UNEV.DE Tongro LIBRARY es all Id YA) A ee > ee Ye p in 2010 with funding University of Toronto Ki 07.5, aii PAINT ‘0:57 4a VAAL, LL, ane“ fei eubl ral Fine | eerie (u.s DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUT/TURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY} BULLETIN NO. 101.— B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. CONTENTS OF AND INDEX TO BULLETINS = OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUS- TRY NOS. 1 TO 100, INCLUSIVE. PREPARED BY J. E. ROCKWELL, Epiror or BUREAU. ISSUED OCTOBER 12, 1907. — WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1907. 5B z / ASS ar | a no, /0l-/lo : BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief cf Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Inrestigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Physiologist in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. = Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physio Charge. v4 Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist ins Ch Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Char Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Ph gist in Charge. . Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology Investigations, Nathan A, Cobb, Expert in Charge. Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimenta! Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. 7 : = 4 Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Ct Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byres, Superintendent. » Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. ' Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Py Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge, Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Tezas Garden, Brownsville, Tez., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge. Editor, J. BE. Rockwell. § Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 7 101 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Prantr Invustry, Orrice or THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., August 21, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled * Contents of and Index to Bulletins of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry Nos. 1 to 100, Inclusive,” prepared by Mr. Julius Ensign Rockwell, Editor of this Bureau, and respectfully recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 101 of the Bureau series. Respectfully, B. T. GALLoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 101 Gs : 7 Va - - B. P. I.—3808. “CONTENTS OF AND INDEX TO BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY NOS. 1 TO 100, INCLUSIVE. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized on July 1, 1901, is classified under the general subjects of Patho- logical Investigations, Physiological Investigations, Taxonomic In- -vestigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural Investigations, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. Upon the organ- ization of the Bureau the several series of bulletins of the various divisions incorporated in the Bureau—Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and Experi- ments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investi- gations, and Experimental Gardens and Grounds—were discontinued, and all the scientific and technical publications prepared in these offices and in those subsequently organized have been issued in a single series of bulletins. Attention is directed to the fact that “the serial, scientific, and technical publications of the United States Department of Agricul- ture are not for general distribution. All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent of Docu- ments, who is empowered to sell them at cost.” All applications for these bulletins should therefore be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., accompanied by either a postal money order, an express money order, a draft on New York, or by cash. Postage stamps, foreign money, uncertified checks, and defaced or slick coin will not be accepted in payment for publications. No charge is made for post- age on documents forwarded to points in the United States, Guam, Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, or to Canada, Cuba, or Mexico. To other countries the regular rate of postage is charged, and remittances must cover such postage. Copies of all of these bulletins except Nos. 5, 16, 21, 23, 26. and 28 can be furnished by the Superintendent of Documents. 101 -I 8 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Since the publication of the last bulletin indexed in these pages (No. 100), the following bulletins of the Bureau series have ap- peared or are now in press, as indicated: No. 101. [The bulletin now in the reader’s hands.] 102. Miscellaneous Papers. 1. Summary of Recent Investigations of the Value of Cacti as Stock Food. II. A Suecessful Dairy Farm. III, Planning a Cropping System. IV. The Application of Vege- tative Propagation to Leguminous Forage Plants. V. The Con-— trol of Texas Root-Rot of Cotton. VI. The History of the Cow- pea and Its Introduction into America. VII. A New Method for the Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 103. Dry Farming in the Great Basin. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 104. The Use of Feldspathie Rocks as Fertilizers. 1907. Price, 5 cents. 105. The Relation of the Composition of the Leaf to the Burning Quali- ties of Tobaeco. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 106. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 12. [In press.] 107. American Root Drugs. [In press.] 108. The Cold Storage of Small Fruits. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 109. American Varieties of Garden Beans. 1907. Price, 25 cents. 110. Cranberry Diseases. [In press.] 111. Part I. The Larkspurs as Poisonous Plants. 1907. Price, 5 cents. Part Il. The Fibers of Long-Staple Upland Cottons. 1907. Price, 5 cents. Part III. Imported Low-Grade Clover and Al falfa Seed. [In press.] 112. The Use of Suprarenal Glands in the Physiological Testing of Drug Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 113. The Comparative Tolerance of Various Plants for the Salts Com- mon in Alkali Soils. [In press.] 114. Sap-Rot and Other Diseases of the Red Gum. [In press.] 115. The Disinfection of Sewage Effluents for the Protection of Water Supplies. [In press.] 116. The Tuna as Food for Man. [In press.] 117. The Reseeding of Depleted Range and Native Pastures. [In press.] 118. Peruvian Alfalfa. [In press. ] Since its organization the Bureau of Plant Industry has con- tributed the following papers to the series known as Farmers’ Bul-— letins, copies of which will be sent without cost to any person in the United States or its possessions upon application to a Senator, Representative, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C.: No. 139, Emmer: A Grain for the Semiarid Regions; No, 140, Pineapple Growing; No. 147, Winter Forage Crops for the South; No, 148, Celery Cul- ture; No, 154, The Home Fruit, Garden: Preparation and Care; No. 156, The Home Vineyard, with Special Reference to Northern Conditions; No, 157, The Propagation of Plants; No. 161, Practical Suggestions for Fruit Growers; No. 164, Rape as a Forage Crop; No. 167, Cassava; No, 168, Pearl Millet; No. 174, Broom Corn; No, 175, Home Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice; No, 176, Cranberry Culture; No, 181, Pruning; No. 185, Beautifying the Home Grounds; No. 188, Weeds Used in Medicine; No. 194, Alfalfa Seed; No. 195, Annual Flowering Plants; No, 198, Strawberries; No, 199, Corn 101 - INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. 9 Growing; No. 204, The Cultivation of Mushrooms; No. 208, Varieties of Fruits Recommended for Planting; No. 213, Raspberries; No. 214, Beneficial Bacteria for Leguminous Crops; No. 215, Alfalfa Growing; 4 No. 217, Essential Steps in Securing an Early Crop of Cotton; No. 218, The School Garden; No. 219, Lessons from the Grain-Rust Epidemie of 1904; No. 220, Tomatoes; No. 221, Fungous Diseases of the Cranberry; No. 224, Canadian Field Peas; No. 229, The Production of Good Seed Corn; No. 231, Spraying for Cucumber and Melon Diseases; No. 232, Okra: Its Culture and Uses; No. 238, Citrus Fruit Growing in the Gulf States; No. 240, Inoculation of Legumes; No. 242, An Example of Model Farming; No. 243, Fungicides and Their Use in Preventing Diseases of Fruits; No. 245, Renovation of Worn-Out Soils; No. 246, Sac- charine Sorghums for Forage; 7 No. 247, The Control of the Codling Moth and Apple Seab; No. 248, The Lawn; No. 250, The Prevention of Stinking Smut of Wheat and Loose Smut of Oats; No. 253, The Germination of Seed Corn; No. 254, Cueumbers; No. 255, The Home Vegetable Garden; No. 260, Seed of Red Clover and Its Impurities; No. 271, Forage-Crop Practices in Western Oregon and Western Washington; No. 272, A Successful Hog and Seed Corn Farm; No. 274, Flax Culture; No. 278, Leguminous Crops for Green Manuring; No. 279, A Method of Eradicating Johnson Grass; No. 280, A Profitable Tenant Dairy Farm; No. 282, Celery; 7 No. 283, Spraying for Apple Diseases and the Cod- ling Moth in the Ozarks; «No. 284, Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape East of the Rocky Mountains; No. 285, The Advantage of Planting Heavy Cotton Seed; No. 286, Comparative Value of Whole Cotton Seed and Cotton- Seed Meal in Fertilizing Cotton; No. 288, Nonsaccharine Sorghums; No. 289, Beans; No. 291, Evaporation of Apples; No. 292, Cost of Filling Silos; No. 294, Farm Practice in the Columbia Basin Uplands; No. 299, Diversified Farm- ing Under the Plantation System; No. 300, Some Important Grasses for the Gulf Coast Region; No. 301, Home-Grown Tea; No. 302, Sea Island Cotton; No. 304, Growing and Curing Hops; No. 306, Dodder in Relation to arm Seeds; No. 307, Roselle: Its Culture and Uses. Tn addition, the Bureau of Plant Industry has contributed the following papers to the Yearbooks of the Department of Agricul- ture from 1901 to date, all of which have been reprinted for distri- bution in separate form. The editions of those bearing numbers marked with a star (*) are exhausted. The others can be obtained without cost upon addressing a request therefor to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. No. 225, The Relation of Nutrition to the Health of Plants; No. 229, Little- Known Fruit Varieties Considered Worthy of Wider Dissemination; *No. 230, Commercial Apple Orcharding; *No. 238, Agricultural Seeds—Where Grown and How Handled; *No. 242, Agriculture in the Tropical Islands of the United States; No. 246, The Home Fruit Garden; No. 254, The Hemp Industry in the United States; No. 262, The Contamination of Public Water Supplies by Alge ; No. 264, Industrial Progress in Plant Work; *No. 266, Top-Working Orchard Trees; *No. 277, Bacteria and the Nitrogen Problem; No. 278, Systems of Farm Management in the United States; No. 279, Improvement of Cotton by Seed Selection; No. 281, Grape, Raisin, and Wine Production in the United States; No. 283, Promising New Fruits; No. 284, Plants as a Factor in Home Adornment; No. 287, Improvement of Corn by Seed Selection; No. 290, Ferti- 4 Contributed jointly by the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry. 101 10 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. lizers for Special Crops; No. 291, Crops Used in the Reclamation of Alkali Lands in Egypt; *No. 293, Cultivation and Fertilization of Peach Orchards; *No. 310, The Cultivation of Corn; No. 314, The Growing of Long-Staple U land Cotton; No. 317, Relation of Cold Storage to Commercial Apple Culture; No. 320, Relation of Sugar Beets to General Farming; No. 321, Principal Com- mercial Plant Fibers; *No. 323, A Model Farm; No. 325, Cultivation of Drug Plants in the United States; No. 326, Macaroni Wheat; No. 330, Promising New Fruits; No. 336, The Relation of Plant Physiology to the Development of Agriculture; No. 340, Opportunities in Agriculture: I. Growing Crops under Glass. II. Fruit Growing. III. General Farming; *No. 343, New Citrus Creations of the Department of Agriculture; *No. 349, Potato Culture near Greeley, Colorado; No. 351, Sugar-Beet Seed Breeding; No. 354, Some Uses of the Grapevine and Its Fruit; No. 356, Promising New Fruits; No. 358, The Improvement of Tobacco by Breeding and Selection; No. 361, Cotton Culture in Guatemala; *No. 363, Work of the Bureau of Plant Industry in Meeting the Ravages of the Boll Weevil and Some Diseases of Cotton; No. 367, Plant Diseases in 1904; No. 377, Diversified Farming in the Cotton Belt: I. South Atlantic Coast. II. Alabama and Mississippi. III. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Northeastern Texas. IV. Texas; No. 383, New Fruit Production of the De- partment of Agriculture; *No. 384, The Business of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution; No. 387, The Handling of Fruit for Transportation; No. 389, The Effect of Inbreeding in Plants; * No, 394, New Opportunities in Subtropical Fruit Growing; No. 399, Promising New Fruits; No. 401, Progress in Drug- Plant Cultivation; No. 409, Plant Diseases in 1905; No. 411, The Present Status of the Nitrogen Problem; No. 419, Range Management; No. 422, Methods of Reducing the Cost of Producing Beet Sugar; No. 427, New Citrus and Pineapple Productions of the Department of Agriculture; No. 429, Promis- ing New Fruits; No. 431, New Tobacco Varieties; No. 437, Plant Diseases in 1906. A report of the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry detailing the principal lines of investigation undertaken and the results accom- plished during the preceding twelve months has been issued yearly both in connection with the Annual Report of the Secretary of Agri- culture and in separate form. The miscellaneous circulars and minor publications of the Bureau, referring to many different lines of work and appearing in various forms, do not bear consecutive numbers or constitute a regular series, and on account of limited editions not being available for distribution, even to public libraries, agricultural experiment stations, or to col- laborators of the Department of Agriculture, they are not classed as * publications ” and no announcement of their issue from the press is made by the Department. J. E. Rockwetn, _ Editor of Bureau. Wasuinoton, D. C., August 20, 1907. 101 Ee OTL“ —_--- = LIST, WITH CONTENTS, OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY NOS. 1 TO 100, INCLUSIVE. A star (*) before a number indicates that the stock of the Department of Agriculture is exhausted and that collaborators can not be supplied with the bulletin so marked. Similarly, a star before a part of a bulletin shows that this part can not be furnished in separate form. Where a dagger (+) is used, the electrotype plates of the bulletin specified haye been destroyed. Where no price is given (in the cases of Bulletins Nos. 5, 16, 21, 23, 26, and 28), the publication can not be furnished by the Superintendent of Documents. *No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. I. Liming of Soils from a Physiological Standpoint. By Oscar Loew, Expert in Physiological Chemistry. II. Experimental Study of the Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. By D. W. May, of the Office of Experiment Stations. 1901. 53 pp., 3 pls. Price, 10 cents. Contents: I. Liming of soils from a physiological standpoint: Introduction— Injurious action of magnesium salts—Theoretical discussion of the functions of lime and magnesia—The ratio between lime and magnesia in soils of differ- ent countries: Soils of America; soils from European countries; soils from Asiatie countries; soils from African countries; soils from Australia; river deposits—Some special physiological cases relating to the ratio between lime and magnesia—Correction of lime and magnesia content in soils. II. Experi- mental study of the relation of lime and magnesia to plant growth: Intro- duction—The role of lime in the soil—The role of magnesia in the soil—The object of the experiments—Lime and magnesia as nitrates and sulphates in water cultures: Results of experiments with cowpeas; results of experiments with privet—Lime and magnesia as carbonates in sand cultures: Experiments with tobacco; experiments with barley; experiments with oats, wheat, and beans—Lime and magnesia as carbonates in soil cultures: Experiments with oats and cowpeas—Lime and magnesia as nitrates in sand cultures: Experi- ments with wheat and oats; experiments with cowpeas; experiments with tobaeco—Lime as sulphate and magnesia as carbonate in soil cultures: Exper- iments with cowpeas—Summary. * + No.2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. By Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Plant-Breeding Labora- tory. 1901. 100 pp.,7 pls. Price, 20 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction: Summary of recent literature; acknowledg- ments—Methods and materials used—Development of microspores—Develop- ment of pistillate cones—Development of the pollen tube and _ prothallus: Germination of pollen and growth of prothallus; division of second prothallial cell; appearance and growth of blepharoplasts; growth of basal end of pol- len tube—Division of the central cell—Metamorphosis of the spermatids- Structure and form of the mature spermatozoid— Movement of spermatozoids Process of fecundation—Division of the fecundated egg cell—Is the blepharo- plast a centrosome ?—Summary—Bibliography—Explanation of illustrations. 101 11 12 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. No.3. Macaroni Wheats. By Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1901. 62 pp., 11 pls., 2 figs. Price, 20 cents. f ConTeNTS: Introduction—Characteristics of macaroni wheats—Distribution of macaroni wheats—Adaptability of durum wheats to our semiarid districts: Climatic comparisons; comparison of soils; experimental proof; testimony of private parties; testimony of experiment stations—The market for maca- roni wheat: Foreign demand; quality of grain demanded; possibility of a home demand; kinds of wheat now used by our factories; comparison of foreign and domestic macaroni; preparation of semolina; bread from maca- roni wheats—Cultivation of macaroni wheats: Preparation of the soil; methods of seeding; care in harvesting—Effects of local variations in soil and climate—Varieties: Gharnovka: Arnautka; Kubanka; Pererodka; Belo- turka; Velvet Don; Black Don; Sarui-bugda; Medeah; Pellissier; Candeal; Nicaragua; Wild Goose; Missogen; Polish; winter varieties—Experimental comparison of varieties—Russo-Mediterranean traffic in macaroni wheat— Summary. + No.4. Range Improvement in Arizona. (Cooperative Experi- ments with the Arizona Experiment Station.) By David Griffiths, Expert in Charge of Field Management, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1901. 31 pp., 6 pls. 5 figs. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Former conditions—Circular letter and questions— Answers to questions—Feed on the range: The plantains: saltbushes and their allies; native legumes; the Cactacee:; the grasses—The range reserve tract: Area C; area E; area F; area A; area B; area D—Precipitation records—Summary and suggestions. *+ No.5. Seeds and Plants Imported through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction for Distribution in Cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations. Inventory No. 9, Numbers 4351-5500. 1902. 79 pp. CoNTENTS: Introductory statement—Inventory of seeds and plants im- ported—Index of common and scientific names. +No.6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. By W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant, Botanical Investigations and Ex- periments. 1902. 19 pp. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—List of abbreviations of names of seedsmen—List of varieties. *No. 7. The Algerian Durum Wheats: A Classified List, with De- scriptions. By Carl S. Scofield, Expert, Botanical In- vestigations and Experiments. 1902. 48 pp., 18 pls. Price, 15 cents. ConteENTS: Introduetion—Object of a descriptive classification of wheat varieties—Basis of present descriptions and classification: Strueture of the wheat head; grain characters; relative value of characters—Glossary of terms used—General character of the durum wheats—Description of varieties with kev: Aicha el Beida; Courtellement; Beloturka; Xeres; Poulot; Paros; Reliouni: Medeah; Caid de Siouf; Kahla; Trimenia; Hached; Boghar; El Aoudja; Tesdouni; M’Saken; Medeba; Meskiana; Caid Eleuze; Pelissier; Mohamed ben Bachir; El Hamra; Azizi; Maroc; Ouchda; Adjini; Zedouni; Aures; Moroccain; Nab el Bel; El Safra, 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 13 *+ No.8. A Collection of Economic and Other Fungi Prepared for Distribution. By Flora W. Patterson, Mycologist, Vege- table Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1902. 381 pp. Price, 10 cents. ContTENTS: Introduction—List of duplicate material prepared for free dis- tribution and for exchange to the State Agricultural Experiment Stations and to persons interested in work upon fungi. *No.9. The North American Species of Spartina. By Elmer D. Merrill, Assistant Agrostologist, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1902. 16 pp. Price, 10 cents. Contents: Technical descriptions of the grasses included in the genus Spartina. + No. 10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and Forage Plants. By I’. Lamson-Scrib- ner, Agrostologist, Grass and Forage Plant Investiga- tions. 1902. 238 pp. Price, 10 cents. ContTENTS: Purchase and collection of seeds, roots, and specimens—Coopera- tion with the stations authorized—Lines of investigations of forage problems— Articles of cooperation—Seed distribution: Distribution by packages; distri- bution by pounds; amounts of the several varieties distributed—Seeds to private individuals—System of keeping records—A list of experiment sta- tions with which articles of cooperation have been signed—Conclusion. * No. 11. Johnson Grass: Report of Investigations made during the Season of 1901. By Carleton R. Ball, Assistant Agros- tologist, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1902. 24 pp., 1 pl., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Description—Origin and distribution—Dissemination—Control : State laws—Eradication: Hand labor; cultivation; winter fallow; summer fallow; cultivation in crops; patented methods; use of chemicals; electric- ity—Utilization of Johnson grass—Summary. * + No. 12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage Plants and Range Conditions. By Joseph Burtt Davy, Assistant Botanist, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California. 1902. 81 pp., 8 pls., 3 maps, 4 figs. Price, 15 cents. Contents: Introduction—Physical features of the region: Agricultural subdivisions; topography; climatology; temperature; precipitation; pre- vailing winds—Itinerary—Range conditions: The interior plateau region; mountain valleys; temperature; water supply; soils; agricultural products; the wild meadows and pastures; forage value of the wild meadows; improve- ment of pasture and meadow; forage plants recommended for trial; the upland ranges; temperature; precipitation; water supply; soils; the open, summer, or annual range; grasses and other forage plants; weeds; the prai- ries; the woodland or winter range; trees; underbrush; herbaceous plants; forage plants; improvement of the woodland forage; forage plants recom- mended for trial; the chaparral; subalpine meadows; system of range rota- tion and management; carrying capacity; present capacity; former capacity ; range deterioration; primary cause; excessive land valuations; how over- stocking effects deterioration; wild oats and alfilerilla; bunch-grasses; sheep versus cattle; summary; range preservation; formation of a seed bed; pre- serve the timber and brush; maximum versus optimum stocking; range renewal; range improvement—The coast-bluff belt: Climatology; the mesa 101 14 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. lands; soils; grasses and other forage plants; the white-ash prairies; bottom lands; soils; forage crops; land values; sand dunes; native sand binders; methods of preventing drifting and reclamation of waste dunes; beach grass; sea lyme grass; utilization of sand dunes—The redwood belt—Fodder crops: Fodder crops now cultivated; plants recommended for cultivation or trial Poisonous plants—Fungous parasites—Phytographic notes—Summary—Index. * + No. 13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. By H. L. Bentley, Special Agent, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1902. 72 pp., 2 pls. 6 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—History of the first year’s work: Selection of the land; plan of experiments; carrying capacity of the pastures; ‘seeding the ground; conclusions from the first year’s work—History of the second year’s work: Experiments with varieties; range improvement; catching wind-blown seeds; transplanting grass roots; baling legumes and fodder plants; exhibits at fairs; summary—History of the third year’s work: Weather conditions; grass-garden work; a failure noted; a tentative success noted; experiments with grasses; native grasses the best; experiments with the coarser forage plants; range improvement; transplanting grass roots; the cultivation of pasture grasses—Summary: Cattle held on station pastures; the matter of cost—Hay and pasture plants recommended for central Texas: Grasses; barn- yard grass; Bermuda grass; buffalo grass; bushy blue stem; Colorado grass; cotton top grass; crab grass; curly mesquite; everlasting grass; gama grass; grama grasses; black grama; blue grama; side oats grama; Johnson grass; knot grass; little blue stem; the millets; needle grass; rescue grass; the sedges; smooth brome grass; the sorghums; Texas blue grass; white top grass; wild rye; wild timothy; other central Texas grasses; legumes in central Texas; alfalfa or lucern; Turkestan alfalfa; oasis alfalfa; Florida, beggarweed; the clovers; alsike clover; bur clover; mammoth clover; red clover; Russian red clover; sweet clover; white clover; peas and beans; cowpea.; field pea; gram or chick pea; Metcalf bean; soy bean; sulla; velvet bean; vetches; spring vetch; hairy vetch; other forage plants; common oats and wheat; peanuts; rape; saltbushes; sanfoin; sweet potato; tallow weed; teosinte—Conclusion. * No. 14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. By Hermann von Schrenk, Instructor in Henry Shaw School of Botany and Special Agent in Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory, Vegetable Pathological and Physio-— logical Investigations. 1902. 96 pp., 18 pls., 27 figs. Price, 55 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction: Scope of this report—Structure of timber: Wood cells, wood fibers, etc.; chemical nature of wood; mechanical nature of wood; life of the wood cells; heart and sap wood—Factors which cause the decay of wood: General remarks; agents which cause decay; how fungi and bacteria grow; rate of growth and decay; natural resistance of timber; sawn versus hewn timber; seasoned versus green timber; races of wood; variability in timber; summary—Timber preservation: Introduction; theory of impregna- tion; retrogressive changes which take place in impregnated wood—Results of timber impregnation: Introduction; experiment made in Texas—Results of timber impregnation in Europe—'Ties, poles, ete.: Kinds of timber; form; tie specifications; splitting; stacking; summary—Ballast—Tie plates—Fasten- ing—Methods of impregnation: Introduction; effect of seasoning after treat- ment; results of treatment; conclusions; creosoting; summary; zine ¢hlo- ride and coal-tar oil; Hasselmann treatment; new processes; the senilization process; emulsion treatment; creo-resinate process; Ferrel process; conelu- sions—Removal and disposal of ties—Records—Conclusions and recommenda- tions: Seasoning of timber; sawn and hewn timber; form of tie; preservative processes; changes which treated timber undergoes; utilization of inferior timbers; the growing of tie timber; causes of decay of timber—Bibliography— Appendix, 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 15 *+ No. 15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin, Being a Report upon Investigations Made during July and August, 1901, in the Region between Winne- mucca, Nevada, and Ontario, Oregon. By David Grif- fiths, Expert in Charge of Field Management, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1902. 60 pp., 16 pls., 1 map. Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Description of the region: Precipitation record for 1900 and 1901—The soils: Description of soil samples: partial analyses of soil samples; forage plants growing on alkaline soils—Handling of stock— The range: Range conditions—Hay crops: Methods of handling hay—Sand binders—Weeds—Poisonous plants—Forage plants: The true sages; the salt sages and their allies; the clovers; the sedges and rushes; miscellaneous; the grasses—Summary—Index of common and scientific names. *+ No. 16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campestris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. By Margaret C. Ferguson, cooperating with Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1902. 43 pp., 3 pls. CONTENTS: Introduction—Methods—Experimental: Spore germination (pre- liminary study); extremes of temperature: action of an artificial digestive fluid; effect of acids on germination; acids followed by alkalies; effect of light on germination; age of the spores relative to their power of germina- tion; a new factor in germination: effect of mycelium on germination; a list of substances tested—Conditions of growth: Coprinus micaceus; Hypholoma appendiculatum; Agaricus campestris—Historical—Bibliography—A ppendix. ‘No. 17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. I. The Wilt Disease of the Cowpea and Its Control. By W. A. Orton, Assistant Pathologist. II. A Cowpea Resistant to Root-Knot (Hete- rodera Radicicola). By Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist, and W. A. Orton, Assistant Pathologist. 1902. 38 pp., 6 pls., 1 fig: Price, 10 cents. ConTEeNTsS: I. The wilt disease of the cowpea and its control: Introduction— Description of the disease—Cause of the disease: Description of the fungus; manner of infection and spread; relation to other wilt diseases—Distribu- tion—Extent of loss—Preventive measures: Rotation of crops; substitution of other crops; experiments with cowpeas and other crops. II. A cowpea resistant to root-knot (Heterodera radicicola) : Introduction—Description of the disease—Plants affected—Extent of the disease—Methods of treating root- knot—The use of resistant varieties and stocks—A resistant cowpea—The breeding of nematode-resistant plants. *+No.18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. By Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist, Vege- S table Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1902. 24 pp., 6 pls. (including 3 in colors). Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction and historical summary—Translocation of starch Artificial production of the disease—Infectious nature of the disease—Zymogen for oxidase and peroxidase—Preventive measures. 2739—No. 101—07 2 6 - BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.” * No. 19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed: Harvesting, Curing, and Clean- ing. By A. J. Pieters, Botanist in Charge of Seed Lab- oratory, and Edgar Brown, Assistant Botanist, Botanical Investigations and Experiments. 1902. 19 pp., 6 pls., 3 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Distribution of Kentucky bluegrass—Quality of seed required by the foreign trade—Adulteration—Scurce of the market sup- ply—Factors controlling the profitable harvesting of seed—Yield per acre and total crop—Harvesting: Season; harvesting green seed; methods; kinds of strippers—Curing: Present methods; turning the ricks; heating; relative merits of indoor and outdoor curing—Cleaning—Effect of curing on the vital- ity of the seed: Germination tests; summary of results—Artificial curing— Conclusions. No. 20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. By Robert P. Skinner, Consul General at Marseille. 1902. 31 pp., 5 pls., 6 figs. Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction: A neglected opportunity; development of the industry in France; French metadiné wheats; growth of the demand for maca- roni; need of growing the durum wheat—The market for durum wheat: Wild Goose wheat; prospective demand for American hard wheat and semolina; European methods and products; scouring the grain—Manufacture of semo- lina: Using wheat from different countries; cleaning the wheat; percentage of semolina in different wheats; importance of cleanliness; the milling proe- ess; classification of products—Manufacture of macaroni: The process; mixing the semolina ; curing operations—Durum wheat for bread flour—Tables of exports, imports, and prices. * No. 21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables for the Years 1901 and 1902. By W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant, Botan- ical Investigations and Experiments. 1903. 402 pp. ConTENTS: Introduction—Rules of nomenclature—Rules for entering—List of abbreviations of names of seedsmen—List of varieties: Artichoke; aspara- gus; bush lima bean; green-podded bush bean; pole bean; pole lima bean; wax-podded bush bean; garden beet; sugar beet and mangel-wurzel; broe- coli; Brussels sprouts; burnet; cabbage; cardoon; carrot; cauliflower; cel- eriac; celery; chervil; chicory; chives; chufas; collards; field corn; pop corn; sweet corn; corn salad; cress; cucumber; dandelion; eggplant; endive; fetticus; flag; French spinach; garlic; German celery; grass nuts; gumbo; herbs; horse-radish; kale; kohl-rabi; leek; lettuce; martynia; melon; musk- melon; mustard; okra; onion; orach; oyster plant; parsley; parsnip; pea; peanut; pepper; pieplant; pumpkin; radish; rampion; rhubarb; roquette; salsify; scolymus; scorzonera; skirret; sorrel; spinach; squash; sunflower; Swiss chard; tomato; garden turnip; ruta-baga; watermelon. + No. 22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination; with General Notes on Artificial Pollination and the Setting of Fruit without Pollination. By Charles P. Hartley, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding Laboratory, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1902. 48 pp., 4 pls., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents. ConTeENTS: Introduction—Experiments with tobacco blossoms: Microseopie study of tobacco pistils and ovaries—Experiments with blossoms of Datura tatula—Experiments with cotton blossoms—Experiments with orange blos- soms—Experiments with tomato blossoms—Conclusion—Explanation of plates. 101 | LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. il? *No. 23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile Valley. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer for Seed and Plant Introduction. 1902. 20 pp., 14 pls. Contents : Introduction—General uses—Varieties : Muscowi; Fachl; Saida— Use as a green fodder—Berseem as a hay crop—Conclusion—Description of plates. No. 24. The Manufacture and Preservation of Unfermented Grape Must. By George C. Husmann, Expert in Charge of Viti- cultural Investigations, Pomological Investigations. 1902. 19 pp., 1 pl., 4 figs. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Historical notes—Composition of the grape— Causes of fermentation—Methods of preventing fermentation—Process used in California—Methods used in the Eastern States—Home manufacture—Uses of unfermented must—A few good recipes—Analyses of grape must—Prices and statistics. No. 25. Miscellaneous Papers. I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. By F. H. Hillman, Assistant, Seed Laboratory. II. Saragolla Wheat. By David G. Fairchild, Agricul- tural Explorer. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Ex- plorer. IV. Congressional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars, 1902-1903. 1903. 82 pp., 3 pls., 6 figs. Price, 15 cents. CONTENTS: The seeds of rescue grass and chess. Saragolla wheat. Plant introduction notes from South Africa: Introduction—Some Cape seedling grape varieties: The Red Hanepoot grape; Vitis rupestris metallica; Vitis rupestris Le Roux—Fruit-bearing hedge plants—Rhodes grass—The Kafir plum as a shade tree—The Rooibloem, a new corn parasite—The Natal pineapple. Congressional Seed and Plant Distribution circulars, 1902-1903: Plan of dis- tribution and allotments—Distribution of novelties and specialties—Directions for planting bulbs—Distribution of cotton seed—Rivers Sea Island cotton— Sea Island cotton No. 224—Iron cowpea—Kleinwanzleben sugar beet—Distri- bution of tobacco seed and cultural directions. * No. 26. Spanish Almonds and Their Introduction into America. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer, Seed Introduction and Distribution. 1902. 16 pp., frontis- piece, 7 pls. Contents: Introduction—The almond industry in Spain: Varieties of Spanish almonds; method of planting and culture; gummosis of the almond Possibility of establishing the Jordan almond in America—Description of plates. No. 27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, and the Orient. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. 1902. 40 pp. 5 pls. Price, 15 cents. ConTeNTS: Agriculture in the British West Indies—Jamaica yam cultiva- tion—Opportunities for agricultural and botanical research in the Philippine Islands—Agricultural conditions in Spain—Notes on conditions in China—The Persian Gulf region—Breeds of milch cattle and carabaos for the Philippine Islands—Agriculture in Japan—Description of plates. 101 18 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. * No. 28. The Mango in Porto Rico. By G. N. Collins, Assistant Botanist in Tropical Agriculture, Botanical Investiga- tions and Experiments. 1903. 38 pp., 15 pls. * ConTENTS: Introduction — Description — Origin — Culture: Requirements; methods of propagation; seed; inarching; layering; patch budding; culti- vation; diseases—Uses: The canning of the green or ripe fruit; marmalade and jelly; chutney: alcohol; medicinal properties; dye, tan, and pigment; gum; minor uses in India—The mango in Porto Rico: Present status; best localities; Porto Rican forms; Mango de Mayaguez; Mangotina; Melocoton; Mango de rosa; Mango pina; Mango largo; Mango mang6; Mango jobos; Mango redondo; varieties to be introduced: Mulgoba; Alphonse, Aphoos, or Alfoos; No. 11; Manila; Mango china; Gordon; Peters; Julie; best method of introducing new varieties—Packing and shipping—Market—Summary— Description of plates. + No. 29. The Effect of Black-Rot on Turnips: A Series of Photo- micrographs, Accompanied by an Explanatory Text. By erwin F. Smith, Pathologist, Laboratory of Plant Path- ology, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Inves- tigations. 1903. 20 pp., frontispiece, 13 pls. Price, 15 cents. ContTeNts: Introductory—General considerations—Plant furnishing the eul- tures—The method of inoculation, ete.—Symptoms which resulted—Technique employed in study of diseased plant—Special account of the diseased plant— Results of synchronous inoculations into other plants—Description of plates. * No. 30. Budding the Pecan. By George W. Oliver, Expert, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. 1902. 20 pp., frontispiece, 7 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Difficulties encountered in pecan budding—Why the pecan should be budded—Raising seedling stocks—Selection of dormant buds—Loeation of the buds—Experiments with buds of the current season—An improved method of budding—-Other methods of budding—Starting buds into growth—Trans- planting budded trees—Description of plates. No. 31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. By A. S. Hitchcock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Inves- tigations. 1902. 28 pp., 7 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Description of the regions: Great Plains; Rocky Mountain region; Great Basin; interior valley of California; upper Pacific coast region; the “Inland Empire’—Forage crops: Alfalfa; general conditions; feeding value; seeding; making hay; Turkestan alfalfa; timothy; grain hay; red- top; awnless brome grass; velvet grass; clovers; forage crops of minor importance; Kentucky bluegrass; orchard grass; cheat; perennial rye grass; rape; field peas; vetches—Baling hay—Description of plates, * No. 32. A Disease of the White Ash Caused by Polyporus Fraxino- philus. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent in Charge of the Mississippi Valley Laboratory, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1903. 20 pp., 5 pls., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents. Contents: Introduction—White rot: Geographical distribution; susecepti- bility to this disease; method of attack; description of diseased wood; the sporophore; microscopic changes in the wood; growth of the fungus in dead wood ; remedies—Description of plates. 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 19 * No. 33. North American Species of Leptochloa. By A. S. Hitch- cock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1903. 24 pp., 6 pls., 16 figs. Price, 15 cents. ConTeNntS: Introduction—Key to species of the United States—History of genus—North American species—Species excluded—Description of plates. *+ No. 34. Silkworm Food Plants: Cultivation and Propagation. By George W. Oliver, Expert, Seed and Plant Intro- duction and Distribution. 1903. 20 pp., frontispiece, 12 pls. Price, 15 cents. ConTENtTS: Introduction—Methods of reproduction: Propagation by cut- tings: summer cuttings: winter cuttings; the cutting; preparations for planting cuttings; indoor spring cuttings: propagation by seeds: grafting and budding: root grafting; scion or sprig budding: shield budding; raising stocks for grafting and budding—Soil—Planting—Pruning—Description of plates. No. 35. Recent Foreign Explorations, as Bearing on the Agricultural Development of the Southern States. By S. A. Knapp, Special Agent, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distri- bution. 1903. 44 pp., 6 pls., 2 figs. Price, 15 cents. Contents: Introduction—Japan: Agricultural situation; acreage and yield of food crops; methods of rice culture; field work; cutting rice; manure; farm wages; cost of raising rice; farm life; general remarks—Ceylon: Agri- eulture; imports; farmhouses—India: Timber; extent of arable land; fer- tility of the soil; green manures; commercial fertilizers; crop rotation; publie roads; conveyances; dress; country houses; villages: plows and scrapers; seeding and harvesting; rice farming; treatment of the seed bed and manur- ing; plowing and fertilizing; methods of cultivation; product per acre; har- vesting; thrashing; wages; cost of cultivation; northern limit of culture; consumption of rice as food; acreage under cultivation; acreage under irri- gation; live stock and farm implements; wells; rice produced; agriculture in the Punjab; cost of living; rice farming in Lower Burma; rice milling; rice for foreign markets; selection of seeds—China: Agricultural conditions; tillage of the soil; irrigation; cultivating, harvesting, and thrashing rice; hulling rice; production and cost of milling rice; cost of building, ete..; expor- tation of agricultural products—The Philippine Islands: Rainfall; tempera- ture; range of products; stock and pasture lands; fodder plants; sugar cane; rice farming; fruits; timber. * No. 36. The “ Bluing” and the “ Red-Rot” of the Western Yellow Pine, with Special Reference to the Black Hills Forest Reserve. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent in Charge of the Mississippi Valley Laboratory, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1903. 40 pp.; 14 pls. (including 4 in colors). Price, 30 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Death of the trees: When are the trees dead—The “blue” wood: Rate of growth of the blue color; nature of the “blue” wood; strength of the “blue” timber; lasting power of the “blue” wood—The “blue” fungus: Effect of “blue” fungus on the toughness of the “blue” wood; relation of the “blue” fungus infection to the beetle holes; fruiting organs of the “blue” fungus; growth in artificial media; dissemination of the spores; the blue color; summary—Decay of the “blue” wood: The “red-rot” of the western yellow pine: cause of the “red-rot”; conditions favoring the development of the “red-rot” fungus; final stages and fruiting organs; rate of growth of “red-rot”—Amount of diseased timber—Possible disposal of the dead wood: In the Black Hills; in the remaining parts of South Dakota—Value of the dead wood—Inspection—Recommendations—Description of plates. 101 20 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. No. 37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigri- cans and of Phycomyces Nitens. By Deane B. Swingle, Assistant in Pathology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology. 1903. 40 pp., 6 pls. Price, 15 cents. CoNTENTS: Historical—Methods—Rhizopus nigricans Ehrbg.—Phycomyces nitens Kunze—General considerations—Summary—lIndex to literature—De- seription of plates. * No. 38. Forage Conditions and Problems in Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon, Northeastern California, and North- western Nevada. By David Griffiths, Assistant in Charge of Range Investigations. 1903. 52 pp., 9 pls. Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Itinerary—General account—Changes in the han- dling of the Washington ranges—Condition and plants of the range—Meadows _ and hay crops: Alfalfa; timothy and redtop; awnless brome; grain hay; cheat; root crops; native hay crops; wild wheat; bunch bluegrass; giant — rye-grass; sprangle-top; miscellaneous forage plants—Reclamation of swam lands—Needs of the region—Plants injurious to stock—Weeds of meadows an pastures—Diseases injurious to forage crops: Ustilago hypodites; Ustilago scolochloa; Tilletia fusca; Ustilago bromivora; Ustilago striaeformis—Sum- mary and suggestions: Needs of the region; abuses; native grasses worthy of cultivation; wild wheat (Elymus triticoides) ; bunch bluegrass (Poa laevi- gata); short-awned brome (Bromus marginatus) ; mountain rye-grass (Ely- mus glaucus); bunch wheat-grass (Agropyron spicatum inerme) ; giant rye- grass (Elymus condensatus)—Index of grasses and forage plants—Description of plates. * No. 39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. By George W. Oliver, Expert, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. 1903. 24 pp., T pls. Price, 10 cents. Contents: The Bermuda lily—Varieties of Lilium longiflorum from Japan— Deterioration of the Bermuda and Japan grown lilies—Recent efforts to culti- vate the Easter lily in the United States—Lines of investigation carried on by the Department of Agriculture—Planting in the open ground—Reproduction from seed—Emasculating and pollenating the flowers—Sowing the seeds— Pricking off the seedlings—Description of plates. *No.40. Cold Storage. with Special Reference to the Pear and Peach. By G. Harold Powell, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations, and 8S. H. Fulton, Assist- ant in Pomology. 1903. 28 pp., 7 pls. (including 5 in colors). Price, 15 cents. ContTEeNTS: The function of cold storage—The purposes of fruit storage—In- fluence of cold storage on the pear industry—Practical difficulties in pear storage—Outline of experiments in pear storage: The influence of the degree of maturity on keeping quality; the influence of delayed storage on keeping quality; the influence of different temperatures on keeping quality; the influence of the type of package on keeping quality; the influence of a wrapper on keeping quality; the influence of cold storage on the flavor and aroma of the fruit; the behavior of the fruit when removed from storage; summary—Influence of cold storage on the peach industry—Practical diffi- culties in peach storage—Outline- of experiments in peach ‘storage : General statement of results—Description of plates, 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 21 * No. 41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. By Carl S. Scofield, Expert, Grain Investigations. 1903. 24 pp., 4 pls. Price, 10 cents. Contents: Introduction—Inspection departments—Grain grading: Corn— Definite grade standards—Grade uniformity—KEssential elements in grading corn—Apparatus required—Methods of ‘determination: Moisture; color; damaged grains; broken grains and dirt—Classes and grades of corn—In- spection certificates—The cause of deterioration—Local and special grades— Description of plates. * No. 42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 1903. 24 pp., 6 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Mitsumata, a Japanese paper plant: Introduction; species of paper plants in Japan; the mitsumata plant; the cultivation of mitsumata ; the manufacture of mitsumata paper; the manufacture of leather paper—Udo, a new winter salad: Introduction; the cultivation of kan udo; the cultiva- tion of moyashi udo—Wasabi, the horse-radish of the Japanese; Introduction ; the cultivation of wasabi—Description of plates. No. 43. Japanese Bamboos and Their Introduction into America. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 1903. 36 pp.; 8 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—General considerations—General characters of the Japanese bamboos—Propagation of Japanese bamboos—Suitable location and soil conditions for bamboos—Japanese management of bamboo groves— Profits of bamboo culture in Japan—Culture of the edible bamboo—Different species of bamboos: Phyllostachys mitis; Phyllostachys quilioi; Phyllostachys henonis; “Madaradake” or “Ummon-chiku”; Phyllostachys nigra; Phyllo- .stachys castillonis; Phyllostachys aurea; Phyllostachys bambusoides; Phyl- lostachys marliacea; Arundinaria japonica; Arundinaria simoni; Arundi- naria hindsii; Arundinaria hindsii, var. graminea; Bambusa veitchii; Bam- busa palmata; Bambusa quadrangularis; Bambusa vulgaris; “Shakutan”— Description of plates. * No. 44. The Bitter-Rot of Apples. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent in Charge of the Mississippi Valley Lab- oratory, and Perley Spaulding, Special Agent. 1903. 54 pp., 9 pls., 9 figs. Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Historical account of the bitter-rot—Distribution of the bitter-rot fungus: Geographical distribution; occurrence on yarious hosts—General description of the bitter-rot: Time of appearance; charac- ter of the spots; cause of the bitter-rot; rate of development of the bitter- rot; the diseased apple—The bitter-rot fungus: Life history on apples; the conidia; growth in cultures; conidial and ascus stages; the name of the bitter-rot fungus—The canker stage: Discovery of the canker; description of the canker stage—Relation of the cankers read of the bitter-rot—Remedial measures: Removal of diseased fruits and mummies; removal of limb cankers; spraying with fung Summary and recommen- dations—Index to literature—Description of plates. No. 45. The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. By Oscar Loew, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry in the Imperial University of Japan. 1903. 70 pp. Price, 5 cents. Contents: General remarks on the mineral constituents found in organ- isms: Historical notes; mineral compounds found in organisms; variety of © 101 22 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. functions of mineral substances; general value of certain mineral salts; the low atomie weight of the mineral nutrients—The physiological role of phos- phorie acid: Relation of phosphoric acid to proteids and to the division of cells; the physiological importance of lecithin; phosphorie acid in chloro- phyll; potassium phosphate as a cell constituent—The physiological réle of silica—The physiological rdle of iron compounds: Relation between the coloring matter of the blood and of the leaf; influence of iron and other mineral nutrients on the formation of chlorophyll; fertilizing effect of iron salts; organic compounds containing iron; iron in fungi; manganese in plants—The physiological role of halogen compounds: Plants raised without chlorids; value of potassium chlorid for buckwheat; beneficial and injurious action of chlorids; absorption of chlorids by aquatic plants; sodium chlorid in animals; fluorids in physiological relations; behavior of plants to potas- sium bromid; relations of organisms to iodin compounds—The physiological role of alkali salts: Importance of potassium for the formation of starch and protein; beneficial action of sodium salts upon plants; necessity of sodium salts for animals; can potassium salts be replaced by rubidium salts in green plants and in animals?; behavior of fungi toward rubidium salts; physiolog- ical superiority of potassium salts—The physiological role of calcium and mag- nesium salts: Distribution of lime and magnesia in plants; the physiological importance of lime salts in plants; views on the functions of lime salts; formation of lime incrustations; can calcium in plant cells be replaced by strontium?; poisonous action of magnesium salts; life without lime salts; possible relations between lime and the transportation of starch; the physi- ological rdle of magnesium salts; increase of magnesia in oily seeds; neces- sity of magnesium salts for fungi; can magnesium salts be replaced by beryllium salts?; importance of lime salts for animals; proportions of lime and magnesia in animal organisms; behavior of animals to strontium salts and oxalates; final remarks. * No. 46. The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees and Other Plants. By George W. Oliver, Expert. 1903. 28 pp., 8 pls. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—The mango: Prospects as a fruit tree; propa- gation in India; propagating tests at the Department; best age for wood; thick bark of mango an obstacle in budding; knife for budding the mango; methods which show best results; applying the buds; when to bud; seleetion - of budding material; a second method of attaching the bud; raising seedling stocks; transplanting young seedlings; importing mango scions—The loquat: Regions where the loquat may be grown; raising seedling stocks—The fig: Cuttings; grafting and budding—Tea: Necessity for vegetative propagation ; veneer grafting; herbaceous grafting; propagating house; cuttings—Manila hemp: Importance of introduction into the United States; raising plants from seeds; cultivation in the Philippine Islands—Description of plates. * No. 47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. By Carl S. Scofield, Botanist in Charge of Grain Grade Investigations. 1903, 19 pp., 1 folding table, 7 pls. Price, 10 cents. Contents: Introduection—Explanation of form used in the description of wheat varieties—Description of plates. No. 48. The Apple in Cold Storage. By G. Harold Powell, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations, and S$. TL. Fulton, Assistant in Pomology. 1903. 66 pp., 6 pls. (in- cluding 5 in colors). Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Influence of cold storage on the apple industry— The extent of the cold-storage warehousing industry—The function of the cold-storage warehouse—Principles of mechanical refrigeration: The utiliza- tion of the cold temperatures; the direct-expansion system; the brine- circulating system; the air-cireulating system—Outline of experiments in apple storage—Factors influencing the keeping quality of apples: The maturity 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF- BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 23 of the fruit when picked; how to obtain more uniform and better colored fruit; influence of delaying the storage of the fruit; influence of storage tem- perature; influence of a fruit wrapper; influence of cultural conditions; influence of the type of package—The behavior of the fruit when removed from storage—The importance of good fruit—Apple seald: Nature of the scald; influence of maturity of the frvit on scald; influence of temperature on seald; the temperature in which the fruit is removed from the storage house ; influence on scald of delaying the storage of the fruit after it is picked; influence of a fruit wrapper on scald; varieties most susceptible to scald; treatment to prevent scald—Comparison of varieties in cold storage—Outline of cultural conditions—Variety catalogue—Summary—Description of plates. * No. 49. Fhe Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. By O. F. Cook, Botanist in Charge of Investigations in Tropical Agriculture. 1903. 86 pp., 18 pls. Price, 25 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—The status of Castilla rubber culture: Castilla versus Hevea; uncertainties attending rubber culture; extent of the Castilla rubber industry; Castilla in the West Indies; Castilla culture for Porto Rico; rubber in the Philippines—Botanical study of Castilla: Difficulties in studying tropical trees; the original description of Castilla; description and botanical characters; species and varieties of Castilla; Hooker’s monograph of Castilla; Costa Rican species of Castilla; field notes on Castilla in Guatemala and ‘southern Mexico; habits of Castilla in the wild state: the rubber tree and the trumpet tree: Castilla not a genuine forest tree—Improvement of rubber trees by selection—Problems presented by the latex, or “milk”: Evolutionary argu- ments regarding latex; functions ascribed to latex; the structure of latex; seasonal influences on latex; latex in desert plants; water storing as a func- tion of latex; significance of multiple tapping—Climate and rubber produc- tion: A continuously humid climate not necessary for Castilla: greater abundance of Castilla on the drier Pacific slope; freer flow of milk in drier regions; decrease of milk with altitude and continuous humidity; Castilla in Nicaragua; Castilla in Costa Rica; Castilla on the Isthmus of Panama: anal- ogy of the Assam rubber tree; the Para rubber tree in humid localities; pro- ductiveness of Para rubber trees in dry situations; the true climate of Hevea— The culture of Castilla: Shade in the culture of Castilla; shade not a neces- sity; relative cost of shade culture; effect of shade on form of tree; shade and rubber production: leguminous shade trees to be preferred; distance between trees; methods of clearing land for rubber planting: clean culture with forest protection; methods of handling Castilla seeds; seed beds and nurseries; propagation of Castilla from cuttings; Castilla as a shade tree— Extraction of the latex of Castilla: Primitive methods of tapping; age at which planted trees may be tapped; direction and shape of incisions; tapping instruments; multiple tapping; protection against thieves—Methods of coagu- lating the latex of Castilla: Coagulation by creaming; discoloration of Cas- tilla latex; other methods of coagulation: coagulation of scrap rubber— Productiveness of Castilla: Yield of wild trees; yield of cultivated trees— Profits and prospects of Castilla culture: Management of rubber plantations ; security of investments in rubber plantations; requirements for successful rubber plantations; opinion of the United States consul-general in Mexico— Concluding summary—Description of plates. *No. 50. Wild Rice: Its Uses and Propagation. By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory, and Carl S. Sco- field, Botanist in Charge of Grain Grade Investigations. 1903. 24 pp.,7 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConteNTS: Introduction—Distribution and habitat of the plant—Life his- tory and natural propagation—Botanical description: General morphology ; the root; the stem; the leaves; the panicle—Varieties—Diseases—Harvesting the seed—Preparation of the seed for food purposes—The food value of wild rice—Artificial propagation—Previous failures in planting Plantings made in 1902—Storing seed—Suggestions for harvesting, storing, and planting—De- scription of plates, 101 24 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. * No. 51. Miscellaneous Papers. I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and Its Control. By R. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist. Il. The Work of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell, Tex. By Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent. *III. Fruit Trees Frozen in 1904. By M. B. Waite, Pathologist. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian Wattle. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. *V. Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds. By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Labora- tory. VI. Golden Seal. By Alice Henkel, Assistant, and G. Fred Klugh, Scientific Assistant. 1905. 46 pp., 5 pls., 5 figs. Price, 5 cents. CoNTENTS: The wilt disease of tobacco and its control: The disease—Cause of the disease—Control of the disease. The work of the community demon- stration farm at Terrell, Tex.: Introduction—Results accomplished—Methods employed—Description of the farm—Fertilizers used—Cotton—Corn. Fruit trees frozen in 1904: Introduction—Damage to bearing peach orchards: How to treat the peach orchards—Injury to plum trees—Injury to nursery trees— Damage to pear trees. The cultivation of the Australian wattle. Legal and customary weights per bushel of seeds: Introduction—Legal weights per bushel—Customary weights per bushel. Golden Seal: History—Habitat and range—Common names—Description of the plant—Description of the rhizome, or rootstock—Collection and preparation of the root—Diminution of supply— Cultivation: Necessary soil conditions: fertilizers; artificial shade; use of trees as shade; attention required; methods of propagation; experiments with seeds; experiments with divided rhizomes; experiments with plants from fibrous roots: yield of roots; time necessary to mature crop—Market conditions: Highest and lowest prices. * No. 52. Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrous Trees and Fruits Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides. By P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory. 1904. 22 pp., 6 pls. (including 3 in colors), 1 fig. Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Distribution of the diseases—General method of attack: Extent of injury—Varieties attacked—Lime: Anthracnose; wither- tip; fruit canker—Lemon: Leaf-spot and wither-tip; lemon-spot; the color- ing house; the coloring bed—Orange and pomelo: Leaf-spot; wither-tip— Description of the fungus: Synonymy—Preventive and remedial measures: Treatment to prevent lemon-spot; treatment of lime trees; the effect of prun- ing; cultivation and fertilization; fertilizers—Summary—Description of plates. * No. 53. The Date Palm and Its Utilization in the Southwestern States. By Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge A 5 J of Laboratory of Plant Life History. 1904. 155 pp., 22 pls., 10 figs. Price, 20 cents. Contents: Introduction—What is the date palm?