-■.?*«;tiT5'.: iiiiiiiiiji: ;(ii ilif^ -mm 'liiili liiiii^ % ili^ .jJ.VS^. \^. nB. ^">^^^^,'). Cost Accession No. 1)A\"^ l/f-Vv y-^i fi-r Bulletin 165 March. 19i:t NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY The Feeding-Stuffs Inspection For 1913 MADE FOR THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE BY B. K. CURRY AND T. O. SMITH NEW HAMPSHIRE COIiliEGE OP AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS, DURHAM, N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS. NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DURHAM, N. H. Board of Control. HON. WARREN BROWN, Hampton Falls HON. N. J. BACHELDER, A. M., M. S., East Andover HON. E. H. WASON, B. S., Nashua W. H. CALDWELL, B. S., Peterborough PRES. E. T. FAIRCHILD, LL. D., cx-oficio, Durham The Station Staff. JOHN C. KENDALL, B. S., Director. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, B. Sc. (Agr.), Agro7iomist. FRED RASMUSSEN, B. S. A., Dairyman. B. E. CURRY, A. B., Chemist. W. C. O'KANE, M. S., Entomologist. J. H. FOSTER, B. S., M. F., Forester. J. H. GOURLEY, B. S., Horticulturist. 0. R. BUTLER, Ph. D., Botanist. J. M. JONES, M. S., Ani^nal Husbandman. C. W. STONE, A. M., Farmer and Vice-Director. W. H. WOLFF, M. S., Assistant Horticulturist. DAVID LUMSDEN, Assistant in Floriculture. T. 0. SMITH, A. B., Assistant Chemist. 0. L. ECKMAN, B. S. (Agr.), Assistant Animal Husbandman. CAROLINE A. BLACK, Ph. D., Assistant Botanist. FRANK APP, B. S., Assistant Agronomist. C. H. IIADLEY, Jr., B. S., Assistant Entomologist. MABEL HODGKINS, A. B., B. S., Librarian. MIRIAM L. HOBBS, Purchasing Agent. M. GENEVIEVE BURT, Bookkeeper. LAURA B. BICKFORD, Stenographer. ELIZABETH E. MEHAFFEY, Assistant Librarian and Mail- ing Clerk. S. EDNA DAVIS, Stenographer. The bulletins of the Experiment Station are published at irregular in- tervals and are sent free to all residents of New Hampshire requesting them. FEEDING STUFFS INSPECTION FOR 1913. The samples for the 1913 feeding stuffs inspection were drawn by Mr. H. B. Tuttle for the State Board of Agri- culture. In all, 354 samples were received at the Experi- ment Station. Of these, 41 represented duplicates and samples which did not require a license or analysis. The remaining 313 samples were analyzed. The state law regulating the sale of commercial feed- ing-stuffs follows : An Act to Regulate the Sale of Concentrated C0MMERCL\L FeEDING-STUFFS. Section 1. Every manufacturer, company, or person, who shall sell, offer, or expose for sale or for distribution in this state any concentrated commercial feeding-stuff used for feeding farm live stock, shall furnish with each car or other amount shipped in bulk and shall affix to every package of such feeding-stuff, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a plainly printed statement clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds in the package sold or offered for sale, the name or trade- mark under which the article is sold, the name of the manufacturer or shipper, the place of manufacture, the place of business, and a chemical analysis stating the per- centages it contains of' crude protein, allowing one per centum of nitrogen to equal six and one-fourth per centum of protein, of crude fat, and of crude fibre, both con- stituents to be determined by the methods prescribed by the association of official agricultural chemists. When- ever any feeding-stuff is sold at retail in bulk or in pack- ages belonging to the purchaser, the agent or dealer, upon 4 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 request of the purchaser, shall furnish to him the certified statement named in this section. Sect, 2. The term ''concentrated commercial feeding- stuffs," as used in this act, shall include linseed meals, cottonseed meals, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewer's grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, wheat, rye and buckwheat bran and middlings, ground beef, or fish scraps, mixed feeds and all other materials of similar nature ; but shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor the unmixed meals made directly from the en- tire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buck- wheat and broom corn. Sect. 3. Before any manufacturer, company, or person shall sell, offer, or expose for sale in this state any con- . centrated commercial