Ze ZY Lo ay ae a |) eA ip vig ta What PLA Gener eM San ee LIGA Ry } , 7 oe ‘i . 1% +4 AT ah) 9 nA’ Gite or | ; WiAM f ony a val he K 1 f Oe Ranta Leable eets uk ni nits «Seabed Wiespnrmertteivoreist ns)! tan re ‘e tt NA ' ye ( a i] ey y CH AM i AEN a SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 RIVER BASIN SURVEYS PAPERS Frank H. H. Roserts, Jr., Editor Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program NUMBERS 26-32 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1963 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN InsriruTIoN, Bureau oF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1961. Sir: I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscripts, entitled “Small Sites on and about Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota,” by George Metcalf; “Star Vil- lage: A Fortified Historic Arikara Site in Mercer County, North Da- kota,” by George Metcalf; “The Dance Hall of the Santee Bottoms on the Fort Berthold Reservation, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota,” by Donald D. Hartle; “Crow-Flies-High (82MZ1), A Historic Hi- datsa Village in the Garrison Reservoir Area, North Dakota,” by Carling Malouf; “The Stutsman Focus: An Aboriginal Culture Com- plex in the Jamestown Reservoir Area, North Dakota,” by R. P. Wheeler; “Archeological Manifestations in the Toole County Section of the Tiber Reservoir Basin, Montana,” by Car] F. Miller; “Archeo- logical Salvage Investigations in the Lovewell Reservoir Area, Kan- sas,” by Robert W. Neuman, and to recommend that they be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, Frank H. H. Roperrs, Jr., Director. Dr. Leonard CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. aa EXPLANATION OF THE INTER-AGENCY ARCHEOLOGICAL SALVAGE PROGRAM The Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program is a cooperative plan of the Smithsonian Institution; the National Park Service and the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior; and the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. It was formulated, through a series of interbureau agreements, for the purpose of recov- ering archeological and paleontological remains that would other- wise be lost as a result of the numerous projects for flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power, and navigation improvements in the river basins of the United States. Various State and local agencies have assisted in the work. To carry out its part of the joint under- taking, the Smithsonian Institution organized the River Basin Sur- veys as a unit of the Bureau of American Ethnology. The National Park Service has served as liaison between the various agencies and has provided the Smithsonian Institution with all of the necessary information pertaining to the location of proposed dams and other construction and their priorities. It has also had responsibility for budgeting costs of the program, funds for which are provided in the annual appropriations of the Department of the Interior. The opera- tions of the River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, have been supported by funds transferred to it from the National Park Service. Through agreements with the National Park Service, money has also been made available to State and local agencies to supplement their own resources and aid them in their contributions to the program. The River Basin Surveys Papers, of which this ts the eighth bulletin, are issued under the scientific editorship of Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., director of the Bureau of American Ethnology. PUBLISHER’S NOTE A separate edition is published of each paper in the series entitled “River Basin Surveys Papers.” Available copies of Papers 1-32 can be had upon re- quest to the Publications Office, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D.C. No. No. No. No. No. a iw) .9. River BASIN SURVEYS PAPERS PUBLISHED PREVIOUSLY Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program: Summary Report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1948, by Waldo R. Wedel. Bull. 154, pp. xv—xviii, 1-59, pls. 1-12, fig. 1. 1953. . Prebistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program: Summary Report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1949, by Waldo R. Wedel. Bull. 154, pp. 61-101, pls. 18-15. 1953. .8. The Woodruff Ossuary, a Prehistoric Burial Site in Phillips County, Kansas, by Marvin IF. Kivett. Bull. 154, pp. 103-141, pls. 16-28, figs. 2-3. 1953. . The Addicks Dam Site: JI. An Archeological Survey of the Addicks Dam Basin, Southeast Texas, by Joe Ben Wheat. Bull. 154, pp. 143-252, pls. 29-47, figs. 4-23. 1953. II. Indian Skeletal Remains from the Doering and Kobs Sites, Addick Reservoir, Texas, by Marshall T. Newman. Bull. 154, pp. 253- 266, figs. 24-28. 19538. . The Hodges Site: J. Two Rock Shelters near Tucumari, New Mexico, by Herbert W. Dick. Bull. 154, pp. 267-284, pls. 48-54, figs. 29-30. 1953. II. Geology of the Hodges Site, Quay County, New Mexico, by Sheldon Judson. Bull. 154, pp. 285-302, figs. 31-385. 1953. . The Rembert Mounds, Elbert County, Georgia, by Joseph R. Caldwell. Bull. 154, pp. 303-320, pls. 55-56, figs. 36-40. 1953. . Archeological Investigations in the Oahe Dam area, South Dakota, 1950-51, by Donald J. Lehmer. Bull. 158, 190 pp., 22 pls., 56 figs., 6 maps. 1954. .8. Excavations in the McNary Reservoir Basin near Umatilla, Oregon, by Douglas Osborne. With appendixes by Marshall T. Newman, Arthur Woodward, W. J. Kroll, and B. H. McLeod. Bull. 166, 250 pp., 40 pls., 6 figs., 19 maps. 1957. Archeological Investigations in the Heart Butte Reservoir Area, North Dakota, by Paul L. Cooper. Bull. 169, pp. 1-40, pls. 1-12, figs. 1-2. 1958. .10. Archeological Investigations at the Tuttle Creek Dam, Kansas, by Rob- ert B. Cumming, Jr. Bull. 169, pp. 41-78, pls. 18-24. 1958. . 11. The Spain Site (89LM301), a Winter Village in Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota, by Carlyle S. Smith and Roger T. Grange, Jr. Bull. 169, pp. 79-128, pls. 25-36, figs. 83-4. 1958. .12. The Wilbanks Site (9CK-5), Georgia, by William H. Sears. Bull. 169, pls. 37-45, figs. 5-9. 1958. IV No. . 138. 14. 5 Alay SG: 5, IG Bakes . 19. . 20. . 20. PUBLISHER’S NOTE v Historic Sites in and around the Jim Woodruff Reservoir Area, Florida- Georgia, by Mark F. Boyd. Bull. 169, pp. 195-314, pls. 46-55, figs. 10- 11. 1958. Six Sites near the Chattahoochee River in the Jim Woodruff Reservoir Area, Florida, by Ripley P. Bullen. Bull. 169, pp. 315-357, pls. 56-73, figs. 12-13. 1958. Historie Sites Archeology on the Upper Missouri, by Merrill J. Mattes. Bull. 179, pp. 1-24. Historic Sites Archeology in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota, by John H. Mills. Bull. 176, pp. 25-48, pls. 1-9, figs. 1-2, map 1. 1960. The Excavation and Investigation of Fort Lookout Trading Post II (39LM57) in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota, by Carl F. Miller. Bull. 176, pp. 49-82, pls. 10-18, figs. 3-14, map 2. 1960. Fort Pierre II (89ST217), a Historic Trading Post in the Oahe Dam Area, South Dakota, by G. Hubert Smith. Bull. 176, pp. 83-158, pls. 19-30, maps 3-4. 1960. Archeological Investigations at the Site of Fort Stevenson (32ML1), Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota, by G. Hubert Smith. (Introduc- tion by Robert L. Stephenson and an appendix by Carlye S. Smith). Bull. 176, pp. 159-238, pls. 31-54, figs. 15-20, maps 5-6. 1960. The Archeology of a Small Trading Post (832MN1) in the Garrison Reser- voir (Kipp’s Post), South Dakota, by Alan R. Woolworth and W. Raymond Wood. Bull. 176, pp. 239-805, pls. 55-65, figs. 21-25, map 7. 1960. . Excavations at Texarkana Reservoir, Sulphur River, Texas, by Edward B. Jelks. Bull. 179, pp. xiii-78, pls. 1-17, figs. 1-9. 1961. . Archeological Investigations at the Coralville Reservoir, Iowa, by War- ren W. Caldwell. Bull. 179, pp. 81-148, pls. 18-29, figs. 10-24. 1961. . The McNary Reservoir: A Study in Plateau Archeology, by Joel L. Shiner. Bull. 179, pp. 151-266, pls. 830-46, figs. 25-40, maps 1-7. 1961. . The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-Columbia Valley, by Douglas Osborne, Alan Bryan, and Robert H. Crabtree. Bull. 179, pp. 269-321, pls. 47-56, figs. 41-43. 1961. Archeology of the John H. Kerr Reservoir Basin, Roanoke River, Virginia-North Carolina, by Carl F. Miller. Bull. 182, 447 pp., pls. 1-96, figs. 1-65, maps1-8. 1962. _ ; atow } s: A, saacane= ay mh est % canal pinot ii i Dunn a Se wet es alg AM-HE ga OE iat bie oe Yayboa We init uti al soviil wa acienale ad} 4 sr vet ae a iz Weta ety Tees cq Ro ayaa Sh Talal ee Ore jwte | | REND, AIH ug Wwhtiald A Miele git fuconed \ waa oeht_oe eas ibival aig bined of a Nesf ier ‘ ve fot - wlentne da. str efinssh soa) at -aoNrein at 4s were J Ne Opie Sovynse:,o-tanh (On ekpqahedlinn si ine rite. LK Mirathyt® , ee Th donk CAD? Gao! mq avis mn we wy preety wal nant o sthipiaeoge ih re ast dio" Tey qwitasos 5 yore Lagu tart wubal IMuowerss iaR a Mone aaY G AACALE oghe yatta to whew 9 a Sal aly ate 8 Ny Bey ol ges wire Ti aie eemesie igri ta tary bas be a . ’ wecthagk atla in aiavin MnajAl \6 atyetye ester 20 abyralty SLT Vee, ai fae See WSeaats ALIVE orient abawlt yin oil ti BALI ERWE mae fl — _ Ag ie ek ts lgpita Se ee pula ‘ wat) 13 npliat Lada , itey yo we 4 ple ental peel ak a aoa! e a AT aie 1 iw Suntan aot I pede dase nn as rey eh so ¥ i baarsing st _ Gat wt. Ls +a 1 wid Meola or untae’ es ; Otpe tall eae. tation int hat agi, e - = nie, 7 j U - : i ie SMALL SITES ON AND ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD INDIAN RESERVATION, GARRISON RESER- VOIR, NORTH DAKOTA * By Gerorer Mercatr INTRODUCTION The Inter-Agency Salvage Program was set up in 1945 as a means by which the salvage of information from archeological sites threat- ened with destruction by the initiation of federal reservoir construc- tion could be most effectively conducted. It was based on a memorandum of understanding between the Smithsonian Institution and the National Park Service and on agreements between the Na- tional Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Corps of Engineers. With funds made available by the Bureau of Reclama- tion, through the National Park Service, the River Basin Surveys was organized by the Smithsonian Institution, to locate, record, and evaluate sites endangered by the water-control projects and to exca- vate at such key sites as available time and funds would allow. This organization was divided into groups on the basis of affected water- sheds, and of these the Missouri Basin Project was one. The archeological reconnaissance of the Garrison Reservoir was initiated by Marvin F. Kivett in the early summer of 1947 as a project of the River Basin Surveys. This phase of the work consisted of locating, listing, and evaluating all sites likely to be lost through construction activities while the dam was being built, and by flooding and wave action when the reservoir filled. In Garrison Reservoir a total of 70 sites were thus recorded. In 1947, however, it was impos- sible to obtain permission to examine the Fort Berthold Indian Res- ervation for sites. This permission was granted in 1950, and at that time the writer and an assistant, detached from the field unit engaged in excavating the Rock Village site (832ME15),? were detailed to finish the survey of the Garrison Reservoir area. A period of 7 weeks was spent on this assignment, and 55 new sites were recorded. 1 Submitted May 1955. 2 Site designations used in this report are trinomial in character, consisting of symbols for State, county, and site. The State is indicated by the first number, according to the position of the State name in an alphabetical list of the United States; thus, for example, 48 indicates Wyoming, 32 indicates North Dakota. Counties are indicated by a two-letter abbreviation ; for example, ME for Mercer County, DU for Dunn County, ete. The final number refers to the specific site within the indicated State and county. 597967—63——2 5 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuu. 185 In 1951 the writer, accompanied at various times by G. Hubert Smith and Lee Madison, spent an additional month on reconnaissance in the area, recording 27 more sites and testing 2 of those previously recorded. Beginning with the field season of 1950, several institutions carried on archeological investigations in the Garrison Reservoir area. In that year a Missouri Basin Project party, under G. Ellis Burcaw, conducted large-scale testing operations at the Rock Village site (map 1), a late, fortified earthlodge village which is believed to be assignable to the Hidatsa. At the same time the State Historical Society of North Dakota, under a cooperative agreement with the National Park Service, sent out a party under the leadership of Glenn Kleinsasser and began the investigation of Like-a-Fishhook Village (82ML2), the last earthlodge village of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara. In 1951 a Missouri Basin Project party, under Donald D. Hartle, continued the excavation of Rock Village and carried out large-scale testing operations at Star Village (82 ME16), the last site to be oc- cupied by the Arikara before joining the Mandan and Hidatsa at Like-a-Fishhook Village in 1862. Another party from the same organ- ization, under G. Hubert Smith, investigated the site of Fort Steven- son, a frontier army post which later served as an Indian school. During that year the State Historical Society of North Dakota, again under an agreement with the National Park Service, continued its in- vestigations at Like-a-Fishhook Village, the field party being under the direction of James H. Howard. In addition, a University of Montana—National Park Service party, led by Carling Malouf, investi- gated three camp sites in the area, 832ME43, 32ME54, and 82ME55 (map 1). The summer of 1952 saw parties from the same three institutions again working in the area. Donald D. Hartle, of the Missouri Basin Project, spent a few weeks digging a deeply buried, artifact-bearing level beneath the Rock Village site, after which his party carried out extensive excavations at the Nightwalkers Butte in the Bull Pasture (32ML39) in a postcontact but undocumented site (map 1). A party under G. Hubert Smith uncovered the major portion of the remains of the second Fort Berthold (originally Fort Atkinson), which in turn had been a trading post, Army post, and Indian agency. Late in the season the two Missouri Basin Project parties joined forces and tested the Grandmother’s Lodge site, 32ME59, reputedly the dwelling of one of the Mandan supernaturals. James H. Howard, leading a party from the State Historical Society of North Dakota, under a co- operative agreement with the National Park Service, continued the excavation of Like-a-Fishhook Village. Malouf, again heading a _|_viouva DS HivoN VNVLNOW (9 ‘d avy) €9—O LO6LES s - A ale RS nt 2 SR ee » = ~ a eR ee aseaigy He = 8 hela niet a 32W14 2W12 Crozymans Coulee Site R. 32Wll2 @ ittle Mudd ——" I \Williston eAMN 32MN20 Verendrye Village DAKOTA S \s We Parshall a a ; a{=* Pod Sie 9 32MZ3 Tipi Coulee Site at ae 3 to) 4 8 16 Oo | = 8 Miles ~ Blank ( 4—32ML34 Bad Brave Site | A 32M i } Wotford City 2MLI4 (Approximate Location) 32ML42_ The Slides ' 32DU8—_— sep = ee 32ML48 32DUI0 a Pah — . Independence 46 7-32ML39 Nightwalkers Butte in the Sates Borie Bulle “ Bull Pasture 32MLIO 32ML2~ Like-a-Fishhook Village 32ML 1 Fort Stevenson FORT BERTHOLD INDIAN IX MOLLE WEE. RESERVATION i GARRISON RESERVOIR GARRISON DAM \ + Bismarck 32MEI5 _ s2Du2 Rock Village e 32ME55 Si 32DU25 Hunting Lodge 32ME54 : 32ME63 32ME43 Z LOCATION ee eee 32ME62 32MEI6 Star Village a 32ME6! 32ME65 North Renner Site 2 32ME53 32ME66 South Renner Site 7 32ME50 32ME49 Last Arikara fe Kni ro) Earthlodge = o = = 5 as Map 1.—Sites in the Garrison Reservoir area, North Dakota. cool llieelienemeementaieel iain WOITAION By. No 26) SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 7 University of Montana—National Park Service party, investigated a number of sites in the vicinity of Sanish, N. Dak. Owing to a cut in appropriations it was impossible for the Missouri Basin Project to send out any parties in 1953. The only archeological investigations in the reservoir area during that season were carried out by Alan R. Woolworth, with a small party from the State His- torical Society of North Dakota, who continued the work begun by the two Missouri Basin Project groups at the site of Grandmother’s Lodge (82ME59). In 1954 the State Historical Society of North Dakota and the Missouri Basin Project had a small joint party at Like-a-Fishhook Village and the adjacent area, the party being headed by Woolworth and Smith. The Missouri Basin Project party was forced to return to headquarters in midsummer, after which Woolworth finished the excavation of Grandmother’s Lodge (82ME59) and excavated the site of Fort Kipp (82MN1), an early fur-trading establishment. Reports on the sites investigated by the various agencies have been completed or are in preparation. Many small sites, often of some interest but too small to merit a full-scale investigation, were present in the area, and it is to some of these that the following paper is devoted. Although these sites are small and not individually noteworthy, collectively they have provided a considerable amount of previously unreported data. It is felt that as many as possible of these available data bearing on the pre-White occupation of the area should be placed on record, and it is to this end that the present paper has been prepared. The sites scattered along the 200 miles of the Missouri River above Riverdale, N. Dak., are now many feet under the waters of the Garrison Reservoir, and the opportunity for archeo- logical investigation in the area has ceased to exist. The following report is based primarily upon data collected for the Missouri Basin Project, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institu- tion, during the latter half of the 1950 field season and during the summer and fall of 1951. To this material has been added infor- mation on sites above and below the Fort Berthold Reservation that was gathered for the same organization by the survey party under Kivett in 1947. Data on the Arikara ceremonial lodge at 32ME16 were gathered by Donald D. Hartle, Missouri Basin Project archeol- ogist; those on the ceremonial structure at 32ML2, by Glenn Klein- sasser for the State Historical Society of North Dakota. It is impossible to mention individually or to express adequately my thanks to all who have helped in the collection of the data and aided in preparing this report. However, I wish particularly to thank Ralph Vrana, G. Hubert Smith, and Lee G. Madison, who at different times formed part of the reconnaissance parties. I am particularly grateful to those officials of the U.S. Indian Service who were stationed 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 at the Elbowoods Agency, N. Dak., for invaluable assistance rendered by them; and to the Tribal Council of the Three Affiliated Tribes for permission to investigate the archeological resources of the reservoir. I particularly wish, also, to thank Pete Star, John Fredericks, Donald Goodbird, Hans Walker, Joe Eagle, David Grant, and Pat Harney for information regarding sites considered in the following pages. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to the State His- torical Society of North Dakota for its permission to use data collected in 1950 at the site of Like-a-Fishhook Village by Glenn Kleinsasser. My particular thanks are due to Russell Reid and Alan W. Woolworth, of that organization, who went to great pains to make available maps, notes, and photographs. Thanks are due also to Mrs. Angela Fiske, Fort Yates, N. Dak., for permission to use a photograph of the last Arikara lodge, made by the late Frank Fiske. To Thomas Kehoe, at that time curator of the Museum of the Plains Indian, Browning, Mont., I am indebted for permission to use some of his unpublished material. To Waldo R. Wedel, Clifford Evans, and Betty Meggers, United States National Museum; Robert L. Stephenson and G. Hubert Smith, of the Missouri Basin Project, Lincoln, Nebr.; Marvin F. Kivett, Nebraska State Historical Society; and to Russell Reid and Alan W. Woolworth, State Historical Society of North Dakota, I am deeply grateful for encouragement, as well as for constructive criticism and aid in the preparation of this report. Finally, I am deeply apprecia- tive of the aid given by the laboratory staff of the Missouri Basin Project who helped in many ways—with advice, in photography, in drafting, and in typing manuscripts. THE AREA Garrison Dam, a project of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, is located on the Missouri River immediately west of the town of Riverdale and a few miles southeast of the town of Garrison, N. Dak., from which it takes its name (map 1). It is an earth-fill structure with a height of 210 feet above streambed and a crest length of slightly over 2 miles. At full pool, an area of about 300,000 acres will be inundated, and the impounded waters will extend to the west and north up the Missouri Valley to a point close to the Montana line, a distance of 200 miles. The filling of the reservoir necessitated the removal of three towns, Elbowoods, Van Hook, and Sanish, as well as the construction of a dike to protect the city of Williston. Arms of the reservoir will reach up the valleys of Beaver Creek, Lucky Mound Creek, and the Little Knife and Little Missouri Rivers, the lower course of the Little Missouri River being drowned for approxi- mately 25 miles. A large embayment will be formed at the mouth and Riv. BAs. Sour. ees Pap. No. 26] SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 9 lower course of Shell Creek. Purposes of the dam are flood control, irrigation, and power development. Fort Berthold Indian Reservation lies in the west-central part of North Dakota and comprises parts of Mercer, Dunn, Williams, McLean, and Mountrail Counties. It lies near the lower end of the reservoir area and is divided into two parts by the Missouri River, which here flows from northwest to southeast. With the filling of the reservoir, the reservation will be divided into five segments. This reservation was established by Executive Order, April 12, 1870, for the use of the Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara tribes, now officially known as the Three Affiliated Tribes. As originally estab- lished it ran “from a point on the Missouri River 4 miles below the Indian Village (Berthold), in a northeast direction 3 miles (so as to include the wood and grazing around the village) ; from this point a line running so as to strike the Missouri River at the junction of the Little Knife River with it; thence along the left bank of the Missouri River to the mouth of the Yellowstone River, along the south bank of the Yellowstone River to the Powder River, up the Powder River to where the Little Powder River unites with it; thence in a direct line across to the starting point 4 miles below Berthold.” (Kappler, 1904, vol. 1, pp. 881-883). This area was later reduced until, just prior to construction of the Garrison Dam, it contained some 648,000 acres. It has now been reduced to an area of less than 500,000 acres by the loss of the acreage which will be inundated. The three tribes residing on this reservation were semisedentary, earth-lodge-building agriculturists when contacted by the first White explorers to reach the area. At the time of Lewis and Clark, the Ari- kara villages were just below the State line in South Dakota, while the Hidatsa occupied three villages at the mouth of the Knife River, with the Mandan immediately below them. After the great smallpox epidemic of 1837—an epidemic which virtually exterminated the Mandan—the Hidatsa appear to have experienced a period of inde- cision and unsettled wandering. This terminated in 1845 when they began the construction of a new village on the left bank of the Mis- sourl. Here they were soon joined by the remnant of the Mandan. At this village, which was named “Like-a-Fishhook” after the bend of the river in which it was situated, a trading post was built by the American Fur Co. and named Fort Berthold. The Arikara, moving upriver, occupied the abandoned site of the Mandan village near Fort Clark and lived there from about 1839 until 1861, when a growing shortage of timber coupled with continual harassing raids by the Dakota forced them to move upstream again. In 1862 they began the construction of two villages on the right side of the river across from Fort Berthold, but after a Dakota attack in August of that year, they abandoned the sites and settled beside the 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 185 Hidatsa-Mandan at Like-a-Fishhook Village (Report of the Com- missioner of Indian Affairs, 1862, p. 194). From 1862 until the middle 1880’s, when they were settled upon individual allotments, the three tribes occupied one large village. Before the recent wholesale removal of the people from the valley under the threat of the rising waters, the Arikara occupied the east end of the reservation on both sides of the river, extending upstream to a point between the Beaver Creek and Red Butte schools on the right side of the stream and to above Nishu school on the opposite side. The Mandan and Hidatsa are so extensively intermarried that it is doubtful if today a “full-blood” Mandan remains, but in 1950 the group living on the south side of the Missouri, above the Arikara and extending to about the mouth of the Little Missouri, tended to identify themselves as such. ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND Western North Dakota, in which the Garrison Reservoir and Fort Berthold Reservation are located, lies in the High Plains area. Bas- ically the region is a high, level plain through which the various streams have carved deep, steeply walled valleys for themselves. The valley of the Missouri varies in width here from less than a mile to an extreme of over 3 miles. The lower land bordering the stream is subject to annual overflow and this flood plain is covered generally with a dense growth of timber, cottonwood, ash, elm, and willow predominating. The valley walls are rugged, highly dissected, and cut regularly with drainage ways which frequently extend for miles into the uplands. It is not uncommon to find a badland type of ter- rain of variable extent along the valley walls; the Little Missouri River flows through badlands for much of its length. In spite of its rugged nature, the hilly section which divides the level upland from the valley floor carries a good cover of grass, the coulee bottoms show small groves of ash and elm, and scattered junipers are found on the slopes of the badland buttes and canyons. The area is utilized for cattle range. Between the valley walls and the flood plain bordering the stream, lies a level to gently sloping terrace. Although highly variable, this averages perhaps a half mile in width and is generally wider on the east and north sides of the valley than on the west and south. A great deal of this terrace is under cultivation, with wheat, oats, and barley the usual crop. The heavily timbered flood plain is utilized to a limited extent for grazing and, in the higher parts, for growing hay. For a num- ber of years preceding the flooding of the area its timber was exploited to a limited extent by local sawmill operations. Riv. BAS. Sour. Riv, Bas. Sy SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 1] Wild fruits are abundant. On the slopes of the high terrace, on the drier parts of the flood plain, in the canyon floors, and along the edge of the uplands grow many thickets of wild plum bushes, while chokecherries are present in amazing abundance. Juneberries (sarviceberry, serviceberry, or saskatoon) are found along the drier parts of the flood plain and on the terrace slopes. Wild grapes are present, as are wild currants, and the tiny wild strawberry is found in the shaded lowlands. Clumps of buffaloberries, known locally as bullberries, are present everywhere except on the uplands. East of the Missouri River, the rolling, treeless uplands between the valleys are largely devoted to the growing of crops of rye, wheat, oats, barley, and flax. Some corn is grown despite the shortness of the frost-free season. There is less cultivation west of the river, the short growing season combining here with a rapid drop in the amount of annual rainfall to make agriculture much more hazardous than stockraising. For this reason the country west of the Missouri is more sparsely populated than the eastern side, and great stretches of open grassland are still tc be found in which the sight of an oc- casional antelope brings no surprise. Formerly this country was in the heart of the bison range. Deer and antelope were present in great numbers, with elk and bear to be found along the streams, and with mountain sheep, mule deer, and mountain lion present in the badlands. Today the white-tailed deer are not uncommon in the flood-plain thickets, while such small game as rabbits, grouse, prairie chicken, and pheasants are locally abundant. Ducks and geese are found on the rivers in great num- bers during the seasonal migrations, and many ducks nest in the nu- merous small lakes and ponds which dot the uplands east of the Missouri. Most of the furbearers—wildcat, coyote, beaver, skunk, muskrat, badger—that drew the first wave of white men to the country are still present although in sadly reduced numbers. Mink and raccoon are rare, and the otter and wolf are extinct in the State. The semiarid climate of west-central North Dakota is cool and bracing, characterized by long, cold winters and short, dry summers. Temperatures as low as —56° F., with a high of 112° F.. represent the extremes recorded at Elbowoods, the site of the Fort Berthold Agency. The average annual precipitation as recorded at the same point is 15.21 inches, with over half of this falling as rain during the months of May, June, and July. The frost-free growing sea- son averages about 120 days. Although tornadoes are unknown, high winds are usual, spring and fall being particularly windy sea- sons. Prevailing winds are from the west.® 8 Climatic data is summarized from “Climate and Man,” 1941 Yearbook of Agriculture. U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 PREVIOUS WORK IN THE AREA Prior to 1950 no controlled archeological excavation had been done along the Missouri River in North Dakota, above the site of the Gar- rison Dam. Surveys of the area had been carried out at various times from 1908, when A. B. Stout mapped sites along the river for the State Historical Society of North Dakota, until the late 1930’s, when Thad C. Hecker made a reconnaissance of the Missouri River for the same organization. The Hecker survey extended northward from the South Dakota line to the south side of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, and on the basis of earlier work (Will, 1924), a few sites were listed above that point in the published report (Will and Hecker, 1944). Although it had received little attention from archeologists prior to 1950, ethnologists have found the area of interest from the time of Lewis H. Morgan until today. The work of the late Gilbert Liv- ingstone Wilson (1917, 1924, 1928, 1934) along with that of Wash- ington Matthews (1877), Robert H. Lowie (1913, 1917, 1919), and Frances Densmore (1923) forms a firm base for the study of the Hidatsa. Will and Spinden (1906), Lowie (1913, 1917), Densmore (1923), and, more lately, Bowers (1950) have published studies of the Mandan. There is less published material on the Arikara, but much that remains still unpublished has been gathered on that group. The history of the three tribal groups and the changes occurring within their cultures are documented for the period of White contact by the records of explorers, travelers, traders, soldiers, and mission- aries. That record has now been supplemented by archeological data obtained in the years 1950-54 by the Missouri Basin Project of the Smithsonian Institution and cooperating State agencies working under agreements with the National Park Service. Such informa- tion as remains in the ground is now lost forever beneath the waters of the Garrison Reservoir. THE LAST ARIKARA EARTHLODGE AND A COMPARISON WITH SOME EARLIER STRUCTURES During the course of the 1950 reconnaissance a large ring mound indicating the presence of a former earthlodge was noted in the sod of a small, unplowed enclosure immediately west of the Beaver Creek Day School. Information obtained from local residents suggested that this was the site of the last Arikara earthlodge, a suggestion which later research tended to confirm. It was impossible to obtain an absolutely accurate dating for the structure. “I think it was built about 1908, and it was still standing when I came home from the army in 1919, but it was torn down soon Riv. Bas. SUR. Pap. No. 26} SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 13 after that,” said one informant. In 1951, during the excavation of a nearby site, we were often visited by groups of local residents, and several attempts were made to obtain from them the exact dates for the building and destruction of this lodge. Although many of them remembered the structure, none could furnish the desired infor- mation, but one man volunteered to obtain it from older people. Some days later he handed us a slip of paper upon which was written “Mud Lodge completed, May, 1907. Mud Lodge destroyed fall of 1918.” Later we were told by a White resident of a neighboring town that the structure was pulled down and the logs from it sold at public auction “about 1918 or 1919.”5 George Will, student of Mandan ethnology and author of several papers on North Dakota archeology, stated that he had been inside the lodge when it was in good condition and that he had attended ceremonies which were held in front of it. He believed this to have been in 1909. Wilson mentions an “Arikara dance lodge” as one of seven earthlodges still in use on the reservation in 1908 (Wilson, 1934, p. 375). In 1908 when a survey party from the State Historical Society of North Dakota was engaged in mapping a village site to the east of Beaver Creek, the party chief, A. B. Stout, made the following entry in his notes: “The band in this corner of the reservation ... . have reverted to their early religion and have built a dance lodge of the old type. It stands now near the mouth of Beaver Creek, is an earthen and sod-covered building, circular, about 75 feet in diameter with door facing eastward. In front of door some 30 feet is the stone .... While we were there the Indians were getting ready for a big dance, had been billed to give it by the Curtis party ... .” (Field Notes, A. B. Stout, 1908. Files of the State Historical Society of North Dakota). The testimony of Stout and Wilson thus seems to verify the infor- mation on the note which was given to us and makes it probable that the lodge was built in 1907 and pulled down in 1918 or 1919. The lodge stood upon the high terrace on the east (right) side of Beaver Creek, a small tributary of the Missouri which enters that stream from the south. The site, 32ME49 in the files of the Missouri Basin Project, is in Mercer County, N. Dak., 15 miles north and 5 miles west of the town of Beulah, in the NW% sec. 5, T. 146 N., R. 88 W., and is 500 feet southwest of the Beaver Creek Day School (map 1). The ring-mound marking the site of the lodge was very distinct. The posts which supported the roof and walls had been 4 Pete Star, personal interview August 24, 1950. 5 William Christman, Hazen, N. Dak. Personal interview, July 1951. Christman stated that he attended the auction and bought some of the logs. 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 pulled or dug out, and depressions 2 feet in diameter marked their former position. The positions of the fireplace and of the altar were marked respectively by a depression and a mound, upon the last of which grew a clump of sagebrush. The position of the entryway was indicated by a break in the rmg-mound on the east side. The various features were so plainly marked on the surface that the writer, ac- companied by G. Ellis Burcaw, later returned to the site and made a map (fig. 1) of the floor plan from the surface indications—luckily, as it happened, for the site was placed under cultivation the following spring. The ring-mound, 6.5 to 11 feet in width, measured 72 feet in diame- ter from crest to crest, and its height varied from 11 to 18 inches. The centrally located fireplace was, from surface indications, a de- pression 8 inches deep and between 6 and 7 feet in diameter. A test showed it to be underlain by deeply reddened earth, and it still held a small amount of white ash among which were a few burned bones. VY, y = 4 yw A oo “Uy Z TUL > XY A rt OU, ~ SS “yy \) Yy M4) » wn’ Z " ~N “Ny » A 7, 4, S 0 Z N M, S an” “ny UY S \») w ° Ny ~ % S \’ Yy zt N "y z SS 7 s NS = = V2 we %, z s s IN A S / Ss ty = S Ss e oN S S s @ Z S = / > NEN a S S 3 z S / S ZN S > Ss = \ a s Liles A % Sige hag Nee Oe S = SN % > / S 2 = = = Sy = > > = = $ lovee e = \ = ijl, weie ® ei = = = = \ = > i] > 2 = = => = = 3 Wt 2 aS 5 | Drain ig G \ = C) 2 € Hrcapnat as ° = ! 3 ALTAR E | = | Saco nt yon! iui, ® = = 3 % = Ves so pl = 2 \ = Sas E A = > = 4 = @ C) 6 oS hy = z re Seyi = Zz = > = A Nas, Sli = O Wie Sa S 4 \ = = = plik We Sook s > = ae #)/ $ % % SY = % NE e S s S Ne ae e S ti SS % % \ S Sz Ne 7, » 7, s % N Vy, . 7 SS Zz N % \* S Zz NG Uy, yw La SS z \ S yy 4, “yy ts) e yw s Ly > “ny, pani” w Z > May, yin! RY ly ~~ SOOT TL Lae x Z = “ SS My =~ a ws "yy, ~ roe a Xs y “ny oe es te 0) C7) i “ny nn rN rrerer an nnearnn enter rent 32ME49 LEGEND LAST ARIKARA EARTHLODGE MAPPED FROM SURFACE INDICATIONS e@ Post —-—— Approximate location fo} 10 20 of house wall FEET OTIS you Earth ridge 1397 ann! 9-8-1954 RSP Ficure 1.—Floor plan of the last Arikara earthlodge. Riv. BAS. Sur. Pap. No. 26]. SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 15 Four large posts, at a radius of between 11 and 11.5 feet from the center of the fireplace and enclosing an area about 16 feet square, had formed the central foundation of the structure. Beyond these were 16 postholes arranged in a circle 56.5 feet in diameter. These were spaced rather regularly on a formula of 14 feet, 14 feet, 16 feet, and repeat, starting with the first post south of the entrance. This would leave a space of 8 feet between the outer post ring and the center of the ring-mound, which would indicate walls with a 45° slope if it is assumed that the leaner butts were at the approximate center of the mound and that the posts of the outer ring were 8 feet in height. Photographs, however, show that the wall was much steeper (pl. 1), indicating that the crest of the rmg-mound was beyond the position of the leaner butts. The position of the altar was indicated by a flat-topped mound a foot in height, 6 feet wide and 10 feet long, which projected from the wall toward the fireplace, opposite the entrance. The eastward opening entrance passageway was indicated by a narrow gap in the mound and there was but little else to mark its former presence. Three depressions marking posthole positions were found, but only a few heaps of earth marked the sides. Pictures taken in 1908 show very little earth present on the top of this feature (Curtis, 1909, pl. 157). These pictures show that each side of the entrance was formed by placing small poles close together with the butts on or in the ground and with the tops against a horizontal beam parallel with the long axis of the entryway. On the outside of these, five long poles have been fastened horizontally. The front pair of vertical support posts is plainly shown, and these carried the hori- zontal side beams which rest on top of the posts and not in forks. On top of these side beams are placed cross-members of hewn or sawn timbers to form the roof. Earth covered the top but was not piled against the sides, explaining why only the faintest traces of mounds remained to mark the sides of the entrance passage. As indicated by the gap in the ring-mound and by the position of the three visible postholes, the entranceway extended outward 18 feet from the crest of the encircling mound. It measured 6 feet 4 inches between the one pair of oppositely placed postholes, and the position of the re- maining posthole beyond the pair suggests that the entrance narrowed toward the outer end. Inside the earthen ring the surface was somewhat uneven, with a much lower and narrower ring-mound present at a point midway be- tween the center posts and the outer ring of support posts. Except for this low ring the surface level varied from an approximate equality with that outside to 7 inches above it. A few tests indicated that the fill above the floor was shallow, averaging no more than 6 to 8 inches in depth. Evidently there was no excavation for the floor, although 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuy. 185 surface inequalities were probably scraped away, and the use to which it was subjected over a period of 10 or 12 years probably resulted in lowering the floor to some extent. The structure is said to have been built as a community center, a place to hold dances and ceremonies, and in order that the younger people might learn how an earthlodge was built. We were not told why it was pulled down but received the impression that it was falling into disrepair through the weakening of the timbers by decay. The main timbers, however, must have been sound if, as the Christman interview suggests, they were sold at auction. It is possible to compare this Beaver Creek lodge with the last two ceremonial lodges built by the Arikara while still living as villagers before being scattered upon individual allotments. The most recent of these is that excavated by a State Historical Society of North Da- kota—National Park Service party under the direction of Glenn Klein- sasser at the site of Like-a-Fishhook Village during the summer of 1950.