—Date culture by the ancients—Propagation of the date palm: Seedling palms; seedling date palms for the Salton Basin; propagation of the date palm by offshoots; dis- tances between trees; proportion of male trees that should be planted; varie- ties of male date palms—Care to be given date palms: The age at which date palms begin bearing; pollination of the date palm; gathering, curing, and packing dates—Types of dates and varieties suitable for culture in the United States: The three types of dates; varieties of dates suitable for culture in the United States; the Deglet Noor date; the Khalas date; other promising 101 a ; ‘ FOG Pa he Ee oe a a LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1-TO 100. P45) dates; the ordinary dates of commerce; varicties of dates that should be secured for trial in the United States; introduction of Saharan varieties of date palms into the United States—The date palm as a shelter for other fruit trees—Irrigation of the date palm: Amount of water necessary for a date palm; warm irrigation water advantageous—Drainage for the date palm— Effects of atmospheric humidity and rain on the date palm: Rainy weather disastrous to the flowers and ripening fruits of the date palm—Sunshine necessary for the date palm—Heat requirements of the date palm: Resistance of the date palm to cold in winter; the date palm flowers late in spring and escapes injury by late frosts; drainage of cold air and inversion of tempera- ture in relation to date culture; hot summers necessary for the date palm; amount of heat required to mature the date—Effects of wind on the date palm—Resistance of the date palm to alkali: Investigation of the alkali- resisting power of the date palm in the Sahara; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at Biskra, Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at Fougala, Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at Chegga, Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at M’raier, Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at Ourlana, Algeria; previous and subsequent analyses of alkaline soils from the Sahara; drainage water from alkaline soils used to irrigate date palms in the Sahara; alkali conditions in relation to date culture in the Salt River Valley, Arizona; alkali conditions in relation to date culture in the Salton Basin, California : geography and geology of the Salton Basin; water supply of the Salton Basin; soil conditions in the Salton Basin; alkali conditions at Palm Canyon in the foothills bordering the Salton Basin; chemical composition of the alkali of the Salton Basin; fertility of the soils of the Salton Basin; subsidiary cul- tures to follow in connection with date plantations on alkaline soils; limits of alkali resistance of the date palm; resistance of the date palm to chlorids; resistance of the date palm to sulphates; resistance of the date palm to car- bonates (black alkali)—Regions in the United States where date culture can sueceed: California; Salton Basin or Colorado Desert; Death Valley; Colo- rado River Valley; plateau region; interior valley region; coast region of southern California; Nevada: Arizona; Salt River Valley: Colorado River . Valley; New Mexico; Texas—No danger from Mexican competition in date culture—Profits of date culture: Extent of the market—Importance of life- history investigations in demonstrating the feasibility of date culture—Sum- mary—Description of plates—Index. No. 54. Persian Gulf Dates and Their Introduction into America. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 1903. 32 pp., 4 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—General description of the region—Climate—Lo- cation of the date gardens—Soil conditions—Irrigation of the plantations— Secondary cultures between the palms—Treatment of the soil and planting of young palms—Pollination—Different varieties of the region: Bagdad varie- ties; Kustawi; Ascherasi; Bedraihe; Maktum; Burni; Zehedi; Barban; Sukeri; Taberzal; Mirhage; Bassorah varieties; Berhi; Hevezi: Sayer (or Ustaamran); Halawi; Khadrawi; Hassa varieties; Khalasa (or Khalasi) ; Jask varieties; Bunder Abbas varieties; Maskat varieties; Fard; Burni; Nagal; Mubsali; Khanezi: Khassab; Hellali; Guadur varieties—Diseases and pests—Cost and profits of date culture—Packing and shipment of dates— The date as a food—Description of plates. N.55. The Dry-Rot of Potatoes Due to Fusarium Oxysporum. By Erwin F. Smith and Deane B. Swingle, Laboratory of Plant Pathology. 1904. 64 pp., 8 pls., 2 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Effect of the disease on the plants—Effect of dif- ferent fertilizers on resistance to the disease—Description of the fungus: Mycelium; Microconidia; Macroconidia; Chlamydospores; Sclerotia; growth in different media; growth in alkalis; growth in acids; growth in the absence of free oxygen; reaction to sunlight; range of temperature for growth; name of the fungus—Geographical distribution of the disease—Remedial measures Culture media used—Summary—Literature—Description of plates. 101 26 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. * No. 56. Nomenclature of the Apple; a Catalogue of the Known Va-° rieties Referred to in American Publications from 1804 to 1904. Compiled by W. H. Ragan, Expert in Pomeé- logical Nomenclature. 1905. [Additions and Corree- tions. 1905.] 395 pp. Price, 30 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Code of nomenclature of the American Pomolog-” ical Society: Priority; form of names; publication; revision—Key to the abbreviations used in citations of authors and publications: Alphabetical list of abbreviations used in designating the publications quoted—Catalogue of the known varieties of apples referred to in American publications from 1804 to 1904—Index to the American literature of the apple, 1804 to 1904—Additions and corrections. No. 57, Methods Used for Controlling and Reclaiming Sand Dunes. By A. 8. Hitchcock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative Experiments. 1904. 36 pp., 9 pls. 9 figs. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Formation of sand dunes: Action of the wind upon drifting sand—Artificial fixation of dunes: Binding the sand; binding by means of grasses; transplanting; arrangement of the plantation; forma- tion of the barrier dune; binding by means of heather; laying the heather; binding with sand hedges; forestation—Fixation as observed in Europe: The Netherlands; coastal dunes; interior dunes; Denmark; Oxbél; Skagen; Germany; France—Summary—Description of plates. *No.58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant in the Seed Laboratory. 1904. 96 pp., 2 figs. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Materials and methods: Seeds; germination tests and apparatus—Effect of climatic conditions on the vitality of seeds—Causes of the losses in vitality in different climates—Effect of moisture and tempera- ture upon vitality: Seeds packed in ice; effect of moisture on vitality at higher temperatures; summary—The effect of definite quantities of moisture on the vitality of seeds when they are kept within certain known limits of temperature—A comparison of methods of storing and shipping seeds in order to protect them from moisture, and consequently to insure a better preserva- tion of vitality: Suggestions of earlier investigations; the necessity for thor- oughly curing and drying seeds; character of the seed warehouse or storage room; the value of good seed to the market gardener; shipping seeds in char- coal, moss, ete.; nature of the experiments; disposition of the samples; results of the germination tests—Experiments in keeping and shipping seeds in special packages—Respiration of seeds: Summary—Enzymes in seeds and the part they play in the preservation of vitality—Summary—Literature cited—Index. No. 59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. By T. L. Lyon, Agriculturist, Nebraska Experiment Station, and A. S. Hitcheoeck, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative Experiments, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture. 1904. 64 pp., 6 pls., 8 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Climatic and soil conditions of Nebraska: Rain- fall; temperature; physiography ; soil—Crops—Classifieation of forage plants: Duration; perennials; annuals; natural groups; legumes; grasses; miscel- laneous; methods of utilizing the crops; pastures; meadows; soiling crops; silage—Results of experiments with grasses and forage plants at the Nebraska Experiment Station: Grasses and forage plants which have given suecessful results; brome-grass; results of cooperative experiments; alfalfa; coopera- tive experiments with alfalfa; alfalfa seed from different sources; Turkestan alfalfa: Peruvian alfalfa; Samarkand alfalfa; seed from different States; other experiments with alfalfa; meadow fescue; orchard grass; timothy; 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. oi clovers; Kentucky bluegrass; redtop: side-oats grama; wheat-grasses ; grasses and legumes of less importance—Pastures and meadows: Native grasses: care of native pastures and meadows; tame pastures at the Nebraska [Experiment Station ; the seed bed for grasses and clovers—Annual forage crops: Sorghum; millet; cowpea; small grains; corn; soy bean; rape; Canada field pea; vetch—Plants which can not be recommended—Index of grasses and forage plants—Description of plates. * No. 60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. By C. O. Townsend, Pathol- ogist. 1904. 47 pp.,9 pls., 7 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Cause of the calla rot—General appearance of the disease—Effect of the organism on the calla—Morphological characters of the organism—Physiological characters of the organism: Nutrient media; beef broth; agar plate cultures; agar streak cultures; agar stab cultures; beef agar, with iron sulphate; gelatin stab cultures; egg albumen; milk; litmus milk; litmus milk in nitrogen; Uschinsky’s solution; Dunham’s solution; Dunham’s solution, with acid fuchsin; Dunham’s solution, with indigo- carmine; peptone solution, with rosolic acid; Dunham/’s solution, with methy- lene blue; steamed potato cylinders; raw potato; raw eggplant; raw cauli- flower; raw radish; raw cucumbers, sliced; raw cucumbers, whole: raw green peppers; raw mature onions bulbs; raw young onions; raw pieplant; raw cabbage; raw parsnips; raw carrots; raw turnips; raw salsify; raw tomatoes, ripe; raw tomatoes, green; raw apples (York Imperial) ; raw pine- apples; raw yellow bananas; gas; action on lead acetate; indol; nitrates reduced to nitrites; maximum temperature; minimum temperature; opti- mum temperature; thermal death point; diffused light; direct sunlight; effect of nitrogen; effect of carbon dioxid; effect of hydrogen—Comparison of calla-rot germ with similar organisms: Bacillus carotovorus Jones; Bacil- lus oleraceze Harrison; Heinz’s hyacinth germ (Bacillus hyacinthi septicus) ; Potter’s Pseudomonas destructans—Origin and spread of the disease—Reme- dies—Summary—Description of plates. No. 61. The Avocado in Florida; Its Propagation, Cultivation, and Marketing. By P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist, in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory. 1904. 36 pp., 4 pls, 9 figs. Price, 5 cents. Contents: Introduction—The name avocado—Literature—Distribution and time of blooming—The avocado for wind-breaks and shade trees—Methods of starting an orchard: The seed bed; the nursery; cultivation in the nursery ; budding; grafting; transplanting to the field; top-working trees; cultiva- tion; fertilizers—Superiority of budded trees—Variation of fruit from seed- ling trees: Description of variations—Marketing: Picking; grading and sizing; packing—The fruit: The edible portion; seed and seed cavity—Shape of the tree—lIorms and varieties: The Mexican avocado: the West Indian- South American avocado; the ideal avocado—Uses of the fruit—Diseases: Leaf disease; remedy; fruit disease; tremedy—Summary—Description of plates. No. 62. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. By George P. Foaden, B. Sce., Secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Society, Cairo, Egypt. 1904. 61 pp., 6 pls. 3 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Composition of Nile mud during flood—tIrrigation and fertilizers—Soils—Labor—Value of land—Animal labor—Seasons—Cotton : Distance between the cotton beds; date of planting cotton; sowing cotton; watering cotton; manuring cotton; summary—Varities of cotton grown in Egypt: Ashmouni; lower Egypt cottons; Mit Afifi; Abbasi: Jannovitch Seed selection—Picking cotton—Marketing cotton—Cotton and cotton-seed exports—Sugar cane—Beets—Berseem, or Egyptian clover—Lucern (alfalfa)— Corn—Wheat and _ barley—Beans—Rice—Onions—Millets and sorghums— Minor crops: Lentils; earth nuts, or peanuts; chick-peas; lupines; fenu- greek; flax. 101 28 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. No. 63. Investigations of Rusts. By Mark Alfred Carleton, Cereal- ist in Charge of Cereal Investigations. 1904. 32 pp., 2 pls. in colors. Price, 10 cents. . Contents: Additions to our knowledge of life histories: Euphorbia rust (Uromyces euphorbiw C. and P.) ; sunflower rust (Puccinia helianthi Schw.) ; crown rust of oats (Puccinia rhamni [Pers.] Wettst.)—Segregaton of host plants: Black stem rust of Agropyron and Elymus; orange leaf rust of Agropyron and Elymus; black stem rust of Agrostis alba vulgaris; rust of Chloris (Puccinia chloridis Diet.) ; rusts of willow and cottonwood (Melamp- sora)—Winter resistance of the uredo: Uredo of Kentucky bluegrass rust (Puccinia poarum Niels.) ; uredo of Puecinia montanensis Ell.—Emergeney adaptations: Pueccinia vexans Farl.—Experiments with Lepto-uredinew: Rust of cocklebur (Puccinia xanthii Schw.); rust of velvet leaf (Puccinia hete- rospora B. and C.)—Perennial species: Aecidium tuberculatum FE. and K.; rust of Peucedanum foeniculaceum—Description of plates. * No. 64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Alge and Certain Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Sup- - plies. By George T. Moore, Physiologist and Algolo- gist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology, and Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology. 1904. 44 pp. Price, 5 cents. ; CONTENTS: Introduction—Microscopical examination of drinking water— Wide distribution of trouble caused by algz in water supplies—Methods in use for preventing bad effects due to algz—Desirability of other methods— Determination of a physiological method—Effect of copper sulphate—Method of applying the copper sulphate—Practical tests of the method: Water-cress beds; water reservoirs—Etfect of copper upon pathogenic bacteria: Typhoid; Asiatic cholera—Comparison of effect of other disinfectants—Colloidal solu- tions—Conclusions: Necessity of knowledge of organism and condition in reservoir; application of method for destruction of pathogenic bacteria not designed to replace efficient means of filtration already in use; medicinal use; conditions under which the Department of Agriculture can furnish information and assistance in applying this method—Cost—Summary. No. 65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. By J. M. Westgate, Assistant in Sand-Binding Work. 1904. 38 pp., 6 pls. Price, 10 cents. CoNnTENTS: Introduction—Ecological relations of the vegetation: Ecological factors; mode of deposition of the Cape sands; development of the dune range; natural reclamation; areas receiving gradual accumulations of sand; areas not receiving gradual accumulations of sand; marshes and bogs; early accounts—Devyastation of the established dune areas: Early conditions inei- dent to the devastation; restrictive legislation—Artificial reclamation of the Cape sands: Early work of sand control; recent work by the State; preliminary operations; attempts without beach grass; utilization of beach grass; relative merits of spring and fall planting; selecting and transplant- ing the sets; cost of planting; present status of the various plantings; effectiveness of brush laying; efficiency of beach grass for sand binding; necessity of ultimate forestation; miscellaneous operations on the sand; road construction; reclamation of small areas; commercial utilization of sand; development of the protective beach ridge—The Province lands: State owner- ship; value of the lands—Summary—Bibliography—Description of plates. * No. 66. Seeds and Plants Imported During the Period from Sep- tember, 1900, to December, 1903. Inventory No. 10; Nos. 5501-9896. 1905. 333 pp. Price, 15 cents. Conrents: Introductory statement—Inventory of seeds and plants im- ported—Index of common and scientific names, 101 LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 29 No. 67. Range Investigations in Arizona. By David Griffiths, Assistant in Charge of Range Investigations. 1904. 62 pp., 10 pls., 1 fig. Price, 15 cents. Contents: Introduction—The small inclosure—The large inclosure: Topog- raphy; soil; brush and timber; forage plants; amount of feed produced— Carrying capacity—Water for stock—The seasons—Erosion—the prairie dog— Range feed: The grasses; pigweed family; the clovers; alfilerilla; miscel- laneous winter and spring annuals; miscellaneous browse plants—Hay crops— Weeds—Plants injurious to stock—Summary—Description of plates. * No. 68. North American Species of Agrostis. By A. S. Hitchcock, Systematic Agrostologist in Charge of Herbarium. 1905, 68 pp., 37 pls., 2 figs. Price, 10 cents. Contents: Introduction: Taxonomy: nomenclature; plates; specimens listed—History of the genus—Generic description—Key to species—Descrip- tion of species—Species excluded—Notes on Mexican species—Index to species and synonyms—Description of plates. No. 69. American Varieties of Lettuce. By W. W. Tracy, jr., Assist- ant, Variety Trials. 1904. 103 pp., 27 pls. Price, 15 cents. ContENTS: Introduction—Varieties and their description: Nomenclature ; environment and selection; source of seed—Cultural peculiarities—Terms used in description: Classes; size; maturity; shooting to seed; habit; leaves; color; seeds; seedling plants—Varieties suited to different condi- tions and requirements—Table of varieties—Classification of varieties—Key to varieties—Description of varieties classed as distinet—Catalogue of variety names. No. 70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. By Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations, and Joseph S. Chamberlain, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Investigations. 1904. 70 pp., 5 pls. 1 fig. Price, 10 cents. ContENTS: Introduction—Proper rank of durum wheat—Special qualities of commercial value—The name “durum”’—Durum wheat for macaroni: Char- acteristics of good macaroni; process of manufacture; list of manufacturers of macaroni in the United States; possibility of export of semolina and macaroni; methods of cooking and serving macaroni; recipes; semolina; soups; macaroni with cheese or milk; macaroni with tomatoes; macaroni with meats; macaroni with nuts; timbales; croquettes; garnitures; spa- ghetti; salads; desserts; special Italian recipes; miscellaneous—Durum wheat for bread: Private experiments; cooperative baking experiments of the Department of Agriculture; chemical study of durum-wheat flour and bread; examination of standard flours; total proteids; gliadin and glutenin ; conclusions; examination of the flour and bread of the baking test; con- clusions; reports on trials of the bread; grain dealers; millers; bakers; teachers and experts in domestic science; chemists and flour experts; techni- cal journals; quotations from particularly interesting reports; results of other tests; remarks on the variovs chemical and baking tests; the color of flour and bread; experience required for perfect operations—Other products from durum wheat—Progress of the new industry: Increase in production of durum wheat; determination of the best varieties; commercial inspection and grading; disposition of the 1903 erop; mills now handling the wheat; prices; the outlook—Description of plates. 101 30 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 1. Soil Inoculation for Legumes; with Reports upon the Sue- cessful Use of Artificial Cultures by Practical Farmers. By George T. Moore, Physiologist in Charge of Labora- tory of Plant Physiology. 1905. 72 pp.,10 pls. Price, — 15 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—The fixation of free nitrogen—Beneficial effect of leguminous crops—Direct effect of nodules upon legumes—Effect of nodule- bearing legumes upon succeeding crops—Artificial inoculation of the soil— Soil transfer—Nitragin—Nature of the organism—Cross-inoculation and spe- cific characters—Methods of cultivation—Effect of varying conditions: Light, heat, and air; acids and alkalis; nitrates; moisture—Where is nitrogen fixed?—Nodules not always beneficial—Symbiosis or parasitism ?—Infection and fixation of nitrogen without nodules—Inoculation by pure culture— Methods of using liquid culture—Time of inoculation—When inoculation is unnecessary—When inoculation is necessary—When to expect failure with inoculation—Results—Reports: Alfalfa; red clover; cowpeas; garden peas; beans; soy beans; hairy vetch; crimson clover; sweet peas; field peas; velvet beans; berseem; peanuts; miscellaneous—Summary. * No. 72. Miscellaneous Papers. I. Cultivation of Wheat in Per- manent Alfalfa Fields. By David Fairchild, Agrieul- tural Explorer. II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. By Carl S. Scofield, Botanist, Grain Grade In- vestigations. “III. Extermination of Johnson Grass. By W.J. Spillman, Agrostologist. * IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. By A. F. Woods, Acting Chief of Bureau. 1905. 30 pp., 3 pls., 4 figs. Price, 5 cents. CONTENTS: Cultivation of wheat in permanent alfalfa fields. The salt- water limits of wild rice: Introduction—The method of testing salinity—The regions investigated—Conclusions. Extermination of Johnson grass: Intro- duction—Character of the soil—Methods of treatment—Implements used—The production of hay. Inoculation of soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Intro- duction—The commercial production of cultures—When inoculation is neces- sary—When inoculation may prove advantageous—When inoculation is un- necessary—When failure is to be expected—Cost of cultures—Increasing cultures—Preparing and using the culture solution—Keeping cultures for future use—Danger of inoculation by soil transfer—Pure-culture inoculation. * No. 73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. By C, O. Townsend, Pathologist, and E. C. Rittue, Assistant. 1905, 26 pp., 8 pls., 6 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Single and multiple germ beet seed—The beet flower—The first seed selection—Germination and vitality—Greenhouse exper- iments—Seed beets in 1903—Beet seed in 1903—Change of location of experi- ments—Progress of the work in 1904: Planting and growth of the seed beets; arrangement of single flowers; methods of pollination; gathering the seed; percentage of single-germ seeds—Conclusion—Description of plates, No. 74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. By David Griffiths, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Range Investigations. 1905. 48 pp., 5 pls. 1 fig. Price, 5 cents. ConveENts: Introduction—History—Geographical distribution of economic cacti in the United States—Methods of feeding: Singeing the spines; singe- ing with a torch; steaming; chopping by machinery; other chopping devices ; 101 — ile a LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 31 *removal of the edge of the joints; handling the plants—Pear machinery : Origin of pear machinery; pear cutters; pear burners—Pear for milk pro- duction: Some dairy rations including pear—Pear for fattening and main- taining cattle—Pear as a hog feed—Pear for sheep and goats—Pear as a ration for working animals—Effect of pear upon stock—Cactus for the silo— Pear thickets and their destruction—Species of cactus which are of forage value—Establishing plantations of pear—Yield of pear—Behavior of pear after harvesting—Other économie aspects of the cacti—Some conditions obtaining in the prickly-pear region—Popular postulates of cactus feeding—Description of plates. No. 75. Range Management in the State of Washington. By J. 8. Cotton, Assistant in Range Investigations, in Cooperation with the Washington State Experiment Station. 1905. 28 pp., 3 pls. Price, 5 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Range improvements: Winter pastures; semiarid lands; mountain grazing areas—Protection of pastures—Alternation of pas- tures—Using pastures before ground is settled in the spring—Improvement of stock—Index of grasses and forage plants—Description of plates. No. 76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. By George T. Moore, Physiologist and Algologist in Charge of the Laboratory of Plant Physiology, and Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology. 1905. 55 pp. Price, 5 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Difference in toxicity of copper sulphate in labo- ratory and field conditions—Effect of copper sulphate upon fish—Conditions determining the proper quantity of copper sulphate for eradicating algw— Appearance of resistant forms of algz in reservoirs previously treated—Odor and taste due to large numbers of algz killed—Reports from various cities and towns upon the effect of treatment: Baltimore, Md.; Bond Hill, Cincinnati, Ohio; Butte, Mont.; Cambridge, N. Y.; Elmira, N. Y.; Fieldhome, N. Y.; Glencove, Long Island, N. Y.; Greenwich, Conn.; Hanover, N. H.; Hanover, Pa.; Ivorydale, Ohio; Johnson Creek, Wis.; Middletown, N. Y.; Millersburg, Pa.; Moncton, New Brunswick; New York, N. Y.; Newtown, Pa.: Oberlin, Ohio; Passaic, N. J.; Port Deposit, Md.; Rhinebeck, N. Y.; Searboro, N. Y.; Springfield, Ill.; Waltham, Mass.; Water Mill, Long Island, N. Y.; Wellsboro, Pa.; Winchester, Ky.; Winnebago City, Minn.—Necessity for determining the ‘polluting organism—Troublesome forms and their identification: The Sedg- wick-Rafter method of quantitative determination; key for identifying algzee—Method of applying copper sulphate—Sterilization of bacteria-polluted water by means of copper sulphate—Sterilization of the water supplies at Columbus, Ohio, and Albuquerque, N. Mex.—Sterilization of water by means of metallic copper—Copper in the disposal of sewage—Copper supplementing the use of filters—Copper treatment and filtration at Anderson, Ind.—Objec- tions to the use of copper sulphate—Opinions of toxicologists upon the effect of copper sulphate—Medicinal use of copper—Conclusion—Summary. No. 77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. By G. N. Collins, Assistant Botanist in Investigations in Tropical Agriculture. 1905. 52 pp., 8 pls. Price, 5 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Origin and history: Early accounts; common names; not native in the West Indies; distribution—Description—Botanical affinities—Varieties—Geographical types: Guatemala; Porto Rico; Mexico; Costa Rica; Cuba; Hawaii—Culture: Propagation by seed; asexual propaga- tion; soil; climate; cultivation; improvement; shipping qualities; uni- formity; extension of season; seed reduction; texture; flavor; yield; size; resistance to cold—Diseases—The avocado in Porto Rico—The avocado in Hawaii—The avocado in Florida—The avocado in California—Bearing age and life of tree—Yield—Harvesting: Time to pick; method of gathering; packing and shipping—Cold storage—Marketing: Market season—Methods of eating—Food value—Cost of production—Summary—Description of plates, 2739—No. 101—07——3 32 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. * No. 78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. By T. L. Lyon, Agri- culturist and Associate Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, and Collaborator of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1905. 120 pp. Price, 10 cents. ; CONTENTS: Object of the investigation. Part I. Historical: Some con- ditions affecting the composition and yield of wheat: Composition as affected — by time of cutting; influence of immature seed upon yield; influence of climate upon composition and yield; influence of soil upon composition and yield; influence of soil moisture upon composition and yield; influence of size or weight of the seed-wheat kernel upon the crop yield; relation of size of kernel to nitrogen content; influence of the specific gravity of the seed kernel upon yield; relation of specific gravity of kernel to nitrogen content; conditions affecting the production of nitrogen in the grain. Part II. Experi- mental: Some properties of the wheat kernel—Yield of nitrogen per acre— Method for selection to increase the quantity of proteids in the kernel— A basis for selection to increase the quantity of proteids in the endosperm of the kernel—Improvement in the quality of the gluten—Some results of breeding to increase the content of proteid nitrogen—Yield of grain as affected by susceptibility to cold—Yield and nitrogen content of grain as ¢%eeted by length of growing period—Relation of size of head to vield, height, end tiller- ing of plant—Summary and conclusions. No. 79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. By L. L. Harter, Scientific Assistant, Laboratory of Plant Breeding. 1905. 48 pp. Price, 5 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Salts used—Varieties selected: Preston; Turkey; Zimmerman; Kharkof; Padui; Chul; Budapest; Kubanka; Maraouani— Methods of experiments—Method of establishing the toxie limits—Results of experiments: With magnesium sulphate; with magnesium chlorid; with sodium carbonate; with sodium bicarbonate; with sodium sulphate; with sodium chlorid; summary of tables—Comparison of results with different species—Ash analyses—Individual variability—Neutralizing effect of the salts employed upon other toxic substances—Dilute solutions as stimulants—Practi- cal value of results—Summary—Bibliography. No. 80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. By Thomas H, Kear- ney, Physiologist, Vegetable Pathological and Physiolog- ical Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, and Thomas H. Means, Formerly of the Bureau of Soils. 1905, 98 pp..4 pls. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Topography: Coast region; high plateau or steppe region; desert region——-Climate: Coast region; temperature; humid- ity; precipitation; wind; high plateau region; desert region; temperature ; humidity ; precipitation—Irrigation : Coast region; high plateau region; desert region—Soils: Coast region; littoral zone; valley and plain zone; moun- tain zone; high plateau region; desert region; saline soils; coast region; desert region; soil management; rotations; fertilizers; preparation of the land; clearing and leveling; plowing—General economic conditions: Histor- ical and political; land values; farm labor; agriculture of the native popula- tion; among the Arabs; among the Kabyles; among the Saharans—Crops of the colony: Geographical distribution; coast region; littoral zone; valley and plain zone; mountain zone; high plateau region; desert region; princi- pal crops in detail; fruit crops; grapes; wine grapes; table grapes; olives; figs; citrus fruits; dates; less important orchard crops; truck crops; cereals; winter cereals; wheat; barley; oats; summer cereals; sorghum; Indian corn; forage crops; wild forage; fallow-land forage; forage* of natural meadows and prairies; cultivated forage; leguminous crops; alfalfa, or lucern; horse beans; sulla; fenugreek; berseem; vetches; tree crops — 101 | LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 33 as forage; carob, or St. John’s bread; Indian fig; miscellaneous crops; tobacco; fiber plants; perfume plants—Live stock: Cattle; horses; donkeys: mules; camels; sheep; goats—Forestry: General conditions; forest prod- uets; fuel; timber; cork; tan bark; alfalfa; dwarf palm. No. 81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. By O. F. Cook and Wal- ter IT. Swingle. 1905. 26 pp., 1 pl., 2 figs Price, 5 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—The elimination of the simple-celled phase— Alternation of structural types—Sexuality a mechanism of evolution—Two types of double-celled structures—Heredity in reticular descent—Summary— ixplanation of plate. No. 82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. By C. V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge of Forage Plant Introduction. 1905. 38 pp.,4 pls. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—The location of the grass lands: Kadiak Island; Alaska Peninsula and adjacent islands; Unalaska and the neighboring islands ; Kenai Peninsula; the Yakutat plains—Important factors relating to the agricultural value of the grass lands: The abundance and permanence of native fodder plants; bluetop; beach rye; bluegrass; silver-top; Siberian fescue; sedges; Alaska lupine; fireweed; food value of native Alaskan grasses; cultivable forage crops; silage alone as a ration for milech cows; Alaskan experience in stock raising; hogs; goats; sheep husbandry; cattle: population and available markets; freights and transportation; desirability of south Alaska as a home; climate; garden products; fuel; choice of a loeation—Land laws applying to Alaska: Homesteads; application for a homestead for surveyed land; inceptive rights of homestead settlers; home- stead settlers on unsurveyed lands; cultivation in grazing districts; home- stead claims not liable for debt and not salable; soldiers and sailors’ home- stead rights; soldiers’ additional homestead entry—Description of plates. No. 83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assist- ant in the Seed Laboratory. 1905. 22 pp., 3 pls., 1 fig. Price, 5 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Kinds of seeds buried—How the seeds were buried—Germination tests—Relation of depth of burial to vitality—Hard seeds—Seeds of cultivated versus wild plants—Summary—Description of plates. * No. 84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. I. The Germination, Grow- ing, Handling, and Adulteration of Bluegrass Seeds. By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Labora- tory. ITI. Descriptions of the Seeds of the Commercial Bluegrasses and Their Impurities. By F. H. Hillman, Assistant Botanist, Seed Laboratory. 1905. 38 pp., 39 figs. Price, 5 cents. Contents: I. The germination, growing, handling, and adulteration of bluegrass seeds: Description of commercial and hand-gathering seeds—Grades and quality of commercial seeds—Adulteration—Weight per bushel—Germina- tion—Growing and handling: Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) ; Poa com- pressa (Canada bluegrass) ; Poa trivialis (rough-stalked meadow grass) ; Poa nemoralis (wood meadow grass) ;- Poa triflora (fowl meadow grass): Poa arachnifera (Texas bluegrass); Poa annua (annual bluegrass); Poa alpina (alpine meadow grass); Poa sudetica. II. Descriptions of the seeds of the commercial bluegrasses and their impurities: The bluegrasses: Key to the seeds of the more common species of Poa as found on herbarium specimens ; key to commercial bluegrass seeds after preparation for market; comparison 101 34 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. of the principal distinguishing characters of bluegrass seeds; descriptions of species; Poa pratensis L., Kentucky bluegrass, June grass; Poa compressa L., Canada bluegrass, flat-stemmed bluegrass; Poa trivialis L., rough-stalked meadow grass; Poa nemoralis L.. wood meadow grass; Poa triflora Ehr (P. flava L., P. serotina Ehrh.), fowl meadow grass, false redtop: Poa arach- nifera Torr., Texas bluegrass; Poa annua L., annual meadow grass; Poa alpina L., alpine meadow grass; Poa sudetica Haenke; Panicularia spp.: Pani- cularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze, nerved manna grass, sometimes called fowl meadow grass; Panicularia americana (Torr.) MaeM., reed meadow grass, water meadow grass, tall manna grass—Weed seeds commonly found with com- mercial bluegrass seeds: Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton, shepherd’s-purse ; Lepidium virginicum L., peppergrass; Cerastium vulgatum L., mouse-ear chick- weed; Alsine media L., common chickweed; Alsine graminea (L.) Britton; Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs., Canada thistle; Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst., dandelion; Matricaria inodora L.. scentless camomile; Hieracium sp., hawk- weed; Anthemis cotula L., dog fennel, mayweed; Chenopodium album L., lamb’s quarters, pigweed ; Plantago lanceolata L., rib-grass, buckhorn, English plantain; Rumex cripspus L., curled dock; Rumex acetosella L., sheep’s sorrel, sorrel; Veronica arvensis L., corn speedwell; Juncus tenuis, Willd., slender rush; Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze, field rush; Juncoides albida DC., wood rush; Carex cephalophora Muhl., oval-headed sedge—Ergot occasionally ~ found in commercial bluegrass seed: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul., ergot. *No.85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing and Mushroom Spawn Making. By B. M. Duggar, Professor of Botany in the University of Missouri, and Collaborator of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1905. 60 pp., 7 pls. Price, 10 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—General considerations—Market conditions—Ger- mination studies: Review of earlier work; experimental work—Tissue cul- tures—Nutrition: Growth on manure and other complex media; growth on chemically known media; tabulation of special results; acid and alkaline media—Temperature and moisture—Preparation of the compost—lInstalla- tion of beds—Spawning and casing the beds—Mushroom growing: Experi- ments at Columbia, Mo.; variability in mushrooms grown under different con- ditions; the cultivation of various species of mushrooms; cooperative experi- ments—Cave facilities in the United States—Open-air culture—Mushroom spawn making: A “chance” method; a “selective” method; pure-culture pre- cautions; the tissue-culture method; the commercial process—The vitality of mushroom spawn. No. 86. Agriculture Without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. By Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist. 1905. 30 pp., 5 pls., 1 fig. Price, 5 cents. ContTENTS: Introduetion—Population—Climate—Water supply—Soils—The date gardens: Planting; care of palms; fighting the sand; manuring; har- vest; yields; varieties chiefly grown—Conclusion—Description of plates. No. 87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. By L. R. Jones, Botanist of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and Col- laborator of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1905, 39 pp. Price, 5 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Potato culture in Europe—Observations on potato diseases and disease resistance in Europe: Certain minor diseases; internal brown spot; filosité, or growing-out; leaf-spot; seabbiness of tubers; potato seab; varietal resistance to scab; other scab-like diseases; potato stem dis- eases; blackleg; other stem diseases; late-blight and rot due to Phytophthora infestans—Resistance as shown toward late-blight and rot: Historical state- ment; the meaning of disease resistance; disease resistance and vegetative 101, oo Le | LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. vigor; the relation of hybridity to disease resistance; improvement by selec- tion; are early or late varieties the more resistant?; relation of source of seed and cultural methods to disease resistance; composition and character of tubers as related to rot resistance; character of stem and foliage as related to disease resistance—Disease-resistant varieties of Europe: Great Britain; Germany and Holland; France and Belgium—Disease-resistant varie- ties of America: Investigations at the experiment stations; work at the Ver- mont station; information secured by a circular of inquiry; resistance to scab—Summary. No. 88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. By O. F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge of Investigations in the Agricultural Economy of Tropical and Subtropical Plants. 1906. 87 pp., 10 pls. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—Selective influence of the boll weevil—General pro- tective characters: Dwarf habit and determinate growth of Kekchi cotton; variations in the Kekchi cotton; effects of Guatemalan conditions on United States varieties; acclimatization of Kekehi cotton in the United States; early bearing facilitated by long basal branches; early rejection of superfluous squares; seasonal bearing of perennial varieties; annual cutting back of perennial varieties; hairy stalks and leaf stems; pendent bolls—Extrafloral nectaries: Nectaries of the leaves; external nectaries of the involuere; inner nectaries of the involucre ; nectaries of Guatemalan Sea Island cotton ; continued secretion of nectar; bractlets subtending inner nectaries; efficiency of the kelep protection; other nectar-bearing plants visited by the keleps—The invo- luere as a protective structure: Involucral bracts grown together; appressed margins of bracts; large involucres of Kekchi cotton; opening. or flaring, of bracts avoided; hairy margins of involucral bracts; extent of protection by involucre; advantage of open involucres—Behavior of parasitized buds: Shedding of weevil-infested squares; countings of flared and fallen squares; proliferation of internal tissues of buds; causes and conditions of bud pro- liferation; proliferation in other varieties—Protection of the bolls: Persist- ence of flowers; immunity of very young bolls; rapid growth of young bolls; thick-walled bolls; tough linings of chambers of bolls; proliferation from the wall of the boll; time required for proliferation; efficiency of adaptive charac- ters of bolls; bacterial diseases following weevil injuries; breeding in buds a derived habit; relation between proliferation in buds and in bolls—Protection of seeds by lint: Protective seed arrangement in Kidney cotton—Cultural value of Kidney cotton—The nature and causes of adaptations—Conscious and uncon- scious selection—Summary of adaptations: Classification of adaptations; adaptive characters of different types of cotton—Concluding remarks—Descrip- tion of plates—Index. No. 89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. By Alice Henkel, Assistant, Drug-Plant Investigations. 1906. 76 pp. Price, 5 cents. ConTENTS: Catalogue of common and scientific names of wild medicinal plants, with descriptions, statements as to geographical distribution, parts used, ete. No. 90. Miscellaneous Papers. *I. The Storage and Germination of Wild Rice Seed. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant. IT. The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. By George G. Hedgecock, Assistant. “III. Pep- permint. By Alice Henkel, Assistant. IV. The Poison- ous Action of Johnson Grass. By A. C. Crawford, Phar- macologist. 1906. 34 pp., 5 pls. 3 figs. Price, 5 cents. Contents: The storage and germination of wild rice seed: Introduction Distribution—Habitat—Germination of the seed—Fall seeding versus spring 101 36 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. seeding—Directions for storing the seed—Detailed conditions and results of storage experiments—Packing for transportation—Methods of making ger- mination tests—Effect of temperature on germination—Summary—Descrip- tion of Plates I and II. The crown-gall and hairy-root diseases of the apple tree: Introduction—Two distinct diseases, crown-gall and hairy-root—Types of apple crown-gall—Effect upon the length of life of the apple tree—Sugges- tions to nurserymen—Data desired. Peppermint: Description—Countries where grown—Peppermint cultivation in the United States—Cultivation : Con- ditions injurious to crop—Harvesting and distWlation—Description of still— Peppermint oil and menthol—Export of peppermint oil—Prices of peppermint oil. The poisonous action of Johnson grass. No. 91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed in 1905-6, with Cul- tural Directions. By. A. D. Shamel and W. W. Cobey, In Charge of Tobacco Breeding Experiments, Laboratory of Plant Breeding. 1906. 40 pp., 9 pls. Price, 5 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Description of varieties: Cigar-wrapper tobaceos ; Sumatra; Connecticut Havana; Connecticut Broadleaf; cigar-filler tobaceos ; Cuban; Zimmer Spanish; Little Dutch; pipe tobaccos; North Carolina Bright Yellow; Maryland Smoking; plug tobaccos; White Burley; Orinoco and Yellow Mammoth; Virginia types (Blue Pryor, Sun-Cured, and White Stem)— Directions for culture: Sumatra tobacco; Connecticut Havana tobacco; Con- necticut Broadleaf tobacco; Cuban tobacco; Zimmer Spanish and Little Dutch tobaccos; Maryland Smoking tobacco; North Carolina, Tennessee, and Vir- ginia tobaccos; White Burley tobacco—Insect enemies—Directions for saying seed—How to secure good seed—Description of plates. * No. 92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. By Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding Investigations. 1906. 112 pp., 10 pls., 52 figs. Price, 25 cents. CONTENTS: Introduction—Characteristics of the region: Geography; the Jerid; the Nefzaoua; Gabes; Gafsa; climate; temperature; atmospheric humidity; precipitation; irrigation and drainage; water supply; irrigation system; drainage system; soils of the Jerid region; texture; fertility; alkali—Culture of the date palm: Size and value of the gardens; labor and tenantry system; propagation; preparing the land; planting; irrigating; manuring; other cultural methods; pollination and male palms; ripening; harvesting; preserving—Varieties of the date palm in Tunis: Descriptions of the varieties; varieties of primary importance; soft dates; dry dates; varie- ties of secondary importance; dry dates; soft dates; varieties of minor im- portance; dry dates; soft dates; varieties imported but not included in the key; varieties included in the key but not imported; deseriptive key to the characters of the fruits; synopsis of the groups; key to the varieties—Index— Description of plates. * No. 93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. By W. M. Scott, Pathologist. 1906. 36 pp., 8 pls., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—The disease and its cause: The diseased spots on the apple; the bitter-rot fungus; the mycelium; summer spores; ascospores; germination of the spores; bitter-rot cankers on the branches; source of infection and spread of the disease; influencing conditions; weather; mois- ture; temperature; susceptibility of different varieties—Remedial measures— The Virginia experiments; The experimental trees; the plan of the experi- ment; object; spraying scheme; weather conditions attending the experi- ment; results; beneficial effects of spraying; effect of the treatment on other diseases; scab; leaf-spot; sooty-blotch; injurious effeets of the treatment; russeting; coating of Bordeaux mixture—Commercial operations: Results in several orchards—Preparation of Bordeaux mixture—Method of applying Bordeaux mixture—Conclusions and recommendations—Description of plates. 101 ese — LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. ol *No. 94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon and Western Washington. By Byron Hunter, Assistant Agriculturist, Farm Management Investigations. 1906. 39 pp., 4 figs. Price, 10 cents. ConteNtTS: Introduction—Description of the region—Ifaymaking: Condi- tions governing stage at which hay should be cut; curing hay; hay. caps—The silo—The nature of leguminous plants—Vorage crops: Red clover; methods of sowing; the seed crop; alsike clover; common vetch; methods of sowing ; soiling; the hay crop; the seed crop; pearl vetch; field peas; alfalfa; methods of sowing; inoculation; timothy; the rye-grasses; orchard grass; meadow fescue; velvet grass; Indian corn; rape; the seed crop; thousand- headed kale; methods of sowing; feeding; the seed crop; root crops; soiling (green feeding) crops—Seeding timber burns and burnt slashings. No. 95. A New Type of Red Clover. By Charles J. Brand, Assistant Physiologist, Laboratory of Plant Life History. 1906. 48 pp., 3 pls., 2 figs. Price, 10 cents. ContTEeNTS: Introduction—The importance of clover culture—Domestic versus foreign seed—Objections of European growers to American red clover—Hairy clover a cause of bloating—Some ge neral objections to the growing of clover— Certain objections overcome by new type of clover—Disadvantage of lateness of maturing under some conditions—Heavy yield of first crop and accruing adyantages—Other points of excellence of hairless clover—Effect of persisting basal leaves on quality of hay—Lateness of hairless clover with reference to insect ravages—Effect of lateness of maturing when seed production is de- sired—Sections particularly suited to the cultivation of the new type—Seed of new type indistiguishable from ordinary form—Plans of experiments, origin of seed, and methods of procedure—Sources of Russian clover seed except No. 16—Source from which Russian seed No. 16 was obtained—The soil and cli- mate of Orel—Purity and germination of seed used in experiments—Detailed description of experiments: The experiment in Nebraska; location; soil; drainage ; preparation of land and seeding; general weather conditions during 1904; comparison of strains of clover on entering the winter of 1904; compari- son of early growth of certain strains of clover; weather during -growing season of 1905; earliness of varieties and order in which they matured; yield of the Orel clover compared with other strains; the experiment in South Dakota; location; soil and drainage; preparation of land, seeding, and sub- sequent treatment; weather conditions during 1904 and 1905; comparison of yields; the experiment in Minnesota; location, soil, and drainage; prepara- tion of land, seeding, and subsequent treatment; weather conditions during 1904 and 1905; comparative condition of different strains of clover in the spring of 1905; yields of green matter; comparison of clover No. 16 with other strains; yields of field-cured hay; order in which the various strains matured; comparison of yields of field-cured hay; the experiment in North Dakota; location, soil, and drainage: preparation of land, seeding, and sub- sequent treatment; weather conditions during 1904 and 1905; comparison of yields—Other experiments in which clover No. 16 was included—Deseription of new type and name proposed—Later observations—Summary—Description of plates. * No. 96. Tobacco Breeding. By A. D. Shamel and W. W. Cobey, In Charge of Tobacco Breeding Experiments, Plant Breeding Investigations. 1907. 71 pp., 10 pls., 14 figs. Price, 15 cents. ConTENTS: Introduction—The great variability of tobacco plants—The intro- duction and acclimatization of varieties—The structure and arrangement of flowers—The necessity for inbreeding—The improvement of the shape of leaves—The modification of the size of leaves—The control of the number of leaves on individual plants—The production of nonsuckering types—The pro- 101 38 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. duction of early varieties—The improvement of the burning quality—The selection of seed plants: Records of breeding work made in the field; perma- nent records of breeding work—Methods of saving seed—Seed separation— Disease resistance—A new variety produced by seed selection: Unele Sam Sumatra—New varieties produced by hybridization and seed selection : The- Cooley Hybrid; the Brewer Hybrid—Description of plates. * No. 97. Seeds and Plants Imported During the Period from De- cember, 1903, to December, 1905. Inventory No. 11; Nos. 9897 to 16796. 1907. 255 pp. Price, 30 cents. ConTENTS: Introductory statement—Inventory of seeds and plants im- ported—Index of common and scientific names. No. 98. Soy Bean Varieties. By Carleton R. Ball, Agronomist, Grain Investigations. 1907. 30 pp.,.5 pls. (including 1 in colors), 2 figs. Price, 15 cents. CONTENTS: Origin and introduction of the soy bean—Variability—Classifiea- tion: Key to the varieties—Descriptions of the varieties: Black-seeded group; Buckshot; Nuttall; Kingston; Ebony; Flat King; Riceland; brown-seeded group; Ogemaw; Eda; Baird; Brownie; mottled-seeded group; Hankow; Meyer; green-seeded group; Samarow; Guelph; greenish-yellow-seeded group; Yosho; Haberlandt; Tokyo; yellow-seeded group; Ito San; Man- hattan; Butterball; Amherst; Hollybrook; Mammoth—List of synonyms— Distribution numbers—Description of plates. *No.99. A Quick Method for the Determination of Moisture in Grain. By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of the Seed Laboratory, and J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant in the Seed Laboratory. 1907. 24 pp.,12 figs. Price, 5 cents. CONTENTS: Quality of export corn—Causes of deterioration—The percentage basis for moisture determinations—Description of a method for the rapid de- termination of moisture—Preparation of samples for moisture determination : Taking the bulk sample; taking the sample for the moisture test; size of sample for the moisture test; weighing the sample for the moisture test; grinding the grain unnecessary—Oil for the moisture test: Quality required ; quantity required—Description of the apparatus: The evaporating chamber; the condenser; the stand supporting the evaporating chamber and condenser; the distillation flasks; the thermometers; the condenser tubes; the graduated cylinders for collecting and measuring the water—Comparisor of results with determinations made in a water oven: Variations in duplicate tests— Summary. No. 100. Miscellaneous Papers. * I. Cranberry Spraying Experi- ments in 1905. By C. L. Shear, Pathologist. * II. The Wrapping of Apple Grafts and Its Relation to the Crown-Gall Disease. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent, and George G. Hedgecock, Assistant. III. Gar- licky Wheat. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant. *IV. Methods of Testing the Burning Quality of Cigar To- bacco. By Wightman W. Garner, Scientific Assistant. *V. The Drug Known as Pinkroot. By W. W. Stock- berger, Expert. VI. Orchard Grass. By R. A. Oakley, Assistant Agriculturist. VII. The Effect of Copper 101 . LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 39 upon Water Bacteria. By Karl I. Kellerman, Physiol- ogist, and T. D. Beckwith, Scientific Assistant. VIIT. Conditions Affecting Legume Inoculation. By Karl F. - Kellerman, Physiologist, and T. R. Robinson, Assistant Physiologist. 1907. 83 pp., 9 pls., 6 figs. Price, 25 cents. CONTENTS: Cranberry spraying experiments in 1905: Introduction—Spray- ing and its results—Importance of early applications—Effects of spraying plants when in full bloom—Keeping qualities of sprayed and unsprayed fruit— Cost and recommendations. The wrapping of apple grafts and its relation to the crown-gall disease: Introduction—Account of experiments—Manner of wrapping—Grafts left unwrapped—Results of wrapping: Effect upon the union; effect on crown-gall formation—Recommedations—Suggestions to nurs- erymen—Summary. Garlicky wheat: Introduction—Wheat containing gar- lice—Experiments in separating garlic from wheat: Lot A; lot B; lot C—The total cost of drying and cleaning garlicky wheat: The net cost of removing garlic—The effect of the drying on the milling qualities of the grain—The effect of the drying on the vitality of the wheat—Machinery used for drying and cleaning—Summary. Methods of testing the burning quality of cigar tobaeco: Introduction—The smoking test—The effects of the filler, the binder, and the wrapper on the burn of the cigar—Testing the capacity for holding fire and the evenness of the burn—Testing the burn of cigar-filler tobacco. The drug known as pinkroot: Introduction—Trade varieties of pinkroot— Identity of chief substitutes—Minor adulterants—Methods of distinguishing pinkroot from its substitutes. Orchard grass: Introduction—Methods of ecul- ture: Seeding; mixtures with red cloyer; mixtures with other grasses; life of meadows—Uses and value: Hay; pasture; seed; harvesting the seed crop; thrashing; handling the aftergrowth; value of the straw; weeds in orchard grass seed fields; other grasses in fields intended for seed—Summary. ‘The effect of copper upon water bacteria: Introduction—Resistance of various bacteria—Effect of carbon dioxid on viability of Bacillus coli and Bacillus typhi—Copper sulphate and filtration. Conditions affecting legume inocula- tion: Introduction—Use of lime—FEffect of soil conditions upon bacteria— Effect of heavy inoculation—FEffect of eration—Associative action of bac- teria—Summary. 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY NOS. 1 TO 100, INCLUSIVE. Bulletins of which indexes were printed as a part of their contents are not now indexed with the same fullness as others, the reader being referred to the complete indexes to be found in Bulletins Nos. 53, 58, 88, and 92; to indexes of plants (mainly grasses and forage plants) in Bulletins Nos. 9, 12, 15, 38, 59, 68, and 75; to indexes of the com- mon and scientific names of seeds and plants imported in Bulletins Nos. 5, 66, arid 97, while Bulletins Nos. 56 and 89 are themselves alphabetical indexes. ‘Bibliographies covering the subjects treated will be found in Bul- letins Nos. 2, 14, 16, 37, 44, 55, 56, 58, 65, and 79. Wherever a subject is treated practically throughout an entire bulletin, the word bulletin follows to indicate this fact. Similarly, paper is added to an entry covering a part (advance sheets) of a bulletin subsequently reprinted in complete form. A Bulletin Page. PeERMMMIIONGIIDELCILALUIO, CUSG..2..-....-262.25-20-cceo-seeeneceeosece etic eceeceeeeeet ee 63 27-28 Aeration of soil. See Soil. Africa, Algeria, agricultural explorations, bulletin...................... 80 Sahara Desert, agriculture without irrigation, bulletin. 86 ‘SC 5), SD T0 EH lS = 1 South, plant introduction notes, paper.. 25 Tunis, date varieties and date culture, bulletin 92 See also Algeria, Egypt, Sahara Desert, and Tunis. Agaricus campestris and other basidiomycetous fungi, germi- nation of spores, bulletin. : 16 1-43 growing and spawn making, “bulletin. 85 1-60 Agricultural explorations in Algeria, bulletin ...-......-..- 80 1-98 Agriculture in West Indies, Spain, and the Orient, bulletin 27 1-40 without irrigation in the Sahara Desert, bulletin. 36 1-30 ETT TE ETS FS 2 es oo seca canscncaneencseseees : 63 15-17 Agrostis, description of genus. zs : 68 20-21 Beeies: Lene =e ‘- 68 22-55 history of genus... : 68 15-20 index to spec ies and synonyms........ . 68 61-64 key to species................ 68 21-22 Mexican species i eee 68 57-59 nomenclature ..... : 68 12-14 North American spec ies, bulletin. 68 1-68 plates made to show technical details 68 14 species excluded . woenaces 68 55-57 Specimens listed . ‘ cee 68 14 ULE 9 (C10 2° ONE Ropenen tee ease each Aen aor ee 68 11-12 101 41 42 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Alabama, ‘analyses: Of iSO S ooo. cscnccessaearn tea eeenemeamneatenrnanee eee 1 Alaska, grass lands of Alaska peninsula and adjacent islands... 82 Kadraik slag 2 cre eccere so mercer 82 Kenai peninsula sel southern coast 82 Unalaska and neighboring islands 82 Yakutat plains ao 82 Varied | Tews) 25 5 See Renee see ees 82 peninsula and adjacent islands, description. . 82 South; eaitle! raxsim pee os ac erteneaeeeeeeene ~ ‘8B choice of location for settlement. . 82 CUE re Eo ci eee Sees St = eee desirability as a home................ 82 fodder plants, native, abundance. 82 forage crops, cultivable... 82 freights and transportation. 82 ra hei ree Die Peet S _ 82 garden products - 82 Oat AISI oe be ese 82 grass lands, agr icultural value.......... ae coast, bulletin —........ i ae location .......-... 82 grasses, native, food value... 82 hog raising .. ve 82 markets available nn” population sss. 2 ots. 28s scenes eam teeneercee . 82 precipitant) 2... <2 ee ce ne oss sheep raising . 82 stock raising . 82 temperature .. nag MS Alcohol, potato ................-.--- in Po BMG amet QF = gC: Bene sea ec eR pS Oe eRe I BoP RS 80 Alfalfa, effect of treatment with humus and lime ................. 100 fields, cultivation of wheat, paper... cag rer YN Pees ye 2 ee oa eOU central Texas <2) ee Beypu — eee nk ies Nebraska. ....... | Northwestern States .................... 31 Oregon and Washington, western.. 94 inoculation, results ..................-21000-2 ~~ GR nodule-forming bacteria Oasis, in central Texas . im sowing, methods .............. 21, Oe Turkestan, in central ‘Texas............ Northwestern States in Alfileriliar, « AxiZ0 11 i soiceeipeere scan nanendse nas achsezoversiostan. tae wee eee 67 Algw, different forms, effect of various concentrations of cop- per sulphate 64 in water supplies, bulletin 64 76 effect of COppeYr, PAPE?...........ccessseneenes 100 SUS 5 cectaccastences 64 76 forms resistant to copper sulphate...... 76 identification of troublesome forms... 76 key for identification 2.1..)....:..:.ccscsucsenusee 76 methods for preventing bad effects...... 64 76 Sedgwick-Rafter method of quantita- tive determination ............. ans TB trouble widely distributed on Oe key for identification Sains Sep Oe atoeraal aint Chlorophycew Aiesoniens ancseaeneonetssarvansedias COI" Hig 101 ‘ INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 43 P z Bulletin. Page. pkey for identification Conjugatwe.........--..-.....s2ceeeeeeees 76 35-36 Schizophycew 76 a7 killed, cause of bad odor and taste of water. i 13 _ methods of destroying or preventing growth, bulletin 64 i-44 76 1-55 eria, agricultural explorations, bulletin 00.00... 80 1-98 agriculture of the natives... pees eye tse (BD 52-59 ENTE OS ta bee perce Pra 80 52 Kabyles 80 52-54 Saharans 80 54-55 80 95-98 a oe OU 79-83 alkali conditions ae BS 72-99 BIDE CN Fac nss2---s 80 75-76 beans, horse 80 85 80 83 80 89 carob, or St. John’s bread —_. 80 84-85 cattle 80 88 cereals 80 Wet citrus fruits .. 80 68-69 clearing and leveling the land... 80 48 climate 80 18-29 coast region, crops 80 56-59 humidity 80 22 irrigation 80 31-36 precipitation 80 22-24 SOLIS ee 3. <3 80 39-40 saline 80 43-45 temperature 80 19-22 topography 80 14-15 Wand S22 sae ee 80! 24-25 Conky vc. 80 94-95 corn, Indian 80 tity crop rotations 80 46-47 Crops! ....: 80 55-87 dates &. 80 69-70 desert region, crops 80 59-60 humidity —. 80 27-28 irrigation 80 36-38 precipitation so 28-29 soils 80 41-42 saline 80 45-46 : topography _.. See. 180 16-18 donkeys Be sh Sea 80 89 economic sd) 49-55 fenugreek 80 83 fertilizers 80 47-48 fiber plants see ot) 86 iia) Seer 80 67-68 forages CLops ........ eee 80 77-85 forest product, 80 93 forestry —.. S80. 90-98 Et cutteeetseeen, 180. 90-93 ENT ee cee ce fee nan on ctvecss otros cnarchSnhatirasesiscessedeeseuereaen . 