feeding-stuffs, he or they shall, for each and every feeding-stuff bearing a distinguishing name or trademark, file annually during the month of December with the secretary of the board of agriculture a certified copy of the statement specified in the preceding section, said certified copy to be accompanied, when the secretary shall so request, by a sealed glass jar or bottle containing at least one pound of the feeding-stuff to be sold or offered for sale, and the company or person fur- nishing said sample shall thereupon make affidavit that said sample corresponds within reasonable limits to the feeding-stuff which it represents, in the percentage of protein and fat which it contains. Sect. 4. Each manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller of any concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs, shall pay annually during the month of December to the secretary of the board of agriculture an analysis fee of fifteen dol- lars, for each brand offered for sale within the state. Whenever a manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller of March, 1913] feeding-stuffs 5 concentrated commercial feeding-stuff desires at any time to sell such material and has not paid the analysis fee therefor in the preceding month of December, as required by this section, he shall pay the analysis fee prescribed herein before making any such sale. The amount of analysis fees received by said secretary pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be paid by him to the treas- urer of the State of New Hampshire. The treasurer of the State of New Hampshire shall pay from such amount when duly approved the moneys required for the expense incurred in making the inspection required by this act and enforcing the provisions thereof. The secretary of the board of agriculture shall report biennially to the legislature the amount received pursuant to this act, and the expense incurred for salaries, laboratory expenses, chemical supplies, traveling expenses, printing, and other necessary matters. Whenever the manufacturer, im- porter, or shipper of concentrated commercial feeding- stuff shall have filed the statement required by section 1 of this act and paid the analysis fee as prescribed in this section, no agent or seller of such manufacturer, importer, or shipper shall be required to file such statement or pay such fee. Sect. 5. The secretary of the board of agriculture shall annually cause to be analyzed at the New Hampshire Col- lege Agricultural Experiment Station, at least one sample, to be taken in the manner hereinafter prescribed, of every concentrated commercial feeding-stuff sold or offered for sale under the provisions of this act. Said secretary shall cause a sample to be taken, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for said analysis, from any lot or package of such commercial feeding-stuff which may be in the posses- sion of any manufacturer, importer, agent, or dealer in this state; but said sample shall be drawn in the presence of the parties in interest, or their representatives, and taken 6 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 from a parcel or a number of packages, which shall not be less than ten per centum of the whole lot sampled, and shall be thoroughly mixed, and then divided into two equal samples, and placed in glass vials and carefully sealed and a label placed on each stating the name of the party from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the person taking the sample, and by the party or parties in interest or their representatives at the drawing and sealing of said samples ; one of said duplicate samples shall be re- tained by the secretary and the other by the party whose stock was sampled, and the sample or samples retained by the secretary shall be for comparison with the certified statement named in section 3 of this act. The result of the analysis of the sample or samples so procured, to- gether with such additional information as circumstances advise, shall be published in reports or bulletins from time to time. Sect. 6. Any manufacturer, importer, or person who shall sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this state any concentrated commercial feeding-stuff, with- out complying with the requirements of this act, or any feeding-stuff which contains substantially a smaller