy (arthritic?) lipping, as does the corresponding articular surface on the sacrum. Burial 5 (Kobs site) —Part of the skull vault and base, showing anterior crushing; most of lower jaw; shafts of both femora and tibiae; left humerus; part of left pelvis of a middle-aged individual, probably female. The vault dimensions and the stereographic con- tour indicate a long-headed skull, with an estimated length-breadth index over 68 from the measurements, and over 71 from the contour. Vault height appears low, with an estimated mean height index be- tween 82 and 83. FF lattening occurs in the obelionic region, more likely natural than artificial. Other cranial observations: pro- nounced sagittal elevation ; small parietal bosses; slight temporal full- ness; medium mastoid processes; pronounced occipital curve and low position of lambda; pinched occipital form; ridge-formed occiptal torus of medium size. . The lower jaw is medium in size, with medio- bilateral chin form and pronounced eversion of the gonial angles. No teeth are present for observation. The long bones are light and gracile. Burial 6 (Kobs site). —Skull lacking most of left parietal, but with face and lower jaw; fragments of femoral, tibial, fibular and humeral shafts of an apparently young adult female. The skull is small, gracile, and long-vaulted, with a length-breadth index of 70.9. It is not very high-vaulted, and has an estimated mean height index of 83 to 84. Cranial deformation is absent. Other cranial data: small, divided-type browridges; small glabella; low forehead of pronounced 262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 = ” Pikes ont ‘ oe" ' -° — mow Ficure 26.—Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 5. (Approximately 4.) pene tPt Oe ormee og, Ficure 27.—Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 6. (Approximately 4.) Riv. Bas. Sur. aP: Pap. No.4] ADDICKS BASIN—NEWMAN 263 slope with a large median frontal crest and small bosses; pronounced postorbital constriction and slight temporal fullness; medium mastoid processes; pronounced occipital curve, with low lambda position; pinched occiput; small mound-type occipital torus. Orbits are rec- tangular in form and medium in inclination; suborbital fossae are small; anterior malar projection pronounced ; nasion depression slight ; alveolar prognathism pronounced. The lower jaw is small, with a mediobilateral chin of slight projection, and medium eversion of gonial angles. No teeth were lost during life; no caries is present, and the wear is second degree (dentine visible). Ficure 28.—Stereograph contour of the skull from Burial 7. (Approximately 14.) Burial 7 (Kobs site). —Skull with fragments of face, almost com- plete lower jaw; complete right femur; fragments of left femur, both tibiae, humeri, radii, ulnae, pelvis; hand and foot bones; and a few ribs of a middle-aged male individual. The skull is long-headed (71.5) and rather low-vaulted (length-auricular height index 61.3). There is some (natural ?) lambdoid flattening. Other cranial data: medium- sized divided browridges; medium glabella; low forehead of pro- nounced slope; pronounced postorbital constriction; small frontal bosses; medium median frontal crest and pronounced sagittal eleva- tion; over-medium parietal bosses; slight temporal fullness; large mastoid processes; pronounced occipital form; medium ridge-form 264. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 torus. The lower jaw is large with wide bilateral chin form of medium | projection, and pronounced eversion of gonial angles. No teeth were | lost during life; the diagonal tooth wear is fourth degree, which in | three cases exposed the pulp cavities and resulted in apical abscesses. The long bones are long and slender. The measurable right femur has a maximum length of 482 mm., suggesting a stature of about | 172 cm. ANALYSIS Racial position —The fragmentary remains from Burial 1 (Doering | site), which is the sole candidate for a middle occupation phase posi- | tion, suggest long-headedness and short stature. ‘This information is _ patently insufficient to permit any inferences concerning the middle > phase population of the Addicks Reservoir area. Burials 2-7, probably representing the late phase of occupation at the Doering and the Kobs sites, afford a better but still inadequate sample of the protohistoric population. Pooling of these remains may he justified from an archeological standpoint, since the late phase cultural remains from the two sites appear identical (see p. 257). | Yet the physical differences between the skeletal remains from the two sites seem to call such pooling to question. In head form, for | example, the three Kobs site skulls (Burials 5, 6, 7) are on the border of extreme long-headedness (c. 68, 70.9, 71.5 respectively). In this | respect, they are similar to most precontact Texas crania from all but | the eastern part of the state (Goldstein ms.). For the Doering site, | however, the skull from Burial 2 is barely long-headed (c. 75), and — the one from Burial 4 is definitely round-headed, with a closely ap- proximated index of 81.5. Morphological contrast between the Kobs site longheads and Burial _ 4 is afforded by several observations as well. The longheads have © pronounced sagittal elevations and occipital curves, while Burial 4 is medium in both respects. The longheads also have pinched occiputs in contrast to the broad occiput of Burial 4. Any distinction in the long bones is difficult to appraise. The greater thickness and rugged- ness of the shafts shown by Burial 4, as compared with the only Kobs site male (No. 7), may be only a function of shorter stature in the | former. The question raised by these physical differences may now be more fully stated: Are these differences of sufficient magnitude to make it unlikely that we are dealing with two samples of the same population ? A final answer cannot be expected, but some indications are given by an inspection of Goldstein’s figures for two other south Texas series. The first comes from the Caplen Mound on Galveston Bay, a historic site identified with the Atacapa.t. The second series is from the Oso Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap No 4] ADDICKS BASIN—NEWMAN 265 Mound, Nueces County, which is probably Karankawa.t Limiting the comparison to the length-breadth index, the Caplen Mound range for 13 male and female skulls is 73.4-83.8. The three Kobs site skulls fall below this range, but fit into the Oso range of approximately 65-79.1 for 25 skulls of both sexes. The Doering site skull from Burial 4, on the other hand, fits into the Caplen range. According te Goldstein’s observations, this skull would not be out of place in the Caplen series. Whether the Kobs site skulls would be out of place in the Caplen series is the next question. To this, Goldstein has provided two answers. In the first place, he states that inland from the coast in the historic Atacapa area, long-headed skulls are more frequent (per- sonal communication). Since the Addicks Reservoir area is some 60 miles from the coast, as compared to the littoral location of the Caplen Mound, increase in long-headedness might be expected in the former. Secondly, Goldstein’s tables show that in all regions of Texas covered by his study, the pre- or protohistoric series are longer-headed than those from contact sites (Goldstein, n. d.). This seems precisely the contrast between the protohistoric Doering-Kobs series and the series from the historic Caplen Mound. In the light of these arguments, the Doering-Kobs sample could have been drawn from one population, provided it is assumed that the sample represents the extremes in head form. This view is essen- tially a conservative one, consistent with the premise that meager data are more safely “lumped” than “split.” The proviso to this view, how- ever, is by no means conservative. Although it is impossible to ap- praise accurately the chances that the head-form extremes of a population could be present in an unselected sample of seven skulls, it is likely that they would not be high. As an alternate view, the Doering skulls could be considered representative of the Atacapa (Caplen Mound), and the Kobs skulls the Karankawa (Oso) people. Some credence is given this view by Neumann’s (n. d., p. 70) pro- nouncement that the Atacapa of Louisiana and the northern part of the Texas gulf coast were the westernmost of the Centralids typical of the Southeastern States in late times. If this is so, the larger area including Addicks Reservoir could have been a meeting ground of these long-headed and round-headed peoples. On this basis, the alter- nate view as stated above seems plausible. But it is hardly demon- _ strable, at least in the writer’s opinion, by the meager data furnished by seven fragmentary skulls lacking facial skeletons. From a physical standpoint there are several other notable features, which cannot for the most part be used in a comparative analysis. | Table 1 indicates that the two long-headed Kobs site females (Nos. 5, 1 Also reported on by Woodbury, 1937. 