80 60-71 fuel - 80 93 goats sO 90 grapes pyen - SSOCCEBEEEERE eee neere rial 10) 60-64 high plateau or steppe region, climate nat 0) 25 erops . = 80 59 DIETS SUGLOD |.:-2--+---n-->ns 80 36 IS OMS meen Sooo -cccccs as 50 41 topography so 15-16 historical and political conditions.....0.000..... 80 49-50 “LTP SUEIS — saonennee heeecco pete ene hee 80 88-89 44 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletia. PU erica: Tin ES ara Ei ee ccna cen cc een ere ee ene ee a 80 irrigation ~....... = £80 labor on farms 80 land values .... 80 live stock _ 80 mules ....... 2 Ee ORGS eae eens sat: |!) OLEV ES nang, senate secon eccesee so orchard crops, miscellaneous .- « BO palm,” diwanrk ©2222 <-=-... ts. . 80 perfume plants 80 po) Ce 2 | gee ee ENE 80 preparation of the land, methods - “180 REL) 0 lapses SO Se eee op ec .. 80 soil management . Rs | sorghum 2.2.<--<--5 a FOO Sullavse 80 tan bark .- . 80 Gar a a epee aan map ED 2°36 tobacco 80 truck crops 80 vetches ...... 80 5d Ct) eee = SRE eS REEDRe So ae ontes n cole Pend 80 Algerian durum wheats, list, with descriptions, bulletin > Oa Alleali ‘conditions, “ATiZOM as. <-2-c225- sa eeee cee 53 California 53 Sahara ......... 53 Salton Basin . 53 in soils in the Jerid, Tunis 92 salts, physiological role.. 45 Almond, gummosis .. 26 Almonds, Jordan. ..............- 26° Spanish, Otllets ........--:-.-c:s-an-c-ns-- 26 introduction into America -- 26 planting and culture ....... et WATIGUICS: <.<.-ror> vseanceanniapiniece apy Aasseiie die saa 61 77 PASE GROUT ae pecenn <>< encxovanesentoncaensvansserneive giaetcet@eniesnie Reena : 77 MRC os:1035-ayni cvophhasesne areal RY 4 method ; “A Seed ANA BESA CAVITY..........<.s0sepsaredncoponetbanadendagen ean aD shipping ..... > ee 77 size desired : . 77 storage, cold 7 texture, improvement, ‘desired . 7 uniformity desirable .............. Ns i TURGM ibacgatacchiavientaso-. 42 VSieee ee eeereere ae Bluegrasses, seeds. bulletin 0.00... ot iBmestem:, big, in Nebraska.......................2 = Bluestems in central Texas................0...202-0--- re imenoperm south: Alaska.........2-.c-----ceasccsenceceneesepseneen- soe : “Bluing” and “red-rot” of western yellow pine. bulletin Boll-weevil-resistant cotton plants, bulletin... selective influence Bordeaux mixture, effect on apple di for cranberry diseases, paper injury to apples by coating ...................... : TEUISSGUUN etree nese methods of applying ~.......... oe j OTS] 02) BLU 8) spb eee ee een na oe oe BRAND, CHARLES JOHN, bulletin entitled “A new type ar Ged clover” Bread, durum wheat, baking experiments ries wrote chemical and baking tests, remarks SSUUILG yee eee cree : experiments of individuals... TE DOLUS OLN DES US sneer sein cance acsnens suitability use in France.. : SIA NG ATEN GR VEC AE ao ence coats nasenespnacecnsen etn snsenee eee Breeding potatoes for disease resistance... tobacco, bulletin Brewer Hybrid tobacco British Columbia, analyses of soils.. Broccoli, varieties —.. Brome-grass, awnless s in Nebraskz smooth, in central Texas. western, in Nebraska....... Brown, Epcar, paper entitled “Legal and customary weights per bushel of SCCUS? .-eecceesceenee ’ “The germination, growing, handling, and adulteration of bluegrass seeds” ..............-- and DuveEL, JOSEPH WILLIAM TELL, bulletin en- titled “A quick method for the deter- mination of moisture in grain”............ PIETERS, ADRIAN JOHN, bulletin entitled “Kentucky bluegrass seed: Harvest- ing, curing, and cleaning”.....................- ScorieELD, CARL ScHURZ, bulletin entitled “Wild rice: Its uses and _ propaga- MELO Tae ere. ceacesceescxsen ncurses PSII EATIZONG -....-52.c0---2<2---csecscersewoees Brussels sprouts, varieties... Buckhorn seeds, description... ae, Budding the fig, loquat, and mango MCCANN OAMUCLI 2.2.2.0 c2sosencenonanecaaces é 101 Zulletin. 19 99 19 50 67 21 $4 16 30 8-9 11-12 15-18 9-10 28-29 14 51-52 1-38 38-39 39, 46 16 1—40 1-87 10-11 15-30 7-12 60-65 36-44 31-34 49-60 44-45 45 44-45 34-65 20-39 1-71 9-14 1-19 52 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Huiialo grass in central: Pe wss ee c carcass cece 13 Nebraska _..... 59 Bulbs, directions for planting... 25 Buried seeds, vitality experiments, bulletin wo) 088 Burma, Lower, agricultural conditions.._.<_.....-..-----------.-------- 35 gE Lbs oL A Eo (i) (ors ee gene eels penned BOL Spee tee Sa EE ee Beet 21 Burning quality of cigar tobacco, methods of testing, paper... 100 Burnt slashings in western Oregon and Washington, seeding... 94 C Cabbage, varieties <0 coe 21 Cacti, economic, distribution in United States. Ne ot miscellaneous uses —.............. 7 species of value as forage...................... v4 prickly pear, etc., as food for live stock, bulletin. 74 Calcium salts, effect on plants... erat Repu = hes 1 physiological role .... replaced by strontium x California, alkali conditions ~........... oe avocado growing ... 77 date palm suitable ......... 53 interior valley, description ................. 31 northeastern, forage conditions, bulletin. 38 northwestern, agricultural subdivisions. oe plies bottom lands ................. oa eee chaparral ....... caenles climatology ~...nnes eet coast-bluff belt .................... ay il fodder crops .......... 12 fungous parasites .......... 12 grasses, forage crops, ete. 12 interior plateau region 12 itinerary of investigations... 12 mess; IANS) Se een cere 12 mountain valleys ................- ass) ae open, summer, or annual ranges... 12 physical features .....-..-.305 12 ‘ phytographie notes am ee poisonous plants ~....------..--.2ce - 12 WAITS os tance ne ee 12 rampe conditions —......-.cueence 12 deterioration 12 improvement 12 preservation .. ce glee rai.) ee aie te Rs ee Efe ic 12 rotation and management... 12 SOILS). taste ne eee 12 redwood belt 12 sand dunes ................ 12 stock ranges, bulletin... 12 subalpine meadows 12 topography .............. 12 upland ranges ..............0.-+ « 12 woodland or winter range.............. . 12 temperatures... # 85 See also Salton Basin. Calla lily, soft rot, Dulletin...............ccsccssvecssse wove pueed chascaeeh 60 Camels in Algeria .......... ae nnn iain nse PUREE Camomile, scentless, description ‘ot seeds... did, vont Sidess 84 Canada thistle, description Of seeds......0.......:.cccsecsccsese-cesnsecenennes 84 Canary PTRGE, TOG, ING OLMBUD... 0x.csrsrencscyscconcsesneet SAREE 59 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 53 ‘ 3ulletin. Page. Cape Cod sand dunes, reclamation, bulletin... Ps. 65 1-38 of Good Hope, seedling grape varietie ss: 25 14-16 Carbon dioxid, effect on Bacillus coli and Bacillus typhi... 100 64-69 BURIED LE ULES ssctcvcis cnc bcesccecesencccthesvagta ai'decaupeaecueziéasanes 21 104 5 CARLETON, Mark A.rrep, bulletin entitled “Invest igations ‘of ‘ MSPS tes a 63 1—32 “Macaroni wheats” 3 1-62 and CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH SCUDDER bulletin entitled “The commercial status of durum wheat’... : 70 -70 BemG@arnallit, Action ON CYOPS.-.-:---...-c-e-ceecececeeseess Pa 1 12 Carob in Algeria...... 80 84-85 Carrots in western Oregon and Washington oe 94 Bemayi ; CEDARS) Deh ee ee ee ee 21 104-116 H Cascade Mountains, farm practice in Sees to the west, : CURES 2p. | ae Cees is 94 1-39 Castilla and trumpet tree, comparison... 49 29 botanical study 2 49 18-31 COCOA HS We 0 ae ty Aaa ae Sein 7 to 49 48-62 : clean cultivation 49 ' clearing land ........ 49 distance between trees. 49 54-5: profits and prospects 49 76-84 propagation from cuttings —.... re eee 59-60 SEed) SOUS) aNd), MUTSCTICS ES oss sc. ods: cess tae 49 seeds, handling, 22.0.2... <2 AAR ee i 49 shade 49 deseription —...... 49 habits in wild state AEE eee 49 RUCeTESEeIMONOR TAD 00. rete Seay ose ci ce eee nese ets 49 Thm. (CUGISE CE ot RATE ee ee , A Ne 49 49 TECTED SRE eee 49 IESE) © ae ceesg nee eee ee ee 49 Nicaragua Thre eegees ecee 49 latex extraction —. ee eer ee 2 as ee |) 49 Ses vesseaa 49 e Porto Rico, suitability........... ‘ : 49 4 productiveness ...........::.-.:..--.-- sae Soe 49 2 TEST ODEe Con IST tS) Oe ee 49 4 industry, extent 0... es ae 49 i Shade tree =:....-...c!esc::ss:: E Serio: " 5 49 nl Ripe SAMI ATIC ULOS Sx, cp: coset lars tr sce actteasnccecteavaeeceeeetesins 49 ¢ iyo) oy line eee ee : es 19 conu cit) G\WGG1 Giga eee 2 : 49 Cattle, fattening and maintaining on prickly pear. Soke 74 BEERS CBB nooo sve vcaacsonccatenccecteeesdeacunce ere : 80 raising in South Alasicaleen bie ood Pe Ae Se = 82 MMC AINHOWET) VATICLICS -.....2....0:.20..cclsccccseseeeseeeeeeeeee a ee f 21 DMREEIP MEV ATGLICS! 2 oo. os20.220.ccccveSnscecunsaccieacedsccessseoet less 21 Celery, varieties .... {a 21 Cell, central, in Zamia .. 2 fecundated egg in Zamia............ 2 RCV OUIGLON: < 205... .<---c-0--2--ccencescocsseesecte i. 81 Cellular structures, evolution, bulletin... : 81 Central American rubber tree, culture, bulletin. oe 49 MemGrosome) In Zamia..................2.-.-.--- eee ee 2 REMIT CSTe sees ove Se oc. SoS 64 76 for water supplies, Duiletin —........................-cns-o-e 64 76 assistance of Department of Agriculture ................ 64 effect of treatment, re- DOTUR), Sorecenneretnlna eines Kd ee Baltimore, Md... 76 Bond Hill, Cin- ecinnati, Ohio . 76 Butte, Mont........ 76 Cambridge, N.Y.. 76 Elmira, N. Y...... 76 Fieldhome, N. Y.. 76 Glencove, L. IL, IN. Yo Soccer 76 Greenwich, Conn ba bv eens Se. 76. 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. if , Bulletin. Page. _ Copper sulphate for water supplies, effects 352 Se Ge 15-44 ‘ 76 9-31 : 38-55 } eradication of algz.......... 64 26-27 76 9-31 : filtration necessary -........ 64 41-42 76 43-44 7 knowledge of polluting organism necessary ... 64 40-41 76 31-32 method of application... 64 25-26 76 38 opinions of toxicologists. 76 48-51 quantity necessary to eradicate alge ........... 64 15-20 : 76 12 = sterilizing baeteria-pol- luted water 76 38-40 tests of method _.... 64 26-28 - 76 13-31 objections to use... epee ih 48 ISD eS TU) eee Sctacssenctecoes = case 43-44 STEEL ACTER «yess etna Sec e nce eeoae 64 42 7 51-54 sewage disposal 76 3 ? See also Bacteria. Oke th NESS rai eee pohtibe leita 80 94-95 Corn, apparatus for measuring Glemen ice sere a 41 16-17 causes of deterioration in transit or storage. 99 7-8 classes and grades 41 18-20 deterioration —........ 41 20-23 determination of elements - 41 17-18 elements essential in grading... 41 15-16 export, quality 99 7 field, varieties _. ae ara 134-149 PEAGeS oy .s-.....- ee 18-20 loeal and special 41 22-23 grading, commercial, bulletin 41 1-24 Oh oS) eee oe 80 77 62 49-51 59 4849 Oregon and Washington, Stee ih) 29-30 7 inspection bea el 10 certificates a eaten, eA 20 parasite, rooi-bloem a cscg este tess Le 18-20 pop, varieties : Peg ean aL quick method of determining moisture. bulletin. 99 salad, varieties .... 21 sweet, varieties —.. Ree eae ee eee | : water content -.. serene 99 _ Costa Riea, avocados ... : 77 Castilla species —... 3 49 ~ Cotton, Allen Improved : 25 Dye 7 25 F Chath : , 25 | Guatemalan varieties —... eke cate ss 8 in Egypt, cultivation ......... E 62 ‘ distance between beds —......... ; 62 7 RSS) Bose eee ee ate ote 62 t PER UNIMZINI Ps pope cas be nars 7 62 irrigating .......... ae 62 OPEL) YET 0 ge necator ee : 62 ' marketing 28 Sheer 62 7 aes : +3 ' OVC Fah nY ep SE ee eter coe ae “ 62 roa ae Sa oe Se ee ee 62 \ 101 58 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Cotton, in Egypt, plowing... Se eee eee 62 seed exports 62 Selection = ...25se te se ene 62 sowing .. 62 varieties. ........... 62 Abbasi... 62 Ashmouni ... eee Fannwviteh" 58. . 5. ee 62 Mit Afifi 62 watering 62 JOHN Storrs, bulletin entitled “Range management in the State of Washington”... 75 Jones Improved’ ..20.0....05...0in< . 26 Kekchi, dwarf habit, 3 ov BB involuecres, ete ...... =a protection of bolls pe ts Kidney; *etiliural valve 2 ee ect oo ds nee ee 8s SGed) ArranGOmMente 6 oor. - cnn cs:ccensceseseceteencessee nearer 88 Kong le ee eee ee tee long-staple Upland varietie 25 PATO ccosctstevessnceertteaen tees 25 plant, buds, proliferation scastedbussbxeseceSeSgugeetseaatuctetyeueeneeeaae 88 conscious and unconscious selection.................. 88 extrafloral mectaries ..........c.ccc----e-eses - 88 involucre as a protective structure 88 nature and causes of weevil-resisting adapta- PODS: 2250565 eects ee ee ee ee 88 parasitized buds, behavior 8s protection of bolls... = a protective characters 22.272 o:scuis.Gscecaseeatureeeee 88 seeds;. protection ‘by lint-<...c....:t.0.c eee 88 weevil-resisting adaptations, bulletin =: (OS RAVENS) 5 cscs eects ae ee directions for planting and picking Re ct DiGbOT ys Sereeecer ata te eee at 2B Sea broole) se sscceeeeceretate sacs = on ea Sea Island No. 224 .. - =O varieties ....... = 25 seed, distribution in 1903 25 pure, how to grow... 25 short-staple Upland varieties 25 top grass in central Texas 13 wilt, ‘control c.c.cccesc.-... ee CLE SOLUS GION seks wc s cae ecnaccoaavceanesyaqeernccyenaeeanteneeeee ome 25 CALGON WOO “TUSEB o. eacetareeessc wed eves scecivsedouss wenn ne ea 63 Cowpea, diseases........ j 25 in Nebraska 59 Iron, circular containing description, ete. 25 characters 25 directions for planting 25 TEL RWOT Ye eoecessscs insisonstceensins 25 root-knot « 2D description pected boca a ( resistant variety .......... ee some diseases, bulletin ...... es rete) iy, WAIT CANIBG aia retpetnantnscennsnacni at description of disease. a om PUN PUB: case waeec deena eine te eee 17 RBI EGON 5s san coe sad ccasacesdiacontbcnsnapsantyba tien Eton thane 17 infeetion and spread... ey ty TEM Macs snceehs paxashessacstshazstwaincnags gy 6 preventive measures .................+ ae experimenter 2 oiccosecst estes 17 rotation of crops Pe sachasbacihiens 17 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 59 ; Bulletin. Page. Cowpea, wilt, preventive measures, substitution of crops... 17 15-16 t relation to Other diSeC@seS:...-..---10:--c:2:ceecsec--n---ocaeesnene 17 12 _Cowpeas i in central Texas................ : 60-61 : results of inoculation. 58-61 Cows fed on prickly pear, milk production.......... 20-24 milch, experiments with silage alone... 20-21 Crab-grass in central Texas.. 41 Cranberries in full bloom, effect of spray ing 10 keeping qualities of sprayed and unsprayed fruit. 100 10-11 Cranberry spraying experiments in 1905, paper.......... 100 7-12 CRAWFORD, ALBERT CoRNELIU S, paper entitled “* The poisonous action of Johnson grass ”.. : 90 31-34 Cress beds, eradication of algz_. 64 26-27 76 48 varieties 21 166-167 _Cross-pollination, methods . = 96 20-21 Crown-gall and hairy-root diseases of the apple tree, paper... 90 15-17 formation, effect of w hAfEN 0) 9) (aman eee ee rere - 100 18 relation of wrapping of apple grafts, paper... - 100 13-20 Cuba, avocados ah ~ oe 77 26 Cuban-grown tobacco, supply........ ss ee ea 26 3-14 Cucumber, varieties... : Siete ses 21 167-182 Cultivated forage crops ‘of the Northwestern States, bulletin... 3 1-28 Cultivation of the Australian wattle, paper-..........-.2..2----------------- 51 21-25 wheat in permanent alfalfa fields, paper 72 5-7 MMB AINCIRCCHIONS, LODACCO....2-.-.--.0.c0.csecsescncnesestsneesen-nconaccbasocusoeeece 91 15-34 Culture of the Central American rubber tree, bulletin... 49 1-86 Cylinders, ae used in moisture determinations of RIA PME eg oan oS oan scent aa oezpccceta te atesa-citeascretececeeseeses | 99 20-21 D Dairy rations, prickly pear.... T4 20-24 Dandelion seeds, Ee caerion.. 84 OTT ES a Se ae eee 21 Darwin’s investigations of cross and self fertiliz 96 PUUERCINETICE SY ANICIONES -.2....-.---cccsc--c2aensi--nenseceneocecene- awn i: 3 feasibility for United States... Seen.c 3 it, JA at er ae 80 69-70 ) Mexico, competition. 5: 134-136 Sahara 86 18-26 SERS) =. 92 11-55 on Persian Gulf, bulletin... 34 1-32 TROD ES) eee ae 53 136-138 54 28-29 gardens of Oued Souf, Sahara Desert...0..000000...... 86 18-26 care of palms ares 86 ZI harvest «.....-- a 86 24-25 manuring ac 86 22-24 planting ......... $6 19-21 sand encroach- ABER, | ..--:: : 86 22 varieties grown 86 25-26 } wield. ....:. - 86 25 Tunis, irrigating 92 17-48 manuring 92 49-50 planting ..... a ; 92 46-47 preparation of soil...... : 92 45 r size and value........./ 92 41-42 on Persian Gulf, irrigation... pester aoe 54 14-19 location = ‘ 54 11-13 planting ............. 54 19-20 secondary c ultures s 54 19 a : = a 13-14 RUC BDI CN ce cerer emacs ont cateranaeaays 54 19-20 101 60 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Date palm and its utilization in the Southwestern States, Na a ce 53 cultural methods in Sahara 36 Tunis .... 92 on Persian Gulf. anton heat requirements ,.................. ae) oe humidity and rain, effects.. 53 male trees and pollination.. ~ 92 IEDM EN UNA os ee ace aap eo 92 PUOpeeatory Tre Sera raeee eee 92 UA CoS wes Sees eee ee ASS varieties, Algeria 80 and date culture in Tunis, bulletin... Sem) Deglet Noor 53 Mislas een t 53 ordinary ....... 5 ae Persian Gulf .... ee | Sahara Desert -...........: ABS E IEE, Sikh en eee 53 86 sorts suitable for introduction : 53 Datesias food 22. ee ae ore: gathering, curing, and packing. 53 heat required to mature 53 in-Alperia cece nee Seed RE ae Shs 80 market 53 packing and shipment .. 54 Persian Gulf, bulletin... 54 Davy, JosePpH Burtt, bulletin entitled “Stock ranges of north- western California: Notes on the grasses and forage plants and Tange conditions 7 Ss cierto nctns 12 Decay of timber and methods of preventing it, bulletin. 14 Demonstration farm, Terrell, Tex., paper 51 Denmark, sand fixation.................... 57 Description of wheat varieties, bulleti 47 Determinations, moisture, of grain............ 99 Development of single-germ beet seed, bulletin. o> ee Disease, mosaic, tobacco, observations, bulletin. 18 resistance of potatoes, Bulletin :...........encensceeeceeeeerees 87 tTenaece ” .s.::.: See See eee a | tobacco wilt and its control, paper. aay lease) von Diseases, almond, gummosis ........................-. ena . 26 apple, bitter-rot, bulletin. ee control; /Dsele Gi ieee sec saceeencnca nereenee 93 erown-gall, types -...0..0.4...0..8 90 leaf-spots <..2--..-.05... 93 scab: ..:.. 93 ESSA a Secs cme cn nak np ntact sean aie ee e 48 sooty-blotch . 93 tree, crow n-gall ‘and ‘hairy -root, “paper ot a ash, “Whites sDUALatUiy > tein x rater ee 32 VOCE OR Miter coast ocnc cya sniaaontiies TT bacterial, black-rot of turnips, DUM CRIM coon « BQ Bermuda) or Master Vly... cccccsccaveoeseceen wewscuvorbere ONCE black-rot, effect on turnips, bulletin Schnee Ce citrus trees and fruits, bulletin... i eeeode 52 COW POE NO MTLORI os. sas ewnssnsenitcuuntamcectoyn tented meee eee Bi Massachusetts 65 Netherlands . 57 foEemMeiion .2seee 57 Durum wheat. Algerian varieties, bulletin. 7 commercial status, bulletin . ae macaroni wheats, bulletin -...........-..c.-csssceoenssseccssen 3 See also Macaroni and Wheat. o DuveL, JoseEpH WILLIAM TELL, bulletin entitled— “The vitality and germina- tion, of seeds "2. 5.4 58 “The vitality of buried seeds 33) 3 ee 83 paper entitled— “ Garlicky wheat” .............. 100 “The storage and germina- tion of wild rice seed”. 90 and Brown, EpcGar, bulletin entitled “A quick method for the determination of moisture in grain ”’............... 99 E Earth’s crust, lime and magnesia content...........------.---------..-+----- 1 Effect of black-rot on turnips, bulletin... 29 copper upon water bacteria, pape 100 UOfee eg 1) CAN rai CN orto hos pe aoe ee en 21 Egypt, agriculture, notes, bulletin. alfalfa, or lucern... . 62 | 21: il cer Sos Ramen ae: Semeur nue SE Sines 62 feo) ripe 1) gb sree aa ty Se ieee cance ERS A EE Se Ss 62 DOYSEG Mis Cult y etn oo oan seca cence ce eng cer naan eee 23 62 Cel bd ye -2 . <2) > ere See ee 9 Johnson grass, extermination, PODER 72 investigations 11 poisonous ac- tion, paper. 90 Leptochloa, North American spe- cies, bulletin 33 native in Alaska .... : - 82 Nebraska, Oulletin ................::0:c---00 59 Nevada and Oregon, bulletin... 15 prickly pear and other cacti, bul- lelu es. 74 purehase and collection of see ds, roots, and specimens... catecseoeage LLU Fs{olola i) 021 We eae ee eee : 59 distribution ............. ae 10 Texas, central, bulletin. 13 Washington, Oregon, California, ; and Nevada, bulletin ...... eres OO 101 67 Page. 39-40 27-28 13-14 15-22 20-22 16-20 22 1-24 31-34 a — | “tH Ww “2 or “2 | or ww 68 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Grasses and forage plants, Washington State — 22... 75 hiue, ‘seeds; ‘bilietin: <2! ee Se 84 Kentucky bluegrass seeds, bulletin -.......222222202-0e-- 19 miscellaneous, central Texas....... ei mixtures with orchard grass..................---.-.---.. .. 100 North American species of Agrostis, bulletin... -2" (G8 Leptochloa, bulletin 4. 33 Spartina, bulletin -........... 9 Great Basin, description ——— 31 northern border, description of region 15 forage conditions, bulletin... 15 PIANES og ee 15 precipitation -... &: Bin Sous Ss ES Britain, potato varieties... 87 Plains, description 31 GRIFFITHS, Davin, bulletin entitled “ Forage conditions and problems in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northeastern California, and north- western Nevada” ........ 38 “Forage conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin, being a report upon investi- gations made during July and August, 1901, in the region between Winnemucca, Nevada, and Ontario, Oregon” 15 “Range improvement in Arizona (Cooperative experiments with the Arizona experiment station}... =. a 4 “Range investigations in Arizone 1 eee 67 “The prickly pear and other cacti as food for Stodley es ee 74 Guatemala; avocados*= es 2 a) Castilla (rubber) . 49 experiments with wee fs .: 88 Gypsum, use'in crop Producion nn caceereere eee 1 Hairy-root of the apple tree Halogen compounds, physiolog Harter, Leonarp L., bulletin entitled or Che variability of wheat varieties in resistance to toxic Salts””...............-..---cc-cs-vcceseserseeenene 79 HartTLey, CHARLES PINCKNEY, bulletin entitled “Injurious ef- fects of premature pollination; with general notes on arti- ficial pollination and the setting of fruit without pollina- LC ye Ree or ict by eepenbeeyarokhaseemenai PEE aor og Sates Hawaii, avocados ..... - Hawkweed seeds, description... Hay, baling Caps ..... erops in Arizona...........---- Nevada and Oregon... 15 handling | a 15 ORION PRIMM erate ackmcrecser ese fnnc ste ; 72 making in western ” Rita and Washington... 94 methods of curing... eiotingeciesdaeeaer’ AMAR GREET 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. Bulletin. TA OMCOATO :SLASS. .........-.2---seeveseeseoees spelt ace ranaaeacieus tapas cenchse 100 stage of growth for cutting... ; Se ee ee HEpGCOCK, GEORGE GRANT, paper entitled “ ‘The crown-gall and hairy-root diseases of the apple tree ” i pt 190) and VON SCHRENK, HERMANN, paper entitled “The wrapping of apple grafts and its relation to the crown-gall disease ” ...............---- .. 100 Hedge plants, fruit bearing. 25 Hemp, Manila, propagation : 46 HENKEL, ALIce, bulletin entitled “ Wild medicinal plants of the United States ” a 89 paper entitled “Peppermint” .. 90 and KiuGH, GEORGE FRED, paper entitled “Golden seall”’............ 51 Herbs, varieties 21 Hevea, climate suitable 49 comparison with Castilla 49 HILLMAN, FREDERICK HEBARD, paper entitled * Descriptions of the seeds of the commercial bluegrasses and their impuri- GIES 027 eee steer 84 “The seeds of rescue grass and chess” _._... Hirencock, ALBERT SPEAR, bulletin entitled ‘* Cultivated forage erops of the Northwestern Suahesy. =... 31 Methods used for eontrolling and reclaiming sand CUMES 2 Beene 57 North American species of Agros- OA Fee Ree ea 68 “North American species of Lep- techloa” .......- EOS and Lyon, THOMAS LyTTLETON, bul- letin entitled ‘ Pasture. meadow, and forage crops in Nebraska”. 59 rw) or ‘ ‘ Hoes, “scuffle” 94 Hogs in south Alaska... 82 prickly pear for feedine............<..-.-.02...= Be ease on Sun T4 PERIL GOUALONVATICLICS -...........c2.-c:c----2ceeesccceseoe-sacsacaseee-eaestacsedesece- 87 Bemestendilaws Of AlASKA..........--cccc-c.sosececccnecceccntencecensesescenssnees 82 Horse-radish of Japanese pec bac ate ce GE ate: 42 WATICTICS -..cc-cccceceea-e2 eae eaets tence > 21 Horses in Algeria .............- ee eee 80 Humidity, atmospheric, in Ranier ee 92 Hungary, analyses of soils.....0.0200.2...... 1 Hunter, Byron, bulletin entitled “Farm ‘practic e with forage crops in western Oregon and western Washington”. 94 HusMANN, GreorGE CHARLES [FREDERICK], bulletin entitled “The manufacture and preservation of unfermented grape must” ae 24 Hybridity of potatoes, relation to disea Hybridization and seed selection, new varieties of tobaeco SOA Ease ONE nee ae oe cecen cncncesvawesatonsecensanceercescensees 96 101 69 Page. 49-50 9-10 15-17 1-76 19-29 35-46 190--195 47 14 1-36 1-68 . 70. BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. i : Bulletin. Implements used in exterminating Johnson grass.................-.--- 72 Importations of seeds and plants, Inventory No. 9, bulletin... 5 10, bulletin. 66 11, bulletin... 97 Improving the quality of wheat, bulletin... 78 Inbreeding of tobacco neCessary........-..-..---<--c----<---ee-eeeeneeeenneeeeeeneees 96 Index, common and scientific names of plants (mainly grasses and seeds and plants im- ported _........ 5 premeren S on earege sen ee ges erence a India, agricultural conditions fig in Algeria_—> 80 grass in Nebraska....................-. Repeaep Ae ae tay 2m 59 mango scions, importation ... . 46 rice, consumption as food .... ea ee BN 1801) een mk ete Re einem rv Me ten 5S) pee Eh Pe dpe Se 35 Boils, “ANBIYSES een eee ns eee 3 Injurious effects | of premature pollination, bulletin - 22 “Inland empire,” GESCriptiOn.-. nn esceceneuwcsemsapees seaseeten Re Inoculation, legume, Bulletim: ——cacscecenenscsenseecceresae ~ Pe | CONGITIONS, PAPE -<.n... --.0acecerecsee---nens 100 of soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, paper id, hae with soil bacteria, effect of heavy............-.-...-..+ 100 See also Bacteria, Legumes, Nitrogen, and Soil inoculation. Ampect emennies: Gi ane estes oon sc ano een energies ees 91 resisting adaptations of cotton gee 88 “Internal brown-spot” of potatoes... = 87 Introduction, dates, Persian Gulf, bulletin. 54 Japanese bamboos, bulletin... ead: seeds.and plants, Bulletin... o.ci.ecenccsnscnesennwenes 5 66 | 97 Introductions, plant, from Japan, Bulletin 2.2.00. 42 Inventory of seeds and plants imported, No. 9, bulletin 5 10, bulletin —.... 66 11, bulletin ..... 97 Investigations of rusts, Dtlleti... :.............ccececeecennrarenseoreen .. 63 lodin compounds, relations of organisms... 45 Iron compounds, physiological réle......... 45 NN NNR can setae ee save ance nsnonessantesacaia 45 influence on formation of chlorophyll 45 organic compounds .... os ee WEVA, REPU Se CTC basco wcesercnemsearern eesti cs arene 45 Irrigation, agriculture in Sahara Desert without irrigation, OT aces ae intensiecesiveysv iva esen chitonstinmanaiaceeiaiated i gesaiceri « Bulletins 56 and 89 are also indexes in themselves.. 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. Irrigation, in Algeria Egypt . the Jerid, unis. Italy, analyses of soils Jamaica yam cultivation Japan, agricultural conditions - bamboos, bulletin farm life wages ... food crops .. horse-radish Be Ree Lilium longiflorum varieties... lily, Easter, propagation, bulletin manure, practices mitsumata, paper plant, paper. paper plants, varieties.............. plant introductions, bulletin rice culture ate ene WOM ANN Ra eect ce cat vee cen aves betas eases ocsactancs! A field work ..... profits in growin soils, analyses ............ three new plant introductions, bulletin udo, a winter salad, paper............-...-...--.--- Japanese bamboos and their introduction into Americ tin ... Jerid, drainage ‘system. geography irrigation system .... SUL: era water supply .. Johnson grass, bulletin ... control ... description dissemination eradication extermination, paper nutritive value origin and distribution. poisonous action, paper Texas, central utilization JONES, LEwis RALPH, bulletin entitled “Disease resistance of UTEESUG IES" sees) Sopaee eee te ee : a, bulle- Kadiak Island, Alaska, description of grass lands Kafir plum as a shade tree Kainit, action on crops Kale, thousand-headed, in western Oregon and W ashington methods of feeding = sowing seed crop ... VL TLLELITCEISS ae 73 lc a Kearney, Toomas HENRY, bulletin entitled “Aoriculture w vith- out irrigation in the Sahara Des- “Date varieties and date cul- ture in Tunis”. 101 Bulletin. Cwmocow ut SWWW Ee eR RWW ROWwW Rw WW = me or OF OF Or 09 WH DW Ore 86 99 72 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. IKEARNEY, THOMAS HENRY, and MEANS, THOMAS HERBERT, bul- letin entitled “Agricultural ex- plorations in Algeria’................... 80 Kelep protection of cotton plants... ....----ceee--:sensnseseeesenneneenenes 88 KELLERMAN, Kari FREDERIC, and BECKWITH, THEODORE Day, paper entitled “The ef- fect of copper upon water bacteria” ................ 100 Moore, GEoRGE THOMAS, bul- letin entitled “A method of destroying or prevent- ing the growth of alge and certain pathogenic bacteria in water sup- plies”. 64 “Copper as an algicide and disinfectant in water sup- plies” 528 28 RoBinson, THOMAS RALPH, paper entitled ‘“Condi- tions affecting legume in- oculation” \....s..ccc.ct-Ae 100 Kenai peninsula, Alaska, description.............-.2..---.ssssseseseeeeeeseeeeeee 82 Kentucky bluegrass seed: Harvesting, curing, and cleaning, AEG 2 ae re et cee re ee kt - 19 Key, descriptive, to characters of dates ea to varieties. of lettuce .<..:..6.2.2..-5 cen a ee 69 KiucH, GrorGE Frep, and HENKEL, ALICE, paper entitled “Golden seal” 2.3.2. eee 51 Knapp, SEAMAN ASAHEL, bulletin entitled “Recent foreign explorations, as bearing on the agricultural development of the Southern States” .........2.0 00005 35 paper entitled “The work of the community demonstration farm at Terrell, : Texi cz. 265:-eeae 51 Knot-grass in central Texas...................:::0-+- 13 Kohl-rabi, varieties 21 Kraemer, Dr. Henry, statements regarding the toxic influence OF COPpPer 5.2.2... e cscs tens ceaespreeeesn poe 76 experiments with copper foil in water Supplies. 2.c02chwdneoeeee eee 76 L Lamb'’s-quarters, seeds, Gescription ............:ccccesecceeeeneesceneeseene 84 Land laws of Alaska............0.....2.::s00s Be Ns Late-blight and rot of potatoes fs oe Be Datex, or milk, Of THDBGr trees. ...o5..ccgpeccs voc aceenatesuodeduaatenseneneetioaae 49 coagulation. ..12-pucentaee 49 extraction .... oe ko Laws regarding agricultural lands in Alaska............ .. 88 Leaf and blood, relation between coloring matter. a aE spot, apple, effect of Bordeaux mixture......... EM) pie Ee Oe a. 87 Lecithin, physiological importance 45 Leek, varieties 21 Legal and customary weights per bushel of seeds, pape ye Legume inoculation, conditions, paper ey OL VINIB....csccanscesececes Legumes, Arizona o bacteria for soil inoc culation, bulletin. 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. Bulletin Legumes, bacteria for soil inoculation, paper.........-.--..------..-- a Te 100 conditions affecting inoculation, paper...... 3S ae 100 eross-inoculation and characters of bacteria.. 71 PP ROMO GIOCMUIGS) bac27,-eoerercsscs sete eee tcckertateescenetsocsead eer cec acs real varying conditions upon. “pacteri ia. ee 71 fixation of nitrogen without forming nodules... 71 inoculation by pure cultures.. 7 72 of soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, POP OT. <2 oorsccee 2 methods of cultivating bacteria using liquid cultures nature ........... wore Neate nine nitrogen-gathering | organism, mates.) 8... nodule-bearing, effect upon succeeding ecrops............ nodules not always beneficial... soil inoculation, bulletin paper results and reports... ALES SIS (CLE 6 FE UE time of inoculating with bacteria See also Bacteria, Nitrogen, and Soil inoculation. Leguminous crops, effect upon succeeding crops.............--.--.--------- plants, nature and relation to bacteria Lemon, coloring bed house .. leaf-spot and wither-tip 3) 00) Sener treatment —...... Lentils in Egypt ................... SORE Reo Leptochloa, North American species, bulletin ........ : Lepto-uridinew, experiments .... her iyal bee 3 Letters on agriculture in the West Indies, “Spain, and Ee, TSEC peed plea ate ea Lettuce, "American varieties, bulletin catalogue of variety names classes COO Fa habit leaves maturity nomenclature seedling plants BuOoOtIMS to) Seed..........c2......0....-.. Seeks ioh eee 140 5 ee source of seed... an terms used in description.............. varieties classed as distinet, deseription.... classification description key ... suited to different conditions aor, “IGN 0 ENS sa ne Lilium longiflorum, deterioration, cultivation, and varieties reproduction from seed............... Wily, Bermuda, industry......................-:-:00+-- F Celia sott rot, Oulletin.................-......... 101 S0-103 12-13 18 11-12 10-11 15-16 16-18 14 205-226 74 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Lily, calla, soft rot, cause SPER EE ESE oy aD comparison with similar organisms... 60 effect... 22.038 c see eee Petes i) general appearance........ 60 morphological characters 60 origin and spread............. 60 physiological characters - Aad TEMMGGICS . nceac: cc scccevs nace ess dee eet sey, GO Easter, or Bermuda, Bermuda-grown, deterioration.. 39 cultivation in United States... 39 39 39 39 GISCASCS ale ener eee emasculating and pollinating.. investigations in propagating.. Japan-grown, deterioration -. 39 « planting in open ground 39 propagation from seed, bulletin... 39 reproduction from seed.......-......-.... 39 seedlings, pricking off... 39 SCEGS, SOWIE <.-n.---ceeceo-ccsncecneea-noeseneennee= 39 varieties from Japan. 39 Lime and magnesia as carbonates in sand cultures. Poise soil leultmnes) 2... 1 nitrates and sulphates in water cul- TPES. eee en Saatchi 1 in sand culture 1 experiments with barley -...... 1 cowpeas 1 oats and cowpeas .......... 1 wheat, and beans. 1 PUAV OE nec cresmapcacne-actenceeemeee 1 TODA COM shea 1 wheat and oats.............- 1 extracted by various plants............. i functions, theoretical, discussion. <3 ee -in animals, proportion................. ee chestnut tree............. 1 countries, various 1 plants, various ......... 1 river deposits, ratio ............... 1 soils, correction .........-..---+--+++ s armiccal 1 SUGAL beet .........-nacceeceseeeeennnencessenrnsneseattaren 1 tobacco leaf ash 1 BOLUS svcscon-sbreoteeneets 1 relation to plant growth, bulletin ce i requirements Of QTAPC....--.......ceeer ree a as sulphate in soil cultures............... 1 effect upon inoculation of legumes 100 ETUC TUS TEL LOVIS acne entietitpan nv ercn en ven ene 45 in earth’s crust.............. sidshpenap ike s spiensibe SHASeDEscaeeae 1 plants, distribution ...........0.00- 45 POG, RUD GRIE OU aloes eretenos sn n4<5n-snnrowaninewenlinaes 1 BUELL ES, PUNCH cet nner e eves ane 45 importance for animals. 45 life without aR 45 physiological importance 45 role pe Se : Ce transportation of starch.............. sconn dbvausiuapies , 96 care necessary in growing.. 53 cold-air drainage............... ; 53 resistance ........ 53 distance between tree 53 Ce res.) el a eerie 53 historical description ... . 63 in Tunis, culture................ -. 92 harvesting = SS PIP AtIN GS SF of Cpe WEI A tC Ral 117 112 eee aoe Ee 25 Seab, apple, effect of Bordeaux mixture tae SL (oe ean ee SB a ti ce Em ae See) SW Gs FR 0 0) Fs ee ar Re te er 48 ScorreLp, CARL ScuwRz, bulletin entitled “ The Algerian durum wheats: A classified list, with descrip- tions ? ae Pu “The commercial grad- nip’ Of COV reece 41 “The description of wheat varieties "..< 47 paper entitled “ The salt-water limits Of ‘wild rice” ..-x..--2 screenees 72 and Brown, Epc6ar, bulletin entitled “Wild rice: Its uses and propaga- Mon. “ 50 Scolymus, varieties ..........-.-.--.-.-..- oe Scorzonera, VATICUGS cesc-.-W.--ni..eosceoencsne 21 Scorr, WILLIAM Moore, bulletin entitled “ The control of apple Byer Oe a a oe vrs scape saclrdas ed carton pee aE 93 Scripner, FRANK LAMSON-, bulletin entitled “ Records of seed distribution and cooperative experiments with grasses and POR ure Pena face ae in n onn icecvae nner eepeesonerco note ee eee 10 Sea water, soluble salts content............. ~ ae: Sedge, oval-headed, description of seeds.. 84 Sedges and rushes in Nevada and Oregon........ 15 in ceniral Texas —................ Bete ee . oe BOT BTY RMI ss 9 nee coicisonocsnvgonsueieantoongesnuvesteeptieses near ana 82 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. Bulletin BIPEIIMENIESNOL TIVETS, ADALYSES-:.:..-.--cc-censcececeedace-nsnccessceneestesercesestscze-ee 1 Seed and plant distribution, circulars... 00... 25 introduction, notes from South Africa, paper. 25 Bedmror PTASSCS ANG ClOVETS..n. 2. ccsc1 cen saccnceccecsentacensetcececeraeces 59 anrenemdiserip ation: dm) VOSS co .c82.0..cesccorccceecvesecocsenzacsauesessoesae 25 GIsMribuUTion TeCOTdS, OUllev im. 2-2. n.ccec cece cecestcceneeencecseeetenccoees 10 Meempuckys DINE RTass, Bullet «22a... cece cccccceeneacscsnnsocsosnesaseaecons 19 OLCHATCSOTASS 2..-....-c200200-0- . 100 Plants, tobacco; Selection) -..2.-.2-i2.---------eeeceeneee = 06 potatoes, source, relation to disease resistance... see propagation of Easter lily, bulletin.........2. 22.222... ceeeeeee eee 39 94 94 selection, new varieties of tobacco produced..........0....... 96 SESPIHMEMIP STIGMA E ACO! . garlicky, P@Per- ................----ecasecsnesen-o-+ 100 glossary of terms used in deseriptions of Algerian varieties x grasses in Nebraska....... 59 Hached variety, description... if head, structure so —......----.--::-0<,c2--0- 7 improvement in quality of ele 78 improving the Sgreuy,.| bulletin .. ey in Algeria... <= ae ive nanngsndcuiev weed nenid isles © eile Sees ee = . 80 investigations to improve quality, object .. 78 Kahla variety, | gulch 7 kernel, properties -........... 78 selection to inc rease - quantity of proteids ...... 78 selection to increase quantity of proteids in CNOGMIENED 52 cine tsoegss macaroni, bulletin ............... Algerian, bulletin ......... commercial status, “bulletin. machinery for drying and oa ae Pa Maroc variety, description ... m4 Medeah variety, description... Medeba variety, description... Meskiana variety, description... aa Mohamed Ben Bachir variety, deseription. Moroceain variety, description ......0..cc0 as M’Saken variety, description......... oui sbaaiieasivecestietoce nivel 101 INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 101 3ulletin. Page. Wheat, Nab el Bel variety, description ....0.000000000.... Se SUNT, 48 nitrogen content, conditions affecting: -........2.0002.--- 78 40-46 effect of length of growing period... 78 104-111 relation of size of kernel... 78 35-37 specifie gravity of kernel 78 39-40 yield affected by length of growing 1 os 0 ae i 78 104-111 to the acre .. 78 72-76 Ouchda variety, description ui 42 Paros variety, description i 24 Pelissier variety, description... 3 53 7 38 NM onmy UL eH, «AESCT UP PLO, 2. cap eee ace cn Saccbeaegeewche--pnsvaceseaces 7 24 relation of size of head to yield, height, and tillering Or (LST vas 5 eo a RR ceils eee Ae ne ea Reet Bee) ar 78 111-118 resistance to toxic salts, bibliography wid) 47-48 experiments, bulletin... sen Ue) 1-48 individual variability of va- TEULES pete se nena ered ese 79 37-39 method of establishing toxic limits 79 21-23 methods of experiments 79 16-20 results of experiments -.. 23-35 practical value - 79 44-45 with magnesium— CANN CoS ei KG | SEE eee ener ar) SUPER AUTG eres ene n- ee 79 with sodium— bicarbonate 7 28-30 carbonate 79 27-28 ehlorid ze) it! 32-35 SPU WOMEN HOY cee eeeeeeeeers | (tt) 30-32 summary of results of experi- ments 79 34-35 varieties tested .. Eee!) 11-16 3udapest —.... 79 15 (Caio Se eee 79 14-15 Kharkof 22.2 79 14 Kubanka ...... 79 15-16 Maraouani :... 79 16 RAG «679 14 Preston 79 12-13 Turkey ay 19 13 Zimmerman . 79 13-14 results of breeding to increase content of proteid ni- (TLD Y2/210) 3 Co eee eee oes Ueecpek eas 78 ALAR OMA, PUPCM -n...2--.---2----e0s %, SHS c2t as) 5 seedlings, analyses of ash constituents:....00---.---. eer i) semolina oeetesc 25 cleaning 20 milling process eee!) seouring: ......... 20 sown with red clover... 94 Tesdouni variety, description. 7 ; Mrimenian variety, CeScripbion.... o.oo. ete eee 7 7 varieties, description, terms used, ‘bulletin . 47 7 sakep oC OCI ESH Up bo in ee eneee ee Ee ey eG 9-18 Coun pibhinie (Evie neve) aol eh ah s¥ eee ee ete eee 100 $ Wild Goose variety, description. 2s 3 a for macaroni 4 20 > Xeres variety, deseription........ 7 22 hh yield as affected by susceptibility ‘to cold 78 100-104 length of growing period 78 104-111 Zedouni variety, description. 7 44 White-rot of white ash, bulletin re. te Lig 1-20 101 102 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Bulletin. Whitetop grass in central TeXas..............---1.1:---ereene eee 13 Wild medicinal plants of the United States, bulletin = oe rice: Its uses and propagation, bulletin......... 2 gad) seed, storage and germination, paper. 90 DURE NC e USS cere a 63 Wilt disease of tobacco and its control, paper... 51 Wither-tip and other diseases of citrus trees and fruits, bulle- tin 52 Wood, cells and fibers =) lt Likee heen eels chemical nature 2 gale dead, ash, microscopic change: 32 decay, bibliography iene causes, rate of resistance.............-....--.------ sa) he diseased, ash, growth of fungus.. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. 4 Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. — et Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edzar Brown, Botanist in Charge. fi Grain Standardization, John D, Shanahan, Expert in Charge. . Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Chi Editor, 1, %, Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James FE, Jones. “102 a CONGEEN TS? Page Summary of recent investigations of the yalue of cacti as stock food...-.----- 7 PP RPrCU TIT OM ret yt fatto I rales oy nec e eines wemenSeeee ceo 7 EEE es Oucacil analyzed =. .2=: 2. 25055 Seb warccaccieews see oe cass tere en anceeeeee 19.65) .40 | 2.40 Pure ash. 2 2 al a Es (ia eee fe 2 8 3/3| .|/8\¢]. /2./ 83185 33 a onti 2 2B Nal We | dal oP | ee ° » | a 2 Scientific name of Teed rs 2 13d] of alsa 5 ° cactus. ae (MER | SEE se a |exlE-l orl] S > 3 ne 21s] 75 /82/ssl€s| > leag 3 &)e)d|8§|3| 3 g —~|88/5s8)} 8 | es) . = s/8l #13 & 32 \|23|s3/85/ 5 23/| a 3 Pl a | S ales Sel|at| a | eels Zz ai4|a\/oj/a)/a | ala |e ja | 6 | 6° | a Zs = = hanes i —| Pick Pct. P ct. | P. cl. IP .ct, P. ct.) P. cte| Pct.) P. +s | P: ct.| P. ct. P. ch. | Pathe 6255 Opuntia fulgida ../0.21 (0,53 0.09 24.31 8.10 {11.89 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 2.54 | 2.00 | 1.33 |42.73 | 04.36 6331 Echinocereus en- | .31 | .18) .00 22.66 5.07 |16.61 .62 80 | 1.20 | 2.35 | 2.90 |42. 63 | 95.37 neacanthus, 3000 Opuntia macro- | .53 | .00 | .56 24.75 (8.25 | 8.33 1.57 | 1.56) 2.14] 1.16) .95 |44.80 | 94.60 centra. / } 6699 Cereus giganteus.., .30 | .07 | .15 31.64 5.78 | 6.66) .00/ .37) .88) 4.12 ) 3.32 141,06 | 04.55 7515 Opuntia lindhei- | .20 | .00 | .49 26.71 |2.27 |14.22) .35| .43 | 111} 1.15 | 2.15 Kg 12 | 98. 26 meri. Composite...) .36 | .31 | .83 28.90 6.85 |10.49 | .47 | 1.90 | 2.70] 1.94 | 2.20 (33.76 | 90.71 Average of | .31 | .24] .36 27.38 [5.31] 9.71 | .42] 1.58 | 1.39] 1.64) 1.84 |45, 95,76 | all ashes. | | | | 4 For explanation of formula, see page 6, 102—1 VALUE OF CAOTI AS FOOD FOR STOCK. 1 FOOD VALUE OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PLANT. The opinion is prevalent in southern Texas that the old woody stems of Opuntia lindheimeri fed there are much more valuable as a stock food than the younger growths. So firmly do many believe this that they practice cutting off and throwing away two or three of the terminal joints when feeding. In Mexico, on the contrary, the young growth is always fed; but there the species are commonly much larger and stouter, and the trunks are altogether too woody to be fed even if it were desirable to do so. The reasons for the opin- ions current in Texas are rather clearly brought out in the analyses. The younger growth has a relatively higher water content, and there- fore probably causes more scouring, which is the only evil influence overcome by a rejection of it. On the other hand, the old stems contain a much larger proportion of fiber and are really of less forage value. Guthrie,” after comparing his own analysis of the stems of four Australian species with the analysis of fruits made by Wolf, concludes that the latter are of less forage value than the stems, because they contain a smaller proportion of nutritious substance and more crude fiber. Forbes,’ on the other hand, concludes from analyses of Ari- zona cylindrical-jointed species that the fruits of these species are relished by cattle on account of their high ether extract (including fats). Our analyses show that the ether extract is mainly a constit- uent of the seeds, and since these pass through cattle undigested can contribute nothing to either the palatability or nutritive value of this part of the plant. That the seed is not digested is plainly shown in the case of Opuntia lindheimeri in many favorable seasons in por- tions of Texas. In the vicinity of Austin, in the early spring of 1904, there were numberless young plants springing up from cattle drop- pings in many of the pastures. They were fully as numerous in some situations as are the seedlings of the mesquite under similar condi- tions in favorable seasons in the river valleys of Arizona and on the plains of southern Texas. This applies to the genus Opuntia, to which belong the prickly pears and cane cacti. The seeds of the other group are very different in character. There is no doubt that burros, which commonly feed upon the fruits of the viznaga (Echinocactus wislizeni), get a great deal of nourishment out of the seeds, which are very oily and easily masti- cated. It is interesting to note that No. 8170a (Opuntia fulgida) contains but little more food value in the whole fruit than is found in the pulpy portion alone, but in this sample most of the seeds were poorly developed or sterile. Other samples of fruit of the same species show an apparently greater food value. a Asricultural Gazette, New South Wales, 11: 671. 1900 b Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 15: 496. 1904. 102—1 12 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. TaBLe II.—Chemical composition of the different parts of fruits of cacti. ‘yer fi f Part of fruit | P | _Nitro- gaa Scientific name o: ‘art of frui r me ro- gen, | ic a of cactus. analyzed. | ater.) Ash. | tein. | Fat. | treeex-| Fiber: | That- 0 am- | tract. ter. ple. | Pi.) Pee Poe ct. | Puoct. | “PGi 8022a | Opuntia pbaeacantha| Seeds i-2 02. 7.26 1.75 6.07 | 11.41] 23.18] 50.33 90. 99 8022b | Opuntia peer re Pulp fea} 92.50; 2.09 07 4.63 | -d1 5.41 8162a | Opuntia spinosior ...| Whole fruit...) 77.7 2.97 1.74 Lil} 1.50) 4.94 19. 29 8162b | Opuntia spinosior...| Pulp.......--- 83.04 3. 10 -24| 11.74] (1.88 13. 86 8173a | Ech*nocactus wisliz- | Seed.........- 8.59 3.09 10.92) 15.46 36.59 : 25. 37 88. 31 eni. | 8173b | Echinocactus wisliz- | Pulp. .....--.. 94.14 96 - 63 | - 06 pes 1.16 | 4.90 eni. $170a | Opuntia fulgida..._.- Whole fruit...) 82.84 2.70 63 51 1.69 14. 46 8170b | Opuntia fulgida......| Pulp.......... 87.17 1.58 47 27 | «OL, | 00) 11.25 It must be undertood that we have analyzed here but few fruits aside from those which are of more value for forage than they are as food for man. None of the cylindrical-jointed species and but few of the native prickly pears of the United States bear edible fruits. A BALANCED RATION OF PRICKLY PEAR. To determine in just what proportion cactus should be fed with other foods to produce a balanced ration, it is necessary to know the amount of digestible nutrients contained in the cactus, as well as those of the food or foods with which it is to be fed. This has been determined for most foods, but unfortunately there are as yet no such data for the cacti. It is hoped to be able soon to obtain the coeffi- cient of digestion for Opuntia lindheimert. For the present, all that can be done is to assume this digestibility coefficient to be the same as that of some food as similar in chemical composition and properties to the cacti as possible. It is somewhat difficult to secure a green fodder very similar in character to cactus, but perhaps its digestion coefficient will not be missed very far by assuming it to be the same as that of immature green corn fodder. By using the coefficient for this fodder the nutrients in Opuntia lindheimeri are found to be: Protein, 0.47 per cent; fat, 0.26 per cent; carbohydrates, 7.85 per cent. This being the case, cactus would have a nutritive ratio of 1:18, a ratio which according to the best authorities would prohibit its use alone for any feeding standard. The nutritive ratio for a standard ration varies from 1:4 to 1:12, depending upon the age, character, and kind of animal to be fed, as well as the object of the feeding; that is, whether it is desired to produce work, flesh, or milk. If the object of feeding is to produce milk, a cow giving a heavy yield of milk should, according to the best authorities, be fed about 25 to 30 pounds a day of organic matter, containing from 1.8 to 2 pounds of digestible protein, from 0.4 to 0.7 pound of digestible fat, and 11 to 13 pounds of digestible carbohydrates, making a nutritive 102—1 VALUE OF CACTI AS FOOD FOR STOCK. 13 ratio of from about 1:5.5 to 1:7. If a cow requiring a ration of this kind should eat cactus alone, it would take 160 pounds to furnish the fats and carbohydrates and an additional 240 pounds to furnish sufficient protein, and since to avoid scouring a cow should prob- ably not be fed to exceed 50 or 60 pounds of cactus a day, it may be readily seen how impossible it would be for a milk cow to get even a one-sided ration from cactus alone. A ration of 40 pounds of cactus with 10 pounds of wheat bran and 12 pounds of corn stover would furnish the nutrients in somewhat near the proper proportion. In a ration of this kind the cow would get 21.16 pounds of organic matter, containing 1.68 pounds of pro- tein, 11.82 pounds of carbohydrates, and 0.49 pound of fat, which is in a ratio of 1:7.7. If aration is desired in which the cactus is fed with dried brewers’ grain and cotton-seed meal, it could be made by feeding 60 pounds of cactus with 14 pounds of brewers” grain and 1 pound of cotton-seed meal. In this case 20.58 pounds of organic matter are fed, containing 2.85 pounds of protein, 10.38 pounds of carbohydrates, and 1 pound of fat. This ration would contain the nutrients in the ratio of 1:4.5. If this ration is considered too narrow, it could be widened to good advan- tage by feeding with it a small quantity of coarse, dry fodder, rather than by increasing the amount of cactus. A balanced ration of cotton-seed meal and cactus can not be pre- pared, for if the meal be fed in just sufficient quantity to furnish the proteids it would necessitate the feeding of too much cactus to sup- ply the remainder of the carbohydrates. From this it must not be inferred that a mixture of these foods would not make a desirable ration; in fact, current successful practice has demonstrated that it will. For example, a ration of prickly pear and cotton-seed meal was fed to steers for one hundred and five days in a recent experiment conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry at Encinal, Tex., with a gain of 1? pounds of flesh a day at a cost of only 34 cents. Any ration of these two foods that would secure this gain each day would contain an excess of the proteids over an amount necessary for a bal- anced ration. Fortunately, however, an excess of proteids can be utilized in serving the function of the carbohydrates in the animal body, and this no doubt is what took place in the above experiment. Usually proteids are the most expensive foods for man and beast, and it is poor economy to substitute them for carbohydrates; yet such a condition is not uncommon in Texas cattle feeding, where cotton-seed meal is cheaper than other more starchy foods. 102—1 14 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE THREE GROUPS OF CACTI. On account of several practical considerations the prickly pears are of much more value than either of the other two groups. They are more numerous in the wild state, they adapt themselves to culti- vation more readily, make a more rapid growth, and are more readily propagated from cuttings, all of which are of vital importance in the economic use and handling of the crop. Practically all of the Mex- ican prickly pears are fed to stock to a greater or less extent, espe- cially those growing where fodder is the most scarce, but there is only one cylindrical-jointed species (Opuntia imbricata) which is used to any appreciable extent. The experience of the writers has shown that Cereus giganteus is readily eaten by cattle when chopped up, but they know of no actual feeding having been conducted with it on any commercial scale. Mr. C. R. Orcutt states that Echinocactus orcuttii, which is typical of a considerable group of species, is occa- sionally fed in Lower California. It is only in rare instances, how- ever, that any great quantity of feed can be secured from cacti, out- side of the genus Opuntia, and the greater part of the feed in this genus is produced by the flat-jointed forms. There are about five species in the cylindrical-jointed group which have been fed with some success. Opuntia imbricata, from Mexico, has been referred to, and in various writings the use of Opuntia arborescens, Opuntia spi-— nosior, and Opuntia fulgida are mentioned. To these should be added Opuntia prolifera from the coastal region of southern Cali- fornia. These species constitute, without doubt, the best of the cylindrical-jointed group, and when extent of territory covered, suc- culence, and ease of propagation are taken into consideration Opuntia fulgida and Opuntia imbricata are probably the most valuable of this group. Opuntia arborescens has a decidedly valuable character- istic in that it extends farther to the north than any of the other economic species of any of the groups, and it is fed to a considerable extent in localities from southern Colorado southward. The use of these species, however, and, in fact, the extended use of nearly all the native species of this country and Mexico, presupposes artificial preparation. In dry seasons in southern Arizona, cattle feed upon the pendent bunches of fruits of the cholla (Opuntia fulgida), but it is done at a great sacrifice of comfort. The Texas pear (Opuntia lindheimeri) is grazed to a considerable extent by cattle, sheep, and goats without any preparation whatever, and even such thorny forms as cardon, shown in Plate I, are grazed by cattle in extreme cases. * a For further discussion, see Bulletin 74 of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 102—1 PLATE I. Bul. 102, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. NoPAL CARDON (OPUNTIA STREPTACANTHA LEHM.), THE Most IMPORTANT OF THE MEXICAN PRICKLY PEARS. VALUE OF CACTI AS FOOD FOR STOCK. 15 COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Considerable attention has been given to the popular names by which the various species are designated, especially the larger Mexican forms, but inasmuch as these are to be more fully considered in another publication now in process of preparation a full discussion of - the subject is postponed. The chaotic condition of the scientific literature and the general imperfection of knowledge of prickly-pear forms have rendered it very difficult to properly name the species discussed. The purpose of the writers has been to present the exact status of their information, indicating a doubt wherever one occurs. The Engelmann species, which are largely United States forms, are comparatively easily deter- mined, in most cases through a reference to the types in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. In case of long-established species, however, it is absolutely impossible to correlate the specimens with the literature and determine what name belongs to the plant under dis- cussion. Opuntia tuna, for instance, has been paraded in literature a great deal, and to it has been assigned all sorts of species; but, as pointed out by Berger and Maiden especially, no one knows what the species is, and the writers know of no way by which its identity can ever be determined. Some species are referred to their proper genera only. Others are given common names besides, but the majority of them are given scientific names. All species receiving chemical analyses are repre- sented in our collections by specimens mounted upon sheets in the ordinary way or put up in boxes or in liquid. Many are growing in conservatories or upon one of the plantations maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture, while the seeds of many species have been widely distributed to those interested in the scien- tific and economic study of the group. The work is therefore well supported by specimens to which access will be had in completing in the future such naming as has not hitherto been undertaken. It was early recognized that good dry specimens were absolutely necessary for this work in order to make the chemical analyses and determi- nations of permanent value. Whenever a sample or set of samples represents a striking or con- ‘stant variation it is treated separately in the text; consequently Opuntia lindheimeri, for instance, appears several times under two or more headings. Each number or group of numbers is accompanied by a brief set of notes made in the field beside the plant when the sam- ples were collected, elaborated and perfected by subsequent experience. These are presented as field notes simply and not as full technical descriptions. This rather full set of notes, popular and scientific names, and, as a final resort, our specimens and photographs, will make it possible to easily verify the determinations of the writers. 4359—No. 102—07 ») 16 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS OF PRICKLY PEARS. Prickly pears and other cacti are apparently inseparably connected in the public mind with drought and heat, but this conception of the requirements for their best development is far from perfect. Our driest deserts produce none of these plants in economic quantities, and the same is true of our hottest regions. Rather than say they - are adapted to conditions of extreme heat and drought, it should be said that they thrive best in a region which has an equable tempera- ture and a considerable rainfall periodically distributed. There is certainly no region in the world where these plants grow naturally in such profusion as they do upon the plateau of Mexico, but this is not a hot country; neither is it excessively dry. It is very dry during a large part of the year. It is a desert as compared with eastern Texas, for instance, but it has a considerable rainfall during an average year. The rain falls mostly in the summer, and then the country looks like anything but a desert. The average rainfall at Zacatecas for the past ten years, as stated by Mr. Albert L. de Lautreppe, who has made a special study of the weather records of that city in connection with a business venture, is 314 inches, but the average for the seasons from January to April and from October to December is only five- eighths of an inch to 24 inches, while the average for the other months of the year is 3} to 7} inches a month. June, July, and August are the rainy months, having an average rainfall of 4} to 7} inches each for the past ten years. While many species appear to be able to withstand high tempera- tures, they develop naturally in the greatest profusion where the heat is not excessive. The plateau of Mexico is a region with compara- tively equable climate. Some species thrive under extremes of heat. Opuntia lindheimeri is at home in the lower Rio Grande Valley ~ of Texas and Chihuahua, and the closely related Opuntia engelmanni and Opuntia engelmanni cycloides thrive in southern Arizona, where the mercury often reaches 111° F. On the other hand, there are species which grow where the winter temperatures go to at least 40° F., but the plants are small and of no economic importance in them- selves except as they may be used to give a hardy character to more valuable species. The valuable species of the Mexican highlands thrive where the temperature falls to 14° F. in very rare instances. Usually the freezing point is only rarely reached here. During the past winter (1905-6) the mercury dropped at the city of Zacatecas to 14° F., and many of the more delicate spineless forms, as well as the natives, were badly injured. No pear was killed outright, but the branches were frozen down for four or more joints. These rotted and dropped off, but the old trunks survived. Opuntia lindheimeri, the common species of southern Texas, has been injured very severely within the memory of the present generation, It suffered some injury — 102—1 VALUE OF CACTI AS FOOD FOR STOCK. ef during the winter of 1904-5. In the vicinity of San Antonio many of the plants drooped badly after the coldest weather, which regis- tered a temperature of 12° F. The majority of the plants straight- ened up again, but in many the distal joints dropped off as the result of freezing. THE USE OF PRICKLY PEAR IN MEXICO. In Mexico the use of the prickly pear is much more varied than in this country. There the established plantations are guarded from animal depredations either by rude fences or hedges of some of the tall columnar species of Cereus or the more spiny opuntias. The latter are planted thickly in borders around the more nearly spineless forms, which stock eat readily. All of the species are fed to stock indiscriminately. Whatever is available and can be spared is singed and fed to cattle. So far as observed, the durasnillo (Opuntia leucotricha) is preferred to all others. This is due to some extent to its small fiber content, but more espe- cially to its abundant delicate spines, which are singed off more readily than those of other species which have fewer spines. However, the extent of cattle feeding upon this kind of food is not so great in Mexico as one would suppose from the abundance of the material and the great extent of time during which the practice has beenin vogue. The fact is that the average Mexican peon can not afford to feed to stock what he himself can use so profitably in other ways. The prickly pear is to him primarily an article of human food, and its place can not be taken by any other plant. The young joints as well are eaten by man in Mexico, and the dried stems and joints are used for fuel. Of course, this fuel is exceedingly poor, but it serves the purpose in that land where this commodity is exceedingly scarce. The feeding of cacti to stock, therefore, is a secondary consideration. The limbs which break off and such other portions of the orchard material as can be spared without seriously jeopardizing the tuna crop, together with such wild forms as are available, are fed to cattle. On some of the large haciendas, especially those devoted to maguey culture, the feeding of pear to work oxen during the grassless season is a regular practice, but then only wild forms are used. Over a large part of the Repub- lic, therefore, although the prickly pears are much used for forage, their principal use is as an article of human food. THE SPECIES OF CACTI AND THEIR ANALYSES. In all, 67 species and varieties of cacti are discussed, all of which have been analyzed chemically, some represented by as high as five samples. One hundred and eighty-seven fodder analyses and 26 complete ash analyses have been made. The following brief table will illustrate the characteristic composition of representative sam- ples, together with an average of all the samples. 