® The lodge stood in the northwest part of the village, its former loca- tion being marked by the most prominent ring-mound present. The Arikara occupied a separate section of the village, and the ceremonial lodge appears to have been located at the approximate center of their quarter. A large open space lay in front of it, in which no houses had been built. The village site has never been under cultivation and has become well sodded in the approximately 65 years since it was aban- doned. A number of depressions in the sod, inside the ring-mound, believed at first to mark the presence of subfloor storage features, proved to mark the positions of the large postholes into which the earth had settled as the post butts decayed. Upon excavation the floor showed the usual earthlodge pattern (fig. 2): a central fireplace, four large postholes arranged to form a square about it, and the holes for an outer circle of large posts that had carried stringers against which slabs or poles had been leaned to form the walls. A covered vestibulelike entrance was in- dicated, but no altar was found. Posthole positions at the back of the lodge suggest that such a feature was present but was not recognized during excavation. The central fireplace, which measured 81 inches north-south by 72 inches east-west, was a simple, basin-shaped pit 21 inches in depth, filled and overflowing with white ash, the ashes extending to a height of 2.5 inches above floor level. The earth beneath showed the effects of fire to a depth of 6 inches. 6 Field notes and floor plans of this lodge, as well as a photograph of it made by the pioneer photographer 8S. J. Morrow about 1870, have been made available by the State Historical Society of North Dakota. Description of the lodge is based upon these data. Riv, Bas. SUR. SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 17 LIMIT OF EXCAVATION 32ML2 LEGEND CEREMONIAL LODGE Courtesy: State Historical Society of North Dakota FIREPLACE =a fc) 10 20 30 40 ‘©O} CACHE PIT Feet a T402 ce) POST HOLE RSP 9-22-1954 Ficure 2.—Floor plan of Arikara ceremonial lodge at Like-a-Fishhook Village, 32ML2. Four postholes (or pairs of postholes) were present at a distance of from 14 to 17 feet from the center of this hearth, and formed the corners of a rectangle about 20 feet square. The secondary set of roof supports formed a circle at an average distance of about 30 feet from the center of the fireplace. Actually this distance was not uniform, these postholes being found at distances ranging from 28 to 34 feet. Several series of leaner butts were found at a distance of approxi- mately 6 feet beyond the secondary posts, making possible an estimate of about 75 feet as the inner diameter of the structure. The ring- mound measured 80 feet in diameter from crest to crest. 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buin. 185 The center postholes measured from 13 to 19.5 inches in diameter, while those in the secondary ring ranged from 11 to 19 inches with an average diameter of nearly 16 inches. Post butts did not always fill the holes, being as much as 5 inches smaller in some instances. Tighteners had been driven down beside some of them, billets of wood replacing the bison bones sometimes found serving this purpose in earlier lodges. There is some confusion in the notes regarding the depth of postholes, but apparently the center posts were planted deeper than those of the outer row, the holes for which varied from 14 to 30 inches in depth. The leaners ranged from 2 to 8.5 inches in diameter but in general measured about 4 to 5 inches. The data regarding the entrance present a confusing picture. There is a strong suggestion in the excavated evidence that the entrance was somewhat shorter than that of the later lodge at Beaver Creek and that it projected only a short distance beyond the wall of the lodge. The Morrow photograph, however, shows an entranceway of approx- imately the same proportions as those of the Beaver Creek structure (pl.2,¢@). The floor was slightly saucer-shaped, being deeper at the center than at the edges. There was no suggestion that it had been intentionally excavated below the surface of the ground, its depth below the present surface being no more than might reasonably be expected as the result of the wear incident to 20 years of use. A small pocket cache which was present near the fireplace measured 6 inches in diameter at the mouth but expanded to 13 inches by the time bottom was reached at a depth of 15.5 inches. Except for its earth fill it contained only a piece of cloth which had been folded several times. The depth of fill above the floor varied from 14 inch directly above the ash at the center to as much as 21 inches at the edges and was composed of a lighter-colored, less compact soil than that forming the floor. A good yield of artifacts came from this fill, but the cultural remains from the floor were rather scanty. Although the dates for the erection and destruction of this lodge cannot be given with pinpoint accuracy, it is possible to give them rather closely. The Arikara moved to this site following an attack on their village across the river (82ME16) in August 1862 and aban- doned it at some time between 1880 and 1890. In 1950 an Arikara informant 65 years of age said that he was born at Like-a-Fishhook Village but had been told that only a few people were living there at that time. Apparently the village was largely abandoned by 1886. During the last 2 months of the 1951 field season a Missouri Basin Project party under Donald D. Hartle excavated a number of lodge floors at the Star Village site (832ME16, map 1), the last village built by the Arikara before they joined the Mandan and Hidatsa at Like- a-Fishhook Village. A ring-mound in the west-central part of this Riv. Bas. Sor. aatal! Pap. No. 26] SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 19 LEGEND e@ POST HOLES SITE 32MEI6 FEATURE 12 = TRENCH ° $ 0 20 FEET T395 RSP 9-6-1954 Ficure 3.—Floor plan of Arikara ceremonial lodge (Feature 12) at Star Village, 32ME16. site, much larger than the others, was said to mark the position of the ceremonial lodge or “dance lodge” as it was called locally. Excavation here revealed the floor of a structure varying from 75 to 77 feet in diameter (fig. 3). No fireplace was present, possibly owing to the short time the structure was in use. Four centerposts, 1.2 to 1.9 feet in diameter and set to a depth of 1.3 to 1.6 feet, formed the central foundation and enclosed an area approximately 20 feet square, with the rear pair of posts some 2 feet farther apart than those in front. Twenty postholes ranging from a foot to 1.7 feet in diameter, and with the same range in depth, formed a rather irreg- 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 ular ring about the central four, at a distance of from 25 to 388 feet from the center of the central area, those in the front of the lodge being the closest. At from 5 to 11 feet beyond these—most commonly at 7.5 feet, and with the distance being the greatest in the front of the lodge—was a shallow, narrow trench which held the butts of many small posts, presumably of leaners which supported the earthen sides of the lodge (pl. 2, 5). The entrance was to the east, between 6 and 7 feet in width and approximately 12 feet in length. After excavation it was found to be outlined by two shallow trenches with a post butt remaining at the outer end of each. At each side of the inner end of the entrance, but out of the trench, was a small, shallowly set post butt, each of which was surrounded by a circle of small holes each containing the butt of a willow rod an inch in diameter. There was no indication of an altar, nor were there any floor or subfloor features other than those already noted. Since this village was occupied only a few months—there is a tradition that some houses were still under construction when the site was abandoned—it is possible that this structure was unfinished at the time the village was abandoned and that eventually it would have contained a fireplace and an altar. The three structures which have been described are basically simi- lar but vary somewhat in detail. The same basic similarity and variation is found in all, and in the traditional pattern for the building of the ceremonial structure as obtained by Gilmore (1931, pp. 47-70) in 1926. According to his informants the ceremonial lodge stood in the center of the village with an open space before it where the Grandfather Rock and the Sacred Cedar stood. In the center of the lodge, forming the starting point from which all measurements were made, was the fireplace, the diameter of which was the length of a man lying prone—66 to 74 inches. One informant said that in the construction of this feature the earth was removed down to the hard subsoil. Another stated that it was “dug to a depth such that the original level of the ground would be at the waist of a man standing within it, and the earth excavated . . . . was laid in a circular ridge about it until a man standing within could just see over it” (ibid., p. 69). The four center posts enclosed an area 6 paces square according to one of the informants—between 15 and 18 feet. The second inform- ant stated that the center posts were set at a distance of 2 arm spans of a man from the center of the hearth—between 11 and 12 feet. These four posts were in turn enclosed within a ring of 12 secondary posts which should stand at a distance of 3 paces (7.5 to 8 feet) beyond the posts of the central square, and 4 paces apart. There is the same lack of agreement in the accounts of the distance at which bay. No 26), SMALL SITES ABOUT FORT BERTHOLD—METCALF 21 the leaners were placed from the secondary posts, one man stating that the butts were placed at a distance of but 1 pace beyond them, while the other informant places them at twice that distance—at the arm span of a man. The covered entranceway was oriented to the rising sun, the door- way, fireplace, and altar being in line. The inner end of the entrance was at a distance of 314 arm spans from the center of the fireplace according to one informant. One gave its width as 1 arm span (68 to 72 inches), while the other made it 3 paces (90 inches) ; both stated that length and width were equal. The altar, made of puddled clay mixed with grass, stood at the center of the back wall, opposite the entrance. It was an arm span wide, north-south, and its length was “the space required for a man to sit on his knees and heels and have room in front of him to lay out the Sacred Bundle” (ibid., p. 56). The second informant made it the spread of a man’s arms in each direction. Both agreed that the height was the length of a man’s hand from the wrist line to the tip of the middle finger. A post 4 to 6 inches in diameter was set at each of the front corners. No mention was made of an excavation for the floor, but it was said that the women leveled it on their knees and that it was sprinkled with water. Little or no excavation has been done at the Fort Clark site at which the Arikara lived for over a generation before moving to the Star and Like-a-Fishhook Villages. At the still earlier Leaven- worth site a number of houses, among them the ceremonial lodge, were opened by William Duncan Strong for the Bureau of Amer- ican Ethnology in 1932. = Miles ~ =i"ee 32ML34 Bad Brave Site \ - 32MLI4 (Approximate Location) Watford City 32ML42_ The Slides ' 32DU8 1 32DU9 AG = Bs Te BS ix 32ML48 ; jan = =I 2ML¢ ttle Butt pets, Independence 4 -32ML39 Nightwaolkers Butte in the oe ie Potente : i 4 Bull Pasture 32MLIO FORT BERTHOLD' INDIAN 32ML2 Like-a-Fishhook Village 32MLI_ Fort Stevenson : ne. CMM Mh RESERVATION eaitieet y. it Elbowoods\ a Ci te &X GARRISON RESERVOIR . Bismarck 32MEI5 s2DU2 Rock Village 32ME55 32DU25 Hunting Lodge 32ME54 32ME63 32ME43 ent TON a (a 32ME62 32ME16 Stor Village 32ME66 South Renner Site 32ME49 Last Arikara Earthlodge 32ME61 \ 32ME65 North Renner Site Map 2.—Sites in the Garrison Reservoir area, North Dakota. | | - - f { by : Fe : oo at a he ore 5 7 1) : ‘ : ; : % = . / . 7 ee i \. 7 5 2 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Butu. 185 32MEI6 STAR SITE O 50 100 150 | SCALE IN FEET Map 3.—The Star Village site (32ME16). Riv. Bas, Sur. Pav. No. 27] STAR VILLAGE—METCALF 71 ately available to the north and east. Despite its natural advantages the Arikara occupation of the terrace was destined to be a short and tragic one. The site has never been under cultivation and stands out plainly on the terrace with house and ditch remains clear and well marked (pl. 14). In 1951 tall prairie grass covered the ditch and the plainly visible ring-mounds which marked the sites of the structures which once formed the village. Depressions marked the positions of caches and borrow pits. The large house rings showed little tendency toward alinement except along the north side of the site, where they were closely spaced and tended to be arranged in rows parallel to the long axis of the site. Somewhat west of the center of the site was an especially large ring-mound which local people insisted marked the site of the ceremonial lodge or “dance lodge” as they referred to it. A large open space had been left in front of this structure, and 16 house rings formed a circle about it and the associated plaza in front with an irregular circle of mounds present outside the first. The re- mainder of the house rings were placed without order (map 3). The village arrangement, while compact, was less so than at Rock Vil- lage (82ME15), an earlier site believed to be attributable to the Hidatsa. It was also somewhat less compact than such earlier sites as the late component of 89ST1 at the mouth of the Cheyenne River, the upper component of the Dodd site (89ST30), or the Phillips Ranch site (39ST14), all of which are tentatively assigned to the Arikara. Many of the house sites showed traces of an irregular depression, sometimes shallow, but occasionally rather deep, at the outside edge of the ring-mound, a trait previously noted enly for the Leavenworth site (Strong, 1940, p. 366). These are considered to represent borrow pits from which earth was taken to bank the sides and cover the roofs of the lodges. No occupational debris was present on the surface of the site, and little was found in the excavations. No trace was found of a midden. A rectangular feature outlined by low earth banks was present outside the ditch, southwest of the village. We were told that this marked the site of a log house occupied by a white trader who was with the Arikara during their sojourn at the site. Excavation did not substantiate this identification. The earliest mention of this site appears to be in a report from Samuel N. Latta, United States Agent, Upper Missouri Agency, to Hon. William P. Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and dated from Yankton, Dakota Territory, August 27, 1862. Latta writes: “June 5—Arrived at Fort Berthold. ...Same day [June 5] we passed to the opposite side of the river, where the Rees are building, upon a beautiful slope overlooking the river, their new village, quite convenient to a fine body of timber. They were so harrassed by the 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 Sioux at their old village [Fort Clark], some eighty miles below, that they were forced to abandon it; also their corn patches which they had tilled for so many years, for new ones, scratched among the weeds and bushes in the bottom of their present place with hoes. Their village is built principally of dirt lodges; here and there a log cabin put up in good style, with fireplaces and chimneys” (Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the year 1862, p. 194). In the same letter Latta tersely reports the attack on the village by the Dakota. “About the ist of August last a large party of Sioux at- tacked the Arikarees in their village, killing a number of them, to- gether with a white man trading at that place. They were repulsed with a loss of some 30 killed.” In the same year Lewis H. Morgan visited the upper Missouri River, stopping briefly at the recently abandoned Fort Clark village, at Like-a-Fishhook Village, Fort Berthold, and visiting the new village which the Arikara were then building. He places the latter “two miles above the Minnitaree [Hidatsa] Village, and on the op- posite or southwest side of the river .. .”. Regarding his brief visit to the Arikara here he says; “I found them actively engaged in the construction of a new village. It is back on the bluff, about half a mile from the river” (Morgan, 1871, p. 30). It is of interest to note that while Latta mentions the presence of log cabins in this village at the time of his visit, Morgan makes no mention of them, although at the Fort Clark village he saw “several rectangular houses constructed of hewn logs” (ibid., p. 42). The Missouri Basin Project party recognized nothing at 32ME16 in 1951 which in any way suggested the former presence of log cabins. In 1908 A. B. Stout mapped a number of village sites for the State Historical Society of North Dakota, among them one which he labeled “The Large Arikara Village Site” (map 4) and, in addition, the smaller village site to the west of this. The map of the larger site is, without question, a map of 32ME16. This map shows 84 lodge rings and one rectangular earth-bank enclosure within the encircling ditch and one outside it. In addition to measuring the diameter of each lodge ring, Stout numbered them and obtained a partial list of the owners’ names, 21 in all. That he was able to obtain such a list 1s not at all surprising since the village had been abandoned only 46 years previously and his informant had lived there. Stout’s field notes, in the files of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, describe the adjacent terrain as characterized by gentle slopes and level areas, the latter cut by a stream bed. = Aa ee ee a eee tee 116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun 185 By using the largest number of single skeletal elements present in the remains from the entire site to determine the number of individ- uals surely present we find bison, as might be expected, in the lead. Three mature bison are indicated by the distal ends of three right humeri, and one immature animal is represented by four bones. Dog (or coyote) was next most common, the 22 bones coming from at least 2 of these animals, 1 of which was mature and one markedly immature. A fragment of carapace indicated the presence of turtle, and deer (or antelope) was also represented by a single bone. Two immature dorsal vertebrae from a single find-spot were the only elk remains. Breaking the animal bones down by find-spots we find them repre- sented as follows: Bison Dog Elk Deer Turtle Ma- | Imma- Indi- Ma- | Imma- Indi- No. of | Indi- ture ture | viduals ture ture | viduals bones | viduals Feature 1___ 6 2 2 Uf, A wa at cis 2 rie ea I Feature 3___ AM eek es Ly tia ih soem Py ret lhe ede fn be Sees IL as EPS ea CUTS ay Ua a esa MN sa sce a Seeger | Se el | Feature 8__-_ AM ie ee UD yes Pal A ee ary See lk eal Se |e a | ee Feature 12__ 5 2 Bol hae ee 21 il DENS eee ene ate | ene Feature 10__ iLiad bee Eee UL hs Ze Ba a 110) | Best eee Feature 15__ PAY Eee Deh snc | A dl Di EE ae Its ae 2 a | Provenience unknown_- ay eee 1 Ey] Peete Ee se lene een Re esc ee geass e 2 1 Rovalesee= 25 4 10 1 Poi 1 2 1 2 1 This table shows no animal remains from Feature 5. It may be that those for which the exact find-spot is unknown came from that feature. Disregarding the remains whose provenience is unknown, we find bison remains from all the other structures, including Features 10 and 15. Feature 1 yielded remains of two bison and the single ex- ample of deer or antelope from the site. The greatest yield in number of individuals represented is from Feature 12 which showed remains of two mature and one immature bison and two canines. It may be pointed out that the immature canine remains were made up of parts of a skull, including a lower jaw, right and left tibiae and fibulae, right radius, ulna, and astragalus, right and left calcanea, and right and left metapodials. It is interesting that bison remains were found in both Features 10 and 15, those in Feature 10 being in the fireplace. From this structure also came the fragment of turtle carapace. VEGETAL REMAINS Evidence of the vegetal foods of the Arikara were even more scantily represented at the site than were remains of the animal foods. A single charred corn kernel from House 1 represents the entire inven- Riv. Bas. Sour. Pav. NO. 27] STAR VILLAGE—METCALF Tale7 tory of vegetal food remains from this village occupied by a tribal group identified in the Sign Language as “Corn People” or “Corn Eaters.” Although this may represent an actual scarcity of this type of food, we must remember that corn is seldom found in any quantity on the floors of earthlodges and that no caches or middens were ex- cavated at the site. Furthermore, the site was occupied for only a short time and that, too, during the spring months, at a time when normal corn reserves would naturally have been at a low point, and it was abandoned before a new crop was harvested. DISCUSSION Owing to the combination of a relatively small area investigated and the paucity of cultural debris incident to the brief occupation of the site, less was learned about the material culture of the Arikara of the 1860 period than was hoped for when the project was initiated. A handicap to the interpretation of such data as were recovered is present in the lack of comparable excavation at the Fort Clark site which immediately preceded Star Village and where the Arikara had lived for the preceding generation. At the Leavenworth site, which precedes the occupation of Fort Clark, a certain amount of excavation has been carried out, but only a small part of this has been adequately reported. At the Fort Berthold site (82ML2) to which the tribe retreated from Star Village and where they lived until scattered upon individual allotments, a considerable amount of archeological investi- gation has recently been done, the full report of which is still in preparation. However, the picture is less dark than the preceding remarks might indicate. A good impression of the life and history of this tribal group and its rapidly changing culture may be gleaned from the reports of the traders Truteau and Tabeau, the Journals of Lewis and Clark, and from the writings of such travelers as Bradbury and Brackenridge a decade later. Chardin’s Fort Clark Journal, while primarily a source for study of trader contacts with the Mandan and Hidatsa, contains a few notes relative to the Arikara of 1837-38. Denig, also a trader, left an account of this tribe, and there are other references of varying importance. As has been noted earlier, Lewis Henry Morgan paused briefly among them in 1862 and left a short account of some of their tools and weapons still in use or whose use had been only recently abandoned. A few items regarding these northern Caddoans are to be winnowed from studies of the Hidatsa made by such students as Washington Matthews and Gilbert L. Wilson. Finally, there are the reports of the Indian agents and much material of varying degrees of value in the National Archives. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buun. 185 The impression gained from study of these records is of a steadily declining native culture, a decline which accelerated in speed through the years until, after the Arikara lost most of their material culture, their social and political system also broke down in the closing decades of the 19th century. With this impression the scanty archeological evidence from Star Village fully agrees. Although the bow was still in use in 1862, iron had replaced stone for arrowpoints, and a gun flint and a lead ball against an iron arrowpoint give a 2 to 1 ratio in favor of guns at the site. Iron knives had replaced the stone and bone blades. Steel files had taken the place of most of the sandstone and scoria abraders found at earlier sites. Iron augers were being used, and although not found, evidence on wooden and bone objects allows us to add axes and saws to the inventory of iron tools in use at the site. Pottery vessels, although recorded for the site, were much less in evidence, archeologically, than iron cups, buckets, glazed earthenware, and glass containers of Caucasian origin. Glass beads were not uncommon, and buttons were found. Although a shell pendant from the site is probably of native manufacture, the material owed its presence to trade. The number and distribution of iron nails at the site suggests that lashing with leather or sinew was less common than in former times or, alternatively, that wooden boxes were being used for storage, replacing to some extent the rawhide parfleche and bags presumably used by this group at an earlier period. It is regrettable that lack of funds forced the abandonment of plans to excavate the site of the winter village occupied by the Arikara during the preceding winter, which gave promise of a higher yield of artifacts. To what extent acculturation had affected the more perishable items we have little or no direct archeological evidence. From mu- seum collections we know that basketry was made until a much later period. We may suppose that cloth was used to a greater extent in common wear than formerly, and the finding of both glass and metal buttons at the site suggests that some garments of non-native pattern were in use there. Glass embroidery beads were relatively common and may well mark a decline in the use of poreupine-quill embroidery. Although the woven blanket had probably replaced the leather robe, it is not improbable that such trade items as beads, ribbon, shells, and mirrors and the use of metal tools allowed the making of more colorful ceremonial and war costumes than formerly. It may be noted here that while objects of Caucasian origin are com- monly referred to as trade material, not all of them were obtained by the native groups from traders. Presents made by the United States Government through the Indian agents formed a source of this ma- terial from an early period, and the flow of goods supplied by the In- dian Department increased in volume after the beginning of the Riv. Bas. Suez. Pap. No. 27] STAR VILLAGE—METCALF 119 treaty-making period. Indian Department records in the National Archives contain a list of goods requested for the Upper Missouri Agency in 1862, to be distributed in accordance with the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty. This list includes such items as cloth, guns, gunflints, powder and ball, combs, hoop iron, and kettles. Objects found at Star Village which are on this list include tin cups, at 60 cents per dozen, butchers knives costing $3.00 per dozen, and beads at $1.00 per pound. In 1862 the earthlodge was still retained as the common type of dwelling, but evidence has been presented above for believing that an aberrant house form was present. However, the earthlodge itself had undergone a change in the approximately 100 to 125 years preceding the occupation of this site. The change from the house pattern found at the upper level of the Dodd site, at the Phillip Ranch, Buffalo Pas- ture, and 39ST1 sites has already been discussed in detail. The circle of closely set posts at the outer edge of the lodge had been abandoned, and a further change seems to have taken place in the entranceway, where the shorter Mandan-Hidatsa type appears to have replaced the longer entrance of the earlier period. The earthlodge of the Arikara of 1862 definitely cannot be described as semisubterranean. It is of interest that no evidence of the presence of a screen between the entrance and the fireplace was found at this site. This was a marked feature of the lodges of the Mandan and Hidatsa, but as far as Iam aware it has not been reported for the Arikara. The centrally located, plazalike open space in front of the ceremonial lodge may be a trait taken over by the Arikara from their sedentary Siouan neigh- bors, although the map of the Phillips Ranch site suggests a tendency toward a centrally located ceremonial lodge surrounded by a rather regularly spaced ring of houses (Lehmer, 1954, p. 84). More data are needed regarding this detail of Arikara village plans. It may be that an already existing trend was strengthened by the generation- long residence of the tribe on the site of the old Mandan village at Fort Clark where the ceremonial plaza was already in existence. Earthlodges at Star Village fell into a general pattern in being circular, with central fireplace, four single or multiple primary foun- dation posts, and a variable number of outer support posts. Short, vestibule-type entrances were indicated. Actually there was a great variation between individual structures, and they conformed to pat- tern only in a general way. Specifically there was great variation in the number and position of the posts in the outer ring, in the centering of the fireplace, and in the centering of the four foundation posts. Possibly the earthlodge pattern was breaking down at this time and the people of this group were following the older pattern only in a slovenly way. Data from Arikara houses built at a later period at Like-a-Fishhook Village should be of value in determining this. 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLn. 185 Another possibility is that the building at Star Village was done in haste and that, had the occupation of the site continued, the structures would eventually have been rebuilt in conformity to the traditional method. A third possibility bearing on the house pattern as found here rests on the question of the readily available supply of suitable timber. Agent Latta reported that the village was being built adjacent to a good stand of timber. However, the post butts uncovered during the excavation of the site were small and one received the impression at that time that suitable timber was scarce and hard to obtain. Star Village and the smaller village immedi- ately west of it contained about 100 houses. These would require a total of 400 large center posts, and well over a thousand would be needed for the outer ring. Assuming an average house diameter of 35 feet, 26,000 poles or puncheons with an average diameter of 6 inches would be required as leaners for the structures, and thou- sands more would be required for framing the roofs. This would put a heavy strain on the timber resources of an area where suitable timber was present only on the flood plain of the Missouri River. Moreover, it must be remembered that this site was in close proximity to the palisaded Mandan-Hidatsa earthlodge village where two pali- saded, log-built. trading posts were present, all having been built during the preceding 17 years. It may be that suitable timber was not overly abundant and that the Arikara, building hurriedly, made shift with what could be most easily obtained, even though lack of uniformity in posts resulted in lack of alinement in the house mem- bers. Nine years later, in 1871, wood was so scarce in the vicinity that we find the traders at Fort Berthold buying an earthlodge and wrecking it for wood (Van Ostrand, 1943, p. 84) and at the same time mining and hauling 18 loads of coal a distance of 17 miles. “Must have it or be cold this winter,” wrote a clerk in his diary (ibid., p. 87). The limited amount of excavation carried out at the Star Village site in 1951 adds one more link to the chain of sites and data reach- ing from the documented present into the undocumented prehistoric past of the Arikara. A portion of the last village site of this tribe has been explored, and it is understood that a study of the data ob- tained is now underway. A certain amount of work has been done at the Leavenworth site and associated cemeteries, and some part of this work has been reported. The first of these sites is, with Star Village, now beneath the waters of the Garrison Reservoir; the last will soon be lost beneath the surface of the Oahe Reservoir. One 4Work was resumed at the Leavenworth site in the summer of 1960 by a University of Nebraska field party under an agreement with the National Park Service. Two more seasons of investigations are planned for the site. Hp. Riv. BAS. Sur. Lew Pap. No. 27] STAR VILLAGE—METCALF 121 important site, one which links the three, that at Fort Clark, still awaits investigation and at the present is not endangered by the projects which are rapidly changing the Missouri River into a series of man-made lakes. Undocumented sites of the early White contact period have received considerable attention in the Oahe Reservoir, and the report of the work at the Dodd and Phillips Ranch sites has already been published. More work is in progress, and when the Fort Clark site is eventually excavated, it will make available a continuous body of data on the cultural history of the Arikara un- surpassed by that of any other Plains tribe. REFERENCES CITED ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE, HDITOR. 1932. Chardon’s journal at Fort Clark, 1834-1839. Pierre. ANONYMOUS. 1953. The use of Indian rangeland on the Fort Berthold Reservation as affected by the Garrison Reservoir. Missouri River Basin Prog- ress Report, March 1958, pp. 51-57. BAVENDICK, FRANK J. 1941. Climate of North Dakota. Yearbook of Agriculture, pp. 1045-1054. Washington, D.C. Brown, Mark H., and FEtron, W. R. 1955. The frontier years. New York. DENIG, EDWIN THOMPSON. 1953. Of the Crow Nation. John C. Ewers, ed. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 151, Anthrop. Pap. No. 33. DUNLEvVy, MARION LUCILE. 1936. A comparison of the cultural manifestations of the Burkett and Gray- Wolfe sites. In “Chapters in Nebraska Archaeology,” by E. H. Bell, vol. 1, pp. 11-145. Lincoln. HARTLE, DONALD D. The Rock Village site. Manuscript report in files of River Basin Surveys, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., and Div. Archeol., U.S. Nat. Mus. Haxo, Henry H. 1941. The Journal of La Verendrye, 1738-39. North Dakota Hist. Quart. vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 229-271. HEnrRy, ALEXANDER, and THOMPSON, DaAyIp. 1897. New light on the early history of the greater Northwest. Elliott Coues, ed. 3vols. New York. KAPPLER. C. J. 1904. Laws and treaties. Vol. 1, Laws. Washington, D.C. Kurz, R. F. 1937. Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz. . . 1846-1852. Transl. by Myrtis Jarrell. Ed. by J.N.B. Hewitt. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 115. LATTA, SAMUEL N. 1868. Report in Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Year 1862. Washington, D.C. LEHMER, DONALD J. 1954. Archeological investigations in the Oahe Dam area, South Dakota, 1950-51. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 158, Riv. Bas. Surv. Pap. No. 7. 597967—63——11 122 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun. 185 Lippy, O. G. 1908. Typical villages of the Mandans, Arikara and Hidatsa in the Missouri Valley, North Dakota. Coll. North Dakota State Hist. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 498-508. 1920. The Arikara narrative of the campaign against the hostile Dakotas, June, 1876. Coll. North Dakota State Hist. Soc., vol. 6, 276 pp. MATTHEWS, WASHINGTON. 1877. Ethnography and philology of the Hidatsa Indians. Miscellaneous Publ. No. 7, U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Washington, D.C. MAXIMILIAN, see Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz von. METCALF, GEORGE. 1963. Notes on some small sites on and about Fort Berthold Indian Reserva- tion, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota. Bur. Amer. Hthnol. Bull. 185, Riv. Bas. Surv. Pap. No. 26. Morcan, Lewis H. 1871. Some stone and bone implements of the Arickarees. 21st Ann. Rep. Regents Univ. State New York, pp. 25-46. REID, RUSSELL. 1947-1948. Lewis and Clark in North Dakota. Bismarck. Stout, A. B. 1908. Field notes; files of the State Hist. Soc. of North Dakota. Bismarck. Srrone, WILLIAM DUNCAN. 1935. An introduction to Nebraska archeology. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 93, No. 10. 1940. From history to prehistory in the northern Great Plains. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 100, pp. 353-394. VAN OSTRAND, FERDINAND A. 1943. Diary of Ferdinand A. Van Ostrand, pt. 8. Russell Reid, ed. North Dakota Hist. Quart., vol. 10, No. 2. WEDEL, WALDO RUDOLPH. 1936. An introduction to Pawnee archeology. Bur. Amer. Hthnol. Bull. 112. WHEELER, OLIN D. 1904. The trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804-1904. 2 vols. New York and London. WieEp-NEUWIED, MAXIMILIAN ALEXANDER PHILIPP, PRINZ VON. 1906. Travels in the interior of North America. In “Harly Western Travels.” Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed. Vols. 22-24. Cleveland. WILL, GEORGE F. 1924. Archeology of the Missouri Valley. Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pt. 6, pp. 295-344. WILL, GEORGE F., and HECKER, THAD C. 1944. Upper Missouri River Valley aboriginal culture in North Dakota. North Dakota Hist. Quart., vol. 11, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 5-126. WILSON, GILBERT LIVINGSTONE. 1917. Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian interpretation. Univ. Minnesota Stud. Social Sci., No. 9. 1934. The Hidatsa earthlodge. Bella Weitzner, ed. Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pt. 5, pp. 341-420. WooLwortTH, ALAN R. 1956. Archeological investigations at site 32ME59 (Grandmothers Lodge). North Dakota Hist., vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 78-102. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 12 Artifacts from the Star Village site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE €. fe g. h. i j. k. I. m. n. Artifacts, largely trade material, from the Star Village site. 13 BULLETIN 185 PLATE 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY “OTH NZE “suolye A® 9x9 [C6] 94} sul MOY Seat | JIOU YL I 7 WOl} o1Is a3e I Ty A 1eag ayy Jo MOoIA I BIIIV = BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 15 a, View, from the south, of floor of Feature 1, Star Village site, after excavation, 32ME16. b, View, from the northwest, of floor of Feature 3 of the Star Village site, after excavation 32MEI16. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 16 eee acme? a, View, from the west, of floor of Feature 8 of the Star Village site, after excavation. 32ME16. 3b, View, from the east, of the floor of Feature 12 after excavation, 32ME16. 597967—63 13 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 17 . “Ke 5 aM. SRR a, View of cross section of Feature 14, a small storage pit in the Star Village site, 32ME16. b, View, from the south, of Feature 15 of the Star Village site, 32ME16. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 185 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 28 The Dance Hall of the Santee Bottoms on the Fort Berthold Reservation, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota By DONALD D. HARTLE 123 _ flediell jroll adll no aurcltcd selon add Jo el sound gat ‘ f n ‘ cs io ies sf w 4 i 7 7 nit dee) ov) Vi We ieorieoh = om a m | e> sai ix both mode 4 ii iks Gs air “fein sha loashoiat f oxicek ann ae atte Pe re ka CONTENTS PAGE Introduction. _—+—.-=- ae I Bs ge nee 127 FIGS LOR yen seeciee je etait em etue yt Ae Nie en ey eM Nee Joe Mace 128 ESCH IPC HOTU © heme ma ene ave NLL Ne lee SNS Fete heh ooh DE RS 128 (encralecomment sce itr. stay .ba 2h Se et) peer e Erin te ca ath. Aer vee uli 132 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE (Plate follows page 132) 18. a, View of the dance hall in the Santee Bottoms. 6, Detail of wall, roof, and door of the dance hall in the Santee Bottoms. TEXT FIGURES PAGE 17. Measured drawings of construction details of the dance hall in the HaAnleewBOCtOM Sta sen eee oe eee ee Ted perso ee (facing) 129 18. Measured drawings of construction details of the dance hall in the RSE DOC at ES OL UO TLS eee rae a Rn nen EI fee ae ee 130 125 597967—63—_14 7 £04 oho yr : f Tava De Wa aly = aie aa | \ we = Ber in j i hae 4orbram: BLT --oligin eer... ; ; .) teeing pidoe, ACNTARTARLT ; ‘ Aa! 4 7 a « vndet ty at ‘ - 7 F } r se ay aw iat ool aolaeh wit ol lied spaeh ae te wal * e Wie 9 > maioll [Lert onl ned le pt Dek tegen i AOL eat pt ad. i ite jal ij i HIEZAD HianmhAad Te aprtay ny : GP (naiwid) at eek water add at tine ah ots fo efivtel) oleae Yo aeliw ash benaneby oe a ; P Litt ea OOO Serra apt * . w® : A J; * ai : THE DANCE HALL OF THE SANTEE BOTTOMS ON THE FORT BERTHOLD RESERVATION, GARRISON RESERVOIR, NORTH DAKOTA * By Donatp D. Harrie INTRODUCTION A unique structure remaining on the Fort Berthold Indian Reser- vation is an old dance hall, a ceremonial building which in some re- spects appears to have been an outgrowth of the old Mandan and Hidatsa earthlodges (pl. 18, a). The dance hall (82ML41) is located in sec. 30, T. 149 N., R. 90 W., McLean County, N. Dak. Prior to cultivation, the bottom land surrounding the dance hall was covered with the typical flora of the area, mainly cottonwood and willow. In the summer of 1954, however, the immediate area was under cultivation. George Metcalf, at that time assistant archeologist of the Smith- sonian Institution Missouri Basin Project staff, now a member of the Division of Archeology, United States National Museum, recorded this site in 1950 while making a reconnaissance of the area to be in- undated by the Garrison Reservoir. It was later decided that since the site was one of the many that would be flooded by the Garrison Reservoir in the near future, a complete record of the structure should be made. During the summer of 1952 the writer, archeologist of the Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys staff, assisted by Charles Proctor and Robert Williams, students at the University of Oklahoma, temporarily employed by the Missouri Basin Project, visited the site. This party obtained precise measurements and a de- scription of the dance hall. Presumably the structure will be demo- lished and the timbers salvaged for various purposes prior to inun- dation. 1 Submitted August 1954. 