266 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | 6) are not particularly high-vaulted, and in this respect most closely — resemble the females from west Texas around the Big Bend (Gold- stein, n. d.). The three female skeletons (Nos. 2, 5, 6) appear to be | very light-boned and gracile, except possibly for their masticatory apparatus. Characteristic of the entire sample is a low forehead, with small frontal bosses, and medium to pronounced slope. Cranial deformation.—There is no definitely artificial cranial flat- tening in the Doering-Kobs series. The closest approach is the trace of occipital flattening on the skull of Burial 4. Burial 3 shows a slight amount of flattening just above the inion, which seems a natural rather than artificial phenomenon. Burials 5 and 7 show some apparently natural flattening above lambda. Pathology.—Manifestations of possibly traumatic origin are to be seen in the hooklike formation of bone on the lower jaw of Burial 3, and the midshaft fusion of the left tibia and fibula of Burial 4. There is no evidence of vault fractures. The cervical vertebrae of Burial 3 and the fifth lumbar of Burial 4 show heavy lipping, probably of an arthritic nature. Heavy and usually diagonal wear on the teeth led to pulp exposure and consequent caries and apical abscesses in the case of Burials 1, 2, 4,and7. No teeth were present for observation in the cases of Burials 3 and 5. Burial 6 was caries-free, and wear was only second degree (dentine visible). The heavy wear with occasional pulp exposure is wholly in line with Goldstein’s (1948) observations. LITERATURE CITED GOLDSTEIN, Marcus S. 1948. Dentition on Indian crania from Texas. Amer. Journ. Physical | Anthrop., n .s. vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 63-84. n. d. Manuscript on Texas Indian skeletal material. NEUMANN, G. K. n. d. Racial differentiation in the American Indian. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Chicago, June 1950, 151 pp. MS. NEWMAN, MARSHALL T. 1947. Indian skeletal material from the Central Coast of Peru. Pap. Pea- body Mus., Harvard Univ., vol. 27, No. 4. Woopgury, G. 1937. Notes on some skeletal remains of Texas. Univ. Texas Bull., No. 3734, Sept. 8, pp. 9-16. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 154 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 5 The Hodges Site I. Two Rock Shelters Near Tucumcari, New Mexico By HERBERT W. DICK 267 aampalths Lay Tien inie Gyre: Meyh Mares: ae tg 'é EE Teele aut gy ihn, githaeriic terion Tol Ba Paani ; ite aia) rata), aa i Rip i 1e Tees, : 7 “ad : Naty a Ae Pe ek ee eT, “eg trail gil sane es) fine’ Wpecaligs 175 Lah jaca (ee Vp ae Vii: ss) argon ened “Eihsow et gs | sens einai Me, aatann cose semana eae Ap Gener vecelbar de Pabondyiok ined POR > hs tne aE eee het Ne Oy Se Mae Le ee aeseap ia ehripelabek? Help anvoiaire™ 7 aie 2 heii Aetiaioly arid a > gales pide nh al ancien (Py piondet, Pty Boek es , | auG% Pai dhsind. 2 Machi i an ng Ci ed FE ee 7 . ai? is bt trans go er. oe 7 ey Dee Aina hast 4 (0 oa Heriot rc Crore A Lison avin wh wee ele T perbaih to panett 7 pate FP Aeraseas epitt don 4% soll wives » ae - mii = (os hey ea , oA a Beas Vig TO ede wis i ere re ae perp hai ie Dr Acad ia Ou pie 2 bo. oie, we pasaueT a9 ye i bine aks ad be pitse einat | ULintes {MN OFTEN et) P Peyeei ey = siicemaneiiemmnihieL saauinematea cae Sr Cerae. be alos He be : ! an ee aa ‘ ey Thee ae! Fis? Le a a in | — a ee ie th a A Ad etiee & . “Se sari Bede anya * Seer ay dt) 1s aed site 2 eae a FOR a se eae aia oS ee ay f Ny Maina iad Lae) SF: (= # Comets , RY Wiheaid, ~ oc @ seit ime Uo Paael ‘nt 5. go 4 . 7 Hy . 1471; om ¥ AD F ; a “b= : - | CONTENTS PAGE REET CKCLULG DIO Tee eet on ee a es oe at oe eee 271 Bev ALlOnvaAnGustratigraph ye 2 ose oe ee 8 ee Sore ee ee ee ee 272 NMGE Ke GEStONG Sos ia Seen eS re et eS eee eee 274 Ero] echilespointss 4.22 heron een sen ae See ee eae eee ee oe 274 DIG EISCEAPCTS ae eee ee errs ei ome ape A eek We oN oe re ne 276 STM STROSE CLUS CLEC race aes ee ee eer ke 276 PUGU SHEARER KIALV OS 2 4 2 Seep eee err eee te re Ne oO Se ee ee ae 277 BV OMTO CONC TNL VCS say nS oe eyes ye ee me ee er eee en 277 TD veri SS oe RS eee spe ee eee ran a ee oy eee SP ee RS, 278 TOT DOTS eae eae ns ee ee a nea ee ee ens a ae ee 278 VATUMNeT SEO NES es sae ye re a necepaee a er Ree enya ee rape ee eee 279 IAMS [CGY OVeT = SS aa fk Wee ie es cle Reyes 7 pire Ce lh ee ee ee 279 Weta testy seein ee a aa ee i ee ee sas 2 SR 279 IVT GSS es ee ee ee, Se ee EN im Se RINE eC a 280 LEISURE eae ie ea a oa nel Oy nl PY A ey eee we ere AD 280 PAMTENTTINSS [DOT Gs ce tae ees ee Oe Ae a ee ae ee Lee 280 S75) VANS ohm a Re eed ee ee Ree ng te me Ae 280 MCSE AICS me Pts peor et eee oS ak ee Be el pe ay eee en he 281 (COMTI CSE ee er ae = Se ee oe ee ay ee oie ee 282 IGELALULCI CITC tee te ie ee, ee ea ie Lae IRE Cee ee 283 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 48. a, General view of the Hodges site. 6, Area A at the beginning of CXCAVAUION 2h Meee es Boh hi a elie Le SE ee pe 284 49. a, Artifacts eroding out of the Number 2/3 fill under the rock fallin the shelter of Area A. 0b, Stratigraphy of section A—4, Area A______-_- 284 50s. hrenem instherremaining fillkof Area) Bo. =) 0222-52525. e-545- ses oee 284 51. Projectile points, drills, refined knives and snub-nosed scraper------- 284 52a Scrapers ang rough: flake knives: 2-=-222-5 255-562 os oe ee Se 284 535..Mianos; hammerstone, and choppers... __--=--- =) -2-=---25-22--5-- 284 54. Fresh-water shells, Unimerus tetralasmus Say ---------------------- 284 FIGURES 29. Stratigraphy of the trench excavated in Area B____----------------- 272 30. Plan of Area A showing excavated portion and stratigraphy - -------- 273 269 953842—53 19 4 ay 4 2) | PURTUOD ii? : »o.2 4@ 6 2S ele Be AM of dle te ote’ Sle ew wt ws oe OW 6 wwe y aiics has ctor and hs sich ROR Oe s —_ 1 Ae ae & he i als hha Piedad ied call len oils ba doede Ines eS oe i : ‘eC are.) s Pe ee td es ey wdzel/id br ale Ort ole we f } i rd a chek ee Be ave ae -2' ga ice oi) ch abi ti hie oe ape 7m ew ii (Obie mone = pavvs ee ele i Y ™ y is oes FA Wind Dae Sih ded ; Ndsbeneh de SOV Lode Meh is 4 a “ é ns 2 ne * Wy tay hd te 7 fecte at bane es 'eiwech ba 5 ReRe x - ) io * - se - - « ~ eo os i) Vem ed ee ee ee 7 Pah le eae ae i oN eww a - % oF } * © 1 u i iin : ey er ‘ A te yy wt ay yea +0 omy beer Aion +e “4 (ae » ’ OE Pe MI ee or ak mets rm ip 6 4 © Ae ie) eth, oo ie oo ebadod. Wena Me eS rer ed wey Shere NS we otis a bade itte cle lh ele oe iS We a ; f ryt Ce eee oe sah mw ae es . 2gralianered (eieulleaty bia estore mre atno?s fei dbuay al Yo anita wihialot 404 stattaulil nha + untodnage sulateran> iid Z\E.04 fase dt, ‘x nobales ad Voda OF a = i xa he Tod? ta. stieogab twillo of) of moe Get aa ie GEOLOGY OF THE HODGES SITE, QUAY COUNTY, NEW MEXICO By SHELDON J UDSON INTRODUCTION The archeology of the Hodges site occupies a critical position in the “Alluvial Chronology” of eastern New Mexico. The study of the geologic antiquity of the nearby San Jon, N. Mex., site (Roberts, 1942) begun by the writer in the summer of 1941 demanded the de- velopment of this chronology. Moreover the Hodges site presented ideal conditions for cooperation between the archeologist and the geol- ogist. At this place occur bodies of sandy silts representing a known period of wind activity of wide geographic extent and related to a well-known geologic sequence. These deposits contain cultural ma- terial and thus appeared susceptible to relatively precise dating. In addition, the cultural objects promised to throw some light on the peoples living in this section of New Mexico at this particular time. The results of the study presented in this report and the companion paper by Dick would seem to justify preliminary expectations. The site was first seen by the writer in September 1942, in the com- pany of the late Dr. Kirk Bryan, of Harvard University, and Dr. Franklin T. McCann, of Alabama Polytechnic Institute. It was not until August 1947, after a reexamination of the site by Bryan and Judson, that excavation was possible. The companion paper by Dick presents the archeologic results of the investigation. Judson visited the site on two occasions during its excavation. PHYSICAL SETTING The site consists of two rock shelters in a sandstone cliff on the west bank of the Plaza Larga Creek, one of the tributaries of the Canadian 1The study, of which this paper is a semi-independent part, was undertaken in con- junction with the excavation of the San Jon site. The continuing interest, cooperation and assistance of Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, has greatly facili- tated the work of the geologist in both field and office. Financial support was provided by the Smithsonian. The late Dr. Kirk Bryan, Harvard University, supervised the field work and has criticized the manuscript for this paper. 