102—1 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 18 19] 7 BUI DIUBSIO £9°81 LUST LL'¥L corel SeOr 99°86 Wa 68" ST” 18° ST” Le" “0 *qoB1] xo £h ids eg OF £9 eg a" a1] - WaS01}IN BSR RAANG SHAAN 3 ZRASES PERSAZE HASARS SRaSSN08 =) S C-) 8 oO o So BR oo f 2 zs ARRASSSSRSSR "OS Wd WH WHS anor OW eS°9 \69°S [Sh OL LT Zak I St'9 lees |86°LT \Oe"e \OeSI igo" [IFT \19°S 68'S \eS°S jest j|Ih'S |FO'G ihe" SL" [90S O8"S |The |PE'9 |90°L She (OT |249° jOe'T 86°8 \£9°9 6h OT |PR°T |L0°S [LT" 18" (0°% 88°S | ANOT |OP°L OLS |POE =|T9" (SOT |86° cg’ |" MOT [STL |16" (09°6 [20° |Zb° |so°T OTS | MOT OP PL [69° |fO° TT |IS" je9° OLS eG | MOM lOP°OT \99°T |LL°E1 Lh" jog" coe 88° |" MON /EL°ST (OO'T |STIT 198° (69° |6L°S 619 [96'S |PG°9G 9° 2 G6LE \eh" G6" ELS OL |FO'S SGOT eS" [IS PL [8° 96" | Ta"% G6°9 109°6 |I9°ST j69°T |Ze°ST IGE" [Oe i9e"e 09S |€1°9 \6h° ES \ZL°T 68°00 |eh° (c6" j8B"e 82°9 | MOT 186°S [20° ORT 66" |6G" 196" Th'S | MOT |GL' OL 60°F PSE Jet" T VOT \6a°T Go’ \8°S iSh°S j€S"l [86'S j|8l° jh” [eo 89'S |€h°9 jeh°L 9LT IS" j€@° je9° [$6°S |29°68 |TL" G8’h |"MOT |2L'9 |€L°% S8°S |6b° |S9° |60°T |61°66 | Mod Ge°9 | MoT I80°ET |G" |O8°S [2G" 98" IGh°G \6h FS | Nod PI'S |1S°S |Pe°OL [ee"e |8o° IT jle* 66" 18°¢ |C6°2z |8S° OL | MOM |2L°6 JOLT |GL°L (66° SS" |PO'T |PO'88 | Mow €@"S €L°€ |PS"bL |ZT'% |Z8°0L \ch'O |Se'l |FP“P e208 92-0 PD DW PP dP d Pd Pd lid Wd | Pid -—|--—|- e | : ao algelolel gie|elelale ea sepa ay ae il al =a eae (ee a Fie | 6B |e) ae] e) Bs ; y & | 2/s3|s| ; : 5 Cre Sey [esl Ss Saeco 2. Bs bs Ss ® ° ° ” © “used “E(1-1-1-0-0-0-0) a ano “ts APORIV] “410 ayto4s Ajasse[ Qing | “s1inay *Ajasour “ula48 JO SUO}JORS F |" ~~ --"-qindy aaNQey_ [SNojUVSL snag -----~-“yRBeg “*| Suunyeu-Aj1Bs “*-su1048 plo Woy | “ss "squiof [wuyuLA, | --ope--* Ee gaa -*op7-"-- “"""@([-Z-z) |"plo sawed g-] sgujor | -snqos eundg | ie “aula! ee ---optst --op--7 --opt-* --opt"-* ss+s-9pttt ---node} jpdon awed | 6te9 06eL oso UsL med ¥(0-0-0-2) | qjAor3 8.1824 ysvy | -puyy vyundo | Apjoud‘jedon ézeg “RINUIOT *pazAyeae “sngowo Jo oldures jo dojoBIBY | eNTvU OY MEDS “snjowo Jo auIvU WOUTUIOD ; *ojdures yo soquInN | ‘spnif pun syunjd snjovo fo sopdiuns avyojwosaidas fo worprsod wos pou O— TTT AWAY L B. P. T.—243. A SUCCESSFUL DAIRY FARM? By L. G. Donan, Scientific Assistant, Farm Management Investigations. INTRODUCTION. In Delaware County, N. Y., is a farm of 200 acres, owned by John T. McDonald and managed by him asa dairy farm. About half of the land is meadow and half is permanent pasture. A small portion of the meadow is each year plowed up for other crops—a few acres of corn for soiling and a few acres of peas and oats for hay. This farm lies in the valley of a tributary of the Delaware River and extends up the hills on either side, so that the tillage land is gently rolling, while the pasture is comparatively steep. The soil is a reddish brown loam, originally filled with fragments of shale rock. The dwelling house, barn, and dairy are located on the highway ata little distance from the creek, and the mill and tenant houses near the road crossing the creek. (Pl. I, fig. 1.) The water supply is abundant, coming from several springs nearly 100 feet higher than the buildings. The shipping point is 5$ miles distant, over an easy road. The dwelling house of the owner is provided with good plumbing, is well heated, and is lighted by electricity. The barn contains 124 cow stalls on the main floor and has a manure cellar below. The sec- ond floor can be driven upon also, and has six horse stalls and a grain room, while most of the remainder is used as a hay loft. The dairy building adjoins the barn and is equipped with steam power and the necessary machinery for butter making. A small mill for sawing and planing and for grinding grain is run by water power from the brook. In this building is a small dynamo, also run by water power, which furnishes light for all the buildings, including the cow and horse stables, the dairy building, and the three small houses for the farm «This article is one of a series issued by the Bureau of Plant Industry giving the results of the study of systems of management on successful farms of various types. The cropping system on the farm here described is unique, in that half the land is in permanent pasture and half in nearly permanent meadow. Fach year a few acres of the meadow that seem most to need resetting are broken up, sown to peas and oats with which grasses and clovers are seeded, or planted to corn for soiling, this to be followed by peas and oats with grasses and cloyers. The special lesson to be learned from this farmer’s practice is the method of managing permanent grass land to main- tain its productivity.—W. J. Sprtuman, Agriculturist in Charge of Farm Management Investigations. 102—11 19 20 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. hands, as well as the owner’s residence. There are also asmall tool shed and hay barn near the large barn and a tool shed near the mill. The farm supports about 100 head of milch cows, 25 head of young stock, 600 hens, 5 horses, and 3 or 4 hogs. Eight hired men are em- ployed the year round. More cows are in milk in winter than in summer and the extra work in the dairy compensates for the decreased field work in winter. The equipment of implements, tools, machinery, etc., is as follows: Two plows of the swivel type (hillside plows); 2 harrows; 1 manure spreader; 1 grain drill; 1 6-foot mower; 2 hay rakes (1 one-horse, 1 two-horse); 1 tedder (one or two horse); 2 wagons, with hay racks and brake; 1 express wagon; 1 set of ice tools; dairy equipment; saw and grist mill equipment; dynamo and lights; 1 incubator. The land is not divided by fences into small lots; but is inclosed entirely by a stone wall, which was built when clearing the land of stone, for all the land was formerly as stony as the pastures now are. (See PL. I, fig. 2.) Some of the tillage land has been drained with stone underdrains, and from a good deal of it there has been a great number of old pine stumps pulled out. THE ROTATION FOLLOWED. The rotation on this farm, if such it may be called, is exceedingly simple. Broadly speaking, half the land is in permanent pasture and half in meadow. Most of the 100 acres of meadow land is in grass and clover. Each year about 12 to 15 acres of this grass that seem most to need renewing are broken up. Of this, 2 or 3 acres are devoted to corn for green feed in late summer, to be followed by peas and oats the next spring. The remaining 10 to 12 acres are sown at once to peasand oats for hay. In each of these cases grass and clover are sown with the peas and oats, the land thus being returned to semi- permanent meadow. If the seeding fails, it is repeated after the peas and oats are cut for hay. This gives a long period during which the land stays in grass, but owing to the fact that the owner spreads the manure from more than a hundred head of live stock upon this land, hauling it at nearly all seasons of the year, midwinter and haying time excepted, the fields are kept in such a productive condition as to cut an average of 2 tons of hay per acre over the entire meadow area, inelud- ing the peas and oats. As soon as the ground is hard enough to drive over in the spring, the manure is brushed with a brush harrow, the man who drives the harrow sowing at the same time a very light application of clover seed—so light, in fact, that 1 bushel of red clover and 1 bushel of alsike mixed go over the greater part of the 100 acres. Or, when manure is being spread in the spring, some clover seed is applied by sprinkling about a cupful on top of the loaded manure spreader. This plan 102—11 Bul. 102, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLaTE Il. Fic. 1.—Vi—Ew AcROSS THE LOWER END OF THE MCDONALD Farm, SHOWING THE BUILD- INGS, THE DWELLING HOUSE BEING PARTIALLY CONCEALED IN THE TREES. Fie. 2.—View Across THE UPPER END OF THE FARM, SHOWING THE STONY NATURE OF THE LAND IN THE PASTURE, THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE HAY LAND, AND THE LOCATION OF THE MILL POND. A SUCCESSFUL DAIRY FARM. 21 provides for renewal of the clover and, through the agency of the clover and manure, maintains a better condition of the other grasses. The owner believes also that the seedling plants of the clover hold better through an unfavorable winter in the sod than they would in a newly fitted seed bed. The manure is applied, so far as possible, with a spreader. Oats and peas are seeded at the rate of 2 bushels of oats and 1 of peas per acre; with these 6 quarts each of timothy and clover per acre are sown, the drill with which the grain is sown being provided with a grass-seed attachment. Then if the oats lodge or the season is unfavorable, so that the grass is killed out, a new application of seed is made as soon as the oats and peas are cut, and the seed worked in with a brush harrow. Following this a light coating of manure is put on with the spreader. If the field should come in full of weeds it would be replowed before seeding, but in any case the owner’s plan is to get a stand of grass as soon as possible, that being his best crop. HARVESTING THE HAY. Since hay is the principal crop on this farm, it is worth while to consider the method employed in putting in the hay and the utiliza- tion of labor at that work. On the first day of hay harvest one man runs the mower in the forenoon; another man runs the tedder in the forenoon and the rake in the afternoon. Late in the afternoon one or more men begin cocking the raked hay. In the forenoon of the second and later days one man with a team runs the mower, another the tedder, and four men spread out the hay cocked the previous afternoon in order that it may dry. In the after- noons two men and teams haul hay from the field to the barn. The proprietor works the hay fork on the loaded wagon, two men distrib- ute the hay in the mow, two pitch hay in the field, one rakes the hay cut and tedded in the forenoon, and another cocks the raked hay. The man last mentioned also finds time to feed the hens in the after- noon. One of the hands spends his whole time in the dairy. Another man is engaged in the dairy in the forenoons for a local dairy company whose milk is handled in Mr. McDonald’s building, while in the after- noons this man works for Mr. McDonald in the hayfields or wherever needed. Consequently in the forenoons there are eight men besides the proprietor at work, and in the afternoons nine men are working on the farm. During forenoons in hay harvest the proprietor spends his time grinding sickles and in superintending the work of his men so as to keep them all profitably employed. From 5 to 6 o’clock in the afternoon most of the men are kept busy milking. Those who handle the work teams, however, have 102—11 22 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. their teams to care for, and, during hay harvest, one of these is back in the field shortly after 5.30 and both wagons are loaded and drawn in before 6.15 o’clock. The lighter team is hitched to the two-horse rake at 6 o’clock and rakes until 7.30. The men who milk, after get- ting their supper go to the field for a short time to bunch up hay or load the two wagons. This makes a long day for the men, but this extra labor is required for only a short time in the busy part of the haying season; at other seasons the normal day’s work ends at 6 o'clock. Two days in the week the butter and eggs must be delivered to the station, so instead of both teams going into the field on these days one man with the lighter team starts about 7.30 o’clock a. m. for town, returning before noon. On the day that the writer watched operations closely the other team began drawing hay shortly after 8 o’clock and had in two loads by 10.30. Of twelve loads brought in during the writer’s visit, two were weighed. One had 2,400 pounds of hay on it, the other 2,900. It is reasonably certain that the average was at least 2,500 pounds and all were taken off an area of not more than 5 acres, most of which had not been plowed for fifteen years. This shows a yield of approximately 3 tons to the acre and was made up wholly of fine grasses with clover mixed in,a most excellent quality of dairy feed. The teams which do this work are of good size. One pair of mares weighs 2,700 pounds, the other pair, horses, 2,860 pounds. The single rake was drawn during the afternoon by the driving horse, consider- ably lighter in weight. As soon after haying as there is suflicient aftermath to furnish feed the cows are turned into the meadows, for the permanent pasture is then getting dry. Any newly seeded piece, however, is previously given a light coat of manure, which prevents the cows from grazing it down, and any other piece which would be hurt by grazing is treated likewise. The cornfield is shut off with a temporary wire fence. Some manure is spread occasionally even on the permanent pasture. FEED FOR THE COWS AND CALVES. As soon as the pasture gets dry and insuflicient in the summer, and before the mowing land can be used, a suitable quantity of hay is fed to the cows every day, and later on the corn is fed out green. The roughage for winter feed is entirely of this mixed hay, which contains a large proportion of clover. The cows get, when in full milk, 8 pounds of grain a day, in two feeds. The grain is mixed, consisting of 1 part cotton seed meal, 2 parts ground corn, 2 parts ground oats, and 4 parts wheat bran. Skim milk is fed to the calves until they are more than a year old, and the surplus at all times is given to the mulch cows. 102—1 A SUCCESSFUL DAIRY FARM. 93 BUTTER PRODUCTION. The cows freshen during the fall, so that most of the butter is pro- duced in the winter; fresh pasture comes on at such a time in the period of lactation as to prolong the flow of milk in the spring. The cows produce on an average a pound of butter each per day for three hun- dred days in the year—that is, 30,000 pounds of butter from 100 cows in the course of a year. The butter is sold as soon as made the year round to regular customers, mainly in New York City. The selling price is 35 cents, Mr. McDonald paying the express charges to the city. By the use of plenty of hay and skim milk for the calves as they grow up they are kept in vigorous shape and breed rather earlier than the average, so that many of the heifers are in milk at two years of age. POULTRY PRODUCTION. Four hundred of the 600 hens kept on the farm are housed in one long, cheaply constructed house. This house is divided so that approximately 50 hens are in each inclosure. The other 200 hens for breeding stock are kept in smaller pens in a separate location. RESULTS ACHIEVED. The gross receipts for a year for butter, eggs, and poultry, with occasionally a small quantity of hay sold, amount to $10,000 in round numbers. The annual expenses for grain are approximately $3,000; for labor, another $3,000. The debt on this farm in 1875 is said to have been $8,400, and to have been entirely cleared up in the twelve years following that date. The hay land has been cleared of stumps and stones, the buildings improved and added to (the dwelling house, barn, and dairy now having slate roofs), the mill and electric-light equipment have been put in, and the land rendered vastly more pro- ductive than it was in 1875. The orchard back of the house has been made more productive by general care, and especially by burying on the up-hill side of an apple tree any animal which died on the farm. In spite of the simplicity of its cropping system, this farm has been rendered so productive as to provide many of the comforts and con- veniences usually attributed to city life, and to maintain a large fam- ily at the same time. 102—11 B. P. 1.—245. PLANNING A CROPPING SYSTEM. By W. J. Spitiman, Agriculturist in Charge of Farm Management Investigations. INTRODUCTION. One of the lines of work undertaken by the Office of Farm Manage- ment Investigations is the making of working plans for farms. Some of these plans are more or less general in character, representing sys- tems adapted to particular types of farms in definite soil and climatic areas. Others are made for individual farms. There are two principal reasons why work of this kind is under- taken. In the first place, very few farms have any definite cropping system, and it is comparatively easy to plan a system that will meet the requirements of the case and increase the farmer’s income. We are thus able to render material service to a considerable number of farmers, whose farms in consequence become centers of local interest and serve as object lessons to the community. In the second place, the number of farms on which the full possibilities of a given type of farming are realized is exceedingly small; so small, in fact, that it is necessary to increase the number very materially before many impor- tant problems relating to farm management can be solved. To illustrate: On the farm of Mr. W. H. Rowe, described in Farm- ers’ Bulletin No. 272,¢ the possibilities of a given system of managing swine with a particular cropping system have been worked out. One litter of pigs a year is produced. These are pastured on clover in summer and fed sufficient grain to bring them to a weight of from 100 to 125 pounds by the end of the pasture season. In winter they are fed grain and soy bean hay. The next summer they return to the clover pasture, while the feeding of grain continues. About the Ist of August they are sold, weighing from 325 to 350 pounds each. This system utilizes the full possibilities of the clover pasture. The extra hogs during early summer consume the abundant growth of clover at that season, while the smaller number later find just about the amount of pasture they can utilize. With this system the farmer is able to sell an average of six large hogs a year for each acre in clover on the farm. This farm is in the North, where winter pasture is not available. The owner knew just what acreage of each crop to grow, and he knew approximately the quantity of grain and mill feed he would need during the year. This is the only instance thus far found in which a farm devoted to hog raising had its problems so fully worked out. aA Successful Hog and Seed-Corn Farm, 1906. 102—11 26 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. Suppose, now, a hog farm is located far enough south to make win- ter pasture available, and that it is desired to produce 200-pound hogs. Fall litters of pigs may be given pasture and grain during winter and early summer, the grain being so apportioned as to cause the hogs to reach the desired weight, say, by the 1st of July. Spring litters may be given pasture and grain till autumn, and then penned and forced _ rapidly to a weight of 200 pounds. In such a system, on a farm of a given size, what acreage of winter pasture and of summer pasture should be provided? What pasture crops should be used? How much grain should be fed? These are questions that can only be answered by experience. We are able to make estimates that will serve as approximate answers, but the experience of a considerable number of farms is necessary before these estimates can be relied on. There are similar questions that need to be worked out in connec- tion with nearly every type of farming for every section of the United States. One of the most important reasons why detailed plans are drawn in this office for individual farms is, therefore, to enable us to find valuable material for the study of the possibilities of the various types of farming. Among a large number of plans furnished, some will result in the development of farms to their full possibilities. Every such farm is an object lesson of great value. A large number of such farms would furnish data for generalizations of inestimable value. The number of distinct types of farming is large, and most farms combine two or more of these types. Even farms of exactly the same type—as, for instance, dairy farms that grow only roughage and buy all the concentrates—may and do have widely different cropping sys- tems. This is true even on contiguous farms of the same type. This field of research is therefore a wide one. It relates in a most vital way to the development of the agricultural resources of the country. If properly pursued it can not fail to result in the accumulation of a vast number of important facts and principles which can be put into pedagogical form and thus become an important subject of instrue- tion in schools. In attempting to plan a cropping system to fit exactly the needs of a farm, the objection may be raised that this is impossible because of the great seasonal variation in yields. This objection overlooks the fact that every farmer in the United States is actually compelled to make such plans every year, whether they are feasible or not. There can be no two answers to the question whether we shall attempt to aid the farmer in this the most important work he has to do. If agricultural science is of any value at all it must aid the farmer in planning his work. With sufficient study, the ordinary fluctuations in yields become known quantities, and allowances can be made for them. When a farm is heavily stocked, it will occasionally occur 102—11 PLANNING A CROPPING SYSTEM. AA that feed will run short. In such cases the only resource is to buy, unless the farmer is willing to dispense with a portion of his stock. It should be remembered that when a farmer is buying feed he is also buying fertility. One of the most successful farmers in this country says: “I usually keep enough stock to eat all I raise, and I usually take the chance of keeping a little more; for it does the farm no harm to buy a little feed if it is needed.” FARM SELECTED TO ILLUSTRATE THE METHODS USED IN PLANNING A CROPPING SYSTEM. The plan selected to illustrate the methods used in arranging a cropping system to fit definite conditions is one recently drawn for a farm in northern Illinois. The man- ager had already determined approxi- mately the possibilities of this farm under the particular type of farming he desired to follow. The number of conditions to be met was unusually large. Figure 1 shows the arrange- ment of the farm as it was presented tous. It will be seen that the arable land aggregates 103 acres. This is all good land, sloping in a fairly uniform manner to the south and west, suffi- ciently for drainage purposes. It was desired to keep about 25 cows, 5 to 15 head of horses (some of these to be kept for city owners) , 50 to 60 hogs, and 100 hens. It was desired that a farmstead be reserved in the northwest corner of the arable portion. It was preferred that all the stock should be provided with pasture. At the outset it was plain that ordinary —_—h------------- permanent pastures for all this stock would occupy too much land. It was therefore decided to provide more pro- ductive temporary pastures. The con- dition of the land justified the assump-, tion of the following yields: Silage, 9 23.87 acres. tons; hay, 2 tons; soiling corn, 7 tons. Fic. 1.—Plan of farm as submitted by the It Was assumed that by feeding 5 Manager for the recommendation of a suitable cropping system pounds of hay or 20 pounds of soil- ing corn per head daily, the pasture could be made to carry 1 cow per acre. 1o2—1 28 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. In order to ascertain the quantity of feed required annually, the following system of feeding was assumed: Cows. May 10—-October 10.—One acre of pasture per head. (This pasture will be second- year timothy and clover meadow.) May 10-August 10.—Five pounds of hay, with pasture. August 10-October 10.—Twenty pounds daily of soiling corn or silage with pasture. October 10-May 10.—The average ration for dry and other cows is silage, 40 pounds; hay, 10 pounds; grain, 4 pounds. Bulls. May 10-August 10.—Silage, 25 pounds; hay, 15 pounds; grain, 4 pounds. August 10-October 10.—Soiling crops, 25 pounds; hay, 15 pounds; grain, 4 pounds. October 10-May 10.—Silage, 30 pounds; hay, 18 pounds; grain, 4 pounds. Yearlings. May 1-October 1.—Pasture, with 5 pounds of hay daily. October 1-31.—Pasture, with 25 pounds of rape daily. November 1-30.—Hay, 12 pounds, and rape, 30 pounds, daily. December 1—April 30.—Hay, 10 pounds, and silage, 25 pounds, daily. Calves. First four months, an average of 15 pounds of milk, 5 pounds of hay, and 1 pound of grain daily. (This is a liberal allowance.) Five months, pasture, with 5 pounds of hay daily. One month, pasture, with 10 pounds of rape daily. Two months, hay, 9 pounds, and silage, 15 pounds, daily. Horses. An average of 18 pounds of hay and 6 pounds of grain daily throughout the year. This is an overestimate, since some of the horses will be at pasture part of the time, but the number of horses in winter will exceed the number insummer. Besides, it is well — to have a reserve of feed in case of short crops. Hogs. The system of feeding hogs was assumed to be that used on the farm described in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 272, already referred to. These two farms are in the same sec- tion and on soil of the same type. The Rowe system was also used, because it is the only one for which accurate data are at hand and which is adapted to the section in question. The following table gives the number of stock and the quantity of each kind of food required, together with the yields per acre and the number of acres of each class of crops: Number of live stock. Silage. Hay. | Soiling. | Grain. | Rape. | Pasture. Total j= PLANNING A CROPPING SYSTEM. 29 From the preceding table it is seen that the following acreages are required: Corn, 14.6+2.43=17.03; hay, 45; pasture, 40; and rape, 0.52; a total of 102.55 acres. The problem now is to arrange these acreages into suitable rotations. The fact that the cows need 25 acres of pasture suggests one rota- tion on fields of 25 acres each. A part of one of these fields may also furnish pasture for the horses. The further fact that the hogs require 5 acres of clover pasture suggests another rotation on 5-acre fields. Since the necessary acreage is practically the whole of the arable land it will be necessary to double-crop a few acres in order to secure space for the farmstead. No estimate of pasture for young stock is included in the table. Since it is desirable to keep about half as many of these as there are mature cows, in order to maintain a high degree of effi- ciency in the herd, it happens that the tract of 11.77 acres of woodland pasture north of the road just about suffices for the young stock. THE ROTATIONS ADOPTED. _ A careful consideration of the conditions specified and of the many different possible rotations led to the adoption of one three-year rota- tion as follows: First year, 7 acres of corn and 18 acres of peas and oats; second year, timothy and clover; third year, timothy and clover. This rotation requires that timothy and clover be sown in the 7 acres of corn at the last cultivation, a common practice in New England and a successful practice on several farms in Lowa, Missouri, and other Western States. Timothy and clover are also to be sown either with the peas and oats, or immediately after the latter are harvested for hay. The third year of this rotation furnishes the necessary pasture for the cows; the second year furnishes the required 10 acres of pasture for the horses and 15 acres for hay. This will require a temporary fence, which, however, is entirely feasible. In case the seeding of grass fails, rye may be sown after the corn in the fall, to be followed by soy beans for hay the next summer. If the seeding of grass after the peas and oats fails, winter wheat should be sown on the land needed for horse pasture. This will furnish good pasture throughout the summer, as the wheat will not stool until late in the fall or early the next spring. The remainder of the pea and oat land may very properly be planted to sorghum for hay. The next year the whole 25 acres may be sown in winter wheat in the spring, to be used by the cows for pasture during the summer. To secure the 5 acres of clover for the hogs, in a rotation in which the remaining crops are useful, the following three-year rotation was arranged: First year, corn, in which clover is sown at the last culti- vation; second year, clover; third year, peas and oats for hay, fol- lowed by rape sown in midsummer, 102—11 30 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. This rotation permits more rape to be grown than is strictly needed, but the extra quantity can be utilized by the pigs and calves. If the seeding of clover in the corn fails, sow winter wheat in half of it in the autumn. Pasture this wheat down the next spring, and follow it by sorghum for hog pasture, turning the hogs in on the sorghum when it is about 18 inches high. The other half of the land should be planted to winter wheat in the spring. This will furnish good pasture for hogs throughout the summer. These two rotations occupy 90 acres of land, and furnish 12 acres of corn, 38 acres of hay, 5 acres of rape, and all the pasture needed. There are still needed 5 acres of corn and 7 acres of hay. Reserving 3 acres for the farmstead, 10 acres on which to grow these crops are left. The evident solu- tion of this problem lies in a two-field rotation of corn, 5 acres, followed by a double crop of hay the next year. Fortunately, the farm described in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 272 has shown that soy beans are not only an excellent hay crop in that section, but that they may be planted as late as the last week in June. This fact suggests rye as a winter hay crop. Only 2 acres of this need be used for hay, since only 7 acres of hay are needed and the soy beans furnish 5 acres. The remaining 3 acres of rye will be convenient for bedding. Accordingly, the following two-year rotation was laid out for two Fic. 2.—Final arrangement of the severa) 95-acre fields: First year, corn, followed fields, showing the cropping system by fall-sown rye; second year, rye, recommended. . followed by soy beans. It now remains to fit these three rotations into the arable land. Figure 2 shows the final result. This arrangement permits a single road to reach every field on the farm. The peculiar outline of the farm makes this road rather long, but it would be hard to avoid this slight difficulty. Fields G, H, and I, figure 2, are to be devoted to the three-year rota- tion consisting of 7 acres of corn and 18 acres of peas and oats the first WO00LAND PASTURE ) J1-77 acres. Jacres CORN. Bacres PEAS and OATS. TIMOTHY and CLOVER. TIMOTHY and CLOVER. # 25 acres. TIMOTHY and CLOVER. TIMOTHY and CLOVER. Jacres CORN. (8 acres PEAS and OATS. lg=1u le PLANNING A CROPPING SYSTEM. 31 year, followed by timothy and clover left down two years. The other three-year rotation on 5-acre fields may be run on any three of the fields B, C, D, E, and F, with the two-year rotation on the remaining two. The farmstead occupies the 3 acres in subdivision A. This gives room for a tenant house, barn, chicken house, and a small garden. On receiving the above plans, the manager of this farm wrote: ‘I have carefully read your suggestions as to the field arrangements of the farm and the plan of operation. I do not see why I can not carry out every suggestion to the letter.”’ The results of the operation of this plan will be carefully studied by this office. It will be seen that some features of the plan are some- what experimental, at least for that locality. Other features are based on successful practice on near-by farms. ARRANGEMENT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR FARMS. Tt is hoped that ultimately it will be possible by the study of farm practice on the best farms to arrange rotations in all parts of the country based entirely on successful local practice. While this office can not undertake to furnish detailed plans for an indefinite number of individual farms, at the same time we desire the opportunity to do a considerable amount of this work, in order that we may test the possibilities of certain types of farming and enlarge the number of highly successful farms, so that we may have more material for the study of farm management. Ultimately it is hoped to formulate generalized plans for farms of various types in all sections of the coun- try, and to make these plans available in our publications. 4359—No. 102—07-—3 , ae ae roe THE APPLICATION OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION TO LEGUMINOUS FORAGE PLANTS-< By J. M. WestGate, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Alfalfa and Clover Introduc- tion, Forage Crop Investigations, and Georce W. Oxtver, Plant Propagator, Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. INTRODUCTION. The practical difficulties which have presented themselves in connection with the development of improved strains of perennial forage plants have been such as to retard the progress of the work. The necessity for isolation to prevent promiscuous pollination and the time required to secure any considerable quantity of seed have together served to handicap seriously the work of developing new strains of forage plants, especially the perennial legumes. The method of propagating forage plants by means of cuttings herein described has been worked out chiefly in connection with Medicago sativa and Trifolium pratense, but preliminary experiments indicate that it may be quite as successfully adapted to all dicotyledonous forage plants. Among the species which have been successfully pro- pagated in this manner may be mentioned Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, M. alba, Trifolium pratense, and T. repens. By using the offsets or mnoyations the method is also applicable to grasses. A number of problems in connection with the self-sterility of the different species in question demand further attention. It is hoped that the method here suggested will stimulate the work of developing varieties of forage crops throughout the country. aIn the summer of 1903 a plotof Peruvian alfalfa (S. P. I. No. 9303) in the grass garden of the Department of Agriculture proved resistant to the leaf-spot disease (Pseudopeziza medicaginis), which nearly ruined the check plot of ordinary alfalfa. Although this strain is nonhardy and ordinarily winterkills except in the southern portions of the United States, there were two plants which survived the severe winter of 1903-4 in Washington, D.C. These points, together with the hairiness, leafiness, and vigorous growth of this variety, brought it to the attention of those interested in breeding alfalfa. These plants were placed in large pots and moved to the green- house to be utilized in the hybridization work inaugurated by Dr. B. T. Galloway. Later on Doctor Galloway conceived the idea of raising a large number of plants of these two individuals vegetatively, in order to produce a large quantity of seeds the Same season. This was successiully accomplished by the method here described. _ The adaptation of this method to the breeding of forage crops. especially the legumes, has proved so promising that it is deemed advisable to publish the results ob- “tained. —C. V. Peer, Agrostologist in Charge of Forage Crop Investigations. 102—1y car ww oo f - 34 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. \ DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD EMPLOYED IN THE VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. The method, as here described, applies specifically to alfalf: Slight modifications may be necessary in case of its application other species. The cuttings should be made about three inches in length, prefer- ably from the upper portion of reasonably matured stems. Plants grown outside the greenhouse produce the best cuttings, but in case the stock plants are not near at hand it is generally advisable to transplant them to the greenhouse, cutting the stems back close to the ground. Such plants will give an abundance of good material for cuttings within two weeks. It is practicable, when the cutting material is limited in quantity, to utilize also the middle and lower portions of the stem. In any case, two or three nodes should be included in each cutting, the lower being near the base to facilitate — rooting. It is possible to secure a second set of cuttings from the original ones when they have grown to twice their original height, usually about threé weeks after potting. The upper cuttings of the original stem are best adapted to this second series of cuttings, as the terminal growth is not interrupted. (PI. I, fig. 1.) The slips should be inserted in sand (PI. I, fig. 2) and when the largest roots are three-fourths of an inch in length they should be transferred to 2-inch pots, and later on to 3-inch pots. (PI. II, fig. 1.) The size which the plants can attain in such pots without becoming pot-bound will permit them to be transplanted to the permanent nursery rows, if the season be suitable, or to an outside cold frame (Pl. II, fig. 2), to remain dormant till spring, in case the cuttings are made during the winter. Greenhouse facilities are desirable, though — not essential. It is possible with 30 square feet of greenhouse space — and 90 square feet of cold frames to secure, during a single winter, 1,000 plants from an alfalfa plant of average size. In the northern portions of the United States the conditions of the weather may be too severe to permit of transfer to outside cold frames. In the south- ern portion of the country cold frame protection may not be neces- sary, but some means should be adopted to protect the plants from other sources of danger until they can be permanently transplanted. The efficiency of the method is shown by the fact that at least 95 per cent of alfalfa cuttings become well rooted in the pots. The newly potted cuttings should be watered sparingly and shaded from — direct sunlight for the first two days. Where it has been necessary to transfer the plants to cold frames at Washington, D. C., in mid- winter, the loss has been as high as 10 per cent, owing to the sudden change of temperature. Cloth protection is recommended, as the plants, having been grown in the greenhouse, are likely to be tender. 102—IV o. t Bul. 102, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE III. Fic. 1.—CUTTINGS OF PERUVIAN ALFALFA BEFORE AND AFTER ROOTING. Fic, 2.—CUTTINGS OF PERUVIAN ALFALFA ROOTED IN SAND IN GREENHOUSE. Bul, 102, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE IV. Fic. 1.—POTTED CUTTINGS OF PERUVIAN ALFALFA IN GREENHOUSE. Fie. 2.—PoTTED CUTTINGS OF PERUVIAN ALFALFA IN COLD FRAMES. PLATE V. culture. 102, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agr Bul. Fic. 1.—ROOTED CUTTINGS OF PERUVIAN ALFALFA READY FOR TRANSPLANTING TO PERMANENT Nursery Rows. Fic. 2.—PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS OF PERUVIAN ALFALFA IN PERMANENT Nursery Rows. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF LEGUMINOUS FORAGE PLANTS. 35 No losses resulted on one occasion in the transfer of 1,800 plants to the permanent nursery rows 5 miles distant. The tops were cut back to 6 inches in height before being removed from the pots in the cold frames. (See Pl. III, figs. 1 and 2.) APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO PRACTICAL PLANT-BREEDING PROBLEMS. In connection with establishing new varieties of such leguminous forage plants as alfalfa and clover it is sometimes desirable to start with a strain from a single individual, or at best from a limited number of individuals. This is the case where an especially prom- ising form is confined to so few plants that the problem of increasing the stock for further tests and possible introduction is a serious one. In work of this kind many difficulties have heretofore been encoun- tered. The seed selected from a promising set of individuals in an ordinary nursery or testing plot may have as its male parents plants of all of the strains in the series under test, a circumstance which works against the fixing of the strain along the desired lines. _ This promiscuous parentage can usually be avoided only by keep- ing the remainder of the plants clipped to prevent flowering. This is not practicable in case other strains are being developed at the same time. While it is possible to isolate several hundred plants so that the danger of outside pollination is for the most part eliminated, yet with a few plants this is much less satisfactory, as there is not the protection of numbers which a considerable area of plants of one strain gives. The several hundred plants which can readily be pro- duced from the selected individuals during the winter can be isolated by transfer to a considerable distance from other plants of the same or closely related species. It is possible that a considerable area could be practically isolated by lateral screens to confine the fer- tilizing insects temporarily to the plants in question. Under these conditions the presence of great numbers will make it probable that the bulk of the seed secured will have the selected individuals for its male parents. The quantity of seed procurable from a few plants is usually so small that several seasons are required to obtain sufficient stock for even the preliminary tests of the new strain under field conditions. But by using cuttings it is quite practicable to produce in the green- house as many plants from one individual during the first winter as would be expected in at least two years from seed. Therefore this method results in a considerable shortening of the time required to get the seed of any one selected strain in sufficient quantities for field tests. In practical selection work where strains resistant to cold, drought, or disease are being developed, natural selection will weed out the l02—1v 36 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. undesirable plants. In these cases the method suggested by Hays @ is most practicable. In case, however, the selections are being made along different lines, as for yield, leafiness, or composition, there can be no natural elimination of the undesirable individuals. Artificial elimination in many eases is tedious, as, for instance, when selection for composition is in progress. The method here described will enable fixed strains to be secured in a much shorter time than where the seed is influenced by pollen from inferior individuals. In cases where there is at hand but a single individual of a given strain its possible destruction by accident may be guarded against by increasing the stock, as here suggested. If the preliminary tests show it to be of probable value, the question of seed production can then be considered. The transplanting of matured alfalfa plants is difficult, owing to their great root development. It is much more expedient to make cuttings to the required number and transplant these to the desired location. In experimental tests, such as fertilizer pot trials with single plants, it is well known that the individual variations of the different plants utilized is a varying factor, for which it is difficult to make correc- tions. This factor is practically eliminated where the plants under test are produced by cuttings from_a single individual. It is sug- gested that in fertilizer tests, for instance, where pots or even small plots are used, the experiments can be rendered less liable to error by utilizing freshly rooted cuttings of a single individual for the entire series of experiments. In view of the bearing which the self-fertility of a given species has upon -the application of the method to starting a strain from a single individual, a list of self-sterile and self-fertile plants is here given. This list is from Kirchner,’ based in part upon his own work and, in part, upon that of others. Those plants listed as self-sterile failed to set seed when the inflorescence was bagged, while the self- fertile species produced seed when similarly covered. Self-sterile—Medieago sativa, M. faleata, Trifolium pratense, T. hybridum, Vicia cracca, V. angustifolia, V. villosa. Self-fertile.—Melilotus alba, Medicago carstiensis, M. denticulata, Trifolium repens (slightly), T. incarnatum (slightly), Ornithopus sativus, Cicer arietinum, Vicia sativa, V. faba, Lens esculenta, Lathyrus sativus, L. tingitanus, Pisum sativum, Glycine hispida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna sinensis. a Hays, W. M. A Method of Breeding a Hardy Alfalfa, American Breeders’ Association, vol. 1, 1905. » Kirchner, Q. Ueber die Wirkung der Selbstbestiubung bei den Papilionaceen. Naturw. Zeitschrift fir Land und Forstwirthschaft, parts 1, 2, and 8, 1905, Digest in Bot. Centralbl., Vol, XOVIII, No. 18, p. 449, 1905. 102—1V VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF LEGUMINOUS FORAGE PLANTS. 37 The behavior of any species under continued inbreeding will deter- mine the minimum number of plants which can be utilized as the foundation stock for a given strain. It is, of course, impossible to start with a single individual in case it is absolutely sterile to its own pollen. It may be, however, that the differentiation incident to vege- tative propagation permits the use of pollen of plants derived from the same individual. If this last condition does not obtain, the employ- ment of at least two individuals is essential. These should, of course, be as nearly identical as possible with regard to the desired character- istics. The legumes are variable in respect to self-pollination, and unfortu- nately there still remains a great deal of work to be done in this direc- tion, as many of the early experiments were not performed under as rigid conditions as might be wished. It is probable that many flowers failing to set seed when bagged fail not because they are sterile to their own pollen, but because of abnormal conditions incident to the bagging. A series of experiments is in progress to determine whether _a number of the species of legumes usually regarded as self-sterile are not to a certain extent self-fertile, at least to pollen from other por- tions of the same plant or from another plant produced froma cutting from the same individual. 102—1v —_ B. P. I.—261. THE CONTROL OF TEXAS ROOT-ROT OF COTTON.’ By C. L. Surar, Pathologist, and Grorer F. Mines, Scientific Assistant in Pathology. INTRODUCTION. Root-rot, or the so-called *‘dying”’ of cotton, is each year becoming a more and more serious enemy of the cotton grower in Texas and other parts of the Southwest. It has not yet been found east of Texas, but it is likely to spread gradually eastward. The extent of its dam- age to the cotton crop during the past season (1906) was apparently greater than ever before. It has been estimated that the total loss caused by this disease in Texas last year was about $3,000,000. Dur- ing seasons favorable to the development of the parasite it increases its area of destruction quite rapidly. Some cotton planters have expressed the opinion that this disease is at present a more serious menace to the cotton crop of Texas than the boll weevil. Root-rot is not restricted to cotton, but attacks a large number of other cultivated and wild plants. CAUSE OF ROOT-ROT. The disease has been attributed by planters to a variety of causes. Our investigations have shown, however, that it is primarily due to a fungous parasite which lives and spreads in the soil. This fungus is known as a species of Ozonium and is most prevalent and injurious in the Houston clay or black waxy soils of the Southwest. Under favor- able conditions of temperature and moisture, the fungus attacks the roots of the cotton plants, destroying the rootlets and external surface of the roots and also invading the fibro-vascular system, thus causing the plants to suddenly wilt and die. This organism grows best where the aeration of the soil is poorest. The disease may be easily recog- nized by the sudden wilting and dying of the plants and the presence on the roots of dirty yellowish strands or a thin weft of the fungous filaments. aThe results of the field experiments conducted by Doctor Shear and Mr. Miles last season (1906) were so promising that it is deemed desirable to present them to cotton growers at once. Further time will be required to complete the investigations and demonstrate more exactly the value of the method recommended.—B. T. Gatno- wAyY, Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau. 102—yv 89 40 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 4 EFFORTS TO CONTROL THE DISEASE. Our investigation of this disease, including the tests of possible methods of prevention or control, is not yet complete. A consider- able variety of tests has been made in the application of various fungicides and other chemicals and fertilizers to the soil, and attempts have also been made to secure by selection a race or variety of cotton that might be immune or show some degree of resistance to the dis- ease. Neither of these lines of investigation has yet given promise of success. es ROTATION OF CROPS. It is generally known to planters familiar with root-rot that it does not affect grasses and grains, and when such crops are grown upon infected land for a few years the succeeding cotton crop is not likely to suffer so badly. The beneficial results from such rotations alone are, however, not always uniform or satisfactory. AERATION OF THE SOIL BY DEEP PLOWING. Field and laboratory investigations, coupled with the experience of practical growers, have led the writers to conclude that lack of proper aeration of the soil is one of the most important factors favor- ing the development of the root-rot fungus. Deeper plowing than that usually practiced in ordinary cultivation methods improves the aeration of the soil and was therefore tried. Three series of experiments were conducted, consisting of (1) deep fall plowing, the land being plowed to a depth of 7 to 9 inches on December 7 and 8, 1905, (2) deep spring plowing, and (3) spring subsoiling. DEEP FALL PLOWING. The experiment in deep fall plowing was carried on near Luling, Tex. An area was selected where the cotton was nearly all killed” by the root-rot during the previous season. Three acres of this field were plowed 7 to 9 inches deep; the remainder was given the ordinary preparation and cultivation, being simply bedded up with a “middle buster” in the spring. The cotton on both plats was planted at the same time and treated in the same manner during the season. On October 25, 1906, by an actual count of the plants in 15 rows of each plat, representing the average condition, only 12 per cent of - the plants on the deep-plowed plat were found to be dead, while on — the check plat adjoining, which had received ordinary preparation, 96 per cent of the plants had been killed by the disease, 102—v THE CONTROL OF TEXAS ROOT-ROT OF COTTON, $] DEEP SPRING PLOWING AND SUBSOILING. The results of the deep spring plowing and subsoiling were not so satisfactory, though there was a very noticeable benefit from this treatment. The plants on the subsoiled land showed much less rot than those on the land which was plowed deep. The cotton was noticeably larger and more productive on all the treated plats, and especially on that which was subsoiled. The accompanying illustration of our experimental plat at Petty, | Tex., from a photograph taken October 19, 1906, shows on the left root-rot-infected land treated by spring subsoiling and on the right Fic. 3.—Cotton field badly infested with the root-rot, showing the result plat at the left, subsoiled, shows the cotton mostly alive, and the plat ont ordinary way, shows the cotton nearly all dead. the check plat which received ordinary preparation. The contrast was not so great, however, throughout the whole area. It was impossible to obtain satisfactory photographs of the plats treated by deep fall plowing, as the leaf worm had destroyed the foliage. TREATMENT RECOMMENDED. The benefit derived from deep fall plowing is so remarkable that it seems desirable to call the attention of cotton growers to this method of controlling the root-rot. The deep fall plowing should 102—y 42 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. be combined with rotation of crops, using, for two or three years previous to planting cotton on the land, some of the grasses or grains “best adapted to the requirements of the particular locality. This course has proved most practicable and successful in combating this disease. In order to attain success by this method the plowmg must be very thoroughly done and at the proper time. Good results can not be secured unless the land is plowed to a depth of at least 7 inches, and 9 inches would be still better. This work cannot be done with the small plows in general use by cotton planters. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations, Archibald D, Shamel, Physiologist in C Corn Breeding Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought-Resistant Plant’ Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, ] ologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physi in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Swbtropical Plants, Orator I’, Cook, Bio’ omist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J, Briggs,, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge. .! Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. ‘ Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge, | Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. y Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. ae Sugar-Beet oh Das tIGOHIONS, Charles me Townsend, Hiattioleeiae in Charae: Dry Cotd Agriculture Investigations, ron Ghannins Chilcott, Agricultariat in charg Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Pield Investigations in Pomology, William A, Taylor and G, Harold Powell, in Charge. Beperimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M, Byrnes, Superintendent, Vegetable Testing Gardens, W. W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John DPD, Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo., Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in fa Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miumi, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in- Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. — South Teras Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Bdward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. — Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, -La., Special Agent In Charge, Editor, J, B. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James W, Jones, _ 103 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department or’ AGRICULTURE, 3uREAU OF PLAntr INpustTrRY, Orrice oF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., March 6, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 103 of the series of this Bureau, the ac- companying manuscript, entitled * Dry Farming in the Great Basin,” by C. S. ‘Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge of Western Agricultural Extension Investigations. Nearly one-third of the arable land of the United States is either arid or semiarid, and consequently can be used for agriculture only when irrigated or when devoted to such crops as are able to thrive with a limited supply of moisture or such aS permit special tillage by which the scanty rainfall may be secured and held in the soil. Notwithstanding the natural drawbacks of this great semiarid region, which occupies the larger part of the western United States, hardy pioneers have found within it many places where profitable farming is possible, and they have worked out tillage methods and found suitable crops for some sections that were believed a quarter of a century ago to be unfit for anything but stock ranges. In the present paper Mr. Scofield describes the natural conditions and discusses the farming methods and the crops for one of the sec- tions of this arid region where “dry farming” is now successfully carried on. Some of the more important factors that have made this development possible are shown to be a distribution of the rainfall which is favorable as to season, a clean summer fallow between crops to conserve the rainfall of two seasons where necessary to pro- duce a crop, and the maintenance of soil fertility by good tillage, together with the continued addition of organic matter to the soil. Tt is shown, also, that while something has been done in the way of using drought-resisting crops, secured either through introdue- tions from other countries or by plant breeding, much still remains to be done in this direction, and that further work along this line, together with still more knowledge as to the efficiency and cost of various tillage methods, promises to greatly extend the boundaries of profitable agriculture in the arid West. Respectfully, B. T. Gartoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wirson, Secretary of Agriculture. 103 ' 3 CONDE NTS: Oo UMVIM) 22 =o te ee ee ee Location and general description of the region_________-__-____-_--~-__~- Experiments in dry farming in the Great Basin___--_--------~_-_______ Privaceexperiments in dry farming _____-__------__.----_---_-_==4 MUPmiGnnearig experiment farms —-——-+ = =~ ——_-. 4 ee meocal conditions which affect dry farming__.._----___.=-.----.---_-_- PLPenMEnWOmmMeaimily in winter. = - = 3 ee ean ake Pemunievaniaiton in. rainfall. = ___ 2-99. Influence of local topography on rainfall Beeinecomiirerseason tillage.--.-...-___ ---- Maintenance of a clean summer fallow___-__-_------_-_------------ The sustained productiveness of dry-farmed soils__-----__-_------_-__-__ RPEMEDCAnOUNs nOtieaChed 224222428 2 t eee St ea soe cs The importance of organic matter in the soil__-__-__________----_-- Baminasr savoring nitrification.——.._.__--==-.. ==. = 22 =- RePEenaninOie nitrogen == 2 eos feet 8) tS oso ese Preanecnnacter lost by oxidation--.--~------2-__- = --2=-- = --- Mryrarmning supplementary to irrigation-____--__..-_--.--.+-\.=-=--=-- Semanmeoehome on the dry lands=..-..--_--.-_.---..=--=---+-1-2s-+- ae ee er ES a a re Description of plates ne te a ee ee www ww CO O OV Cl ILLUSTRATIONS: PLATES. Puate I. Fig. 1—General view of the San Juan County Arid Farm, Utah. Fig. 2.—Field of wheat in shock on land adjacent to the a Juan County Arid Farm. ---=-2).-—-._> ee Il. Fig. 1.—Field showing the type of summer fallow maintained in every other series on the San Juan County Arid Farm. Fig 2.—The interior of an alfalfa plat on the San Juan Coun Arid’ Warm)... ==... -—-. <= ee Ill. ‘Fig. 1—A poor crop of wheat on the Sevier County Arid Fa Utah. Fig. 2.—A crop of wheat grown without irrigation the Cache’ Valley, Utah__.-_- =. eee IV. Fig. 1.—Harvesting wheat grown without irrigation, near Ney Utah. Fig. 2—A hillside garden in a semiarid region, s ing one of the settling ditches used to catch and hold — water which runs off the hill above-_.__.__-___-___-____- : TEXT FIGURES. Fic. 1. Map showing the location of the Great Basin---__-_________ E 2. Sketch map of Utah, showing the irrigated areas according in t census of 1900 and the location of arid experiment farms____ 3. Diagrams showing the average monthly precipitation at some re resentative points in the semiarid West._._..--------_-___ 4. Diagram showing the total annual precipitation at Logan, Ut: 1993-1006... = 3 - 5. Diagram showing the total annual precipitation at —— U 1897-1006... =. =.=... 22 . ee See 19004606. 2 2 ; 7. Diagram showing the total annual precipitation at Parowan, idee 1801-1006. —_ —--- --- 5 - j a. and: Hichfleld,. Utah........._.-...... eee ae 6 103 B. P. I.