2The National Park Service in 1952 prepared reports and measured drawings of 12 historic sites to be lost by flooding in the Missouri River Basin. This was in connection with the work of the Historic American Buildings Survey. The Santee Bottoms dance hall was included in the group, the reports and measured drawings of which are on file in the Director’s office in Washington, D.C. 127 128 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 HISTORY Most of the details regarding the history of the dance hall were obtained from Robert W. Rietz, Fort Berthold Agency, in correspond- ence with Robert L. Stephenson, Acting Chief, Missouri Basin Project. Other historical details were obtained from George Metcalf of the Missouri Basin Project and from Arthur Mandan of the Fort Berthold Reservation. The dance hall was constructed in 1918 under the direction of John Doran, one-time watchman at Elbowoods, N. Dak., who was also a local contractor in the Town of Garrison, N. Dak. Although this hall was constructed entirely of wood and was a modern building in some respects, it had many characteristics of the prehistoric and historic earthlodges excavated in the area by the Mis- souri Basin Project. The Indians who built the hall were a proximity group of Mandan and Hidatsa living south and west of the Missouri River, who had broken away from a local Mandan-Hidatsa group, led by Old Dog of Elbowoods. It is generally claimed that members of all three tribes (Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara) were represented in the orig- inal group which was called the “Santee Dancing Society”; however, the names of participating Arikara, if any, are not known. Two Hidatsa, Bird-Lying-Down (on whose allotment the hall was con- structed) and White Body, were leaders of the group. They pro- moted the building of the hall and, later, the formation of a separate eroup which developed its own hereditary positions. Opinions dif- fer with a wide range of reasons for the split into separate groups. Some people feel that there was a political basis m which the two groups backed two different United States Senators, each of whom promised to act in their interests. Other people claim that there were “too many leaders.” Rietz (personal communication) believes that the split “seems to have come about because of the distances involved and the locally developed ambitions of district leaders, following the spread of the people over an increasing area at that time.” Although the structure was called a dance hall, it served for any type of community activity and was used by any person or group of persons in that vicinity. Customarily the same “announcer” served for all affairs. Actually the announcer was a modified position of a ceremonial leader. This hall was last used in 1946, although, when visited in July 1953 by Robert L. Stephenson, it was still in good condition. DESCRIPTION Briefly, the structure had 4 center posts, 13 sides, a double door, a cupola, and a flagpole (pl. 18, a). Center posts—The four center posts (fig. 17, ¢ and d) were each composed of four boards nailed together and overlapping each other 597967 O—63 (Face p. 129) ROOF OF GUPOLA 5.8 HEIGHTS Be A K 7G) TS CROSS SECTION THROUGH LODGE AT 1 4 FEET c VIEW OF LODGE 32ML41 DANCE LODGE IN THE SANTEE BOTTOMS 20 MEASURED DRAWINGS OF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS T7353 10-23-1953 Figure 17.—Measured drawings of construction details of the dance hall in Santee Bottoms. 130 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 TOP OF WALL CORNER DETAIL (x 10 Suu : EE=> NYYY DOOR HINGE CENTER POST e a SITE S2Me4i [nt OANGE LODGE IN THE SANTEE BOTTOMS T352 10=22- 1953 Ficure 18.—Measured drawings of construction details of the dance hall in the Santee Bottoms. Riv. BAS. Sour. Pap. No. 28] SANTEE BOTTOMS DANCE HALL—HARTLE 131 tom width=3.75 feet, height at right side=5.2 feet, height at left side=5.15 feet. The door frame was lined with a casing of two2 X 4’s at each side and one 2 X 4 across the top. The latter extended over the log-filled portion of the door as well as over the later doorway. The door, which opened outward, was 5.65 feet in height and 3.6 feet in width. Regular large commercial iron door hinges were used to hang the door (fig. 18, #). A single log had been cut to conform to the contours of the door casing and was placed horizontally across the entire span of wall No. 1, including both sections of the doorway. The log-filled portion of the doorway was 5.15 feet high and 2.9 feet wide. The door sill was a log and asmall2 X 6. Roof.—The roof supports (fig. 17, c) were 2 x 6’s running from the top of each wall panel to the base of the cupola. The ends of these supports rested upon horizontally placed 4 < 4’s at the base of the cupola, which in turn rested upon the four center posts. Inside each panel from the wall to the cupola base these supports number 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 8, 7, 6, 7, and 7 respectively. Some of these supports did not continue all the way to the base of the cupola but were toe- nailed to adjacent, larger supports which did. Above the supports, the roof boards were 1 X 6’s, 1 X 8’s, and 1 X 12’s, laid flat. Long shingles were nailed to the topside of these roof boards. Oupola.—The cupola was built in a rectangle directly above the four center posts and rested upon the above-mentioned horizontal 4 X 4’s. The area of the cupola was thus the same as that encom- passed by the four center posts. Each of the four center posts had two side braces just below the cupola. These braces started at 6.4 feet. above the floor and extended toward the center of the cupola base. The braces were each 8.2 feet in length and were square, being 0.28 foot in width and thickness. There was a lantern holder on each of the braces making a total of eight. The cupola itself was four-sided with three windows on each side (fig. 17, ¢). The corners of the cupola were of 4 X 4’s, at the top of each of which were two horizontal 2 X 4’s (fig. 18, 5). All four sides were similar. Besides the four corner posts there were eight vertical 2 X 4’s in each side. Three windows were centered in each side, each window measuring 3.0 feet in height and 2.4 feet in width; however, the windows were roughly cut into the walls and were not exact in measurement. There was a 2 X 4 sill at the base of each window to hold the sash. The distance between the center window and the two outer windows in each wall was 0.5 foot. The height of the cupola from base to eaves was 6.27 feet. The roof of the cupola (fig. 17, a and 6) was pyramidal and 3.5 feet in height at center. The roofing stringers were 2X 4’s with one main beam from each corner to the apex and four additional beams toenailed to them. These beams were covered with 1X 8’s and 1 X 12’s, 132 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 and the roof was shingled above these boards in the same manner as the lower part of the dance hall roof. Two single 1X6’s formed a cross at the level of the cupola base. The height from the dance hall floor to base of the cupola (to top of the 4x4) was 12.55 feet. The height from the dance hall floor to the top of the cupola wall was 18.9 feet. The eaves of both the cupola and the main structure ex- tended approximately 2 feet beyond the sides of the structure. A 1X6 placed horizontally, with the wide dimension vertical, is nailed along the edge of the eaves (pl. 18). Miscellaneous.—Three stoves were used in the dance hall, as indi- cated by the presence of three flues. Two were on the south side and one on the north side. A wooden flagpole, approximately 12 feet high, extended vertically from the apex of the cupola roof (fig. 17, c). This flagpole was rectangular at the base, but 1.5 feet above the base the corners were trimmed, and from that point to the top the pole was octagonal. The base of the flagpole was wrapped with tin. GENERAL COMMENT This dance hall was perhaps the last remaining structure of its kind in the Northern Great Plains. The historical data pertaining to it portray a small phase of the ceremonial and social life of a specific group of Indians—Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsa—during the early 20th century. It is a very small but illuminating portion of the history of a frequently migrating people who are now in the midst of a new migration, that of moving from their present homes on the Fort Berthold Reservation. Preservation of a record of the historical background and architectural details of this structure seemed imperative. Comparative analysis of the details of this structure, in use from 1918 to 1946, reveals similarities to the earlier ceremonial structures built by these Indians. There is even some indication of an evolu- tionary sequence from the early rectangular ceremonial earthlodge to the circular one and finally to the present log structure described here. One is reminded, in such a sequence, of the development of the kiva in the American Southwest. This is not meant to imply any connec- tion between the two areas; it only points out a somewhat parallel development of a ceremonial structure as exemplified by the Santee Bottoms dance hall and its forerunners. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 18 t aa he af 4 fice ay, a, View of the dance hall in the Santee Bottoms. 6, Detail of wall, roof, and door of the dance hall in the Santee Bottoms. rane SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 185 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 29 Crow-Flies-High (32MZ1), a Historic Hidatsa Village in the Garrison Reservoir Area, North Dakota By CARLING MALOUF 133 597967—63——16 xgolomiia senna . veomal yet nolan ae re? 7 ks eS of ‘exaneht arma shat cov oii mi oysili¥ natshifi sinolailt & ((ESIMS8) Agit-oltow ¢ vole , | ‘gue dior i? fe) 2a aol Maa FA. Ok. PT lon Vint Golelidiy em be Sia’ sal whl of ewull Bove vepolotod yale dali : im Guns raat - me . . (DMR SOA tt eet UGS) Dial aie soc) pols th io inn 4 ae lin) cat) anh go -& (mien? lo éiagteed ik, scmnaedel) Tah? ea. sala a wis 19! pone Mandan) a ‘ QNtenOd, iris 1G ad eeRi batt ait cin nih with > tes Rboten. wet. Bs KM ry thiity Ea nd wat Ve iis we fy smalley vit My Eh alle POLINA, Ea ee uP a ia ull m 7 . n Taw th t0 i. i A je) sink at pe ak Dis oasn Lae recta Ae ae agit jig }- Bian) i) a i ; a > Me Pe toon) val Bintan witetnt Ve ten . 7 . Has OTD). Ve ih ue aie ‘1 ve 1 iat f ae nm : aoitioea? "Ovi Peg Ne ) gales bath deny bh il ull wel ee ; =P. weet ne (igkiztal? A pos * hf P bach ' ie a mati V AgiTd nail: oe i «6 SVG ¢Y fishies : eid ea’ / I= & wiiay ¥ 2 4 fan f * 7 iol h sw elivy pall fiewos © Dict ni wie dann Lidtay PebMeyDtinpen ¢ Hi @ ob silt OS, f ts ae) iy RAN hw Lar teins 9 AGT Der Oe bette POMC whe tnt’. ni | ‘4 HA egal a al git haneit i ve vty TY 2 tito enka, sa m Oty Lithia Ait alert 18 108 vent h . miso 6 ah i r \ H 7" o) ah! 1 p ae Pe CROW-FLIES-HIGH (82MZ1), A HISTORIC HI- DATSA VILLAGE IN THE GARRISON RESER- VOIR AREA, NORTH DAKOTA * By Caruine MALour INTRODUCTION Crow-Flies-High was a late 19th century Hidatsa Indian village located on the Missouri River near Newtown, N. Dak. In terms of archeology it was very recent in origin, almost modern. Yet by 1952 it was almost reduced to a legend. In that year there remained two cabin depressions and three cache pits. It had almost been obliterated after many years of plowing and cultivation during the present cen- tury. One small depression about 8 feet in diameter marked the loca- tion of a single earthlodge which had once served as the village “dance hall.” The rest of its structures could not be identified. The original extent of the village, however, was indicated by numerous fragments of dishes, bottles, metal objects, pieces of leather, and broken animal bones scattered over the ground. Published information on the site is scarce and some of it is in- accurate. From such sources it can be determined that the site was primarily Hidatsa, that it was occupied sometime during the latter part of the last century, that it is near Newtown, N. Dak., and that it was named after a chief called Crow-Flies-High. A Corps of Engineers map, Missouri River Survey, 1891, chart No. 92, located the village on the right bank of the Missouri River, about 21% miles above the mouth of the Little Knife River. Eleven rectangular structures were outlined. Maps of the Missouri River Commission, in 1894 (sheet LVI) noted the village in the same place. At the present time its remains are in sec. 5, T. 153 N., R. 93 W., and beneath the waters of Garrison Dam Reservoir. 1 Submitted December 1956. The party which excavated this site in 1952 was directed by Carling Malouf. It was financed through a contract between the National Park Serv- ice, Region Two Office, Omaha, Nebr., and Montana State University, represented by Dr. Carl McFarland, President. Valuable assistance was given by personnel in the Mis- souri River Project, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, through Ralph D. Brown, its Director. His successor, Robert L. Stephenson, has kindly provided the writer with additional information and artifacts from the site. Members of the Montana State University party included Carling Malouf, John Garrett, who acted as Field Supervisor, Roy Shipley, Richard Cannon, Margaret Wetzteon, DeVona LeMieux, Maynard Dahl, and Lewis Napton. 137 138 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 Crawford (1931) devoted a few brief lines to the site in his “History of North Dakota”: 77 Crow Flies High. On west side of the Missouri opposite and one mile north of the Little Knife River. The village was made up of log buildings and is near the John Goodall ranch. One other remark which Crawford makes regarding the Indians who occupied Crow-Flies-High Village was as follows (ibid., p. 535) : 79 Yellowstone River site near Buford. Occupied by Crow Flies High’s band in the ’70s. Crawford made no effort to explain these two notations in his history, but they are merely presented as isolated facts. Informant data, how- ever, reveal that there was a definite connection between the two villages since both were occupied seasonally by Crow-Flies-High’s band. Will and Hecker also published a brief note on the site, but it has proved to be somewhat less accurate than that of Crawford. Will and Hecker (1944, p. 116) wrote thus: The Crow Flies High Village (Hidatsa), across the river from Sanish, North Dakota. This is one of the latest Hidatsa earth lodge villages and was oc- cupied by a band of reactionary Hidatsa who objected to being confined to the Reservation. While earlier reports mention “dwellings” or “log buildings,” that of Will and Hecker now listed it as an earthlodge village. In 1947 a Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Surveys party, under Marvin F. Kivett, examined the site and furnished the first spe- cific information on its archeological potential. They noted that sev- eral cache pits were visible in the uncultivated area next to the river bluff. Shallow depressions in the cultivated sections were thought to “probably indicate earth lodges.” 2 Kivett also noted that broken glass, leather pieces, metal objects, broken stones, bone ash, and other items were scattered over an area about one-quarter mile long. The field notes of the River Basin Surveys party (Kivett, 1948, p. 10) revealed : The greater part of the area has been under cultivation for a number of years, but considerable evidence remains, particularly in the sodded areas near the northeast edge of the village. In this section are several small circular de- pressions, one of which was excavated. This was found to be an abandoned storage pit which had been filled with ashes, metal plates, files, and similar items of white manufacture. Tests in the cultivated sections of the site revealed extensive areas of charcoal and burnt earth which may indicate the remains of earthlodges. Finally, Waldo Wedel (1948, p. 23) referred to Crow-Flies-High Village in a published account: * Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Surveys, field sheet, Site 32 MZ1, dated 7/29/47, recorded by Kivett, with additional notes by George Metcalf, 1/3/51. It is possible that Kivett was influenced by Will and Hecker’s report in expressing this opinion of earth- lodges. CROW-FULIES-HIGH VILLAGE—-MALOUF 139 Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 29] eole SojLOIPUl JOANY LnossiJQ[ ey} Sucje ul] pe30q ‘pioyjaa 410 ‘ued UOosIIIed Aq pajepunul I -esleplpy jo pueg Yysipy-selfq-moig Aq patdnoso v30yeC YON Isomyisou Ul AlOIWAT — 6p AUAOTY 1 t { t t I t I ' yan? eee Ww a\' t I t \ I { t t t RN t a ~G aN [ 5.4 - 12N00SS1N : a NG : \ é ! o Ae al) gna fs I g mi Ce abe g t Rs a 7 Fare fs 2 aBoIIA yaauD WSUSsye TS. 4 = a cl ‘ psojng ‘yoy. fy! gee : a eA : Re hw uBry-sarpy-MO2D mre On ete Ad Y FH “., ors r ‘ ' ” ); I 5 We ! t 3 —< a { 2 — Z = { de ess eS PEL IP] =i) 10 sence: IS { oO i> Gm | > Caf (oe on | > | t t t { { t 140 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buun. 185 Of more recent date is another earth-lodge village (32MZ1), opposite the mouth of the Little Knife River. Known as Crow Flies High village, it is believed to have been occupied between 1868 and 1893 by the Hidatsa. Metal, glass, and other recent materials were plentiful, but there was little of native origin. On the basis of the preliminary River Basin Survey reports, and of Will and Hecker’s publication, the party directed by the writer ex- pected to excavate a village of earthlodges. It was soon determined, however, that only one such structure was ever made in the village, and the Hidatsa occupied cabins when they dwelt at Crow-Flies-High. Except for reports on Crow-Flies-High’s band by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to be cited later, this was all the published infor- mation available on the site and its occupants. The several reports of the Commissioner between 1876 and 1900 mentioned the band under the leadership of Crow-Flies-High, but no description of their village was offered. Local lore was virtually absent on Crow-Flies-High Village. The nearby town of Sanish (established in 1916 and abandoned in 1952) and Newtown (established in 1951) were constructed long after the Indian village was last occupied. Most White people in the area were not aware that there had been a community of Indians in that vicinity. Even the farmer plowing the land at the site did not notice that he was moving over an old Hidatsa village. He had not even observed the broken glass and metal pieces on the ground. A few persons who had arrived in the vicinity before the founding of Sanish, and the grandchildren of John Goodall, the original home- steader of the section on which the site is located, were aware of the former existence of the village. A few local amateurs had excavated portions of the site in search of relics, and one of these men reported finding corn in “crockery jars.” Others had looted the village grave- yard situated on the bluffs opposite from Sanish and above the native village. Hidatsa informants were still available who had actually lived in Crow-Flies-High Village, and many details were furnished by them on the history and social life of the band. The site was examined by two of these men, and data were obtained on the location and owner- ship of fishtraps, cornfields, cabin arrangements, and even the clan affiliation of their occupants. The ethnological data will be discussed in a later section of this report. EXCAVATIONS AT CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE The site of Crow-Flies-High Village was located on a broad terrace west of the Missouri River which in this vicinity flowed from north to south, and it was about 35 feet above the water level. The flats between the base of the terrace and river were treeless, but there were swampy sections at the base of the terrace where water seeped through. Riv. BAS. Sur. Dav. NO. 29) CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 141 The flow, however, was too small for domestic use, but brush and grass grew around the bogs. Drinking and culinary water was obtained from the Missouri River itself. A stream of clear water, Antelope Creek, flowed toward the east about one-half mile south of the village. At the time Crow-Flies-High Village was occupied, the Missouri River flowed along a slightly different course than it did in 1952. What in later times was a lesser channel across the river from the site was once its main course. Before the river bottoms were inundated by Garrison Dam the main stream was rapidly eroding into the broad, low benchland and was a little closer to the site than it was formerly. Evidently the location of the village had been a favorite occupation ground in prehistoric times. A few chips of “Knife River flint,” and some lithic specimens of the same material were picked up on the surface of the ground, and one or two pieces came from screening the earth around a more recent cabin site. No pottery from either the prehistoric level, or the historical Hidatsa was found here. The Hidatsa had by this time discontinued pottery making. Bear-In-The- Water, or Adlai Stevenson, remembered that his grandmother had made it out of “gumbo clay,” rolled into balls. Children carried the clay balls from its source to the camp. Stones were collected, usually those which had been partially decomposed in fires in sweathouses, and oe “+ sa me Cron-Flicengn ss ¥ ay; ed i ile Ct np ap ‘Wl | Mi SR lic Mid y % tz*. Ny an Ny R9O3SW oe BEN Ta NAN Ee ai Nas ic SCALE eS DN ae ea ict icsdtaty i - iS Verendrye One mile Netional = Monument Ficure 20.—Location of Crow-Flies-High Village. 142 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 were pounded into a sandy composition. The vessels were fired in charcoal, completely covered. Designs, it was added, were incised. Most of the site has been plowed at least 50 times since John Goodall first homesteaded it in 1886. A small strip of land on the edge of the terrace from 5 to 25 feet in width remained unbroken by plows. Cabins found here were about 1 foot under the surface of the ground; those in the field had been destroyed. Before excavation commenced it appeared that there were two cabins and four cache pits still remaining on the unplowed portion of the village. Nearly halfway down the terrace, about 100 yards to the north of the terrace edge, there were traces of what appeared to have been two more cabin outlines. On the benchland below the terraces, still farther to the north, was the distinct outline of another cabin and two more cache pits. All the remains on the terrace slope and in the bottomlands proved to be the works of early ranchers in the vicinity and not that of the Indians. Only the cabin outlines and the cache pits on the terrace proper proved to have been a part of the Hidatsa village. Cabin 1—Cabin 1 was originally an irregular depression in the ground about 3 feet in depth. Rusty cans and broken pieces of glass and chinaware were scattered around on the ground in the vicinity of this outline. After the vegetation in the pit was cleared away, trowels were used to explore the debris. Glass bottles, broken dishes, a kitchen knife, fork, spoon, harmonica, padlock and key, a toy cap pistol, cartridge shells, a pocket knife, railroad spikes,’ and numerous other items were found here. A few broken animal bones, a bone artifact, and glass beads reminded us that this was, after all, an Indian site. The specimens were most numerous where charcoal was concentrated, and near the apparent edge of the cabin. Most of the artifacts found at the site came from cabin 1. Despite careful troweling and shoveling, nothing definite could be found which would show the former size and shape of the cabin. Por- tions of a floor were discerned, but most of it had been seriously disturbed in recent years by amateur collectors. It is possible also that some of the confusion in the soil around the cabin was caused by native reconstruction. Informants mentioned that several of the cabins were rebuilt and occupied by persons other than the original owner. Our Hidatsa informant, Adlai Stevenson, was not certain who had occupied this cabin, but he thought that-it might have be- longed to one of Black Hawk’s wives, Different Cherries, or that pos- sibly it might have belonged to Bull Head. ®An Indian agent in 1888 mentioned the completion of the Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway between the reservation and Minot, N. Dak. See Abram J. Gifford (communication in), Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1888, p. 44, Washington, D.C. Riv. BAS. Sor. % hades BW. Be 30) CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 143 ee ee Household debris t ' Cabin t ' Coal bed Pee pas tin cans °o © = —_— —_— ae or a ' Tey { ' : i ' 1 ' } ' ' . RE aie eerie BA Ta ha oN | Cabin 2 SCALE Anearby white mans cabin. = (For comparison) Ficure 21.—Floor plans of cabins and excavations at Crow-Flies-High Village. Outside the cabin there were two shallow, basin-shaped cache pits. Kvidently they had been placed immediately alongside the walls of the cabin. These were about 2 feet in depth and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. One had been outside the southeast corner of the cabin and extended down 1 foot below the floor level of the cabin. It was noted as a fire-blackened area containing a mixture of char- coal and ash in varying proportions. The heaviest concentrations of 144 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185 this blackened earth were in three connected centers with bands of lighter earth passing between them. There is no evidence, however, to show that this arrangement was anything other than accidental. Another pit about 3 feet in diameter and extending 1 foot below the floor level was filled with fire-blackened earth. Apparently it had been dug inside the northeast corner of the cabin. Five cartridge shells manufactured sometime during the 1880’s, a lead bullet, a piece of tin, and some pieces of glass were found in the pit. Cabin 2—Almost the entire outline of cabin 2 was excavated to its floor level. A very small portion of the surface layer was left undisturbed along the south wall in order to illustrate the original depression line in relationship to the buried floor level. A rock was found in the west end of the cabin, and in the east end there were three more stones together with two smaller cobblestones. A simple fire hearth was exposed near the rock pile and in a corner of the cabin. Three tin cans in a poor state of preservation were found at various places on the floor. The cabin itself was originally rectangular in outline with a slightly concave floor. Cache pit 1—Unexcavated, cache pit 1 was a circular depression in the ground about 5 feet in diameter. After excavation it proved to be a bell-shaped, flat-bottomed cache pit about 6 feet in depth. Its walls were very well defined, but they had a tendency to collapse easily, as it had been dug through a deep sand layer. No evidence of reinforcing wood, willows, or clay was noticed along its walls. The top of the cache pit was saucer-shaped and about 1 foot deep. At the bottom of the saucer was an opening to the bell-shaped cist. below. At this constricted part of the pit the diameter was 4 feet 3 inches. Below this neck the pit enlarged until it reached an addi- tional 41% feet in depth. In the top layers of the cache pit there were tin cans, several nails, and some buttons. In the neck there were parts of burned sticks which had once formed a sort of lid or seal from the pit below. Small logs had been laid across each other at this constricted part of the cache, and above these had been placed brush, earth, and rocks. Below the lid was the skeleton of a large calf, complete and un- butchered. A heavy layer of larvae shells ranging from 2 to 4 inches thick extended above and within the carcass of the calf. Maggots had had an opportunity to feast on the animal after it had been placed in the pit. The position of the bones, being disarticulated by collapsing and not from the pressure of earth around the skeleton, indicates that it took several years for the pit to fill with earth once it was abandoned. A heavy green canvas had been wrapped around the animal before it had been deposited in the cache pit. Underneath the canvas there Deneiaas CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF CACHE PIT |! oe YL So MG A a AN Ste MM elle 7 yO u Details of the lid, Cache Pit 2. CACHE PIT 2 Ficure 22.—Cross sections of cache pits land 2. Crow-Flies-High Village. 146 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY - [Buuy. 185 were traces of bark and wood, and beneath these were the ribs of a smaller animal, possibly a deer or antelope.* Cache pit 2—Before excavation cache pit 2 was indicated by a 3-foot-wide depression in the ground. Excavation proved that it was a full-sized cache pit. The constricted portion or neck was located approximately one-half the distance between the present level of the ground and the bottom of the pit. A cover had been placed in the neck, and here pieces of charred wood were found. An extensive fire here had reddened the earth with its heat, and in some places the high temperatures had burned it to an orange color. At the bottom of the pit there was a skeleton of a partially dismembered calf. Like cache pit 1, this one was widened at the bottom and had a flat floor. The bottom had been planked with boards which were laid on the ground and then covered with bark. Several pieces of rotten wood were found intact on the floor. Cache pit 3—This cache pit was recognized before excavation as a depression in the ground. It was almost the same size as cache pits 1 and 2 before they were excavated; hence, another large pit was anticipated. Excavation, however, revealed that it was a shallow- type pit, basin-shaped, and about 3 feet in depth. Several bone frag- ments and small stones were found in the debris near the top of the pit. Cache pit 4.—A circular depression in the ground, detached from the southeast corner of cabin 1, was designated as cache pit 4. After excavation it proved to be a shallow, basin-type storage pit. The pit itself was on a lower ground level than the floor level of the cabin, and it may have been slightly older. It was about 3 feet in depth. Several broken animal bones and one broken projectile point, as well as many tiny blue, white, and red glass beads, were found in cache pit 4. In addition, several metal objects, tin cans, and some doll legs were found in the pit. The single projectile point in the midst of such recent material must have come from an older occupational level through which the pit had been dug. It appears, moreover, that the cache pit was filled with debris before the village was abandoned. The few cabins and pits described here were all that could be lo- cated in an undisturbed condition. They certainly represented a very small portion of a community which once consisted of at least 30 structures. It was possible to map more of the village on the theory that the greatest concentration of cultural debris would le around old dwellings. Thus, wherever pieces of old leather, nails, dishes, 4During the excavations an elderly Indian woman who had lived in the village as a little girl asked us to return a colored, beaded blanket that had been placed in a cache pit many years ago, She was not certain where the pit was located but assumed we might find it during our excavations. Riv. BAs. Sug. ae Bee CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 147 ‘ ‘ CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE we ™ ~SOEh Survey Map a s oe PRE = aN a 3 ~Rtcae 3b @Coche rit | ~0dge o> a. 4 Datum au jie BS Cobin I at re “Cache pit 4 Rare ky it 2 Cabin 2 m a Ae OP esha oll 3 AUS Ge Oe anna fe ] TE nn nnn mOn nh: PSetesen: SERA Bid iea lin ba = Plo PARR EMESIS O0 Reh nae Nee genes We eiiaes o &™\ SCEN 4 Sd eS °E,q S Mag. N lari oe fea KEY ro) at Oe L-1 Debris area indicating possible cabin OF Os depression without debris v4 focation of earthlodge SCALE ve Pa ee A ‘ t A discolored area, undoubtedly an iSO. teek \ old road, Ficure 23.—Crow-Flies-High Village plan as determined by archeological studies. etc., appeared to be more numerous, it was assumed that a cabin was once situated on that spot. Then its location was plotted on a map. By this method several more probable cabin sites were mapped and the general plan of the community was revealed. A large circu- lar depression in the cultivated area of the site was almost certainly an earthlodge location. Testing showed ashes beneath the soil, but it had been so badly disturbed that excavation was regarded as fruitless. From the archeological evidences alone a few conclusions may be listed. Crow-Flies-High Village was located on a terrace about 35 feet above the Missouri River and was roughly rectangular in shape, oriented east and west. There was a tendency for more structures to be concentrated on the east end while the south side was completely open. A plaza was left open in the middle of the rectangle. The occupants preferred to live in rectangular shaped cabins with earthen floors. Fire hearths, and sometimes stoves were used for heating the cabin or for cooking, and they were usually placed in or near a corner of the room. Storage pits of two kinds were maintained for storage of foods. One was about 6 feet deep in the earth, usually outside the dwelling. In form it was nearly identical with tradi- tional cists in earthlodge villages. The other type was shallow and basin-shaped, extending about 3 to 4 feet in the ground. The in- habitants used mainly manufactured goods from American traders 148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185 rather than items of native manufacture. Pottery was not used in the village, but wagons and harnesses, tobacco, dishes, implements, weapons, toys, and many items of prepared foods were in considerable demand. The period of occupation was heaviest during the middle 1880's. Very little evidence of economic activities was revealed in the archeological studies at Crow-Flies-High. Traces of hunting activ- ities were evidenced by the presence of animal bones. The remains, of course, showed numerous contacts with Whites, but the nature of this contact could not be determined through archeology alone. CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE ETHNOGRAPHY Archeology alone left a very unsatisfactory picture of life in Crow- Flies-High Village. When informants added data, however, the archeological fragments were brought together in a vivid picture of a living community. The information revealed may be used to ex- plain the behavior of natives who occupied Hidatsa and Crow vil- lages centuries earlier. These are matters, however, which will be discussed in the conclusions of this paper. After archeological excavations were completed, a few aged Hidatsa informants were brought to the site. One of these, Adlai Stevenson,’ drew his own sketch map of the village. When it was compared with our survey map, the similarities were very gratifying to us. The large depression near the southeast side of the village was identi- fied as the remains of the only earthlodge in the community. Our suspicions were confirmed by the informant. The two maps also agreed in the absence of cabins on the south side of the plaza. The excavation of cabin 2 showed that it was rectangular. The informant drew all his cabins with this shape, but admitted when questioned that some of them were square. The cabins were ar- ranged around a sort of plaza which was generally oriented east and west. Informants denied that stoves were used inside the cabins, but they described fireplaces built in a corner of the room. Smoke and fumes passed through an open chimney in the roof. Kettles were hung over the fire by means of a chain suspended from the roof or from the top of the fireplace. In earlier times, it was said, the Hidatsa preferred to have their doorways facing toward the south, but by the time Crow-Flies-High Village was occupied this custom had been abandoned. Platforms or corn racks were built. outside of the cabins, 5This informant, born in 1866 at Fort Berthold, was originally named Bear-In-The- Water. He was renamed Adlai Stevenson during the 1890’s after he aided the U.S. Marshal in apprehending cattle thieves and outlaws in the region. He was named after Adlai Stevenson, who at that time was Vice President of the United States. Riv. BAS. Sur. Pav. No 29), CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 149 NS ‘ cS nX< XX . So Sitting Beor SS SSA _ a Terra rn > = Coyote Necklace 26 i Ce ‘ —~ Short Bull f=) a ey [Bobtail SS ge ~ ~ BN Sand ES) ge ees \ © Bulls eye one Las! & ot ‘ Teac White S ts wo Crows ‘ast x i Tail) ; originally owned by Long Tai Bisck tian Long Tail \ ey Long Bear CY | Heart (Crow-Flies-High) [Fast Dog Stoel [ ]seorge Elk Wotching Bea O Lp a 0 Shield fesjEae pecs ee 1) []Fovr Bull Dance HALL NeceH [Bad Breve and Enemy Dog Earthlodge) sorts No Arm D Cred Feather aaa Eyes VILLAGE OF CROW-FLIES-HIGH According to Adici Stevenson Ficure 24.—Village of Crow-Flies-High according to a Hidatsa occupant, and informant, Adlai Stevenson, or Bear-In-The-Water. and here corn and meat were dried for winter use. Often people slept up there if the cabin was crowded with visitors. The earthlodge, or “dance hall” did not have a flat roof, nor did it have a covered doorway. According to Wilson’s (1934, p. 364) classification it was a “simple type” structure.© The doorway was flush with the side of the lodge without additional construction work to cover a passageway. Typically, a bull-boat frame was inverted and placed on the top of the lodge to regulate the flow of air and smoke from a large basin-type fire hearth in the center of the lodge. Everyone in the community united in its construction, and the as- signment of tasks was not made on the basis of clan or moiety mem- bership. It was said that the Grass Dance Society members super- vised. Specifically mentioned in the society were its officials, includ- ing drum owners, feather-tail owners who had special whips in their possession, and four men with drumsticks. Given a sheet of paper and a pencil, Adlai Stevenson (or Bear-In-The-Water) made a sketch of the earthlodge which is reproduced here with retouching for clarity. Gardens were located in Missouri River bottomlands about 1 mile north of the village and in certain sections along both sides of Ante- ® According to Wilson this type of earthlodge was relatively easy to make and by 1909 was the most common one on the Fort Berthold reservation. 597967—63——_17 150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun. 185 Ficure 25.—Construction plan of the earthlodge at Crow-Flies-High Village according to a Hidatsa informant, Adlai Stevenson, or Bear-In-The-Water. lope Creek, about one-half mile to the south. This latter stream was known to the villagers as “Self-Built-Creek.” Although the fields were located at least one-half mile away from the village, the land in these places was preferred over the terrace lands where the cabins were built because the soil was softer and easier to work. Moreover, it was regarded as more productive. Each family cultivated about one-half acre, with most of the work involved, including the clearing of the land, being done by the women. Ownership of the land was by families; clan membership did not enter into matters of tenure. Corn was planted in hills about 1 pace apart (approximately 18 inches). Five seeds per hill was regarded as the most desirable num- ber. Corn types included yellow, white flint or hard, yellow hard, and a type of corn with mixed kernels. Five different kinds of beans were grown—yellow, black, white, red, and spotted. Frequently corn, beans, and squash were planted together as complementary crops. Certain modern plants, such as cucumbers and wheat were lacking in the gardens, but melons and pumpkins were grown.’ Work in the gardens was the task of women and girls, while that of hunting and fishing was for men. One fishtrap was located about one-half mile west of the village on the bank of the Missouri River, while another was to the east. The westernmost trap was owned by Coyote Necklace, while that on a point projecting into the river east of the village was owned by Iron Eyes. 7These farming data on Crow-Flies-High Village are entirely from informants. It may be compared with an earlier and more thorough work by Glibert L. Wilson (1917, pp. 58, 84). Here nine corn types were reported instead of five. The beans, however, were listed the same as in the present study. Riv. Bas. SUR. — CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 151 Hidatsa ceremonialism, at the time of the exile of Crow-Flies-High, was being impeded by Indian agents and missionaries. These officials particularly loathed some of its more tortuous aspects. Ceremonial- ism among the exiles was further disrupted when the band scattered along the banks of the Missouri River. Although there was an earth- lodge “dance hall” at Crow-Flies-High Village, there were no special features or fixtures inside that distinguished it as a ceremonial center. War dances and a few other affairs were sometimes held in it, but the use of such fixtures as cedar trees and buffalo skulls was denied by in- formants. Two headmen acted as leaders during most of the dances, but no details could be obtained on their societal connections. The headmen, it was said, remained in the center of the lodge and man- aged the activities connected with the dances. An assistant was desig- nated as announcer. Few medicine bundles were owned by members of the band. Fast Talks’ mother had a private medicine bundle. She was Mrs. Shooting Wood, the wife of a Sioux or Dakota man who was buried on the bluff top about a mile south of the village. After her husband’s death she married Chief Crow-Flies-High under a sororal arrange- ment. At least two other men in the village were polygynous. Besides Crow-Flies-High, Black Hawk had two wives. The first one, named Mink, lived with her husband in a cabin on the plaza. The second one lived in a nearby cabin and her name was Different Cherries. Her cabin may have been one of those excavated in 1952. At one time Bad Brave and Enemy Dog lived together with their wives in a single log cabin. Mrs. Enemy Dog, incidentally, was still living in 1952 at Sully’s Lake, on the Fort Berthold Reservation. The turnover of residents in the village was fairly constant. It is known that Black Chest left the community and that Coyote Neck- lace repaired the empty cabin and moved in. Two Crows moved into the cabin vacated by Coyote Necklace. From informants a partial list of nearly 100 names of exiles has been compiled. It includes most of those people who were at one time or another members of Crow-Flies-High’s band. In most cases their clan affiliation was also determined. The original purpose of this research was to determine if there was a correlation between clan and moiety membership and cabin location at Crow-Flies High Vil- lage. The correlation proved to be negative, but the list is repro- duced in appendix A for its sociological value. The main function of the clan was to establish a rule of exogamy. There are some suggestions that chieftanships had a tendency to fol- low along clan lines, but military prowess was regarded as of greater 8This is the grave which was looted by an amateur collector, the local barber in old Sanish, N. Dak. 152 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 importance for a leader than kinship ties. Lowie (1917, p. 2) men- tioned that the moiety was important in politics, in sharing new property or meat, and possibly in the use of eagle pits. Several of these pits, incidentally, are still located in the vicinity of Crow-Flies- High Village. One, for example, is in Verendrye National Monu- ment across the Missouri River a few miles downstream from the village. The informants did not recall hearing of any disturbances in the village from raids by predatory bands of Indians, thus it is evident that the military situation was not the serious matter that it was at the time they went into exile about a decade earlier. It may be re- membered that rifle cartridges found in one of the cabins bore the manufacturer’s date of 1885; hence, by that time the weapons were used primarily for hunting game. HISTORY OF CROW-FLIES-HIGH’S BAND The history of Crow-Flies-High Village began early in the 1870’s. There was a Hidatsa chief named Heart, or Crow-Flies-High, who lived at Like-A-Fishhook Village, better known now as Fort Bert- hold. This was the economic, political, and military center of the combined Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa tribes, and this chief was one of the leaders of the community. These were difficult times at Fort Berthold. The buffalo herds were depleted, and the remnants were hundreds of miles to the west. Government assistance was inadequate, the Indian gardens were small, and much damage was being caused by the rigorous climate, grass- hoppers, and worms (Sperry, 1874, p. 242). Besides, the Dakota Indians were hostile, and several villagers had been killed by them. In 1874, for example, the Dakota lured a war party from the village, led them into an ambush and killed five Arikara and one Mandan (ibid., p. 243). Diseases also took a heavy toll of life. Nearly half of the Indians, according to Sperry, were actually living off the reser- vation, “serving as scouts at military posts hereabouts, hunting for game, visiting friends among other tribes, or making winter quarters at various places between Forts Buford and Peck, where the conditions for getting a living during the winter” were more favorable than they were nearer home (ibid., p. 242). Some of them hunted for 4 or 5 months out of the year. A few were encouraged by the Agency to cut wood for steamboats which were expected on the river the next season (ibid., p. 242). But in general the outlook for the future seemed bleak, indeed, and Hidatsa social organization was showing signs of deterioration. According to informant data the rift in Crow-Flies-High’s band occurred in this manner. There were two subchiefs who went to the Indian Agent claiming to represent all the natives on the reservation, Riv. BAS, Sur. Pie uNo 20) CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 153 and on this basis they obtained two steers. Instead of properly dis- tributing the meat, however, they merely consumed it themselves. This was regarded by some as antisocial behavior, and the news of the act soon spread throughout the reservation. The two men were even accused of having indulged in this practice on several previous occasions. In protest, a large group of Indians went in a body to the Agency where they set up a camp. Crow-Flies-High acted as their spokesman. They met with Agency officials and demanded to know what had been taking place between them and the two conniving subchiefs, Lean Wolf and Crow Paunch.? These agents were said to have been told at the meeting that these two Indians had been using the meat they had acquired for their own purposes. Besides, said the delegation, they were not really chiefs. The real chiefs, they remarked, usually stayed at home among the Indians, and seldom did they council with Whites. It was finally agreed that the agents would give these Indians some meat to eat while they were still camped at the Agency headquarters. After the delegation had delivered their complaints and had made their suggestions for improving the distribution of food and equip- ment, the Agency issued them some rations. Then they returned to their homes at Fort Berthold. As an aftermath the two rival chiefs, Lean Wolf and Crow Paunch, planned to assassinate Crow-Flies-High. They made efforts to engage four men, Sitting Elk, Cherries-In-The-Mouth, Chicken-Lies-All-The- Time, and Knife to do the killing. Knife, incidentally, later joined the band of Crow-Flies-High. Frequent rumors of the death plot had reached Crow-Flies-High, and it was often suggested that he should leave the reservation until the animosities against him subsided. A number of followers planned to depart with the chief if he de- cided to go. Finally a decision was made, and about 1870 they moved upstream. The official version of this movement was given a few years later by an Indian agent: 1° This band of Indians under the leadership of Crow Flies High, quite a noted Gros Ventre character, separated from the bands of Arikarees, Gros Ventres, and Mandans of this place several years ago, owing to a disagreement on the part of Crow Flies High and the present Gros Ventre chief in regard to the elevation of the former to the distinguished honor of chieftainship. Being defeated in ®Lean Wolf, or Poor Wolf was said to have worn his hair with a forelock as did most others in his clan. He was a Water Buster, or as Lowie wrote, a ‘Real Water.” (Lowie, 1917, p. 23.) Lean Wolf’s wife was a member of the Knife clan. He belonged to the award’wi community of Hidatsa who had a slightly different language before they com- bined with the other Hidatsa bands at Fort Berthold (Lowie, op. cit., p. 17). Wilson also remarks on the presence of Lean Wolf at Like-A-Fishhook village. (Wilson, 1917, p. 107, and 1934, p. 352.) 10 Gifford (1885). It should be mentioned that Indian Service records and personnel refer to the Hidatsa as Gros Ventres. These are not to be confused with the Algonquian- speaking Gros Ventres hundreds of miles farther up the Missouri River, in Montana, known to anthropologists as the Atsina. 154 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun. 185 his ends, Crow Flies High and his followers migrated to Fort Buford, 120 miles west of here, and remained there. Approximately 140 persons accompanied the chief on this exodus from Fort Berthold Reservation. That a few Mandans accompanied the group into exile is not un- expected. Their numbers had fallen so low by this time that they had virtually lost their tribal identity. Lowie (1917, p. 7) noted in 1910 that they had diminished to a mere 197, and no doubt they were almost as few in numbers the quarter century preceding. In 1952 a few aged individuals were pointed out as “the last of the Mandans.” After the band departed, some of the exiles returned to the reserva- tion. Black Chest was among the returnees, and others joined the group from time to time. Actually, the turnover of members seems to have been fairly high. Hawk and his son Bear-In-The Water (Adlai Stevenson, our informant) were among the people who later joined the band. After leaving Fort Berthold, the band moved upstream along the Missouri River, settling near Fort Buford. Two earthlodges were con- structed in the settlement, one by Bobtail Bull, a Mandan, and the other by Bull Head. The others constructed cabins. There was no “dance hall” erected in this village, but if an earthlodge was needed for a ceremony, one of the two existing structures was used. Crow- Flies-High remained as chief of the exile band, while Black Hawk acted as an assistant. Many Antelopes replaced Crow-Flies-High as military chief at Like-A-Fishhook Village. Bobtail Bull, incidentally, was also regarded as a chief of the exiles. The informants denied that any of these persons possessed important medicine bundles. Once they had left the reservation they were no longer able to obtain Government aid, rations, or equipment. For nearly 25 years the band had to be self-sustaining. At first they were able to provide them- selves with bison and other game animals, but later, when these sources of food and supplies were gone, they had to rely more on farming and on other means of getting a livelihood. Early during their exile they were attacked by hostile war parties. Once an enemy group stole some of their horses. A party of Hidatsa warriors went in pursuit and in the conflict which followed, Two Bulls was killed.2 Soon afterward they were able to kill three men in the enemy party in revenge. Relationships with the Army staff at Fort Buford were apparently satisfactory at first. Among the exiles, Crow-Flies-High was elevated to military chief, the position he had lost to Many Ante- lopes at Like-A-Fishhook Village. 4 The informant, Adlai Stevenson, was a young man at this time and he lived near these two lodges. 12 The informant was a cousin of Two Bulls. Riv. Bas. Sur. Pav. No 29] CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 155 The Indian settlement at Fort Buford was not occupied continu- ously because it was primarily a winter camp and base for their hunting expeditions. During many of the summers they occupied Crow-Flies-High Village, where they grew crops. From their Fort Buford camp, however, they traveled north, west, and south in search of game. Often they traveled up the Yellowstone River, past Glen- dive, Mont., and as far upstream as Miles City. Sometimes when up the Yellowstone, they crossed overland to the Little Missouri, then moved downstream to the Missouri River proper. This was just one of several hunting routes they followed when in search of game. Both Fort Buford settlement and Crow-Flies-High Village were used irregularly; thus it is not possible to determine accurately the length of time they were occupied. Crow-Flies-High Village, at best, seems to have had a net occupation of nearly 10 years. When game disappeared, it became necessary for this band to seek new sources of sustenance. To add to their supplies, several smaller winter camps were set up along the Missouri River, on both banks between the Fort Berthold Reservation and Fort Buford. Here they chopped wood, which was sold to the steamboats plying up and down theriver. Reports of prostitution among a few women in these camps reflects a moral breakdown during this period of hardship. The river camps, like others used earlier, were not occupied continuously but were seasonal. As the years passed, the band dispersed more and more along the banks of the Missouri River between Fort Buford and Fort Berthold. Loss of game caused economic hardships, but it also permitted them freedom from harassing raiding parties. Relief was provided when their enemies sought sustenance elsewhere. When a strong military organization was no longer required, definite changes were made in Hidatsa social and political structures. Sometime during the 1880’s a number of men in Crow-Flies-High’s band were recruited at Fort Buford as Indian scouts. Trouble with the Dakotas, under Chief Sitting Bull, was anticipated, and prepara- tions were made by the U.S. Army to quell an outbreak. The families of the Hidatsa men who had enlisted were not happy over the pros- pects of their youths being killed by the Dakotas, but aside from voicing unhappiness, no objections were made to their engagement. Indeed, as servicemen, the youths were able to augment the income of their families, and this fact added to the attractiveness of the venture. The scouts (which included our informant, Adlai Stevenson), to- gether with soldiers, their horses, and equipment, rode to Bismarck, where they were placed on a train to South Dakota. The fight with the Dakotas did not materialize, and the military forces returned to Fort Buford. The Indian scouts thereafter served as military mail 156 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185 couriers and messengers. Often the scouts traveled to Montana points such as Poplar, Plentywood, and even as far up the Yellowstone River as Glendive. The band could have returned to the reservation at any time during their exile. Indeed, all of them at one time or another visited the Agency headquarters, where they were given presents such as coffee and tea. One such visit was described by Sperry (1875, p. 241). A band of Gros Ventre seceders, numbering about 100, spend nearly all their time near Fort Buford, one hundred and thirty-five miles above this place, and although considered as belonging to this agency and entitled to its privileges, are not enrolled here. Small delegations from their camp visit us occasionally and receive the regular ration as long as they remain. Crow-Flies-High himself sometimes visited the Agency. Murphy, the agent, recorded one such visit (1890, p. 30) : Two or three days ago the Chief Crow-Flies high came to the agency accom- panied by a few of his men, one of whom wanted his horses shod. The original reasons for the exodus were more or less forgotten over the decades. Instead, new obstacles faced them in making an adjust- ment to reservation life. They chose to remain away rather than con- form to the program of integration which was being followed by governmental officials. If they returned to the reservation, for ex- ample, they would have had to give up their children to go to school, and they would have been required to assume an allotment of land and its cultivation. Moreover, a tribal court, consisting of an “in- telligent Indian with Judicial ability” from each of the three tribes on the reservation, was given powers to break polygynous marriages and to mete out punishment for other customs which white men found offensive (Gifford, 1888, p. 42). None of these prospects appealed to the band. Thus, the cause of their departure was one thing, but the reason for their absence from the reservation for 25 years was another matter. By 1884 relationships between the exile band and the military post at Fort Buford had deteriorated. In autumn of that year the exiles were ordered away by the commanding officer. According to the In- dian A gent they settled on the Little Knife River (Gifford, 1888, p. 29). More than likely this settlement was across the Missouri River from the mouth of the Little Knife River at Crow-Flies-High Village. Two years later John Goodall built a homesteader’s cabin about 1 mile west of the village, but his presence does not seem to have bothered the Indians. In 1889 an Indian agent, Thomas H. B. Jones, and Col. W. W. Junklin met with Chief Crow-Flies-High and discussed the return of the band to the reservation. Jones (1889, p. 147) reported the meet- ing thus: Riv. BAS. Sour. Wor oi CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 157 We held council with Crow-Flies-High, with a view to obtaining his consent to the adoption, by his tribe, of the civilized pursuits of the other Indians, and to the advisability of placing all their children of school age in school the coming fall, or as soon as the Catholic Mission school (now under course of construc- tion) should be completed. After four hours’ argument and persuasion, I am happy to report that we succeeded in getting his consent. These Indians will take up allotments, and commence farming the same, as soon as they can be supplied with sufficient agricultural implements. Crow-Flies-High’s band was still widely scattered up and down both sides of the Missouri River in 1894, when it was finally decided to move back onto the reservation. For a quarter of a century they had been without government assistance, and besides, Whites had appropriated much of the land, further reducing their chances of making a living. After a series of consultations between chiefs and Indian Agents it was agreed that the band should return to the reservation. A military escort, including Hidatsa Indian scouts still enlisted at Fort Buford, provided assistance. The Indian Agent, an Army Captain, boastfully announced to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs: “It is a source of gratification that the band of Crow-Flies-High was forced upon the reservation in the spring of 1894...” (Clapp, 1895, 232). There is no real evidence except the assertion of Captain Clapp that force was necessary to make the Indians return to the reservation. At least part of the military escort consisted of Indian scouts who belonged to the Indian band. At Tobacco Creek, a few miles above Newtown, they were all re- united as a band for the first time in many years. At this time Crow-Flies-High relinquished his chieftainship in favor of a younger man. He knew that he would not live much longer, so he began to examine the qualifications of several prospective successors in his own clan. Finally he decided to support a more distant kinsman, Long Bear, as his choice for chief. After this, the band formed a long column which moved southward toward the reservation, travel- ing along the north bank of the Missouri River. Rufus Stevenson, who was then a mere lad, still remembers seeing the long line of Red River carts (a two-wheeled vehicle), pack and saddle horses, and travois wending their way toward the reservation. The arrival date is given as April 2, 1894 (Clapp, 1894, p. 222). When they reached the reservation most of them settled near the mouth of Shell Creek, southeast of Newtown, N. Dak. One final earthlodge was built there, probably the one reported by Wilson as constructed by Hairy Coat (Wilson, 1934, p. 380). This man’s name does not appear anywhere in connection with Crow-Flies- High’s band, and therefore it might be assumed that he moved to Shell Creek after 1894. The exiled band had for many years retained older elements of Hidatsa culture, since they were relatively isolated and out of contact with the changes being effected by Indian Agents 158 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn. 185 on the reservation. At Fort Berthold changes began to occur at a rapid rate. Clans, for example, almost immediately began to lose their exogamous function. Clapp (1895, p. 232) noticed other changes which were to occur during the following years. They are, however, far behind the other Indians in industry and habits of life, and it will take some years before they will take kindly to cultivating fields and intelligently caring for stock. Their children are, so far, wholly untaught, and for some years to come this fragment will continue to be a source of trouble and anxiety to the agent. Chief Crow-Flies-High died of pneumonia in 1900 (Richards, 1900, p. 815). The episode of his exile, however, is not a closed book but still concerns Indians and Whites alike. Claims against the United States are being pressed by the descendants of these people for their loss of rations, land, cattle, and equipment. CONCLUSIONS Excavations at Crow-Flies-High Village gave details on the life of an exile band of Hidatsa Indians who had left Fort Berthold Reservation during the 1870’s. The archeological study is strongly augmented by ethnographical information and historical accounts. It isnot known when Crow-Flies-High Village was first established. The band went farther upstream to Fort Buford when they first left the Fort Berthold Reservation. Heaviest occupation of the village, however, was during the 1880’s. It was primarily an agricultural community, with the main activity here coming during the summer months. During other seasons their economy was centered on other occupations, such as hunting, chopping wood for steamboats plying the Missouri River, and similar pursuits. So many small cultural items such as cooking and eating imple- ments, weapons, and utensils had been acquired by the Hidatsa that the site did not seem to have been of native origin. Even their dwell- ings were of European derivation. Certain larger structures were retained from earlier times for ceremonial purposes. Storage pits in the ground were also maintained in connection with their cabins. Two earthlodges were constructed first at Fort Buford, while an- other one was built at Crow-Flies-High Village. A final earthlodge was erected at Shell Village after the band returned to the reservation. In all these cases they were simple in type, serving usually as a dwell- ing, but sometimes they were converted into a ceremonial center. ‘This tendency to erect single earthlodges for ceremonial centers, while simple structures were substituted for dwellings in newly established communities, was adumbrated about two centuries earlier at the Hagen site, on the Yellowstone River. Here, after an earlier split among the Hidatsa, a group of dissidents had left their kinsmen on the Missouri River and had built a village on the Yellowstone River, Riv. Bas. Sur. ° 5 = r Pap. No. 29] CROW-FLIES-HIGH VILLAGE—MALOUF 159 near Glendive, Mont. (Mulloy, 1941). Later they became the Crow Indians. At the Hagen site, as at Crow-Flies-High Village, the exiles had built a single earthlodge of a simplified type as a ceremonial center and had erected smaller structures as dwellings. There is reason to believe that the formation of Crow-Flies-High’s band was no fortuitous circumstance in which conservatives from all segments of the Hidatsa tribe joined in protest to an acute political situation at Fort Berthold. It is more probable that 1t was made up primarily of Hidatsa who had always represented an advance element in the movement up the Missouri River over the centuries. Crow- Flies-High’s band may have always been a separate unit within the Hidatsa structure. The Crow Indians may have had a similar asso- ciation with the Hidatsa in centuries earlier, when they made their break as an independent tribe. Crow-Fles-High’s band, according to Alfred Bowers (personal communication), had worked its way up the Missouri River from South Dakota, preceding other Hidatsa bands who were more sedentary. This advance group had always done more hunting, made pottery less often, and in several other ways differed from the others. Life at Fort Berthold must have been a greater strain on these people than on the other Hidatsa. The study of Crow-Flies-High Village and its occupants gives us a better understanding of human characteristics and social processes which have determined the affairs of the sedentary tribes of the Mis- souri River during the past 200 years. It links archeological fact and ethnological reality. BIBLIOGRAPHY CLapp, W. H. 1894. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1894, pp. 220-223. 1895. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1895, pp. 231-233. CRAWFORD, LEWIS F. 1931. History of North Dakota, vol. 1. Amer. Hist. Soc. New York. GIFFORD, ABRAM J. 1885. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1885, pp. 29-32. 1886. (Communication in) Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1886, p. 280. 1888. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1888, pp. 42-46. JONES, THOMAS H. B. 1889. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1889. KIVETT, MARVIN F. 1948. Preliminary appraisal of the archaeological and paleontological re- sources of the Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota. Prepared by the Missouri Project, Riv. Bas. Surv., Smithsonian Inst. Lincoln, Nebr. 160 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 LowiIk, Rosert H. 1917. Notes on the social organization and customs of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Crow Indians. Anthrop. Pap., Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pt. 1, pp. 1-99. MULLoy, WILLIAM T. 1941. The Hagen site: A prehistoric Indian village on the Lower Yellow- stone. Univ. Montana Stud. Social Sci., No. 1. Murprny, JNO. S. 1890. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1890. RICHARDS, THOMAS. 1900. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1900. Sperry, L. B. 1874. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1874. 1875. (Communication in) Rep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875. WEDEL, WALDO. 1948. Prehistory and the Missouri Valley development program. Summary report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1947. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 111, No. 2. WILL, GrEorGE F., and HECKER, THAD, C. 1944. Upper Missouri River Valley aboriginal culture in North Dakota. North Dakota Hist. Quart., vol. 11, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 5-126. WItson, GILBERT L. 1917. Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian interpretation. Univ. Minnesota, Social Sci. Stud., No. 9. Minneapolis. 1934. The Hidatsa earthlodge. Bella Weitzner, ed. Anthrop. Pap., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pt. 5, pp. 341-420. APPENDIX A MEMBERS OF CROW-FLIES-HIGH’S BAND This list of members of Crow-Flies-High’s band and their clan and moiety affinities was prepared with the cooperation of interpreter Rufus Stevenson, and his father, Adlai Stevenson. During the 1930's Rufus Stevenson had acquired part of the list from Bulls Eye and George Parshall, both now deceased. Adlai Stevenson was born in 1866 and was 4 years old at the time of the exile. He returned to the reservation in 1894 after having served for many years as an Indian scout and hunter for the Army at Fort Buford. FOUR CLAN MOIETY (Four Tribes Together, or Nagitawobi) Awazera’wita Clan (Hats-From-The-Line) Two Heart Red Tail Iron Eyes Spotted Rabbit (Also listed in Lowie, 1917, p. 23. His wife was a Prairie Chicken. They were married after the return from the exile.) Long Bear (Son of Cherry Necklace. The latter was also the maternal great-great grandfather of Rufus Stevenson. His brother was He- Raised-All-Hearts. ) Coyote Necklace Bird Bear Joe Young Bird Crow-Flies-High, or Heart High Vertebrae, or High Backbone Four Dances (Probably she later became Mrs. Four Blankets.) Frank Birdsbill Crow Belt Two Wolf George Parshall Mrs. Ed Blacklin (She married Blacklin after the exile. He had not been on the exodus.) White Bear (Son of Bear Necklace.) Kid Owl-Comes-Out Mrs. Conrad Smith (She was unmarried during the exile.) Ernest Black Hawk (A son of Chief Blackhawk. ) One Feather Stink Gun Mrs. Foolish Bear (Confirmed by Lowie, 1917, p. 23.) Prairie Chicken Clan Mrs. James Wolf (She was unmarried during the exile.) Birdsbill (Wilson, 1917, p. 351, said he was a Mandan.) White Blossom Ara Waters Mrs. Many Ribs Blue Blanket (His wife was probably Four Blankets.) Mrs. Dragwolf (She was reported by Lowie as Mandan. See Lowie, 1917, p. 23. Evidently she married Bulls Hye after their return from the exile. Her maiden name was Prairie Dog Woman.) 161 162 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunp. 185 Prairie Chicken Clan—Continued Driver or Pan (Mrs. Bulls Eye and Driver were siblings. In an earlier interview Adlai Stevenson had said Driver was in the Coyote Moiety.) Two Bull Mrs. Spotted Bear Black Hawk Bull Head Long Tail Charlie Grant Allan Smith Bear Necklace Mrs. Spotted Horn Crow Paunech (He did not go on the exile, but was one of the two men who reportedly wanted Crow-Flies-High assassinated.) Water Buster Clan (Lowie, 1917, refers to it as “Real Water Clan.” Tine td vt ab My ae 5 a . Aor wigan} eyed veal “4 on aa i x 7 ‘o nn sited sil Mets J eT ee Terengs wns a 6 Seven some £ att - rigdatl dion hws awee i mu tay a V, UA Oo ns nT i E * | i i 1 ’ CONTENTS PAGE INDSUP RCE sce Se 2 Lee be See EE Sere Pees SPINY ES men te Lea imcroduction=——... 60 = = S25 Lees ee hegt Sie rere Pig 2) ose Bry fer ob ae 172 Analysis: Sources’ and’ descriptions: of) the) dataks294: 22222 34 _-)ssele be 173 Phesklintz site OZONG ae SS eet Ree aay rk taped yey ewer) 173 Hxcavationsprocedures is 25 )0 8. peri titer yep phe Vy Sa Suen oli eye 174 Settlement features 35.252 558 eee ee beard Dy rpht ees bob eae 178 PLOUSES2 Sees Sey Bu 8 eaeyek ges de hy PS, gets VORA Pepe cee! 178 dL BYO (eres oer A 2 Con es Soe ee eee ie ee = ee cae, ee eed 186 Sweat Loder} es fi see Stee Baye _ eee noe fee. Be in gee! 186 PUTAS TACHUTM ose poet Shere oe eee ene ne annie hd leas a A ee 187 1D) Sip iveR Vo) en ene 4 aE RUSE hr Ae Ay LE Se a eet ee 187 @penvhe ants sea setae rere ea es ya eer eg nol ME Roe 188 Unpreparedthearths-2s ear Sak ess he ene Bs aes 2k 188 Prepared hearths 220. Saas Roo) ae jks fey ee le 188 Poon chenils slaiei. oa a ees _ ool a ibe etd 189 Bouldervanwils 52452 25 oo ko pee 1 ee 189 Artifachimyentonry 20 Mees) Sed IS hes Sats 2 LD Take ge 189 Metalobjects=s==-+2-s=s seas ho 6 pee h an a oe 189 Pottery He te ae Fare Oe) Sere 4s Se ee eee fre 190 Wtilized:potteryisherdse Ss: ss se en _ see geet). Yale 212 Stone Objects. pate ES eA as Seseh in ty peek a pad 212 Bone. and. tooth.objectsss4 st re Lea ee Se te 216 Shell objects 5-2 202s ee ee SEND Tend ty pep 216 Refuse materials. 3 4... SL Ra CEU be edt Fry ioe 217 ANC JOOSISILG o2ON SORES Bis. See e h bOde betula wells taper 217 Excavation procedure: ur: TE peel eiak re aot. fago st 218 Settlement.features: and: burials 21 a SE SI 218 AT titactinvetory. 6 ographic locations and es. T-572 2519558) GME aft wee eis Shaws < a a 597967 O—63 (Face p. 172) LOWER PORTION OF JAMESTOWN RESERVOIR AREA NORTH DAKOTA i) 2000 4000 6000 FEET FLOOD CONTROL POOL EL. 1454.0 T-572 2-19-58 CYL 004-603-145, 1952 ADAPTED FROM BUREAU RECLAMATION MAP_NO. 6! FiGure 26.—Map of the lower portion of the Jamestown Reservoir area, North Dakota, showing the geographic locations and estimated limits of the Hintz site, the Joos site, and eight other pottery-bearing sites. « ince Pye a 7 i e has bee Sp ll a END gee a ——ee re “examples suit _ i* bs nee plate =} ee es =. < tS v4, Ail ANE m~< paid nporigin ~S 1. : : a te 1 vi hine ye he 7 oe | {en mi ahaa Stn To 'f} ~ Es iw ry ae i ; | et i 9 —— *) pis age lf ae __AEMFER PORTION “OF, a -: TOWN + vat a : : Z ; " ‘ Te" ener er oe aa fin. sewol: ache ba, G4M«SD- 3 hr PRE 7 1, Mtoe wsisnity bddargidase’ 0: sity aes v p) ae areeantony oe yl . os) mowe a sig yaa ahh 120 om Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—-WHEELER 173 A. Johnston, Jr., Thomas A. Kiernan, Lawrence H. Kropp, Jr., Reginald Littrell, Frederick D. McEvoy, Edward W. McGough, Thomas G. Mayer, Eugene J. Nelson, David J. Robertson, Robert J. Stein, and David B. Williams, field workers. In 1954 I was assisted during the 19-day period of field work in the Jamestown area (which was a rather abortive enterprise owing to the stormy June weather) by Lloyd R. Armstrong, Manny D. Buzzell, George E. Cassell, Har- old A. Dietsch, Robert A. Espe, Richard J. Giddings, Frederick D. McEvoy, Joseph C. Peterson, and Robert J. Stein. It is a pleasure to express gratitude to the following individuals for their contributions to the archeological operations in the James- town area: to Philip E. Ehrenhard, Project Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Region 6, for providing reservoir maps, engineering data, and wise counsel; to Chelsea C. Russell, Chairman of the Bu- chanan, N. Dak., School District, for permitting the 1952 field party to inhabit the Telken schoolhouse, and to Thomas Telken, for letting the party draw water from his well and for making storage space available, in 1952; to Mrs. Jim Dumphy, for allowing the 1954 field party to live in her vacant house about a mile northeast of the Telken schoolhouse, in close proximity to the reservoir area; to Larry Cham- bers, editor of the Jamestown Sun, for publishing creditable news stories concerning some of the archeological findings made in the Jamestown area in 1952; and to Oscar Hintz and Leroy Joos, local landowners, for granting permission to excavate the sites which lay in their holdings. ANALYSIS: SOURCES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DATA THE HINTZ SITE (32SN3) The few artifacts first recovered from this site came from a 0.7-foot- thick humus layer exposed in the east bank of a gully cutting head- ward into a low terrace bordering the south and west sides of the flood plain of the intermittent upper James River, at a distance of a little less than 3 air miles due north of the Jamestown Dam. The legal location of the find-spot was SW14NW\, sec. 1, T. 140 N., R. 64 W. The specimens collected at the time of discovery, in August 1946, included 10 small pottery sherds, 2 chipped stone artifacts, 1 unaltered flake, and 1 animal tooth. The investigators, J. Joe Bauxar and Paul L. Cooper, noted the presence of a number of shallow de- pressions, suggesting house pits, scattered over the grass- and buck- brush-covered surface of the terrace to the east and south of the detrital layer. Since Bauxar and Cooper could detect no artifact material in association with the depressions, they were unable to tell whether the sunken areas were house pits or were simply partially filled craters made by overthrown trees. 174 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuy. 185 The site, designated 82SN3 in the survey records, was next briefly examined by members of the Missouri Basin Project field party, under my supervision, at the end of May and in the latter part of June 1952. The specimen material acquired on these occasions at the original find- spot consisted, in toto, of 2 small rim sherds and 14 small body sherds, a broken chipped stone projectile point, and 2 unworked flakes. Some of the depressions were scrutinized, and they were again regarded as of equivocal origin. Considering the favorable geographic situation and the promising condition of the site—on a terrace lying immediately above the wooded flood plain of the river and below sheltering bluffs, in a tract of open tight sod which apparently had never been broken by the moldboard plow—and the prima-facie evidence that this was a pottery-bearing campsite, if not a semipermanent townsite of aboriginal provenience in an archeologically unknown locality, I was impelled to obtain permission from Oscar Hintz, the landowner, to test the site, and possibly excavate it in part, at the earliest opportunity. The Hintz site, named for its cooperative owner, lay somewhat above and below 1,424.3 ft. mean sea level, the elevation of our datum stake as determined by a Bureau of Reclamation survey party. Ac- cordingly, the site lay about 8 feet below the top of the conservation storage pool, and approximately 30 feet below the top of the flood control storage pool level, of the Jamestown Reservoir. The Hintz site was inundated the first or second spring after the dam was closed, early in 1954. EXcavaTION PROCEDURE Archeological excavations were made at the Hintz site sporadically between June 30 and September 26, 1952, and between June 9 and June 23,1954. A grid of 5-foot intervals, oriented on magnetic north, was imposed over the site, and six connected or separate excavation units of varying horizontal and vertical dimensions—designated XU1 through XU4, XU16, and XU17—were opened at the north end of the site, in an area of about one-quarter acre (pl. 27). In addition, 19 scattered test pits and test excavations—labeled XU5 through XU15, XU18, and XU19 through XU25—were put down at relatively low spots or at places marked by artifact materials, suggesting the possible existence of habitation remains, in an area comprising about 4 acres. All the excavation units except XU17 were worked out in 3-foot or 5-foot columns and in blocks ranging from 0.15 to 1.0 foot in depth below the sod layer, which was stripped off to an average depth of 0.2 foot and was disposed of before each column was dug. XU17, a subcircular excavation with a south-southeast extension, which lay east and west of XU4 (a north-south exploratory trench connecting XU2 and XU3), was excavated in four quadrants varying from 0.2 A the pi fi rr . fe NNT « Ltd eh, BO ti ns fo 2 es a A ed ay ten juchous nvutrix, This t schniqu 2 % 4 ; x ad rerove: Bf. the axeayel gyeled setciy “ ee a bly pottery sherds and fow a 1% - jx 4 ‘Pa -wabie foal. © f tureméseucpities Boi—_ wares, ‘Fielior excavated sites in tho Newel: eae Jakes wt ; ae beifted, or wiosil ited a pa he a te \ | Pp a vation rita tye ae 4 Le Ti kh artid: xn THVED . urn Tie indbrid 5 rede mutorinks” ete eoty Met Fides to 183 lois io spend iid 7 ¢ is pon connie: ; rated + and thon " Miocatiod tn the ‘. ported’ ta the lsboratar se ] . a Pa GE a. The focations of the 204 ; — W Ox ere "The deap te st trench, TOOL ar i ; angth by: 5 drat in we Hy. be ey! Ah ehohe " mS Dn { “the Faller vi 4 a af Cl ry if we iy us fh Bi daenstly weal of: teet, § i Sone? ak oe : , 2 ~y ill ‘ Ded en 9 4 f} - ; a ie all ta a ou SB p aR a slew) wy - ' x - {i stot i] al: ay ay , BOARRST ay i pe & 3 Lhe a g fot a ‘tas w) Py re fui | ‘haa “8.6 Hook bf tien cingenite-) | ell ahaly olay yielded caltutl o : ae Getoeuil at ata dept} bh of Of tea tw uy patu W, ‘niher n +} _P ban . acu iterate pa is in this test, the only Jeep ed a : ‘ he infor ie ances | t hat f bi ut. one: Lae i sure PUK? edie colevee xd! donno, } Li o 597967 O—63 (Face p. 175) BLUFF BLUFF 2 oad 50 loo FEET tz Site, 32SN3 | FLOOD PLAIN Rene, Oe of Fo OG a Eee Fees XU 15 xU 18 Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 175 to 1.0 foot in depth, in order to uncover as quickly as possible the circular floor plan and entryway of House 4 (Feature 34). In the case of each excavation unit, the subsod, hard, compact, artifact- and debris-charged humus and the underlying shaly sand were loosened with sharp shovels and mattocks; the constructional features were exposed and, in appropriate instances, were cored out with trowels and handpicks. All the excavated earth was passed through or over screens of 34-inch mesh, so as to free the cultural materials from the tenacious matrix. This technique resulted in the virtually complete recovery of the excavated specimens. Some classes of material, notably pottery sherds and faunal remains, are proportionately high per cubic foot of turned earth as compared to yields of many far richer excavated sites in the Northern Plains where the matrix was not sifted, or was sifted only in part. The maximum horizontal dimensions and ranges of depth of the 25 excavation units opened in 1952 and 1954, and the nature and quan- tity of their inclusive contents, are given in sequential order in the accompanying chart (table 1). The total count of specimens in the “artifact inventory” category obtained from the excavation units numbers, 11,976 individual items; and the total count of specimens in the “refuse materials” category returned from the excavation units amounts to 188 lots and 18,503 individual items. The bulk of the faunal remains—unidentifiable fragments of bones and teeth—were enumerated and then discarded in the field. All the other specimens were transported to the laboratory and were there processed and cataloged. The locations of the 25 excavation units are shown in figure 27. The deep test trench, noted under XU1 in table 1, measured 13 feet in length by 5 feet in width by 7.1 feet in maximum depth. It dis- closed the following stratified deposits from the surface downward (south wall of test, 5 feet west of southeast corner stake, depth 6.75 feet) : humus, 0.8 foot; dark-stained shaly sand, 1.6 feet; buff-colored sandy clay with an admixture of flaky shale, 1.5 feet; and five dark- colored lenses (buried soils?) varying from 0.1 to 0.2 foot in thickness, each separated by layers of clay-shale, shale-sandy clay, sand, and shale ranging from 0.3 foot to 1.05 feet in thickness each. Only the uppermost 2.5 feet of the deposits—humus and underlying dark- stained shaly clay—yielded cultural materials. (A single animal bone, found at a depth of 6.5 feet below the surface, is to be regarded as of “natural” rather than cultural origin.) The positive and negative findings in this test, the only deep sounding taken at the Hintz site, permit the inferences that but one pottery-bearing occupation existed in this portion of the terrace and that the occupation occurred late in the history of the cut-and-fill terrace, yy GP ri c s Go ° ae a Bae. reer Hintz Site, 32SN3 Kon Snense Bigrd ae O on 58 2 o g oO a s JAMES U ——> £43 we 1 9 : SSG SLGim & CLG 0 ROLES AOS psa TERRACE & Pi : 5 . ” Ficure 27.—Map of the Hintz site, showing the locations of excavation units, XU1-XU25. 2 [BuLu. 185 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 176 “pur t SJ0T “Spur Z $1OT LZ $10[ F SJOT 2G S10] & 401 T $}0T ZE $}0[ 3 “OSTIAL [eooreg 9D poo M surTemel [81030 A “spurt 129 ‘S}0L & “sput Z16‘S ‘s10T 1Z ‘spur 6E8'C ‘S1OT FT “spuy 61g'e ‘S4O] €1 suyeuot [eunry s[eT19} BUI OsNjoxy q ‘pur T ‘20 T s[BIOUT AT SUIqap SULYIOM-suOg 962 slqep surddiqo | nN re 171001 pue ouog & | 81 if 6 |S GZ | S8E LPT L8 | 996 | OIF 8 | 96% ‘Z| 9c 6h | 816 ‘S| 999 Salas ro Sale ares B | fe.) BS ive selects A ts ag Palgeee B ayes © Rie Be | as | BS a A£10110q AIOPUIAUT JOVI IV *(OG-A) qyvoy =peiedeidun [ *slop[nog Jo 1aysnpo T (984 PUB TEq) sy poivdeidun Z% !$(¢eq) aspo. yeoas {(6ZW1) @ esnoy jo urd 100,q *slap[noq Jo 104 -snjo [ (peyeustsepun) ISPO] PayVAvaxd ATV ICA ‘atqissod & Jo [TAUB Jap -[noq B pure ‘41d ayavo yayood & ‘setoy ysod jo soul] § $(LZ4) € eSNOH jo ud J100p (LTH) T esnoy jo ued 100[y G'T-3'0 Sh'E-Z'0 “ysvo 0} uo TOX WIM snonsty -09 ST GOI *§ AX UT posodxe ATureul *(¢Z,7) % who 0} SUTSUOTIq sejoy ysod Jo sore 01.4 -ueouo0d Z ‘sefoy ysod poqepOsT JO Med T (0 Ca pus Tq) sqyavey posed -aidun Z% ‘duinp ysely, $o1nyro} JUdTIITII0S “(4x04 Ul WOIS -SndsIp 90s DX) pues [nos ye youesy 489} doesp 3u0 Joy 4deo -X9) Z°-Z'0 we aovjins MOTEq YYdep Ul sodURY “(qa pra ut "47.2 “Jos -YJO JSOM B UTM) ¢ OF 02 qypLeg ST 9 g¢ ¢ KGa < Ur pe} -8100.100 -UT W998q sey FOX JO “43 08) cP F cP € 09 z cP T q)3ue 7] “ON Ax SUOJSUOTUTP *ZIIOY “XB IAT (*400J & JO SYU9} PUL 409} UT OATS ore sjUeMTaMsRepY :3}0N) apis 2qurLT ‘GF QX-IQX {0 Sjuaquoo pup suotsuawrgq— | ATAV I], Lv 7 STUTSMAN FOCUS—-WHEELER Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 30] ‘Joded yuosoid oY} JNOYSNOIY} posn o1v sUOTIVIAIIGGeS Ie[IUIT “wouljoads [CNPIAIPUT= "PUT q ) (34) The frequencies of the three types are incongruent, except in the trash dump. However, this circumstance is probably not significant because of the small number of specimens involved. 3. At the opposite end of the range of frequencies, the least common local rim types are Parkhurst Dentate Stamped (8), Pingree Dentate Stamped and Edmunds Dentate Stamped (5 each), Buchanan Wrapped-Stick Impressed (4), and Melville Scored (8). Examples of three of these rim types occurred in two of the four excavated lodges (and also in the trash dump, in one instance) ; and specimens of the other two rim types were present in the trash dump and in one of the four excavated lodges, thus: Trash Rim types House 1 House 2 dump House 3 (XUl) Parkhurst Dentate Stamped (8). -------- dy Be oe ee AN 3 a(—18) Pingree Dentate Stamped (5)._-.-------- 3 ed bite: o| BE ante: 2a (—9) Edmunds Dentate Stamped (5)_-._-_---- salesmen 1s een (4) Buchanan Wrapped-Stick Impressed (4)___]_------- 1 1B |) (2) IMVel valle S come iC) ese ais oa re ee | ete i Io ee ek es 2) 4, By far the commonest and most widely dispersed of the “alien” (rim) types in the Hintz collection is Stanley Cord Impressed, represented by 62 examples, or 53.4 percent of the sample of 9 alien types. Specimens of this (rim) type were associated with 4 of the 5 excavated structures—4 in House 1, 13 in House 2 and 18 in the adjacent trash dump (XU1), 1 in House 3, and 18 in House 4. Furthermore, 14 examples were found in 6 other excavation units, and 4 specimens were obtained from the surface. 