289 290 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ Bull. 154 River in the so-called Canadian Valley. It lies in the NZ, NEY, sec. 31, T. 11 N., R. 37 E., N. M. Pr. M. and B. and is 214 miles south of United States Highway 66, 114 miles east of New Mexico Highway i8 and 8 miles south and east of Tucumcari (fig. 31). The Plaza Larga is a steep-sided, sandy-bottomed, intermittent stream which carries water only during and immediately after local rains. It is cut in comparatively soft clayey sand and silt of pre- viously deposited alluvium, but locally, as at the site, is bordered by rock cliffs. The introduction of irrigation water into the area? already tends to increase the period of flow and to keep the stream ( Se ¥ Deaf Smith Co. S ales uJ oe ' Re . ==>, * a ' ae ae ' Curry Co. Ficure 31.—Index map showing location of the Hodges and San Jon sites. bed moist for considerable lengths of time. Hence, grass, trees, and bushes will grow and for this reason the regime of the stream will be changed and some aggradation of its channel will be induced. Thus the irrigation project will very probably effect an artificial and local change in the stream which will reverse the present trend. The Chinle formation, of Triassic age, forms the floor of the valley plains of the Canadian River throughout this section of New Mexico. It is predominately brick-red in color, but locally green to buff. It consists of an upper member, the Redondo (Dobrovolny, Summer- 2The Arch Hurley Conservancy District, centering around Tucumeari, will eventually consist of 45,000 acres of irrigated land. Water is being drawn from the lake behind Conchas Dam, just below the confluence of the Conchas and Canadian Rivers, 30 miles northwest of Tucumcari. The dam was built before the war by the U. S. Army Engineers as a flood control project. Riv. Bas. Sur. HODGES SITE—JUDSON 291 son, and Bates, 1946) characterized by thin-bedded, fissile shale, and a lower unnamed member, composed chiefly of massive, cross-bedded sandstone. The block diagram of figure 32 pictures the salient features of the Hodges site. The two shelters are shallow caves formed in the sand- stone of the lower member of the Chinle formation. They are sepa- rated from each other by about 150 feet of near-vertical standstone cliffs, 25 to 30 feet in height. The floor of the northern shelter (Dick’s Area B) lies 10 feet above the modern grade of Plaza Larga, and the floor of the southern shelter (Dick’s Area A) is 18 feet above this local datum. The cultural material is contained within a deposit of sandy silt laid down in the shelters as wind-borne dust during and after their occupation. NORTHERN SHELTER (O1CK'S AREA 8) SOUTHERN SHELTER LOWER EROSION ) ARTIFACTS MIXEO (OICKS AREA A) WITH GRAVEL ee ecales SEZ PLAZA LAAGI Ficure 32.—Block diagram to show the salient features of the Hodges site. In addition to these two shelters the culture-bearing sand extends 75 feet southward from the southern shelter along a rock bench continu- ous with the shelter floor. Furthermore, artifacts are found mixed with gravel along the high surface reaching back from the lip of the cliff in which the shelters are located. In places near the cliff edge, where the gravel has been stripped away, milling pits have been sunk into the sandstone ledge. Their position presents an interesting correlation between a minor geologic feature and human activity. The Triassic sandstone is criss-crossed by polygonal dessication cracks two to three feet in maximum dimen- sion. The milling pits have, almost without exception, been sunk along these cracks or at their points of intersection. These weaknesses in the rock obviously afforded the easiest places for pit construction. 292 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull 154 THE GENERAL PLEISTOCENE * SEQUENCE South of the site the broad valley of the Canadian butts abruptly | against the northern escarpment of the Llano Estacado or Southern | High Plains. The valley, in places 50 miles wide, was cut during the | Pleistocene epoch by the Canadian River and its tributaries. The de- | tailed record of valley development is fragmentary, however, and in- cludes only the most recent events in an otherwise long time interval. Two gravel-covered surfaces, cut chiefly in the Triassic rocks, form | the floor of most of the valley as shown in figure 33. The higher of | these two surfaces, approximately 50 feet above the modern stream | grades, is best preserved along the headwater reaches of the tributaries | to the Canadian. It represents a long period of plantation during — Late alluvial formations of the “Alluvial Chronology” Inner valleys and canyons Lower @rosion Surface Upper @€rosion Surface E= Sandstone and shale mostly of Triassic age Figure 33.—Generalized section to show the relation of the two erosion surfaces, the inner canyons, and the alluvial formations. which the Canadian River and its tributaries were stabilized at a level much higher than the present. The gravel veneer on this bedrock sur- face was deposited by these streams during the final stages of erosion. The second and lower surface is approximately 30 feet above modern stream grade. It has been widely and well developed at the expense of the higher surface. This surface marks a second planation when the local streams were graded to a lower level than that of the higher surface. The capping gravels represent the closing period of this event. Both surfaces are mantled by more recent wind-blown sand and by alluvium. Comparatively narrow inner valleys and canyons have been cut into the lower of the two surfaces and form the modern bedrock grades. ®? Pleistocene is here used to include all time which has elapsed since the end of the Pliocene. Such terms as “Recent” or ‘Post-glacial” are used only in an informal and local sense. (See Flint, 1947, p. 209.) Biv. Ras. Sur. HODGES SITE—JUDSON 293 The Canadian River itself flows in a bedrock gorge incised in places to a depth of 200 feet below the general grade of these tributary val- leys. Figure 33 illustrates the relations of the modern bedrock chan- nels of the tributary of the Canadian to the remnants of the higher and lower surfaces. The formation of the erosion surfaces and the later stream incision just described were followed by various events of deposition and erosion which are of intimate concern to the archeologist. Although unspectacular when viewed against the immense scope of geologic time these brief events, mere incidents in earth history, coincide with the human occupation of the valley from the day of the Paleo-Indian to the present. The changes from alluviation of the valleys to erosion, and then the reverse, form a sequence of events which undoubtedly had a profound effect on human activity. Cultural patterns must have been influenced in ways as yet but dimly perceived and appre- ciated. The sequence of these events is deceptively simple. It is this very simplicity, this monotonous, rhythmic repetition which dulls the mind’s retentiveness. Yet retention is important. The sequence is widespread not only in eastern New Mexico but throughout the South- west. When man and his activity can be related to the sequence we have an unparalleled stratigraphic tool to aid in the determination of the relative and, in some cases, exact ages of the peoples concerned and the environment in which they lived. The sequence, the “Alluvial Chronology,” is basically an alternation of stream alluviation with stream cutting. During certain periods in the immediate geologic past the streams of the Southwest have filled their bedrock channels with silt, sand, and gravel. When the filling was complete the alluvial flood plains in some valleys were marked by shallow stream channels, whereas in others they were grassy and smooth, marked only by quiet water holes, the charcos of Spanish days. These intervals of alluviation are separated one from the other by periods of arroyo cutting, a process so characteristic of the area today. Concurrently with the incision of channels strong winds carrying additional eolian material from the dry stream beds reacti- vated old sand dune areas. The sequence, discussed in general terms above, may be outlined briefly as suggested in the following tabulation. The tabulation in one sense is misleading. It suggests that the events have an approxi- mate equality in time, i. e., that each had the same duration as any other. This is not true. Exact durations cannot be assigned to all the incidents but in general the earlier the event the longer it lasted. Thus the bar graph in figure 34 indicates in a very crude fashion these time relationships. The higher the bar the greater the time involved in each incident. 