—266. DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. INTRODUCTION. During the past four or five years much interest has been mani- fested by the people of this country in the possibility of utilizing for agriculture some of the arable land in the western United States where the rainfall is insufficient for ordinary farming. There are several conditions that have contributed to this interest. American agri- culture has enjoyed a large measure of prosperity during recent years and agricultural investment and farm-home development have received an unusual impetus. The choicest of the well-watered public lands have passed into private ownership and have greatly advanced in price. Then, also, during the last two or three years there has been rather more than the normal amount of rainfall over the larger part of the arid region, and many people acquainted only with the present con- ditions firmly believe that the climate is gradually becoming more humid. This belief is probably without any foundation in fact, and it is surprising that it should exist, for the precipitation records of the whole country receive wide publicity; but since the idea is gener- ally held and has been widely advertised it becomes important to emphasize the fact that there is no adequate basis for hopin® that the climate of the arid West is undergoing any appreciable change as regards precipitation. Within recent years, also, investigation and experimentation have been directed toward the solution of some of the complicated problems involved in the conservation of soil moisture in these arid regions. Actual additions to existing knowledge of the subject have been relatively few, but public attention has been directed to the work to such an extent that the idea prevails that much more is now possible in the way of utilizing a limited rainfall than was ever possible before. There is some foundation for such a conclusion, but nothing to war- rant many of the exaggerated statements now current. The conquest of the arid West, to be successful and to’ be accomplished without large and costly failures, must be made slowly and by the careful ap- plication of definitely ascertained facts. The boundaries of existing 28529—No. 1083—07 m——2 7 8 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. settlements may be gradually extended, but any wholesale attempt to colonize large areas of this arid land with people accustomed to farm- ing only in humid regions or not accustomed to farming at all is almost certain to result in disastrous failure. The region just east of the Rocky Mountains has already been the scene of some large booms in arid lands. One of the first of these, which occurred from 1880 to 1885, was partly the result of a series of years of relatively high precipitation and partly the result of very extensive railroad building. A series of drier years following drove back many of the new settlers after they had lost all their pos- _ sessions while waiting for a rainy season to come again. There have since been a number of smaller booms, which have affected different parts of the region at different times, as a result of temporary periods of increased rainfall or some other local cause. One of.these, in the two or three years following 1890, began to assume large proportions when the financial crisis of 1893 and the severe drought of 1894 com- bined to drive back most of the new settlers. As each of these early waves of settlement receded, it left behind some few pioneers, who, by dint of harder work, by the use of better judgment in selecting land, or by turning to stock raising and using as range land the farms of their less persistent neighbors, succeeded in holding out through the dry years. The region just west of the Rocky Mountains, particularly that portion of it lying within the State of Utah, was first settled by farmers who depended exclusively upon irrigation for crop produe- tion. The extensions of their settlements were naturally made along those streams from which the diversion of water for irrigation was possible. These first settlements were made about 1850, and for the next thirty years irrigation farming and stock raising on the open range constituted the only agriculture of the region. ‘ In the decade of 1870-1880, some pioneer attempts were made to grow crops without irrigation in and around some of the valleys of the Great Basin. These attempts finally showed the way to the utilization of large tracts of fertile land for which no irrigation water could be had. ‘The first efforts were relatively few and unimportant, but as the country became more thickly settled and new irrigation enterprises became scarce and expensive more attention was directed to the development of these nonirrigable lands. This development was begun by growing crops to supplement those grown on the irrigated land. Almost no attempts were made at first to establish farms on the dry lands, so that the first failures, by which the methods of success were learned, were not so disastrous as they might have been had it been necessary to build homes and make other improvements independent of any irrigation opportunities. It is 103 a LOCATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION. 9 manifestly much easier to experiment in dry farming, to gamble on the weather as it were, if one has an irrigated farm to fall back upon in adverse seasons. Even where it is possible by the use of windmills or the development of springs or small streams to irrigate relatively small fields during a protracted drought, the settler is able to tide over times when without such a resource complete failure would be inevitable. When the utilization of the dry lands can proceed from well-established agricultural centers, such as irrigated sections, in- stead of having to start unsupported in the midst of the dry lands, the risk of disastrous failure is greatly reduced. From the modest and tentative beginnings of a third of a century ago there has grown a well-established system of farming in some sections of the country west of the Rocky Mountains. There are in this great intermountain area three fairly well defined regions in which dry farming“ is now practiced to a considerable extent. For convenience of designation, these regions may be named the Great Basin, the Columbia River Valley, and the interior valley of Cali- fornia. Each of these areas includes localities with widely differing conditions of soil, climate, and agriculture, and each, taken as a whole, differs from the others in important particulars, yet they have some important features in common not shared by the Great Plains region, which includes most of the arid lands east of the Rocky Mountains. LOCATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION. The agricultural region referred to as the Great Basin area (fig. 1) occupies a portion of the great depression between the Rocky Moun- tains and the Sierra Nevada. To the north of the Great Basin lies the drainage basin of the Columbia River, while to the southward the drainage is collected by the Colorado River. The Great Basin proper is well defined topographically. It includes a large irregular body of land lying chiefly in the States of Utah, Nevada, Oregon, and California, of which the drainage finds no outlet to the ocean, but instead collects in various lakes and sinks, from which it evaporates. «The term “dry farming” is a recent addition to agricultural literature, but since it meets a real need it will probably find a permanent place. There is some difference of opinion as to just what the expression means. It is ordinarily understood to mean farming in an arid or semiarid region without irrigation, but this is often confusing, since “arid” is at best a relative expression and irrigation is often used even in humid regions. Parowan is evidently far enough south to share somewhat in the torrential summer rains that often occur in Arizona and New Mexico. 103 18 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. feature of the Great Plains climate is its relatively heavy summer rainfall and its dry winters. ANNUAL VARIATION IN RAINFALL. There are no rainfall records covering long periods of time for the places in the Great Basin where dry farming is now attracting the LOGAN, UTAH /3 YEARS RECORD ANNUAL AVERAGE /3.-4 INCHES TOOELE, UTAH 9 YEARS RECORD ANNUAL AVERAGE 143) INCHES LEVAN, UTAH /4-/§ YEARS RECORD ANNUAL AVERAGE /5.3 INCHES PAROWAN, UTAH /3-/4 YEARS RECORO ANNUAL AVERAGE 11.8 FiG Diagrams showing the averag representative points in and most extensive development of dry farming in that region. INCHES BISMARCK, N.DAK. 29 YEARS RECORD ANNUAL AVERAGE /7.7 INCHES PIERFE, 5. DAK. GS YEARS RECORD AWNUAL AVERAGE 16.8 INCHES NORTH PLATTE, WEB. IS YEARS RECORD ANNUAL AVERAGE /7.7 DODGE, KANSAS 29-30 VEARS RECORD ANNUAL AVERAGE 20.3 10nthly precipitation at some the semiarid West. most attention. The earlier settlers were interested chiefly in irriga- tion farming and gave but little at- tention to rainfall. With few excep- tions such records as are In existence have been made in cities or towns that were located with reference to irriga- tion or transporta- tion facilities rather than in rep- resentative agri- cultural and consequently the available ree- ords are of limited agricultural appli- tion. The following the pre- regions, charts show total annual cipitation at four places in Utah where dry farm- ing is now carried on to some extent. In fact, the two towns Logan and Levan _ probably the best Such represent records as these are valuable in proportion to their length, for when long continued they furnish a basis for interpreting present condi- tions without which w rong judgment would be almost certain. 103 LOCAL CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT DRY FARMING. 19 Logan, Utah, is situated near the northern boundary of the State, near the eastern side of the Cache valley, in which dry farming has been carried on for nearly a third of a century, and it is now prob- ably the most important dry-farming section in the State. Except on the eastern side the valley is surrounded only by low hills, so that the rainfall is probably very evenly distributed over it. The record shown in the diagram (fig. 4) covers a period of fourteen years, from 1893 to 1906, inelusive, the annual average being 15 inches. It will be noted that for the period of record previous to 1906 the variation from the mean was slight, but in 1906 the amount of rain was nearly double what it was in 1905. Tooele, Utah, is situated near the eastern edge of a broad valley directly south of Great Salt Lake. This valley, which lies at an altitude of about 4,500 feet, is one of the largest in the State in which dry farming is pos- sible. The region around Tooele has not been used for dry farming until within the last three or four years. Records are available for the last ten years only. The annual average for that time is 15 inches, while the ex- tremes range from about 10 inches to slightly over 20 inches. (See fig. 5.) It will be noted in this ease, also, that the rain- fall during 1906 was the [F'¢.4.—Diagram showing the tota! annual precipitation = at Logan, Utah, 1893-1906. greatest recorded, al- though the difference is not so marked as in the record for Logan. Levan, Utah, is situated in a comparatively narrow valley in the central part of the State, a short distance south of Nephi. This valley is in one of the older settled sections of the State, and since 1900 it has been the scene of very rapid development of dry farming. This record also shows an unusually large rainfall during 1906, which was exceeded only in 1895. (See fig. 6.) It is clear from such a record as this that frequent crop failures can be avoided only by tillage methods by which a reserve of moisture is stored in the sou for the use of crops during the drier years. Parowan, Utah, is situated near the southern part of the State in one of the smaller valleys east of the Escalante Desert. The annual average for the fourteen years recorded is 12.5 inches, while the ex- tremes range from 21 inches as the highest to 7 inches as the lowest. 102 HTT 1894 1900 06 20 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. In this case, again, the unusual rainfall of 1906 is shown. It becomes apparent from a comparison of this (fig. 7) and the preceding dia- grams that the rainfall of 1906 was much above the average in the Great Basin. The relatively large rainfall of 1906 has stimulated local interest in dry farming in a way that nothing else could do. The wonderfully large crops obtained during the last season with- out irrigation, together with the recent unusual interest in dry farm- ing, have combined to convince the local public that irrigation is rapidly becoming unnecessary in that region. In fact it is not gen- erally realized how much more rain there was during the last year than usually falls. It is true that the present agitation in favor of dry farming in Utah was actively begun in 1902 and 1903, when the rainfall was rather below the aver- age, so that while the greater rain- fall of last year has probably en- couraged unwarranted hopes as to what can be done without irriga- tion, yet the actual extension of = farming has doubtless been much 1898 1900 02 greater than it would have been Fic. 5.—Diagram showing the total annu. Without the increased rainfall. #1 precipitation at Tooele, Utah, 1897-1908. There can be no doubt that thers - will soon be drier years again, for the records of rainfall show no reason for believing that the climate is changing. INFLUENCE OF LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY ON RAINFALL, The air currents that bring rain into the Great Basin come mainly from the west, saturated with moisture from the Pacific Ocean. A large part of this water in the lower atmosphere is precipitated as this air passes over the high Sierra Nevada range, but enough mois- ture is soon recovered either from the upper air or from the earth for each of the successive mountain ranges in the Great Basin to receive its share of rain, the amount in each case increasing with the height of the ranges and their distance apart. Thus, just as the western part of the Great Basin is more arid than the eastern part, so the western side of each valley in the Great Basin is drier than the eastern side; or, conversely, the western slope and foothills of a mountain range receive more rainfall than the eastern slope, the difference depending somewhat upon the height of the range. (See fig. 8.) The following table illustrates this phenomenon. The town of Deseret lies well out in a broad valley which is much too dry for any 103 LOCAL CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT DRY FARMING. 21 farming except with irrigation. About 30 miles southeast of Deseret is the town of Fillmore, which lies close to the western slope of a mountain range, the crest of which is 10,000 feet above sea level. In the first part of the table is shown the total annual precipitation at Deseret and Fillmore for all the years for which there are records, and also the dif- ference in favor of Fillmore due to the effect of the mountains. In the second 22 == = part of the table P=A—=P=e aa Fillmore is com- tf -| S551 25c05= z= pared with Rich- eaee field, which is only 16 m j l es ZL = ee — away, but on the opposite side of SSF Eas the mountain L!89 mace range. Here also Fie. 6,—Diagram showing the total annual precipitation at Levan, all the available Utah, 1890-1906. records for both places are given. In this case the difference is even greater than is shown in the first case. Such facts show plainly that it is useless to estimate the probable rainfall at any place in this region where records have not been kept unless the topography is well known and direct comparison is possible with a similar location where the facts are known. TABLE I.—Differences in total annual precipitation between points in Utah located near each other, arranged to show the influence of topography. | Deseret and Fillmore. Fillmore and Richfield. i Year. Deseret Fillmore "| Difference | Fillmore | Richfield Difference (altitude, | (altitude, jin favor of | (altitude, | (altitude, in favor of 4,600 feet). | 5,700 feet). | Fillmore. |5, 700 feet). | 5,308 feet). Fillmore. | ais | Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 15.6 8.0 ee i 5.4 | 3.9 | I 9.0 12.9 S60) ion esee Aen: yen esd, ear eee . 4.8 11.9 | wed 6.6 5.3 : 7.0 12.0 BO scceeae we nt|t~ — —----------- 3 & See 9 88 S AAINBEARING WIND ——=— N § s ; See es FILLMORE 5,700 feer ——-——-—-— meen re 8 Se AVERAGE ANNUAL PAIN 7.7 INCHES. HORIZONTAL SCALE: 7’ VERTICAL SCALE? eq Fig. 8.—Profile sketch showing the relative positions of Deseret, Fillmore, and Richfield, Utah. Where subsoiling is practiced, the use of a subsoiling attachment in a gang plow is found to be not only practicable but pref- erable. One very satisfactory disk gang plow that is made for use with five or six horses has two large disks for general use, but when subsoiling is to be done the front disk can be removed and a subsoiler attached in its place. This position of the subsoiler has several advantages. It leaves a smooth-bottomed furrow for the furrow horses to walk in and it also immediately covers the subsoil that is loosened by the subsoil plow, thus preventing a considerable loss of moisture that might result from leaving this loosened subsoil exposed to the air until the next round of the plow. There is some question as to whether subsoil plowing is worth what it costs, and many farmers are of the opinion that deep plowing without subsoiling is the better practice. The ordinary disk harrow is, of course, in very general use, not only for pulverizing the soil in preparing a seed bed but also to main- tain the clean fallow which is so essential to success in this type of farming 103 24 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. The spike-toothed harrow is also used almost universally, not only as a supplement to the disk harrow but also to kill weeds and break the surface crust after rains. In addition to the smoothing harrow for finely pulverizing the surface soil, some farmers have used with advantage a plank drag, usually of home construction, made of three or four planks fastened together rigidly, one behind another, and with the edges overlapping iike the weatherboards of a house. This implement crushes the hard lumps and tends to level the land at the same time. For still further smoothing and pulverizing the seed bed a brush harrow is sometimes used. This, too, is of home construction. It is made of brush rigidly fastened to a plank or log in such a way that the loose ends of the brush bear on the soil, acting much like a coarse broom. This brush harrow, when used after a plank drag, leaves the surface soil in excellent tilth. For preparing new land for the plow, some sort of: implement is often needed to remove the sagebrush. For this purpose a com- mon railroad rail is often used, with a team hitched to each end and the rail dragged sideways across the land, breaking down the brush. This may be followed by a heavy rake, which gathers up the loosened brush into piles or windrows for burning. Several other implements have been devised for removing sagebrush, among them a heavy form of revolving hayrake, which breaks down and partly collects the brush in one operation. MAINTENANCE OF A CLEAN SUMMER FALLOW. The term “summer fallow” is used with different meanings in various parts of the country. In the Great Plains area, especially in the northern part, it is applied to the practice of letting the land lie idle and permitting the growth of weeds during the spring months, so that a plowing in June will not only kill these weeds but by turning them under add some much-needed humus to the soil. This June plowing also brings to the surface more weed seeds, which soon germi- nate and may be destroyed subsequently either by surface tillage or by fall plowing. The chief object of the summer fallow as used in the Great Plains area is rather to free the land from weeds than to conserve the moisture. In other sections of the country the term “fallow” is applied to the practice of leaving the land entirely undisturbed either for the whole or a part of the year. In the Great Basin, however, the summer fallow is used chiefly for moisture conservation. As has been pointed out, the bulk of the precipitation of this region comes in the autumn, winter, and spring months, the summer months being almost free from rain. It is therefore possible to establish early bo or METHODS OF INTERSEASON TILLAGE. in the season a very effective dust mulch on the surface of the soil, which is not likely to be disturbed by summer rains and which re- quires only enough cultivation to keep weeds from growing. (See Pl. I, fig. 1.) The maintenance of this surface mulch is an expen- sive operation even under these conditions, for weed seeds germinate readily in the moist soil below the surface, push up through the dry mulch, and unless quickly killed dissipate large quantities of valuable soil moisture. It is quite as important to keep weeds from developing to any considerable size as it is to maintain a surface mulch that will check direct evaporation. If these weeds are killed at short intervals by light surface cultivation they use but little water, and it is also much cheaper to destroy them when small than after they have grown to considerable size. Tt must always be taken into account that the surface soil mulch, which is so necessary to moisture conservation, is possible only where the soil is sufficiently heavy not to be blown away by summer winds. These summer winds, which in some regions are almost continuous and sometimes of high velocity, often make a clean summer fallow altogether impracticable. It is also extremely doubtful if the requi- site summer fallowing is practicable on very light soils, for even the milder summer winds would do serious damage where such a soil in a fine state of tilth is exposed. THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL TEXTURE. The water-holding capacity of a soil depends largely upon its physical texture and is also influenced to some extent by the amount of organic matter present. For instance, a heavy clay soil contain- ing a large amount of humus might hold 30 per cent of water and still be in workable condition, while sandy soil having 10 per cent of water might seem very wet. It is therefore obvious that where success in dry farming depends upon the storage in the soil within ‘the reach of plants of enough water to carry a crop to maturity, the water-holding capacity of the soil becomes a matter of the first importance. Tabie I1.—I/ncreased moisture occasioned by 1 inch of rain distributed through various depths of soil, weighing 85 pounds per cubic foot. Depth of | Proportion || Depth of | Proportion distribu- of distribu- of tion. moisture. | tion. | moisture. Inches. Per cent. | Inches. | Per cent. 1 75 24 8 3 25 36 2 6 12.5 48 1-5 6.2 60 1.2 A cubie foot of heavy loam soil perfectly dry is estimated to weigh 85 pounds. A cubic foot of water weighs about 62} pounds. 103 26 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. The water required to cover 1 square foot to the depth of 1 inch weighs about 51 pounds, while an acre-inch of water weighs about 113 tons. One per cent of moisture per cubic foot of soil is equivalent to 0.84 pound of water, while 1 per cent per acre-foot of soil equals about 18 tons of water. The preceding table shows the relation between rainfall and soil moisture as stated in percentages. These figures are useful in com- puting thé potential effect of rains of various amounts, assuming that all of the rain enters the soil. } Estimating that a wheat crop, for instance, can use moisture 5 feet deep in the soil, it will be seen that a sandy soil would be able to hold available only about 540 tons of water per acre, while a heavy loam would hold available about 1,350 tons per acre, or a dif- ference of more than 800 tons of water per acre in favor of the heavy soil. These figures show the importance of selecting only the heavier soils for dry farming where the storage of water from one season to another is necessary. Under their virgin conditions the heavier and better soils of a semiarid region are rarely wet to a depth of more than 3 or 4 feet— often 2 feet or less. With the surface soil undisturbed so that this moisture can move upward and dissipate by direct evaporation, and with the natural vegetation using large quantities, it is only a short time after the rains cease before all the available water is lost from the soil. If this same land is broken by the plow to a depth of 5 or 6 inches, more of the rain water or melting snow soaks into it and pene- trates far below the limit of virgin conditions. If, in addition to the first plowing, the surface soil is stirred frequently, a surface mulch is formed which is nearly as effectual in checking direct evaporation as a coat of oil on the surface of water. The moisture thus held in the soil continues downward, wetting soil that in some cases has not been wet for centuries. Since the total annual rainfall in many dry-farming regions is less than 15 inches, of which but little more than half can be secured and held even under favorable conditions, there is ample storage capacity in deep and heavy soils for all the normal rainfall of two years. In short, the soil of a semiarid region may be regarded as a reser- voir which under natural conditions is shallow, with a surface diffi- cult to penetrate and favoring the quick loss of water by evaporation. Under proper methods of tillage the reservoir may be greatly deep- ened and provided with a cover that will effectually prevent evapora- tion, so that its supply may be held for the use of crop plants. It is the aim of interseason tillage to accomplish this result. With crops that do not permit intertillage during the growing season the 103 CROPS AND CROP TILLAGE. 27 importance of interseason tillage becomes very great, while the ex- tensive use of intertilled crops lessens the need of it materially. CROPS AND CROP TILLAGE. Wheat and alfalfa are practically the only crops grown without irrigation in the Great Basin and, of the two, wheat is by far the more extensively grown. Other cereals, such as oats, barley, and rye, are grown in an experimental way, while such intertilled crops as corn, sorghum, potatoes, and field peas are also being tested to a limited extent. There are several varieties of wheat in common use both on the dry lands and under irrigation. In fact, there has been but little at- tempt to develop strains or varieties especially for the dry lands. With a few exceptions, the wheats grown are fall-sown varieties of bread wheat (77iticum aestivum). They are nearly all ight colored and belong to the class known commercially as “ soft wheats.” The more popular varieties are known locally under the names of Loft- house, Kofoid, and Gold Coin. On the State experiment farms a number of varieties of durum wheat (Z'riticum durum) have been under experiment, together with some of the spring wheats of the type grown in the upper Mississippi yalley, such as Fife and Bluestem, and also some varieties of the hard, red winter wheats, such as are commonly grown in Kansas and Nebraska. These varieties are all regarded as still in the experi- mental stage, and they have not yet found their way into general use among farmers. Alfalfa is the standard forage crop of the Great Basin area, as it is of the entire western United States. Among the people of Utah it is known universally as “ lucern,” the name under which it was first brought into the Eastern States, and which is derived from the com- mon European name for the plant. This name was probably carried westward to Utah by the early pioneers, who never accepted the Cali- fornian name “ alfalfa,” which has been derived through the Spanish from an Arabic word signifying * the best fodder.” Alfalfa was first grown in the Great Basin only under irrigation. but recently it has been tested rather extensively on the dry lands. Apparently there has been no very serious effort made to secure varieties especially adapted to these dry lands, but instead seed from the irrigated land is harvested and put on the market, together with any seed that may be grown on land without irrigation. The indications are that valuable drought-resistant varieties of alfalfa could be developed in a very short time if proper attention were given to selecting seed from individual plants or even from some whole fields that appeared to thrive well on a limited supply of 108 28 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. moisture. It is true that a large proportion of the alfalfa seed now produced in this region receives very little, if any, irrigation, since a larger seed crop results when the plants are kept rather drier than is required for the best growth of forage. There needs to be a way devised by which it will be practicable to find recognition in the market for seed of alfalfa that is particularly drought resistant, as distinguished from seed of alfalfa that yields well only under liberal irrigation. If such recognition could be had, there would be an incen- tive for saving seed from the more drought-resistant plants or fields. There are practically no grass crops grown on the cultivated dry lands of the Great Basin except in an experimental way. The experi- ment farms referred to are carrying on extensive trials with a number of promising grasses; including species of Bromus, Agropyron, Lolium, and Elymus. There are some indigenous species, particu- larly of Agropyron and Elymus, that are giving some promise under cultivation. There is some doubt as to whether any of these grass crops will ever occupy an important position in dry farming, since they are nearly all shallow rooted and can therefore reach but a small part of the available soil moisture when it is really needed; and, furthermore, they are not well adapted to growing with intertillage or surface cultivation of any kind, whereas such cultivation is decidedly essential for crop production on these western dry lands. TILLAGE FOR WHEAT. On the dry lands of the Great Basin it is a common practice to grow wheat after wheat on the same land, sometimes continuously year after year and sometimes with alternate fallow years or with only an occasional fallow year, depending somewhat upon the mois- true condition of the soil. The ideal method of wheat farming and the one that appears to be the most profitable, all things considered, is the method of growing a crop every alternate year, with a year of clean summer fallow intervening. In this case the land is plowed deep, about 7 or 8 inches, very soon after harvest, or, if owing to a press of other work it is not possible to plow at once, the stubble is disked as soon as the grain is cut. The grain is usually harvested with a header, so that there is always a large amount of straw to plow under. During the following summer clean cultivation is given the land and wheat is sown again the following autumn. If, as is often the case, the wheat is overripe when harvested, a considerable quantity shells out of the heads and falls to the ground, so that if the autumn rains come early and this wheat starts to grow there is always a strong temptation to leave the land unplowed. Not infrequently this volunteer wheat does very well and yields a good 108 . CROPS AND CROP TILLAGE. 29 crop. (See PI. III, fig. 1.) There are also cases where this first volunteer ‘crop is allowed to reseed itself, but the resulting crop rarely amounts to much, owing to the irregularities of the stand and to the growth of weeds that quickly establish themselves under such conditions. In the long run, it is doubtful whether it ever pays to grow three or even two crops of wheat in succession without plowing the land between crops, for such practice not only wastes valuable soil moisture, but allows the land to become very weedy. (See PI. III, fig. 1.) TILLAGE FOR ALFALFA. The young alfalfa plant is as tender and delicate as the well-estab- lished plant is strong and hardy, so that while it is necessary to have the land in excellent tilth and all other conditions favorable for start- ing this crop, a well-established field may be harrowed and disked, and sometimes even plowed, without destroying or even injuring the plants. In fact, surface cultivation when the plants are nearly or quite dormant, as in the early spring, seems to actually improve the stand and invigorate the growth. The best results with alfalfa on the dry lands of the Great Basin are secured by early spring sowing with a drill on land that has been previously put in excellent condition of tilth. The seed is usually sown without a nurse crop, and the land should be as free from weeds as possible, for when the alfalfa plants are young they may be easily injured by weeds. During the first summer the new alfalfa field gets no attention except possibly a clipping with a mower set high to cut any rank weeds that may have started and to cut back the taller alfalfa plants. The plants cut down are usually left on the ground to form a mulch. The second summer the alfalfa field is in full bearing and may be cut once for a hay crop, and, if conditions are favorable, enough second growth will be made to give a light second crop. When seed production is the aim of alfalfa growing, a light hay crop is usually cut very early, before the plants are in bloom, and the second crop is then the larger and sets seed freely. With alfalfa seed at its present price, seed production on the dry lands is much more profitable than the hay crop unless hay is very scarce and high priced. After the second year a field may be disked and harrowed with im- punity without injuring the plants, so that it is quite possible to ma- terially aid in the conservation of soil moisture in alfalfa fields even if the ground is thickly covered with plants. On the dry lands of North Africa it has been found profitable to’sow alfalfa in rows and cultivate it from time to time, and even to grow a wheat crop in alter- nate years without injuring the alfalfa, which would yield fair crops 103 30 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. of hay during the fallow years.* It is reasonable to believe that sim- ilar results might follow attempts to grow alfalfa as an intertilled crop, either with or without wheat in alternate years, in the Great Basin, where conditions are in many respects similar to those in the higher lands of North Africa in the vicinity of Setif, where this method of growing alfalfa is in common practice. The quick re- sponse of alfalfa to cultivation is shown in Plate II, figure 2, which is reproduced from a photograph taken in the interior of a dry-land alfalfa field some weeks after the first crop of the season had been cut. The plants along the edge of the field next to the surface-tilled land had made a good second growth, while the plants in the interior of the field, where the available moisture had been exhausted by the first crop, had made practically no second growth. There seems good reason for believing that sowing alfalfa in rows far enough apart to permit intertillage would be a profitable method on the dry lands, even for forage production, while for seed produc- tion it would almost certainly be more profitable. It is well known that isolated alfalfa when allowed to mature on these dry lands pro- duces relatively large quantities of seed. This is probably due, in part, to a better illumination on all sides of the plant, resulting in a larger number of flowers; in part to the drier air surrounding these flowers during the pollinating period, which appears to have some bearing in seed production, and in part to the greater ease of access for insects of various kinds that promote pollination. It is certainly true that the partial isolation of the plants secured by row planting results in greatly increased yields of seed per plant, and there is strong prob- ability that the yields per acre would be larger, so that experiments to determine this point would be well justified. There is a strong tendency in the Great Basin, as elsewhere in the western United States, to let alfalfa grow in a field as long as it will, which is usually much longer than it is yielding its best returns. In other words, it is not used as a rotation crop, in the ordinary sense of the word. The beneficial effect of alfalfa upon the crop that follows it is generally recognized, but a well-established alfalfa sod is hard to subdue for the following crop, while alfalfa seed is expensive, and it is not easy to get a good, even start on a new field. The temptation is very strong, therefore, to leave alfalfa fields undisturbed, even though the increased yields of succeeding crops are much desired. THIN SEEDING ESSENTIAL TO BEST RESULTS. Under ordinary conditions in a humid region or with irrigation, farmers sow about 5 pecks of wheat or 75 pounds per acre, and from 15 to 20 pounds of alfalfa seed per acre. On the dry lands of the «Bul. 72, Part I, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 103 OROPS AND CROP TILLAGE. on Great Basin, however, experience has shown that much better crops of wheat result when only 3 pecks of wheat or 45 pounds per acre are sown, while with alfalfa about 8 pounds of seed per acre gives the best results. Some farmers even sow 35 pounds of wheat per acre without apparently decreasing the yield, and careful experiments have shown that even less than 8 pounds of alfalfa seed per acre will give a good crop if evenly distributed, but uniform distribution is difficult with much less than 8 pounds of seed per acre. The bene- ficial effects of thin seeding are very striking, particularly in the drier years, when a seeding of 75 pounds of wheat results in crop failure, while a seeding of 35 pounds gives a good crop. This apparent anomaly is due to the fact that the heavier seeding results in so large and sudden a demand for soil moisture that the supply within reach is exhausted while the plants are still in the active growing condition and before the seed is formed, while with thin seeding the same amount of soil moisture is sufficient for the plants produced. Both wheat and alfalfa are able to throw out numerous branches from the central stem, so that when moisture conditions are favorable the num- ber of stems actually produced may be nearly as great from thin seeding as from thick seeding. THE SUSTAINED PRODUCTIVENESS OF DRY-FARMED SOILS. In a system of farming where wheat is grown continuously, that is, not in rotation with other crops, such as is the case on the dry lands of the Great Basin, the question of maintaining the soil fertility is a natural and important one. It is ordinarily assumed that the con- tinuous production of any one crop, and particularly such a crop as wheat, must rapidly reduce the fertility of the soil. It would seem, however, that with the tillage system for wheat, previously described, by which a clean summer fallow is given every second or third year and a large amount of straw is plowed under after each crop, the reduction of fertility is by no means so rapid as it is in some other regions and under some other conditions. As a matter of fact, there are fields in some of the older settled valleys in the Great Basin that have been producing wheat every other year for a third of a century without showing any signs of depleted fertility. (See Pl. III, fig. 2.) While actual comparison is of course impossible, there are reasons for believing that some of these fields are capable of producing better crops now than when first plowed. If this be true, it is important to discover the causes involved and to determine whether this tillage method, if it be found a contributing cause, is capable of wider application with a hope of similar results. It must be kept in mind that in the practice followed on these dry lands, where the grain is headed rather than cut with 1038 a ? 32 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. / the binder and where a large amount of straw is plowed under and incorporated with the soil, there is probably no reduction of the humus content; in fact, there might even be an increase of the humus under this practice, for the soils in their native condition bear but scanty vegetation, which probably adds organic matter to the soi very slowly. With this large amount of wheat straw plowed under in the autumn and allowed to lie over the next winter, followed by continued surface tillage, conditions appear to be very favorable to the growth of any bacteria that might aid the conversion of this straw into available plant food. In fact, the conditions under which this surface muleh is maintained seem to be particularly favorable for the activities of nitrifying and other soil-enriching bacteria. It is well known that there are bacteria that under favorable conditions work on the com- plex proteids in the organic matter of the soil and change them into available plant food in the form of nitrates. In addition to these so- called nitrifying organisms, there are known to be other forms of bacteria that while living chiefly on the decaying nonnitrogenous organic matter of the soil are able to utilize and fix atmospheric nitrogen in much the same way as do those bacteria that live and develop nodules on the roots of some leguminous plants. THE HEAVY SOILS NOT LEACHED. The heavier soils such as have been found best suited to dry farm- ing in the Great Basin have such a high water-holding capacity that with the ordinary light rainfall of the region there is no cumulative downward movement of water through them. In other words, the rain water that enters these soils is held by capillary force against the force of gravity, and instead of moving downward to join an under- ground water table, it is returned to the air either by direct evapora- tion from the soil surface or by transpiration processes through plants. This is, of course, not true for any but the deeper and heavier soils. Soils that occur as thin layers over impervious material, or those with so coarse a texture as to have a very low water-holding capacity, can not act as effective storage reservoirs. This fact again indicates the desirability of heavy soils for dry farming. The importance of the fact that some of these dry-farmed soils are not leached by the rain water becomes apparent when it is realized that the soluble salts that result from the ordinary processes of soil weathering and from the activity of various organisms are not washed out of the soil, but remain to be used by plants. The prover- bial richness of so-called arid soils, as well as the occurrence of alkali in soils of dry regions, is due to the fact that such soils are not leached by the rain. 103 —— CROPS AND CROP TILLAGE. 33 THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE SOIL. A continued supply of organic matter in the soil appears to be abso- lutely essential to successful crop production. It is one of the most important sources of the various forms of nitrogen available to crop plants, and nitrogen in some combined and available form is of course absolutely necessary to plant growth. Undecayed organic matter is not only useless to plants, but it is also likely to have an injurious mechanical effect upon the soil, at least in a dry region, by keeping it loose and open, thus making moisture conservation difficult. The processes of decay that take place in the organic matter in the soil are varied and complicated. Some of them result in additions to the supply of soluble salts used by plants, while others lead to the complete loss of the constituent substances through their reduction to gaseous forms and diffusion into the air, as in oxidation and denitrification. It therefore becomes important to consider something more in a tillage method than merely adding raw organic matter to the soil. This must be followed by providing conditions in the soil favorable to the activities of those organisms that reduce the organic matter to forms available for plant nutrition with as little waste or loss as possible. 7 CONDITIONS FAVORING NITRIFICATION. The processes that result in the decomposition of organic matter in the soil and in the formation of nitrates are favored by a moderate supply of oxygen, the presence of capillary moisture, fairly high soil temperatures, and the presence of free bases to combine with the nitric acid formed. Such conditions are very well provided by the method of tillage used in growing wheat in the Great Basin, as pre- viously described.. With that tillage system a large amount of wheat straw with its partially decayed leaves is turned into the soil in the early autumn. The winter rains penetrate the loosened soil, and the continued surface cultivation during the following summer largely prevents the loss of this moisture by evaporation. This surface cultivation also promotes the aeration of the soil, which is essential to the most rapid nitrification, while the absence of plant growth to shade the soil gives the high temperature needed. The beneficial effects on nitrification processes of the conditions produced by summer fallowing are discussed at some length by Hall ¢ in describing the work at Rothamsted, England, where the rainfall is sufficient to leach the soil of the field under experiment : It will be seen that the produce of wheat after fallow is considerably higher than when it is grown continuously—17.1 against 12.7 bushels per acre; but if ] “Wall, A.D. The Book of Rothamsted Experiments, pp. 62-66; also pp. 221- 223, 1905. 34 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. reckoned as produce over the whole area, half in crop and half fallow, the whole acre grows much less both of grain and straw than where the crop is crow ; year after year on the same Jand. An analysis of the results from alternately fallowed plats, how- ever, shows the real benefits of fallowing. Both the seasonal rain- fall and the amount of leaching from the land were measured for a series of years, and when the years of light rainfall and consequently diminished leaching are grouped together and contrasted with the years of heavy rainfall and increased leaching, it is seen that the yields following the drier season were high as compared with the others. Thus, for the years when the rainfall for the four months, September to December, inclusive, averaged 8.88 inches and the per- colation was only 4 inches, the yield after the fallow was 2,743 pounds, as against 1,810 pounds on the continuous wheat plat, a gain of 933 pounds, or 52 per cent. For the group of years when the rainfall — averaged 13.66 inches during the same four months and the percola- tion was 8.92 inches, the wheat after fallow yielded 1,757 pounds, against 1,627 on the continuous wheat plat, a gain of 130 pounds, or only 8 per cent. In other words, as a result of the decreased percola- tion more of the nitrates were left in the soil. It seems probable from these results that with conditions such as exist on the dry lands of the Great Basin, where there is practically no loss by percolation, the products of nitrification during a fallow year would be quite sufficient to overcome any tendency toward the exhaustion of these soils. THE FIXATION OF NITROGEN. The bacterial action by which the complex proteids of the organie matter in the soil are converted into nitrates or other forms of nitro- gen is but one of the several sources of the nitrate supply of soils. It is well known that bacteria living in the roots of some leguminous plants are able to combine atmospheric nitrogen into available forms, and it has been discovered more recently that practically all culti-— vated soils contain bacteria which are able to combine atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to plants, drawing their energy mean- while from the carbohydrate material of the soil humus.* There are many indications that the sustained productiveness of the dry-farmed soils of the Great Basin is due, in part at least, to the activities of this latter group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The same conditions that favor the action of the nitrifying or humus- reducing organisms also favor the action of the nitrogen-fixing bae- teria, viz, a supply of carbohydrate material as furnished by disin- aHall, A.D. Science, N. S., 22: 453, 1905. 108 OROPS AND CROP TILLAGE. 35 tegrating wheat straw, a good supply of soil moisture, high soil temperatures, and the presence of alkaline bases to combine with the nitric acid produced. ORGANIC MATTER LOST BY OXIDATION. In view of the importance of organic matter in maintaining the fertility of these dry-farmed soils there is a strong incentive to avoid excessive losses by direct oxidation. In maintaining the clean summer fallow previously described, it is necessary to keep the upper 3 inches of the soil thoroughly stirred to form the surface mulch. This portion of the soil, being very dry and well aerated, is kept in a condition which is most favorable to “burning out” the organic matter which it contains.*. The loss of organic matter in this way can not very well be avoided, for an effect- ive surface mulch is necessary to prevent the loss of moisture from the lower soil. It is possible, however, to very greatly reduce the loss due to oxidation by deep plowing, which increases the depth of the surface soil in which the nitrification and nitrogen fixing can take place. These processes go on very slowly, if at all, in the soil below the furrow slice, so that deep plowing is very necessary to the best results in dry farming, not only as a factor in securing and con- serving soil moisture but also in promoting the activities of the various organisms that work in the loosened soil and help to make it productive. DRY FARMING SUPPLEMENTARY TO IRRIGATION. With a few exceptions, the irrigated sections of the Great Basin are surrounded by arable lands which are either too high to be economic- ally irrigated or too extensive to be irrigated with the available water supply. In the great majority of cases these lands receive rainfall enough for the production of some special crops even when it is insufficient to support farm homes or even for the growth of wheat and alfalfa with the best of tillage. It is very doubtful whether a settler would be safe in attempting to make a home and start a farm on even the more promising of these dry lands. At the present time almost all the farming on the dry lands is done in connection with some irrigation farming. In many cases the farmer has little more than his garden and orchard under ditch, but it is at least enough to insure him fruits and vegetables for his table, and, if need be, a little forage for his stock in the event of a severe and protracted drought. This plan of utilizing the unirrigable dry lands is much safer for the individual and is also much better for the community. Farming a@Storer, F. H. Agriculture, 2: 28-29, 1902. 103 36 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN. with irrigation usually costs more per acre than dry farming, so that wherever it is possible to grow the cheaper staple crops without irriga- tion it pays to make the attempt. The products of the irrigated land, such as vegetables, fruits, and the succulent forage crops, then find a larger local market, because they can not be produced without irri- gation, while live stock and some grain crops can often be produced much more cheaply on the dry lands. Thus the two portions of a community can supplement each other to the profit of both. One of the most important effects of the development of dry farm- ing adjacent to an irrigation settlement is the much-needed lesson it teaches of the value of tillage. Overirrigation with little or no tillage is the most common and serious failing of the western farmer. It — is only where irrigation water is costly or can not be had at any price and when crops actually begin to fail that cultivation is seriously resorted to. As a result, it is only in those sections where irrigation is very new or where water is very scarce that the serious effects of overirrigation are not felt. Once the habit is formed, it is mueh easier to irrigate than to cultivate when a crop shows signs of distress. The ground is therefore filled with water, low places are swamped or made too alkaline for crops, and the fertility of the land is seriously impaired. With the development of dry farming, however, the beneficial effects of tillage in conserving moisture and in increasing soil fer- tility give a constant and striking object lesson. When it becomes apparent that many of the same crops can be grown with adequate cultivation and without irrigation as successfully as they can be grown with irrigation alone, a farmer hesitates before undertaking — to share the burden of expensive extensions to existing irrigation works. When the extension of a cultivated area is demanded, it becomes at once a practical question whether increased cultivation — or increased construction shall be the basis of such extension. Wher- ever cultivation is resorted to in connection with irrigation the bene- fits are at once apparent, but without some continued object lesson or some real need, such as scarcity of irrigation water, it is seldom seriously undertaken. MAKING A HOME ON THE DRY LANDS. In any situation where dry farming is possible in connection with even a small amount of irrigation, there is much less risk involved than where there are no such opportunities. In fact, in any place where the rainfall is so light as to require extraordinary tillage methods in the production of ordinary crops there is considerable risk in establishing a home without the possibility of using irrigation for at least the farm garden, In nearly every semiarid region the varia- 108 MAKING A HOME ON THE DRY LANDS. 37 tion in rainfall from year to year is very great, so that one must expect to experience occasional or even frequent dry years, when even with the best of care the ordinary garden crops would fail, and there might even be a shortage of forage for the stock. It is therefore highly important in selecting a farm on the dry lands to secure provision for some irrigation, at least for the garden. The larger part of the dry lands of the western United States have underground water within reach. Some of them, indeed, overlie artesian basins, so that deep wells supply an abundance of water. In other cases water can be had by lifting, and with windmills or small engines it is considered quite feasible to lift water 200 feet or more for domestic uses and for garden irrigation. A garden of some kind is almost a necessity for a farm home on the dry lands, as elsewhere, and the means and methods of providing it should be among the first considerations of a new settler. It is sometimes possible to maintain a garden by taking advantage of the surface run-off after torrerftial rains, which may be collected by intercepting ditches and run into broad, shallow trenches in the garden until it settles into the ground. A view of a garden in which this method is used is shown in Plate IV, figure 2. Where ground water lies very deep the expense of reaching it is often too great to be borne by a farmer individually, especially by a new settler, and it is then necessary to attempt a solution of the problem on a community basis. There are vast areas of land in the western United States with enough rainfall for dry farming, yet without any easily available supply of ground water even for domes- tic use. In some such regions it is often possible to collect rain water from buildings and store enough in cisterns for culinary purposes, but this is sometimes out of the question for a new settler in a tree- less country, where building material is scarce and high priced and where hé must be content to live for the first few years in a tent house or a small shack. In such situations the water problem must be solved by a community action. In some instances the extension of dry farming around irrigated centers is limited only by the distance which farmers can afford to haul water to supply the horses or engines required for the farm work. In other cases large tracts of land that are well suited to dry farming are remaining undeveloped because of the absence of springs and the uncertainty as to the presence of an underground supply of water within reach and, if found, as to the proper location of wells. One of the most urgent needs for the further development of dry farming in the Great Basin is a hydrographic survey for the purpose of determining the location and extent of the underground water resources. Without the information that such a survey might fur- 103 38 DRY FARMING IN THE GREAT BASIN, — nish, settlers must either remain in immediate contact with an existing water supply or waste much money that they can ill afford to lose in blind attempts to locate water for themselves. SUMMARY. Dry farming in the Great Basin is limited at present almost entirely to the State of Utah, where it has been carried on to some extent since 1875 and its practice has been increasing rapidly since 1900. The work was initiated by private experiments, but the State of Utah is now supporting six experiment farms for testing varieties and working out scientifically the best rotation and tillage methods. The precipitation comes during the autumn, winter, and spring months, differing in this respect from the precipitation on the dry lands east of the Rocky Mountains, where it comes during the summer months. Farming is successfully carried on with an annual average rainfall of 15 inches or slightly less. The annual variation in rain- fall is considerable and the year 1906 was unusually wet. Local topography has a marked effect on the amount of rainfall. Clean summer fallowing and alternate-year cropping, together with thorough tillage, are the basis of successful dry farming in the Great Basin. Wheat and alfalfa are the most important crops now grown on the dry lands of the Great Basin. Thin seeding is found essential to the best results with these crops. Under the best methods of tillage the land appears to remain highly productive even where no other crop than wheat is grown. Dry farming is now used only as a supplement to irrigation farm- ing. There have been few attempts to make homes on the dry lands. The independent extension of farming on the dry lands depends upon the development of underground water for domestic use. 103 ind byewd Ma bree 39 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PLate I. Fig. 1—A general view of the San Juan County Arid Farm, a 40-acre farm maintained by the State of Utah for experimental purposes, located at Verdure, near the town of Monticello. This is one of six farms main- tained by the State for similar purposes. The vegetation in the foreground is chiefly black sage, while the trees are juniper. Fig. 2.—A field of wheat in shock on land adjacent to the San Juan County Arid Farm. This field was covered with black sage two years ago. Prate II. Fig. 1.—Field showing the type of summer fallow maintained in’ every other series on the San Juan County Arid Farm. This serves at once to kill out weeds, conserve moisture, and promote humification in the soil. Fig. 2.—The interior of an alfalfa plat on the San Juan County Arid Farm. This alfalfa had been cut once and the plants in the interior of the plat made no second growth, while those along the margin next to the well- cultivated roadway were ready for a second cutting at the time shown in this illustration. Prate Il. Fig. 1—A poor crop of wheat on the Sevier County Arid Farm, Utah. The failure of this crop was apparently due chiefly to a lack of proper tillage during the previous season. Fig. 2.—A crop of wheat grown without irrigation in the Cache Valley, Utah. This land has been produe- ing a crop of wheat every other year for thirty-five years. (Photographed by Mr. Charles J. Brand, 1906.) Prate 1V. Fig. 1.—Warvesting wheat grown without irrigation near Nephi, Utah. A header like that shown will harvest about 25 acres a day. (Photographed by Mr. Charles J. Brand, 1906.) Fig. 2.—A hillside garden in a semiarid region, showing one of the settling ditches used to catch and hold the water which runs off the hill above. 40 103 Bul. 103, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |. Fic. 1.—GENERAL VIEW OF THE SAN JUAN COUNTY ARID FARM, UTAH. Fic. 2.—FiELD OF WHEAT IN SHOCK ON LAND ADJACENT TO THE SAN JUAN COUNTY ARID FARM. Bul. 103, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE II. Fic. 1.—FiELD SHOWING THE TYPE OF SUMMER FALLOW MAIN- TAINED IN EVERY OTHER SERIES ON THE SAN JUAN COUNTY ARID FARM. Fic. 2.—THE INTERIOR OF AN ALFALFA PLAT ON THE SAN JUAN CouNnTY ARID FARM. Bul. 103, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLaTE Ill. Fic. 1.—A Poor Crop OF WHEAT ON THE SEVIER COUNTY ARID FARM, UTAH. Fic. 2.—A Crop OF WHEAT GROWN WITHOUT IRRIGATION IN THE CACHE VALLEY, UTAH. EN EX. . Page. Seamer aiialia cultivation. 24 --- 2. b-2s0~-3 ee 36-38 Hydrographic survey, necessity in Great Basin .--.-...----.---------------- 37 Implements used in dry farming. ......-.--------------------------+---- --. 22-24 Irrigated land, Utah; area. --..:...=-.< 222222 2tecc-= = eee 13-14 Irrigation, excessive, evil results. .....-.-----.--------+---------<-+-=-=-s0e= 36 garden, necessity on dry lands ....-....-.-----.-.2-.05--2= === 37 Jordan River valley, dry farming---..-....-..--.-----02<< 22 eee ee == 1S As Lahontan, Lake, drainage center, note.... ......-------------2------- lee 10)= Law, arid experiment farms, Utah..-......-.....----. 2222-2.) 22022 eee 145 Levan, Utah, dry farming and location. .......-.-....--..--------2-=- ses ee. 19) Logan, Utah, dry farming and location: ........-.---.----------+.--==--==es 18, 19 Malade Valley, dry farming, note. -......-.!.-.-.-.-.--.+--..-----seee eee a 13. Moisture, soil, methods of retaining ........----..------------- Meee: 22-27 necessity of conservation. ..-.-.----.--:2L.22¥-fsesee see 12,15 relation to soil texture ......-....0.¢2 2206 ie 26— Mulch, dust, to conserve moisture, dry farming. -.-...-.---.---------------- 25. Nevada crops, areas, 1899): - =... . 5... 25.5222 see eee eet | 12; Nitrification, conditions fayoring .........---=-------+-<---cesseceseueee 3 33 Nitrogen fixation, action of soil bacteria. .........-.---..-------+-----=-=5: 3 ae Oregon, Great Basin region, note ........2-.--+--5.---- secs ast ee eee iO lg Oxidation, loss of organic matter from soil, remedy by deep plowing. -.-.----- 35 Parowan, Utah, dry farming and location............05.. 2-2. +5 -<- ese eeeee 19 Plowing, deep, necessity in dry farming. .........-..---.--------------e=e8 : 35° Plows, kinds used in dry farming......-----....- 25:22 -Saceeuces = Scene oa 22 4 Potatoes, area, Utah; 1899-........-----.-2 2 ae noe eee re ee bait bf Precipitation, monthly average at representative points in semiarid West... .- 17,18 winter, advantages - ..'. 6.00.3. essen seen ear eee eee --- 16-18 See also Rainfall. Rainfall, annual, Levan, Utah, 1893-1906. .............-25. 222. bateceneene 19, 21 Logan, Utah, 1898-1906 .-..... 0. ..tbs seek ee eee 19 Parowan, Utah, 1891-1906 ...... 0... .28sae+~cyene= ee ene 19, 22 Tooele, Utah, 1897-1906'..... 2.0252 cee ceucecees «eee eee 19, 20 influence of local topography... ....<.-..---sn=eseteeonse eee eeeeeee 20-21 relation te'soll moisture .......:.../...-1. /.beseeen eee see een 26 Richfield, Utah, precipitation, comparison ..............-..-2.-------+---5 21, 23 Rotation, crop, necessity of intertilled crops in dry farming -....------------ 12,17 Sagebrush, implements for removing. .........-.------0--0- + 020-2 eennen eens 24 occtirrence, Great Basin area .........-sccdeccwccencsucehagneeee 10 Sarcobatus vermiculatus, occurrence, Great Basin area...............-------- = iW 103 ¥ INDEX. 43 Page. SRR CE DLGOUCK OU Nea = aoa. n= = ease an aa eee a 29, 30 quantity per acre, humid and semiarid regions. .--.-.-.-.------- 30-31 wheat, quantity per acre, humid and semiarid regions. .-..--.-.------- 30-31 " Seeding, thin, essential in dry farming. ......-.-..--.------------------+--- 30-31 _ Semiarid, nonirrigated farm lands, Utah, area-........--..--..--.---------- 13-14 West, precipitation at representative points..............--------- 17 Se OD WOE Dae ee ees eee amos Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles 0. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Chases! Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. a Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. — Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologiail in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Vegetable Testing Gardens, Will W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo., Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in Charge. — Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., Palemon H. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge. South Teras Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge. Editor, J. BE. Rockwell. 