5. All, or a majority of, the specimens of the two next most common alien (rim) types in the Hintz sample—Ransom Cord Impressed (17) and Owego Tool Impressed (15)—were recovered from the trash dump (XU1) and two or three of the four excavated lodges, thus: Rim types House 1 House 2 cup House 4 Ransom Cord Impressed (17)___-_------ Noi gees Ce ae 4 Owego Tool Impressed (15) ------------- 4 4 6 | 1 (=15) En Ro col” STUISMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 207 6. Of the three groups of body sherds classified according to exterior surface finish—namely, simple stamped, cord-marked, and smoothed (or “plain”)—the last group includes by all odds the largest number of specimens in the Hintz collection, some 6,597 sherds, or 74 percent of the sample. Since the “smoothed,” i.e., buffed, possibly scraped but not burnished, body sherds may originally have been treated with a grooved or thong-wrapped paddle (simple stamped), or a cord-wrapped paddle (cord-marked), their distribution at the Hintz site is of little interest compared to that of the wnaliered simple stamped and cord-marked body sherds. The horizontal and vertical provenience of these two groups of sherds in the excavated structures and the other excavation units may be sum- marized as follows: TABLE 4.—Provenience of simple stamped and cord-marked sherds House 1 House 2 Trash dump House 3 0.2-0.7 0. 7-2.45*} 0.2-0.7 0.7-1.5 (XU1) 0.2-0.7 0. 7-1.3 0.2-0.7 0. 7-2.5 Simple stamped (2053)_-----_-- 27 28 335 62 305 451 170 4 Cord-marked (252) ...-.-------- 16 1 31 13 44 87 43 4 House 4 Bower xU4 XU12 0.2-0.7 0.7-1.1 (7°48) 0.2-0.7 0.7-1.2 | 0.2-0.7 0.7-1.2 0. 2-1.0 Simple stamped (2053)__.--.-_- 90 3 55 66 18 12 3 Cord-marked (252)__-..-----.-- (oi See ee [a ee eee See py each eer ees cee Sees Reese *The depth-below-surface categories given here are generally, but not entirely, mutually exclusive cate- gories, aS will be seen in table 3. In addition, some 318 simple stamped body sherds were found in 15 other excavation units (at depths ranging from surface to 0.4 foot, and from 0.2 foot to 1 foot), for a total of 1,947 sherds, or 94.8 percent of the total sample of simple stamped body sherds from the Hintz site. Also in addition to the above, three cord-marked body sherds were obtained from three other excavation units (at depths ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 foot, and from 0.2 foot to 1 foot), for a total of 247 sherds, or 98 percent of the total sample of cord-marked body sherds from the Hintz site. Examples of both simple stamped and cord-marked body sherds occurred in all four of the major excavated structures, and in the trash dump (XU1) adjoining House 2. The proportion of simple stamped and of cord-marked body sherds relative to the entire sample of each group from the Hintz site is very nearly comparable in only one structure, House 2, with 19 percent of the whole sample of simple stamped sherds and 17 percent of the whole sample of cord-marked body sherds. The proportion of cord-marked sherds (to the whole sample) is more than twice that of simple stamped sherds (to the entire sample) in House 1 and House 3, and nearly twice as much as that of simple stamped sherds in the trash dump (XU1); and the converse obtains in House 4, thus: Trash Surface finish House 1 House 2 dump House 3 House 4 (XU1) é Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Simpletstamipedmtiss 22 5 - fees 3 19? 7 8 * Cord-markedl soos... ee ee Ui 17/ 52 19 ae * Of whole sample. 208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185 With regard to the number of simple stamped and cord-marked sherds in the two depth categories arbitrarily defined in the major excavated structures, it may be pointed out that the frequencies of both groups of sherds are clearly greater in the upper layer (0.2 to 0.7 foot below surface) in House 2 and House 38. The converse is true with respect to the two layers defined in the trash dump (XU1). As far as the overall distribution of simple stamped and cord-marked body sherds at Hintz goes, it may be observed that while simple stamped sherds occurred in 22 of the 25 excavation units, cord-marked sherds were found in only 8 of the 25 excavation units. To sum up: It may be stated that the horizontal and vertical pro- venience of the simple stamped and cord-marked body sherds in the excavated structures and in the other excavation units at the Hintz site indicates that, whereas simple stamping and cord-marking co- existed in the Hintz component, they were by no means coextensive therein. The relatively high frequency and near-ubiquity of simple stamped sherds, compared to the relative scarcity and restricted dis- tribution of cord-marked sherds, in the Hintz sample, seem to imply (1) a cultural static—the greater popularity of simple stamping over cord-marking, and (2) a cultural dynamic—the supplanting of cord-marking by simple stamping in the Hintz component. The latter phenomenon is apparent, I believe, in two components recently analyzed in the Missouri River valley near Pierre, S. Dak. The re- placement of cord-marking (or “cord roughening”) by simple stamp- ing 1s a fait accompli in the Phillips Ranch component of the Snake Butte Focus (Lehmer, 1954, p. 100, table 4), which may be closely contemporaneous with the Hintz component. The displacement of cord-marking (or “cord roughening”) by simple stamping seems to be well on the way in the component of the Stanley Focus at the Dodd site (Lehmer, op. cit., p. 81, table 1), which is judged to be shghtly earlier than the Phillips Ranch component. Characterization—The ceramic complex of the Hintz component, irrespective of rim and body sherd types and groupings, exhibits the following attributes, listed under eight heads: Paste: Fine sand or grit-tempered, unslipped, buff to dark gray in color. Technique of manufacture: Probably lump modeled, then thinned with paddle and anvil. Lip form: Rounded, flattened, beveled, everted, pointed, or interiorly or exteriorly extruded. Rim form: Incurved, flared (unthickened, or exteriorly thickened or “braced,” or exteriorly thickened and beveled or “wedge-shaped’’), col- lared, or recurved or S-shaped. Vessel form: Globular jars of apparently small size. Decorative treatment: Undecorated, or decorated with rectilinear or rarely curvilinear dentate stamped, incised-trailed, cord impressed, tool im- pressed, punctated, wrapped-stick impressed, check stamped, or painted designs on the lip, exterior and/or interior rim surfaces, and the shoulder area. Riv. Bas. Sur. a PAP. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 209 Surface finish (of bodies): Simple stamped, cord-marked, or smoothed. Appendages: Strap handles and lugs (rare). Comparisons.—By comparing the presence and absence of certain attributes of the ceramic complexes of the Hintz component and of one focus and three sites (or components) which lie within a radius of 190 airline miles of, and are apparently very nearly contempora- neous with, the Hintz site, it may be practicable to suggest the cultural affinity and possible authorship of the Hintz component. The quality and range of the attributes used for comparison are limited by the information now available. While it would be highly desira- ble to give weight to these attributes (by frequencies) and to show their associations within each complex, it is not possible to do so be- cause of the differences in the provenience and size of the samples and the lack of correlated data, except in the case of one complex, as noted below. The focus referred to above is the Painted Woods Focus, recognized and named by A. W. Bowers (MS., pp. 28-80, figs. 1, 4, and 14, and tables 1-3). To this focus Bowers assigns, or tentatively assigns, 17 sites or components of sites on both sides of the Missouri River, from Mannhaven southward to just above Harmon in central North Dakota, and the Schultz site on the lower Sheyenne River in south- eastern North Dakota. In his unpublished study, Bowers presents data on the pottery which he himself gathered from 10 of the 17 sites or components in the Missouri valley— Sites 34 (Lower Hidatsa), 32 (Awaxawi), 21, 12 (Stanton Ferry), 10 (Fort Clark Station), 48 (Bagnall), 125 (Gaines), 126 (Mile Post 28), 9 (Upper Sanger), and 23 (Kidelbrock)—and on pottery collected by EK. A. Milligan from the Schultz site. Bowers attributes the Painted Woods Focus sites or components of sites in the Missouri valley to the Hidatsa, following their identification by aged native informants in 1930 as traditional Hidatsa sites (op. cit., p. 38). Bowers assigns the Schultz site, located in a “region traditonally occupied by the various Hidatsa groups,” to the Painted Woods Focus on the basis of ceramic analog- ies with sites or components of this focus in the Missouri valley ; but at the same time he thinks that the high frequencies of cord-marked and check stamped sherds in the Schultz collection reflect close ties respectively with the Great Oasis Aspect to the southeast and the Devils Lake region to the north (op. cit., p. 44). The other ceramic complexes with which the Hintz complex will be compared are represented by samples obtained from the following sites (or components) : 1. The Old Fort Abraham Lincoln or Slant Village site, a fortified earthlodge village on the west side of the Missouri River just below °—o10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buty. 185 Bismarck, N. Dak., which is identified on native testimony as a site abandoned by the Mandan about A.D. 1764. The site was partly excavated by W. D. Strong in 1938. The preliminary description of the pottery (Strong, 1940, p. 364, and pl. 5) is based in part on a statistical analysis made by Carlyle S. Smith. (In November 1954 Dr. Smith furnished me an annotated copy of a chart showing corre- lations of rim decoration and rim form for 720 rim sherds, and of surface finish and rim form for 315 body sherds, from Slant Village; and Dr. Strong, in a letter dated March 31, 1955, granted me per- mission to use these data. But I will not introduce the correlated statistical data here because this is the only comparative collection I am utilizing which has been treated in this manner.) 2. The Sheyenne-Cheyenne or Biesterfeldt site, on the lower Shey- enne River in southeastern North Dakota. This fortified earthlodge village, partially excavated by Strong in 1938, is identified on native testimony as a Cheyenne site which was attacked and burned by the Chippewa. Its destruction occurred, according to Strong’s estimate, circa A.D. 1770. Descriptions of the pottery obtained from the site have been published by Strong (op. cit., pp. 373-374, and pl. 8) and by Wood (1955). 3.. The Buffalo Pasture site on the right bank of the Missouri River, about 8 river-miles above Pierre, S. Dak. This fortified earthlodge village and two other earthlodge sites upstream, the Fort Sully and Lower Cheyenne River sites, were excavated or sampled by a Colum- bia University expedition in 1939 under the direction of Strong, who identified them as Arikara “in origin,’ on comparision with the slightly later, well-documented Leavenworth or Lewis and Clark site on the right bank of the Missouri above the mouth of the Grand River. The pottery from the three sites has been described briefly and collectively by Strong (op. cit., pp. 380-381, and pl. 9). It should be noted that further, extensive excavations conducted by the Missouri Basin Project in 1951-1958 at the three sites have revealed that two of them, the Fort Sully and Lower Cheyenne River sites, are multi- component sites, and that only the latest major component in each case seems to be identifiable, like the single component at the Buffalo Pasture site, as “protohistoric Arikara.” Reports of these investi- gations are now in preparation. The five ceramic complexes, numbered 1 to 5, are compared with respect to 22 attributes in table 5. An “x” under a given com- plex means that the attribute is present therein. Occasionally the “x” is modified by “rare” or an arabic numeral in parentheses. The latter indicates the few actual specimens recorded. Riv. BAS. Sur. a Pav, No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—-WHEELER 211 TABLE 5.—Attributes of five ceramic complexes a 5 OES SS ee ee eee ee 3. Old Fort |4. Sheyenne- Attributes 1, Hintz 2. Painted |A. Lincoln or| Cheyenne 5. Buffalo Woods Slant or ahi Pasture eldt Rim form: Iimcunviedss === =— a(S) esate CT KOM Un ey Sin pres wie TS eee. |S Flared (unthickened) -| x_------ Ressh sas A peur ap Weed MCRAne) alee Sates oe Bracedas= eee ee ee ae eee gs Ee 5x (ATC) eee ee Wedge-shaped___| x_------- po aa ela | ees ee 5 Get BE nian a ele rate Collarcdeees se ae SGI) a ne aay |, 5 a ee | | Recurved or S-shaped_| x_------ xO ive PR PATS ehyayn EE. 2. Decoration—on lip, rim, and or shoulder: Dentate stamped__-_-_-_ SR a ss | eer ca ee |e eons lene SOMA Incised-trailed_-__--_-_ eee ew xo fe x((Al)) Aa a i ea Ko vase Cord impressed mara fee Ue xin Fee we errs iyi. Ps meee x(rare) _- (single cord). Tool impressed__--_-__ De St ay a eee Rg ae a a eae Kien Runciiaved= a= ——— 5 da aseare o see eal | eb enon Xe eye Wrapped-stick Ses HE Fl Ka ee 5:1 7) panes Oa (ago: <2 SO ae el 4 See impressed. Check stamped_---_-_ ioe eee pin Lge SSeS Bey ne le ts a cy Fee ee ee ee Scoredicorass-nul bed lexee == — | eee Kee aS Kees Sena 5a or ‘‘brushed’’]. OULELUC Se ee ee ene ee x(rare)e (eo eee es K (rane) Le ei a Painted) @)s2s2=e-. == To (ONE Nias betas Eat ie: i( (1) RPS 21 | Sier cee nS ioe linea leo oratins | Wes eee ewe ee Se ea ease ee 5a ELON Ease Ve eam ad pressions thereof. Surface finish—exterior surface: Simple stamped_---_- Red PEGS) _ Dy Ke we te Ki els whe Ke bed papaya Kare aysgeel Cord-marked= =_—---_- Rs ee. Sa he fae EI Sa, es eke ae ee Check stamped __-_-_-_- 5 ou eae Xe, 2 = (UIA Da ene ere ee ee Smoothed [“‘plain’]=4|)xLe5_ 225 Reiey apres ae gage aes Km wes ee Red film—on interior surface: Swi ((IE Mig ese oe >| 4) Veer [oe cee 4 Per eS Analysis of the tabulated data yields the following information in regard to the distribution and sharing of the 22 attributes among the five ceramic complexes 5 a. Distribution of attributes: 1. Five attributes occur in all five complexes: Braced rim form (rare in 4); incised-trailed decoration (rare in 3); single cord im- pressed decoration (rare in 5); and simple stamped and smoothed or “plain” surface finish. 2. Four attributes are present in four of the five complexes: Flared (unthickened) rim form (rare in 4, absent in 5) ; punctated decoration (absent in 3); wrapped-stick impressed decoration (rare in 3, absent in 5); and scored or “grass rubbed” or “brushed” decoration (absent in 2). 8. Five attributes are present in three of the five complexes: Wedge- shaped rim form (absent in 3 and 5); recurved or S-shaped rim form (absent in 4 and 5); tool impressed decoration (absent in 2 and 3); check stamped surface finish (rare in 3, absent in 4 and 5); and red film (rare in 1 and 3, absent in 2 and 5). 4. Three attributes occur in two of the five complexes: Check stamped decoration (absent in 8, 4 and 5); painted (?) decoration (rare in 1 212 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun 185 and 38, absent in 2, 4 and 5); and cord-marked surface finish (absent in 3, 4 and 5). 5. Three attributes—incurved rim form, collared rim form, and den- tate stamped decoration—appear to be present only in 1; and one attri- bute—inset beads or impressions thereof—seemingly occurs only in 4. b. Sharing of attributes: The Hintz ceramic complex (1) shares 13 attributes with the Painted Woods complex (2); 12 attributes with the Old Fort Abraham Lincoln village complex (3)—with two of these attributes rare in both com- plexes and three rare in the latter; 12 attributes with the Sheyenne- Cheyenne complex (4)—with one of these attributes rare in the Hintz complex and two rare in the Sheyenne-Cheyenne complex; and eight attributes with the Buffalo Pasture complex (5)—with one of these attributes rare in the latter. In terms of the number of shared attributes, the Hintz ceramic com- plex (1) is least like the Buffalo Pasture complex (5) and most like the Painted Woods complex (2). Furthermore, two attributes present in (1) and (2)—check stamped decoration and cord-marked surface finish—are not reported from (8), (4), and (5); they appear to set off clearly the former two complexes from the latter three. The numerous analogies between the Hintz and Painted Woods ceramic complexes indicate, I believe, that the former is intimately related to the latter, and that the authors of the Painted Woods ce- ramic complex, tentatively identified as the Hidatsa, may also have been responsible for the Hintz ceramic complex. UTILIZED POTTERY SHERDS Two utilized pottery sherds are present in the Hintz collection. One, subcircular in outline, is 31 mm. in maximum diameter and 4.5 mm. in maximum thickness. Derived from a grit-tempered, un- slipped, dark-gray, smoothed body sherd, the object is roughly trimmed around the periphery. The interior surface bears several shallow striations which tend to radiate from an approximate center. The other specimen, subrectangular in outline, is 33 mm. in maxi- mum length, 25 mm. in maximum breadth, and 6.75 mm. in maximum thickness. Based on a grit-tempered, unslipped, dark-gray, cord- marked sherd, this object is roughly trimmed on three sides and smoothed along most of the fourth side and around one corner. The interior surface bears numerous shallow striations, directed at random. Both objects may have been used in a game, possibly the hand game. STONE OBJECTS Some 367 whole or broken chipped, battered, abraded, and polished stone objects were obtained from the surface and the excavations at Riv. BAs. Sur. OS Pap. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER Figure 33.—Representative chipped stone artifacts, Hintz site. 214 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 the Hintz site in 1946, 1952, and 1954. The specimens are described as follows. Projectile points (73 complete or incomplete but identifiable specimens, and 92 unclassifiable fragments). Four styles of points are present: Small triangular points with straight or slightly convex sides and straight or concave base (87 examples; fig. 38, a-d). Made prin- cipally of chalcedony and quartzite, and usually fully retouched on both faces, these specimens weigh between 0.8 and 1.7 gm. Small bilaterally side-notched points, with straight base (25 examples; fig. 33, e). Made largely of chalcedony and fully retouched on both faces, these specimens weigh between 0.9 and about 2.0 gm. Small triangular point with single notch at the base (one example). Made of quartzite and fully retouched on both faces, the specimen weighs 0.6 gm. Stemmed points, with straight or convex sides, barbed or weakly barbed shoulders, expanding stem narrower or rarely wider than the shoulders, and straight, sometimes smoothed base (ten examples; fig. 33, f-j). Made of chalcedony or quartzite and fully retouched on both faces, the measurable specimens weigh from about 1.7 to 8.0 gm. These points may be regarded as “heirloom” pieces derived from com- plexes much older than the one represented at the site. Projectile point “rejects” (3 examples). Subtriangular in outline and only partially retouched, these specimens, in jasper and quartzite, weigh from 2.1 to 2.8 gm. Knives (53 whole or broken specimens; fig. 33, kK). Intact specimens are generally small and subtriangular or ovate. Made principally of chal- cedony and quartzite, the specimens show varying degrees of finish by pressure retouch. Flake scrapers (48 specimens; fig. 33, 7). These are generally small, oc- casionally medium-size random flakes (mainly of chalcedony, with a single example of obsidian), unifacially retouched along one or more edges. End scrapers (65 whole or fragmentary specimens; fig. 33, m—o). These small, subtriangular to subrectangular specimens, made almost exclusively of brown chalcedony, are unifacially retouched over the entire convex face, or along all edges, or along the chamfered working edge only. Drills (4 specimens; fig. 33, p, gq). These small specimens, all of chalcedony, are T-shaped, sickle-shaped, or stemmed. They are fully retouched on all faces or along the edges of the convex face only (fig. 33, q). Arrowshaft-cutters (2 specimens.) Made in chalcedony and flint, each small specimen has a prepared concave inset on one side which would be suitable for cutting reeds or twigs for arrowshafts. Choppers or scrapers (8 specimens). Three large core-tools of chert and quartzite, roughly chipped by percussion, would have served as choppers or scrapers. Hand-hammers (15 specimens, fig. 34, g). One discoidal object of quart- zite, illustrated, and 14 amorphorous objects of quartzite and granite (drift cobbles?) show varying degrees of battering as though they had served as hammers or pounders. Three-quarter-grooved hammer (1 specimen). This object, of indurated sandstone, has a flattened bit and rounded poll. The carefully pecked groove runs across both faces and one edge about midway between the bit and poll. Riv. Bas. Sur. hee Par. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—-WHEELER 215 f 9 Ficure 34.—Selected bone artifacts and ground and battered stone artifacts, Hintz site. 216 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185 Full-grooved hammer (1 specimen). This object, of granite, has a pointed bit and rounded poll, and bears a neatly executed groove, bordered by rounded ridges, which completely encircles the object at about the mid- point except for an intentional break at the top. Anvils (4 specimens). These fragmentary (7?) objects, of granite or in- durated sandstone, have a “working” surface which may have served as an “anvil.” Pipes (1 complete specimen and 2 fragments; fig. 34, f). The complete specimen, of limestone, which is illustrated, is cuboid in form, with a neatly drilled stem-hole and two horizontal, deeply incised lines encircling the bowl. The top and sides are ground smooth. The pipe fragments consist of the mouthpiece (?) of a tubular pipe of steatite, finely polished, and the body fragment of a tubular (7?) pipe of catlinite which bears striations on the convex surface, resulting from smoothing down the specimen. BONE AND TOOTH OBJECTS Thirty-three objects of bone and teeth recovered from the Hintz site include: Awls (6 whole or broken specimens; fig. 34, 0, c). Made of splinters, these objects vary from neatly worked to roughly pointed specimens. Flakers (4 specimens; fig. 34, @). Tough, bluntly pointed and smoothed fragments of bone, these specimens would have served well as flakers in knapping stone tools. Quill flatteners or pottery tools (12 complete or fragmentary specimens ; fig. 34, d). These specimens are made of ribs and are nicely worked on one or both ends. They have been frequently identified as flatteners for porcupine quills. I have recently suggested that an alternative use might be as tools for modeling and decorating pottery vessels (Wheeler, 1956). Shaft wrench (1 specimen; fig. 34, e). This specimen, broken in the mid- dle(?), is made of a rib, has one perforation and a nicely rounded end. Scapula hoes (1 complete and 1 broken specimen). The two examples pres- ent have intact heads and a perforation in the center of the body, presum- ably made for attaching the wooden (?) haft. Paint-brushes (3 specimens). These porous specimens, roughly circular in form, are made from the head of bison femora. Beads (2 fragments). 'These tiny fragments, of bird or small animal bone, appear ‘to be sections of small tubular beads. Worked teeth (2 specimens). One large and one small canine tooth are smoothly worn, as though they had been used. Worked bone (1 specimen). One longitudinal section of a long bone is smoothed and polished, as though it had served some purpose. SHELL OBJECTS Four small and three large irregularly shaped pieces of worked shell may have been pendants or parts thereof. The large specimens are Busycon contrarium from the Gulf of Mexico. One of these pieces bears a perforation near an end. Riv. Bas. Sur. = , ie Par. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER ie7 Reruse MATERIALS Materials grouped under this heading include chipping debris, bone- working debris, minerals, and faunal and vegetal remains, described as follows. Chipping debris—Several hundred cores and flakes, the residuum of stone chipping, were collected and saved from the Hintz site. The materials are principally of chalcedony, jasper, and quartzite, of varying texture and colors. Bone-working debris.—One head of a scapula, and one articular joint of a long bone, of bison, appeared to have been cut by chopping or slicing. Minerals—One lot of powdered limcnite and two rounded pieces of hema- tite appeared to have been used by the Hintz people as pigments. Faunal remains.—Of the thousands of unworked bones and teeth and bits of bone and tooth scrap collected at Hintz, the following were identified : Mammat No. of specimens STSOMMPES 1S OUR OLS OT ae ee ee anes nee eS 143 mature and immature IDECEOLAPLONSNorm steal fe SS Ae eee Oe ee ee eee ee 4 mature IBAGSeEN CAAT CG see eat ee es 2 here 1 he eri ON Seas ap ol 1 mature Gray getO XU) 7;O CY ON ae eee ere he ae at Ee Se SV 4 mature WD OLROLECOY OLE RC OMS = ase os ears cee a re re Se i Se ee 16 mature Scare C1) 116 1S mee a ee a Se tee Re ee ee eel NE 1 mature VBA EEN ERE yf COUGHS AD eg ch A a ee eg Spa a hw ag cy 4 mature Winitetallejackrabbithe epi sie eee eae 1 mature ROcketseophnereeh Om Oni Sie me aes e ee 1 mature Ground squirrels | Cieliugeee cares eectenrirriy see OE eee e 12 mature Of the numerous unworked mussel-shell fragments returned from Hintz, these lots of specimens were identified : Species No. of lots ANOCONTOROTONGISE DIAN CMI nm ea ee ee ee ee al LAMPSIUSSLUQULOLCE, CB atNeCS) ee = eee ee eee eee 18 LE DSINVUG ONG COMED UT: Cn CES EATEN CS) ee 16 Vegetal remains.—The only identifiable specimens in this category that were obtained from the Hintz site were charred and uncharred pits of wild plum, Prunus americana. THE JOOS SITE, 32SN30 This site lay on the treeless, boulder-strewn crest of a ridge, a north-south outlier of the high bluff along the west side of the James River, in NWIANWY, sec. 12, T. 140 N., R. 64 W., about 34 mile south of the Hintz site. The site occurred in a large permanent pasture. Located in August 1952 by two members of the Missouri Basin Project field party which was then excavating at Hintz, the Joos site, named for the cooperative landowner, was found to exhibit five small circular or oval depressions. Three of these depressions occurred in a cluster near the south end of the ridge; a single depression lay at 5979676323 218 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 the north end, and a single depression occurred at about the midpoint of the ridge. The features, each encircled by a doughnut-shaped ring of earth and boulders (frequently dislodged), appeared to be man-made constructions, although the only superficial evidence of human occupancy of the entire area consisted of one shell fragment. EXcAVATION PROCEDURE The five boulder-filled depressions noted at the Joos site were excavated and plotted according to individual 5-foot grids oriented on magnetic north, and the area in which they occurred was mapped and sketched, in mid-August 1952 (fig. 35). The first excavation, designated XU1, was made in the depression near the midpoint of the ridge; the depression was labeled Feature 1 (F1). Excavations were then carried on in the cluster of three depressions; the area was called XU2 and the depressions were labeled Features 1-3 (F1-F3). Lastly, the single depression at the south end of the ridge was opened. This area was designated XU3 and the depression area was labeled Feature 1 (F1). In each case, the stones were carefully removed from the depression, and the silt filling the interstices was passed through screens of 84-inch mesh. SErrLEMENT FEATURES AND BURIALS The five small circular or oval, earth-and-boulder ringed depressions excavated at the Joos site, the only “settlement features” discovered at the site, are described in outline form below. FEATURE 1 (F1) in XU1; fig. 36, a. Shape: Small, circular; diameter of depression, 8.2 feet; maximum width of encircling ring, 2.1 feet. Depth: 1.35 to 1.75 feet, measured from a straight-edge laid across the tops of the boulders in the surrounding ring. Fill: Random boulders, and an upper stratum of buff-colored wind-blown sand (0.3 to 0.8 foot thick) and a lower stratum of dark sand (0.85 to 0.95 foot thick). The latter was underlain by sterile shale, which was excavated to a maximum depth of 1.45 feet below the sand. Contents: Three body sherds, waste flakes, an animal bone and four animal- bone fragments, two lots of decayed charred wood, and one lot of finely- divided charcoal. Other features: None. Preservation: Fair; some of the boulders in the ring appeared to have been displaced by grazing animals and slope wash. FEATURE 1 (F1) in XU2; fig. 37, a. Shape: Small, circular; diameter of depression, 7.4 feet; maximum width of encircling ring, about 2.2 feet. Depth: 2.0 feet, measured from a straight-edge laid across the tops of the boulders in the surrounding ring. 597967 O—63 (Face p. 218) UPLAND ai ieee (yao0E100 @ xu3-FI }, and features. ARG. T236 597967 O—63 (Face p. 218) UPLAND eee ee 2, eee sNISOEIOO TOP OF RIDGE Guoezo8 Site 32SN30 Ficure 35.—Map of the Joos site, showing the locations of the excavation units XU 1-X U3, and features. ARB. T236 iv Bs al al Sea Fue Tay (ese iweb the tidy Gee F (FR), ache ‘Whepressions; Tact AB ol Bentiires 3-2: (FL-PS}o4 got the ridge wis jon ar oa" was STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 219 Riv. Bas. Sur. Pap. No. 30] ‘ants soof “eX ‘T emnivag jo urfg ‘¢ "INK ‘T emvay Jo urfg ‘v—9¢ aunorg OSSD 1334 dsu ol ¢ ie) SN317 HSV V3auV G3LVAVOX3 WOYs IVAOW3Y 340338 ANOLS 40 NOILISOd 3NOLS QN3931 OIpN SObN OObN OvIN SEIN OgIN Orla - Sbla— geia - Ovla — (0} 3) = | Scisi— [BuLu. 185 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 220 ‘aqis soof ‘7x ‘Z eAnieay jo urd “¢ pur ‘T einivay jo urtq ‘y—/¢ AMNOL €S61-S-b v8eL 1334 Ol S VAY GSLVAVOX WOus TVAOW|Y 340438 ANOLS 4O NOILISOd aNOLS GN3931 q 062s s62s sse3— ose3a- Size dead ove3a— ° geca— : O82S ! s82s ee sor STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 221 Fill: Random boulders, and an upper stratum of buff-colored sand and a lower stratum of dark sand. The latter was underlain by sterile shale, which was excavated to a maximum depth of 0.6 foot below the sand. Contents: None. Other features: None. Preservation: Fair; many boulders dislodged by grazing animals and slope wash. FEATURE 2 (F2) in XU2;; fig. 37, b. Shape: Small, roughly oval; maximum length of depression, 5.2 feet east- west; maximum width of depression, 4.1 feet north-south; maximum width of surrounding ring, about 1.25 feet. Depth: 1.7 feet, measured from a straight-edge laid across the tops of the boulders in the surrounding ring. Fill: Random boulders and dark sand above sterile shale, which was penetrated to a depth of 1.5 feet. Contents: A few animal-bone scraps, one charred fruit pit, and some finely- divided charcoal. Other features: None. Preservation: Fair; a few boulders displaced by grazing animals and slope wash. FEATURE 3 (F3) in XU2; fig. 38, a and 0. Shape: Small, subcircular ; diameter of depression, 7.4 feet; maximum width of surrounding ring, about 2.0 feet. Depth: Generally 2.5 feet, with a central basin-shaped pit between 2.5 and 2.8 feet. Fill: Random boulders and dark sand, from 0.2 to 2.8 feet; clay from 2.3 to 2.5 feet; shale below 2.5 feet to unknown depth. Contents: One phalange and six fragmentary long bones and a tarsal bone of a secondary human burial (Burial 2, of indeterminate sex and age), found between two boulders surrounding the depression, at a depth of 0.4 feet; one skull fragment, one mandible, and 197 fragmentary bones of a secondary human burial (Burial 1, an adult of uncertain sex), uncovered in the central depression at a depth of 2.5 to 2.8 feet (fig. 38, b) ; and one broken projectile point, one modified and one unworked fiake, 48 human-bone fragments, an animal-bone fragment and a bird bone, and broken mussel shells, obtained from the matrix between the surface and 2.0 feet below the surface. Sticks, 0.2 foot in diameter, found in the clay stratum, suggest that some sort of cribwork had been built over the basin-shaped pit containing Burial 1. Other features: Burials 1 and 2 (secondary human burials), mentioned above. Preservation: Fair; some boulders displaced by grazing animals and slope wash. FEATURE 1 (F1) in XU3; fig. 36, B. Shape: Small, circular; diameter of depression, 5.3 feet; maximum width of surrounding ring, 3.1 feet. Depth: Maximum in the depression, 2.7 feet ; maximum in an area adjoining the depression on the south, 0.7 foot. Fill: An ash lens at a depth of 0.3 foot; refuse-bearing buff-colored sand, with random boulders, down to sterile shale. [Buuu. 185 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 222 £S61-8e-v Ssel SIN3W9VYS TINS ‘ous soof ‘7x ‘(peieavoxe) ¢ ainjvaq jo urd “g pur ‘(peivavoxaun) ¢ envoy jo uv] ‘v—ge TANI q ‘D 1334 4334 G2 Se es 0 S 0 3NOLS O GN3931 a ie Le Sees OfES 3NO8 NVAWNH —— $9E3 —ose3 ———= Gel Riv. Bas, Sur. eee € Pap. NO. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 923 Contents: Four rim or near-rim and 100 body sherds, a projectile point and point fragments, modified and unmodified flakes, and shell fragments, be- tween 0.2 foot and 1.6 feet. Other features: None. Preservation: Good, with only a few boulders seemingly displaced by grazing animals. The foregoing data may be summarized as follows. Five small circular or oval pits, each surrounded by a ring of earth and boulders, occurred in a cluster of three or singly, at widely spaced intervals, on the crest of a ridge along the west side of the James River. ‘The pits, measuring 5.3 to 8.2 feet in maximum diameter and from 1.7 to 2.7 feet in maximum depth, contained varying amounts of occupa- tional detritus. In one case (Feature 3 in XU2), the pit also held the remains of at least two secondary burials. It may be presumed that the pits were once covered with a light wooden frame on which were placed brush and grass. The location, the shapes and diameters of the pits, and their pre- sumed covering, suggest that they are identifiable as eagle-trap pits (see Will, 1924, p. 298; Wilson, 1928, pp. 212-213; and Bowers, 1950, pp. 206-208). While the pits, as excavated, were uniformly too shallow to permit a man to sit or even crouch within them, they may have been considerably deeper if the boulders encircling the pits had been piled one on the other. The presence of two or more secondary burials in one pit indicates a secondary, possibly ritualistic, function which the pits sometimes served. ARTIFACT INVENTORY The short artifact inventory of the Joos site includes small samples of pottery sherds and chipped stone objects. POTTERY Rim and near-rim sherds.—Three rim-and-lip sherds are identifiable, respec- tively, as Buchanan Undecorated, Pingree Cord Impressed (with the cord having a Z-twist), and Melville Wrapped-Stick Impressed types. Ten near-rim {or shoulder?) sherds of unidentifiable type bear closely spaced trailed or incised lines on the exterior surface, and one near-rim (or shoulder?) sherd bears a single cord impressed line, with the cord having a Z-twist. Body sherds.—The 95 body sherds include 3 simple stamped, 2 cord-marked, 82 smoothed, and 8 longitudinally split sherds. STONE OBJECTS All the specimens in this category are of chipped stone and consist of: Projectile points —One small, complete triangular point with convex sides and irregularly straight base, in gray quartzite, fully retouched on one face and marginally retouched on the reverse face; one small, fragmentary side- notched point with straight converging sides, in dark brown chalcedony, fully 224 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 retouched on both faces; and the distal sections of two points in gray quartzite, fully retouched on both faces. Modified jlakes—Two fragmentary flakes of gray and brown chalcedony bear retouch scars along parts of one or more edges. Reruse MaATEeriats Small samples of chipping debris and of faunal and vegetal remains were recovered from the Joos site. Chipping debris.—One small core and four small flakes of quartzite and nine small flakes of chalcedony are present. Faunal remains.—This material consists of a scapula of bison, Bison bison, and five unidentifiable animal-bone fragments; one unidentified bird humerus and vertebra; and nine shell fragments, one of which was identified as Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes). Vegetal remains.—The material includes two lots of decayed, charred wood and one lot of charcoal, not as yet identified, and one charred pit of Prunus americana. UNEXCAVATED OCCUPATION SITES Hight detrital areas along the west side ef the James River which had been exposed and disturbed by bulldozers to varying degrees, in- cidentally to clearing the reservoir area of timber and brush, were located, recorded by site designation, and briefly examined by mem- bers of the Missouri Basin Project field party between June 18 and June 21, 1954, during the last season of archeological work in the Jamestown Reservoir area. All these pottery-bearing sites are now obliterated by impounded water. Descriptions of the sites and of the materials taken from them follow. (The location and estimated extent of each of the eight sites are shown in fig. 26.) Site 52SN34 occurred along the edge of the low terrace, in NEY and NWYNEY, sec. 23, T. 141 N., R. 64 W., approximately 414 miles in an airline northwest of the Joos site. It consisted of a deposit of debris lying from 0.4 to 0.8 foot below the surface, in fine light-brown alluvial silt, and covering an area about 1,200 feet long east-west by 150 feet wide north-south. The specimens obtained from this site include: 1 rim-and-lip sherd of Buchanan Punctated type; 1 rim-and-lip sherd of Pingree Cord Impressed type, with the cord having an S-twist; 2 shoulder sherds of Owego Tool Impressed type (?) ; 1 near-rim sherd with closely spaced horizontal cord impressions, with the cord having an $-twist; 8 scored near-rim sherds; 12 simple stamped body sherds; 10 smoothed body sherds; 2 small bilaterally side-notched projectile points with straight base, lacking the tip, in jasper; Riv. Bas. Sor. Pap. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—-WHEELER 225 1 small stemmed projectile point with barbed shoulders (7%), lacking the base and tip, in brown chalcedony ; 1 medium-size, complete stemmed projectile point with barbed shoulders and conyex, smoothed base, in brown chaleedony—probably an “heirloom” piece ; 1 small, complete end scraper fully retouched on the convex face, in brown chalcedony, and the proximal fragment of a small end scraper marginally retouched on the upper face, in tan-brown chalcedony ; 1 medial fragment of a flake scraper retouched along one side, in brown chalcedony ; 4 retouched flakes of quartzite and silicified wood ; 1 small subecircular and 1 medium-size subrectangular hand-hammer, deeply pitted here and there by battering ; 1 fragment of a tubular pipe (?) of greenish gray steatite, measuring 33 x 18 x 3.25 mm., highly polished on the convex surface, which bears several lengthwise incisions or scratches that may be fortuitous; 2 small cores and 14 small to minute waste flakes of chalcedony, chert and quartzite ; 13 animal-bone fragments and one shell fragment, all unidentifiable save for one fragmentary toe bone of bison, Bison bison. Site 82SN35 lay at the edge of the low terrace, in NE1,ZNEY, sec. 23, T. 141 N., R. 64 W., about 400 feet southeast of site 325N384. The site was marked by a seemingly thin deposit of occupational refuse extending over an area about 300 feet in length northeast-southwest, and about 200 feet in width northwest-southeast. ‘The specimens, which oecurred in a layer of light-brown alluvial silt underlain by till, consist of : 2 rim-and-lip sherds of Buchanan Undecorated type; 2 rim-and-lip sherds of Pingree Cord Impressed type, with the cord having an S-twist; 2 rim-and-lip sherds of Lisbon Tool Impressed type; 4 broad trailed shoulder sherds, three of which are shell tempered ; 3 scored shoulder or near-rim sherds ; 4 simple stamped body sherds; 8 ecord-marked body sherds; 12 smoothed body sherds, 1 of which is shell tempered; 1 small utilized flake of brown chalcedony ; 5 small waste flakes of chalcedony, chert and crystal quartz; and some unidentifiable bone fragments (discarded in the field). Site 32SN36 was situated at the edge of the low terrace, just south of a gully entering the James River on the west, in NEWSW4, sec. 31, T. 141 N., R. 63 W., approximately 3 miles southeast of site 32SN35 and 14 mile northwest of the Hintz site. Consisting of an apparently thin deposit of detritus in sod and extending over an area about 225 feet in length east-west and 125 feet in width north-south, the site yielded the following specimens: 1 rim-and-lip sherd of Melville Cord Impressed type, with the cord having an S-twist; 1 smoothed near-rim sherd ; 226 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buut. 185 1 trailed or incised sherd ; 1 simple stamped body sherd ; 7 smoothed body sherds; 1 small utilized flake of quartzite; 8 unidentifiable scraps of bone (discarded in the field). Site 832SN87 occurred at the edge of the low terrace, in NEYZSWY, sec. 381, T. 141 N., R. 63 W., on the north side of a gully, opposite site 32S5N36. The site was a seemingly thin deposit of occupational refuse in alluvial silt below a layer of sod. Materials collected from the area consist of: 1 check stamped shoulder sherd (of Owego Tool Impressed type?) ; 1 cord impressed shoulder sherd, with the cord having a Z-twist; 5 simple stamped body sherds; 3 cord-marked body sherds; 10 smoothed body sherds; the distal fragment of a small projectile point (?) in brown chalcedony ; 1 small projectile point “reject”, subtriangular in outline, in gray chert; 1 small, fragmentary engraver-knife, in flint ; 2 small modified flakes and 5 minute unworked flakes of chalcedony; 1 toe bone of bison, Bison bison, and 1 unidentifiable bone fragment and 1 unidentifiable tooth fragment (discarded in the field). Site 82SN88 lay at the edge of the low terrace, in NW14SWi,, sec. 80, T. 141 N., R. 63 W., about %,> mile north-northwest of site 325N37. The thin layer of occupational debris occurred in sod and covered an area approximately 275 feet in length northwest—southeast by 100 feet in width northeast-southwest. The sample of collected material consists solely of pottery fragments, including: 1 rim-and-lip sherd of Buchanan Undecorated type; 1 rim-and-lip sherd of Melville Cord Impressed type, the cord having an S-twist; 1 shoulder sherd bearing closely spaced cord impressed lines, the cord having a Z2-twist; 11 simple stamped body sherds; 3 smoothed body sherds; 1 longitudinally split body sherd. Site 82SN39 occurred at the edge of a terrace cut by a headward- eroding gully, in SW14NEI/, sec. 25, T. 141 N., R. 64 W., a little over 14 mile northwest of site 89S5N38. The thin detrital layer, in sod, extended over an area approximately 150 feet east-west by 180 feet, northwest-southeast. The collected specimens consist of: 2 simple stamped body sherds; 4 smoothed body sherds; 1 small utilized flake of quartzite; 1 small modified flake of quartzite ; 1 small and 1 minute unworked flake of chalcedony ; 1 toe bone of bison, Bison bison. Riv. Bas. Sour. Oe Pap. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER D7 Site 32SN40 was situated at the edge of a terrace, in SWYANEY, sec. 25, T. 141 N., R. 64 W., about 850 feet northwest of site 895N39 The thin lens of occupational detritus occurred in sod, in an area about 160 feet northwest-southeast by 60 feet northeast—southwest. The only specimens recovered include: 1 smoothed shoulder sherd ; 2 smoothed body sherds; 1 small modified flake of chalcedony. Site 382SN 41 lay on a terrace, in the center of NW1,, sec. 24, T. 141 N., R. 64 W., a little over a mile north-northwest of site 325N40. The thin deposit of occupational debris occurred in alluvial silt, in an area about 190 feet east-west by 100 feet north-south. The follow- ing specimens were collected : 1 wrapped-stick impressed near-rim sherd ; 1 scored near-rim sherd ; 3 simple stamped body sherds; 1 cord-marked body sherd; 1 smocthed body sherd; the distal fragment of a projectile point or knife in tan-brown chalcedony ; 2 small flake scrapers in chalcedony ; 2 modified flakes of chalcedony ; 1 medium-size and 17 small to tiny waste flakes of chalcedony, chert and quartzite. The samples of material obtained from the eight unexcavated sites described above indicate with more or less certainty, particularly as regards the pottery fragments present on them, that they participated in the same cultural traditions as did the better-known Hintz and Joos sites. The apparently small size of most of these sites; the absence of discernible settlement features and the thinness of accumu- lated refuse in them; and the paltry samples of specimens taken from them (which in some cases may be considerably short of representa- tive samples of their recoverable contents)—all seem to imply that these sites were transitory camps of small groups that were culturally related to and contemporaneous with the larger population aggre- gates which occupied the Hintz and Joos sites. SYNTHESIS: THE STUTSMAN FOCUS The settlement features and burials unearthed at the Hintz and Joos sites and the artifacts and refuse materials recovered from the surface and excavations at those sites, plus the artifacts and detritus obtained from the bulldozed exposures at eight other sites in the Jamestown Reservoir area, appear to represent a single aboriginal 228 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185 culture complex which I am calling the Stutsman Focus. This focus is characterized by the following traits: (1) Unfortified, semipermanent townsites (Hintz site) and transitory camp- sites on flood-free alluvial terraces along the upper James River; and eagle-trap sites (Joos site) on the crest of valley ridges in this area. (2) Small, circular, earth-covered (?) lodges, randomly placed and rather closely set, with four central supporting posts and two rings of peripheral posts, a long covered entryway or vestibule opening on the east or southeast, one or more fireplaces, and small subfloor cache pits. (3) A small, circular sweat lodge; a bower; a trash dump; a drying rack (?); unprepared lightly fired and heavily fired hearths and prepared hearths, a tool cache and bouider-anvils, in the open; and eagle-trap pits. (4) Secondary burials in eagle-trap pits. (5) Artifacts of five material categories: (a) Metal: Metal knife blades of iron and brass, probably fabricated from metal obtained by direct or indirect White trade. (b) Pottery: Fine sand- or _ grit-tempered, unslipped, probably lump modeled, buff to dark-gray globular jars of apparently small size, for culinary purposes, with rounded, flattened, beveled, everted, pointed, or interiorly or exteriorly extruded lips, and incurved, flared (unthickened, or “braced” or ‘““wedged-shaped’’), collared, or S-shaped rims; undecorated, or decorated with rectilinear or rarely curvilinear dentate stamped, incised-trailed, cord impressed, tool impressed, punctated, wrapped-stick impressed, check stamped, scored, or painted designs on the lip, exterior and/or interior rim surfaces, and shoulder area. Bodies are simple stamped, cord-marked, or smoothed. Strap handles and lugs occur in- frequently. Five locally identifiable wares comprising 138 types are recog- nized. In addition, examples of nine named and described (rim) types found at other sites in the Northern Plains are present in the Hintz component. Two roughly trimmed sherds, subcircular and subrectangular in outline, may have been gaming pieces. (ec) Stone: Chipped stone triangular and bilaterally side-notched arrow- points, small knives and flake scrapers, small subtriangular to sub- rectangular end scrapers retouched over the entire convex surface, along the edges, or on the working end only, T- and sickle-shaped drills, arrow- shaft-cutters, and use-retouched flakes; core choppers or scrapers; hand- hammers, three-quarter-grooved and full-grooved hammers; large and small anvils; and a cuboid pipe of limestone decorated with two incised lines encircling the bowl, and pipe fragments of steatite and ecatlinite. (d) Bone: Splinter awls, flakers, quill flatteners or pottery tools, a shaft wrench, and paintbrushes of cancellous bone; and scapula hoes with intact head and centrally perforated body. (e) Shell: Worked pieces (pendants?), three of which are of Busycon contrarium from the Gulf of Mexico. (6) Four groups of refuse materials : (a) Chipping debris: Cores and waste flakes of chalcedony, chert, jasper, quartzite, ete. (b) Faunal remains: Predominantly modern bison; also pronghorn or deer, badger, gray fox, dog or coyote, skunk, beaver, jackrabbit, pocket gopher, ground squirrel; unidentified bird; and fresh-water mussels, Anodonta grandis plana Lea, Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes), and Lasmigona com- planata (Barnes). Riv. Bas. Sur. Pav. No. 30} STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 229 (ec) Vegetal remains: Charred pits of wild plum, Prunus americana, and unidentified decayed wood and charcoal. No remains of maize, beans, sunflowers or cucurbits were found, but the presence of hoes and of smok- ing pipes indicates that horticulture involving the above plants, plus tobacco, was undoubtedly practiced. The material inventories of the components of the Stutsman Focus imply seminomadic communities whose economy was based on a com- bination of horticulture, hunting (including eagle trapping), and collecting. ASSESSMENT: THE CULTURAL AFFINITIES AND TEM- PORAL PLACEMENT OF THE STUTSMAN FOCUS The ceramic complex of the Stutsman Focus seems to be intimately related to that of the Painted Woods Focus, represented or probably represented at 17 sites or components of sites on both sides of the Missouri River, from Mannhaven southward to just above Harmon in central North Dakota, and at the Schultz site on the lower Sheyenne River in southeastern North Dakota. The Painted Woods Focus has been tentatively ascribed to the Hidatsa (Bowers, MS). One or more groups of this seminomadic Northern Plains tribe may have been responsible for the Stutsman Focus. The presence of a few artifacts of trade metal and of examples of certain presumably late pottery types (particularly the Ransom, Stanley, and Talking Crow types identified in foregoing pages) in the inventory of the Hintz component suggests that the Stutsman Focus may be placed in the early Historic Period (Strong, 1940, pp. 365-866, and table 1), and may be accorded a date of A.D. 1750, or 1770, to 1800. REFERENCES CITED BOWERS, ALFRED WILLIAM. 1950. Mandan social and ceremonial organization. Univ. Chicago Publ. Anthrop., Social Anthrop. Ser. A history of the Mandan and Hidatsa. MS., Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. Chicago, 1948. LEECHMAN, DOUGLAS. 1951. Bone grease. Amer. Antiquity, vol.'16, No. 4, pp. 355-356. LEHMER, DONALD J. 1951. Pottery types from the Dodd site, Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota. Plains Archeol. Conference News Letter, vol. 4, No. 2. 1954. Archeological investigations in the Oahe dam area, South Dakota, 1950-51. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 158, Riv. Bas. Surv. Pap., No. 7. SMITH, CARLYLE 8S. 1951. Pottery types from the Talking Crow site, Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota. Plains Archeol. Conference News Letter, vol. 4, No. 3. 230 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 Srrone, WILLIAM DUNCAN. 1940. From history to prehistory in the northern Great Plains. Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 100, pp. 353-394. WHEELER, RICHARD P. 1956. “Quill flatteners” or pottery modeling tools? Plains Anthrop. No. 6, pp. 17-20. WILL, GEORGE F, 1924. Archaeology of the Missouri Valley. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthrop. Pap., vol. 22, pt. 6, pp. 285-344. WILSON, GILBERT LIVINGSTONE. 1928. Hidatsa eagle trapping. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthrop. Pap., vol. 33 pt. 4, pp. 99-245. Woop, W. RAYMOND. 1955. Pottery types from the Biesterfeldt site, North Dakota. Plains Anthrop., No. 3, pp. 3-12. APPENDIX LISBON FLARED RIM AND OWEGO FLARED RIM WARES By W. Rayrmonp Woop The ceramics described herein were found at the Schultz site, located on the Sheyenne River, in SW14SE\, sec. 10, T. 185 N., R. 53 E., Owego Township, Ransom County, N. Dak., by Thad. C. Hecker while he was associated with the State Historical Society of North Dakota. The site lies about 18 miles in an airline east-northeast of the town of Lisbon. Hecker’s field notes state that the sherds were taken from “the lower levels of the . . . village ash pits.” This may indicate either that they were found near the base of some features at the site, or that they were recovered from the lower of several levels recognized at the site. The overwhelming majority of sherds in the sample from the Schultz site are cord-marked. Unfortunately, there are no records of the association of the pottery with other artifact material from the site. Permission to publish the following ware and type descriptions based upon the Schultz collection has kindly been granted to me by Russell Reid, superintendent of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, at Bismarck. LISBON FLARED RIM WARE (Ware sample: 82 rim sherds, 213 body sherds, and 2 partially restored vessels. ) PASTE: Temper: Predominantly fine sand or grit. Some sherds contain particles of a flaky, metallic gray substance. Texture: Sherds tend to break in straight lines, but some specimens crumble easily at the break. Some lamination results in horizontal cleavage. Color: Light buff to dark gray, with most examples medium gray. Hardness: 3.5 (celestite). TECHNIQUE OF MANUFACTURE: Probably lump modeled, then thinned with paddle and anvil. SuRFACE FinisH: Most of the sherds are vertically cord-marked with a coarse, fibrous cord while the clay was still pliable. Some check stamping is also present. Many sherds were partially smoothed before the clay was dry, and some of the impressions are partly obliterated. Probably all of the specimens were first cord-marked (or check stamped) and then smoothed. 231 232 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 FORM: Lip: Flat, with occasional extrusion from decoration. Rim: Straight and vertical to flaring. Height ranges from 18 to 65 mm., and averages 35 mm.; thickness varies from 4 to 8 mm., and averages 6 mm. Neck: Somewhat constricted ; rim joins shoulder in a definite yet smoothed curve. Shoulder: Many sherds have angular shoulders, but one of the partially restored vessels has a rounded shoulder. Body: One partially restored vessel has a globular body with a wide mouth, and the remaining sherdS appear to be from similar vessels. Body sherds vary from 3 to 8 mm. in thickness, and neck and shoulder sherds are generally 7 to 8 mm. in thickness. The two partially restored vessels yield these measurements: interior diameter of the orifice, 20.4 and 24.0 em.; exterior diameter of the necks, 20.0 and 23.8 cm. Base-Bottom: Not determinable. Appendages: No handles or lugs present. Decorative treatment: Includes finger impression, punctation, indentation, and incision. Component types: Lisbon Tool Impressed. Lisbon Horizontally Incised. Lisbon Undecorated. Lisbon Tool Impressed (Pl. 35, a-c) (Type sample: 35 rim sherds, representing 29 vessels.) SURFACE FintsH: The specimens are vertically cord-marked with a coarse, fibrous cord, or are rarely check stamped. Observed markings or stamps extend from the lip to the shoulder. Four sherds exhibit cord markings with S twists; three have cord markings with Z twists. On some speci- mens the cord markings or stamps are somewhat smoothed over. DECORATIVE TREATMENT: Indentation, punctation, and finger impression on the lip. The following occurrences were noted: Diagonal indentations, six specimens; transverse indentations, one example; vertical punctations, six examples; diagonal impressions, seven specimens; finger impressions, five examples. The last-mentioned exhibit alternating indentations on the exterior and interior, made by pressing the moist clay with two offset fingers, one inside and the other outside the vessel. The resulting im- pression gives a “pie crust” effect. Lisbon Horizontally Incised (PI. 35, d@) (Type sample: 2 rim sherds, representing 2 vessels.) SURFACE Finisu: Lips and rims are smoothed, but irregularities in the surface suggest that smoothing was done over cord-marked surfaces. The upper part of the shoulder area of one sherd bears vertical cord marks. DECORATIVE TREATMENT: Indentation and incision. The lip of one sherd was diagonally indented with a dowel of large diameter, the other was diag- onally indented with a small dowel. Four to eight incised lines, 1 to 2 mm. in width, encircle the exterior rim. Riv. Bas. Sour. Pap. No. 30] STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 933 Lisbon Undecorated (Type sample: 88 rim sherds, representing 30 vessels, and 1 partially re- stored vessel.) SurFACE FINISH: Lips and rims are smoothed horizontally. The shoulder area, when present, is also smoothed. Irregularities in the exterior surfaces indicate that cord marking preceded smoothing. Horizontal striations often occur on the sherds as the result of smoothing. DECORATIVE TREATMENT: When present, consists of indentation, punctation, finger impression, and incision on the lip only. The following occurrences were noted: impression with a dowel applied to the exterior at a 45° angle, five specimens; impression with a dowel applied to the interior at a 45° angle, two examples; diagonal impressions with a dowel, nine examples ; transverse impressions with a large dowel, four specimens; vertical punc- tations, four specimens; finger impressions, five examples; horizontal incision, one specimen; incised X’s, one example; no decoration, two specimens. OWEGO FLARED RIM WARE Owego Tool Impressed (Pl. 36, a, 0) (Type sample: 4 rim sherds, representing 4 vessels, and 1 partially restored vessel. ) PASTE: Comparable to that of Lisbon Flared Rim ware. TECHNIQUE OF MANUFACTURE: Comparable to that of Lisbon Flared Rim ware. SurFrace FintsH: Lips are smoothed and rims are impressed with randomly applied check stamps. The stamps make a grid impression, and indi- vidual stamps are about 2.0 mm. square. The impressions are partially smoothed. The shoulder area of the partially restored vessel bears nearly obliterated check stamps under incised and punctated designs, and check stamps below the shoulder are also smoothed over (pl. 36, 6). Form : Comparable to that of Lisbon Flared Rim ware. DECORATIVE TREATMENT: Indentation, punctation, and incision. In two cases the lips bear transverse indentations made with a large dowel. Three specimens were indented by vertical pressure with the finger. The par- tially restored vessel bears closely spaced indentations made with a dowel applied at a 45° angle to the lip exterior. The shoulder area of this specimen is decorated with alternating bands of incisions and punctates, the latter having been applied vertically, at a 45° angle. 597967—63——24 D i Lv ce igs a 7 i p ra i i , : . | “1 ai cane mith ¥) hy or “Ape estakasten up) i A P85) my ue. bi vi oe afar, Fe a * ae us AR $a shepapAT, 4 Oy iy aie teyitontanut 4 ; ; yt font a hyy\y ‘ny (act) r ‘v sins 4th, AY Soae Clot ne A SRO aad ? ihe oD UG mand UR | mat a vind ; iv Drvta lewd atin Peg LD Pe elosaey a quit hh "ots C At i ive ' Wels (3 * © 2 TP ‘e \ ATinVe cts bern dab th) ia ) tate igh ane tlatobray r bog Hy ‘ints : mony Bick Hahoona “1 fyi rah nes ae | ‘ 4 ee iter enone <1" lah gent Aten seal i oy v4 sop P ine eositt eid wl By as Moan sd ih iwi Vb ar \ ot het rn f myroh 54 fil ¥ ft uTorhs j a0) 5 »§ ‘ths si r, re ei to HAR fa. astS ty Pe iy A Aa eR he spit He on as ust 1 A cae rate boty riz: ' ‘ \ a yr i & up BULLETIN 185 PLATE 27 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY *JSvOYINOS-]SPd SUTYOO] “TS61 ul UOIPABIXD Jopun oyTs Z\UIEY ayy jo uorj4od yiiou ou fo MOlA IV 63-2 ae a 69T9E BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 28 al oe a, House 1 (F17), looking south. 6, House 2 (F25), looking southeast, Hintz site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 29 a, House 3 (F27), looking southeast. 5, House 4 (F34), looking east, Hintz site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 30 SCM Rim sherds of five named types: a, Parkhurst Dentate Stamped; }, Buchanan Cord Im- pressed; c, Buchanan Too! Impressed; d, Buchanan Punctated; e, f, Buchanan Incised- Trailed, Hintz site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 31 Rim sherds of three named types: a—c, Pingree Cord Impressed; d, Pingree Dentate Stamped; é, Edmunds Dentate Stamped, Hintz site. SCM BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 32 SCM Rim sherds of three named types: a~e, Melville Cord Impressed; f, g, Melville Wrapped- Stick Impressed; h, Melville Scored, Hintz site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 33 Rim sherds of eight named types: a, Lisbon Tool Impressed; 8, Lisbon Undecorated; c, Ransom Cord Impressed; d, ¢, Ransom Cord-Wrapped Stick; f, g, Stanley Cord Im- pressed; h, Stanley Wavy Rim (?); 7, Stanley Plain; 7, Talking Crow Indented, Hintz site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 34 5CM Shoulder and body sherds showing various surface finish techniques: a, check stamped (of Owego Tool Impressed type?); b, trailed; c, scored; d, cord-marked; e, f, simple stamped; g, A, painted, Hintz site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 35 & a-c, Rim sherds of Lisbon Tool Impressed type; d, Lisbon Horizontally Incised type, Schultz site. 597967—63——26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 36 (ote tty SCM a, Rim sherd, and 3, partially restored vessel, of Owego Tool Impressed type, Schultz site. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 185 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 31 Archeological Manifestations in the Toole County Section of the Tiber Reservoir Basin, Montana By CARL F. MILLER 235 sede { . | MOMPUTITSAL MATKORB TIME | isl qasisen th, te wins th) i) 3 { ut yet Th 4 hae tae ‘ " me : Eich i) 1 0e BISOE WES eure ‘nik Pi Tt i ms = i are Wee rg : Yara? rie.) 7 Se 7 oe rota lm yy annoy wana ain vos} v7 M0 Berea | rk ROE OSE Mi a : im = fi . oj ‘ hy ni, wey avr A rie Fy too ‘_ = f t f : : i 7 é ¥ e a a i r : 1 a 2 if 7 rs i viet i ut } ES) i } 7 i if HS Lh! ’ j ( hr a ® - f , a Be Hd re .} t i ; les i Pins .— 4 + ‘ i iy it yi ‘ i y ° uy | me Vi sr ae s inils j 7 1 4 j ¢ a 2" ‘" 1 ry 7 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE Ww N b, Man taking soil samples from north wall of Section 6. h wall. + ie a, Natural stratigraphy in Section 6 along nor BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 38 ; depres % saa , be lie 5 . Pe z é . ve, a . ae P: mo ee ; Apo Mir 3. : a, Cooking area with associated cooking stones, Feature 3, Section 6. 0b, Irregular-shaped hearth area, Feature 1, Section 7. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 39 a, Section 6, position of bones on 7-foot level; b, Section 7, aggregate of sherds on 8-foot level. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 40 =) SECTION G 5 DEPTH 7FT a, Articulated bison cervical vertebrae associated with scattered deer bones and perforated frontals in bison skull as found in Section 7 on the 8-foot level. 6b, Pocket of miscellaneous bison bones on 7-foot level, Section 6. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 41 .- DEPTH SFT} ae TION 7 5 f) OEPTH SFT a, Female bison skull with opening in frontals for extraction of the brains, Section 7, at 8-foot level. 6, Articulated bison cervical vertebrae, Section 7, at 8-foot level. BULLETIN 185 PLATE 42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY “MOAIOSAY OGL], ‘OZ T.LFZ os wos sproys A19}10g BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 43 Chipped-stone artifacts from site 24TL26, Tiber Reservoir. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 44 Bone and antler artifacts from site 24TL26, Tiber Reservoir. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 45 ‘Transitional form from Bison occidentalis Lucas to Bison bison Linnaeus, 1758. 597967-—63 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 185 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 32 Archeological Salvage Investigations in the Lovewell Reservoir Area, Kansas By ROBERT W. NEUMAN 257 597967—_63——31 a er] = LA) SR ON A CF ing Peer a a op cs eats © @ebnks \emp i aad a oe “WOMuTrent watwoabiniee Le wotomhe musi A Ye uno | ear niotind, i ialiGem cee? Pn emote pO RA CO eto anyone nigel vast | soy 1980 5 Hawerdt add ni snobayiieoval 9 arta teshuoloa % i 1A , may ANA ow Terao vit eee ba a ; anna honk i hams ; if ay . : rend oy te mb a gh emery e+ be pnp aay piconet oy inane a merge wie agreed be {er eae ee a a a i eer 70 ie ene oa Fd0 CONTENTS | awepp ROG RD OUTS a Ra ok mee aU A ee ara lam do Feo ed a eae eae IWihitewhoclkesitesGl4on Wall) eeeets sce oe te ee ee yee eee ee - Description of the site and excavations__-_________-__---_- te, He ANTRAL TS) teen ati dE Bahl emg Megs Ate eo degky ee ee Mel Da Bot en tng OLS RO GUCT yea n ce ies een re ae Re = ee Sa et Me Say E PLEO YOY Shey ae AM ly Sp A oh I a dt 3 SUTiia's SOE yy Ae Rh Eg ne gS ae Be eh eG al Re i ce ar A Intermullfsiten (4; W202) 22 shee ee ee Eat ES INS Description of the site and excavations_-_-____- ALKA SEU TOE IF! PAG TES CES EM se tt cee ees es Ns EMR OU EES Lt PAN eR Stones 2052424008) 1 See RO SI Sa sete al be ; Sumamiarye hs Ate Vis PU eb a reas Mn tes Ae NS oe eed ary Wearneter teu Gia y) Wi2)) seis es Subs ei ee oho UA Ek tek Pe aye Description! of-the:site-and-excavations_2!#!00_b4) 1 2b 5-292 22 ees JANVELEIU IEE) Chef aLPcaeg NS bh Mg as Cay Sie Bn 2 pe ava aes Yi Fearentgey Ref PSU O I i al ele i pea ete AI ep rll ep ad pee tel A cee ap Discussion of the White Rock, Intermill, and Warne sites__-____________ Russe lav ilowumdesibes GUA Sai Oris) ee one eee ee i ae Deseription of the'site) andiexcavations=_- 4-2. = =.= =2 = 8 ATER Ses ee oh ee a Ween 8 Se ee eee SLU aa GOTH yy eee eee BE s ae eS Se oe eee are ees Discussion of the burial mound complex at Russell Mound Bibliography 260 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 46. 47. 48. 49. 42. 43. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES (All plates follow page 306) a, Looking north toward the White Rock site (14JW1). The arrow points to the ridgetop and area of excavation. 6, Looking down into a bell- shaped storage pit at site 14JW1. a, Looking east into Hxcavation Unit 1, at the Intermill site (14J W202). Soil pedestals mark the locations of postmolds. 0, The crew scraping the subsoil in search of archeological remains at site 14J W202. a, Looking east across the Warne site (14JW2). Village detritus was con- centrated on the three ridges marked by the white dots. 06, Cross section of a small firepit at site 14JW2. Note the charcoal specks and bone fragment. a, Looking east toward the Russell Mound (14J W207). 6b, Looking south into the trench excavation at site 14J W207. . Walnut Decorated Lip pottery. a, Partially restored vessel. b-j, Rim sherds. k-—t, Shoulder sherds. . Group 2 pottery. a-c, Rim sherds. d-h, Shoulder sherds. i-—j, Handles. k, Miscellaneous rim sherd. . Projectile points. g-h, The White Rock site (14JW1). d, i, The Intermill site (14J W202). a-c, e-f, j-o, The Warne site (14JW2). . Stone tools. e, The White Rock site (14JW1). a-—d, f—-j, The Warne site (143 W2). . Stone scrapers. 4d, g, j, p, The White Rock site (14JW1). e-f, h, k, q, The Intermill site (14J W202). a-—c, i, Io, The Warne site (14J W2). . Stone, glass, and metal objects. g, The White Rock site (14JW1). f, i-j. The Intermill site (14JW202). a-e, h, The Warne site (14JW2). . Bone artifacts from the Warne site (14JW2). . Rim sherds and shell pendants from the Russell Mound site (14J W207). TEXT FIGURES PAGE 7 Map of ovewell Reservoir areas] 222.2 22s (facing) 262 Trench cross section of Russell Mound_~-~~_-_-_~_________-_- (facing) 294 Site: distribution map == sss oe oe ee eee 299 ARCHEOLOGICAL SALVAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE LOVEWELL RESERVOIR AREA, KANSAS * By Rozerr W. NeuMan INTRODUCTION Lovewell Reservoir is located on White Rock Creek in Jewell County, north-central Kansas. An earthfill dam is situated on the creek about 15 miles west of its confluence with the Republican River (legal designation E14 sec. 7, T. 2S., R. 6 W.). The dam, constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation, will create a lake about 9 miles long east to west and a little over a mile wide (see Lovewell Reservoir map, fig. 41). The maximum pool will cover 4,960 acres, while the normal pool level will flood 2,610 acres of land. Lying near the geographical center of the United States, the area of the reservoir undergoes a Continental climate. Winters are quite cold, and the summers are relatively warm. In Jewell County the mean temperature for January is 25.6° F.; for July it is 79° (Flora, 1948). A prevailing low humidity alleviates some discomfort dur- ing temperature extremes. The average annual rainfall is 25.11 inches. Most of the precipitation, 70 to 77 percent, comes in the early spring and summer when it is most effective for growing crops. The prevailing wind is southerly from April through November and from the north during all the remaining months. Physiographically, the reservoir lies in the Plains Border Region (Fenneman, 1931). Cretaceous formations give rise to eastward- facing escarpments which for the most part are naturally dissected and appear as broad, hilly belts. Bedrock exposures are rare, but outcrops of Carlisle Shale and Niobrara Chalk may be seen on the southern escarpments. The valley bottoms are covered with rich alluvium. To the north the land slopes up gently and extends onto low, rolling hills. The bottom land and adjacent areas to the north have been ex- tensively cultivated for at least 70 years, while the bluff tops and steep 1 Submitted August 1958; slight revisions May 1961. bo (on) rary 262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn. 185 slopes have been used for pasturage and no doubt still maintain much of their native vegetation. Along White Rock Creek and its tribu- taries there exists a thick growth of deciduous forest. In recent times winter wheat, grain sorghums, and corn have been the principal crops, supplemented by cattle raising. Previous archeological investigations in Lovewell Reservoir were undertaken in 1935 by George Lamb, who conducted a preliminary survey of the White Rock and Warne sites. A more intensive investi- gation was carried out by Paul Cooper and George Lamb at the White Rock site in 1987 under the sponsorship of the Nebraska State Historical Society. A complete report of their excavations has been published in a master’s thesis by Mary Kiehl Rusco (1960). In 1951 Franklin Fenenga conducted a survey of the entire reservoir for the Missouri River Basin Surveys. Material collected from these past investigations has been compared and considered in the compilation of this report. During the summer of 1956 the author directed a 10-man archeo- logical field party of the River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institu- tion. A temporary field headquarters was established within the presently flooded Lovewell Reservoir from June 12 to August 18, and extensive excavations were conducted at one burial mound and three prehistoric occupational sites. Surface surveys were carried on and material was collected at all other known archeological sites in the reservoir area. This work was a segment of the Inter-Agency Archeo- logical Program for the recovery of archeological and paleontological remains in areas to be flooded by the construction of dams. Archeological excavations and reports would not be possible were it not for the assistance and cooperation of many individuals. J am deeply grateful to Lee Madison, who acted as field assistant, and to members of the crew, Russel Brown, James Botsford, Charles Eyman, Steve Flood, Richard Jensen, Eugene McCluney, Nicholas Ourusoff, James Stanek, and Mrs. Myron Intermill, our cook. I wish to express my thanks to the staff of the Missouri Basin Project of the River Basin Surveys, and to Marvin Kivett of the Nebraska State Historical So- ciety Museum, who always made his time and the collections of the museum readily available. My wholehearted appreciation goes to Dr. Robert L. Stephenson, River Basin Surveys, and to Dr. John L. Champe, University of Nebraska, for their advice and assistance in the writing of this report. Dr. Theodore E. White, Dinosaur National Monument, identified the osteological remains; Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison, United States National Museum, the molluscan collection ; and Dr. Norton H. Nicker- son, Cornell University, the vegetal material. 597967 O—63 (Face p. 262) DAM_ AXIS RESERVOIR AREA LOVEWELL RESERVOIR JEWELL COUNTY, KANSAS NORMAL MAXIMUM POOL ELEVATION 1,596 ADOPTED FROM USGS. MANKATO SHEET, KANSAS Oo | MILES Te527 lasl2=Sie 1G: - Es ox - RE OO ei Bese —— pd ubpealends ee ee 8s - el 7) + Sy ce RTH TH NAA aa tf x Doh te } crit NY (fey he i iY 4 vj J eee ALY Po iF ) | Pracew t).--Map of Tavewell Reswvotr aren ase) LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—-NEUMAN 263 WHITE ROCK SITE (14JW1) DESCRIPTION OF THE SITH AND EXCAVATIONS This site lies on the top of, and extends down the southwest slope of, a broad, low ridge at an elevation of about 1,590 feet above mean sea level. The legal description of the location is SW1, sec. 3, T.2 S., R. 7 W., sixth principal meridian. It is bounded on the south by White Rock Creek and on the northeast by an unnamed intermittent stream (pl. 46, a). The land has been cultivated since the 1880’s, and the ridge slopes show a high degree of erosion. A reddish-orange soil, mixed with limestone concretions, covers the surface, and a hard claypan exists immediately below the plow zone. When exposed, the subsoil becomes dry and is extremely difficult to dig. Scattered about the surface were potsherds, flint chips, and a few bone frag- ments; also, numerous pieces of burned Niobrara Chalk were quite noticeable. Previous excavations were carried on at the White Rock site by Paul L. Cooper and George Lamb in 1937 as a part of the WPA- University of Nebraska archeological program. Details of these investigations have been reported (Rusco, 1960), and are summarized below in order to clarify the complete record of archeological work at the site. Nine excavation units were completed and have been numbered X1 through X9. The first excavation, conducted to investigate Fea- ture 13, identified as a house structure, revealed a layer of dark soil mixed with charcoal, burned earth, pottery sherds, three corn kernels, and worked and unworked bone fragments extending from the surface to the level of the fireplace. “This dark mixed soil was removed in an area 26 feet east and west by 26.5 feet north and south, . . . At the edges of the excavation, dark soil was found to a depth of 1.1 feet below the surface, becoming gradually deeper toward the fireplace, where it was 1.7 feet below the surface. No distinct outline which might mark the house edge was observed. The soil was lighter, and fewer artifacts were found at the edges of the excavation than at the center” (Rusco, 1960). Ten postholes were located; their locations from the fireplace are as follows: 6.5 feet northwest 7.5 feet east 8.0 feet northwest 7.0 feet southeast 5.8 feet northwest 7.5 feet south 4.8 feet northeast 6.0 feet south 12.0 feet east 6.8 feet southwest Five small basin-shaped pits were excavated. All were filled with dark soil containing potsherds, unworked stone fragments, pieces of 264 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 bone, ash, burned earth, and charcoal. Their dimensions are given below: Number Diameter at top Diameter at bottom | Depth at center Feet Feet Feet INGE S 4 Fes BPG ae Pe oe Shue SEF Ley Tee INOIGa tae ee 0.7. DEUS h See SE oer ne ae ene PF: eee eee a Oe sees ae ee 220 BNO eae Ne ne Rn PS ee” 1h (ee Maret te de ete be Nord ates neet Dio A SUSU ALONG Sie te Re Sct eed Coe A TERE eS INoVdatal sear ne 5 er ee ee er INoidatasee soe 2 INoVdataa= sae No data Two bell-shaped cache pits were excavated. They contained burned earth, charcoal, potsherds, worked and unworked stone, and unworked bone. Their dimensions areas follows: Number Diameter at top Diameter at bottom Depth at center Feet Feet Feet DOLE: Cl gir ha aa Sere SER eM) 8 By dl 3. 9 : Xp ier ewe. = 24 he RG ae 25'S By (5) 320 X6 was identified as the remains of a house structure. Five post- holes were excavated, and their distance and direction from what appeared to be a fireplace was recorded. There was no indication of the house edge. The distance and direction of the postholes from the fireplace are given below: 4.5 feet northwest 4.0 feet southwest 3.5 feet northeast 8.3 feet northwest 3.3 feet southeast During the summer of 1956 test excavations were conducted at, the site by a field party of the Missouri Basin Project. Seven 5X5 foot test pits were dug wherever there appeared to be a concentra- tion of cultural detritus. The soil was removed by 6-inch levels. Written records and photographs were used to verify features. Squares 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 were excavated to a depth of 18 inches below the surface. Ciliar al material was almost totally lacking below the loose topsoil or plow zone, which extended downward to about 6 inches below the surface. At 5 inches below the surface, a semicir- cular soil discoloration, Feature 8, began to appear toward one side of test square 5. In order to follow the extent of the soil stains, test square 7 was laid out adjacent to No. 5 and excavated down to the same level. At first, Feature 8 appeared to be a small circular fire basin, but while trying to determine its actual dimensions, it soon one apparent that the feature was a cache pit. Soil within this cache pit was stained with specks of charcoal and was darker than the surrounding earth. The cache contained a large amount of bison bones in a very poor state of preservation, a few potsherds, pieces Riv. Bas. Sur. os Oba: BN Ron a LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—NEUMAN 265 of red ocher, and flint flakes. The pit was 28.5 inches in diameter at the mouth; it extended straight down for 9 inches, at which point it began to bulge into a bell shape. As it curved inward at the base, a rather ovoid portion dipped down toward one side to form a small pocket cache. The main cache had a maximum depth of 35 inches and a maximum diameter of 86 inches. ‘The floor was 23 inches in diameter and was flat (pl. 46, 0). In addition, a north-south trench (Excavation Unit 1) was ex- cavated. This trench was 40 feet long and was divided into eight 5-foot squares, North 200 West 5 to North 235 West 5. Hach square was given a designation according to its location east, west, north, or south from the primary lines. A ninth square, North 210 West 10, was carried 5 feet farther west than any of the others. Just as in the test squares, Excavation Unit 1 revealed little or nothing below the plow zone. A flint knife blade (Group 2) was located in North 235 West 5, at a depth of 2.5 inches below the surface. In square North 210 West 5, a dark semicircular soil stain began to appear near the west- ern extension of the excavation. Square North 210 West 10 was dug down to the same level, so as to follow out the expansion of the dis- turbance. This disturbance, Feature 6, appeared to be a small firepit, which was cross-sectioned and then cored out in order to obtain a clear picture of its shape. The pit was basin-shaped and had a maxi- mum depth of 1 foot 4 inches, a length of 2 feet 6 inches, and a width of 2 feet 4 inches. Within the fill were badly preserved fragments of bison bone, a potsherd, flint flakes, and a small concentration of hematite. Scattered throughout the fill were bits of charcoal and burned bone. The top of this feature was located 3 inches below the surface. No other features of cultural significance were located at the site nor was evidence found of structures or habitations. ARTIFACTS POTTERY There are 11 rims and 173 body sherds from the site which may readily be grouped into a single type and will be described as such. One rim and three body sherds will be described separately. TYPE: Walnut Decorated Lip PASTE: Temper: Moderate amounts of medium- to coarse-grained sand. Texture: Granular. Sherds tend to crumble and surface rubs off easily. Hardness: Most sherds have a hardness of 3 (calcite). Color: Buff to gray, buff predominates. A few sherds are light orange, probably as a result of overfiring, and a smaller number are slate-black, caused by fire-smudging. 266 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 SURFACE FINISH: Interior: Usually smooth; on a few sherds grains of sand protrude. Exterior: Most of the sherds are too small to permit analysis of their sur- face treatment, but identifiable ones have been simple-stamped and par- tially smoothed while the clay was still plastic. DECORATION : Techniques: Impressions made with a cylindrical object ; incised lines made with a pointed object; trailed lines made with a blunt tool; impressions made with a finger or thumb. All these techniques employed while the clay was still plastic. Pattern: A single row of finger or tool impressions on the lip or on the rim interior at the lip. The most common forms of decoration on the shoulder area are: Par- allel incised or trailed lines; opposing diagonal or opposing horizontal and vertical incised or trailed lines. There are 20 body sherds decorated with two or more parallel lines; 9 of these are incised lines and 11 are trailed. Two body sherds are decorated with opposing diagonals, trailed lines on both sherds. Two body sherds are decorated with lines and punctations. One has parallel trailed lines and the other has one parallel and two diagonally opposing incised lines above a group of fine and seemingly scattered punctations. Distribution: All vessels are decorated on the lip or on the rim interior at the lip. Shoulder sections are frequently, if not invariably, decorated. Rims are all plain except one that has a single horizontal trailed line. ForRM: Lip: Rounded on seven and flat on four of the sherds. Rim: Wight are large enough to show their form. All these are slightly flar- ing. Neck: Constricted on all sherds large enough to give indication. Shoulder: Data not available. Appendages: One straphandle found on the surface. It is small and appears to have come from a miniature vessel. DIMENSIONS: Rim height: Range from 12 to 38 mm. Thickness: Body sherds range from 3 to 8 mm.; the majority are 4 mm. thick. Rims range from 4 to 9 mm. MISCELLANEOUS SHERDS: One rim and three body sherds The rim sherd is shell-tempered and chalky in texture and slate-black in color. The lip is rounded and has blunt punctations about 8 mm. apart on its top. On one section of the rim it appears as if an appendage has been broken off. The rim is slightly flaring. This sherd was located in association with the single cache pit found at the site in 1956. The three body sherds, all lo- cated on the surface, are shell-tempered and buff in color. No decoration is observed on these sherds. The above-mentioned shell-tempered sherds compare favorably with pottery from the Warne (14JW2) and the Interwmill (14J W202) sites. Riv. BAS. Sur. Pav. NO. 32] LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—NEUMAN 267 STONE PROJECTILE POINTS: Nine specimens. Group 1: 3 specimens. All triangular, with convex sides and very slightly concave bases (pl. 52, h). One lacks the tip, and another has been broken in half. Two are made of flint, the other is chalcedony. Length, mm. Width, mm, Thickness, mm. Weight, gm. 23 15 3 1.0 18 14 3 ao, 18 14 3 Group 2: 38 specimens, triangular, with convex sides and slightly convex bases (pl. 52, g). One of the faces on each of the specimens is convex, while the other face is flat and lacks chipping except along the edge. All are made of flint. Similar specimens are reported from the Burkett and Gray-Wolfe sites in east-central Nebraska (Dunlevy, 1936). Length, mm. Width, mm. Thickness, mm. Weight, gm. 23 ily 4 1, 4 18 14 3 50h) 27 21 4 2.1 Group 8: 3 specimens. One is a basal section with side notches and a slightly coneave base; the others are tip portions with chipping on both faces. All are made from flint. KNIVES: 12 specimens. Group 1: 11 specimens. Fragments of bifacially worked chert and jasper. All are irregular in shape except one rectangular piece which appears to be a midsection of a carefully chipped knife. It is ovoid in cross section and displays fine bifacial chipping. Group 2: 1 specimen, a triangular flint blade displaying rather large, crude, bifacial percussion flaking. The base and two sides are straight, but quite rough (pl. 53, e). Length, mm. Width, mm. Thickness, mm. 59 10 49 ScRAPERS : 63 specimens. Group 1:16 specimens. Chert and jasper scrapers of irregular shapes. All have a semicircular notch chipped into one portion of the edge. There is secondary chipping along other sections of the edges (pl. 54, d and gq). Possibly a combination scraper and saw (Cosner, 1956). Group 2: 9 specimens. Hnd scrapers, trianguloid in cross section and rec- tangular to ovoid in form (pl. 54, 7). Two of the specimens have the sides retouched and the cutting edges formed by careful pressure flaking. Six scrapers are rather irregular and have secondary chipping over part, but not all, of the cutting edges. One scraper has fine chipping only on a small portion of the end. It is convex on the upper surface, but unlike the others in this group, it is concavo-convex. Length, mm. Width,mm. Thickness,mm. Range: 33-78 17-29 6-12 Group 8:5 specimens. Hnd scrapers that have had the keel removed. They are rectangular to ovoid in form (pl. 54, p). All the specimens have fine chipping along most of the cutting edges. Length, mm. Width,mm. Thickness, mm. Range: 31-41 16-25 6-8 268 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuULL. 185 SCRAPERS: 63 specimens—Continued Group 4: 33 specimens. Small irregularly shaped flakes that have been con- verted to use by removal of chips along one or more of the edges. These specimens appear to be fashioned from discarded flakes. ARROWSHAFT SMOOTHERS: 1 specimen. A fragment of sandstone, triangular in cross section. There is a groove on each of two sides running down the long axis of the tool. The grooves are 5 and 7 mm. wide (pl. 55, 9). SHARPENING STONES: 3 specimens. Two fragments of sandstone and 1 of lime- stone, with random grooves on one or more faces. The grooves are shallow and narrow, giving the impression that the specimens were only slightly used. RvuBBING STONE: 1 specimen. A fragment of quartz that displays two different surface treatments. One portion is rugged and has been used as a pecking surface, while the other is extremely smooth. SHELL One specimen. A small piece of mussel shell located on the surface. It appears to have been smoothed, but is too small to identify as to its use. MINERALS One sample of crumbled and powdery hematite located in a basin-shaped pit. SUMMARY In summary it may be said that the investigation in 1956 of the Smithsonian Institution field party added more evidence to the thesis put forth by Mary Kiehl Rusco in 1960, which states that 14JW1 represents a component of the Glen Elder Focus, White Rock Aspect. Although only a small amount of pottery was recovered in 1956, when added to the collection obtained in 1937 (248 rims; 1,977 body sherds), it is thought to be an adequate sample. By far the majority of the sherds fall within the type indentified as Walnut Decorated Lip. A small portion of the rims located in 1937 were grouped under Miscel- laneous because they lack any decoration on the lip or on the lip interior but resemble Walnut Decorated Lip in all other respects. One rim has been identified as resembling pottery found at Aksarben sites. A total of 1 rim and 23 body sherds located at the site are shell- tempered and quite similar to pottery found at Oneota sites and sites with Oneota associations. Most of the pottery was collected from the surface. The excava- tions revealed no identifiable stratification of cultural or natural layers. The pottery types were intermixed, indicating an incorpora- tion of some foreign or new traits while the people of the Glen Elder Focus occupied the region. The amount of cultural material scattered about the surface and the shallowness of these deposits suggest that the site may have been a semipermanent village. Two excavations may have been habitations, but the archeological evidence is not con- Riv. Bas. Sour. fa, Pap. No. 32] LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—-NEUMAN 269 clusive. Cache pits, bison-scapula hoes, and corn kernels indicate that these people were at least partially horticultural. 