953842—53———2.1 294 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 | € » SS »Y c eae \~ NS ~ v Ve qe \ % 3 Ba he xe ae ye dl oa es / q ; enlace 4 | 9 | <) 2 : a | B B | Sas: | | = ae oe a : Event — oldest to youngest Ficure 34.—Bar graph to illustrate the relative duration of the various events in the “Alluvial Chronology.” The Alluvial Chronology (Events and deposits are listed in order from the youngest to the oldest.) Event Deposit Arroyo cutting and sand-dune formation-. Modern sand and dunes. Streamvalluviationsse= = sae ee ee No. 3 Fill (given various local names) Arroyo cutting and sand-dune formation__ No. 2/3 sand and dunes. Streameallunvaationees =e ee ee ee No. 2b Fill____| (Undifferentiated in Arroyo cutting and sand movement- ---_- No. 2a/2bsand_) many places and Stream alluviation-< 2222022 SSeS No. 2a Fill.___] given local names). Arroyo cutting and sand-dune formation__ No. 1/2 sand and dunes, Streampalluyiablonsss see es eee No. 1 Fill (contains extinct animals and is given various local names). THE SEQUENCE AT THE SITE Because of the vagaries of deposition and preservation, the com- plete alluvial sequence is seldom displayed in any one place. But throughout a given drainage basin the sequence can be pieced together from scattered exposures of stratigraphically overlapping sections. Thus it is not surprising that the sequence at the site is incomplete. In this vicinity the No. 1 Fill, part of the No. 2 Fill, and the interven- ing sand deposits are missing, as is the highest erosion surface. These can be found at other places within the drainage of the Plaza Larga, more particularly near the base of the escarpment of the Llano Esta- Riv. Bas. 3 Riv. Bas. Sur HODGES SITE—JUDSON 295 cado or around outlying mesas, once integral parts of the Llano. A description of the sequence at the site is presented below. THE LOWER EROSION SURFACE The higher erosion surface is not preserved in the vicinity of the site but the lower surface is widely developed and here forms the major part of the valley floor. Through it the Plaza Larga has cut its modern bedrock grade in a relatively narrow channel about 30 feet deep. THE ALLUVIAL SEQUENCE Within this bedrock channel a partial record of alluviation, arroyo cutting, and eolian deposition is recorded. Part of the No. 2 Fill, the No. 3 Fill, intervening wind-borne material, and the modern wind- borne deposits are present. Thus only a part of the “Alluvial Chro- nology” need be discussed. NO. 2 FILL This is a red sandy alluvium exhibiting a rudimentary jointing system. It is fairly compact but can be crumbled between the fingers with some difficulty. Lime-filled tubules and films of lime along the joint planes are characteristic. Toward its upper limit it contains a dark humic zone. In the vicinity of the site the alluvium reaches a maximum thickness of 8 feet, and forms a small terrace along the stream. Elsewhere in the valley this formation is divisible into two units on the basis of two humic zones, separated in places by erosion and concurrent wind-deposited sands. The No. 2 Fill here described is believed to represent the upper of these two units, Fill No. 2 A of figure 34 and table 1. NO. 2/3 SAND A period of erosion or channel cutting similar to that of today fol- lowed the deposition of the No. 2 Fill. Wind activity accompanied this trenching and at favorable localities eolian deposits collected. This material is a reddish, well-sorted, fine-grained silt or sandy-silt resembling a loess in texture. Over 50 percent of the deposit has a grade size less than 0.062 mm. It crumbles easily but nevertheless, in natural and artificial banks, stands with a vertical wall. It varies in thickness from a few inches to 7 feet. This is the deposit which entombs the cultural material within the two shelters and also on the rock bench continuous with the floor of the southern shelter. The shelters trapped the sandy-silt as the wind carried it from the dry arroyo bottom. The sand can be traced south from the southern 296 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Southern shelter (Dick's Area A) Bs Side gully ‘ Present grade of Plaza Larga Vertical Horizontal Scales in feet Modern wind-borne sand and dust No. 3 Fill No. 2/3 wind-borne sand and dust - Culture horizon No. 2 Fill Chinle Formation (Triassic age) Ficure 35.—Diagram to show the relation of the sand (No. 2/3 sand) containing the culture horizon to the other deposits at the Hodges site. shelter to a point where it is interbedded with alluvium and separates the Nos. 2 and 8 Fills as shown in figure 35. NO. 3 FILL Following the preceding erosion period the Plaza Larga began the aggradation of its channel and the No. 3 Fill was laid down. This is a gray, loose, friable alluvium containing little or no lime. In this vicinity it does not exceed 2 feet in thickness. The great bulk of it has been removed in the modern channel trenching but thin rem- nants of it mantle the stream banks and overlie the No. 2 Fill. In some places the two fills are separated by a few inches of the No. 2/3 Sand. MODERN SAND About 1900 the Plaza Larga began to cut its present channel. In so doing it scoured out much of the No. 3 Fill until it again reached its bedrock grade. With this cutting came another period of wind activity and concurrent eolian deposition. At the site the sand forms a discon- tinuous cover ranging from a thin film up to 6 inches. It is a gray, loose, sandy to loessic deposit. It is best developed within the shelters overlying the preceding wind-blown sand. Elsewhere in the area active sand dunes of considerable size and destructiveness mark this Riv. Bas. Sur. HODGES SITE—JUDSON 297 period of wind activity, and also the deep red scars of the modern arroyos testify to the effectiveness of stream erosion. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Several conditions must be satisfied before the geologic method can successfully be applied to an archeologic site. Bryan and Ray (1940) list these conditions as follows: (1) A well-defined culture-bearing horizon related to a definite geologic event; (2) a local sequence into which this event may be fitted; (3) a general sequence of wide geo- graphic extent which includes this local sequence; and which (4) can be related to an absolute time scale. The Hodges site well illustrates the importance of satisfying the conditions outlined above. The open site above and behind the shel- ters defeats the geologist before he begins. The artifacts found mixed with the gravels of the lower erosion surface, can hardly be considered contemporary with that relatively ancient period of gravel deposition. Aside from the gravels there is no geologic clue as to the age of the artifacts, either relative or absolute. It seems appar- ent, however, from an examination of the site that the artifacts were intruded into the gravels long after the gravels were laid down. Thus, because the artifacts cannot be tied to a local geologic event the first condition is not satisfied and the geologist can go no farther. The shelters are altogether different. Their stratigraphy provides an ideal point of departure for the geologic method. The cultural material is entombed within a natural deposit representing a definite geologic event, the blowing of fine dust out of the sandy bed of the Plaza Larga. Condition number one is satisfied. The second condi- tion is met because this dust can be traced southward where it lies along the disconformity between the Nos. 2 and 8 Fills. Thus the single event is related to a local sequence of successive intervals of erosion and of alluviation of the stream channel. This local se- quence is a fragment of the larger sequence, the “Alluvial Chro- nology,” which although not well displayed at the site can be es- tablished elsewhere in the Plaza Larga and in nearby streams. This chronology is now established not only in eastern New Mexico but also at many other localities in the Southwest. Requirement num- ber three is met. The final condition is answered by the archeology. The cultural material provides a reasonably precise date for the local geologic event. The date is in accord with that arrived at for similar events recorded through three Southwestern States. On the basis of the physical evidence, it is indisputable that at the time of the occupation of the shelters the Plaza Larga was suf- 298 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 fering from a period of channel trenching, wind activity, and eolian accumulation of sand and dust. The conditions must have paralleled very closely those of the present day. The Plaza Larga was then, as now, an intermittent stream. During most of the year the stream bed was dry and winds funneled down its channel, picking up sand and dust and showering it on the occupants of the shelters. It is also evident that the Plaza Larga had a