per- centage of the constituents than are certified to be con- tained, shall, on conviction in a court of competent juris- diction, be fined not more than one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not more than two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense. Sect. 7. Any person who shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground grain with milling or manufacturing of- fals, or any other substance whatever, for the purpose of sale, unless the true composition, mixture, or adulteration thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same or in which it is offered for sale ; or any person who knowingly sells, or offers for sale, any March, 1913] feeding-stuffs 7 meal or ground grain which has been so adulterated un- less the true composition, mixture, or adulteration is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same, or in which it is offered for sale, shall be fined not less than twenty-five or more than one-hundred dollars for each offense. Sect. 8. Whenever said secretary becomes cognizant of the violation of any of the provisions of this act he shall prosecute the party or parties thus reported; but it shall be the duty of said secretary, upon thus ascertaining any violation of this act, to forthwith notify the manufac- turer, importer, or dealer in writing, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter in which to comply with the requirements of this article ; but there shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of any concentrated commercial feeding-stuff if the same shall be found sub- stantially equivalent to the certified statement named in section 3 of this article. Sect. 9. This act shall take effect December first, nine- teen hundred and one. The conditions underlying the feeding-stuffs business is improving. IMore good feeds have been inspected than during any previous year. There is evidence that the consumers of feeding-stuffs are becoming more exacting and are scrutinizing the brands offered for sale more closely than ever before. The consumer and honest manufacturer are entitled to more protection than they now receive under our present law. The manufacturer should be re- quired to guarantee the ingredients from which a feed is made. Not all proteins have the same digestibility or nu- tritive value. The same may be said of the other feed constituents. If we know the source from which these con- stituents come, it is a simple matter to find their digesti- bility from tile tables in this report and in text books on 8 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 feeds and feeding. With all this information at hand, the dealer and consumer can quickly decide whether a par- ticular feed is or is not suitable for their needs. We note the feed sold last year under the name of ' ' Sterl- ing Mixed Feed" has reappeared under the abbreviated name of "Sterling Feed." We also note a similar feed sold under the name of "Blue Grass Feed." The first of these is manufactured in Indiana and the other in Ken- tucky. Among other things, these feeds contain about 30 per cent of ground corn cobs and are masked largely with wheat by-products. These feeds were offered for about the same price as good wheat bran. The market value of corn cobs is probably one-third that of wheat bran. Their selling price is greatly en- hanced when mixed with other by-products. These feeds are not the only ones which contain very inferior by-pro- ducts, but they are pointed out because the ingredients may be easily identified with the unaided eye. These brands are within our state law in every respect. They are named properly and meet their respective guarantees. Inferior by-products must carry freight charges and selling com- missions which tend to make them relatively still less valu- able to the consumer. The following tables show the average composition and digestibility of the more common feeding-stuffs. March, 1913] feeding-stuffs 9 TABLE NO. 1. Average Composition of Feeding-stuffs — Per Cent. (Henry's, Jordan's and Lindsay's Compilations.) Carbohydrates Dry Nitrogen Matter "Water Ash Protein Fat Fibre Free Ext'ct Corn 89.4 10.6 1.5 10.3 .5.0 2.2 70.4 Corn Meal 85.0 1.5.0 1.4 9.2 3.8 1.9 68.7 Corn Bran 90.6 9.4 1.2 11.2 6.2 11.9 60.1 Corn Chops 87.2 12.3 1.5 9.8 4.4 2.0 69.5 Hominy Meal 90.4 9.6 2.7 10.5 8.0 4.9 64.3 Gluten