'The general lack of other bones seems to suggest either that hunting was not too important, or that they butchered their kill away from the village. INTERMILL SITE (14JW202) DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND EXCAVATIONS This site lies on a terrace west of the junction of White Rock Creek and an intermittent stream called Johns Creek. ‘The main concentra- tion of cultural material was scattered about the surface at a bend on the south side of White Rock Creek, but it should be noted that the site extended approximately 400 yards south along the west bank of Johns Creek- Excavations were conducted in the area of the creek bend because the concentration of cultural detritus was greatest in this region and also because this section of the site was not under cultiva- tion at the time. The exact legal location of the creek bend is SW%SE% sec. 4, T.2S., R. 7 W. The elevation is 1,582.6 feet above mean sea level. This area will be entirely flooded when the reservoir is at normal pool level. The terrace soil is composed of dark alluvium overlaying a light yellowish hard-packed clay. Much of the soil is deposition resulting from the numerous floodings of the two creeks. Natives of the area state that the flooding of the terrace was not an unusual occurrence ; the most recent flood took place in 1951. Both creeks overflowed their banks three times in the summer of 1956, but the terrace was not flooded. Excavations were begun by digging test pits wherever there ap- peared to be an accumulation of material on the surface. Eleven 5 by 5-foot pits were excavated by scraping the soil horizontally. Test squares Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 11 were excavated down to a depth of 18 inches below the surface. Occasional specks of charcoal, potsherds, flint chips, and stone artifacts were located in the top soil layer or plow zone, which extended down to about 7 inches below the surface. Below this depth the soil was culturally sterile. In test square 2, four small unworked rocks, one fragment of badly decomposed bone, and one flint chip were located in the center of a light concentration of charcoal. This feature, No. 2, was located 6 inches below the surface. It appears to have been a temporary fireplace, but a pit outline was not visible. The feature was excavated, and then the entire test square was ex- tended down 24 inches. Test pits 5 and 7 were excavated down 24 inches, but nothing of archeological significance was encountered be- low 10 inches. The next investigation was conducted in the northeast section of the terrace and was designated Excavation Unit 1. This east-west trench 270 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuy. 185 consisted of eight 5-foot squares. Hach square was given a designa- tion according to its location on a grid oriented on magnetic north. The method of excavation was the same as applied to the test pits. Square North 300 West 25, located at the east end of the trench, was excavated to 48 inches below the surface in order to investigate the possibility of a deep or unknown occupation level. Approximately 10 inches from the bottom, the soil profile revealed long, thin lenses of light-colored silt. These lenses appeared to have been caused by deposition in times of flooding. All the other squares were scraped down through the 18-inch level. Not a single artifact was located below the plow zone, but within it a scanty concentration of cultural material was encountered. During the preliminary investigation of Excavation Unit 1, some small, dark, circular soil stains were noticed. At first these stains were thought to be rodent runs, but after cross sectioning and coring out each of them, they were definitely estab- lished as being postmolds. Soil within each of the molds was darker in color and less compact than the surrounding earth. The postmolds seemed to show a denser distribution toward the south side of the trench, so the entire excavation was extended an additional 15 feet to the south. By scraping the soil, a total of 162 postmolds were lo- cated in an area 20 by 40 feet. A few of the postmolds contained bits of charcoal; one contained a potsherd, and another a few kernels of corn. The majority of the stains were encountered between 9 and 12 inches below the surface. Their diameters ranged from 1 to 6 inches, with the majority measuring from 2 to 3 inches. The depth of the actual postmolds ranged from 0.5 to 7.5 inches, but most of them were from 2 to 4 inches deep. Their distribution appeared as a random scattering and lacked any indication as to the type or number of the structures they represented (pl. 47, a). Owing to the short time available, and with other sites yet to be investigated, it was decided to hire a bulldozer in order to see what would be encountered if a large area of the subsoil was revealed. A Cat-8 was employed to remove a small amount of the topsoil. — Catlimite pipes®_s2= * ee ee Xi — — Os Bone: Bison scapula hoess a= .a 5 2- Ses eres xe X — X Worked fragments of bison scapula__---_] x x — x Bisonulmaypicks= Seas see eee eee x — — = Bison metatarsal toothed flesher__-- --- x — — = Bison condyle hide grainers____-___--- x x — = Bison dorsal spine paddles_______-_--- x — == = TR waiwiss 2" a8 oa aes a A x — = XK Workedishelletawes ities See ea 2 ae amos = x — x Human bone +22 24-92 te el ee ele x — — = Objects of White origin: Lubularicopper bead2u2 22 su hee Sseees — — x = Worked glass fragment____.____------ —- — x = Unworked faunal remains: Bison. eet eee® Sek Tees too OPER eye ae x x — x ITB) Gree ap ere yl 0) cg x x — x Canidtss aan. Saeed ae see eee x x — x urtles 26. 52220. ts eye hs AR ed Bo x — == x S012) ge ea en et es Spee SCRE ISS Ae x ae — >< Bee 2 The sitel aul of nation is 4 of approx monnd 1 | ieltied by The str pccastons! Chalk are exaArpinen ashort dis Eacavai through: ¢} Was 6 fect ibs TOSWw Ir g@tone’ siaby’ composed | haphwenr 7 ie i 7 , SSS see See y yy = yy i) re ge ee: ps PROFIL Riv. Bas. Sur. : se Pap. No. 32] LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—NEUMAN 295 RUSSELL MOUND SITE (14J W207) DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE AND EXCAVATIONS The site lies on the crest of a high escarpment situated immediately south of White Rock Creek in Jewell County, Kans. The legal desig- nation is SW144ANW) see. 10, T.2S., R. 7 W. This is at an elevation of approximately 1,700 feet above mean sea level. Although the mound is above the maximum pool level, it will be almost totally isolated by the flood waters of the Lovewell Reservoir (pl. 49, a). The surrounding vegetation is predominantly native grasses with occasional clumps of burr oak and sumac. Outcrops of Niobrara Chalk are common on the top and along the steep slopes of the escarpment. Evidence of quarrying by early White settlers is visible a short distance north of the mound. Excavation procedure consisted of digging a north-south trench through the center of the mound. The trench, Excavation Unit 1, was 5 feet wide and 80 feet long, and was divided into 5-foot squares. Each square was given a directional and numerical designation con- sistent with its placement in a north-south, east-west grid. The squares were excavated by 6-inch levels, and artifacts were cataloged according to their vertical and horizontal provenience. The mound measured approximately 75 feet north-south and 90 feet east-west. It had a maximum elevation of 2.5 feet above the surface of the sur- rounding area. Owing to the limited time available and evidence of disturbance by “relic hunters,” excavations were not as extensive as they might have been. Only 60 feet of the trench was excavated. This amounted to removal of fill from the northern extremity to about 10 feet beyond, or south of, the center of the mound (pl. 49, 0). Stratigraphic evidence indicated that the mound was a natural rise composed of yellowish, compact soil containing limestone concre- tions. This rise was covered with a layer of artificially placed lime- stone slabs. The slab layer was generally about 1 foot thick and composed of rocks of varying size. The rocks seemed to be placed haphazardly, although they decreased in number and size toward the periphery and over the center of the mound. A thin layer of sod covered the entire structure (see fig. 42). Upon completion of the trench, the west profile displayed an out- line of a large basin-shaped pit dug into the natural rise. At the top it measured 16 feet north-south and had a maximum depth of 5 feet. The pit sloped upward toward the east and became quite irregular in outline, the southeast section being deep and funnel-shaped. The fill within the pit was composed of loosely packed, dark-gray soil, and limestone slabs were sparsely distributed throughout this soil zone. On the north side of the funnel outline, and about 1 foot below the mound surface, there was a concentration of almost solid ash, charcoal, 296 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 and hand-sized, burned limestone rocks. This burned area was about 2 feet wide at the top and became narrower as it extended downward to a depth of 36 inches below the surface. Most of the artifacts were recovered from the limestone slab layer and/or within the funnel- shaped area. However, because of the hole dug into the center of the mound by amateurs, the association of cultural material within the fill is somewhat speculative. Luckily, only the top 3.5 feet of the funnel was disturbed. ARTIFACTS POTTERY The ceramic collection was small. Only 5 rim sherds and 26 body sherds were recovered from the excavation, and of these, 4 rim sherds and 13 body sherds are large enough for identification. The 4 rims represent 3 different vessel types. Two rims, apparently from the same vessel, were located just outside the periphery of the mound in the 0- to 6-inch level. They are sand-tempered ; some of the particles protrude through the surfaces. The sherds are dark grayish brown in color and have a thickness of 4.5 mm. The rims are slightly flaring with flattened lips. Punctations made with a blunt tool oceur at in- tervals of about 5 mm. on the top of the lip. These sherds are indentical to Walnut Decorated Lip pottery of the White Rock Aspect. Another rim sherd, recovered from the 12- to 18-inch level in the center of the mound, is sand-tempered with particles averaging about 2 mm. in diameter. It is predominantly brown in color, but where scratched or freshly fractured, a bright orange core is visible. It has a hardness of 3 (calcite). The rim flares outward and has a slightly beveled lip. The inner half of the lip has been flattened and slopes downward, forming a slight ridge; the exterior portion of the lip is rounded and protrudes over onto the outside of the rim, simulating a fillet. The exterior surface of the sherd is cord-paddled. The impressions are shallow and /or partially obliterated by smoothing. They extend vertically up to the lip. The interior is irregular, but smooth. The rim has a thickness of 5 mm. and a height of 14 mm. (pl. 57, @). This sherd compares closely with some pottery from the Schulte site (25CD1), located in northeastern Nebraska, resembling particularly a restored miniature vessel with a globular body. The Schulte site has been assigned to the Upper Republican Aspect (Cooper, 1936). The fourth rim was recovered from the limestone slab matrix within the artificial pit in the 24- to 30-inch level. The sherd is tempered with grit, but it should be noted that the particles are so small and sparse that they may be regarded as natural inclusions in the clay rather than a purposeful temper. The sherd has a hardness of 4 (fluorite). The surfaces are medium to coarse in texture and appear slightly porous in cross section. The core is burned to a charcoal black. The exterior surface is grayish and shows firing clouds, while the interior is a uniform grayish brown. The exterior surface treatment con- sists of vertical cord-paddling, with some of the impressions partially obliterated by smoothing. They range in width from 1.5 to 2mm. The interior surface is plain but has irregularities that appear to be finger or anvil impressions. The lip is plain and varies in form from rounded to flat; it is 3 to 3.5 mm. in thickness. The rim is incurved, with no apparent neck or shoulder areas. Be- low the lip the sherd ranges from 5 to 6 mm. in thickness (pl. 57, 0). Riv. BAS. Sur. 7 , uae Pap. No. 32] LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—NEUMAN 297 A similar sherd was recovered from site 25DK7 in northeastern Nebraska, a village site attributable to the Upper Republican Aspect. A small globular ves- sel from the Dooley site (25FR3) exhibits similar traits (Strong, 1935, pl. 21, fig. 1, b). This site, located in Franklin County, Nebr., about 50 miles northwest of the Russell Mound, is assigned to the Upper Republican Aspect. Twelve of the body sherds are cord-paddled on the exterior surfaces. They are grit-tempered with particles of sand and crushed quartz ranging from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter. Nine of these sherds have smoothed areas in which the cord impressions are obliterated; they show an average of about five parallel impressions per centimeter. Three sherds have fine cord-paddling with as many as eight parallel impressions per centimeter. One sherd, a neck-and-shoul- der section, has vertical cord-paddling up to the juncture of the neck, where it shows horizontally brushed impressions. The sherd suggests a vessel with rounded shoulders, constricted neck, and a Slightly flaring rim. Thicknesses of all the body sherds range from 2.5 to 7.5 mm., with a median of 5 mm. Nine of the sherds are buff in color, and three are gray. Hardnesses range from 2.5 (eryolite) to 4 (fluorite). One sherd is shell-tempered and buff in color. It is chalky in texture and appears smoothed on the exterior surface. This sherd was found in the 6- to 12-inch level in the disturbed portion of the mound. Similar sherds were re- covered from the White Rock site (14JW1) and the Warne site (14JW2) in the Lovewell Reservoir. STONE Nine fragments of flint were recovered. One piece is a roughly modified core of gray flint. It is 47 mm. wide, 53 mm. long, and 29 mm. thick. Six small, thin, unmodified flakes of chert and jasper were scattered throughout the mound. Two specimens of worked jasper were recovered from the surface of the mound prior to excavation. One piece is a section of a drill or point. The tip and basal portions are missing. It is triangular, with very slightly convex sides. In cross section it appears diamond-shaped, with a noticeable increase in the amount of beveling on the faces of two alternate sides. The specimen is 13.5 mm. wide, 23.5 mm. long, and 5 mm. thick. The other stone specimen is triangular and is broken along one side and the base. The intact side has fine secondary chipping along the edge, but only on one face. It is 16.5 mm. wide at the base, 23.5 mm. long, and 5.5 mm. thick. The specimen is too fragmentary to suggest more than a cutting or scraping implement. SHELL Two conch-shell (Busycon contrarium Conrad) pendants were located in the funnel-shaped portion of the pit. The first pendant was encountered 8 feet 7 inches below the surface. The surrounding matrix was composed of burned limestone rocks and a few fragments of human bone. Dark-colored soil had infiltrated down from the surface as a result of the disturbance caused by amateurs, but the specimen was discovered in situ. It is trapezoidal in form and has a circular perforation near the top. The pendant measures 92 mm. in length, 75.5 mm. in width at the bottom and 39 mm. at the top. The hole which is 4 mm. in diameter and appears to have been worked from the interior, is located 22 mm. down from the top edge and is equidistant from the two sides. A portion of a second hole, drilled from the interior, appears along one edge, 9 mm. below the top (pl. 57, c). The second shell pendant, located immediately above the floor of the pit at a depth of 5 feet below the surface, was surrounded 298 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185 by dark soil mixed with limestone rocks, burned human bone, and charcoal. The shell is trapezoidal and does not appear to have been as finely worked as the other pendant. A hole, 4.5 mm. in diameter, has been drilled through the shell 4 mm. below the top and slightly off toward one side. The pendant is 129 mm. long, 123 mm. wide at the bottom, and 41 mm. wide at the top (pl 57, d). There is no indication of purposeful incising on the surfaces of either specimen. HUMAN REMAINS The human remains from the Russell Mound consisted of 11 identifiable speci- mens (identifications by William M. Bass III, River Basin Surveys, Smith- sonian Institution). Number 71, a human metatarsal, is the only specimen that shows an anomaly. Pathological conditions were not detected in any of the bones. The catalog numbers and identifications of the specimens are given below : Catalog No. Identification and comments 1 Meee es 2 eae Human, tooth, upper right first or second molar. Wear indi- cates age of at least 15 years plus. Ae Se Human, left clavical. Female?, young adult. ES) Ae fe ES as oe Human, metacarpal, second right. Adult. Fy pare ote ee Human, fibula, right, distal end. Male? Gaeta Sees Human, metatarsal, second right. Adult. Gi ee Human, tooth, lower right first or second molar. Wear indi- eates age of at least 12 years plus. (oS ube rag v he ah ate Human, vertebra, 11th thoracic. Arthritic lipping indicates an age of at least 40 years plus. (al a eee nce Human, metatarsal, third right. Adult with an abnormal prom- inence on the proximal end. (ie oh ES ee Human, rib, right, possibly 4 through 7. Young? 80) ae ae eee Human, tooth, lower left first or second molar. Wear indicates an old adult. Sil eee ro re Human, section of mandible, left side. That portion of the jaw including and behind the third molar. Fragment of root of third molar in place. The condyle and about half of the as- cending ramus are missing. The only other bone specimen in the site has been described as ‘the cannon bone of a fawn.” SUMMARY The Russell Mound is a low, circular, natural rise into which an irregular shaped pit was dug. Human remains from at least three individuals were deposited in the pit. Cultural material such as flint chips, pottery sherds, and shell pendants accompanied the burials, although positive association cannot be demonstrated in all instances. A fire of some intensity was built near the top of the pit, subsequently burning and charring some of the human bone. Since the bone was scattered over a rather wide area, and the placement of the fire was very restricted, evidence of cremation is not conclusive. An alterna- tive possibility may be that all the human bone was thrown into the fire and then purposely scattered, completely or partially destroying some of the bones and barely affecting the others. Ultimately, lime- stone slabs, gathered from the nearby outcrops, were deposited over the entire structure. LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—NEUMAN 299 Riv. BAs. Sur. Pap. No. 32]! ‘dew uorjnginsip s1is— cp AUN TAD =8S-9-S c6S-L (LOZMfb!1) GNNOW 173SSny SHE OL GSLVIay! Sais: + 1903 G3NVNNN O SNO04 QHYIsG34¥ © SND043 3NO1S 3n1s VW snd03 Y¥3013 N319 & x 4 oNnow Tassny ! Rae fe Ere Ci a a a eee «Ses NOILVOILSSANI toes ee ene mere 2 es | S3LIS JO NOILNGIYLSIOC =) i Xe, | 5 9/8 01 & | 3 Se +—2yaS2 | : 5 : +-311NHOS 2 @@ . &6 300 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu. 185 DISCUSSION OF THE BURIAL MOUND COMPLEX AT RUSSELL MOUND In the preceding pages, the Russell Mound has been described as a separate entity. However, before a site can be placed in its proper archeological context, its relationship to other sites must be analyzed. The following summaries are important because they suggest affilia- tions with the Russell Mound site. The Sweat Bee Mound (14P014) is a tumulus situated on a high bluff overlooking the Big Blue River about 85 miles southeast of the Russell Mound. It was covered with limestone slabs and measured about 26 feet in diameter and 2 feet in height (Cumming, 1958). The mound resembles site 14.)W207 primarily in its geographical disposi- tion and rock-slab covering. It contained seven primary burials and a small assemblage of stone and shell artifacts, but no pottery was recovered. The mound has been ascribed to the Woodland Pattern. Site 14EW18, located on a high escarpment above Bluff Creek about 85 miles south of the Russell Mound, consists of four or five limestone slab-covered burial mounds ranging from 10 to 30 feet in diameter and 2 to 8 feet in height (Kivett, 1947). The mounds had been dis- turbed by local collectors and reportedly contained human burials. No excavations were conducted at the site. The Hudson site (14K W24), also about 85 miles south of the Russell Mound, is situated on the top of a butte facing down onto a branch of Thompson Creek (Smith, 1949). Seven sandstone-covered burial cairns were found at this site, four of which were excavated. They were about 1 foot in height and 5 or 6 feet in diameter (Smith, C., personal communication). One of the mounds was found to contain a flexed burial within a partially outlined stone cist. Three of the unexcavated cairns “did not contain recognizable cists.” Arti- facts were totally lacking at the site. Jacob Vradenburg Brower noted mounds “up and down the Kansas and Blue Rivers and their tributaries for long distances” (Brower, 1898). He specifically wrote of mounds near the Griffing Village site on Wild Cat Creek in Riley County, Kans. All the mounds were on high bluffs and were covered with stone and earth. They measured 1.5 to 4 feet in height and 25 to 35 feet in diameter. He states that “little else than fragments of burned human bones” was recovered from the mound fill. The mounds were not grouped together, but were scattered singly at different places. Other mounds are reported in the vicinity of the Schmidt Village site in the valley of Mill Creek, Wabaunsee County, Kans. (Brower, 1898). They are described as being about 2 feet in height and 25 Riv. Bas. Sur. Oe Pap. No. 32]! LOVEWELL RESERVOIR—-NEUMAN 301 feet in diameter. Their construction consists of limestone and loam coverings. It was also noted that some of the rocks had been fired. On Blue Mont, north of Manhattan, Kans., a mound was opened that “contained skeletons, arrow-heads, beads, etc.” (Brower, 1898). It was composed of a layer of loam covered over with 2 feet of stones and ditt. A rock-covered tumulus was reported near the Nudson Village site which is located on the west side of the Big Blue River near Stock- dale, Kans. (Brower, 1899). The mound, situated on a high bluff, measured 3 feet in height and 45 feet in diameter. site (14JW202). a-e, h, The Warne site (14JW2). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 56 we Ge ‘\\ Bone artifacts from the Warne site (14JW2). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 185 PLATE 57 1OCM Rim sherds and shell pendants from the Russell Mound site (14JW207). LIST OF REPORTS, ARTICLES, AND NOTES RELATING TO THE SALVAGE PROGRAMS PUBLISHED IN OTHER SERIES (As of November 1962) ADAMS, WILLIAM RICHARD. 1946. Archeological survey of Martin County. Indiana Hist. Bull., vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 195-224. 1949. Archeological notes on Posey County, Indiana. Indiana Hist. Bur. Indianapolis. ADAMS, WILLIAM Y., and NETTIE K. 1959. An inventory of prehistoric sites on the Lower San Juan River, Utah. Mus. Northern Arizona Bull. 31, pp. 1-54. ANDERSON, Harry H. 1956. A history of the Cheyenne River Indian Agency (South Dakota) and its military post, Fort Bennett, 1868-1891. South Dakota Hist. Coll., vol. 28, pp. 390-551. 1961. The Fort Lookout Trading Post sites—A reexamination. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 14, pp. 221-229. 1962. Additional descriptive material on Fort Pierre II, an historic site on the Oahe Dam area, South Dakota. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 17, pp. 193-196. BaABy, RAYMOND 8. 1946. Survey of Delaware Reservoir area. Museum Echoes, vol. 19, No. 8, Ser. No. 208. 1949. Cowan Creek Mound exploration. Museum Echoes, vol. 22, No. 7, Ser. No. 2438. 1949. Stratton-Wallace Site. Ann. Rep., Ohio State Archeol. and Hist. Soe., pp. 11-12. 1951. Explorations of the Cordray and Goldsmith Mounds. Museum Echoes, vol. 24, No. 12, Ser. No. 272. Bass, WILLIAM M. 1962. A preliminary analysis of burial data on 255 individuals from the Sully site, 39SL4, Sully County, South Dakota. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 77-78. Bass, WILLIAM M., and BIRKBY, WALTER H. 1962. The first human skeletal material from the Huff site, 32MO11, and a summary of putative Mandan skeletal material. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 17, pp. 164-177. BELL, ROBERT BH. 1948. Recent archeological research in Oklahoma. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 148-154. 1949. Recent archeological research in Oklahoma, 1946-1948. Chronicles of Oklahoma, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 803-312. 307 308 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLu. 185] Bett, Rospert H.—Continued 1949. 1949. 1958. 1959. Archeological research in Oklahoma during 1947. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 6-7. Archeological excavations at the Harlan site, Fort Gibson Reservoir, Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Plains Archeol. Conf., Newsletter, vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3-15. Lincoln. . Notes on work at the Harlan site. Archeol. Newsletter, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 1-2. Norman. . Notes on work in Eufaula and Tenkiller Reservoirs. Archeol. News- letter, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 1-2. Norman. . Notes on Tenkiller excavations. Archeol. Newsletter, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 1-2. Norman. . Notes on work at the Vanderpool sites. Archeol. Newsletter, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 1-2. Norman. . Notes on Tenkiller and Eufaula excavations. Archeol. Newsletter, vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 14. Norman. . Notes on Keystone Reservoir survey. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soc. News- letter, vol. 1, No. 1, p. 8. . Prehistoric Oklahomans: or the Boomers came lately. Oklahoma Quart., vol. 1. No. 3, pp. 33-35. . Keystone archeological survey. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soc. Newsletter, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 4. . Archeological field work, Morris site. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soc. News- letter, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 1-3. . Digging for Indian history. The Indian Sign vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 9-12. . The Scott site, Le Flore County, Oklahoma. Amer, Antiq., vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 314-331. . Excavations at Lake Texoma, Marshall County, Oklahoma. Okla- homa Anthrop. Soc. Newsletter, vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 2-3. . Radiocarbon date from the Harlan site, Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soe. Newsletter, vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 6-7. . Radiocarbon dates from the Harlan site, Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soe. Newsletter, vol. 5, No. 6, p. 2. . Notes and news—Harlan site excavations. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soc. Newsletter, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 1-2. . Archeological investigations at the Boat Dock site, Ma—1, in the Lake Texoma area, Marshall County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soe. Bull. VI, pp. 37-48. Radiocarbon dates from Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soc. News- letter, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 3-4. Radiocarbon dates from Oklahoma sites. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soe. Newsletter, vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 2-3. BELL, Rosert E., and BAERREIS, Davin A. 1951. A survey of Oklahoma archeology. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soe., vol. 22, pp. 7-100. (General study which contains information obtained by salvage program.) BeEtL, RoBert E., and DALE, CHARLENE. 1953. The Morris site, Ck-89, Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol 24, pp. 69-140. BE tL, Rosert E., and FRASER, RICHARD. 1952. Archeological discoveries at the Morris site, Cherokee County, Okla- homa. Chronicles of Oklahoma, vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 216-235. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 309 BIRKBY, WALTER H. 1962. A preliminary report on the dentition of the skeletal population of the Sully site. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, p. 79. Buiss, WESLEY L. 1949. Archeological reconnaissance in Wyoming and Montana, 1946-1947. Proce. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 7-12. 1949. Early Man in the Northwestern Plains. Proce. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 121-126. 1950. Birdshead Cave, a stratified site in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Amer. Antiq., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 187-196. Bray, ROBERT T. 1956. Some outstanding finds from Table Rock Reservoir area. Missouri Archeol. Soc. Newsletter, No. 99, pp. 5-7. BRETERNIRZ, DAvip A. 1957. Heltagito rock shelter (NA6380). Plateau, vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-16. Flagstaff. 1957. A brief archeological survey of the Lower Gila River. Kiva, vol. 22, Nos. 2-8. Tucson. Brew, J. O., and OTHERS. 1947. Symposium on river valley archeology. Amer. Antiq., vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 209-225. BRvuEs, ALICE M. 1959. Skeletal material from the Morris site, Ck-39. Bull. Oklahoma An- throp. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 63-70. Buck, ARTHUR DEWEY, JR. 1959. The Custer Focus of the Southern Plains. Bull. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soe., vol. 7, pp. 1-82. BULLEN, RIPLEY P. 1950. An archeological survey of the Chattahoochee River Valley in Florida. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 101-125. BurGH, RoBert F. 1949. Archeological field work of the University of Colorado Museum in 1947. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 12-14. BURROUGHS, JOHN. 1958. Last look at a forgotten civilization. Popular Mechanics, pp. 114-116. May. ButTLER, B. ROBERT. 1955. The Wakemap Project—‘‘Operation Last Chance.” Mazama, vol. 37, No. 18, pp. 33-88. 1957. Dalles Reservoir prehistory: A preliminary analysis. Washington Archaeol., vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 4-7. 1958. Ash Cave (45 WW 61): A Preliminary Report. Washington Archaeol., vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 3-10. CALDWELL, JOSEPH R. 1948. Palachacolas Town, Hampton County, South Carolina. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 321-324. 597967—63——36 310 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun 185] CALDWELL, JosnPH R.—Continued 1950. A preliminary report on excavations in the Allatoona Reservoir. Early Georgia, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-22. 1955. Cherokee pottery from northern Georgia. Amer. Antiq., vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 277-280. 1958. Trend and tradition in the prehistory of the eastern United States. Mem. No. 88, Amer. Anthrop. Assoc. Sci. Pap., vol. 10; Amer. Anthrop., vol. 60, No. 6, pt. 2. CALDWELL, JOSEPH R.; THOMPSON, CHARLES W.; and CALDWELL, SHEILA K. 1952. The Booger Bottom mound: A Forsyth Period site in Hall County, Georgia. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 319-828. CALDWELL, SHEILA KELLY. 1950. Reconstruction of the Woodstock Fort. Harly Georgia, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 22-30. CALDWELL, WARREN W. 1956. The archeology of Wakemap: A stratified site near The Dalles of the Columbia. Abs., microfilmed, Publ. No. 17, 119, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. 1957. Cultural traditions in the Columbia Plateau and Southern Northwest Coast. Abs., Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., p. 4, April. 1957. Archeological salvage in the Missouri Basin. Progress, Missouri River Basin. Interior Missouri Basin Field Committee, October— December, pp. 47-55. + Billings, Mont. 1958. Important archeological discoveries in the Arkansas Valley. Ozarks Mountaineer, vol. 6, No. 8, p. 7. 1960. The Black Partizan site (89LM218), Big Bend Reservoir, South Dakota: A preliminary report. Plains Anthrop., vol. 5, No. 10, pp. 53-57. 1960. Firearms and related materials from Ft. Pierre II (89ST217), Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota. Missouri Archaeol., vol. 22, December. Columbia. 1961. Excavations at certain La Roche and Thomas Riggs sites in the Big Bend and Oahe Reservoirs, 1960. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 57. CALDWELL, WARREN W.; McNutt, CHARLES H.; and SMITH, G. HUBERT. 1960. Fort Randall Reservoir. Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska, Spec. Publ. December. CASON, JoEF. 1952. Report on archeological salvage in Falcon Reservoir, season of 1952. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 23, pp. 218-259. CHAMPE, JOHN L. 1949. White Cat Village. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 285-292. CHAPMAN, CARL H. 1949. Archeological field work in Missouri, 1946-1947. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 17-19. 1954. Preliminary salvage archeology in the Pomme de Terre Reservoir area, Missouri. Missouri Archaeol., vol. 16, Nos. 3-4. Columbia. CHAPMAN, Cari H., and Bray, Ropert T. 1956. Preliminary salvage archaeology in the Table Rock Reservoir area, Missouri. Missouri Archaeol., vol. 18, Nos. 1-2. Columbia. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 311 CHAPMAN, CARL H., ET AL. 1957. Table Rock salvage archeology. Jn A report of progress, archeological research by the University of Missouri, 1955-1956. Special Publ. Missouri Archeol. Soc., February, pp. 5-37. Columbia. CHAPMAN, CARL H.; MAXWELL, THOMAS J., JR.; and KozLovicu, EUGENE. 1951. A preliminary archeological survey of the Table Rock Reservoir area, Stone County, Missouri. Missouri Archeol., vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 8-388. Columbia. COALE, GEORGE L. 1956. Archeological survey of the Mt. Sheep and Pleasant Valley Reservoirs. Davidson Journ. Anthrop., vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-27. CoocaNn, ALAN H., and Irvine, WM. N. 1959. Late Pleistocene and recent Missouri River terraces in the Big Bend Reservoir, South Dakota. Abs., lowa Acad. Sci., vol. 66, pp. 317-327. CooLrEy, MAURICE H. 1958. Physiography of the Glen-San Juan Canyon area, pt. 1. Mus. North- ern, Arizona, Plateau, vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 21-33. Flagstaff. 1958. Physiography of the Glen-San Juan Canyon area, pt. 2. Mus. Northern Arizona, Plateau, vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 49-60. Flagstaff. CooperrR, Paut L. 1949. Recent investigation in Fort Randall and Oahe Reservoirs, South Dakota. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 300-811. 1949. An archeological survey of the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota. Proce. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 19-20. 1955. The archeological and paleontological salvage program in the Mis- souri Basin, 1950-1951. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 126, No. 2. CorRBETT, JOHN M. 1949. Salvage archeology in river basins. Planning and Civic Comment, Quart. Amer. Planning and Civic Assoc., July—Sept. 1954. New dates from old data. Reclamation Era, vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 56-58. CRAMPTON, C. GREGORY. 1959. Outline history of the Glen Canyon region, 1776-1922. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap. No. 42. CREER, LELAND HARGROVE. 1958. Mormon towns in the region of the Colorado. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap. No. 32. 1958. The activities of Jacob Hamblin in the region of the Colorado. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap. No. 33. CRESSMAN, L. 8. 1960. Cultural sequences at The Dalles, Oregon. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soce., vol. 50, pt. 10. December. CrEssMAN, L. S.; Coir, Davin L.; DAvis, WiLtBpuR A.; NEWMAN, THOMAS M.; and ScHEANS, DANIEL J. 1959. Cultural sequences at The Dalles, Oregon. Univ. Oregon. CuMMINes, THOMAS 8. 1953. A preliminary report on the Blue Stone Focus, White Rock Aspect. Abs. Proce. Nebraska Acad. Sci., May. 597967—63——37 241 [4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 185] Danson, EpwArp B. 1958. The Glen Canyon Project. Plateau, vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 75-78. Flag- staff. DAUGHERTY, RICHARD D. 1952. Archeological investigations in O’Sullivan Reservoir, Grant County, Washington. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 374-383. 1956. Archeology of the Lind Coulee Site, Washington. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe., vol. 100, No. 3, pp. 224-278. 1956. An archeological survey of Rocky Reach Reservoir. Northwest Arche- ology Number, Research Stud. State College of Washington, vol, 24, No. 1, pp. 1-16. 1959. Early Man in Washington (Archeology of Lind Coulee Site). Div. Mines and Geol., Inf. Cire. No. 32. Davis, E. Morr. 1950. The present status of the study of “Early Man” in Nebraska. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., May. 1951. “Early Man” sites in the Medicine Creek Reservoir area. Abs. Proce. Nebraska Acad. Sci., April. 1953. Early human occupation of the Plains area. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., May. 1953. Recent data from two paleo-Indian sites on Medicine Creek, Nebraska. Amer. Antiq., vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 380-886. 1954. The Bridger Basin, Wyoming: An area of archeological promise. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., April. 1956. Archeological survey of the Big Sandy Reservoir area, southwestern Wyoming. Notebook No. 2, Lab. Anthrop. Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln. 1961. Archeological sequence at the Ferrell’s Bridge Reservoir, northeastern Texas. Plains Anthrop., vol., 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 61. 1962. Archeological salvage investigation of the Harling Mound in Fannin County, Texas. Year-Book of the Amer. Philos. Soc., pp. 487-489. Davis, E. Mort, and ScHULTz, C. BERTRAND. 1952. The archeological and paleontological salvage program at the Medicine Creek Reservoir, Frontier County, Nebraska. Science, vol. 115, No. 2985, pp. 288-290. Davis, HESTER A. 1961. 1960 fieldwork in Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 72. Davis, WILLIAM A., and Davis, E. Morr. 1960. The Jake Martin site: An Archaic site in the Ferrell’s Bridge Reser- voir area, Northeastern Texas. Univ. Texas, Archeol. Ser., No. 3. DE BAILLOU, CLEMENS. 