2 Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. ToBacco BREEDING INVESTIGATIONS. SCIENTIFIC STAFF. : A. D. Shamel, Physiologist in Charge. W. W. Cobey, Special Field Agent. J. B. Stewart, Special Field Agent. W. H. Scherffius, Special Field Agent. W. W, Garner, Scientific Assistant. . Vv. C. Brewer, Assistant Tobacco Expert. D. BE. Brown, Special Field Agent. ‘2 105 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. Department or AGRICULTURE, SuREAU OF Pian Inpustry, Orrice or THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., April 13, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “The Relation of the Composition of the Leaf to the Burning Quali- ties of Tobacco,” by Dr. Wightman W. Garner, Scientific Assistant in the Tobacco Breeding Investigations of this Bureau. This paper contains much information of importance to growers, manufacturers, and tobacco breeders on points which have heretofore been very imperfectly understood. I would therefore recommend the publication of the manuscript as Bulletin No. 105 of the series of this Bureau. Respectfully, B. T. Gattoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 105 ie) .. / =) J (OL sao one see es ene Ss Sse Sees aes see ee SSE of the various constituents of the ash on the burning qualities of DALED sc cee See ee ee Ob az en ene cis 5280 ee Re ee eee ok Ee ee eee CSIVE ID 2 ware SIR ee ee ee SACO Cra CLS settee Eee Seem Wwe ee ESRI (GE ANT) IS DS elation of the organic constituents to the burning qualities________ B. P. I.— 285. THE RELATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE LEAF TO THE BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. INTRODUCTION. Of the many requirements for a first-class smoking tobacco, whether for pipe or cigar, good burning qualities may be said to be most im- portant. Not only are these essential in themselves, but the character of the combustion and the conditions under which it takes place constitute one of the principal factors which control the aroma. The widest variation is found among samples of tobacco as regards the burning qualities, and it frequently happens that an entire crop of the best quality in other respects is rendered almost valueless be- cause it will not burn. The ultimate cause of this variation in burning qualities must be sought in differences in chemical com- position. Experience has shown that the chemical composition of tobacco, as reflected in its burning qualities, is greatly influenced by the character of the soil, the climate, wet and dry seasons, and the kind of fertilizers applied to the soil. Moreover, there is good reason to believe that certain strains or types of tobacco possess the power of appropriating from the soil those constituents conducive to a good burn, while other closely related types under the same conditions are lacking in this power. It is evident, therefore, that an accurate knowledge of the chemical characteristics of good and bad burning tobaccos is of fundamental importance in deciding upon the proper selection of soils and fertiliz- ers in order to get the best results. It is highly probable also that such information would prove of great assistance in tobacco breeding in establishing strains possessing specially good burning qualities. Fi- nally, it is well known that independently of the successful growing of a good tobacco crop the curing and fermentation are important factors in developing a good burn, and with a more complete knowl- edge of the chemical changes taking place in these processes further improvements in the methods now in use may be expected, for with better information as to the changes to be effected it will be much easier to develop the best methods for obtaining these results. . 31112—No. 105—07 m——2 7 8 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. As applied to tobacco, the term “ burning qualities ” is a compre- hensive one, including several different elements, chief of which are the fire-holding capacity, the evenness and completenéss of the burn, and the character of the ash. The fire-holding capacity refers sim- ply to the length of time the tobacco will continue to burn. Fre- quently samples of tobacco which possess a satisfactory fire-holding capacity show a tendency to carbonize, or “ coal,” in advance of the burning area and will not burn evenly. In some cases these defects appear to be due to injudicious combinations of the three component parts of the cigar, namely, the filler, the binder, and the wrapper; in other cases the cause lies in the chemical composition of the leaf. As to the quality of the ash, the important characteristics are the color and the firmness or cohesiveness. There is an essential differ- ence between the combustion of most substances and the burning of tobacco. In the first case. the substance when ignited burns with a flame, and as soon as the flame is extinguished the combustion ceases. On the other hand, tobacco of good quality will not burn with a flame, but will continue to glow almost indefinitely. It may be said in general that those substances which show the greatest tendency to burn with a flame have the least capacity for glowing, and vice versa, and this rule is applicable to different kinds of tobacco, for in cases of very rank growth where the leaf is thick and coarse or in any tobacco markedly deficient in mineral constitu- ents there is a decided tendency to burn with a flame, whereas the capacity for glowing is lacking. The differences in the two kinds of combustion are well illustrated by the case of coal and its decom- position products when subjected to dry distillation. The volatile products, the larger portion of which goes to make up the illuminat- ing gas, are inflammable, while the residual coke, consisting essen- tially of carbon, yields no flame when burned, but under favorable conditions will continue to glow until consumed. Now, in the burn- ing cigar these two processes are both going on simultaneously and more or less independently of one another. The organic constituents of the leaf in the region immediately in advance of the burning area are undergoing the process of dry distillation, in which the volatile products for the most part escape and appear in the smoke. More- over, it is this process which gives rise to the aroma. As the fire advances, the residue from the distillation, which consists of the mineral constituents of the tobacco, together with more or less ear- bon and stable organic condensation products, becomes incandescent, and the glow continues until practically all of the combustible matter is consumed, leaving as the final residue the ash.” If certain of the mineral constituents of the tobacco which interfere with the com- bustion predominate, the resulting ash will be dark in color, while if 105 INTRODUCTION. 9 others which favor the complete combustion predominate, the ash will be white, or very nearly so. From what has been said it is perhaps not surprising that the rela- tion of the chemical composition to the burning qualities of tobacco early attracted the attention of agricultural chemists, and this prob- lem has led to a large number of purely chemical investigations, as well as practical field experiments. But although more than fifty years have elapsed since the publication of the first important paper on the subject, by Schlésing, no one has as yet been able to offer a satisfactory explanation of the conduct of different kinds of tobacco as regards their burning qualities. Many theories have been put for- ward from time to time, but they have all proved to be either funda- mentally erroneous or inadequate to explain all the facts. Except a few general relations which have been pretty fully established, the results obtained by different investigators have led to widely different and oftentimes contradictory conclusions. It will not be necessary to diseuss or even mention here all the work which has been published on this important subject, and only those facts which seem to be best supported will be briefly reviewed. In comparing the composition of the tobacco plant with that of other agricultural crops, the most striking characteristic is its re- markably high content of mineral matter, commonly spoken of as the ash. In some cases the ash content reaches 25 per cent of the total weight of the dry tobacco leaf, and the average is well above 15 per cent. For this reason by far the greater portion of the work of chemists on tobacco has been devoted to the study of the composition of this ash. Broadly speaking, there are two methods of attacking the problem of the relation of the composition to the burn, one of which may be called the analytical and the other the synthetical. Nearly all of the investigations on this subject fall under the head of the analytical method, which consists simply in making comparative analyses of samples of tobacco having good and poor burning qualities, and at- tempting to trace the relation between the differences in composition and the good and bad burning qualities. An examination of the composition of a typical tobacco ash will show how extremely difli- eult it is to draw any positive conclusions from any set of analyses which will not be subsequently contradicted by other analyses. Tn the first place, there are present in tobacco three inorganic acids and three bases, all of which occur in sufficient quantities to exert an important influence on the burn and all of which are subject to wide variations in quantity in different tobaccos. With such complex variations it is almost impossible to single out those differences which really exert determinative influences on the burn. But more impor- 105 10 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. tant still, with so many acids and bases present in the leaf, there is the possibility of very considerable differences in the distribution of the latter among the former, and in some cases these differences would certainly exert a very important influence on the burning qualities. — Tt is quite impossible, however, to obtain any information as to the way in which the bases are distributed between the acids in different tobaccos by any available methods for the analysis of the ash. A very large number of analyses have been made of the ash of various sorts of tobacco grown in different parts of the world, but no one has been able to point out any constant relation between the varying quantities of the constituents of the ash and the differences in burning qualities. It is to be regretted that in all these analyses no attempt has been made to distinguish between the sulphur existing in the plant as sulphate and that combined with organic compounds, although it — has long been recognized that both forms are actually present, and in — the case of some plants it has been found that the content of organic sulphur is much greater than that of sulphates. By the methods commonly used in the preparation of the ash for analysis, varying proportions of this organic sulphur are oxidized to sulphurie acid, while the remainder is lost; hence such analyses are valueless as a measure of the quantity of sulphate originally contained in the sample. As opposed to the method of directly analyzing samples of tobacco with good and bad burning qualities, what may be called the “ syn- thetical method ” consists in determining the effect on the burn of adding to tobacco or some other suitable substance those compounds normally occurring in the leaf. It is difficult to get quantitative results in this way, but, on the other hand, positive results in a quali- tative way can be obtained, which in the case of any one constituent added are largely independent of the effects of the other constituents. In this way conclusions are based on direct experiment and do not depend on the differentiation of several factors operating simultane- ously and perhaps in opposite directions. Schlésing * was the first investigator to study the problem by this inethod. He showed that the fire-holding capacity is not propor- tional to the amount of potassium nitrate, and concluded that potash in combination with organic acids is the principal factor favoring this property. If the potash is combined with sulphuric acid and chlorin and the organic acids are in combination with lime, a poor burn results; hence a tobacco with good burning qualities contains potash in excess of that equivalent to the sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. ecb attributed the beneficial action of the gece salts * Landw. Vers. Stat., 3, OS. 105 = INTRODUCTION. ial of the organic acids to their peculiar property of swelling up to many times their original volume and thus yielding a porous mass of finely divided carbon when decomposed by heat. Nessler* made a large number of experiments on the effects of various salts on the glowing capacity of filter paper, his method being simply to impregnate strips of the paper with solutions of the salts of definite strength. His principal conclusions are (1) that potash, especially in the form of sulphate and carbonate, acts very favorably on the fire-holding capacity, while lime and magnesia exert no marked effect except to whiten the ash; (2) that chlorids are very injurious, and (3) that potassium nitrate gives a quick but incom- plete combustion, while calcium and magnesium nitrates act very favorably. Nessler admits that the organic potash salts favor the fire-holding capacity, but combats the theory of Schlésing ii ex- planation of their favorable action. He points out that the ease with which these salts are decomposed by heat leads to carbonization, or “ coaling,” of the tobacco in advance of the burning area, which is a very undesirable property; and, moreover, that potassium sulphate, entirely lacking the property of swelling and yielding a carbonace- ous residue when heated, also exerts a markedly beneficial influence on the fire-holding capacity. Nessler assumes that the favorable ac- tion of potash salts is due to the formation of a small amount of free potassium during the combustion, which serves as an energetic oxygen carrier; or, in other words, it is simply a catalytic action. Mayer” has supplemented this work by including in his experi- ments many organic compounds, and concludes in general that these latter favor the burning with a flame, while they decrease the glowing capacity. The inorganic salts in general, especially those of potas- sium, favor the glowing capacity. Nessler and Mayer based their conclusions on the supposition that the compounds tested would exert the same influence on tobacco as on filter paper, but this is by no means the case. The chief reason for this appears to be in the relative sensibility of filter paper and tobacco toward the salts affecting the glowing capacity. Filter paper, which is almost pure cellulose, is extremely sensitive toward metallic salts, and when moistened with a solution of any of the potash salts con- taining even as low as .25 per cent of potash will continue to glow indefinitely, while, on the other hand, ten times this quantity may entirely destroy this property. ‘Tobacco contains, besides cellulose, many other organic substances which are far less combustible, and hence requires much larger quantities of these salts to produce appre- ciable effects on the burning qualities. For example, small quanti- ties of potassium chlorid greatly improve the glowing capacity of « Landw. Vers. Stat., 19, 309. vb Landw. Vers. Stat., 38, 126. 105 rg BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. a filter paper, but when applied to tobacco in sufficient quantities to influence the burn the effect is very injurious. Conclusive results — can not therefore be obtained by the use of filter paper alone; — nevertheless they are of value as supplementing the test applied directly to the tobacco. Dr. E. H. Jenkins? determined the amounts of potassium carbonate in the ash of a number of different types of tobacco, which is a rough measure of the quantities of organic potash salts originally present in the unburned tobaccos. No constant relation was found to exist between the amount of carbonate and the fire-holding capacity, and Jenkins concludes that the burning qualities are largely influenced by the organic constituents of the tobacco. Van Bemmelen? maintains that the glowing capacity is governed by the relative quantities of alkali and of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids—expressed in chemical equivalents—in the tobacco. In good- burning samples the potash is largely in excess of the acids, while in the bad-burning samples the acids are equal to or in excess of the alkali. Apparent exceptions to this rule are explained by the as- sumption that the potash may be partly replaced by lime and mag- nesia. This theory appears to be the nearest approach to the true explanation of the cause of the good and bad burning qualities of tobacco of any yet offered, but the assumption that the favorable influence of the potash on the burn may be also exerted to any con- siderable extent by lime and magnesia under certain conditions is contrary to the evidence bearing on this point. é Fesca ° from his studies of Japanese tobacco, concludes that chlorin and sulphur have a very unfavorable influence on the burn, but phosphorus is indifferent. Barths ¢ agrees in general with the conclusions reached by Nessler and Mayer, and believes that the beneficial effect of potash salts are produced by the reduction of the potash compounds to potassium oxid and free potassium, which serve as energetic oxygen carriers, as was suggested by Nessler. The injurious effects of certain inor- ganic salts are due either to their nonreducibility or to their easy fusibility. The alkali phosphates are regarded as particularly inju- rious because of their easy fusibility. Summarizing the results obtained by the investigators mentioned, it is evident that the only two facts which have not been disputed are (1) that chlorin injures the fire-holding capacity and (2) that potash favors this property. The effects of sulphates and phosphates and the relative value of the different salts of potash in promoting the fire-holding capacity *Ann. Rpt. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1884, p. 96. ¢ Landw. Jahbrb., 1888, 329. » Landw. Vers. Stat., 37, 409. 4 Landw. Vers. Stat., 39, 81. 105 INTRODUCTION. 13 are disputed points. The same is true also of the effects of lime and magnesia on the burning qualities. The two facts which have not been contradicted are insufficient in themselves to explain the burn- “ing qualities of different samples of tobacco, for it rarely happens that tobacco contains enough chlorin to produce any injurious effects, and it frequently happens that samples very rich in potash have a poor burn, while others comparatively poor in this constituent show excellent burning qualities. It seemed quite possible that some further light might be thrown on the subject by extracting different samples of tobacco with various solvents and noting the effect on the burning qualities. It should be stated here that all samples of tobacco used in the experiments de- seribed in this paper had been thoroughly fermented, and the results are not intended to be applied to unfermented tobacco. Extraction of various samples with petroleum ether and with ordinary ethyl or sulphuric ether did not appreciably affect the burning qualities. When strong alcohol was used as the solvent the same result was obtained, except in a single case, where the fire-holding capacity was considerably improved by the extraction. More striking results are obtained when tobacco is extracted with water. The following simple experiment is very interesting and instructive: A leaf of tobacco having a good glowing capacity is divided along the midrib into two parts, one of which is extracted for forty-eight fours with a comparatively large volume of distilled water. After being dried the extracted portion of the leaf will be found to have entirely lost its glowing capacity. Now, if the extract be evaporated down to a very small volume and a bit of the extracted leaf saturated therewith and dried, it will once more show a good fire-holding capacity. Whether this is less or greater than the orig- inal leaf possessed will depend, of course, on the concentration of the extract. This extract will further impart a good burn to filter paper and to other samples of tobacco showing poor burning qualities. This simple experiment seems to prove conclusively that the active principle or principles in imparting to the tobacco leaf its capacity for holding fire can be extracted with water. The problem, then, is to determine the composition of the extract and to discover which of its constituents contribute to the burning qualities of the tobacco. One hundred grams of tobacco having a good burn were extracted with 1 liter of distilled water; the extract was poured off and the tobacco again extracted with the same quan- tity of water for twenty-four hours longer. The extracts thus ob- tained were combined, filtered, and evaporated to about 150 © e. During the evaporation a considerable quantity of calcium citrate separated out, which was removed by filtration. The filtrate was 105 14 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. made up to 200 c. ce. and aliquot portions were taken for analyses. — The principal constituents of the extract are the chlorid, sulphate, nitrate, citrate, and malate of potassium, together with ammonium and nicotine salts and small quantities of lime and magnesia. Fo: comparison, the ash of the extracted tobacco was also examined and it was found that practically all of the phosphoric acid, about one- half of the magnesia, all of the oxalic acid, and the greater portion of the lime remain in the leaf, while the extract contains nearly all the chlorin, all the potash, malic, citric, and nitric acids, and most of the sulphuric acid. About one-half of the total ash is extracted from the leaf by this process, and this seems to contain all the con- stituents which impart to the tobacco the capacity for holding fire. An extract of a tobacco having poor burning qualities was pre- pared in the same way, and it also showed the power to impart the capacity for holding fire, but as nearly as could be measured this power was only about one-fifth of that shown by the extract from the tobacco having good burning qualities. It differed from the latter as regards composition in that it contaimed about five times as much sulphuric acid, twice as much magnesia, and considerably less nitric acid. The total quantity of potash was about the same in the two extracts, so that the extract from the tobacco with poor burning qualities contained much less potash in combination with the organic acids. The difference in composition of these extracts, then, obtained from tobaccos having good and bad burning qualities, indicates that the principal factor favoring the burn is the potash in excess of the amount required for combining with the mineral acids. EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF THE ASH ON THE BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. The experiments previously described show conclusively that those compounds which are most important in promoting the burn of tobacco can be removed by extraction with water; but the water extract is a complex mixture of salts, and it is therefore desirable to determine the relative effects of each of these constituents. In order to do this, solutions of certain definite strength were prepared of all of the salts which are found in the extract, and the effects of all these on the burning qualities of various samples of tobacco when applied singly or in combination were noted. In testing the effects of any one base combined with the different acids the solutions were all made of such strength that the quantity of the basic element was always the same, regardless of the molecular weights of the salts used in the experiments. The salt solutions were applied to small strips of the leaf, either by placing them in a watch glass and pouring over _ them a quantity of the solution to be tested just sufficient to thor- 105 EFFECTS OF CONSTITUENTS OF ASH. is, oughly saturate them, thus avoiding any leaching out of the soluble constituents of the leaf, or by spraying the strips and allowing them to stand in a moist atmosphere until the solution had diffused through the leaf. In every case a strip of the leaf adjoming the portion treated with the solution was reserved for comparison. The tests on different samples of tobacco did not always agree, as was to be expected, since the quantities of the various salts already present in the leaf are subject to wide variation, and these differences in some cases may overshadow the effects of the salt added. For the same reason the concentration of the solution added must be taken into account. To overcome these factors it is necessary to apply each test to a number of different samples of tobacco. The tests on tobacco were always further supplemented with similar experiments on strips of filter paper. There are three base-forming elements which occur in topneee in sufficient quantities to require consideration—potassium, calcium, and magnesium—while the important mineral acids are sulphuric, phos- phoric, hydrochloric, and nitric, and the chief organic acids are citric, ~malic, and oxalic. Little is known of the actual distribution of the three bases among the acids and so it is necessary to test all of the pos- sible combinations. It is probable, however, that the sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are for the most part combined with potash so far as the quantity of this-base present will suffice to neu- tralize these acids and that any excess of potash would be in combina- tion with the organic acids. All of the oxalic acid appears to be combined with lime. If the acids and bases were allowed to interact in the presence of water, the distribution of the latter among the former would be controlled simply by the relative solubilities of the resulting salts and the strengths of the acids and bases; but during the life processes of the plant, which do not cease until some time after the tobacco has been placed in the curing shed. other forces come into play, and it hardly seems probable that there is sufficient water left in the leaf after the life activities haye ceased to permit of a readjust- ment between the acids and bases according to purely chemical forces. POTASSIUM. All the salts of potassium are soluble, so that there is no difficulty in testing the salts at any desired concentration. Those most used for applying the tests to tobacco contained 1 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively, of potassium, while for tests with filter paper much weaker solutions gave the best results. In the case of the chlorid it was found that the addition of comparatively large quantities prac- tically destroyed the burning qualities of tobacco, while moderate amounts caused very incomplete combustion, leaving a heavy black 105 16 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. residue. While chlorin is undoubtedly injurious, these experiments all indicated that it requires larger quantities to seriously affect the burning qualities than is commonly supposed. The sulphate, when added in any considerable quantity, invariably injured the burning ~ qualities very markedly, acting in this respect very much like the chlorid but to a lesser degree. The conclusion reached by Nessler that potassium sulphate is highly beneficial, which was based on ex- periments with filter paper, is thus shown to be erroneous. Potassium nitrate in large quantities causes tobacco to burn explosively and the combustion is incomplete; in smaller quantities it exerts a distinet- ively beneficial action, but not more so than some other potash salts. The quantity of potash combined with nitric acid in tobacco is gen- erally comparatively small, and other forms of potash are more im- portant in promoting the fire-holding capacity. As regards the phos- phates, only the dipotassium salt need be considered, and this appears to be practically neutral in its action, neither promoting nor hinder- ing the fire-holding capacity. Moreover, as compared with the other important acids the quantity of phosphoric acid is nearly always small. The oxalate, citrate, malate, and acetate of potash all showed very beneficial effects in every case, though much larger quantities were required for some samples of tobacco than for others. Exces- sive amounts of these salts, on the other hand, injured the burning qualities, especially as regards the character of the ash. Also when applied to filter paper in small quantities the latter acquires a good fire-holding capacity, whereas large amounts again destroy this property. The acetate is considerably less efficient in improving the fire-holding capacity than the other three organic salts, probably on account of its greater stability. CALCIUM. Considerable difficulty is met with in getting accurate tests with the calcium salts because nearly all of them are difficultly soluble, and hence solutions can not be obtained of sufficient strength to give decided results. Only the chlorid, nitrate, and acetate are easily soluble, and of these the nitrate shows an anomalous conduct, and so the results obtained with this salt are not specially significant. In the case of the insoluble salts, emulsions were applied to the tobacco, but of course results obtained in this way are not as reliable as those se- cured by use of solutions. The chlorid of calcium is very injurious to the fire-holding capacity and decidedly more so than the potas- sium salt, so that even small quantities destroy this property. Cal- cium sulphate in moderate quantities injures the burn markedly and {o a greater extent than the corresponding potassium salt. The effect of the nitrate of calcium on the burn is somewhat surprising. If a 105 EFFECTS OF CONSTITUENTS OF ASH. 17 sample of tobacco with good burning qualities is saturated with a 10 per cent solution of the nitrate and dried, it burns with extreme rapidity, almost explosively, and gives a remarkably white ash, while with samples of tobacco with poor burning qualities scarcely any beneficial effects are produced. More dilute solutions, such as were used in the case of the other salts, do not produce any appreciable effects. Moreover, it requires a concentrated solution to impart to filter paper a good fire-holding capacity. It seems likely that the effects of the concentrated solution on the tobacco with the good burning qualities are due largely to reaction of the calcium nitrate with potash salts in the leaf. So far as could be determined no marked effects are produced by adding calcium phosphate to tobacco. The acetate of calcium is of special interest because it is readily sol- uble and thus furnishes an opportunity of comparing the relative effects of potassium, calcium, and magnesium on the burning quali- ties. Of a large number of samples of tobacco tested a few were im- proved by the acetate, but the greater number were scarcely affected as regards the capacity for holding fire. In every case, however, the colo of the ash was very materially improved. None of the remain- ing salts of calcium to be considered are easily soluble, but so far as could be determined they neither injure nor improve the fire-holding capacity to any considerable extent, but all give a decidedly whiter ash. MAGNESIUM. All the salts of magnesium are readily soluble except the phos- phates, and so it is much easier to get satisfactory results with them than is the case with the calcium compounds. The chlorid and sul- phate are both very decidedly injurious to the burn, and the addition of even small quantities will destroy the glowing capacity of tobacco having the very best burning qualities. The sulphate is much more injurious than the corresponding calcium salt. The nitrate acts very much like the calcium compound, but its action when applied in con- centrated solution is less marked. When applied to filter paper it shows the peculiar property of charring the paper in wave-like forms much in advance of the burning portion. The phosphate of mag- nesium appears to be more injurious to the burn than the correspond- ing calcium compound. The acetate was found to injure the burning qualities in every case, but to a lesser extent than the inorganic salts. The citrate, malate, and oxalate in a few cases did not interfere with the burn, but in the greater number harmful effects were observed. All of the salts of magnesium, like those of calcium, tend to produce a white ash. 105 18 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. MINERAL AND ORGANIC ACIDS. In describing the results of the tests with the various salts these have been grouped under the heads of the three bases, potassi calcium, and magnesium, but it is also instructive to consider them arranged according to the acids with which these bases are combined. — Chlorids.—All of the chlorids injure the burn, but that of potas- — sium much less than the calcium and magnesium salts. 7 Sulphates—aAll of the sulphates injure the fire-holding capacity, | but to very different degrees. The potash salt is decidedly’ less*harm- ful than that of calcium, while the magnesium compound is yemark-- ably injurious, being comparable with the chlorids in this respeet. Nitrates—The potash salt is very favorable to the burn, but the calcium and magnesium compounds produce little effect except°when present in very large quantities. Phosphates——Dipotassium phosphate is practically neutral in its” effect, while the calcium and magnesium salts are somewhat harmful. Salts of organic acids —The potassium salts are very favorable to the burn, the calcium salts are slightly beneficial, and the magnesium salts are somewhat injurious. It would seem from these results that the effect on the fire-holding capacity of any element entering into the composition of the ash de- pends more on the nature of its combination than on the quantity which is present. In the case of sulphuric acid, for example, a considerable quantity combined with potash would not seriously injure the glowing capacity, while even a small amount of it in com- bination with magnesium would entirely destroy this property. Again, the organic acids when combined with potash are very bene- ficial, but in combination with magnesia their favorable influen entirely disappears. It is evident that the one element on which the fire-holding capaci is entirely dependent is potassium. But it is equally essential that part of the potash be in combination with organic acids, for it is” to this form chiefly that its beneficial action is due. The nitrate of potash when present in considerable amounts undoubtedly contrib-— utes also to this property. Schlésing, as has been said, attributed the beneficial effects of the organic potassium salts to the peculiar property which they possess of swelling up to many times the original volume when decomposed by heat, thus leaving a very — porous, finely divided residue of carbon, which continues to glow until combustion is complete. This explanation, however, is inadequate, — for there are other salts which promote the glowing capacity but do not yield the carbonaceous residue when heated. It will be observed that all the potash salts which favor the prop- erty of glowing, including the nitrate, yield in the combustion the 105 EFFECTS OF CONSTITUENTS OF ASH. 19 ‘arbonate. It was found, in fact, that the carbonate itself is just as efficient in imparting the property of glowing to tobacco as the organic salts, and the same is true of the bicarbonate. This fact points strongly to the conclusion that the favorable action of the potash salts is dependent on the ease with which they yield the car- bonate. It seems possible that the carbonate or bicarbonate by alter- nately giving off and taking up carbon dioxid may serve as a means of removing this gas at the most favorable moment, the effect being somewhat the same as when nitrates render organic substances com- bustible by supplying oxygen in a highly concentrated state. It may he, however, that the potassium oxid formed from the carbonate is further reduced to the metallic state by the highly heated carbon, thus serving as an energetic oxygen carrier, as was suggested by Nessler. Whatever may be the peculiar properties of these potash salts which give them the power of imparting the property of glowing to tobacco, it is certain that these properties are not shared by the salts of calcium and magnesium except to a very limited degree. While the inorganic salts of calcium are injurious to the fire- holding capacity, the compounds of this base considered collectively may be said to be inert with reference to this quality. The com- pounds of magnesium are all injurious, but the harmful effects are greatly reduced when the magnesium occurs in combination with the organic acids. The question has often been raised whether lime and magnesia may not, in part at least, replace potash without injuring the burning qualities. Many ash analyses which have been made seem to indi- cate that this is the case, while others point to the opposite view. This assumption is made by Van Bemmelen ¢ to explain the fact that in some samples of tobacco which show a good fire-holding capacity the total quantity of potash is only very slightly in excess of that necessary to neutralize the sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. But Van Bemmelen’s calculations are all based on the ash analyses, and it has been pointed out that the estimation of the sulphuric acid in the ash gives no indication of the quantity of sulphur actually present in the tobacco in the form of sulphates and therefore that the amount of potash in organic form may be considerably greater than calculations based on these data would indicate. In so far as lime alone is concerned the conclusion to be drawn from our experiments is that this can only replace part of the potash when the latter is present in combination with organic acids in quantities larger than are necessary to produce a good burn; for while organic salts of lime do not appear to injure the fire-holding capacity, they do not specially favor it. The amount of potash in organic form 4 Landw. Vers. Stat., 37, 409. 105 20 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. necessary to impart the property of glowing to tobacco no doubt is influenced to some extent by variations in the other organic constitu- ents of the leaf, but our experiments have shown that excessive quantities of these salts tend to injure the burn by causing a too rapid combustion. It may happen, therefore, that a sample of tobacco contains more organic potash than is necessary to produce the best burn, and in such cases a portion of it could be replaced to advantage by lime. Since magnesia compounds as a whole tend to injure the burn it seems certain that the replacement of potash to any considerable extent by this element would seriously injure the burning properties. For purposes of experimentation jooking to the production of tobaccos possessing superior burning qualities, either by means of fertilizers and improved methods of curing and fermentation or by breeding and selection, it is very desirable to have at hand some method of testing the results by chemical examination. This is especially true because of the complexity of conditions which influ- ence the qualities of tobacco. For example, if the attempt is made to improve the burning qualities by the use of certain potash salts, with a view to increasing the amount of potash in organic form in the tobacco, the result of the experiment may be entirely obscured by extraneous factors, such as improper curing and fermentation, if the fire-holding capacity alone were determined. Of course, in this particular case chemical analysis would reveal whether the object sought had really been attained, but there are other questions of chemical composition pertaining to this problem which can only be measured with difficulty by the methods at present available. This is especially true of the manner in which the bases are distributed among the acids in tobacco and whether this distribution is essentially different in different samples. All of the important organic acids, and also nitric acid, when com- bined with potash seem to be about equally efficient in promoting the fire-holding capacity. Ovxalic acid, however, is probably always combined with lime and so it is of little value in this connection. Since a portion at least of the potash combined with organic acids, as well as that present in the form of nitrate, will appear in the ash of the tobacco as carbonate, the determination of this latter quantity gives a rough measure of the amount of these salts originally present and is therefore by far the most important single criterion for judg- ing the burning qualities in a chemical way. We have tested a number of samples of tobacco grown in Con- necticut in this way, in each case using one half of the leaf for test- ing the alkalinity of the ash and the second half for finding the fire- 105 EE —————EEEeeeeeeeeeeeeeeerrlrll eee ———- oe — CHARACTER OF THE ASH. 21 holding capacity. To obtain some indication as to whether lime and magnesia can partly replace the organic potash, the alkalinity of the ash due to these bases was also determined, but the evidence on this point was all of a negative character, for the alkalinity due to lime and magnesia collectively did not show any apparent relation to the glowing capacity. In the case of the alkalinity due to potash—that is, the quantity of the potassium carbonate takable evidence of a close relation between these values and the capacity for holding fire, and if the method were really a true meas- ure of the organic potash it is believed that there would be very few, if any, exceptions to this rule. The samples used for this test were selected with special reference to the tobacco-breeding experiments which are being carried on by the Bureau of Plant Industry, and were taken from crops produced from the seed of individual selections of four different types of tobacco originally found growing in the same field. Both the light and the dark wrappers were examined in each case, and in every instance the former as compared with the latter showed a much greater fire- holding capacity and a much higher percentage of potassium car- bonate in the ash. Also as regards the same grade of leaf of the different strains of each type, as well as of the different types taken collectively, the potash alkalinity was found to be directly propor- tional in nearly every case to the capacity for holding fire. This was especially true of the different strains of any one type. These tobaccos were all grown under as uniform conditions as could be ob- tained with reference to soil and fertilizers, and the results make it very probable that certain types or strains of tobacco possess the power of appropriating potash in forms favorable to the burning qualities to a greater degree than others growing under the same con- ditions, though further data are required to fully prove this point. The question is certainly a very important one from the standpoint of practical tobacco breeding and is worthy of very careful study. however, there is unmis- THE CHARACTER OF THE ASH. A tobacco with satisfactory burning qualities besides having the necessary capacity for holding fire must also yield a good ash. Although the organic potassium salts greatly favor the fire-holding capacity, they tend to produce a mottled, dark-colored ash. This is no doubt due to the easy fusibility of the alkali carbonate, which in melting incloses very small particles of unburned carbon and thus prevents complete combustion. Moreover, these salts when present in considerable quantity show a tendency to cause the tobacco to “coal” or carbonize in advance of the glowing portion, because they decompose so readily when heated. 105 92 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO. The fact that the calcium and magnesium salts produce a white ash has already been mentioned, and at least one of these is essential to this property. On the other hand, tobacco containing excessive amounts of lime gives an ash which, although it is very light in color, lacks cohesion, or, in the language of the trade, it “ flakes.” This is a very objectionable property and must always be taken into account in judging the burning qualities of tobacco. The potash salts, more especially the organic compounds, yield an ash which is firm and compact but dark in color. From these facts, then, it is clear that potash and lime combined in the proper proportion are essential to a firm, light-colored ash. There is no apparent reason to suppose that magnesia is of any special significance in this connection further than the fact that it acts like lime. THE RELATION OF THE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS TO THE BURNING QUALITIES. The organic compounds constitute the material which is consumed in the combustion of the tobacco, and in some way the mineral con- stituents, more particularly the potash salts, impart to this material the property of burning without flame. If the mineral constituents are extracted from a leaf of tobacco, it will then only burn with a flame, the glowing capacity having been entirely lost. However, some of the organic compounds show a greater tendency to burn with a flame than do others, and hence act less favorably on the glowing capacity, for, as has been stated, these two qualities usually stand in inverse ratio to one another. The principal compounds or classes of compounds which need to be considered in this connection are cel- lulose, the organic acids, pectin, the so-called tobacco tars, plant wax, the sugars, nicotine, and other organic nitrogenous compounds. For the purpose of studying the composition of the leaf with refer- ence to its burning qualities we may consider cellulose, which con- stitutes from 10 to 15 per cent of the total weight, as the fundamental or basic material, which receives its capacity for glowing from cer- tain mineral salts. Pure cellulose in the form of filter paper is exceedingly sensitive to the catalytic action of these mineral salts, very small quantities of them being sufficient to cause the paper to burn without flame indefinitely, but when the other organic constitu- ents of tobacco are present this sensibility is greatly affected and much larger quantities of the catalytic agent are necessary to pro- duce a good fire-holding capacity. Cellulose, then, must be consid- ered as a very favorable factor in promoting this property of hold- ing fire. There are a large number of organic acids normally occurring in tobacco, but of some of these practically nothing is known. Atten- 105 “RELATION OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS. 23 tion has been called to the fact that citric, malic, oxalic, and acetic acids in combination with potash exert a very favorable influence on the burning qualities. It was found by direct experiment that these acids in the free state injure these qualities, but as they probably never occur free in fermented tobacco this fact is of little consequence. Citric and malic acids are undoubtedly of fundamental ‘importance in producing good burning qualities, but since oxalic acid occurs in combination with lime and not with potash in tobacco it is of little value in this respect. Pectin and the pectoses are present in considerable quantities in cured tobacco leaves, but, accord- ing to Schlésing, these are all converted into pectic acid during the process of fermentation. A sample of pectic acid prepared from fermented tobacco was found to produce no injury to the fire-holding capacity; in fact, when combined with potash it acted favorably on this property. According to Kissling, the tobacco tars, consisting of a mixture of a number of chemical individuals, exert an important influence on the quality of the product. Some of these are of an acid charac- ter, while others are indifferent substances. When tobacco is ex- tracted with large volumes of water, as previously described, con- siderable quantities of these tarry acids combined with nicotine and other bases pass into solution, and on evaporation of the extract the salts are decomposed, the nicotine volatilizing and the tarry acids being precipitated. These acids in the free state were found to be decidedly injurious to the burning qualities, but they occur in tobacco in comparatively small quantities. A number of samples of tobacco of very poor burning quality were extracted with alcohol to determine if this solvent would remove any constituents deleterious to the burn, but with the exception of a single case this treatment did not improve the tobacco in this respect. The constituents removed by extraction with alcohol are nicotine combined with acids, tannic acid, glucosides, sugars, and the tars and tarry acids; hence it appears that none of these compounds are of special importance with reference to the burn. Direct experiments showed that glucose does not materially influence the burning quali- ties. Nicotine is the characteristic alkaloid of tobacco and is of great importance with reference to its physiological action, but its salts were found to have no effect on the burn. In addition to nicotine the important nitrogenous constituents are the amido compounds and the albuminoids. It is generally believed that the amido compounds exert a favorable and the albuminoids an unfavorable influence on the desirable qualities of tobacco, including the burn, although there is little experimental proof of this theory. The quantity of plant wax occurring in tobacco is too small to affect the burning qualities. 105 24 BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO, SUMMARY. The principal facts brought out by the experiments which have been described on the relation of the chemical composition to the burning qualities of tobacco may be briefly summarized in the follow- ing general statements: (1) The fire-holding capacity is dependent primarily on the con- tent of potash combed with organic acids. (2) Lime in general does not greatly affect the fire-holding capae- ity, but is an essential factor in the production of a good ash. (3) Large amounts of magnesia tend to injure the capacity for holding fire. (4) Chlorin injures the burning qualities, but it seldom happens that tobacco contains enough of this element to do any serious harm. (5) Sulphates in general injure the burning qualities, but the effects are not so marked when all the sulphuric acid is combined with potash. (6) So far as is known none of the organic constituents of tobacco, with the possible exception of the so-called tarry acids and the albu- minoids, exert a very important influence on the burning qualities. From these conclusions it appears that the principal objects to be attained in efforts to improve the burning qualities of tobacco by breeding and by improved methods of production, especially in the use of the proper fertilizers, are (1) a relatively high content of pot- ash combined with citric and malic acids, with a minimum amount of inorganic salts, especially chlorids and sulphates; (2) a moderate content of lime; (3) a comparatively small percentage of magnesia, and (4) a low content of organic nitrogenous compounds, more espe- cially the albuminoids or proteids. Of these problems the first mentioned is altogether the most important from a practical stand- point and also the most difficult to solve. It has long been known that the muriate can not be used as a source of potash in the pro- duction of tobacco which is intended for smoking purposes, because of the injurious effects of the chlorin. The other available sources of potash at the present time are the sulphate, the carbonate, and the silicate. Schlésing,* in his experiments with the use of the sulphate aS a fertilizer for tobacco, found that the potash is assimilated, while the content of sulphuric acid is not increased. Jenkins, on the other hand, in experiments conducted at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station and extending over a period of several years, has shown that the composition of tobacco ash is profoundly modi- fied by the use of different for ms of potash and that applications of 6 Landw. “Vera, Stat., 3, 98. > Ann. Rpt. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1896. 105 SUMMARY. 25 the sulphate greatly increase the quantity of sulphuric acid in the ash. The carbonate would seem to be an ideal form in which to supply the potash for combining with the organic acids in the plant, and its use has generally been found to improve the burning quali- ties. But, aside from the high cost of this material, there are other serious objections to its use, for it has a very strong alkaline reaction, and it seems probable that when used in large quantities it will eventually injure seriously the productiveness of the soil. The sili- cate is free from these objectionable properties, and if the potash can be made available there is every reason to believe that this will prove to be a very valuable source of potash for tobacco. The sum of the lime and the magnesia in tobacco does not, as a rule, vary widely; or, in other words, the greater the amount of lime the less will be the amount of magnesia, and vice versa. The appli- cation of fertilizers containing magnesia increases the percentage of this element in the tobacco, but when used in the form of the car- bonate the injury to the burning qualities would be reduced to a minimum. It is believed, however, that the use of fertilizer salts containing magnesia in the form of sulphate is inadvisable. The percentage of organic nitrogenous compounds, including nico- tine, is generally proportional to the luxuriance and vigor of growth; hence tobacco of very rank growth contains excessive quantities of these constituents. Again, these substances are most abundant when the plant is, as a whole, growing most rapidly, and also in the most rapidly growing parts of the plant. Conditions favorable to rank growth are brought about by the use of excessive quantities of nitroge- nous fertilizers, especially when the nitrogen is in readily available forms. The chief danger from this source, however, lies in the apph- cation of quickly available forms of nitrogen during the later stages of growth, thus preventing or delaying the normal ripening of the leaf. Since the percentage of albuminoids decreases rapidly through- out the ripening process after the leaf has reached its full growth, this is an important reason why tobacco should not be harvested until the leaf is well ripened. 105 ee si 7) ee v INDEX Page. r Acids, organic, relation to burning qualities__________________________- 22 salts, effects on burning qualities_________ 18 alinity of ash, relation to burning qualities___________ 20 sh constituents, effects on burning qualities_ 14 Remuon of alkalinity to burning qualities________._____._-___--_~.. 20 B Breeding, improvement of burning qualities by selection-_______________ 21 Burning qualities, meaning of term_____-______-_________ 8 alcium salts, effects on burning qualities 16 Peeserewiiion te burning qualities__-.______--_-________-_--._--=__ 22 Beerects On Durning qualities-——-_-—-__-=__--=. _-—_-___-_-_=_.- 18 mbustion process in tobacco and burning with a flame, differences______ 8 Jomposition of leaf, relation to burning qualities, previous investigations_ 10 action of tobacco with various solvents, effects on burning qualities__ 13, 23 Extracts of tobacco, water, composition ee ee ee ea Pe es Se 14 ] fertilizers containing magnesia, use____---_______-_____»_____- = 25 Flame, burning with, and combustion process in tobacco, difference 2 8 Improvement of burning qualities, objects to be attained________________ 24 Leaf, composition, relation to burning qualities, previous investigations__ fertilizers, effects of different forms on composition of ash_______ 24 PENA CCOe ay alllable SOUrCES=————- 52 2-2" = ee 24 : partial replacement by lime and magnesia________-__ otassium salts, effect on burning qualities___________-_____ Bemseseeirects)| on Durning qualities______-__-=..__-+-_.....=-.-=_-_. REMMI CCO tO) LOIMS-—- ee Tars, tobacco, relation to burning qualities Bemeresxtracts Of tobacco, composition... -..-___— ~~~. =-=.----=--_~_- 105 O 51. =." L — alt ‘ ~ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 106. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED DURING THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER, 1905, TO JULY, 1906. INVENTORY No. 12; Nos. 16797 ro 19057. IssueD DrcemBer 20, 1907. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1907. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologistand Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. d Cotton and Tobaceo Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Physiologist in Chane! ) Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. J Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in: Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Cl Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Ch Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, P in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge. Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. rd Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. , Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturistin Charge. _ Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in C C Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Vegetable Testing Gardens, W. W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Pee Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. ‘ Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge. Editor, J. E. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION, SCIENTIFIC STAFF. David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. O. W. Barrett, Assistant. Frank N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer. Charles F, Wheeler, Expert. Walter Fischer, Scientific Assistant. R. A. Young, Scientific Assistant. Albert Mann, Expert in Charge of Barley Investigations. F, W. Clarke, Special Agent in Charge of Matting Plant Investigations, 106 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Puantr Inpustry, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., April 13, 1907. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 106 of the series of this Bureau, the accompanying manuscript, entitled *‘Seeds and Plants Imported Dur- ing the Period from December, 1905, to July, 1906.” This manuscript has been submitted by the Agricultural Explorer in Charge of Seed and Plant Introduction with a view to publication. Respectfully, B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. 106 B. P. I.—238. SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED DURING THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER, 1905, TO JULY, 1900, INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. This twelfth inventory of seeds and plants imported, prepared under the immediate supervision of Mr. Walter Fischer, represents the acces- sions of this Office between the dates of December 15, 1905, and July 27, 1906, a period of about seven months. It contains 2,260 items, which is as large a number as was represented by the collections of a whole year when this Office was organized in 1898, notwithstanding the fact that the present lists are the result of a more rigid selection than at the outset. To the outsider it may seem strange that larger numbers of plants and seeds are not accumulated in so long a period. ‘To these it may be said that it is not the object of the work of plant introduction to collect as many species and varieties of plants which may have some economic use in this country as is possible, but rather to carefully collect only such forms as can be put to a really practical use by American cultivators. This Office is informed of hosts of useful plants now growing in different parts of the world which are not yet on the program of practical plant introduction. At a small expense thou- sands of these useful plants could be gathered and placed in collections, but the cost of maintaining any one of them would in a few years far exceed the cost of procuring it anew for the definite experiments of the experts of the country who may want it for breeding purposes, as a stock on which to graft, or as a possible new crop for hitherto unused lands. The principle, then, of systematic plant introduction, as it is carried on by this Office, is to get the seeds and plants that are wanted for the solution of definite problems in the establishment of new plant industries; import them in sufficient quantities for large and conclu- sive experiments, and place them as soon as possible in the hands of experts who will carry out at once such experiments. Among the collections of new introductions included in this inven- tory there are some that are worthy of special mention here. Prin- cipal among these are the collections of our agricultural explorer 106 . 5 6 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED. Mr. Frank N. Meyer, who was sent out to northern China in the summer of 1905 and who has been exploring the remarkable plant regions of the mountains north and west of Peking. His finds, coming as they do from a region with as severe a winter as that of the Middle States, will surely be, we believe, valuable to plant growers over a wide range of territory. In fact, the preliminary trials that have been made with these North Chinese plants in this country show that as a rule they have a degree of hardiness and resistance to disease which their close relatives from Japan, now so abundantly, represented in our gardens and fields, do not possess. Mr. Meyer’s explorations have been made into different places, difficult and sometimes dangerous of access, and at no little sacrifice of personal comfort and risk to his health and safety. The collections cover a wide range of things for which there is a demand already created by breeding, grafting, and other experiments which have been carried on in this country during the past decade. The material sent in is now in process of propaga- tion, and as soon as ready will be sent out to experimenters. Other collections worthy of notice are a number of new sorghums from tropical Africa, the home of the sorghum plant; a collection of the interesting new wet-land root crop, the yautia, from Porto Rico; some interesting new forms of potato from Bolivia; leguminous plants for breeding as fodder producers, collected from various parts of the world; forage and fodder grasses in large numbers from many different foreign countries; the Queensland nut Macadamia, which is a possibility for California; the South China soap tree, which has recently come into some prominence in Algeria as a source of saponin, a commercial product used in the manufacture of soaps; a collection of hardy grass and forage plant seed from the Austrian Alpine garden at an altitude of 5,700 feet; three new pistache species for breeding and for stocks on which to graft the ordinary edible variety of this nut, from the borders of Afghanistan, North China, and northern Persia; a collection of West Indian yams, promising possibilities as a change from the monotony of the Irish potato; a number of new Mexican apricots for the fruit-growing areas of Texas and the Gulf States; and a very important collection of the edible-fruited and fodder cacti, made by the cactus expert of the Department, Dr. David Griffiths, who has made experimental plantings of these most inter- esting plants in the dry regions of the Southwest. Davin FarreniLp, Agricultural Explorer in Charge Orrice oF Seep and Piant INrROpUCTION, Washington, D. C., April 12, 1907. 