Feed 90.8 9.2 2.0 25.0 3.5 6.8 53.5 Corn and Cob Meal 84.9 15.1 1.5 8.5 3.5 6.6 64.8 Corn Cob 89.3 10.7 1.4 2.4 0.5 30.1 54.9 Oats 89.6 10.4 3.2 11.4 4.8 10.8 59.4 Oat Middlings 91.2 8.8 4.5 16.2 6.9 7.1 56.5 Oat Feed 93.0 7.0 5.3 8.0 2.9 21.5 55.3 Wheat 89.5 10.5 1.8 11.9 2.1 1.8 71.9 Wheat Bran 88.1 11.9 5.8 15.4 4.0 9.0 53.9 Wheat Middlings (shorts) 88.8 11.2 4.4 16.9 5.1 6.2 56.2 Flrmr Middlings 90.0 10.0 3.2 19.2 4.8 3.2 59.6 Shipstuff 89.1 10.9 5.6 16.3 4.6 7.5 55.1 Barley 89.2 10.8 2.5 12.0 1.8 4.2 68.7 Buckwheat 86.6 13.4 2.0 10.8 2.4 11.7 59.7 Buckwheat Feed 88.4 11.6 3.9 18.3 4.9 19.2 42.1 Brewers' Dried Grains 91.3 8.7 3.7 25.0 6.7 13.6 42.3 Distillers' Dried Grains... 92.4 7.6 2.0 31.2 12.2 11.6 35.4 Malt Sprouts 90.5 9.5 6.1 26.3 1.6 11.6 44.9 Flax Seed 90.8 9.2 4.3 22.6 33.7 7.1 23.2 Linseed Meal (O. proc's). 90.2 9.8 5.5 33.9 7.8 7.3 35.7 Linseed Meal (N. proe's). 91.0 9.0 5.5 37.5 2.0 8.9 36.4 Cottonseed 89.7 10.3 3.5 18.4 19.9 23.2 24.7 Cotton Seed Meal 93.0 7.0 6.6 45.3 10.2 6.3 24.6 Alfalfa Hay 91.6 8.4 7.4 14.3 2.2 25.0 42.7 Dried Beet Pulp 91.6 8.4 4.5 8.1 0.7 17.5 60.8 Meat Scraps 89.3 10.7 4.1 71.2 13.7 ... 0.3 Molasses Feed 89.6 10.4 6.5 17.1 2.9 11.9 51.2 10 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 TABLE NO. 2. Average Digestible Nutrients of Feeds — Per Cent. (Henry's, Jordan's and Lindsay's Compilations.) Corn Corn Meal Corn Bran Corn Chops Hominy Meal Gluten Feed Corn and Cob Meal. . . . Corn Cob Oats Oat Middlings Oat Feed Wheat Wheat Bran Wheat Middlings (shorts) Flour Middlings Shipstuff Barley Buckwheat Buckwheat Feed Brewers' Dried Grains. . Distillers' Dried Grains. Malt Sprouts Flax Seed Linseed Meal (O. proe's) Linseed Meal (N. proe's) Cotton Seed Cotton Seed Meal Alfalfa Hay Dried Beet Pulp Meat Scraps Molasses Feed Dry Matter Protein Fat Carbohydrates Nitrogen Fibre Free Extract 81.3.5 7.83 4.30 1.28 65.47 74.8 6.07 3.46 63.29 63.42 6.05 4.74 6.78 45.68 78.00 6.95 3.88 1.25 64.38 74.13 6.83 7.36 3.28 57.23 79.0 21.25 2.87 5.17 47.62 67.07 4.42 2.94 2.97 57.02 52.67 0.4 0.25 19.57 32.94 62.72 8.78 4.27 3.35 45.74 82.08 13.12 6.49 3.48 54.24 37.20 5.20 2.61 1.88 23.23 10.2 1.7 69 .2 58.15 n.86 2.5 3.69 38.27 13.0 4.5 1.86 43.84 73.8 16.9 4.1 1.15 52.45 65.04 12.7 4.0 4.65 42.43 76.71 8.4 1.6 2.10 63.2 61.49 8.1 2.4 2.81 45.37 15.6 4.4 38 .2 56.61 20.0 6.0 6.8 25.38 73.00 22.78 11.6 11.02 28.67 70.59 20.3 1.4 9.63 36.37 69.92 20.6 29.0 4.26 12.76 71.26 30.2 6.9 4.16 27.85 74.62 31.5 2.4 6.59 29.12 59.2 12.5 17.3 17.63 12.35 71.61 37.6 9.6 2.21 19.19 10.44 0.31 10.0 29.89 70..53 4.1 12.6 52.29 83.05 66.2 13.4 64.51 10.8 2.2 6.55 41.47 March, 1913] feeding-stuffs ' H The Constituents of Feeding-stuffs. In the complete chemical analysis of a feeding-stuff the following determinations are made : moisture, ash, pro- tein, fat, fibre, and nitrogen-free extract. The value of a feeding-stuff is generally based on the amount of protein and fat it contains. For that reason these two constit- uents are often the only ones determined. We are, how- ever, beginning to realize that while the amount of protein and fat is important, at the same time the carbo- hydrates are also very important and in many classes of feeding-stuffs form the chief source of value. moisture. Water is present to some extent in all classes of feeds. The per cent in most cases varies between five and fifteen. The amount varies with the nature of the feed, the process of manufacture, and the manner of storage. ASH. The ash of a feed is the residue left after burning off the organic matter. It represents the inorganic or mineral constituent of the plant. This part of the feed furnishes the material for the bones of the animal. crude protein. By crude protein is meant that portion of a feeding- stuff which contains nitrogen. Nitrogenous feeds build up muscular tissue and the proteins are of the greatest im- portance in determining the value of a feed. Most of the crude protein in the plant is found at the point of growth, or in the leaves and seeds. 