1962. Archeological salvage in the Morgan Falls Basin. Univ. Georgia Lab. Archeol. Ser., No. 4, pp. 1-18. DEJ ARNETTE, DAvip L., and HANSEN, ASAEL T. 1960. The archeology of the Childersburg site, Alabama. Florida State Univ. Notes Anthrop., No. 6. DIBBLE, CHARLES HW. 1959. Ecological studies of the flora and fauna in Glen Canyon. Uniy. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 40. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 33 DIBBLE, DAvipD S., and Day, Kent C. 1962. A preliminary survey of the Fontenelle Reservoir, Wyoming. Univ. Utah. Anthrop. Pap., No.58. (Upper Colorado Ser., No. 7). Di Peso, CHARLES C. 1953. The Sobaipuri Indians of the Upper San Pedro River Valley, South- eastern Arizona. The Amerind Foundation, Inec., Dragoon, Ariz., No. 6. DitTERT, ALFRED E., JR. 1957. The salvage archeology program is resumed at the Navajo Dam. El Palacio, vol. 64, Nos. 7-8, pp. 245-246. Santa Fe. 1958. Salvage archeology and the Navajo Project: A progress report. El Palacio, vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 61-72. Santa Fe. 1958. Recent developments in Navajo project archeology. El Palacio, vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 201-211. Santa Fe. DitTTERT, ALFRED E., JR. ; HESTER, JIM J.; and Eppy, FRANK W. 1961. An archaeological survey of the Navajo Reservoir district North- western Mexico. School Amer. Res. and Mus. New Mexico, No. 23. Santa Fe. DrRAGoo, Don W. 1951. Archeological survey of Shelby County, Indiana. Indiana Hist. Bur., Indianapolis. DUFFIELD, LATHEL FF’, 1962. Archeology of the Sanford Reservoir in the Texas Panhandle. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, p. 79. DUFFIELD, LATHEL F., and JELKS, EDWARD B. 1961. The Pearson site: A historic Indian site at Iron Bridge Reservoir, Rains County, Texas. Univ. Texas, Archeol. Ser., No. 4. EVANS, OREN F. 1958. Analysis of flint materials from the Lee and Lacy sites. Oklahoma Archeol. Soc., Newsletter, vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 2-3. Norman. FAIRBANKS, CHARLES H. 1954. 1953 excavations at Site S9HL64, Buford Reservoir, Georgia. Florida State Univ. Stud. Anthrop., No. 16, pp. 1-25. FENENGA, FRANKLIN. 1952. The archeology of the Slick Rock Village, Tulare County, California. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 339-847. 1958. Rediscovering the past in the Missouri Basin. Progress, Missouri River Basin, Interior Missouri Basin Field Committee, June, pp. 202-209. Billings, Mont. 1953. The ice-glider game, an 18th century innovation in northern Plains culture. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., May. 1954. The interdependence of archeology and ethnology as illustrated by the ice-glider game of the Northern Plains. Plains Anthrop., No. 1, pp. 31-388. May. FLOWERS, SEVILLE, ET AL. 1960. Ecological studies of the flora and fauna of Flaming Gorge Reservoir Basin, Utah and Wyoming. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 48 (Upper Colorado Series No. 8). 314 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buy. 185] GAINES, XERPHA M. 1957. Plants in Glen Canyon. Mus. Northern Arizona, Plateau, vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 31-84. Flagstaff. GANT, ROBERT. 1962. The Big Bend burials, 39BF221, Buffalo County, South Dakota. Museum News, W. H. Over Museum, State Univ. South Dakota, vol. 23, Nos. 4-5, pp. 3-7. GARRETT, JOHN W. 1952. Preliminary investigations of an aboriginal occupation site near Sanish, North Dakota. Montana State Univ. Anthrop. and Sociol. Pap., No. 18. GARTH, THOMAS R. 1951. Historie sites in the Fort Randall Reservoir area. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. April. GILBERT, HLIZABETH X. 1961. A pithouse village on the San Juan River, N. Mex. Southwestern Lore, vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 9-16. GROVE, FRED. 1949. Archeologists uncover real Sooners. Univ. Oklahoma News of the Month, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 2-3. GUNKEL, ALEXANDER. 1961. The archeology of the Rocky Reach Reservoir. (A comparative cul- tural analysis of four archeological sites in the Rocky Reach Reser- voir region, Washington.) Washington State Univ., Dept. Sociol. and Anthrop. GUNNERSON, JAMES H. 1958. Archeological survey of the Kaiparowitz Plateau. A preliminary re- port. Utah Archeology Newsletter, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 9-20. Salt Lake City. 1959. 1957 excavations, Glen Canyon area. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 43. HANDLEY, CHARLES O., JR. 1953. A new South Dakota locality for the kangaroo rat, dipodomys. Journ. Mammalogy, vol. 34, No. 2, p. 264. May. Harris, R. K. 1951. Plainview point from site 18C7-3. The Record, Dallas Archeol. Soc., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 2. HASKELL, Horace 8. 1958. Flowering plants in Glen Canyon—late summer aspect. Mus. Northern Arizona, Plateau, vol. 31, No.1, pp. 1-3. Flagstaff. HEDDEN, MARK. 1958. Surface printing as a means of recording petroglyphs. Amer. Antiq., vol. 23, No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 485-439. April. HELDMAN, DONALD P. 1961. Archaeological work within the proposed Joanna Reservoir. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 2, pp. 110-111. HENNING, DALE R. 1961. Archaeological research in the proposed Joanna Reservoir, Missouri. Missouri Archaeol., vol. 23, pp. 188-183. 1962. The Joanna Reservoir. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 84-86. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 91 1) HENSLEY, G. S. 1952. Story of first midwest farmers unfolds in White River Valley. Missouri Farmer, pp. 6-9. September. Columbia. HEWES, Gorpon W. 1949. The 1947 summer field session in archeology, University of North Da- kota. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf, Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 21-24. 1949. Pottery from the sites excavated by the 1947 North Dakota field ses- sion. Proe. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 58-67. 1949. Burial mounds in the Baldhill area, North Dakota. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 822-328. 1950. Sheyenne River. Proc. Sixth Plains Archeol. Conf. (1948), Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 11, p. 9. HocKMAN, STEVEN. 1952. The history of Fort Sully (South Dakota). South Dakota Hist. Coll, vol. 26, pp. 222-227. HO.LpER, PRESTON, and WIKE, JOYCE. 1949. The frontier culture complex, a preliminary report on a prehistoric hunter’s camp in southwestern Nebraska. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 260-266. 1950. The Allen site (FT—50) : Archeological evidence of an early hunter’s camp on Medicine Creek, Frontier County, Nebraska. Proc. Sixth Plains Archeol. Conf. (1948), Uniy. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 11, pp. 105-107. Howarp, JAMES H. 1962. Report of the investigation of the Huff site, 32M011, Morton County, North Dakota, 1959. Univ. North Dakota, Anthrop. Pap., No. 2. Howarp, LYnn HE. 1951. Archeological survey in the Bull Shoals region of Arkansas. Missouri Archaeol., vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 3-17. Columbia. HuGHEs, Jack T. 1949. Investigations in western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 266-277. 1950. An experiment in relative dating of archeological remains by stream terraces. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 21, pp. 97-104. Hurt, AMy PASSMORE. 1958. The race for treasure. Denver Post, Sunday Empire, Mag., Aug. 31, 1958. Hort, WESLEY R., JR. 1951. Report of the investigations of the Swanson site, 39BR16, Brule County, South Dakota, 1950. South Dakota Archaeol. Comm., Ar- chaeol. Stud., Cire. No. 6. 1952. Report of the investigation of the Scalp Creek site, 39GR1, and the Ellis Creek site, 839GR2, South Dakota, 1941, 1951. South Dakota Archaeol. Comm., Archaeol. Stud., Cire. No. 4. 1952. House types of the Over Focus, South Dakota. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 4, No. 4 pp. 51-52. 1953. Report of the investigation of the Thomas Riggs site, 39HU1, Hughes County, South Dakota, 1952. South Dakota Archaeol. Comm., Ar- chaeol. Stud., Cire. No. 5. 316 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Burn. 185] Hort, WESLEY R., Jr.—Continued 1954. Report of the investigations of the Spotted Bear site, 39HU26, and the Cottonwood site, 39HU43, Hughes County, South Dakota, 1953. South Dakota Archaeol. Comm., Archaeol. Stud., Cire. No. 6. IRVING, WILLIAM N. 1958. The chronology of early remains at the Medicine Crow site, 389BF2, South Dakota. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., p. 3. April. JELKS, EDWARD B. 1952. The River Basin Surveys archeological program in Texas. Texas Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 181-1388. 1953. Excavations at the Blum rockshelter. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Pa- leont. Soe., vol. 24, pp. 189-207. 1959. Archeologists add new data on Texas’ past. Univ. Texas, Engineering- Science News, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-4. 1962. The Kyle site, a stratified Central Texas Aspect site in Hill County, Texas. Univ. Texas Archaeol. Ser., No. 5. JELKS, Epwarp B. and TUNNELL, CurtTIS D. 1959. The Harroun Site: A Fulton Aspect Component of the Caddoan Area, Upshur County, Texas. Univ. Texas Archaeol. Ser., No. 2. JENNINGS, JESSE D. 1947. An atlas of archeological sites within the reservoirs located in the Missouri River Basin. U.S. Dept. Interior, Reg. Two, Nat. Park Serv. Missouri Basin Recreation Survey. Omaha. 1948. Plainsmen of the past, a review of the prehistory of the Plains. U.S. Dept. Interior, Reg. Two, Nat. Park Serv., Missouri Basin Recrea- tion Survey. Omaha. 1948. Saving a segment of history. Reclamation Tra, vol. 34, No. 10, pp. 192-193. October. 1955. The archeology of the Plains: an assessment. U.S. Dept. Interior, Reg. Two., Nat. Park Serv. and Univ. Utah, Dept. Anthrop. (Super- sedes Jennings, 1948.) 1961. Salvage and scholarship. Northwestern Univ. Tri-Quart., voi. 3, No. 2, pp. 43-47. Winter. JOHNSON, FREDERICK. 1951. The Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program in the United States. Archaeology, pp. 25-40. Spring. JOHNSON, LEROY, JR., and JELKS, EDWARD B. 1958. The Tawakoni-Ysconi village, 1760: A study in archeological site iden- tification. Texas Journ. Sci., vol. 10, No. 4. December. KEEFE, JIM, and SAULTS, DAN. 1953. Out of the dust of yesterday. Missouri Conservationist, vol. 14, No. 1. January. KELLAR, JAMES H., Kerry, A. R., and McMIcHAEL, Epwarp V. 1962. The Mandeville site in southwest Georgia. Amer. Antiq., vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 386-355. KELLER, CHARLES M. 1961. Activities in the Kasinger Bluff Reservoir. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 67. Ketty, A. R., and Ne1Tzet, R. S. 1961. The Chauga site in Oconee County, South Carolina. Univ. Georgia Lab. Archaeol. Ser., Rep. No. 3. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES oid KKIEHL, MARY. 1953. The Glen Elder and White Rock sites in north central Kansas. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. May. KIVETT, MARVIN F. 1948. Mechanized archeology. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 16-17. 1949. Archeological investigations in Medicine Creek Reservoir, Nebraska. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 278-284. 1949. An archeological survey of the Garrison and Baldhill Reservoirs. Proe. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 24-25. 1950. An Archaic horizon? Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 4-7. 1952. Woodland sites in Nebraska. Nebraska State Hist. Soec., Publ. in Anthrop., No. 1. (While some of the material in this report was obtained during earlier investigations, a considerable portion of the publication is based on the results of salvage projects. ) 1954. Notes on the burial patterns of the Central Plains Indians. Abs. Proce. Nebraska Acad. Sci. April. 1962. Archaeological field report, 1961. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, Delt Kivett, MarvIN F., and Hm, A. T. 1949. Archeological investigations along Medicine Creek. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 25-26. LEHMER, DONALD J. 1951. Pottery types from the Dodd site, Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1-15. 1952. The Turkey Bluff Focus of the Fulton Aspect. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 313-318. 1952. The Fort Pierre Branch, central South Dakota. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 828-836. 1952. Animal bone and Plains archeology. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Let- ter, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 58-55. 1954. The sedentary horizon of the northern Plains. Southwestern Journ. Anthrop., vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 189-159. Linpsay, ALEXANDER J., JI. 1961. The Beaver Creek agricultural community on the San Juan River, Utah. Amer. Antiq., vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 174-187. October. Lier, WILLIAM D. 1960. 1958 excavations, Glen Canyon area. With appendices by Christy G. Turner II, Lyndon L. Hargrave. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 44, (Glen Canyon Ser., No. 11). Lire, WILLIAM, and Fowt_er, Don. 1958. Archeological excavations and survey in Glen Canyon: Preliminary reports of 1958 work. Utah Archeol., vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 4-16. Salt Lake City. Lipp, WittiAm D.; SuarrocK, Froyp W.; DrissLe, Davin S8.; and ANDERSON, KeitH M. 1960. 1959 excavations, Glen Canyon area. With appendix by Christy G. Turner II, and addendum by Dee Ann Suhm. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No.49, (Glen Canyon Ser. No, 13). 318 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy. 185] LIsTER, ROBERT H. 1957. Salvage archeology in the Southwest. Southwestern Lore, vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 84-385. Boulder. 1957. The Glen Canyon survey in 1957. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap. No. 30. 1958. A preliminary note on excavations at the Coombs site, Boulder, Utah. Utah Archeol.: A Newsletter, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 4-8. Salt Lake City. 1959. The Coombs site, with a chapter, Pottery, by Florence C. Lister. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 41. LIsTER, Ropert H.; AMBLER, J. RICHARD; and LIsTER, FLORENCE L. 1960. The Coombs site. Part2. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap. No. 41. LIsTER, RoBERT H., and LIstTER, FLORENCE C. 1961. The Coombs site. Part 3, summary and conclusions. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 41, October. McDovuGALL, WALTER B. 1959. Plants of the Glen Canyon area in the Herbarium at the Museum of Northern Arizona (mimeographed). McKusick, M. B., and Watson, R. S. 1959. Grinding implements from Vaquero Reservoir, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties. Univ. California, Ann. Rep., Archeol. Surv., Dept. Anthrop.-Sociol., pp. 13-14. Los Angeles. McMIcHAEL, EpwARrD V., and KELLAR, JAMES H. 1960. Archeological salvage in the Oliver Basin. Univ. Georgia Lab. Archeol. Ser., Rep. No. 2. McoNott, CHARLES H. 1958. La Roche ware and relative chronology. Abs., Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., April, pp. 3-4. McNott, CHARLES H., and WHEELER, RICHARD P. 1959. Bibliography of primary sources for radiocarbon dates. Amer. Antiq., vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 328-824. MALOUF, CARLING. 1950. The archeology of the Canyon Ferry region, Montana, 1950. Univ. Montana. Anthrop.and Sociol. Pap., No. 11. 1951. Archeological studies of aboriginal occupation sites in northwestern North Dakota. Montana State Univ. Anthrop. and Sociol. Pap., No. 7. MARSHALL, RICHARD. 1962. Archaeological survey of Jasper County, Missouri. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 82-84. MATTES, MERRILL, J. 1947. Historic sites in Missouri Valley reservoir areas. Nebraska Hist., vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 1-15. 1949. Historie sites in the Fort Randall Reservoir area. South Dakota Hist. Coll., vol. 24. 1952. Revival at old Fort Randall. Military Engineer, vol. 44, No. 298, pp. 88-93. 1952. Salvaging Missouri Valley history. The Westerners Brand Book, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 17-19, 22-24. 1954. Under the wide Missouri [historic sites in Missouri Basin reservoirs]. North Dakota Hist., vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 146-167. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 319 MATTISON, Ray H. 1951. Old Fort Stevenson, a typical Missouri River military post. North Dakota Hist., vol. 18, Nos. 2-38, pp. 2-40. 1954. The Army post on the northern Plains, 1865-1885. Nebraska Hist., vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 1-27. 1954. Report on historical aspects of the Oahe Reservoir area, Missouri River, South and North Dakota. South Dakota Hist. Coll. and Rep., vol. 27. 1955. The Indian reservation system on the upper Missouri, 1865-1890, Ne- braska Hist., vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 141-172. 1955. Report on historic sites in the Garrison Reservoir area, Missouri River [North Dakota]. North Dakota Hist., vol. 22, Nos. 1-2, pp. 5-73. 1956. The military frontier on the upper Missouri. Nebraska Hist., vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 159-182. 1956. Report on Historie sites adjacent to the Missouri River, between Big Sioux River and Fort Randall Dam, including those in the Gavins Point Reservoir area (South Dakota and Nebraska). South Dakota Hist. Coll., vol. 28, pp. 22-98. MAYER-OAKES, WILLIAM J. 1953. An archeological survey of the proposed Shenango River Reservoir area in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 33, art. 3, pp. 115-124, Anthrop. Ser. No. 1. MELEEN, BP. Bb. 1949. A preliminary report on the Thomas Riggs village site. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 310-821. (This paper includes material from investigations in the Oahe Reservoir area prior to the salvage pro- gram but also reports on work done in 1947.) METCALF, GEORGE. 1956. Additional data from the Dodd and Phillips Ranch sites, South Dakota. Amer. Antiq., vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 305-309. MILLER, CARL F. 1948. Early cultural manifestations exposed by the archeological survey of the Buggs Island Reservoir in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 88, No. 12, pp. 397- 399. 1949. The Lake Spring site, Columbia County, Georgia. Amer. Antiq., vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 38-51. 1949. Appraisal of the archeological resources of the Buggs Island Reservoir in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina. Quart. Bull., Archeol. Soe. Virginia, vol. 4, No.1. . 1949. Early cultural manifestations exposed by the archeological survey of the Buggs Island Reservoir in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina. Quart. Bull., Archeol. Soe. Virginia, vol. 4, No. 2. 1950. Early cultural horizons in the southeastern United States. Amer. Antiq., vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 278-288. (A general article but contain- ing data collected during survey work.) 1950. An analysis and interpretation of the ceramic remains from site 38 Mc6 near Clarks Hill, South Carolina. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 350-3854. 1956. Burin types from southern Virginia: A preliminary statement. Amer. Antiq., vol. 21, No. 3, p. 311. 320 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buty. 185] Mituer, Cart F.—Continued 1959. Physical structure of Rock Mound at 9ST3, Georgia. Southern Indian Stud., Archeol. Soe. North Carolina and Res. Lab. Anthrop., Univ. North Carolina, vol. 11, pp. 16-19. MItter, E. O., and JELKS, EDWARD B. 1952. Archeological excavations at the Belton Reservoir, Coryell County, Texas. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 28, pp. 168-217. Mitier, Love H. 1957. Bird remains from an Oregon Indian midden. The Condor, vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 59-68. January—February. Miter, WILLIAM C., and BRETERNITZ, DAvip A. 1958. 1957 Navajo Canyon survey, preliminary report. Plateau, vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 72-74. Flagstaff. 1959. 1958 Navajo Canyon survey, preliminary report. Plateau, vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 3-7. Flagstaff. Mitts, JoHN E., and OSBORNE, CAROLYN. 1952. Material culture of an Upper Coulee rockshelter. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 352-359. MosIMAN, JAMES, and Rass, GEORGE B. 1952. The herpetology of Tiber Reservoir area, Montana. Copeia, No. 1, pp. 23-27. June 2. MULLOY, WILLIAM. 1954. The McKean site in northeastern Wyoming. Southwestern Journ. Anthrop., vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 482-460. NEUMAN, ROBERT W. 1957. Supplementary data on the White Rock Aspect. Abs., Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., pp. 8-4. April. 1960. The Truman Mound site, Big Bend Reservoir area, South Dakota. Amer. Antiq., vol. 26, No.1, pp. 78-92. July. 1961. Excavations at four mound sites in the Oahe Reservoir. Plains An- throp., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, pp. 57-58. 1962. Field season, 1961. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, p. 81. 1962. Historic Indian burials, Fort Thompson, South Dakota. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, p. 95. OSBORNE, DOUGLAS. 1950. An archeological survey of the Benham Falls Reservoir, Oregon. Amer. Antiq., vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 112-120. 1953. Archeological occurrences of pronghorn antelope, bison, and horse in the Columbia Plateau. Sci. Month., vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 260-269. OSBORNE, DouGLAs ; CALDWELL, WARREN C.; and CRABTREE, ROBERT H. 1956. The problem of Northwest Coastal-Interior relationships as seen from Seattle. Amer. Antiq., vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 117-128. OSBORNE, DouGLAS, and CRABTREE, ROBERT H. 1961. Two sites in the Upper McNary Reservoir. Tebiwa, Journ. Idaho State College Mus., vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 19-36. OSBORNE, DOUGLAS ; CRABTREE, ROBERT; and BRYAN, ALAN, 1952. Archeological investigations in the Chief Joseph Reservoir. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 360-3783. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES eal OSMUNDSON, JOHN, and HULSE, CHRISTOPHER. 1962. Preliminary report on an archeological survey of the Bruces Eddy Reservoir, north-central Idaho, 1961. Tebiwa, Journ. Idaho State College Mus., vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 11-29. PECKHAM, STEWART. 1958. Salvage archeology in New Mexico, 1957-58: A partial report. El Palacio, vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 161-168. Santa Fe. PENDERGAST, DAVID M., and MrIGHAN, CLEMENT W. 1959. The Greasy Creek site, Tulare County, Arizona. Univ. California, Ann. Rep. Archeol. Surv. Dept. Anthrop.-Sociol., pp. 1-9. Los Angeles. PIERSON, LLoypD. 1957. A brief archeological reconnaissance of White Canyon, southeastern Utah. El Palacio, vol. 64, Nos. 7-8, pp. 222-230. Santa Fe. PROCTOR, CHARLES C. 1953. Report of excavations in the Eufaula Reservoir. Bull. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soe., vol. 1, pp. 48-59. PuRDY, WILLIAM M. 1959. An outline of the history of the Fiaming Gorge area. Univ. Utah Anthrop. Pap., No. 37. Roserts, FRANK H. H., JR. 1948. A crisis in U.S. archeology. Sci. Amer., vol. 179, No. 6, pp. 12-17. 1952. River Basin Surveys: The first five years of the Inter-Agency Archeo- logical and Paleontological Salvage Program. Ann. Rep. Smith- sonian Inst. for 1951, pp. 351-383. 1955. The Inter-Agency Archeological and Paleontological Salvage Program in the United States. Pro Natura, vol. 2, pp. 218-218. (Series pub- lished by International Union for the Protection of Nature, Brussels. ) 1955. The Inter-Agency Archeological and Paleontological Salvage Program. Missouri Archeol. Soe. News Letter No. 96, pp. 7-10, November. Rupy, JAcK R., and STIRLAND, ROBERT D. 1950. An archeological reconnaissance in Washington County, Utah. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 9. ScHOoOLtTz, JAMES A. 1962. Salvage archaeology in Kansas. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, p. 84. ScHULTZ, C. BERTRAND, and FRANKFORTER, W. D. 1948. Earlyman. Amer. Antiq., vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 279-280. 1948. Preliminary report on the Lime Creek sites: new evidence of early man in southwestern Nebraska. Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Mus., vol. 3, No. 4, pt. 2. 1949. The Lime Creek sites. Jn Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Bock No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 1382-4. ScHWARTZ, DouGLas W. 1961. The Tinsley Hill site. (A late prehistoric stone grave cemetery in Lyon County, Ky.) Univ. Kentucky, Stud. Anthrop., No. 1. SEARS, WILLIAM H. 1950. Preliminary report on the excavation on an Etowah Valley site. Amer. Antiq., vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 187-142. 322 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185] SHANE, RALPH M. 1956. A short history of Fort Berthold [Indian Reservation]. 22 pp. Fort Berthold Indian Agency, Newtown, N. Dak. SHaARROCK, FLoyp W.; ANDERSON, KEITH M.; FowLer, Don D.; and DIBBLE, Davi 8. 1961. 1960 excavations, Glen Canyon area. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 52, May. (With appendices by Don D. Fowler, and Christy G. Turner, ITI.) SHARROCK, FLoyp W.; DisBBLE, DAvip S.; and ANDERSON, KEITH M. 1961. The Creeping Dune Irrigation site in Glen Canyon, Utah. Amer. Antiq., vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 188-202. October. SHARROCK, FLoyp W., and KEANE, Epwarp A. 1962. Carnegie Museum collection from southeast Utah. Univ. Utah, An- throp. Pap., No.57. (Glen Canyon Ser., No. 160.) SHINER, JOEL L. 1952. The 1950 excavations at site 45BN6, McNary Reservoir, Washington. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 8348-351. SHIPPEE, J. M. 1953. A Folsom fluted point from Marshall County, Kansas. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 54. SmitTH, CARLYLE S. 1949. Archeological investigations in Ellsworth and Rice Counties, Kansas. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 292-300. 1949. Archeological research at the University of Kansas, 1946-1947. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 29-30. 1949. Field work in Kansas, 1949. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 5-6. 1950. Climate and archeology in Kansas. Proc. Sixth Plains Archeol. Conf. 1948, Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 11, pp. 98-99. 1951. Pottery types from the Talking Crow site, Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 32-41. 1953. Digging up the Plains Indian’s past. Univ. Kansas Alumni Bull. December. 1954. Cartridges and bullets from Fort Stevenson, North Dakota. Plains Anthrop., No. 1, pp. 25-29. 1955. An analysis of the firearms and related specimens from Like-a-Fish- hook Village and Fort Berthold I. Plains Anthrop., No. 4, pp. 3-12. 1959. Reconstructing a Plains Indian earth lodge. In Robert F. Heizer, “Te Archaeologist at Work,” pp. 181-133. New York. 1959. The temporal relationships of coalescent village sites in Fort Randall Reservoir. Actas del XXXIII Congreso Internacional de Ameri- eanistas, tomo II, pp. 111-123, figs. 1-8. San Jose. SmitH, G. HUBERT. 1953. Indian trade beads from Fort Berthold, North Dakota. Central Texas Archeol. No. 6. Waco. 1954. Excavations at Fort Stevenson, 1951. North Dakota Hist., vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 127-135. July. 1954. Archeological work at 32ML2 (WLike-a-Fishhook Village and Fort Berthold), Garrison Reservoir area, North Dakota. Plains Anthrop., No. 2, pp. 27-32. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 323 Situ, G. Husert—Continued 1957. Archeological salvage at historic sites in the Missouri Basin. Progress, Missouri Basin Field Committee, pp. 39-50. January-March. Bill- ings. 1957. The present status of research on early historic sites of the Missouri Basin. Abs., Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., p. 38. April. 1960. Historical archeology in Missouri Basin Reservoir areas: Current investigations. Plains Anthrop., vol. 5, No. 10, pp. 58-64. 1961. Historic sites in the Oahe and Big Bend Reservoir areas. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 57. SmirH, JAcK E.; LAFAVE, JACQUELINE M.; and Wirk, Marctra V. V. 1961. Archeological resources of Vaquero Reservoir. Univ. California, Dept. Anthrop. and Sociol., Los Angeles. SoLEcKI, RALPH §. 1949. An archeological survey of two river basins in West Virginia. West Virginia Hist., vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 189-211, and No. 4, pp. 319-482. 1952. Photographing the past. Progress, Missouri River Basin, Interior Missouri Basin Field Committee, pp. 1-9. September. Billings. 1958. A Plainview point found in Marshall County, Kansas. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vel. 5, No. 4, pp. 52-53. SPERRY, JAMES E., and KRAUSE, RICHARD A. 1962. 1961 excavations at the Leavenworth site, 389CO9. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, p. 80. STALLARD, BRUCE. 1957. Report on talk by Jim Garner concerning removal of Nespelem Indian burials from Chief Joseph Reservoir. Washington Archeol., vol. 1, No. 8, p. 1. STANTON, ROBERT B. 1961. The Hoskaninni Papers, mining in Glen Canyon, 1897-1902. Univ. Utah., Anthrop. Pap. No. 54 (Glen Canyon Ser. No. 15). STEEN, CHARLIE R. 1956. The archeological salvage program today. Archaeol., vol 9, No. 3, pp. 175-181. STEPHENSON, ROBERT L. 1947. Archeological survey of Whitney Basin. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soe., vol. 18, pp. 129-142. 1948. Archeological survey of McGee Bend Reservoir. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 57-73. 1949. A note on some large pits in certain sites near Dallas, Texas. Amer. Antiq., vol 15, No. 1, pp. 58-55. 1949. Archeological survey of the Lavon and Garza-Little Elm Reservoirs. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 20, pp. 21-62. 1949. A survey of the Whitney Basin in Hill and Bosque Counties, Texas. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 31-32. 1952. The Hogge Bridge site and the Wylie Focus. Amer, Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 299-312. 1954. Salvage archeology. Bible Archeol. Digest, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 2-11. 1954. Taxonomy and chronology in the Central Plains—Middle Missouri River area. Plains Anthrop., No.1, pp. 15-21. May. 324 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Butn. 185] STEPHENSON, Ropert L.—Continued 1954. The Stansbury site: An historic site in the Whitney Reservoir, Texas. Abs. Proe. Nebraska Acad. Sci. April. 1957. Some research problems emerging out of Missouri Basin salvage. Ne- braska Acad. Sci., p.4. April. 1958. The Missouri Basin chronology program. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., p. 4. April. 1961. 1960 progress report, Missouri River Project. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 55. 1962. Three Smithsonian salvage sites. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 80-81. STONEY, GEORGE. 1950. Georgia’s archeologists before the camera. Early Georgia, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 18-21. STRONG, WM. DUNCAN; JOHNSON, FREDERICK ; and WEBB, WILLIAM S. 1945. National archeological resources. Science, vol 102, No. 2637, p. 44. July 13. SWANSON, EARL H., JkR.; Touny, DoNALD R.; and BRYAN, ALAN L. 1959. Archeological explorations in central and south Idaho, 1958. Idaho State College Mus., Occas. Pap., No. 2. TREGANZA, ADAN E. 1952. Archeological investigations in the Farmington Reservoir area in Stanislaus County, California. Univ. California Archaeol. Surv. Rep., No. 14. 1954. Salvage archeology in Nimbus and Redbank Reservoir areas, central California. Univ. California Archaeol. Surv. Rep., No. 26. 1958. Salvage archaeology in the Trinity Reservoir area, northern Califor- nia. Univ. California Archaeol. Surv. Rep., No. 48, pt. 1. 1959. Salvage archaeology in the Trinity Reservoir area, northern Califor- nia, 1958 field season. Univ. California Archaeol. Surv. Rep., No. 46. TREGANZA, ADAN E.., and HEIcKSEN, MARTIN H. 1960. Salvage archeology in the Whiskeytown Reservoir area and the Wintu Pumping Plant, Shasta County, California. San Francisco State College, Occas. Pap. Anthrop., No. 1. TuoHy, DONALD R., and SWANSON, HAR H. 1960. Excavation at Rockshelter 10-AA-15, southwest Idaho. Tibiwa, Journ. Idaho State Coll. Mus., vol. 3, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 20-24. WALLACE, WILLIAM J. 1960. Archaeological resources of the Buena Vista Watershed, San Diego County, California. Univ. California, Ann. Rep., Archaeol. Surv., Dept. Anthrop.-Sociol., pp. 277-294. Los Angeles. WEAKLY, Harry FE. 1961. Current developments in Plains dendrochronology. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 59. WEAKLY, WARD F. 1961. A site in the Fort Randall Reservoir, Brille County, South Dakota. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 14, pp. 230-241. 1961. 1960 excavations at the Leavenworth site, 39CO9. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 58. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 325 WEDEL, WALDO R. 1947. Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program ; summary report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1946. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 107, No. 6. 1947. The Missouri Basin Archeological Survey. Nebraska Hist., vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 832-40. 1948. Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program: summary report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1947. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 111, No. 2. 1949. Some provisional correlations in Missouri Basin archeology. Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 328-829. 1949. A summary of recent field work in central Plains archeology. Proc. Fifth Plains Conf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Nebraska, pp. 3-5. 1950. Missouri River Basin Survey 1948 season. Proce. Sixth Plains Archeol. Conf., Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 11, pp. 3-8. 1951. The use of earth-moving machinery in archeological excavations. In Essays on Archeological Methods, Univ. Michigan, Mus. Anthrop., Anthrop. Pap., No. 8, pp. 17-28. 1961. Historic man on the Great Plains. Univ. Oklahoma. (Contains in- formation gathered by salvage operations). WEDEL, WALDO R., and GRIFFENHAGEN, GEORGE B. 1954. An English balsam among the Dakota aborigines. Amer. Journ. Pharmacy, vol. 126, No. 12, pp. 409-415. WEDEL, WALDO R., and K1vetT, MARVIN F. 1956. Additional data on the Woodruff Ossuary, Kansas. Amer. Antiq., vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 414-416. WEnNporr, FRED; LUEBBEN, RALPH A.; BRUGGE, DAvip; and SCHROEDER, ALBERT H., with appendices by IrENE EMery; Hart H. Morris; and Erik K. ReEep. 1958. Salvage archeology in the Chama Valley, New Mexico. Monogr. School Amer. Res., No. 17. WHEAT, JOE BEN. 1947. Archeological survey of the Addicks Basin: A preliminary report. Bull. Texas Archeol. and Paleont. Soc., vol. 18, pp. 148-145. WHEELER, RICHARD P. 1950. Archeological investigations in Angostura Reservoir, Cheyenne River Basin, South Dakota. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. May. 1951. The archeology of the Boysen Reservoir, Fremont County, Wyoming. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. April. 1952. A note on the McKean lanceolate point. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 45-50. 1952. Plains ceramic analysis: a check list of features and descriptive terms. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 5, No. 2. 1953. The distribution, cultural relationships and chronology of mounds and earthworks in the Dakotas. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. May. 1954. Selected projectile point types of the United States: II. Bull. Okla- homa Anthrop. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 1-6. March. 1954. Two new projectile point types: Duncan and Hanna points. Plains Anthrop., No. 1, pp. 7-14. 1954. Check list of Middle Missouri pottery wares, types, subtypes. Plains Anthrop., No. 2, pp. 3-21. 326 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185] WHEELER, RicHarp P.—Continued 1954. New contributions to the archeology of Oahe Reservoir. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. April. 1955. Recent archeological salvage operations in the Missouri Basin. Prog- ress, Missouri River Basin, Interior Missouri Basin Field Com- mittee, October-December, pp. 65-73. 1957. Archeological field data and their interpretation. Abs. Proc. Ne- braska Acad. Sci., p.4. April. 1958. A bibliography of the Indian archeology of the Central and Northern Plains. Abs. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci. pp. 4-5. April. WHEELER, RICHARD P. and SMITH, G. HUBERT. 1953. The prehistory and early history of the Niobrara River basin. Mis- souri River Basin Project, Niobrara River Basin Development Plan, U.S. Dept Int., Bur. Reclam., Reg. 7, Denver. WHITE, THEODORE EK. 1952. Observations on the butchering technique of some aboriginal peoples: I. Amer. Antiq., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 387-338. 1952. Preliminary analysis of the vertebrate fossil fauna of the Boysen Reservoir area. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, No. 3296, pp. 185-208. 1952. Suggestions on the butchering technique of the inhabitants at the Dodd and Phillips Ranch sites in the Oahe Reservoir area. Plains Archeol. News Letter, vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 22-28. 1953. Studying osteological material. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 8-16. 1953. Bison steaks and venison chops—the Flint-age way. Montana Farm- er-Stockman, p. 8. September 15. 1953. A method of calculating the dietary percentage of the various food animals utilized by aboriginal people. Amer. Antiq., vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 296-398. 1958. Collecting osteological material, or how to get a block plastered. Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 3-7. 1954. Preliminary analysis of the fossil vertebrates of the Canyon Ferry Reservoir area. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, No. 3326, pp. 395-4388. 1954. Observations on the butchering technique of some aboriginal peoples, Nos. 38, 4, 5, and 6. Amer. Antiq., vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 254-264. 1955. Observations on the butchering techniques of some aboriginal peoples, Nos. 7,8, and 9. Amer. Antiq., vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 170-178. 1956. The study of osteological materials in the Plains. Amer. Antiq., vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 401-404. 1960. Plains quotes, “The Big Dogs of the Earth Lodge People.” Plains Anthrop., vol. 5, No. 9, p. 35. WILLIAMS, Bos. 1953. The Ward Site, Le Flore County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthrop. Soc. Newsletter, vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 2-9. WILMETH, ROSCOE. 1956. The Payne Site. Mus. News, W. H. Over Mus., Univ. South Dakota, vol. 18, Nos. 11-12, pp. 18-21. 1958. Appraisal of the archeological resources of the Pomona and Melvern Reservoirs, Osage County, Kansas. Kansas State Hist. Soe. 1958. Report of the investigation of the Payne site, 39WW302, Walworth County, South Dakota, 1956. Archeol. Stud., Cire. No. 8. Pierre. REPORTS IN OTHER SERIES 324 WITHERS, ARNOLD. 1950. Survey in eastern Colorado—University of Denver. Proc. Sixth Plains Archeol. Conf., Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 11, pp. 10-11. Witty, THOMAS A. 1961. Excavations in the Wilson Reservoir area, Russell County, Kansas. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 64. 1962. Archeological salvage in the Milford and Council Grove Reservoirs. Plains Anthrop., vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 79-80. Woop, W. RAYMOND. 1953. Additional data on the La Roche Focus. Abs. Proce. Nebraska Acad. Sci., May. 1954. Kipp’s Post, 82MN1, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota. Interim Report. State Hist. Soc., North Dakota. 1958. Excavations of a village site in the Table Rock Reservoir. Missouri Archeol. Soc. News Letter, No. 119, p.3. February. 1961. 1960 field work at the Huff site, North Dakota. Plains Anthrop., vol. 6, No. 12, pt. 1, p. 56. 1961. The Pomme de Terre Reservoir in western Missouri prehistory. Mis- souri Archaeol., vol. 23, pp. 1-182. December. Woopsury, ANGUS M.; DuRRANT, STEPHEN D.; and FLOWER, SEVILLE. 1958. Preliminary report on biological resources of the Glen Canyon Reser- voir. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 31. 1959. Survey of vegetation in the Glen Canyon Reservoir Basin. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 36. 1961. Ecological studies of the flora and fauna of Navajo Reservoir Basin, Colorado and New Mexico. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 55 (Upper Colorado Ser., No. 5). 1962. A survey of vegetation in the Curecanti Reservoir Basins. Univ. Utah, Anthrop. Pap., No. 56 (Upper ‘Colorado Ser., No. 6). WooLworTH, ALAN R. 1954. A search in the past [River Basin salvage in North Dakota]. North Dakota Outdoors, vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 6-7. (North Dakota State Game and Fish Dept.). Bismarck. 1956. Archeological investigations at Site 832ME59 (Grandmother’s Lodge). North Dakota Hist., vol 23, No. 2, pp. 22-36. WORMAN, FREDERICK C, V. 1959. 1957 archaeological salvage excavations at Los Alamos, New Mexico: A preliminary report. El Palacio, vol. 66, No.1. Santa Fe. 597967—_63—— 38 . 1 AAPA HNL ea pt Re pos R Pie Lal haste Were Se taal : ; q ENTERS piles te 4 M 4 a ane Beas Hach itn) Pint : Sees Headed we, Sette leds A Ps ee vibes UJ 5 ¥ \ anand (ooh 7 tga arg Ehege atte Pr aan amy ‘i | PP ee MUMS Va wearers Ports 2 Pits o ‘Ott ‘7 Highs ip aes Af yi ont ; ; elie : ae OF dqall AVE ir, ait Nt ti a bay wie HON RW 2 i) onositay Ae ke ay h si ay Bree wt ert) au itp, pe i ’ r ne" . eRe ae reviewer , OP af i oh sts {a 7 g le i gi & ne Wy ae ee ; if it La y) i is ay De | Te eh ; di a ey i ; oa - \ m6 a ‘ i s a ; vi ; ney “r iit. : ’ : ; badiee | ; Cit oy aa ee Wa ‘ase Pes b \ Ved Aer Raat on a vat = Te Bs qsaatty :. dulne pet i la ‘sind “ fr. Avy a) on , ; ON Oe oes, a . ns, ee | Veer pee on Wetee ©, Lo i oie ae a ke hi a adh ‘pee | a is) ae i, — , » oii ‘ ne yt r a ny 1 ih Mi! 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