completely different aspect between this erosion and the modern channel trenching. The stream bed filled with alluvium (the No. 3 Fill), the old arroyo scars healed, and water holes lined its now-eroded course, a condition recorded by the pioneers of the area. We further know that, imme- diately preceding the erosion period during which the shelters were occupied, the Plaza Larga was aggrading, and the stream had much the same appearance as did the grassy-bottomed draws of 50 years ago. This fragmentary record of events keys into the “Alluvial Chro- nology” of Eastern New Mexico and the Southwest. This correla- tion is presented in table 1. The importance of the Hodges site lies in the fact that a given event in this chronology can be dated. The wind-borne material representing the erosion interval between the Nos. 2 and 3 Fills contains pottery and artifacts. Dick suggests that the material falls between A. D. 1800 and 1540. Thus the sand which contains this material and the arroyo cutting with which it is correlative must share these dates. The dates cannot be consid- ered exact limits for this interval but probably approximate such limits. The arroyo cutting in the vicinity of the site is known to have occurred throughout the Canadian Valley. The date deter- mined at the Hodges site may be applied to this event throughout the general area. The “Alluvial Chronology” of eastern New Mexico is similar in most details to the late Pleistocene sequence throughout the South- west. The complete correlation of these sequences, as developed at various points in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, is not here pre- sented. Table 2, however, lists various localities at which are present erosion intervals equivalent to the period of arroyo cutting during which the shelters at the Hodges site were occupied. At several of these localities, as indicated in the table, an estimate of the time period involved by this arroyo cutting and some statement concerning con- temporary human activity is possible. The actual date of this arroyo cutting undoubtedly varied from place to place throughout the Southwest, even as has the initial date “For a complete summary of these chronologies, the reader is referred to Bryan, 1941; Bryan and McCann, 1948; and Hack, 1942. Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 5] HODGES SITE—JUDSON 299 for the modern epicycle of erosion. The magnitude of this variation, however, was probably not great enough to account for the discrepan- cles among the various dates listed in table 2. The reason for these discrepancies appears, rather, to reflect the method of dating. An exact date for the interval at any locality is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to establish. Two conditions must be met before an exact date can be determined. First, the cultural material must be related to both the beginning and to the end of the interval. Sec- ond, this material must be so diagnostic that the archeologist can narrowly restrict it in time. The difliculties arising from these two conditions are illustrated by the Hodges site. First, there is at this site no evidence, either archeologic or geologic, that the occupation period in the shelters spans the entire period of the coincident arroyo. It probably does not. Therefore no date arrived at via the cultural objects can represent the entire span of the arroyo. Second, even were the time interval bracketed by cultural horizons—and it isn’t— the material from the site cannot be dated as precisely as might be wished. Dick states that the material has a range from A. D. 1300 to 1540 and may even range somewhat before A. D. 1300. But he can adduce no evidence that the occupation is actually defined by this span. On the contrary, although the pottery and artifacts have these maximum dates, they more probably represent a period of time shorter by some unknown amount. Dick suggests that the actual time range represented by the material lies closer to A. D. 1300 than to A. D. 1540. TaBLE 1.—Correlation of the sequence at the Hodges site with that developed elsewhere in the Canadian Valley and at the San Jon site along the northern edge of the southern High Plains Eastern New Mexico (Judson)! Event Hodges site (Judson) Canadian Valley San Jon site Arroyocuttingand wind | Modern arroyo and eolian | Modern arroyo, sand dunes | Modern arroyo. activity. material. and minor deposits of hale wind-transported mates Tial. Deposition No. 3._.__--- INO Sunale ro oe eS IN Of STi) ieee a is ls 5 Low terraces. Arroyo cutting and | Wind-borne dust contain- | Arroyos, sand dunes, and | Arroyo. minor deposits of wind- transported material. ING?) od Dt ee Arroyos, minor deposits wind activity. ing culture horizon and coincident with arroyo. Deposition No. 2b_-_---- No. 2b Fill Arroyo cuttingandwind | No record__-__----------- activity. Deposition No. 2a__---- ING record: 2222. 2222.25 582 Arroyo cutting and wind |-_--_- Ose ee ee eee activity. Deposition No. 1....----}----- G0 28s 2 Sees of wind- transported mate- rial and possibly sand dunes, Arroyos, sand dunes, and minor deposits of wind- transported material. No. 1 Fill 1 Submitted to Smithsonian Institution for publication. 300 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 TABLE 2.—Correlation of the erosion intervals between the No. 2 and No. 8 fills, | which is represented at the Hodges site by wind-borne silts, with similar events in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona Locality and investigator Event Date (A. D.) Culture Hodges site (Judson and Dick)_| Arroyo cutting and | 1300 to 1540_..--______- Late hunting-gather- deposition of wind- ing stage. borne dust. West Texas High Plains (Huff- | Monahans Formation | No date_......---.----- No record. ington and Albritton, 1941). (wind-blown sand ). Big Bend, Tex. (Albritton and | Arroyo cutting_---_--- Before 900 to 1300__-_-- Livermore focus (in Bryan, 1940) (Kelley, Camp- part) Chisos focus bell, and Lehmer, 1941). (in part). Tule Canyon, Tex. (Judson)!___|__-__ GEES eee ee INOIdate 2-2-8 No record. Sarat Creek, N. Mex. (Bryan, |----- dost Bee Before'1400: 222-252 Pre-glaze I. 1941). Rio Puerco (of the east), N. |----- CO serene e eee nee ee 2. INoidate! = 2405 sen ss No record. Mex. (Bryan, 1941). Grants, N. Mex.,? (Bryan and | Sand dune formation-_-} 875 to 1100___---.----- Lobo Complex. McCann, 1943). Chaco Canyon, N. Mex. (Bryan, | Arroyo cutting_------- After 1200; before 1400_| Evacuation of canyon 1941). by Puebloan people. Zuni as N. Mex. (Bryan, |-_---- Gone Se Reese Nodate:ts 222725558 No record. 1941). Hopi Country, Ariz. (Hack, | Arroyo cutting, possi- | After 1200; before 1500_| Late Pueblo III and 1942), bly wind action. Early Pueblo IV. Whitewater Draw, Ariz. (Sayles |----- do 22st 1100 to 1300.....---_--- Undefined pottery cul- and Antevs, 1941). ture. Tsegi ean Ariz.’ (Hack, }--.-- Gosek ener eee Cutiby 13005222452. Late Pueblo III. 1945). 1 Unpublished. 2 This event at this locality may not be equivalent to the other events listed. Several of the dates listed in table 2 were arrived at by a variation of the method discussed above. The cultural material, instead of being related directly to the arroyo interval was related to the last stages of the preceding No. 2 Fill and the first stages of the subse- quent No. 3 Fill. The dates thus determined are considered as ap- proximate terminal dates for the arroyo interval. Nevertheless, the same difficulties still obtain; i. e., the cultural material probably does not coincide with the exact beginning or end of the arroyo interval, nor is the archeological control of the date of this material exact. With the pitfalls of dating understood and the shortcomings of the method appreciated, the discrepancies in dates from locality to locality can be discounted to some extent. The dates, although not exact, are not without a preciseness even though this preciseness varies in degree depending upon the success with which the conditions for absolute dating are met. These dates suggest a synchroneity through the Southwest for the event, the arroyo cutting, which cannot easily be denied. All dated localities, with the exception of the Grants site which may not be related to this general event, have one date in common, A. D. 1300. This date may well represent the average date for this particular arroyo development throughout the Southwest. Bryan (1941) has pointed out that, in those localities where the evidence is good, the arroyo began to cut certainly after A. D. 1100, probably after A. D. 1200, and the No. 3 Fill which clogged this arroyo began to accumulate prior to A. D. 1400. In addition, he suggests at least a y Riv. Bas. Sur. HODGES SITE—JUDSON 301 partial relation between arroyo cutting and the shifts in Puebloan populations which date from slightly prior to A. D. 1250 through 1400. Furthermore, the coincidence between this arroyo cutting with the drought of A. D. 1276 and 1299 as recorded in the tree rings of the Southwest (Douglass, 1935, and Schulman, 1938) has been pointed out by several investigators (Bryan, 1941; Sayles and Antevs, 1941; and Hack, 1942). Thus a growing body of geologic, archeologic and botanical evidence gives ever-increasing support to the inference that a period of arroyo cutting existed throughout the Southwest between A. D. 1200 and 1400 and centered around A. D. 1300. The Hodges site enjoys an importance out of all proportion to its antiquity or archeologic plunder. Its stratigraphy and archeology combine to establish it as another link in the “Alluvial Chronology,” the chronology which promises to add much to our understanding of the complex history of the Late Pleistocene in the Southwest. LITERATURE CITED ALBRITTON, CLAUDE C., JR. See Hurrineron, Roy M., and ALBrRiTTon, CLAUDE C., JR. ALBRITTON, CLAUDE C., JR., and BRYAN, KIRK. 1939. Quarternary stratigraphy in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 50, pp. 1423-1474. ANTEvVS, Ernst. See SAYLES, BE. B., and ANTEYS, ERNST. Bates, R. L. See Dosrovotny, Ernst; SumMMerson, C. H.; and Baress, R. L. BRYAN, KIRK. 1941, Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Southwest, as conditioned by periods of alluviation. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr., vol. 31, pp. 219-242. See also ALBRITTON, CLAUDE C., JR., and BRYAN, KIRK. Bryan, Kirk, and McCann, F. T. 1943. Sand dunes and alluvium near Grants, New Mexico. Amer. Antiq., vol. 8, pp. 281-295. Bryan, Kirk, and Ray, Lovis L. 1940. Geologie antiquity of the Lindenmeir site in Colorado. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 99, No. 2. CAMPBELL, T. N. See KELLEY, J. CHARLES; CAMPBELL, T. N.; and LEHMER, DONALD, J. DosrovoLtny, Ernst; SUMMERSON, C. H.; and Bates, R. L. 1946. Geology of northwestern Quay County, New Mexico. U.S. G. 8. Oil and Gas investigations, preliminary map 62. Dovetass, A. E. 1935. Dating Pueblo Bonito and other ruins of the Southwest. Nat. Geogr. Soe. contributed tech. pap., Pueblo Bonito series, No. 1. Fuint, R. F. 1947. Glacial geology and the Pleistocene epoch. New York. FUACKS Je LE: 1942. The changing physical environment of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Reports of the Awatovi expedition, Peabody Museum, Harvard Uni- versity. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Arch. and Ethnol., Har- vard Univ., vol. 35, No. 1. 953842—53 21 302 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Hack, J. T.—Continued 1945. Recent geology of the Tsegi Canyon. Jn Beals, R. L. Archaeological studies in northeast Arizona, pp. 151-158. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer, Arch. and Ethnol. Berkeley. HUFFINGTON, Roy M., and ALBRITTON, CLAUDE C., JR. 1941. Quarternary sands on the Southern High Plains of western Texas. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 239, pp. 825-838. KeEw_ry, J. CHARLES; CAMPBELL, T. N.; and LEHMER, DONALD J. 1940. The association of archeological materials with geological deposits in the Big Bend region of Texas. Sul Ross State Teachers College, Bull, vol. 21, No. 8, Arch. issue and West Texas Hist. and Sci. Soc., Publ. No. 10. LEHMER, DONALD J. See Ketiry, J. CHARLES; CAMPBELL, T. N.; and LEHMER, DONALD J. McCann, F. T. See BRYAN, Kirk, and McCann, F. T. Ray, Louis L. See Bryan, Kirk, and Ray, Louis L. Roserts, FRANK H. H., JR. 1942. Archeological and geological investigations in the San Jon district, eastern New Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 103, No. 2. SayLes, HE. B., and ANTEVS, ERNST. 1941. The Cochise culture. Medallion Pap., No. 29. Gila Pueblo, Globe, Ariz. ScHULMAN, EDMUND. 1938. Nineteen centuries of rainfall history in the Southwest. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Bull., vol. 19, pp. 211-215. SUMMERSON, C.H. See DoBROVOLNY, ERNST; SUMMERSON, C. H.; and Bates, R. L. a — SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 154 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 6 The Rembert Mounds, Elbert County, Georgia By JOSEPH R. CALDWELL 303 = amd A Beinn mel, "ye Bute Bie od i thee : A ea ot Oe A? 67 PMA bis jae Pb eS f ‘ ’ ial 4 = mh. He he vers bi Vip bay: eae 4 Bir Lt “OE uts VA ‘Choke Had aos CONTENTS PAGE Rm TERRCLEL EGLO Re eee Pat ee fe ee a hay pn Se ee ere ade AMR Se OO, PPRIAEBC OUT Cs a Se he he ee eS a ee ec ee) 309 Parris a STO MN Oh -2 2228 oe De esa Be Se ee ee oe eee eae 314 Penommillagousiter: ©. 2. ei Sd Peed Bye oe ie a he ee Ce ae 314 1 PDS ES DS ei 2 ZI aa a Pe eR NG Ag WE det, AAR 315 Kamer. Complicated, Stamped... 9. 6 et SS 316 PORT AT aU a See se aes a Rg 2 A Ee ee 316 amar Bold incised. — 2.2 eetipe kay dete Bhd cage Sh AN 316 Other types of pottery presumably made during the Lamar period at Ehetitembertisiteri ese. oe te Ser ee Ieee Me ee ape ae 316 AENET MOULELY UY POS! oie. et Se eon oe pad Mie ik Ue Nae RE tS 317 PeEulEActs Otnerthan potsherds j-th ee 317 Rea RS Uy ee ce Pee TR ae ls ll aE a wh aN ah Gd IW 318 ROC LUIS OTT See eee se ce SW ae IO ee OS he eee ye ee ees ty ee 319 MPIECTALUITG ClLGG scorn Wek, Aiba ly Pa ee BOS Oe he ee ee Oe Cri eee 320 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 55. a, Aerial view of the Rembert mounds’ location and the accompanying village site. The outlined area indicates the mounds, and the loca- tion of the test pits is shown by the black dots in the field below. b, Pottery pipes, stone disks, projectile point, and shell beads__.__ 320 gob Lotsherd types—26 +2255... 3 + 8 SSL Sy em, ee ge 320 FIGURES 36. C. C. Jones’ map of the Rembert mounds_...........-...---2--.-- 308 37. Map showing test pits and wash-outs in the vicinity of the large MOUNG Temnan hewn sen NE NO a ie st Ea 311 38. Profile of the large mound, adapted from Thomas-_-_--------------- 312 39. Section through large mound, adapted from Thomas-_-_-____--_--__-_~- 312 40. Profiles of test pits in the large mound and vicinity - - - ~-_-- Eee eres 313 | se ls i ‘eiluiady wild Wh wquccetingy Ret wit” Meaty vatwods a isdn wipetl Dis Cunha any of (a hs ae Hat tein ) hook Pe da bored, varied wt sais in ar "elelihtev ek bap at waa a of 4 aie pana a g ae ; - ~@ BADTVARTHOA By AFI _ aD apaiibe ashy bokotNoihisud *sTuupiotas ybtdinall nay Ss wore ‘ et whl hols abalionn id) ssiiota| aoe bealltag ofl che WOME Ph ok ast atte Ayalel oor!) ogc crypeiclt at attep hpad atl) tot i -albnbd Hale fia edeicnbidichh sity eno as OMe - © « MERON! & sc obiauinare Pid outta fe cyst ‘eat We heunetensare 2 Pe NE ey akieeaiee 2 apeoat babegaba “Beciagt, drut eee he pia tiene tahoe moet bolgelas baproad syed gill ; os ds ginty Boe bron spat aul ae able Jeet Sime ate wnt THE REMBERT MOUNDS, ELBERT COUNTY, GHORGIA By Josep R. CaLpwELh INTRODUCTION During an archeological survey of the Clark Hill Reservoir in Georgia and South Carolina, by Carl F. Miller and the writer from January 12 to June 1, 1948, a number of test excavations were made at the site of the former Rembert mounds. This important group, almost totally destroyed since it was first described by William Bar- tram in 1773 (Van Doren, 1928, pp. 265-66), has never adequately been treated in a scientific report, and indeed is scarcely mentioned in any recent publication dealing with southeastern archeology. The waters of the new Clark Hill Reservoir will cover the place sometime in 1952, and it is possible that no more digging ever will be done. The locality of the former mounds is in Elbert County, Ga., on the western side of the Savannah River 8 miles above its confluence with the Broad River and 50 miles above Augusta. There, the river turns eastward on its southeasterly course, curving around broad bottom lands. The aboriginal remains are situated close to the river at the northwestern end of the bend (pl. 55, a). The owner of the land is Webb Tatum of Elberton, Ga. His son, Webb Tatum, Jr., who was managing the property at the time of our visit, courteously permitted us to make our investigations. When Bartram described the works in 1773, they comprised an imposing group of one large and several smaller mounds standing adjacent to some extensive structures which he called tetragon ter- races. Bartram was impressed by the size of the main mound, the largest he had ever seen (Bartram, N. D.). Seventy-five years later, the site was visited by George White who noticed that the smaller mounds had been nearly destroyed (White, 1849, pp. 229-230). In 1878, Charles C. Jones, Jr., reported that only traces of the smaller mounds yet remained (fig. 36) and that the tetragon terraces were no more that gentle elevations (Jones, 1878, pp. 284-285). John P. Rogan made an archeological investigation at the site in 1886, under the 307 308 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 Figure 36.