12 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 CRUDE FAT. The term crude fat is rather arbitrarily used to include all the substances of the feed soluble in dry ether or simi- lar solvents. They are the pure fats, such as cottonseed oil, linseed oil, etc., and the waxes, resins, chlorophyl, etc. These latter substances are generally so small in amount that for practical purposes the ether extract of a feed represents the amount of fat which it contains. The fats are readily digested and rank next to protein in value. FIBRE. The crude fibre in a feeding-stuff is that portion which goes to make up the cell-walls and structural material of the plant. It is fairly indigestible and in general a liigh percentage of crude fibre indicates a low-grade feed. NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT. The nitrogen-free extract is that portion of the feed readily extracted by water or dilute acids and comjDOsed of non-nitrogenous materials. The principal substances in- cluded under the term are the starches and sugars. CARBOHYDRATES. The term carbohydrates is sometimes used in speaking of feeding-stuffs. It is generally used to include both crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract. A feeding-stuff which con- tains small amounts of moisture, ash and crvide fibre must be classed as high grade, if digestible. When these con- stituents are present in small amounts the total amount of the valuable constituents — protein, fat and nitrogen-free extract — must be high. March., 1913] feeding-stuffs 13 The A^'alue of a Chemical Examination of Commercial Feeding-stuffs. The chemical analysis of feeding-stuffs is valuable in many ways, chief of which are the following : 1. It shows whether or not the guarantees of the manu- facturer are correct. 2. It protects the buyer against the unscrupulous manu- facturer or retailer. 3. It aids the buyer in deciding money values in pur- chasing feed. 4. It affords a clue as to the nature of the constituents of the feed. 5. It furnishes data for making up any desired feeding ration. 6. It enables the consumer to decide whether it is a useful feed for his particular purpose. The following definitions are given for the use of the consumer and represent the terms used for the particular feeding-stuffs by the general trade. General Definitions, cottonseed meal. Cottonseed meal is the meal obtained from the cotton- seed kernel after the extraction of the oil. The following standard classification adopted by the Inter-State Cotton- seed Crushers' Association will interest the buyer of cotton- seed meal : "Choice cottonseed meal must be finely ground, per- fectly sound and sweet in odor, yellow, free from excess of lint, and by analysis must contain forty-nine per cent of combined protein and fat." "Prime cottonseed meal must be finely ground, of sweet odor, reasonably bright in color, yellow, not brown or red- 14 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 dish, free from lint, and contain at least forty-six per cent of combined protein and fat." Good cottonseed meal must be finely ground, of sweet odor, reasonably bright in color, and by analysis must con- tain at least forty-three per cent of combined protein and fat. LINSEED MEAL. Linseed meal, oil meal, or flaxseed meal is the ground residue from the extraction of oil from flaxseed.. The oil is extracted by two processes, known as the old process and the new process. In the old process the oil is simply ex- pressed from the seed by hydraulic pressure. In the new process naphtha or a similar solvent is used to extract the oil. On account of the extraction being more complete when a solvent is used, the new process generally contains less fat than the old process, while they contain about the same per cent protein. WHEAT PRODUCTS. Wheat hran is the coarse outer covering of the wheat berry. It contains much of the fibrous material of the grain, but is rich in protein. Middlings or shorts. These terms have generally the same meaning in the trade, and are the fine particles of the outer bran as well as considerable starchy matter. They are the intermediate product between bran and flour. Reel dog is a low-grade w^heat flour containing the finer particles of bran.* Wheat mixed feed or shipstuff is a mixture of the by- products from the milling of tlie wheat berry.* * Definitions marked (*) are those adoiJted by the Association of Feed Con- trol Officials of the United States. March, 1913] feeding-stuffs 15 Mixed feed. The term mixed feed has been so generally used to mean a mixture of wheat products that it is practi^ cally a misrepresentation to use the term to mean a mix- ture of other cereals. A feed carrying less than fifteen per cent protein and four per cent fat cannot be a good mixed feed. CORN PRODUCTS. Corn bran is the outer coating of the corn kernel.