106 ——s CV Pen OER: Y.. 16797 to 16806. From Budapest. Presented by Dr. A. de Degen, director of the Royal Hun- garian Seed Control. Received December 15, 1905. Seeds of native Hungarian grasses, as follows: 16797. Bromus vERNALIS. 16802. Fesruca ELATIOR. 16798. Bromus PANNONICUs. 16808. PipraTHERUM VIRESCENS. 16799. AvENA DECORA. 16804. GLycERIA NEMORALIS. 16800. ALoprecuRUS BRACHYsTA- 16805. Poa Hypripa. CHLUs. 16806. Poa cHAIxi. 16801. Fersruca CARPATHICA. 16807. OryZA SATIVA. Upland rice. From Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. Presented by Prof. J. Burtt Davy, agrostologist and botanist of the Departmentof Agriculture. Received Decem- ber 18, 1905. “Seed grown in a subtropical valley near Sucre, Bolivia, at an altitude of about 10,000 feet. It is treated as a dry-land crop, like maize.’’? ( Davy.) 16808. Rupus sp. Red raspberry. From Baguio, Benguet Province, P. I. Presented by Mr. W. 8. Lyon, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. Received December 11, 1905. 16809. PanicuM MOLLE. Para grass. From Georgetown, British Guiana. Presented by Mr. A. W. Bartlett, govern- ment botanist. Received December 19, 1905. “4 yaluable grass for pasture and forage in the Tropics. This grass grows luxu- riantly in damp meadows and is readily eaten by horses, cattle, and sheep.” ( Bartlett. ) 16810. XanTHOSOMA sp. Yautia. From Ancon, Panama. Presented by Mr..George F. Halsey. Received Decem- ber 19, 1906. “Tubers of a plant locally called Oto, Coco, or Comorata. It is very hardy and grows best in a well loosened, moist soil, and the tubers can be cut into many sections ‘and planted like potatoes.’’ ( Halsey.) 16811. Vicia AMERICANA. American vetch. From Fergus Falls, Minn. Presented by Mr. C. J. Wright. Received Decem- ber 20, 1905. This is is a native vetch which grows wild in woods and copses in the northeastern United States. It is much relished by stock and might perhaps be cultivated to some extent with profit. 106 i 8 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED. 16812. ViIGNA UNGUICULATA. Cowpea. From West Branch, Mich. Received through Ogeman Grain and Seed Company, ~ December 20, 1905. 16813 to 16820. > From Office of Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations. Received through Dr. R. H. True, December 9, 1905. Seeds of medicinal plants, as follows: 16813. DicrraLis purPUREA. Purple foxglove. “The common purple foxglove cultivated in some parts of Europe for its leaves, which are a valuable remedy. The leaves are officinal when picked during the time of flowering. This is one of the most important remedies in certain kinds of heart trouble.’’ ( True.) : 16814. Lopecia INFLATA. Indian tobacco. ““\ native weed in open situations of the eastern United States. Both seed and herb collected for drug purposes. Has an emetic, expectorant, and anti- spasmodic action. Is a strong poison, capable of producing fatal results.” ( True.) 16815. Arropa BELLADONNA. Belladonna. ‘Cultivated in several parts of Europe for the leaves and roots, which form one of the chief sources of atropine. The attractive looking fruits also contain atropine and are not rarely eaten by children with fatal results. Is sparingly cultivated in the United States for drug purposes.’’ ( True.) 16816. Nepera CATARIA. Catnip. ““\ common weed of the United States, collected in its wild condition for drug purposes. It is valued as a domestic remedy for its carminative, stimu- lant, and tonic properties, due to the volatile oil present in the herb.”’ ( True.) 16817. CapsicuM FASTIGIATUM. Japanese chillies. “Cultivated in the Orient for the small bright red fruits, having a very pun- gent taste. Used in medicine for the digestantand rubifacient properties, and also for making the ground cayenne peppers of the spice market.’’ ( True.) 16818. Capsicum FASsTIGIATUM. é Small capsicum. 16819. PaApaveR SOMNIFERUM. Asiatic poppy. “4 blue-seeded variety cultivated in the Orient as a source of opium, and in parts of Europe for the seeds, from which an agreeable bland oil is expressed. Seeds from plants grown at Burlington, Vt.’’ (Zrue.) 16820. Paraver SOMNIFERUM. Asiatic poppy. A white-seeded variety to which the same remarks apply as to the preceding. 16821 to 16852. From the Office of Farm Management Investigations. Received December 21, 1905. A collection of grass seeds, as follows: 16821. Bromus ruBeENs. 5 From Caliente, Kern County, Cal., July 2, 1904. (Agrost. 2132.) 16822. Bromus sp. From Arizona, 1904, (Agrost. 2134.) 16823. Bromus INERMIS. Smooth brome-grass. From Argentina. Peluff's collection, 1904. (Agrost. 2440.) 16824. Bromus iNeRmis. Smooth brome-grass. From Arezzo, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2351.) 106 an DECEMBER, 1905, TO JULY, 1906. 9 16821 to 16852—Continued. 16825. From Austria-Hungary. BroMUS INERMIS. 16826. Bromus PRATENSIS. From Padua, Italy, 1904. 16827. Bromus UNIOLOIDEs. (Agrost. 2448. ) 16828. AGRosTIS STOLONIFERA. (Agrost. 2323. ) 16829. AGRosTIS ALBA. (Agrost. 2443. ) 16830. AGRrosTIS ALBA. From Milan, Italy, 1904. 16831. From Naples, Italy, 1904. 16832. AGrosTIs ALBA. From Rome, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2370.) 16833. PANICULARIA AMERICANA. From J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y. 16834. Poa NeEMORALIS. From Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2360. ) 16835. Poa pRATENSIS. From Padua, Italy, 1904. 16836. Poa pRATENSIS. From Treviso, Italy, 1904. 16837. Lo.ium PERENNE. (Agrost. 2319. ) 16838. LoLium PERENNE. (Agrost. 2329. ) 16839. Lo.ium PERENNE. (Agrost. 2330.) 16840. Lotium PERENNE. From Turin, Italy, 1904. 16841. Lo.ium PERENNE. From Milan, Italy, 1904. 16842. Louium PErENNe. From Naples, Italy, 1904. 16843. LoLium PERENNE. (Agrost. 2373. ) ( Agrost. 2340. ) AGROSTIS ALBA. (Agrost. 2341.) (Agrost. 2350. ) (Agrost. 2356. ) (Agrost. 2344.) (Agrost. 2362.) (Agrost. 2365. ) From Florence, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2569.) 16844. Lo.Lium PERENNE. From Genoa, Italy, 1904. 16845. Lowium iravicum. From Mantoya, Italy, 1904. 16846. Lotium rrauicum. From Italy, 1904. 106 (Agrost. 2375.) (Agrost. 2342. ) Agrost. 2367.) Peluff’s collection, 1904. Smooth brome-grass. (Agrost. 2449. ) Meadow brome-grass. Rescue grass. Creeping bent-grass. Redtop. Redtop. Redtop. Redtop. Wood meadow grass. Kentucky bluegrass. Kentucky bluegrass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Perennial rye-grass. Italian rye-grass. Italian rye-grass. 10 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED. 16821 to 16852—Continued. 16847. Lorem rraticum. From Conegliano, Italy, 1904. 16848. Festuca PRATENSIS. Peluff’s collection, 1904. 16849. ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. (Agrost. 2324.) 16850. DacryLis GLOMERATA. From Padua, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2377.) 16851. PHLEUM PRATENSE. From Rome, Italy, 1904. 16852. From Naples, Italy, 1904. From Argentina. ( Agrost. 2366. ) HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM. (Agrost. 2397.) 16853. OxALIs ORTGIESI. From Washington, D. C. December 21, 1905. 16854 to 16861. From Berlin, Germany. December 20, 1905. Sorghum varieties from tropical Africa, as follows: SoRGHUM VULGARE. 16854. Ovulifer. 16858. 16855. Usaramensis. * 16859. 16856. Roxburghii. 16860. 16857. Densissimus. 16861. 16862 to 16865. ( Agrost. 2371.) Italian rye-grass. Meadow fescue. (Agrost. 2474.) Meadow foxtail. Orchard grass. Timothy. | Oxalis. Received through the National Botanic Garden, Sorghum. Presented by the Berlin Botanical Museum. Received Ovulifer. Jucundus. Baumannii. Baumananii. From College Park, Md. Received through Mr. H. A. Miller, Agricultural Experiment Station, December 20, 1905. 16862. Tennessee Winter. 16863. Sixty-Day. HorDEUM VULGARE. (C. I. No. 257.) AVENA SATIVA. (C. I. No. 165.) 16864. AVENA SATIVA. Snoma. (C. I. No. 274.) 16865. AVENA SATIVA. Burt. (C. I. No, 293.) 16866. DroscorkA TRIFIDA. From the Canal Zone. ber 27, 1905. Presented by Mr. George F. Halsey. Barley. Yampee yam. Received Decem- “ Roots of a variety apparently distinct from the Jamaica and Porto Rico varieties. This variety should be cultivated in hills and is said to be very productive. The roots are yellowish inside.’’ (Barrett. ) 16867. SYNCARPIA LAURIFOLIA. From Melbourne, Australia. the Botanic Gardens. 106 Turpentine tree. Presented by Prof. W. R. Guilfoyle, director of Received December 29, 1905. DECEMBER, 1905, TO JULY, 1906. 11 16867—Continued.. “4 tree 100 to 150 feet high with diameter 4 to 5 feet; native of the tropical coast regions of New South Wales and Queensland. Valuable timber tree, especially for posts and underground situations; also for piles, as the resinous matter contained in the wood makes it resistant to damp, the attacks of white ants, and the Teredo. Entirely unprotected piles exposed to the waves for twelve years were found abso- lutely free from decay and the attacks of the Teredo. The wood is also difficult and slow to burn, a useful property in building lumber. An oleo-resin, in degree and character something between Venice turpentine and Canada balsam, contained in the wood is best collected by felling the tree, when it exudes between the bark and sapwood in small drops, which may be seraped off and the resin collected in a pure state.’ (J. H. Maiden.) 16868. Crrorncia FUSCA. From Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Presented by Mr. Alaricus Delmard. Received December 21, 1905. 16869. CYNARA SCOLYMUS. Artichoke. From Paris. France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., December 29, 1905. : Seed of the Globe or Paris artichoke. 16870. DiospyRos sp. Sapote negro. From Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico. Presented by Mr. C. G. Pringle. Received December 22, 1905. 16871. Prrsmka GRATISSIMA. Avocado. From Miami, Fla. Presented by Mr. 8. B. Bliss. Received December 18, 1905. Trapp. 16872. CITRUS TRIFOLIATA X AURANTIUM. Citrange. From the Plant Breeding Laboratory. Received December 22, 1905. Trees of the Morton citrange, a hybrid between the trifoliate and the sweet orange, developed by Dr. H. J. Webber. (P. B. L. No. 771.) 16873 to 16899. From Brunswick, Germany. Presented by the Ducal Botanic Gardens, Received December 21, 1905. A collection of seeds, mostly grass and leguminous forage plants, as follows: 16873. MepicaGo ApIcuLaTa. 16887. ScorpPruRUS MURICATA. 16874. MepicaGo EcHINUS. 16888. ScorpiuRUS VERMICULATA. 16875. MepicaGo MUREX. 16889. Scorriurus SUBVILLOSA. 16876. MepicaGo orRBICULARIS. 16890. ErRopium GRUINUM. 16877. MepicaGo scUTELLATA. 16891. EropruM MALACHOIDEs. 16878. MepicaGo TEREBELLUM. 16892. AvENA BREVIS. 16879. MepicaGo TRIBULOIDEs. 168938. AVENA SATIVA DIFFUSA. 16880. OnoBRYCHIS CHRISTA-GALLI. 16894. AVENA SATIVA DIFFUSA. 16881. ONosBRYCHIS CAPUT-GALLI. 16895. AGROPYRON PUNGENS. 16882. Larnuyrus ocurus. 16896. Bromus BRACHYSTACHYS. 16883. Pisum ELATIUs. 16897. Bromus sTERILIs. 16884. Pisum ARVENSE. 16898. HorpreumM AEGICERAS. 16885. Pisum sativum. 16899. HorpDEUM ZEOCRITON, 16886. Scorpiurus suLcATA. 106 12 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED. es 16900. CEPHALARIA TATARICA. aoe; From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by the Albano Botanic Gardaaetil Received December 21, 1905. 7 16901 to 16908. *- From Saharanpur, India. Presented by Prof. H. M. Leake, economic botanist, — Government Botanic Gardens. Received December 21, 1905. Grass seeds, as follows: 16901. SyNTHERISMA SANGUINALIS. Finger grass. S 16902. PaNicUM TRYPHERON. Guinea grass. 16903. PasPALUM DILATATUM. Large water grass. 16904. CHAETOCHLOA GLAUCA. Yellow foxtail. — 16905. EvcHuaENA MEXICANA. Teosinte. 16906. ELEUSINE AEGYPTIACA. ; 16907. ANDROPOGON PERTUSUS. 16908. ANDROPOGON HALEPENSIS. Johnson grass. 16909 to 16927. From near Peking, China. Received through Mr. Frank N. Meyer, December 26, 1905. 4 Cuttings of various fruit trees, grapevines, and ornamentals, as follows: 16909. U-mus sp. Elm. From Nankou. ‘(No. 31.) A broad-leaved elm suitable for small gardens — and parks.’’ ( Meyer.) ; 16910. Dtospyros KAKI. Persimmon. From Ming Tombs Valley. ‘‘(No. 97.) _A small, seedless persimmon, with bright, orange-red fruits attaining 2 inches in diameter; later in ripening than © the large ones (8. P. I. No. 16912) and not so good. The trees, however, grow to a larger size, and with their leaves dropped off and loaded with orange- colored fruits are very ornamental. Before falling the leaves also assume beautiful colors.”” (Meyer. ) 16911. Pykus sINENsIs. Pear. — From Techa-ching. ‘(No, 120.) A fine, white pear with melting flesh; is one of China’s finest pears. Comes in late, but, being a ei keeper, disap- pears very early from the markets.’’ (Meyer.) (Same as &. P. I. No. 16916.) 16912. Diospyros KAKI. Persimmon. From Ming Tombs Valley. ‘‘(No. 104.) A most valuable fruit. The bright, orange-colored fruits attain a diameter of 44 inches and are perfectly seedless. Bears shipping extremely well if pe when not quite ripe. Can be kept — frozen hard if picked too ripe, and if care is taken can be shipped long distances. — Finally, their taste is delicious and they would be highly esteemed in America as a table fruit.’’ (Meyer.) (See also S. P. I. No. 16921.) 16913. Ditospyros KAKI. Persimmon. From Ming Tombs. ‘‘(No. 33.) A larger variety of seedless persimmon than is generally seen, but the fact that they grew on a young tree may account | for this. It ripens, however, a fortnight later than those sent in under Nos. 16912 and 16921; otherwise the same description applies to it.’’ ( Meyer.) 7 16914. CATALPA BUNGE!. Catalpa. From Peking. ‘‘(No. 13.) The real Catalpa bungei. A fine tree, said to be covered in spring with pink-white flowers; a favorite tree in old temple | ae This one comes from the Yellow Temple, a short distance north of eking.’’ ( Meyer.) 106 DECEMBER, 1905, TO JULY, 1906. 1p 16909 to 16927—Continued. 16915. Poprutus sp. Poplar. From Hwai-jou. ‘‘(No. 15.) This poplar seems to be a favorite tree for temple yards; it grows to a very large size, has a straight trunk with branches trimmed high from the ground and with large, dark green leaves. It will be much appreciated as an avenue or park tree.”’ (Meyer. ) 16916. Pyrus sINEnsIs. Pear. From Tcha-ching. (No. 109.) For description see No. 16911. 16917. PruNuS ARMENIACA. Apricot. From Shan-hai-kwan. ‘‘(Nos. 28 and 29.) A wild apricot with small fruits; apparently grows wild in a few cafions.’’ ( Meyer. ) 16918. Prunus sp. Cherry. From Tang-shan. ‘‘(No, 93.) Apparently a cherry which grows in bush- like form, much resembling a red currant bush. According to the Chinese, the fruits are small but sweet, ripening in early June.”’ ( Meyer.) 16919. AmyGDALUS PERSICA. Peach. From Shan-hai-kwan. ‘‘(No. 32.) A wild peach found near an old monastery, but occurring in many different places—probably escaped from cultivation.’ ( Meyer.) 16920. Morvs apa. Mulberry. From Ming Tombs. ‘‘(No. 92.) A form with very deeply cut leaves, which appear to be decidedly different from the common type.”’ (Meyer. ) 16921. Drtospyros KAKI. Persimmon. From Ming Tombs Valley. ‘‘(Nos. 104 and 105.) These trees are grafted upon wild stock and are planted 20 to 30 feet apart. Being slow growers, peaches are planted between the young trees and afterwards taken out when the persimmons need the space. They seem to love a somewhat sheltered osition in the foothills of the mountains in a soil nade of decomposed rock.”’ Meyer.) 16922. Fraxinus sp. Ash. From Shan-hai-kwan. ‘‘(No. 11.) A decidedly ornamental shade tree; grows in dry situations.’’ (Meyer. ) 16923. Morvs Axsa. Mulberry. From Ming Tombs. ‘‘(No. 91.) Another form with deeply laciniated leaves.”’ (Meyer. ) 16924. Pyrus sINENSIs. Pear. From Teha-ching. ‘‘(No. 119.) An attractive, medium-sized white pear with a long stem and nonmelting flesh; much relished by the Chinese.” ( Meyer. ) 16925. Poputus sp. Poplar. From Kaulitang. ‘‘(No. 38.) This poplar thrives in sandy soil and is lanted largely on sandy wastes where no other tree would flourish. The hinese use the wood in building houses, coffins, etc. A rather ornamental tree with silvery bark.”’ (Meyer. ) 16926. Poprvutus sp. Poplar. From Chang-li. ‘‘(No. 30.) A yery large poplar with a straight, smooth trunk; well fitted for park or avenue planting.”’ ( Meyer.) 16927. Virissp. Grape. From Hsuen-hwa-fu. ‘‘ (Nos. 102, 106,and 107.) ae —— et, ee DECEMBER, 1905, TO JULY, 1906. 61 17842 to 17954— Continued. 17927. NIcoTiIANA sp. Tobacco. From western hills near Peking. ‘‘(No. 62a.) An inferior tobacco much used by the lower classes.’’ ( Meyer.) 17928. NicoriaNa TABACUM. Tobacco. From Chang-li. ‘‘(No. 86a.) A medium quality of tobacco grown around Chang-li.”’ (Meyer. ) 17929. JuGuans hyb. (?) Walnut. From Nankon Pass. ‘‘(No. 87a.) ifera. soft. See Holcus mollis. downy oat. See Avena pubescens. early spring. See Hriochloa poly- stachya. English rye. See Loliwm perenne. esparto. See Stipa tenacissima. Italianrye. See Lolium italicum. Kentucky bluegrass. See Poa pra- tensis. meadow foxtail. See Alopecurus pratensis. soft. See Holcus lanatus. See Astrebla pectinata. See Neurachne mitchel- Mitchell. Mulga. liana. New Zealand meadow rice. Microlaena stipoides. orchard. See Dactylis glomerata. See pappus. See Pappophorum com- mune. para. See Panicum molle. perennialrye. See Lolium perenne. reed canary. See Phalaris arundi- nacea. — rescue. See Bromus unioloides. Rhodes. See Chloris virgata. rough-stalked meadow. See Poa trivialis. slender wheat. lenerum. smooth brome. See Bromus iner- mis. star, umbrella, or windmill. See Chloris spp. sugar. See Pollinia fulva. tall grama. See Bouteloua curti- pendula. meadow oat. rum elatius. Vandyke. See Panicum flavidum. velvet. See Holcus lanatus. wallaby. See Danthonia semiannu- laris. See 34 Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) --------------------+++-+-----2 007 07> 35 Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium) ...-----------------=----7777000007> 36 Blue cohosh ( Caulophyllum thalictroides) -..-----.---------------->----- 37 Twinleat (Jeffersonia diphylla) .....--------------++-----+22-2-2- 70777777 38 May-apple ( Podophyllum peltatum) . .----~-------++-++------- +777 7>> Seses 39 Canada moonseed ( Menispermum canadense) --.------------------~------ 40 Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) .--.---------------+--2--77+ 25577077 40 Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) ..------------+-+++----2500 7772700 41 - Indian-physie (Porteranthus trifoliatus) ....-.--------+-+---+-+-+++-77777> 42 Wild indigo ( Baptisia tinctoria) .--.-----------------+---+--+-2 770 00707> 43 Crane’s-bill (Geranium maculatum) .-----------------+-++--+----77770777- 44 ‘Seneca snakeroot ( Polygala senega) -.-----------------+--<+---77 7707 7> 45 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) ..-..-+------------+---- +--+ 00r ttre rcn one 47 Wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) ....----------------+---2000007 000 48 Ginseng ( Panaw quinquefolium) .-------------++-------777 0st ttttt rr 49 Water-eryngo (Bryngium yuccifolium) ..----------+-+++-------7 25070000 50 American angelica (Angelica atropurpured) .---------------+-+- +0057 0 00> 51 Yellow jasmine or jessamine ( Gelsemium sempervirens) .----------------- 51 107 6 CONTENTS. Plants furnishing root drugs—Continued. Pag Pinkroot: (Spigelia: martlandica).---<<<5 22-2 = =e ee g American colombo ( Frasera carolinensis) .....--------------. - Perc - Black Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum)......-.-------------- Pleurisy-root (Asclepiasituberosa) = <~ < <= 55-2 ewe ee oe Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) .....---------------- APE aoe Stoneroot ( Collinsonia canadensis) - .-.----------------------------- Culver’s-root: (Veronica.mrginica) = 2.2.2. .2 5252-5 3s Soe Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale) .....--.---------------- late cee Queen-of-the-meadow (Eupatorium purpureum) ....-.------------- Elecampane (Inula helentum) |. ~~. =... --=--22

=. ss eee 10 required for drying. ..—_.=~-=—.---<--). -_- =e 10 Ruellia ciliosa. See under) Pinkroot+_.= =. ===... 22 = eee 52-53 Rumex, R. crispus, and R. obtusifolius. See Dock, yellow __-~-~-------- 27-29 Rush, sweet. See Sweet-flags.-_—_—_.__==-ss252=-45: (=. ee 16 Sampson-root. See Echinacea ~-=—.=—-----4s-- 5.45538 eee 63 Sane. “See \Ginsengs =) 222 SS a ee eee 49-50 Sangree-root. See Serpentaria___-_-.-___.-_-___.__._L1_.+_-_) eee Sangrel: “See Serpentarias—..=.—-=--—-=.- + 6. LLibJ2 eae 26-27 Sanguinaria and S. canadensis. See Bloodroot__-__-_-_--_-___-_--22258 40-41 Saponaria and §. officinalis. See Soapwort____-___--_.-_----=-_=2 = 31 Saponary.. See Soapwort-------.=.---..._... - 2 eee See 31 Sarsaparilla, American, false, and Virginian. See Sarsaparilla, wild____ 48-49 Texas, and yellow. Sce Moonseed, Canada wild; description —_-—_~--~.=_-~--2==.4- = eee Seabwort. ‘Sce Dlechmpane_—2_=..=.-=~=--4- 2 eee Scokes Sée-Pokeweedhee ai. ao2 Se eee tight Ess Scourwort: See Soapwort......._..- +s... eee ee 2 Lesa Scutch-grass. See Couch-grass._._—._-~-~====-_-.=2 22223) -3 see Sedge, cinnamon, myrtle, and sweet. Sce Sweet- flag 22 eee Segge, sweet. See Sweet-flag_.....__-_ =~ -i20 224.0 SS See Seneca-root. See Snakeroot, Seneca___-- ~~ aos bate US Senega. See Snakeroot, Seneca_.-....--.---._-=-__-=--+ Sees Serpentarta; Gescription =2~— =-=—.-=..=====2s==22= 3st és ee Texas and Virginia. See Serpentaria____..________--_____ 26-27 Serpentary. See Serpentaria -.._..-__--.-_.--_---__ 22.2 === Seven-barks. See Hydrangea__--.-._.----- Shameface. See Crane’s-bill__-..---------- Shamrock, Indian. See Bethroot _.---~- ‘ Sheepweed. See Soapwort__----------~..-------.-- ._ eee 31 Shield-fern, male, and marginal- fruitedie See Male-fern_--_-=.-_-- 2 11-12 Shootiy. "See Todiee, wilt =... - Sse eee pamper Shotbush. See Sarsaparilla, wild__._.--...-------~- oo 232 ee Stlverleaft. .See Stillingia===— -.__- 2a ees ath s 252252 eee 478 Skunk-cabbage, description_——- ~~ Los ee 15 weed. See Skunk-cabbage ~..=---.---=_____ 2. Sse 15 Slippery-root. See Comfrey —~---~-~- ee “iw eee Slunkweed. See Queen-of-the-meadow _- bree Sr 61-62 Snagrel. See Serpentaria__.—--.-.....--- eh oo des Snakebite. See Bloodroot ~-~~-~~~ —— Sa tsa: 2 eae _.-- 40-41 lily; “See Wag blue —-_.---_--=.~-._ losses Se eee 22-23 root, black. See Snakeroot, Canada, and Cohosh, black_--_--- 25-26, 35-36 button, and corn. See Water-eryngo____.--------------.-..< 50-51 Canada; deseription 2222. -...c snk oe 25-26 colt’s foot, heart, southern, and Vermont. See Snakeroot, Canadaesee. <=... 5 eee 25-26 rattle: See6/Goliosh, black.....---. SS eee eee 35-36 Red River, Texas, and Virginia. See Serpentaria__.....-~--- 26-27 Senecay description _....._... 2365 Se ee 45-AT Senega. See Snakeroot, Seneca ——. ~~~ i fone nauak Some - 4547 107 -_— > » . INDEX. 79 Snakeweed. Sce Serpentaria____._________- ESS te Pee weed, black. See Snakeroot, Canada_____-____~_ eso Be Soaproot. See Soapwort, description______________ peek oe pee 3 wort, common. See Soapwort, description_________________________ A} MESCHIDTLON == s- 2 — = se 2 a 3 Soe Som op RES REL Se es 3 Spapyemsa foetida. See Skunk-cabbage._.-_.__-____-___._________ 15) Speedwell, tall. See Culver’s-root__.______ ee ee ee 00 Spiceberry. See Sarsaparilla, wild ______- st Aaah ng espe de ast.LlL. 48-49 Spigelia and S. marilandica. See Pinkroot___________________ £22 52-53 PPC CCESATSaparilla, wild). 2-20 Se 48-49 Spikenard, American, California, and small. See Sarsaparilla, wild_____ 48-49 REE Crm See Bethroot =-2-2—-==5.-0 2 oe ee ee ___ 20-21 root. See Bethroot ; Cohosh, black ; and Cohosh, blue_ 20-21, 35-36, 37-38 Biacpioom. See Pinkroot —------.--__--_ a ttle Ee eS eS 52-53 PRHnnenee, AlCtris:——-—--—— a. Vis Neel Seca! 2 ee BMete rat 19-20 wort. See Chamaelirium and Aletris________________________ 17-18, 19-20 wort, drooping. See Chamaelirium__---_-______- ee Ave! Se eas mean essce Aletris 222. 6-2 = ee ee ee ___ 19-20 yellow. See HBlecampane ________._______- = -~ ____ 62-63 Brancuvorisce: Turnip, wild.-.-.----+------------ See SE 18-14 MRE In C CME ULO OC os oe Oe eet ___ 64-65 Pin EMO CRGNID iON! = ——- 6 Sy ph = ee ATE 48 MViUahiCiee ISce Stillingia, description ——— === —- == _ = 47-48 PBUerOoOLMOecscripton ==. -.-..-...- =.=. ae sR EEE Ore oes __ 58-59 POPS see: Orane’s-bill_--_-_-=----__-__-=-==_ Se ee _-___ 44-45 Sunflower, wild. See Elecampane_______________ pees Ae 2 OG 2-65 Swallowwort, orange. See Pleurisy-root_______-_______________________ 56-57 Swamp-cabbage. See Skunk-cabbage ____________________________ A 15 hellebore. See Hellebore, American _~--_-____________ + SASS milkweed. See Pleurisy-root _________________ 22 tS _ 56-57 Mn see. Turnip, wild ..._...-_ =.= -2._— ee Rise eS eG Sweet-betty, and sweet-william, wild. See Soapwort-—------___ srs ee 31 cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweetroot, sweet rush, sweet sedge, and sweet segg. See Sweet-flag__._______________ x Se rs 16 Haeeuescription ——--_--._=—= ee ok 5 ee SE 16 See also under Flag, blue. slumber. See Bloodroot-.....-..__-__-_- = as 2 Se ee __.... 40-41 Sympbhytum and S: officinale. See Comfrey___...._-_..___________-____ 57-58 Symplocarpus foetidus. See Skunk-cabbage —~______ Ph St te Sees OE 15 Taraxacum, T. dens-leonis, T. officinale, and T. taraxacum. Sce Dande- ane ee 2S (OES) PREECE sce SlO00r00t .2-_——__-=__.=----=__-___ ot Se ee iemeweedumsce HHellebore, American_._..-__---_._-._.-......-.-.---- 18-19 Trillium and T. erectum, ill-scented, purple, and red. See Bethroot__--~~ 20-21 Triticum and T. repens. See Couch-grass___________ MS ee eee 12-13 inne iovemoce betnroot——-——=------=---_--.. -_______ a $= _ 20-21 Trumpet-flower, evening. See Jasmine, yellow —___- 2 — 2... '51=52 weed. «See Queen-of-the-meadow —__-__-_--___- fe . 61-62 Reon SCE MENCUTISY-LOOL —--=—-—-=——-—--==-——--—----.=.-------.--. 56-57 Ren ne E OM Graw le y-TO0ts. == = =a oe aa <= 24-25 PMR em OOUTOOU. == — oan ae ee ee ee a ane _- 40-41 107 80 INDEX. ‘ Wild). < -aet- See eee wild, description Twinleaf, description... 24-4544... 22-3 53-4 oe ee Twitch-grass. See ‘Couch-erass, .-—-.=..--+=~. = so ee Umbil-root and yellow umbil. See Lady’s-slipper___________ oe ee Umbrella-plant... See May-apple._.=__ =. 2: -4. =) bt te Wnicorn-plant. See) Aletris=—- = =7 > = root. See Chamaelirium and. Aletris root, false. - See. .Chamaelirium = .=——-=-.- =... 2. = ne true: = Wee "Alletris. 2... - =. 2s. =. ee 19 Unicorn’s-horn. See Chamaelirium and Aletris____------..--____ 17-18, 19-20 Valerian, American. See Lady’s-slipper=__--.-_--==.__.._. 2 ee = Vegetable calomel. . See May-apple__-——=-=- == 24 = 2 = Se = ee Venus’-cup and Venus’-shoe. See Lady’s-slipper_-__.-----______.-.-___ Veratrum, V. album, and VY. viride, American, green, and true. Nee Helle- bore, , American 242=<—.- 5 nnd. Veronica, tall, and V. virginica. See Culver’s-root____-—-.-___-___. = Vine-maple. See Moonseed, Canada_.—~.-..-..=..~_--=-<_- ss ee Wiake-robin: See Dimmnip; wild =. -=2=5 325-225 = ee pho eee robin, ill-scented, purple, and red. See Bethroot Wihiteroot. See Pleurisy-root__---..--___._ __-__ = Whorlywort. See Culver’s-root _.__....-42- <4 2. = eee Windroot.. See. Pleurisy-root ...._.-.~__---_ 52.5. 3 ee Witcb-grass.. See Covuch-grass-...-. ===... +=. 24>... ee Woodbine, Carolina wild. See Jasmine, yellow_-.---_..-~----_--__-28 ‘Wood-fern, evergreen. -See Male-fern ~..==.=~s_.-.__ 2s 32 eee : lily: Seesbetaroope..-._— Woods-phlox. See Soapwort World’s-wonder.. See Soapwort...._...-...-_--==---- == = - ee Wormegrass, wormweed, and American wormroot. See Pinkroot...-.--__ Yam, ‘wild; descriptlon=s>2———. -—— — so -— <2 ee ron.” Yellow-eye...See. Goldenseal... ...-- 32 2 serl root. See Goldenseal, Goldthread, and Twinleaf___~~_-- 31-50, 34, 58-39 Yellows: See. Ladys-slipper--.....---- <= 3. Sb ee | 107 i Wed =a ~ - sreau of Plant Industry, U_ S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE | STRAWBERRIES FROM COLD STORAGE a. MOEN & OO., LITH | GP, 1D 294-0 PE . { ’ U; S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 108. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Pureau. THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. BY Ss. H. FULTON, ForMERLY Assistant Pomonocist, FiIrLp INVESTIGATIONS IN PoMOLOGY. ISSUED SEPTEMBER 9, 1907. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. L907. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. “ Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. D- Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Physiologist in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge. — ” Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. a Crop Technology Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge. Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. ‘ Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. ; Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. ¢ Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. a2 Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. a Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. , Grain Standardization, John D, Shanahan, Expert in Charge. : Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. . Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. ~ South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge. Editor, J. E. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS IN POMOLOGY. SCIENTIFIC STAFF, William A. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Marketing Investigations. G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Transportation and Storage Investigations. George C. Husmann, Pomologist in Charge of Viticultural Investigations. A. V. Stubenrauch, Expert in Fruit Transportation. H. P. Gould, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Investigations. L. S. Tenny, Pomologist in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage. S. H. Fulton, Assistant Pomologist in Fruit Marketing and Storage Investigations. S. J. Dennis, Expert in Refrigeration. H. J. Eustace, Expert in Fruit Storage. George W. Hosford, Assistant Pomologist in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage. Alfred Tournier, Special Agent in Viticultural Investigations, W. F. Fletcher, Scientific Assistant in Fruit District Investigations, H. M. White, Scientific Assistant in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage. E. F. Cole, Scientific Assistant in Viticultural Investigations, @ Resigned in April, 1906, 108 yA - LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Unirep Srates DerartMEnT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Piant Inpusrry, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., April 12, 1907. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “The Cold Storage of Small Fruits” and to recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 108 of the series of this Bureau. This bul- letin was prepared by Mr. S. H. Fulton, formerly Assistant Pomolo- gist in Field Investigations in Pomology, and has been submitted by Messrs. William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge of Field Investigations in Pomology, with a view to publication. The subject is an important one to small fruit growers in many portions of the country, and it is believed that the results of the investigations set forth will be found useful by suggesting ways of prolonging the marketing season and thus conducing to a better dis- tribution of the product, as well as by indicating some of the risks that are involved in attempts to hold such products longer than their inherent physical characteristics permit. The fundamental importance of careful attention to the details of harvesting, packing, and handling is emphasized by the results of this work, as well as the necessity of proper ventilation of rooms and isolation of products in storage houses to preserve the normal color, texture, and flavor of these delicate fruits. + The work covered by this report has been’ done by Mr. Fulton, while the investigations of the gases that accumulate in packages of stored fruit and of the effect of oxygen gas upon stored fruit have been made by Mr. H. C. Gore, of the Bureau of Chemistry, in cooperation with this Bureau. The accompanying illustrations are necessary to a full understanding of the text. Respectfully, B. T. Gantoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAmEs WIxson, Secretary of Agriculture. 108 CONTENTS. Lo.) LGV sono css cast onc Bepe SeeRS Sepe Ses eses S55 eso se aaa nee aes ees Outline of experiments in small-fruit storage -.....-...------.-------------- The influence of soil and climatic conditions on the keeping quality of small The influence of the time of picking on the keeping quality of small fruits--- Storage house temperatures for small fruits.......-.---.-------------------- Mhedceezine of small fruits:in cold storage... .:.....------.--------------- The influence of the type of package on the keeping quality of small fruits --- The influence of the wrapper on the keeping quality of small fruits ----.----- The influence of oxygen gas on the keeping quality of small fruits. ._-. ------ The influence on the keeping quality of careful handling and of storing small ieaieROOMsAlLer picking’... =. 2----=s25=<--= see eeuea so aseee anes The length of time small fruits keep in cold storage -...-.....-------------- The behavior of small fruits when withdrawn from cold storage ------------- 8G oe cent eee toe Renee 55 Doce eee oe ea ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Prater I. Gandy strawberries. A, after twenty-one days in cold storage at 4 temperature of 32° F. 3B, after seven months in a frozen conditi in storage at a temperature of 12° F.C, showing discolorati the fruit from bruising. D, showing mold forming on a bru II. Packages and wrappers used on berries in cold storage. Fig. 1.— Cartons in which fruit was frozen. Fig. 2.—A box of strawberries: raspberries wrapped with! japanin paper and anaren pale pa in:a Hallock*erate: ... ..- 2% .:<-6 acceso os heehee III. Black mold on strawberries and black raspberries in cold sto Figs. 1 and 2.—Black mold on black raspberries. Figs. 3 and 4. Black mold on strawberries. ........-<-..5 -45-+=-t =e 108 6 B. P. I.—284. THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. INTRODUCTION. The beneficial influence of cold storage on fruit growing in America has not been shared equally by all branches of the industry. Some kinds of fruit are better adapted to storing in cold temperatures than others, and are in active demand through a longer season. Winter apples and pears can be kept in good condition for long periods in cold storage, and a large part of the late apple and pear crops of the United States is now held in cold storage annually to insure a supply of these fruits in good condition throughout the winter and spring months. Upon the other hand, berries and other small fruits are not stored to nearly so great an extent on account of their highly perishable nature. The storage of small fruits isa problem somewhat different from the storage of the more durable fruits. Winter apples and pears are usually too bard and immature when stored to be fit for immediate con- sumption. Cold storage insures the safe keeping of these fruits for long periods, and under proper management brings out their finest flavor and quality. The fruits ripen slowly in the low temperature of the storage house, the acids diminish, the starch changes to sugar if the transformation is not already completed when the fruit is stored, and the fine flavor and aroma of the fruit are developed. In the storage of small fruits the conditions and purposes are differ- ent. The strawberry, for example, is usually developed to the highest state of perfection when picked; the quality is not improved by further ripening, and the fruit needs to be consumed quickly. All that can be hoped for from cold storage is to preserve for a short period the attractive appearance and fine flavor of the fruit. In commercial practice, small fruits are sometimes stored for specu- lative purposes. The fruit is bought when the market is low; it is stored until prices advance, and it is then sold at a profit. Owing to the extremely perishable nature of most of the small fruits, however, this must be regarded as a hazardous practice. The great bulk of small fruits held in cold storage is placed there to protect the fruits tem- porarily from decay until they can be placed in the hands of the con- sumer. Shipments of small fruits are frequently delayed in transit 32241—No. 108—07——2 7 8 THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. and reach their destination too late for the early morning market. There is often little opportunity of disposing of them until the follow- ing morning, or in case the late arrival occurs on Saturday the fruit can not be sold until the following Monday morning. Without arti- ficial refrigeration, the fruit would deteriorate rapidly, and in many instances would become worthless before it could be sold. Under these conditions it may be saved by placing it temporarily in cold storage. An overstocked market sometimes results in the cold storing of considerable quantities of small fruits when there is a reasonable prospect for a stronger demand and better prices within two or three days. Cold storage is now used for small fruits by many canning estab- lishments. At the height of the season, the fruit is often received faster than it can be cared for. The surplus is then placed in cold storage to be held until it can be packed in the cans. Some of the best equipped canneries in this country are now supplied with their own cold-storage facilities. In some sections, particularly in the Hudson River Valley of New York, small-fruit growers have built farm storage houses, cooled by ice or by a mixture of ice and salt, with a view to handling their crops to better advantage. The berries are placed in these houses as fast as picked, and held until the output of the day is ready for shipment. The fruit may be held from one day to the next before shipping, or even for a longer period if desired in the case of firm-fleshed varieties, and still reach the market in good condition. It has been found that berries cooled down before shipping will carry in better condition than they do when shipped in a warin condition. Another phase of cold storage of small fruits that is assuming con- siderable importance is the freezing of the fruit for use by confec- tioners, bakers, and restaurateurs, the fruit being held in a frozen condition for use in ice cream, pastries, ete. In view of the difficulties involved in storing and the long season during which fresh-picked supplies can be obtained from yarious see- tions of the country, the use of cold storage for small fruits will con- tinue to be restricted mainly to the preservation of the fruit for a brief period when otherwise it would be lost. But in this field alone cold storage serves a very important mission, for in many of the large cities of the country great quantities of berries are annually stored for brief periods for one or more of the reasons already stated. In New York, for example, thousands of crates of berries are some- times stored in a single day in the cold-storage houses within or near the produce district. There is very little information published relative to the cold storage of small fruits, and such as is available is based primarily upon obser- 108 INTRODUCTION. 9 vation of the conditions surrounding the fruit in the cold-storage house. Little consideration appears to haye been given the conditions sur- rounding the growing and handling of the fruit, though these condi- tions very largely determine the behavior of all kinds of fruits in cold storage. The only record of a systematic test of the keeping of small fruits in cold storage which has come under our observation is a report of a series of experiments performed in England in 1898. The results of this test are given in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture of Great Britain for June, 1899 (p. 85), under the title ‘* Cold Storage of Fruit.” Extracts from this article are here given: The board of agriculture have received from the Kent County council a report by Mr. W. P. Wright, F. R. H. S., superintendent of horticulture under the technical education committee, upon the results of experiments on the cold storage of fruit. Three cold chambers were used, each fitted with two brine walls or flat tanks placed in close proximity to the insulated sides of the chamber; through these tanks brine cooled by a carbonic anhydride refrigerating machine was circulated at any desired temperature. Each chamber was fitted with tiers of galvanized wire shelves around the sides, and the fruit was placed on these under three different conditions: (1) Exposed on the shelyes, (2) enveloped in grease-proof paper, (3) surrounded or covered by cotton-wool. It was found that strawberries could be kept for at least three weeks in a temperature of 30°, but it was necessary to surround the fruit with cotton-wool, or, in the case of fruit in sieves, to place a pad of that material over the top. When this precaution was not taken, the fruit, though sound, became dull and lost the fresh, inviting appearance which is so important when it is offered for sale. Black currants kept well for ten days, after which they began to shrivel, but plumped and freshened on exposure to the air so as to be marketable. This was especially the case with black currants that had been stored in market sieves covered with a wad of cotton-wool. After a fortnight’s storage, the temperature was raised from 30° to 32° F., and this seemed to give the best results. The experiments with red cur- rants were an unqualified success, the fruit remaining perfectly sound for six weeks, and maintaining its freshness when exposed toa normal temperature for sixteen hours. Cherries covered with wool kept fora month at a temperature of 30°, and at 36° were not only sound, sweet, and juicy, but fresh and clear. After the fourth week the fruit began to wrinkle. The small fruits above mentioned, and particularly strawberries, must, it appears, be placed in store in advance of dead ripeness; when fully ripe they will keep for some time, but lose surface freshness; the fruit must be sound, and not pecked or injured inany way. * * * In concluding his report Mr. Wright observes that, in his opinion, people do not quickly weary of high-class fruit, and a longer season than at present exists could be secured for many kinds if the best quality were ensured; but, apart from this, there are periods within the season of several perishable fruits—black currants, for instance—when ability to hold the pickings over, if only for a few days, would mean securing an enhanced price. The results of this test agree in general with the results obtained through the cold-storage experiments of the United States Department of Agriculture as to length of time small fruits may be kept in cold storage. 108 10 THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTS IN SMALL-FRUIT STORAGE. Since September, 1901, many problems relating to the cold storage of fruits have received attention in connection with the field investiga- tions in pomology of the Bureau of Plant Industry. For three years of this period the small fruits have been given special attention. In these experiments the factors atfecting the keeping of small fruits in cold storage, such as the influence of soil and climatic conditions, the time of picking, the methods of handling, the types of packages, wrappers, and the temperatures in the storage house have been under investigation. The effect of cold storage on the flayor and aroma of the fruit and the behavior of the fruit when withdrawn from storage have also received consideration. Subsequent investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry will bear upon a number of these problems, and while the principles laid down in this publication asa result of the tests are believed to be correct, they may be modified more or less by the additional light afforded by subsequent experiments. This report, therefore, should be regarded as preliminary rather than as conclusive and final. The principal varieties of small fruits used in the experiments are as follows: Johnson Early, Tennessee, and Gandy strawberries; Early Harvest and Erie blackberries; Miller, Kansas, and Doolittle rasp- berries; Lucretia dewberries; Howard Bell cranberries; Versaillaise currants, and Houghton gooseberries. From eight to twenty-four 16-quart crates of each variety were generally used in each season’s test. These fruits, with the exception of the cranberries, which were obtained from a New Jersey grower, were furnished by a number of small-fruit growers in Alexandria and Fairfax counties, Virginia. The fruit was brought to Washington by wagon, all of the growers being located within 8 to 10 miles of the storage house, and was stored from four to eight hours after picking in the cold-storage department of the Center Market, at Washington, D. C. The names of the several small-fruit growers from whom fruit was procured, and the principal varieties furnished by each, are as follows: Brown, J. K., Alexandria, Va., Versaillaise currants, Houghton gooseberries, and Early Harvest blackberries. Durell, E. H., Bell Plain, N. J., Howard Bell cranberries. Leonard, David, Westend, Va., Gandy and Tennessee strawberries, and Kansas raspberries. Sherwood, D. C., Westend, Va., Tennessee strawberries, Doolittle and Miller raspberries, Lucretia dewberries, and Erie blackberries. Shreve, R. E. T., Westend, Va., Johnson Early strawberries. Sprankle, W. T., Falls Church, Va., Early Harvest blackberries. 108 sie a FACTORS AFFECTING THE KEEPING QUALITY. 11 Most of the fruit used in these experiments, except the cranberries and one series of Gandy strawberries, which were grown upon clay soil, was grown upon reddish, gravelly loam soil with clay subsoil, at an altitude of a little more than 100 feet above sea level. The fruit, with the exception of the cranberries (which were in barrels and boxes), was packed in the open-slat crates commonly used in the middle and southern berry-growing districts, and also for con- trast in the closer, more compact Hallock crate used in the berry sections of Michigan and other western States. For the purpose of testing the effect of a close package, some of the fruit was also packed in paraffined paper cartons wrapped with a calendered paper jacket. Two of these packages are shown in Plate IJ, figure 1. During the season of 1905 some of these cartons were wrapped in heavy paraftin paper, the whole being then inclosed in the paper jacket. The effect of wrapping was also tested both by wrapping each box or basket sepa- rately in thin, impervious japanin paper and by wrapping the entire crate in heavy manila paper. Upon arrival at the storage house, part of the fruit of a number of the pickings was delayed a few hours in the corridors before it was placed in the storage room, while the remainder was stored at once. The fruit was stored in two temperatures, namely, 36° and 32> F. Samples of each lot were held out of storage to compare with the cold-stored fruit. THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SMALL FRUITS. These experiments indicate that the character of the soil may influ- ence the keeping quality of small fruits to some extent, though the data along this line are only suggestive. Berries grown to a large size upon low, moist, clay loam, for example, usually began to break down more quickly than the same variety grown to a somewhat smaller size upon the moderately dry gravelly loam. No comprehensive test of the influence of soil types on the keeping of the fruit has been undertaken. The keeping quality of small fruits is quickly affected by changes in climatic conditions. Berries ripening during a period when the sup- ply of moisture is favorable for the development of sound, healthy fruit, keep better than the same variety stunted by drought or oyer- grown by excessive rainfall. Strawberries of the Tennessee variety in 1903 kept poorly when picked during a drought at the opening of the season, but following two days of rainy weather, which supplied a sufficient amount of moisture, the fruit kept well for seven to ten days. After eight days of rainy weather, however, the fruit was overgrown and soft when stored, and after five days in storage was worthless. 108 12 THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. Some varieties are much more easily affected by excessive rains than others. The Tennessee strawberry, for example, will be softened and rendered almost unmarketable by a rainfall which would not seriously affect the Gandy variety. THE INFLUENCE OF THE TIME OF PICKING ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SMALL FRUITS. Small fruits designed for cold storage should be picked when well matured and fully colored, but while still in firm condition. If harvested in an immature condition the flavor is poor and insipid, as immature fruit does not develop properly after picking. This being the case, small fruits for cold storage should be practically as well matured when picked as fruit that goes directly to market for imme- diate consumption. ‘ In the case of nearly all varieties of berries used in the experiments, three pickings were made for storage, the first early in the season of the variety, the second at the height of the season, and the third as late in the season as a good picking could be secured. No difference in the keeping of the fruit from the several pickings could be detected, providing the weather and other conditions were uniform throughout the season of the variety. STORAGE HOUSE TEMPERATURES FOR SMALL FRUITS. In these investigations considerable quantities of small fruits have been stored in duplicate lots in temperatures of both 32° and 36° F. At the lower temperature the fruit has kept in firm condition longer, was somewhat less affected by mold, and held up equally as well or better after withdrawal from the warehouse than that stored in a tem- perature of 36° F. Unless the fruit was stored for a period of four or five days or longer these differences did not become noticeable. The impression held by many warehousemen and fruit handlers that low temperatures (32° to 33° F.) are injurious to berries and other quick- ripening fruits has not been borne out by these investigations. Gandy strawberries of the crop of 1903 kept twenty-one days in a tempera- ture of 32° F. and retained their bright, attractive appearance to a remarkable degree. The condition of the fruit after twenty-one days in cold storage is shown in Plate I, A. Other varieties have kept equally well for a somewhat shorter period. No discoloration of the flesh of any of the varieties has occurred as a result of the lower storage temperature. Small fruits are stored in most warehouses at temperatures ranging from 35° to 40° F. These temperatures give satisfactory results if the fruit is to be stored not longer than two to three days. If, however, the fruit is stored for a longer period of time a temperature of about 32- F. will preserve it in better condition. 108 ae ee ee eee a -_ SE a FREEZING FRUITS. 13 THE FREEZING OF SMALL FRUITS IN COLD STORAGE. In some of the large cities the practice of freezing small fruits for the purpose of holding them indefinitely in a frozen condition to be used in making ice cream and pastries has recently come into use to a limited extent among confectioners, bakers, and restaurateurs. Much of the fruit used for this purpose is bought when the market price is low, such as on Saturday evenings or when the market is glutted. It is hurried into cold storage and is frozen at a temperature rang- ing from about 5° to 12° F. This fruit is used during the normal small-fruit season, if necessary, or may be held to prolong the season for several weeks, or even months in the case of some of the small fruits. By freezing the fruit a large amount may be kept on hand, thereby avoiding the danger of a temporary shortage in the supply. Some restaurateurs who formerly made a practice of packing berries in dry granulated sugar and of holding them at a temperature of 31~ to 32° F. have now given up this practice and have adopted the freezing method. If the fruit is intended for long preservation it is usually placed in loosely covered tin cans tc prevent evaporation, but if it is to be kept a short time it is frequently stored in the ordinary crates in which it is conveyed to market. In the tests of the Bureau of Plant Industry of 1904-5 Gandy strawberries were frozen and held at a temperature of 10° to 14° F. for ten months in the tight paper-wrapped cartons of paraffined cardboard already mentioned, with very little change in color and practically no shrinkage. The condition of berries that had been in storage over seven months in a temperature of 10° F. is shown in Plate I, &. Berries frozen in open crates at the same time evaporated and shrunk away fully one-half within a few months. In June, 1905, strawberries of the Gandy and Tennessee varieties and Miller and Kansas raspberries were frozen and stored in different styles of packages in a temperature of 12° F. in a general freezing room containing meats, poultry, game, etc. The packages used were (1) the paper-wrapped paraffined cardboard carton shown in Plate IT, figure 1; (2) the same carton with an additional heavy parattined paper wrap over the cardboard, which with the outside paper jacket con- stituted a triple-thick carton; and (3) the common open slat berry erate used in this section. This fruit was still normal in appearance on January 12, 1906, except for a slight fading in the color of the straw- berries and a slight shrinkage of both strawberries and raspberries in the open crates. The fruit in the closed packages was plump and attractive in appearance. The flavor of the fruit of both strawberries and raspberries in the open crates was not good. Apparently the fruit had absorbed odors from other articles in the storage room, 108 14 THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. The flavor of the fruit in the triple box was a little better, but it had evidently been tainted through the effect of the carbon-dioxid gas exhaled by the fruit before it was solidified in freezing. The flavor of the fruit in the double-wrapped carton, however, which was not so impervious to the air, was not contaminated, and it retained much of the sprightliness and flavor of the fresh fruit. This test seems to indicate that for frozen fruit, as in the case of fruit stored at a tem- perature above the freezing point, the best resus can be obtained by the use of a close package, provided the package is not so tight as to prevent the escape of the gases given off by the fruit after it is packed and before it is frozen. Frozen strawberries for ice cream have been in use in a limited way by confectioners for some time, while frozen blackecap raspberries, currants, blackberries, huckleberries, and other small fruits are now being used successfully for pies and other pastries by a few restaura- teurs and bakers. A large pie bakery in a central western city is successfully using frozen blackcaps, gooseberries, blackberries, eur- rants, and huckleberries in large quantities. When made into pies the flavor of the frozen fruit is said to be practically equal to that of fresh fruit. Considerable quantities of cherries and damson plums are also frozen by this company for use in pies. Usually these latter fruits are put into the pies whole without seeding. Sometimes they are dipped in cold water to take out the frost and then are pitted. Frozen cherries and phums shrivel somewhat in baking, and are there- fore not used so successfully as some of the berries. Frozen straw- berries have not been used for pies to any extent, as they are likely to soften unduly in baking. Frozen huckleberries and currants can be easily and successfully held for many months. In 1905 the firm referred to above froze 14 carloads of huckleberries, using the fruit in pies for months after the fresh fruit had disappeared from the markets. THE INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF PACKAGE ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SMALL FRUITS. In these experiments, the Hallock crate commonly used in the berry districts of Michigan and other Central Western States was tested in comparison with the open slat crate, with flaring baskets, used throughout the berry sections of the Middle and Southern States. Baskets used in the open-slat crates are shown in Plate III, figures 1 and 3. The Hallock crate holds 16 square quart boxes, made of veneer with raised bottoms, and is a somewhat tighter package than the slat erate. A Hallock erate is shown in Plate I], figure 8. The Hailock box, shown in Plate LI, figure 2, is also much tighter than the berry 108 ee —y or COMPOSITION OF THE AIR IN PACKAGES, basket used in the eastern crate. These two crates are the standard berry packages for the eastern United States. A series of tests devel- oped the fact that not enough difference in the tightness of the two packages exists to materially affect the keeping of the fruit in cold storage. Practically the same amount of mold developed in the fruit in one package as in the other, and neither seemed superior to the other in affecting the length of time the fruit kept. With a view to testing the effect of a close package upon the keep- ing of berries in cold storage, a considerable quantity of fruit was stored in the cartons before mentioned. The carton used holds a little less than a quart, and is manufactured and used by a confectionery firm for the purpose of preserving pop corn and other confections in a dry, crisp condition. The package is a very close one, well designed for protecting the contents from contact with the air. Fruit packed in these boxes in a dry, firm condition kept well, being much less affected by mold and less tainted by storage-house odors than the fruit stored in open packages. Fruit that was damp with rain or dew when packed, however, fermented and turned brown in three or four days. A still tighter package, made by wrapping and sealing the paraflined vardboard carton in a heavy paraflined paper wrap before inclosing it in the outside paper jacket, was tested during the season of 1905. This package proved too tight; the fruit softened and had the charaec- teristic bad flavor of fruit confined and smothered in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. COMPOSITION OF THE AIR IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF PACKAGES. In order to test the comparative tightness of the several packages and to determine the effect of a close package on the air surrounding the fruit, a series of chemical tests of the air in the packages was made in cooperation with Mr. H. C. Gore, assistant chemist, in the Bureau of Chemistry. Packages of fruit were prepared in the berry field and were placed in cold storage at 36° F. two to four hours later. The packages used were the double-wrapped and the triple-wrapped cartons previously described and glass bottles with rubber stoppers. Within four to ten days after the fruit was stored Mr. Gore analyzed samples of the gases taken from the several styles of packages. The method of taking the samples of gas was as follows: A round hole was punched in one end of the box and a glass tube was immedi- ately inserted nearly the whole length of the box. This glass tube was connected with a rubber tube attached to a 6-ounce bottle. The bottle, rubber tube, and glass tube had been previously filled with water. By gentle suction a sample of air 60 to 80 cubic centimeters in volume was drawn from the package and was immediately analyzed. In taking samples from the bottles the glass tube of water was inserted through 108 16 THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. an opening made by removing a glass plug from the stopper of the bottle. By these methods of taking the gas samples some admixture with the outside air is possible, but it was evidently not sufficient to vitiate the results in a comparative study of this kind. Table I shows the result of these analyses. TaBLe I.—Analyses of gas in strawberry packages. Date Volume of | | Carbon rede Date of . rv . Sd Oxygen Variety. sk: ofanaly-| sample Character of Wrapper. dioxid picking. sis. analyzed, FF | found. found. Cubic Per cent by | Per cent by 1905. — centimeters. volume, volume, June 15 62.2 5 2.09 17.5 ree Rane do... 86.0 1.86 18.6 do 73.7 1.49 20.0 She? do 100.0 1.40 18.8 Bed lea do... 78. 2 9.8 12.8 Ba eae do... 100.0 7.16 13.6 June 19 | 100.0 | Tightly closed bottle 37.2 0 .do. 86. i 36.3 | 0.2 ae ces: do.. 100.0 37.6 | 0 es Ee do. 63.4 34.3 0 Average for tightly closed bottles ~ .2205<.cs02. 