—C. C. Jones’ map of the Rembert mounds. general direction of Cyrus Thomas. Thomas reported that only the largest mound and one of the smaller were still standing at that time (Thomas, 1894, pp. 815-317) 2 When the writer arrived in 1948, it was learned that the large mound had been almost completely demolished during a particularly destructive flood in 1908. The remaining basal portions of the main mound were pointed out by Dude Dubose, an aged man who had played about there when a child, and his identification of the ruin was confirmed by another elderly man introduced to us only as the “Preacher.” An unsuccessful search was also made for the small mound which had still been visible in 1886. During 3 weeks’ work, the survey party excavated five test pits in and about the large mound and dug six pits in the adjacent village area. Our purpose was to see if any important structural features might be present and whether there would be a great loss of material if the site were allowed to go under water without further excavation. These pits provided cross sections of strata and brought to light a considerable number of faunal remains, fragments of aboriginal pot- tery, and a few other artifacts. The decorated potsherds most frequently occurring in the test pits could readily be assigned to the widespread type named Lamar Com- plicated Stamped (Southeastern Archeological Conference, 1939) 1Most of the material recovered during Thomas’ excavation program was subsequently placed in the United States National Museum. Strangely, there is nothing there from the Rembert site. a ae REMBERT MOUNDS—CALDWELL 309 which has been found throughout Georgia and in parts of South Caro- lina and eastern Tennessee. This is the marker type for the Lamar group of cultures, which in Georgia is correlated with Muskogean- speaking peoples, some of which later were known as Creeks. The pottery style is currently dated between A. D. 1450 and 1650. The Rembert mounds may not have been deserted for more than 200 years before Bartram’s visit. THE LARGE MOUND All that remained of the large mound in 1948 was an irregular remnant hidden in a fringe of scrub timber bordering the river (pl. 55, a). The remains reached to within 130 feet of the water’s edge forming an elevation about 4 feet above the surrounding land and about 118 by 35 feet in extent. The rampaging of the river was everywhere apparent: washouts noted by Jones and Thomas were still pronounced, and another, reaching between them around the remains of the mound, was plainly that which had caused its destruction. In 1773 the appearance of the large mound had been described by Bartram as follows: The great mount is in the form of a cone, about 40 or 50 feet high, and the circumference of its base 200 or 300 yards, entirely composed of the rich loamy earth of the low grounds: the top or apex is fiat: a spiral track or path leading from the ground up to the top is still visible, where now grows a large, beautiful spreading red cedar (Juniperus Americana) : there appear four niches excavated out of the sides of the hill, at different heights from the base, fronting the four cardinal points; these niches or sentry boxes are entered into from the winding path, and seem to have been meant for resting places or lookouts. Jones in 1878 (fig. 86) wrote about the mound in this fashion: Overleaping the river bank, the turbid waters had carved deep pathways in the surface of the valley on both sides of the “great mount.” There it remained, however, totally unaffected by these unusual currents. It had evidently suffered no perceptible diminution in its recorded dimensions. The Savannah River still pursued its long established channel, but ‘‘the four niches or sentry boxes,” if they formerly existed, were entirely gone, and of “the spiral path or track leading from the ground up to the top” we could discover no trace. On the south a roadway, about 15 feet wide and commencing at a point some distance from the base of the mound, leads with a regular grade to the top. This mani- festly furnished the customary means of ascent, as the sides are too precipitous for convenient climbing. This feature seems to have escaped Mr. Bartram’s observation. ... The material employed in erecting this large tumulus differs from the soil of the surrounding bottom. It is a dark-colored tenacious clay while the surface of the valley is covered with a micaceous loam readily dissolving into an almost impalpable powder. Nearby are no traces of pits or excavations. Nor are there any indications that any earth was scraped up around the base. These facts afforded confirmation of the statement made by the present owner of the plantation upon which these tumuli are located, that the big mound had been built with clay brought from the Carolina side of the Savannah River. 310 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull, 154 There clay abounds; and we were informed that in the side of the hill imme- | diately opposite, the excavations may stili be seen whence the tough material | was obtained for heaping up this mound. Thomas, 1894 (figs. 38, 839) described Rogan’s excavations in the | large mound: This, which is much the larger of the two, stands 1380 feet from the river bank, and is, exclusive of the ramp or projection, an exact circle 151 feet in diameter, nearly flat on top, and 30 feet high at the highest point (north side), but only 27 feet near the south side. The diameter of the top is about 70 feet. The plan of the ramp or rather extension, as it seems to be, is shown... . The vertical outline of the mound, with a section of the shaft, is presented... [see fig. 39]. The right or southern end of this shows the slope of the extension. This has an average width on top of 20 feet. The mound is covered with trees such as sugarberry, walnut, hickory and oak. One sugarberry is 6 feet in circumference (at stump height) ; a walnut, 5 feet; a hickory, 3% feet; and an oak 10 feet. The shaft was carried down to the bottom. The first foot was of soil [fig. 39, A], then 7 feet of dark sandy loam [B], next 114 feet of thoroughly burned yellowish clay and sand [0], with a large percentage of ashes. This layer had the appearance of having been put down and packed while wet and then burned; it was so hard that it was difficult to break it. Next 3 feet of black earth, also packed [D]; then 8% feet of pure sand [H#]; and last, resting on the original surface, 6 feet of hard bluish muck [fF]. All these layers, except the bottom one, had charcoal, mica, fragments of pottery, and animal bones scattered through them, but the last were so far decomposed that none of them could be saved. As fragments of pottery and animal bones were found in spots, together with ashes and other indications of fire, it is probable that these were fire beds where cooking had been done. All that portion of the shaft below the layer of burned clay was so very dry that when turned up it would crumble to dust. It is possible that the bottom layer of blue “muck” is partly the original soil, as it is so much like the surrounding soil, and that a part of the surrounding surface has been washed away since the mound was built. Our authorities do agree that the mound was circular with a flat top, and both Jones and Thomas describe and illustrate a ramp pro- jecting from the southern side. Bartram’s failure to mention this ramp, which could not have been less conspicuous in his day, casts doubt upon his observation of a spiral path with four niches or sentry boxes. Jones found no such features, and questioned whether they ever had been present. A spiral path would seemingly have been interrupted by the projecting ramp. No such niches as Bartram noticed have ever been reported in the Southeast, but mounds with two ramps, one projecting and the other ascending along one side, have been found in Georgia, for example, on the large Tumlin mound near Cartersville in the Etowah Valley (Thomas, 1894, pl. 16) and on one of the superimposed mounds at Irene on the Georgia coast (Caldwell and McCann, 1941, fig. 9). Jones’ suggestion that the mound had been built of clay brought across the Savannah River seems not only incredible, but senseless on Riv. Bas. Sur. Das No'6|” REMBERT MOUNDS—CALDWELL 311 the part of the builders. Bartram’s opinion was that the mound was “entirely composed of the rich loamy earth of the low grounds,” and Thomas, discussing the washouts flanking the mound, says that “there are reasons for believing that at least a portion of the earth used in the construction of the mounds was obtained here, leaving depres- sions, and that, during high water, when the land was overflowed, as is frequently the case, channels were washed out from them to the river.” None of the mound layers encountered by Rogan and Thomas corresponded to the type of clay described by Jones except possibly the extreme bottom layer which Jones could not have seen. The real coup de grace to Jones’ theory, however, is administered by the multi- tude of potsherds, animal bones, ete., which Thomas found scattered through the mound and which must have been scraped up with the soil from the adjacent village site. Our own test pits in the mound, Nos. 2 and 6 (fig. 40) showed that a considerable portion of the mound base had not been disturbed by the flood of 1908. Our strata can be correlated with Thomas’ account of the mound structure when we consider that his upper levels have been washed away. All the layers we noticed in pits 2 and 6 oc- curred in Thomas’ second lowest level, that which he called 814 feet of pure sand. Thomas wrote that this layer was the lowest stratum containing potsherds, thus it must have extended down to our pre- Ficure 37.