* It has a low feeding value. Corn and cob meal is the ground whole ear of corn. In this case the cobs are not considered an adulterant. Gluten meal is a product obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn. It is the flinty portion of the kernel which lies in its outer circumference just beneath the hull.* Gluten feed is a product obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn and is a mixture of gluten meal and corn bran to which may be added the residue resulting from the evaporation of the so-called "steep water. " * Corn feed meed is the siftings obtained in the manufac- ture of cracked corn and table meal made from the whole grain.* Hominy meed, feed or chop is the bran and germs of the corn kernel and may contain a part of the starchy portion of the kernel.* DISTILLERY AND BREWERY BY-PRODUCTS. Distillers' dried grains are the dried residue from cereals obtained in the manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors.* * Definitions marked (*) are those adopted by tlie Association of Feed Con- trol Officials of the United States. 16 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 Breivers' dried grains are dried barley grains after they have been malted and the soluble sugar and dextrin ex- tracted. Malt sprouts are the sprouts of the barley grain.* MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. Alfalfa meal is the entire alfalfa hay ground and does not contain an admixture of ground alfalfa straw or other materials.* Meat meal is finely ground beef scraps.* BucTiivlieat shorts or middlings are that portion of the buckwheat grain immediately inside of the hull after separation from the flour.* Molasses feeds are generally a mixture of some filler such as oat hulls, oat clippings, flax bran, or grain screenings with molasses and a concentrated feed, such as cottonseed meal, brewers' grains, or malt sprouts. Filler is a term used to designate certain by-products generally of little feeding value used to give weight and bulk to concentrated feeds in the manufacture of com- pounded feeds. Among the materials commonly used as fillers are : ground corn cobs, peanut hulls, oat hulls, cotton seed hulls, grain screenings, flax plant stems and pods, rice hulls, etc. These materials are ground so fine that their presence is discovered only by careful examination, sometimes only with the aid of a microscope. Most fillers contain relatively small amounts of crude protein and crude fat and large amounts of crude fibre. The presence of a filler in some cases may actually decrease the value of the concentrates present. Compounded' feeds are those feeds bearing trade names which are not descriptive in any way of the materials which * Definitions marked (*) are those adopted by the Association of Feed Con- trol Officials of the United States. March, 1913] feeding-stuffs 17 have been used in their manufacture. They may contain any mixture of stock feed materials and therefore cannot be compared with standards of average composition. They often represent various industrial by-products such, for example, as are obtained in the manufacture of breakfast foods. The writers wish to here acknowledge the assistance ren- dered by Llessrs. D. B. Keyes, G. P. Lane, M. H. Brog- gini, G. L. Ham and H. M. Eastman in preparing the fol- lowing analytical data. 18 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 3-5 i3 to 03 QJ OOOOOOOO -OOOOOO OOOO .OO IC o o .ooo oooooomo oooooooooc ooooo o ooooooo C5-H-«l0Mt~t^iM!N>m~>OC0-tC^ — O—C-. mOoo«oo o COo6t^Ot^-1^rl«WlC-JHiolO»OiOCDCO -) > 0) OOQMHWfM c: • a: ^ t- ,, ;W aj cl^ >_^:; ■^"0 Is I ■ ^ r- £ 'r— rf ! * (P '-■ ^- ^S : :Ssoc3 : :fe|a:K2 : ^ aj&^ , ooocomoooo s 00 lO t- o OS 00 Tf oo ooo U30000 Tj< lO-# T •* ' o oo o oo o OOOOOCo c-_ c^ x> o « >o -* (N o_ o —^ IJ_ lo i-; o ci -r r^_ o cm co rt_ —i (>> cn oo —_ co "r o « i> •-' om o o c-i C3 — oo oo O O O O O lOO o C-^OOO -T lO ooo lOOO ooo:; gS8SS8gS8 oo o o o — ' — ■ o o o o '■ oo c; o CI o CO c• I.- o o o ; . o o Cq-l>l~010-t"OC-t-0-HOO>COCOCJO— ••MOt^-H-rcOMOOO. «OQOLOCOt:--J^t>-i^<;ct--0"4^oocot~^o^oicc;ioot>t^occr**oo6-rcii---c-i-t*i>-ociicioo'iiir5icoioo ■]^.i = 5 _• J : : £ £ 2 :P S2 --0 : c o o S 5 :d6 :o c o o • (/: M oj ^ OOO D D Q; 1 <1^ i; IJ^ O oo ^SfOO d 6 o d^ ^.r-:Tz:Pi r'5 • : til's : : s : s s : . I :SS*S ^5 5=t:^» ^ S'C =.5 X fe : =-7 5rtSE -d\E5ii-c! '^sx'^-^ 5 ■'^^g£;=-2- = 5 5'-^M--S 2 H-^2 S'S 5'5'5-- 5 5 ^'^^IS £ 2 ^.5 = ^ 5 cS"? ^"^ 0 c ; ^.5x>I1:B33MS5c><^C3-t" coco gssggggggg o o CO 8 §g8gS in T«; CO -(^ t- o 8 00 17.25 17.G9 1G.G8 1G.99 16.90 O M -f -C C5 'TJ !M -f LO M CO ■* t~ -r C-. (^ c-1 o -c o t-t-^QOcitocCi-^ooico 17.17 15 55 19 23 lG5-t 17.51 CO 00 d 00 •a; oi ; a H H S = : .2.2 X * ?" 2 5 5 i-.;s « > -3- i i i- s w ^- '- '. ^ ^ - » - 73 '^ — ^ZT'ZT— '^ ^ a: — ; •^ i" i i S i ot a) S ^SrSSf^Si_;j-j^ <=«s^ c 3 c c c a, o « ^ - c o a) 1; i) *J J.i a — — ^ ^ : : :q c o 0_ bo it 5 = , tj; = 5 ? g = b£ tt bt.^" _ 3 ~ ~ o c bJD g 2 1; aj oj ^-' ■.w'5 ffi 0) © ^ _c t 5 Oi li iSSS S o ? g ^: J S = = =0 o 6 c c 6 J „• bn bo bt b£ b£ . , t„ - r- - - - M bfl ?:=::==: a VxV. 2 2 a = a52 r^— V^ X EC H^ a a a 000 g S S cu oi aHOHOi^OH pM EL| (Xi tb &< cs'o a ' 1. 2 5^^15^ ir -fc. D :: :; ^ > Q:^ >< s 5 ^ W«-^52a fe 2.2— — — «' ~i a w o o c aj 1 :2 — a .-a ai -.a ::=;b£ •-. P2» D a-^ a ^ ^sM M ^1 csSSS--? ;t= l3-a=i ■ a^ -feJ 3i 2 a „ « 2. rto fegffl ^_»3 ^_» 2jO " ^O""'"^ a^B it 5 5t^ = = = S5 ti= ttS t?=?5 S B S^ 5^ t^ I rt^ Oi a V -^ 1^ CD « — ' _ ^ ■^'^' ^■^' J^^'' J^ ■■^~. 2 a =- 2. i >, - >.^ >.^ >, >. ,*r =n.a-/:r -^Et< ■-> H>- ~ ^ .a p a fl^'a ®t3 2 :^^ i- J ?;— -^ -^ »jr o-ja a. n cj a ao ~ -"a SB March, 1913" FEEDING-STUFFS 21 OOOOOOOOOO O O O Ci ci ao o — ;i - -' o d «' 00 c-i t- oo oo :g8SS8 000 000 t-ooo 700 10.00 aoo 900 13.10 :S n 0 0 tc. d i> 00 7.60 "7.95' 10 0 • • ooooooooors oooo oooooo ooo oo * -in-fooo m lo co • •-lOOOOu-iClOOO u:0:00 OOOiOCiO OCO m=> _ ;Cll-C. oo -t; 01 00 ; -^•t'-i'rrtQ-i>-^^'fril r^'^rf^ rf m ^ -f l6 l6 ICIC* Ot' • '■ CQ -^ ^ e6 rti CO -ji I" '. e<5— 'O'TJ — oc: lOnr- O- i^oooob-o ccoco co:o — oco'co'^-t* scooooo 0000 oooooo 000 00 SCO O O O U1 CO -f t- ^1 O O I- l- 00 o »c ^: -f o I- -f- d OOCDCOOCOlO^C^l-^ 00 CI CO fM MC0»i3 "MOUa Cll^t ■ 00 35 CO 00 d t ^, .'^ 01 'X ^/. '/. 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O o ifl . 06 2^ 8 § 8 8 8 ggSS 2 © Ki-*tOTj< 10 TflOtNTlJ Is 6*^ T3 m'*0 rt< C5 O -f MOt^O a »Ot-;« (N -^ CO — n-~St~ (3> ;3 ■\c6 ^ a) !^ 'i^ CO o o Q-( •^3 t-COt^ Pi 00 O O (MC^OOO c OfM O O O 03 TfiaOCOO 3 ouiio o 00 t^ CO oinujt-; O fe ^j= c = := = c a CJ d_2 ^ r^ ^ ,— r-" •^;S^ •= ■= ■~ ■" •= i^."*,- s g S S S :q i .pids pids leiic( olis, olis, olis, olis, olis. o-!^ Li •^ ^ ■O ■^ n ^ ^ Cu zu c^ c ^ 02 ; • • O • 1 0 X >> 6 0 1- ^ bi 0 0 0 0 0 ^0 ^000 0 0^ . b ^ >. >. >> >, >f^oP \ ^ O C to ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ =^U o OO o tc »! 05 tn aJ-cffi ;« rt ^^-t^OCO O CcS .^-^ hl^tiCA u ■-• U u tH_ «!--: 3 3 30OOO Q 0^55 — — [^ 3 3 3 3 30^ eS :^:^ Hi tH t-. tj t. t. _— 3 g Voigt M Voigt M Waggon Washbu Washbu Washbu Washbu Washliu Western The Wil AVillisto ?^.:3 (D in *-2 : 3 3^g 33 r- '^ -Si-.:/ ffX5 "3 c: - — t- DhS 3 3d Fee Co.'s se Bra Co 's r Mid. tanda ^1 5| C3 0^=S b 3--C ^ 3 'XI o EDS- "T Wlie e Midd ran Mi Crosby eat Coi Crosby eat Fid Wheat to Q a; 52 5 fe s ^i fe.=£3B^i:$^^ r^ p bC^ M c« w ri £- 5 W :;•-::: ce^i cs-r i:_ c-rrt, csn-tj. « 5 g ) C5 O CD »C CO r-H OC IC C^ lO C^I CO ' c. lO o •— ' oc o -?< O O; 1-1 r-; X 1^ T-H X' i-i CO X' ^ rH 00 OOOOO O OOiC OOOOOO OO O OOOiC O OOOiCiCOira OOOiCO 01 C lT CJ »C OO O O O O iC O O lO o i^ o *' r^ T^ rr lc lc p CC ^ -^^ OJ p X p H O 1-h' O UJ US ^J ^TT 1_J t.^ t_^ ■^' i^^ f.N p l> p cc p -^^ OJ p X p Oicor^ooior-iop H r- i-l 1-1 1-1 6) rt I^ 1-1 i-< rtr^i O (M IM t~ Ol lO Ca (Mi-liMrH r-i 3 ffl (S S 33 ;tt c c 2^-5 S^ d 2 c e e o c" o c c'^,^" OOooS~'Cwo5c'3'5'ie'ii'5pO 00;54J05:0=^OOCS5S33a>0 03UOOOCO c o SCO s ^ — .s ^t«cS-cEf=E O O O O Oo'-H tm be bt be be bt-Ld a -S ii i2 j S^SK-^, 5 ° o=<3' o c : SS tire's! 2S«~^ :i X X X 5 5 '^ 5 5 <. g M ^ ^ ^ ^ ji! -co :ie ce cs amoo oo KS ' £^^ s i>-3 O 0) ' ■ ocjiz>tO■■ :— cxi-'z..: o? 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^ 24 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 3 a> '6 5 o fa c g-o c p o fa "S o a D O fa 13 £ C c c g o a> S o _ gg- 1^^ >'T3 :-^s ^s§ g • c 88 88 : SS8S 8?5888 ooo ICIOO C-. =■- 1- tc '.i.t z: CO oo : -^»T-ilN CC' l^ -1" >-i I^ t~r~i^ .^ : gs,Sg r- f. CO !o 8 o '^ (N OrH C- CC r^CO ^ o l> d 6 Uo I"? a^fa <^.. 6 SoO !-i O ,, l^f ci ^ £ ci 2 o s o 2^ e £.