—Map showing test pits and wash-outs in the vicinity of the large mound remnant. Adapted from a topographic map by Kelly Mims, U. S. Engineers. 312 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 154 mound occupation layer. The premound occupation zone is shown in figure 40 on the profile of pit 6. It was also found in pit 2, but did not appear on the west wall which is illustrated. This layer was composed of a 2-inch thick deposit of dark gray sand containing numerous pot- sherds and animal bones. Augur tests showed that the undisturbed sand below became gradually infused with clay as it extended down- ward. All the mound layers we found in the two test pits sloped downward toward a central point which presumably was the center of the mound. The significance of this cannot be determined with- out additional excavation. WASHOUT LARGE MOUND WASHOUT Ficure 38.—Profile of large mound, adapted from Thomas. Thomas’ lowest level was: . resting on the original surface, 6 feet of hard bluish muck.... It is possible that the bottom layer of blue “muck” is partly the original soil, as it is so much like the surrounding soil... . Our own findings corroborated Thomas’ opinion that his lowest layer was natural and not part of the mound structure. It appeared to be undisturbed in our pits, contained no cultural material, and did indeed resemble the soil in the bottoms surrounding the mound. Thomas’ Figure 39.—Section through large mound, adapted from Thomas. diagram (fig. 39) shows this lowest layer rising 6 feet above the surrounding terrain. This is evidently a mistake. Our measure- ments show the top of this layer to be at the general ground level, not greatly changed since 1886. Three other test pits, Nos. 8, 4, and 5 were dug in an irregular elevation 40 feet northwest of the remnant of the large mound to see if this rise might be the small mound excavated by Thomas and Rogan. Judging from the slope and nature of the deposits uncovered, what we actually found was the feather edge of the large mound on the north- west side. If we consider the approximate center of the mound to Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No 6]. REMBERT MOUNDS—CALDWELL 313 have been the point toward which the deposits in pits 2 and 6 sloped downward, then the position of pits 3 and 5, respectively 60 and 80 feet from the supposed center, is approximately the radius of the mound, the diameter of which, according to Thomas, was 151 feet. The three upper layers in pit 3 (fig. 40) were water deposited and may have developed since the abandonment of the site by the Indians. Layer 4 was composed of dark organically stained sand containing a considerable amount of clay in massive deposits. All the cultural material found in the pit came from this layer, which was ‘ sane : a pe BROWN, SANO|\ AND WASHES 2°" ~~" \ LIGHTER. BROWN SAWO= POTTERY BEARING LAVER LIGHT BROWN. SANO * a eh POTTER) Y BEARWG LAER * See PIT 2 WEST WALL AIT 6 WEST WALL SCALE IN FEET “Q4RK SAND AND CLAY © L POTTERY BEARING LAYE. ° WNOISTURBEO SAND. PIT 4 SOUTHEAST WALL UNDISTURBED SAND: ANEURIN oe) zs . “AWD ANG 20", TERY Bethe! PIT 3 SOUTH WALL GnoisruReED WEST WALL Ficure 40.—Profiles of test pits in the large mound and vicinity. full of potsherds, animal bones, and irregular rocks and pebbles. The bones looked extremely fresh when first brought to light and not at all decomposed. The bulk of the deposit sloped downward toward the west. Unfortunately, we did not have time to enlarge this excavation. Pits 4 and 5 were dug 23 feet to the south and 24 feet to the west of pit 3 respectively. Pit 5 also showed the outward slope noticed in pit 8, probably the feather edge of the mound. Pit 4 contained the same strata as pits 3 and 5, but did not show any slope. 314 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ Bull. 154 THE SMALL MOUND In Thomas’ time only one of the smaller mounds was still noticeable. He described it as standing: . about 40 feet west of the base of No. 1. It is oblong in form, 58 feet long north and south, 41 feet wide, and 6 feet high. A large shaft had been sunk in the middle by some previous explorer, hence investigations were confined to the eastern and western sides, which presented one or two peculiarities. With the exception of the top layer of soil, one foot thick, the remainder of the east side consisted of river sand, with particles of charcoal and vegetable matter mixed through it, while on the west it was composed of smali masses of red clay and dark earth. In this, at a depth of 24% feet were the bones of a single adult skeleton. These were packed together in a space 2 feet square and 18 inches deep; the skull was placed face down and all the other bones piled about it. Immediately over the bones was a layer of red clay 2 inches thick, burned hard. Resting on this layer were the remains of a pretty thoroughly burned fire. A few fragments of pottery and a small clay pipe were found. We presume that the other small mounds seen by Bartram and Jones were burial mounds. White (1849, p. 230) wrote that: Captain Rembert has excavated the smaller mounds and found human skele- tons, jars, pipes, beads, breast-plates, stone hammers, hatchets, arrowheads, Gus oss THE VILLAGE SITE There is no doubt that the Rembert mounds stood upon an extensive village site. Bartram stated that there were: . Some very large tetragon terraces on each side [of the mound group], near one hundred yards in length, and their surface four, six, eight, and ten feet above the ground on which they stand? We have already noted that when Jones visited the site: The tetragon terraces had lost their distinctive outlines, and were little more than gentle elevations; their surface littered with sherds of pottery, flint chips, and occasionally fragments of human bones. In 1948 no surface materials were visible in the area adjacent to the mound except for a few sherds in the old washout to the west. Six test pits were dug in the general village area (pits 7-12) and cultural material appeared in four of them. The locations of these pits are shown in plate 55, @. Each one was only about 2 feet square and it seemed unnecessary to mark them for future reference. The cul- ?Bartram’s term ‘“tetragon terrace” which he also calls a “four square” terrace, is today obscure. Elsewhere in his writings he has said ‘the tetragon terraces seem to be the foundation of a fortress” (Van Doren, 1928, p. 407), and “(Cherokee mounts are always accompanied by the vast tetragon terraces placed at one side or the other’ (Bartram MS., p. 83). He states that tetragon terraces are characteristic of the region of northern Georgia and adjacent States which were formerly occupied by the Cherokees, but are not found in the lower Creek country south and west of the Altamaha River. (See Van Doren, 1928, pp. 406-407.) se ee REMBERT MOUNDS—CALDWELL 315 tural deposits encountered in the pits varied from 0.7 to 1.4 feet in thickness and in pit 7 obtained a thickness of 3.8 feet. Most of the material found consisted of potsherds, but pit 12 yielded animal bones and ash as well. Exploratory trenches in this area would be advisable if additional work should be done at the site. POTTERY The numerous potsherds found by us at the Rembert site were examined while they were coming out of the test pits but there was no evidence of stratigraphic change in the pottery types. The large mound and village area were used for the most part during one major period, although random sherds datable to earlier times indicate sporadic occupations by previous peoples. The bulk of the decorated sherds from all the test pits belong to the type of pottery called Lamar Complicated Stamped. This is a common style at late sites in most of Georgia and the adjoining parts of South Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Fairbanks has suggested the dates 1540-1650 for the type as it occurs in central Georgia (Fairbanks, 1946, p. 103), the region where it was first described (Southeastern Archeological Con- ference, 1939). A terminal date of 1600 was suggested for the variant which was found at the Irene site on the Georgia coast (Caldwell and McCann, 1941, pp. 46-47).