> O a o fa ;^=y -9o ^M Q pho« 3?;h fa oj~ a; Oj3 fJ r: ,^ i: J: o \^T^ ■5 = = = w ■CCq j2 5:; i3> C o) CD — I M ^ rr- rr- w ^ _2 C M '^ j„ iJfa ?:? £ SV. g<-faKaQ *" '-I ^ rn .S f^ ^ 2 - " 0) ooo ooooo iCO o 8SS o o o o o o :o o o "O ■Tf C0 04 IC OC lO lO 00 r^ r- -M Cl O O O O CC r-l .-1 -liO OiC t~ ciOiCTJO;^ r^o in 0«D«20 T-l-rj0-3<1^ •Tm-H >o o i^ «: i> ^ r-t Cl-WMt" -rt-O^N'N oso ooooo oo o ooo moo ooooo oo o OOOO OC^OOO ooo -r to icic 02 cc 3j o TTl CCCOC'l'M tMC^ICOcOC^ CO CO CO lO IN TIT) ■trOrHiM oo^r-f-HO ZC-i^ Oi Tl> J-o -S > o S :.2 w =3 c ; _ '<* ^A o.&> > O o"" *—<>—i . .^ f ! OJ r^ -^ ^ C-l to r^ O CO CO -^ '^ l^ C^ T; r^ -n; » CO -^ CO "T CO CJ CO HCO QOCO fr-H OC-4 Ot-I^ 0000000 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0000000 0000000 C-4 CI TT C-J C^ !M OJ 00 00 00 00 00 00 000000 t:>C0'9< s cc Si 0 CiI>-5<-!" -« CO CO cc X"i- c> '■i 05 o s '^ ft s (^ >i >1 o o o e t^ - 1: ^ ^ ji c'S'SI § dj 0) o ;i^ c3 o OJ t'. >-. >> 533 ^^ ti i-t opp ti fe i> r-d CD OJ 0 0 ggggg c c C C (:; C C C C S t< S ^^ c 0 0 c 0 cS cS c5 OS OOOOO JJ 1-5 1-:) pqcQcqpqp; • cS c. c: cs cs ri o o s o o P5m«c 5^ cB rn ^ 3"- o ^ v3 bcJ bo c ' fee ^' - "S - O c c _ o c c~ .N ,j, .„^ be 'S^ t- ^ ^ be be be & a cS ci o o o c ci oi O O p g p coco coco 03 OS cS o3 o o P3cq O C 0 c O O O O c (h tj (-1 t^ O C> O C; 0 02 o OJ o o aj c fH ^^ t< t. " be 0) = t/) Q >^ O M • ■_;. oi c : : s : c c . .0 . o c ■ -a, -azi 1^ fc, j-C-; ; 2 .7^ ■*-> . ^^ ^tt-a I O P O 2 3 ; C^ • e- : o aM PI .03 c;4-> J.G'C O « : 0) -2 ==T^S - • ■ C C OJ c — — ^ ^>- . "1 ^_^ ^ .1.. r\ , fl_, «s SSg eqS Shj'Ssss-DHa^ i1h« Ofe^ ''M— " .£ S t — 115 8'% O O KOO?^^W kS< Sis "S pq .X -ri Ooo bt sc be c c c tH 'ill's o o OJ o be o O c oo-£ tH t. S c — og e o CD O OJ +^ r- — CL| Oj ? - ,- O cS .i j:; -'- '^- S5 -I C tH ,. n- fe C •-" ^ „ O a a o "oj'oW^ 5-g c-3^ — >H^^5 O U o iio S-c S? O X' -C o s S >• S3SI OJ o „ '-I ■^ ;, cS _-;: OO i£o^O«_ O o -5 S o f= o T; 5 g r/l -/, _ . , _ _ 3 ta S 'S p p '■t '-o . OJCO P • SP^ ^ ■ O' a : o*j 5? : ^ ^ § 's :^ tn a a &|^|.^ :g o March, 1913] FEEDING-STUFFS 27 ooo oopoo ooo OOO OOOOO OOiO ^SSc cv ac "M c) c^ C-. o o o o o o ooooooooo OOOOO OOOOO c^i iC ci t^ ci CO C'l CO O ^ C/D O (MiOi— iCll^r^'MiCC^CO OOO OOOOO OOOOOOO OiCO OiCOOO OOOOOOO OC O i^ f^ l> IC t^ >ooo oooo oooooooooo t-lOCCCC'! O O O M ■M O O O O C-1 O O O OO ooo OOOOO OOOOOiCO O CC 1— I QC v: .-^ .-^ CO 00 O r-^ *-< ^ CO ^ CC rn OOOOOOOOO lOOiOOOOpOO oioo^cjoooo oooooooooc CO CI rt C-) M O O -f a> i^ 'J* o i^ o L^ ci O — ll>lC-^C^CO C5^^'M(N-fOO^C-]CO (MOt— (r-CC00(NOC^i— I TJ< CO COCCCO ■^'^'^COC^ Tt CO -n^ CO '^ CO -^ T^ 1-H .— I rH r-t »-^ r^ T P.P. E5 .'£ as C S'-S CD Cj— ■ . . - O > '/I tK « Cj VI -■ SS §53 3^SSJ 13 :^'C'0 : : 'J} O t^ S-, r'-i f^ 2 irt 2 ? ^- ^- ,2^2 .t; cs cs d o .2 >^ EK "' '' ?^ ^ K-< "' c a a C a ^ « o' C c 0) 0) 1=5 5 di- es o 0 OJ^ M ffiCQ li^^ P- «00 r^r^r^r^ OI-HI-H 5 ■* -c tJ Si o i °1 S| i i 4) O o o Si t-c so o o o otj p c oo 005 § t- o 2 Oooo nooo t5 O >! >-. (>> C -J 0 i il, O "r^ t3 '^^s"«^ " '^ t- 5 ,? -i^ S cs eta a; o) CUJ3S .;=-« tU) o o o c ^ coooog S bo be be bo O o c c ?! u "S 'S -y -s !-■ tH 00 a C a3 0) cee3S^/:c;^j3 -li tn ffi ffi M Eh fH Qi H H C ^ ^ S 5' K orc-ccd o g CD 0) _ s c c o •:; oOj:jj::3q O 4-> o o ^ -/! ^XC3'2' cu ►< t; o = eL,ftf!HOM _ -!:; o ,^ * g S .^ o c c -c ■je -'- o O 1; . S 01 O 1 >> C >, v^ o i ,-o a) -CO g kS £ ^ '- o bn '^ C ^ K ,S^ c^;k^ g O&H wj — ■ .tl "C 0) 4) ceo • J 0) = 0) c ^ g ?; ;^ ^ o .X5 ;>,= W :■ c :; '^ 5 Cifo 5 c'-e.i S'S 2 3 ; c c s . c o J 0) oj a) J2 HSk C S c " s c SCO g s S 3 5kWWSSc?PhKK 28 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 165 E 2 o O c c 3 o 'S 2 c 3 o fa Manufactured by f c o S oo oooo o oo o ooo oooo oc Tji ooc o a; ooo -#oc COINCOOOOO ca^Hooiooioio ! M M CO « TJI CO CO ic^r^ic oooi^ OiOiooot^O' ooo OOOOO ooo -^pr-;00 id c-i ri o i^' o r^ »c 0-. OOOOOOiO r-; O O O O O O C^_ c-^ -r o r-^ «;' i-c ■m' id COCO^^CO C^COOC^ iCC^COOCOOOrHOCCC-f^-OIiO H >-l C-1 ^ C^ l-H rt l-( fa 3 O r- > a> ° c e M ^ O O cS Ic Qb-^^'a S 3 -^ tH . c E .. „ , . _ - _ ^ r '^ ET ►-,' S S ./S -^ . c - - - " -c^' . .-i -Oct;; 3-2 o S-s Sfe o 5 o 5 3 S'S !-,3CaJ3^00C^0!-i^j3 O S M W S a; Q S « M n O O O ~; >< X u te a oi ATE BXJE A fine of Two Cerfc •., , f>'^ok is kept ovZ.y' ""''' ""^ '^^'-'■^ed for overtime. each day the