5 ccdeen cenwecctuseses ey 36.4 |; 22a It will be seen from the above table that the samples taken from the ordinary double-wrapped cartons show a low percentage of carbon dioxid and a high percentage of oxygen. This indicates that the double-wrapped package is not very tight, comparatively speaking, as the amount of carbon dioxid retained increases with the tightness of the package. The samples taken from the triple-wrapped carton show much more carbon dioxid and much less oxygen, indicating that the triple-wrapped package is much tighter than the double- wrapped package. The samples taken from the tightly stoppered glass bottles show a still larger percentage of carbon dioxid and an almost entire lack of oxygen, indicating a high degree of tightness. In these receptacles practically all of the oxygen in the confined air was replaced by carbon dioxid, and about 15 per cent in addition was produced by the fruit. The flavor of the fruit in the double-wrapped boxes was very good at the time the gas samples were taken, and the berries were still firm and sound. In the triple-wrapped box the fruit had softened consid- erably and had a bad flavor. The fruit in the glass bottles was softer than that in the triple-wrapped boxes and the flavor was very bad. The poor flavor, together with the softening of the texture, was undoubtedly due to the smothering of the fruit by the large amount of carbon-dioxid gas. A fruit as taken from the tree or plant is a living, breathing organ- ism. It takes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxid. It can not be held in a tight package in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid exhaled by the fruit itself without killing it or injuring it severely. ‘This is appar- 108 a = EEE INFLUENCE OF WRAPPERS ON KEEPING QUALITY. ers ently what occurred in the triple-wrapped cartons and in the glass bottles. However, in the practical application of a close package to fruit storage, smothering would not be likely to occur, as a package tighter than the double-wrapped box would rarely, if ever, be used. Fruit appears to be damaged little, if any, in keeping quality or in flavor by the presence of a small amount of carbon dioxid in the air of the storage room, and only in the presence of a large amount of this gas does real injury occur. Commercial packages which are generally used in storing fruit are not sufliciently tight to retain a considerable amount of carbon dioxid. There might be some injury in a moderately close package if the fruit was not stored quickly after it was picked and packed. ‘The life processes of the fruit are much accelerated at this time, particularly in warm weather, and under these conditions enough carbon dioxid might be given off and retained by the package to injure the quality of the fruit before it was stored. In cold storage, however, the life processes are retarded quickly by the low tempera- ture, respiration progresses much more slowly, less carbon dioxid is given off, and therefore there is less danger of injury from this source. THE INFLUENCE OF THE WRAPPER ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SMALL FRUITS. At the present time no tight berry package is manufactured. A few northern growers are using paper wrappers on berry boxes, which isa step in the direction of a close package. In the tests of the Bureau of Plant Industry impervious japanin paper was used upon a considerable quantity of fruit stored, each box being wrapped separately. Berry boxes wrapped in japanin paper are shown in Plate II, figures 2 and 3. The wrapper aided materially in retaining the bright color and attract- ive appearance of the fruit and prevented the absorption of storage- house odors to a marked degree. It also retarded to some extent the appearance of mold. In preventing the tainting from storage-house odors alone, the moderately tight package or the use of the wrapper has proved of great value. During the season of 1905 a test of wrapping crates of strawberries of the Gandy and Tennessee varieties in heavy manila paper was made, the entire crate being covered with paper instead of wrapping the individual baskets. While this treatment did not result in mate- rially diminishing the amount of mold which developed on the fruit, it did prove efficient in preventing the tainting of the fruit from storage- house odors. Berries in adjoining unwrapped packages became so contaminated with odors from other products in the storage room that the fruit was quite unpalatable in a few days, while the berries in the wrapped crates remained entirely free from such contamination. 108 18 THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. Aside from the protection afforded berries by its use, the wrapper also adds to the attractiveness of a berry box. The idea of rendering the package more attractive has probably been the dominating one with the berry growers who have made use of the wrapper, but, as previously shown, its usefulness does not end with its esthetic value. In commercial cold storage, single rooms in storage houses are fre- quently used for a wide range of commodities during the summer months. It is not uncommon to find vegetables of various kinds and even citrus fruits stored in the same room with berries. In a poorly ventilated room, the odors arising from these products are quickly absorbed by the berries, rendering the flavor of the fruit objectionable. The fruit lacks wholesomeness, and is therefore objectionable to the consumer, though it may be bright in color and of sound physiological condition. @ THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN GAS ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SMALL FRUITS. As the keeping quality of the small fruits was injured when they were stored in an atmosphere containing an excess of carbon dioxid, some tests were made by Mr. Gore to determine the influence of stor- ing strawberries and raspberries in an atmosphere containing an excess of oxygen. The strawberries used for the test were of the Gandy variety. A few berries were soft when stored, but most of the fruit was firm and dry. Several boxes were exposed to the usual conditions of the open package, and several were kept in a large glass bell jar, which closely fitted a ground glass plate. The air in this jar was then displaced with oxygen of 90 to 95 per cent purity, and was renewed at intervals « The factors that influence the wholesomeness of a fruit in cold storage are com- plex in nature. It is generally supposed that good quality is determined principally by the length of time the fruit has been stored. The question, however, is more com- plicated than this. The physical condition and flavor of the fruit at any period in its storage life may be influenced by the weather conditions surrounding it before it is stored or by a delay in storing the fruit, both of which may cause it to expend a large part of its life before it is stored; they may be modified by the relation the package or wrapper bears to the proper ventilation of the fruit or to the exclusion of the impure air of the storage house; they may be modified by the rapidity of cool- ing the produce after it is placed in the warehouse, by the relation of the storage- house temperature to the life processes of the fruit, by the ventilation of the ware- house, and finally by the effect of the length of time the fruit is in storage on all of these factors. Until recently little attention has been paid to the factors that affect the wholesomeness of cold-storage fruits, except the length of time a product is stored and the temperature in which it is stored in the warehouse. The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry along fruit-storage lines has emphasized the fact that the question is much broader than is generally believed and that it needs careful experimental consideration from several standpoints.—G. H. P. 108 INFLUENCE OF CAREFUL HANDLING ON KEEPING QUALITY. 19 of two to four days throughout the experiment. After an interval of sixteen days the jars were opened and the fruit compared with that stored in the exposed boxes. The fruit held in oxygen had a good color and flavor, but had softened so as to be entirely unmarketable. It was free from black mold. The fruit held in open boxes had a good color, but a bad flavor, and it was badly molded. It was unmarketable. The difference between the two lots was about that which occurs when the fruit is stored for the same length of time in open and closed packages. No effect due primarily to the oxygen gas was apparent. For the raspberry test, Kansas blackcaps were used. The fruit was in first-elass condition, dry and firm, when stored. Several boxes were left under the usual storage conditions, several were kept in a bell jarin confined air, and several were kept in a bell jar in oxygen, the gas being frequently renewed. After an interval of thirty-nine days the fruit was examined. The berries in the open boxes had sunk down so that they filled the boxes not more than half full. They had molded badly. The fruit confined in air in the bell jar was in good physi- cal condition. The berries were dry and free from mold. The flayor, however, was insipid. The fruit kept in oxygen was also in good physical condition. The berries were dry and free from mold, but the flavor was quite insipid. No effect attributable to the presence of oxygen was brought out. As in the case of the strawberries, the bet- ter condition of the inclosed fruit over that of the exposed fruit was due apparently to the influence of the close receptacle. THE INFLUENCE ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF CAREFUL HAND- LING AND OF STORING SMALL FRUITS SOON AFTER PICKING. The most serious troubles with small fruits in cold storage are the quick loss in flavor when they are stored in impure air, the softening of the fruit from overripeness, and the molding or decay, especially of raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, dewberries, and currants. The mold usually appears a few days after the fruit is stored. It isa fungus called Botrytis vulgaris, commonly known as black mold. Molded berries are shown in Plate I, 2, and in Plate III. It is especially serious in small fruits that have been handled roughly and that are not stored soon after picking. A berry picked ina dry, sound, firm condition is not often attacked by the black mold. Overripe berries and berries with the surface bruised nearly always mold. The mold gains entrance through the bruised or weakened parts of the fruit, creeping over the berries in the form of a cotton-like covering or mycelium. It grows luxuriantly in warm temperatures and slowly in the coldest temperatures in which the fruit can be stored safely without freezing. It is most troublesome on raspberries. 108 20 . THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. The most successful method of preventing this trouble is to store only sound, tirm berries. To prevent the trouble is primarily a prob- lem of picking and handling. It is necessary that the pickers do not injure the berries, and that they be handled through every operation from the crating to the market with enough care to prevent the bruis- ing of the delicate fruit. A large proportion of the commercial losses in the shipping and handling of small fruits is the direct result of the rough handling which makes them susceptible to mold or deeay. In addition to the loss from mold, the bruised portions of small fruits quickly discolor in the storage house, as shown in the frontis- piece, Plate I, Cand DP. Quick storage or cooling after picking is an equally important requirement in small-fruit storage. The life processes need to be checked at the earliest possible moment to preyent overripeness and to conserve the flavor of the fruit by preventing the giving off and accumulation of carbon dioxid and the absorption of odors from the surrounding air. The fruit needs to be cooled quickly, also, to retard the growth of the molds already mentioned. If the fruit stands in the field or in a packing house or at a railroad station for some time before loading, if it is hot when loaded and is shipped by express or by freight without ice, if it is not cooled down quickly in the car when shipped in refrigeration, or if the fruit is held in the market for some time after arrival it is impossible to place it in cold storage without the subsequent development of bad flavor, overripeness, and moldy or decayed fruit. THE LENGTH OF TIME SMALL FRUITS KEEP IN COLD STORAGE. The length of time small fruits keep in cold storage depends upon the variety, the conditions under which the fruits are grown, and the methods of handling them in picking, packing, shipping, ete. In the Department tests, with fruit handled under good commercial conditions, strawberries kept from one to two weeks in good condition so far as appearances were concerned, but the flavor usually began to deteriorate after three or four days. Some of the firm-fleshed varieties, like Gandy, kept even longer than two weeks when picked dry and care- fully handled, while tender varieties, like Tennessee, went down much more quickly. Red raspberries usually began to mold after two or three days in storage. Black raspberries kept in sound condition for asomewhat longer period. Most varieties of blackberries kept a week, while some of the firmer fleshed sorts kept several days longer. Dew- berries behaved similar to blackberries. Currants kept well for two weeks with slight loss of flavor. Gooseberries retained their normal appearance and flavor for two to three weeks, after which the fruit 108 SUMMARY. 21 turned red and became unsalable. Cranberries kept throughout the winter and were withdrawn the last of April in good commercial condition. These statements are based upon tests with small fruits packed in the customary way as for market and stored in a temperature of 32° F. Wrapped fruit and fruit stored in moderately tight packages kept for somewhat longer periods. THE BEHAVIOR OF SMALL FRUITS WHEN WITHDRAWN FROM COLD STORAGE. Small fruits do not hoid up long after withdrawal from cold storage on account of their highly perishable nature. In the tests of the Bureau of Plant Industry strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries which had been stored for several days usually began to break down within six to sixteen hours after removal from storage, while currants and gooseberries held up from twelve to twenty-four hours, or even longer. Small fruits need to be placed in the hands of the consumer as quickly as possible after removal from cold storage. If disposed of quickly after withdrawal, small fruits which have not been stored too long or subjected to unfavorable conditions in handling or storing will be in wholesome condition about as long as fruit in similar condition of ripeness and soundness that has not been in cold storage. SUMMARY. / Cold storage has not exerted so important an influence upon the development of the small-fruit business as upon the growing of apples, pears, and other tree fruits. Small fruits are not adapted to keeping for any length of time in cold storage. Most of the small fruits are held in cold storage to protect them from decay, usually not more than two or three days, until they can be placed in the hands of the consumer. Nevertheless cold storage is a factor of no small importance in the handling of the small-fruit crop. Shipments of small fruits reaching destination too late for the early morning market are usually placed in cold storage until the following morning. Large quantities of small fraits are stored for two or three days when the markets are glutted and when prospects are good for an advance in prices. Many canneries are equipped with cold storage plants for use in preserving berries and other fruits until they can be utilized. In some sections small farm storage houses are used in connection with the handling of small fruits. Small fruits are sometimes stored in a frozen condition 108 22, THE COLD STORAGE OF SMALL FRUITS. for weeks and even months for use by confectioners, bakers, and restaurateurs. Berries grown to a large size upon low, moist soil usually begin to break down more quickly in cold storage than the same varieties grown to a somewhat smaller size upon light, dry soil. Berries ripening during a period when the supply of moisture is favorable for a sound, healthy development of fruit keep better than the same varieties stunted by drought or overgrown on account of excessive rainfall. Small fruits designed for cold storage should be picked when well matured and fully colored but while still firm. There is no apparent difference in the keeping of small fruits from early, medium, and late pickings. Small fruits must be handled quickly and with great care in the field and on the way to the storage house to prevent ripening, the bruising of the fruit, and the development of mold. If the fruit is to be stored for two or three days, a temperature of 36° to 40° F. will ordinarily give satisfactory results, though a tem- perature of 32° F, is to be preferred. If the storage period extends over a week or more, a temperature of 30° to 32° F. will be found more effective. When frozen for Jong keeping, small fruits are usually subjected to a temperature of 5° to 12° F. Frozen strawberries to be used in ice cream have been in use ina limited way by confectioners for some time, while frozen raspberries, currants, blackberries, huckleberries, and other small fruits are now used successfully for pies and other pastries by a few restaurateurs and bakers. Strawberries and raspberries were stored in close paper cartons lined with paraflined cardboard. Some of these cartons were made extra tight by the use of a paraflined paper wrap placed over the card board liner of the carton. The cartons without the extra wrap pre- served the fruit in good, sound condition, freer from mold and tainted less by storage-house odors than fruit stored in open packages. With the extra wrap the cartons proved too tight; the fruit softened and had the characteristic bad flavor of fruit confined in an atm®sphere of carbon dioxid. Wrapping baskets of berries in thin impervious paper aids materially in retaining the bright color and attractive appearance of the fruit, prevents the absorption of storage-house odors to a marked degree, and retards to some extent the appearance of mold. Strawberries were kept in good condition in cold storage from one to two weeks; red raspberries, two to three days; black raspberries, 108 SUMMARY. 23 three to five days; blackberries and dewberries, from a week to ten days, and currants, two to three weeks. Cranberries kept all winter. Strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries which have been stored for several days usually begin to break down within ten to twelve hours after removal from storage, while currants and gooseberries hold up from twelve to twenty-four hours longer. Upon removal from cold storage small fruits should be placed in the hands of the consumers as soon as possible. 108 Sa) he DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. + Prate I. Frontispiece. Gandy strawberries. A shows the condition of the | aiter twenty-one days in cold storage at a temperature of 32° F. The fruit: firm, bright, and normal in appearance on withdrawal from the storage but the flavor was gone. B shows the condition of the fruit after mi seven months in cold storage in a frozen condition at a temperature of 12° | shows the discoloration of the fruit from bruising. D shows mold growi a bruised spot. : Puate II. Packages and wrappers used on berries in cold storage. Fig. 1.- in which berries were frozen. Fig. 2.—Strawberries wrapped with js paper and a box of unwrapped fruit. Fig. 3.—Black raspberries in a crate, unwrapped and wrapped with japanin paper. ] Puiate III. Black mold on strawberries and black raspberries in cold ste re Figs. 1 and 2.—Black raspberries showing mold in cold storage. Figs. 3 and. Black mold on strawberries in cold storage. The white mycelial threads ho the berries together and spreading over them are shown. 108 26 PMO, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Aediculture PLATE Il. Fic. 1.—CARTONS IN WHICH FRUIT WAS FROZEN. Fic. 2.—A Box oF STRAWBERRIES WRAPPED WITH JAPANIN PAPER AND ONE UNWRAPPED. Fic. 3.—BLAcK RASPBERRIES WRAPPED IN JAPANIN PAPER AND UNWRAP Pack a HALLOCK CRAT PACKAGES AND WRAPPERS USED ON BERRIES IN COLD ST Bul. 108, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE III. Fics. 1 AND 2.—BLAcK MoLpd ON BLACK RASPBERRIES. Fics. 3 AND 4.—BLACcK MOLD ON STRAWBERRIES BLACK MOLD ON STRAWBERRIES AND BLACK RASPBERRIES IN COLD STORAGE. INDEX. Page. Air in different types of packages, composition.....................-..----- 15-17 Behavior of small fruits when withdrawn from cold storage.............---- 21 fincmperries, varieties tested in storage -...--......------2----22cececneoee- 10 oo od, EIT 545.5 .ueee ie ae Se ete De i Se a he eee eer ee 19 panenrsugaras, cause of black mold _.-.. .-:---:-------+----+-----:-+++--- 19 Canneries equipped with storage houses. ...........------------------------ 8, 21 Carbon dioxid, injurious effects in sealed packages .................-..--.-- 15 (Gartonsused for berries in storage tests ........-...--..------ 2-2 see een enee se bs) Climatic conditions, influence on keeping quality of fruits.......-.....-....- 11 Masmrage of different fruits, purposes -.......-...------------=-----.---- 7 Cranbermies, varieties tested in storage...............---------------------- 10 eiemeningn sed in storage tests....-...----.--<--------=--=--s---2250 11, 14-15 - Dewberries, varieties tested in storage ............--.---- Bye SE Se ee ee 10 Evaporation, methods of overcoming, in freezing fruits........-..-.--.------ 13 LS cee aba tp eyctl bined |e eS ee Ss ee eee 10-11 Farm storage houses used for small fruits........-----.--.---.-------------- 8 Flavor, absorption of storage-house odors, methods of control -.---..-..-.--- 17 MEOHerols ini ence Of pACkKAPG. =. -- acm 2- =o sete cee sne- 13-14 stored fruits, influence of tight package. ...-......-.---.------------ 16 Freezing fruits for use by confectioners and bakers..-.......-..---.------- 8, 13-14 methods of overcoming evaporation..............----------- 13 pmineoren, savor, methods of contro] ~-..:..---..---.-.-------------<-- 17 infiaence of package on: quality-2--.-....--<-=---< <= < gas surrounding fruit). 2c 2.02525. 25s ane eee 15-17 kinds’ used in storing small fruits {2-0 S2----- =. ee 11, 14-15 sealed, for freezing berries, effect-...--.--222.--.-5- ..2e4eeeee Pe 15ra Paper, japanin, for wrapping fruit'- “22-22-2222. - -- 2-2. ne a he paxafiin, for wrapping fruit. -2 2. - << 55-262. sean er 1l Plates, description... <2 2... cocc-ec ee Sonatas eee er 26 Quality, behavior after storage .2< 2. 2... on en a 21 keeping, controlling factors-—- 0... - <2 es oc ose ... so eee nn os a 20-21 — Varieties of small fruits:tested in storage ..-.....--.----2----- --00--secceuee 10 Wholesomeness of stored fruits, factors influencing. .........---..---.------- 18 Wrappers for small frnits, kinds tested. .-.---- 2 .<--- .-nenenene-=seseeae ll 108 Da: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 109. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. AV Wier LANA. elite Assistant Boranisr, VEGETABLE TESTING GARDENS. ISSUED SEPTEMBER 9, 1907. Wipe \i oS QRS > WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 190%. : BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. ; Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Physiologist in Ch: Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. : Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Keantey, Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiolog Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H.T in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge, Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. 2 Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles 0. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charg Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, F.. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Ficld Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor, and G. Harold Powell, Pomol Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. _Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charg Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in"Charge. — ’ Editor, J, E. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. VEGETABLE TESTING GARDENS. E SCIENTIFIC STAFF. _ W. W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. } John E. W. Tracy, Assistant Superintendent. F. B. Hopkins, Aid én i W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant Botanist. R. Ht Smith, Laborator 109 2 - oo a LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. Department oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Piant INpdustry, OFFICE OF ‘THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., April 19, 1907. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a technical paper enti- tled ‘‘American Varieties of Garden Beans,” prepared by W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant Botanist, Vegetable Testing Gardens, and to recommend that it be published as Bulletin ‘No. 109 of the series of this Bureau. In Bulletins Nos. 21 and 69 of the Bureau of Plant Industry refer- ence is made to the increasing number of vegetable varieties and to the need of some established standard of excellence for vegetable types. The present publication, which is a continuation of the line of work followed in the bulletins mentioned, is largely the outgrowth of variety tests carried on ‘at Washington, D. C., and in various places in the States of Connecticut, New York, Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri, California, and Washington. Considerable assistance was obtained by Mr. Tracy from the publications of the State agricultural experi- ment stations, and many valuable suggestions were offered by seeds- men and seed growers, several of whom have reviewed the manuscript of this monograph. Varieties of garden vegetables are now in such a confused condition and reports of vegetable trials generally are so meager and contradic- tory that it is usually quite impossible for any but the experienced -seedsman to determine whether a vegetable type, unknown to a par- ticular community, is really a new type or a sort already cultivated in some part of the country. Many varieties are probably uninten- tionally renamed, and much unnecessary experimentation and com- parison are carried on every year with sorts which are thought to be distinct, but are really identical. - It is hoped that the illustrations and descriptions included in this bulletin will prove adequate to serve as a standard for the different bean varieties and that the notes on the practical value and usefulness of the different sorts, although not yet sufficient to make that part of the bulletin authoritative, will at least be full enough to make a begin- ning toward establishing the noma status of our bean varieties. Respectfully, B. T. GaLttoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agri iculture. 109 t Pom te ~~ ‘ roa ‘ i : 4 ’ = : ; i Jac ae . ' ’ Pont hs ; ’ ads +} 4% ial +, sete = Hint eS Ae ' ey? ed My pra? ‘ Tita f NYS “at on DiS : he NT ! ¥ > 1% 4 “iw hye heap i } eo? AQ) ARP ! : . j iu J "? { : ks : Sesh t ~ ’ ; 6 . “ii ee *. % ren AE id ae ra v went to ere Ae ' a hy . ay shy ee * . a el Ae r) ie. - r ot de , = « } : ; CONTENTS. MME 54a ai SE ecco Sarg ode cdiersis Sean 92 + o5 alas bee Botanical relationship of bean species.................------ 2222-2 eeee eee eee F SOLLG shot iG ie ca ei RR ae RS ee Cate ne P Whrlat nici} 2 Coe SSCS CRD Ars Bisa a See ite pea et ; 2 AT se i TLE IGT CLO) 0s MUR OHICOME. elon Aes. vial c ack woh eens ee Senna ueieensace UPR IEMEBEE DUR NCSC crs nS ee cee tee ea ee byt ot aa/eie na aee Warlenwiormston bush Kidney beans::.-...-..-..-.--2---<2:++-----seee ese Mamenmtormisnon pole Kidney beans..:...../....-. 2-222... .es- eee wees ae SEMEN Oren A) CATISe. 4-2: joa. --02---\ 2-2 ce yee eee eet nee PiMmenamuONdesiruble varieties-........s222.---52--s- 2. ones eee nee Pages SMI IORIEOMMNMICHICS 2 222. oka hoot eu kes sues ie es eewic gee dees cesei ) Uh. S27 16) SIC ICS ee EERE ASTAISELO Clic ac. = 2-0 sae cccrteiae fe sone se ba seis vn peace oe MEMISMBroa de PedNS (VY UCla fab)... - kc <2 ce ce en seen een tee ae Asparagus, or Yard Long, beans (Vigna sesquipedalis)...............--.--- Multiflora, or Runner, beans (Pha8eolus coccineus) ......-...-.-.---------- erreMRER EE TC ee Saye etc ece ee deseemc abe fc et ee eo snlafa ti D ANS TRAV ELAN OD PENSE Scie ee Se 3 ee a ; [Enact SHLGEES ES 1B) rib (ie Tees es og ee 2 2 oe ae 7 (Dodie SAT RUTE SEG ae Cera a gy Res Be a : Sy otieie, TRV FWOMAS ciel elo) KG ee ae ie Oa a ee Mamires mutch) Runner Pole. - 2. 2. sol st leek be: Pe Rea eee j fixmenenmalcrnascolus lunatus).....2-- 2-2 -- sees - 2 eeeete eee eee 4 Clinch ou h@iiolt a Sees eee eas = er ere 5 Berm eaee SUSI O DEIN 95 seis ae eae eS oa wc oy a ee owners « f MBE USM ANIge ce eon eee Ree ES: oo Sic oeii= a a os Fe eiaic Tic eeadlstestorel SpIBSUG) abel yb ree Sie ss | SI ee Ee Seva AN) AGI SAGES nT Wy ha TA ee Wine enveds Bush lim... --.+. 222 seeeek o:-s.--n-~- 2602-250 Viloniligiy BASED Rd Bh hee See eae As ses 82 5 er rr ‘Syiqardhis: Edo TMTReM VST Eine eee «2: rr eer Pole varieties .-...- SEMEBURSU BL BeRane oe cc 0d + oe eee Uc: RCE ie Ge cee pps coc ee). a Peeersmbianivn Jersey role luinive ssceseete.- ---- sce eens = nes es Florida Butter Pole Lima Ford’s Mammoth Pole Lima................... Henderson’s Ideal Pole Lima ermrom angen ir Ole lle oc cemenee ieee (es 2a: = «cin ale cs eres ivaree White Pole Lima)... 2-:<.eeeeeee =... 5 -- «akc Poa Mewrithan Pole Iuimidec-s oe asec ees. o 5. itonz-Podded Pole Dims..-..-.s-sssseeee----.--+-+-- 6 Varieties classed as distinct—Continued. _ Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus)—Continued. Pole varieties—Continued. S44) See Se et a ee y ee 2 a oy eae a a CONTENTS. — Mottled Pole Wiima< 2. 2-225. o...2e et eee Wood's Improved ‘Pole tama; . . 2-23! Sens. cae ae eee Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)..........-.-+---2------0--++--000 109 ’ Knickerbocker ........ Lec cwoeg Ju CoE ULL a a oak ve “Marblehead Horticultural. ..................- ene antes Bush sreen-podded #2.2:- <0 2s -2e Sno ee So ee Best of All Baghss = 2. Sic 55 notch 5 gee ee Pe. Black Turtle Soup Field.2: 22022: 222s ae Black Valentine... <.22 20-22-25). 2 See ee = Blue Pod Butter. ........-. a wan 2 She ee eo ene Boston) Pavoritte.<-::.. 222 2.22 Jb eee oe ee Canadian Wonder... ..... atone Sieroter eS - Chin Red Byeé-. .... ... 2... -2 22.0 een Cream Valetitine. : -:..: -5°22-3-. 5 =s.. 2. Early Aroostook Field............2.2..2--see-seeeeeses = Eniperor William................- Sey Se a ener. a Goliien Hehicees....... S02 sees oo eee vee oe ee eee Seeee Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod.............-....+20--- saakeee Hendereon’s Full Measure. ..-.. 65.) 5. -cncmen ase eee eeee Hodson Green dc0d . . - 2.32.2 Jose oeen ea ae eee Improved Gondard . ...:.-..cSseaer bask pe cae eee eee See Improyed' Youlow Tye... 2... sc sc.c 5. < cease nee Long Wellow Mix Weeks....:.. 0. one eee sabeatas Low Ss CDamDIO: .........5..2.5-). 20>. 7. .0. 2: 4 ae Childs’s Horticultural Pole. ..<:... ©. 222/2.. +2: cone ee =, Concord Pole Early Giant Advance Pole... :-..-.-.. 2-504: 54). 0 5one eee ' Extra Early Horticultural Pole Kentucky Wonder Pole -..... .....<-~-. << an4a00: == > ae Lazy Wile Pole. oo... 2. scl eon be = eee ee aE London Horticultural Pole. RaSeas tees been < Sixt «aoe ts Missouri Wonder Pole: ...<:-2. - 222. <2csp teecetee- =e ¥ Powell’s Prolific Pole......... abenetods adiedn abe aan j.60- oon Red Cranberry Pole... .....2 52222 :2.2 -cededsce ee eee As Royal’ Com(Pole: . ...3. 22025. 2-5>+<. ° <2. -seden eee ee eee ee se. Andalusia Wax: Pole... ... 00.5 cace. ae pee cage eee Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural Wax Pole................- Golden Champion Wax Pole Golden Cluster Wax Pole Indian Ciel. Wax Pole. ....°:.35.-. [2 sab oeep eee Kentucky Wonder Wax Pole Landreth’s Wax Pole Moot dr Wax Pole... ..'.i\scnk st ¥e saree hea ae eee ee Surahine War Pole". 2... oc sc liew. obese oe ae a Catalogue of variety Mamas --..... =... 2.1. seen pees WP aan ee Déscription of Pimeeeer. ne wanes on 0 os on bes cee ae ee een Index ee ee se ee Prater I. Tile SUDD: IV. Wis VI. AVAL VIII. VEX: xe xh XLT, Sela: XIV. XCVi. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. D9, XOML. OGG DO 0015 XXIV. 109 ILLUSTRATIONS. Side-and ventral views of ripe seeds. ..:- 2... 2.22 nnn ee pee n----- I Side and ventral views of ripe seeds...........-----.------++----- Side and ventral views of ripe white seeds ............------------ Cross sections of snap and green shell pods ............------------ AEC AnLOnLCA (SMAD! POMS)! sb rnin sae oa) ee oie ee en ie MEvAnrTehics) (SNADEPOOS) a. fo casb 2 css eile cea one a otis Se ee epee HE SURVALLESLed (SIAD IOUS) le «ave cele Succes dec; o seas. oben mele Irsbigtel, signee) HiteiS) A (Ebak=h oN ofo]s (=) |S Petes Se ear ee ies SS PUA MRVAN CULES! (SNAP! POS) reece seek acces cece ee- bee cn ese PS VeRUGHLeS (SILA POUS) risers sie sone foes nee a2 she Bushavearieties) (Snap pods)... 2.200.225 cu. ------- earery se 62 Bush varieties (snap pods and green shell pods) .......-.--.------- bushwvanieties;(ereenshelll pods)ie-.)- - 2.42 nme a ose: ciqeece menses ewe Polemvanrevies| (ereen shell pods). 22. ..----t2-- 0-5-5 eee seme Pole varieties (green shell pods and snap pods)...-..-.----.------- Pole varieties (green shell pods and snap pods)..........---------- Pole varieties (snap pods and green shell pods) ......-.------.----- olemvarveties (ereen’ shell pods): «:-e---+--22-2-.-+-dcusse--2-2ee EGlenvantetics: (green shell pods): - 2.228 2-2. e.22---- 222s le. Se. Lima varieties (green shell pods) ......-..--.-- SSE Soe ae ers nee Pole Lima varieties (green shell pods) .-..............-:---------- Lucu ings ae Sopreeeneos Sopeepesance oe Peace Ste = 2a\s ert aos e- Jue? (ios Goa eee BSG Bdeo shoe 6 Oc 00sec or sae EaE eae Page. 160 160 160 160 160 160 “160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 B. P. I.—282. AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. INTRODUCTION. Next to the potato, the bean is by far the most important vegetable of this country. Being sold in the United States under more than 400 varietal names and having at least 185 distinct types, it easily stands first among vegetables in the number of varieties, and being grown extensively as a field and garden crop, it easily ranks second in the value of crops produced. Dry beans are a staple farm product in many sections of the United States, and snap and green shell beans one of the important green vegetables during the sum- mer months. One American seedsman sells every year more than 24,000 bushels of seed of garden varieties alone. BOTANICAL RELATIONSHIP OF BEAN SPECIES. Those plants which are commonly classed as beans include a great number of different species and genera of the Leguminose family, the same family to which the garden pea, the sweet pea, the clovers, and the vetches belong. Of these many species this bulletin deals only with garden beans“ or with those species cultivated chiefly as food for man rather than for fodder, for soiling crops, or for ornamental platiting. GARDEN SPECIES. The five species whose varieties are described in this bulletin are as follows: Phaseolus vulgaris, the Kidney bean, one of the hundred or more species of the genus Phaseolus, is the most varied in type and the most widely scattered of all the bean species. The total number of distinct varieties throughout the world is probably at least 500. Phaseolus lunatus, the Lima bean, is also quite numerous in variety types, but the total number grown to any extent throughout the world is probably less than 50. : aSee Farmers’ Bulletin No. 289, ‘‘ Beans.’’ 109 11 12 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Phaseolus coccineus (P. multiflorus), known as the Runner bean in Europe and as the Multiflora or Scarlet Runner bean in America, is represented throughout the world by perhaps 50 or more distinct varieties. Vigna sesquipedalis (Dolichos sesquipedalis), the Asparagus bean, one of 30 or more species of the genus Vigna, is a comparatively ununportant and unknown plant in agriculture and is represented throughout the world by possibly a dozen distinct varieties. ; Vicia faba, the Broad bean, one of the 100 or more species of the genus Vicia, is represented throughout the world by several hun- dred distinct varieties. To the same genus also belong Vicia sativa, commonly known as spring vetch or tare, and Vicia villosa, com- monly known as hairy or winter vetch. FIELD SPECIES. Species not deseribed in this bulletin and which are more impor- tant as farm crops than as garden vegetables include in America the following types: Vigna sinensis, the cowpea, one of 30 or more species of the genus Vigna, very closely resembles Vigna sesquipedalis, mentioned as a garden variety. It is represented by a great number of distinet types, though only a few have yet found their way into print, the total number of distinct varieties probably aggregating at least 50. This species is chiefly used in this country as a forage and soiling crop. Glycine hispida, the soy bean,” one of 15 to 20 species of the genus Glycine, is represented by possibly 40 distinct varieties. This species is used in this country almost entirely as a soiling and forage crop, but it is largely cultivated in Japan and other oriental countries as food for man. Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, the Velvet bean, one of 20 to 30 species of the genus Mucuna, is represented by several distinct varieties and is useful in the South as a soiling and forage crop. Canavalia ensiformis, the Jack bean, one of 17 or more species of the genus Canavalia, is an unimportant plant in agriculture, being used only to a small extent in the South as a forage and soiling crop, There seem to be no well-defined varieties of this species in ecultiva- tion. Dolichos lablab, the Hyacinth bean, one of 40 to 50 species of the genus Dolichos, is represented by perhaps 6 or more varieties, all of 4 See Farmers’ Bulletins No. 89, ‘‘ Cowpeas,’’ and No. 278, ‘“ Leguminous Crops for Green Manuring;”’ also Bulletin No. 17 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, “Seme Diseases of the Cowpea.” » See Bulletin No. 98 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, ‘Soy Bean Varieties,” 109 til ZF se Se PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 13 which are used as ornamental climbers. The species is of little prac- tical value except for the fact that the seeds are used to a small extent in the Tropics as food for man. ———— PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. Garden beans naturally divide themselves primarily into the five species of which American bean varieties consist. So far there have been no hybrids between the different species of garden beans, and all garden varieties belong unquestionably to one or the other of these five species. Two of these, the Vicia faba, or English Broad bean, represented in this country by about 10 distinct varieties, and the Vigna sesquipedalis, or Asparagus bean, represented in this coun- try by one distinct variety, contain so few contrasting types that they are not separated into classes, but the remaining 3 species are very readily classified. Phaseolus vulgaris, the Kidney bean, represented in this country by 145 distinct varieties, has often been separated by botanists and horticulturists, principally on the color and shape of the seed. The objection to such a classification or to any classification based chiefly or wholly on a single character is that it often separates varieties which are very similar or identical in other respects and brings together sorts which are very different in habit of vine or other qual- ities. The best classification for Kidney beans seems to be as fol- lows: (1) Into pole and bush, (2) into green-podded and wax-podded, (3) into different degrees of brittleness or toughness of pods, and (4) into various other divisions and subdivisions, based upon habit of vine, shape of pod, color of seed, or on some other quality peculiar to each subdivision, these final distinctions depending, as pointed out in the classification on page 29, upon the quality which best brings together identical or similar varieties. Such a classification separates most of the field from the garden varieties, most of the horticultural class from those not known as horticultural, most of the Red Valen- tine class from other varieties, and makes various other characteristic and useful divisions. Phaseolus lunatus, the Lima bean, is also separated primarily into pole and bush. In this species the shape of the seed is so very charac- . teristic that both the pole and bush varieties may be divided upon this character as follows: (1) Into flat, large-seeded sorts typifying large, wide, somewhat flat pods with large but not glossy leaf; (2) into flat, small-seeded sorts typifying small, very flat pods with small, - glossy leaf; and (3) into thick, large-seeded sorts typifying thick-seeded rather than large, flit-seeded sorts, and large dull rather than small glossy leaves. Other than these divisions, there is no further classi- fication of Limas which has any significance among American sorts. 109 0 ee a ee ee 14 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Phaseolus multiflorus, the Multiflora bean, is represented in this country by but 4 varieties, the only characteristic class distinction between them being the pole and bush forms. HISTORY OF VARIETIES. Botanists now agree that Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus (P. multiflorus), and P. lwnatus are natives of America. It is equally certain that Vicia faba and Vigna sesquipedalis (Dolichos sesquipe- dalis) are of Old World origin. For a long time it was not definitely known whether the different species were of Old or New World origin, but the discovery of seeds in certain tombs and with mum- mies and on old records has now made their origin more certain. It is*not yet positively known, however, in what particular region the different species are native nor just where they were first culti- vated by man. Broad beans were undoubtedly grown by the ancient Egyptians, and kidney beans of many varieties were certainly used by the American Indians at the time of the discovery of America. Lima and Multiflora beans are also known to have been cultivated in the New World for many centuries and the Asparagus beans to have been used in China for a very long time. Kidney beans were probably first carried over to Europe from America about the middle of the sixteenth century, but did not come into general use on thé Continent until near the end of the century, while the Multiflora beans were not disseminated till a later period. Of the 185 distinct varieties of beans now cultivated in this country, only 15 were grown eighty years ago, or, if there were more, they must have been known by quite different names from those they are known by to-day. It is interesting to note that prior to 1815 American seeds- men listed more varieties of Broad beans than at present. The early settlers were apparently so accustomed to Broad beans in Europe that they first endeavored to grow them here, and it was only after it was discovered that the climate of the New England and Middle Atlantie States is unsuited to these beans that their general advertisement was discontinued. In 1822 Thorburn listed 6 varieties of Broad beans, 8 of bush Kidney,3 of pole Kidney, 1 of pole Lima, and 2 of the Multi- flora. Previous to 1880 nearly all new types of garden beans came from Surope, but since that time nearly all have had their origin in this country. The first wax variety grown in America appears to have been Black Wax Pole, which has been in use at least since 1860, while Black Wax Bush, introduced from Germany about 1865, was prob- ably the first wax bush variety. When inttoduced these beans were probably not the stringless type that they are to-day, and owing to changes which variety types have undergone it seems 109 RULES FOR DESCRIPTION. 15 impossible to say when the first stringless variety appeared; it cer- tainly must have been later than 1860. The highest standard of quality in snap pods was reached in 1889 with Yosemite Wax. Many varieties of excellent quality have been introduced since that date and some old varieties improved, which are practically equal to but do not surpass the Yosemite in quality. All the Lima varieties grown in this country have had their origin in America. ‘The first bush form of these beans was listed in 1889. Only during the last twenty-five years has the greatest improvement been made by American seedsmen and seed growers in bean varie- ties, but as all these improvements and other historical matters are mentioned in the varietal descriptions it is not necessary to make further reference to them here. RULES FOR DESCRIPTION. To simplify varietal nomenclature and avoid confusion in variety descriptions, it is necessary to adopt the following rules for the use of names and description of types. Type names.—After a varietal type is described, it is next neces- sary to decide which of the many names applied by seedsmen to the type shall be selected as the one by which the type shall be known. Generally the name first used should be adopted, but as the original name sometimes goes out of general use or even disappears alto- gether from the trade this rule is not always practicable. Even though possible to determine which name was first used, there yet remains the doubt as to whether the old name represents at the pres- ent time the same type as when first used. Another type may have been adopted, as, for example, an improved strain may have appeared in the old type, and this may have been given a new name and called a new variety. In course of time seedsmen, in receiving orders for the old variety, may think it best to fill such orders with seed of the improved strain instead of with that of the old type, which they may have discarded altogether. This is what seems to have occurred wa Horticultural Bush, so that instead of sending out the old type nearly all seedsmen now send out Ruby Horticultural Bush, which was developed from Horticultural Bush. Confusing names.—Some names are undesirable because so similar to others as to be easily confused with them; others because so many worded as to be bewildering and inconvenient. In regard to the latter point, it is generally safe to drop from variety names all such words as improved, selected, perfected, extra, select, choice, superior, celebrated, fine, true, and most words in the possessive case. Source of seed.—aAs different seedsmen sometimes recognize quite different types for the same variety, it becomes important that the 3523—No. 109—07 9 “4 16 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. names of seedsmen be given upon whose samples variety descriptions are based. It does not seem worth while, however, to publish ocea- sional or temporary errors which occur in supplying seed orde Mistakes in variety types are sometimes unavoidable, and the reliae bility of different seed houses is ascertainable only by a large number of tests, much larger, in fact, than it is usually profitable to make. The question of locality for bean varieties has not yet become impor- tant in the United States. This is largely because most of the seed at present is obtained from a few well-recognized localities, and also because it is not yet certainly known whether beans coming from particular localities are really superior to those from other localities. No mention is therefore made in the following descriptions as to where the seed samples were grown. Most of the Kidney bush sorts, how- ever, were probably grown either in New. York, Michigan, or Wisecon- sin, and most of the pole and Lima varieties in California. Variety forms.—In comparing vegetable varieties a regular order of description should be followed. Some kind of variety form is nee- essary to avoid omission of the qualities on which information is desired, as well as to make reports orderly, precise, and comparable with those of other experimenters. VARIETY FORMS FOR BUSH KIDNEY BEANS. The characters referred to in the variety descriptions of this bul- letin are explained here in the same order in which they are fol- lowed in the descriptions of the variety types. In addition to these general characters, there are some others peculiar to one or several varieties which are not mentioned, but are discussed in the deserip- tions of the varieties possessing them. Following each character are generally given the terms used to express its variation. Where no such degrees are noted there is either no great variation in the character or else the varieties are too numerous and irregular to admit of a concise expression of the same. Size of plant (very large, large, large-medium, medium, small- medium, small, very small).—Size of plant is largely indicative of season und productiveness, and ranges from varieties so large that, like the California field sorts, they require a distance of 82 inches or, more between rows to varieties so small that, like the small garden varieties, they require but half the distance of the field serts, and even then do not fill the rows as completely. The variations for strictly garden beans range from Hodson Wax, for the large sorts, to Taylor’s Green Pod, for the very small kinds. Habit of plant (very erect, erect, somewhat spreading, spreading, very spreading).—Hrectness refers to the tendency of plants to grow upright, stiff, and rigid, instead of drooping, spreading, and develop- 100 : VARIETY FORMS FOR BUSH KIDNEY BEANS. 107/ ing manyrunners. It is a habit which is not always the same at all stages of growth, some varieties, like Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, being very erect when young, but burdened with fruit-laden branches and drooping when old. For this reason it is necessary to select one stage of a plant’s growth at which to describe this peculiarity. The most typical stage and the one adopted in the following descriptions is the time just before the plant comes into full bearing. Variations in habit range from Red Valentine for very erect sorts to Navy Pea and other field varieties for very spreading kinds. Thickness of plant stems (very slender-stemmed, slender-stemmed, somewhat slender-stemmed, somewhat thick-stemmed, thick-stemmed, very thick-stemmed).—This character is generally correlated with appearance, size, and shape of the leaves, those plants having large, coarse, and wide leaves, like Canadian Wonder and Burpee’s White Wax, generally being thick-stemmed, and those plants having small, smooth, narrow leaves, like Refugee and Red Valentine, generally being slender-stemmed. Number of runners (without runners, occasional runners, moder- ate number of runners, many runners, etc.).—Some varieties, besides having runners as described above, often develop drooping branches and long fruit spurs, which, though generally not to be classed as runners, sometimes develop into real runners, as is shown by Ten- nessee Green Pod and Emperor William. Late Refugee and Navy Pea are examples of decidedly spreading bush sorts, and Golden Wax and Round Yellow Six Weeks of varicties absolutely free from runners. Color of plant stems and branches—Except Blue Pod Butter, Black Turtle Soup, Lightning, and some varieties having black seed, all beans cultivated in America are green throughout the plant. As explained below, the solid dark-leaved sorts are separated into vari- ous shades of green, but their stems and branches are referred to by no other term than green. Only the first two of the above-named varities are colored to any extent, and, while the above black-seeded sorts are commonly classed as green-stemmed, they will be found, upon close examination, to be slightly tinged on the main stem, at nodes of branches, and on the flower stalks. Season of bush varicties (very early, or less than 46 days; early, 46 to 48 days; early-intermediate, or 49 to 51 days; intermediate, or 52 to 54 days; intermediate-late, or 55 to 57 days; late, or 58 to 60 days; very late, or more than 60 days).—In the above estimates, as well as in the variety descriptions, earliness unless otherwise noted is based upon the time when snap pods are first usable and not when seeds are first dry and ready for thrashing. Although strictly green shell and field sorts are seldom used as snaps, it nevertheless seems 109 18 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. 4 desirable to always give the season of the snap pod stage so as to have at least one period at which all varieties are compared, while the season of the other periods need be given only in varieties whe green shell and dry beans are more important than snap pods. So: st field sorts which produce snap pods much later than some garden varieties would, if judged upon a snap-pod basis alone, be classed as late, when in reality they ripen their crops of seeds much earlier than some so-called early garden varieties. The reason for some garden varieties being early as snaps but late as dry beans is explained by the large amount of flesh or pulp in many round-podded garden sorts, which requires for such pods a long time to dry, whereas the pods of field varieties, consisting, as they do, of thin, tough walls, ripen very quickly when once the pods start to dry. The season of green shell bears is not stated in the descriptions, but can be easily ascertained by adding 8 to 10 days to the snap-pod stage, and for field varieties and flat- podded garden sorts, such as Lightning and Tennessee Green Pod, from 6 to 8 days to the same period. Length of bearing period (very short, short, moderate, long to moderate, long, very long).—This quality is closely related to season, the early varieties generally being shorter lived than the late sorts and without continuous-growing fruit-bearing runners and branches. The harvesting of an entire crop at a few pickings is sometimes desired by market gardeners, but for home and general use a longer period of available snap and green-shell pods is more desirable. Productiveness (very light, light, light to moderate, moderate, heavy to moderate, heavy, very heavy).—This character is closely correlated with season, size, and vigor, the earlier, smaller, and less vigorous varieties of the extremely early garden class generally being less productive than the late, large, coarse-growing kinds. An aver- age yield of dry seed for very light croppers, such as Valentine Wax, is 8 bushels, and for very heavy croppers, such as Late Refugee, 14 bushels to the acre. The former has been known, however, to pro- duce as high as 18, and the latter as high as 40 bushels to the acre. The yield of field varieties is considerably more than that of the — garden sorts, claims of 60 bushels being sometimes made, though the average for the whole country is only about 12 bushels to the acre. Size of leaves (very large, large, medium, small, very small).—As the size of the leaves in the bean plants depends so largely upon the position of the leaves on the plant, and as there is but little difference between varieties in the average size of leaves, this quality is generally of little aid in identification. There are, however, a few thick-stemmed sorts, like Giant Foreer, which have very uniformly large leaves, and a few slender-stemmed running sorts, like Crystal Wax, which have very uniformly small leaves. 109 | a) — q * VARIETY FORMS FOR BUSH KIDNEY BEANS, 21 well shown by Red Valentine, which, although stringy, is one of the tenderest and most fleshy of all varieties. Fiber in snap pods (none, inappreciable, small, moderate, much).— Fiber in bean pods is used to designate the tough layer of parchment present to a greater or less degree in the walls of all pods at the green- shell stage, but absent or inappreciable at the snap-pod stage of some varieties. Quality of snap pods (very good, good, good to medium, medium, poor to medium, poor, very poor).—Quality in snap pods of American kidney beans is largely a question of tenderness, fleshiness, and free- dom from fiber and, unlike English Broad beans and other species, hardly at all a matter of flavor. Contrary to general opinion, as good a quality of snap pods can be selected from the green-podded as from the wax-podded varieties. Freedom from anthracnose, rust, and other diseases.—Resistance to disease depends so largely upon conditions that only by a very large number of tests can an exaet statement on disease resistance be obtained. In some favorable seasons all the varieties in the tests of the Department of Agriculture were free from disease; in other years nearly all were more or less affected; while in still other years some- times the early and sometimes only the late sorts were affected. In some seasons the conditions favoring the spread of disease do not come till the early sorts are past injury; in other years these injurious conditions may exist only during the period of the early varieties. It seems also that diseases may be carried in the seed and that the pres- ence of anthracnose and rust are due merely to accidental or tempo- rary infection of particular lots of seed rather than to a continuous or inherent tendency of certain varieties to disease. As the results of tests of disease resistance made by the Department of Agriculture were somewhat irregular and incomplete, the notes made in this bulletin on freedom of varieties from anthracnose can not be said to apply regu- larly to all sections of the country. Dorsal and ventral sutures.—These are terms used in botany to denote the lines of dehiscence in seed pods, the ventral suture signifying the line along which the seeds of a pod are attached and the dorsal suture the opposite line of dehiscence. Morphologically speaking, a seed pod consists of one or more transformed folded leaves, that of the bean pod being analogous to a single leaf the margins of which have folded inward and grown together so as to produce seeds at their line of union. Length of pod point (very long, long, medium, short medium, short, very short).—The pod point or spur of bean pods varies in length from very long, as in Longfellow and Bountiful, to very short, as in Eureka and Wardwell’s Kidney Wax. 109 22 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. — Straightness of pod point (straight, slightly curved, moderately curyed, much curved, twisted, etc.).—The shape of pod points is often an indication of stringiness. Pod points which are twisted, irregu- larly curved, blunt at the end, or depressed at their juncture with the pod indicate very little or no string, while pod points which are regu- larly tapering and stiff indicate a more or less strong string. Size of pod clusters.—Under uniformly favorable conditions the size of pod clusters is a helpful and reliable aid to the identification of vari-— eties; but, as the Department trials have not usually been perfect enough to develop this character, no reference is generally made to it in the following descriptions. Barteldes’s Bush Lima, Tennessee Green Pod, Wonder of France, and Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod are examples of varieties bearing a large number of pods to the cluster. Position of pod clusters (well below foliage, mostly below foliage, equally above and below foliage, mostly above foliage, well above foli- _ age).—Quite a number of European sorts, as well as a few domestic kinds, such as Lightning, have numerous, thick, strong-stemmed clusters, bearing nearly all their pods well above the plant; other varieties, mostly of the slender, running type, like Refugee, bear nearly all their pods well under the foliage. Color of green shell pods.—Most green-colored pods gradually lose their original green color and become alniost as faded and yellow at the green-shell stage as are the wax sorts at this stage. For this reason the color of pods at the green-shell stage is not useful in identifying and describing varieties unless splashing or tingeing appears or some change occurs other than the usual fading of the pod. This splashing or tingeing, whenever it does appear, is generally some shade of purple or red and usually indicates splashed or colored seed. Depressions between seeds (much depressed, moderately depressed, slightly depressed, full).—Tennessee Green Pod and most other yari- eties with seeds very much separated in the pod have their pod walls much depressed or sunken between the seeds; others, like Yosemite Wax and Stringless Green Pod, are so sharply constricted between the seeds that their pods appear as though they had been drawn tight by a thread and separated into sections; while still other varieties, like Refugee and certain round-podded sorts, are full or only slightly depressed between the seeds. Length in inches of green shell pods.—The measurements given in the following descriptions are those of average-sized pods from well- grown plants. Exceptionally large pods may be one-third longer than the lengths named and unusually poor pods but two-thirds of these lengths. Number of seeds in green shell pods.—Six is the usual number of seeds for most varieties and conditions, ten being the largest ever found in pods of bush beans at Washington, D. C. If plants be well 109 ae | j VARIETY FORMS FOR BUSH KIDNEY BEANS. 23 grown no American variety of Kidney bean contains less than four seeds. Position of seeds in green shell pods (very crowded, crowded, fairly close, somewhat separated, fairly separated, much separated).—The position of seeds in a bean pod varies from the tightly crowded con- dition of Red Valentine to the much separated condition of Rogers’s Lima Wax and Tennessee Green Pod. Ease of thrashing dry pods (very easily thrashed, fairly easy to thrash, somewhat hard to thrash, hard to thrash).—Kase of thrashing is largely determined by the amount of fiber in bean pods. Thin- walled, tough-podded field varieties seldom wrinkle or shrivel tightly about the seed or break up into sections when thrashed, as do many of the fleshy-podded garden varieties. Size of dry seeds (very small, small, small-medium, medium, large- medium, large, very large).—Of kidney beans the small-seeded varie- ties, like Navy Pea, produce about 2,200 seeds to the pint, the medium- seeded varieties, like Golden Wax, about 1,100, and the large-seeded varieties, like Improved Goddard, about 550. Bush Multiflora, Scarlet Runner, and White Dutch Runner produce about 250, Hen- derson’s Bush Lima about 1,100, Burpee’s Bush Lima about 320, and Dreer’s Bush Lima about 450 seeds to the pint. Although the size of the seed is generally quite uniform in the same variety and varies but little from the illustrations given in this bulletin, they are nevertheless often affected by unusual seasons, locations, and soil con- ditions, those grown in very poor soil and during dry seasons often being but half the size of those grown in unusually damp locations and seasons. Length of dry seeds (extremely slender, slender, medium, somewhat short, short, very short).—The shape of dry seed is a fairly constant feature which varies but little with season and conditions. Some kidney sorts, like Ruby Horticultural Bush, are almost as broad as long, while others, like Longfellow, are several times greater in length than in cross section. Cross sections of dry seeds (very flat, flat, flat-oval, oval, round- oval, round).—The shape of the cross section of seeds is a fairly constant varietal feature and is usually an indication of the shape of the pods. Ends of dry seeds (very rounded, rounded, rounded to truncate, truncate, decidedly truncate).—The shape of the ends of seeds depends largely upon the position of the seeds in the pod, those which are very crowded in the pod being generally square at the ends, while those which are well separated in the pod are usually rounded at the ends. 109 24 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Curvature at eye of dry seed (much incurved, incurved, almost straight, straight, rounded or full, very well rounded or full).—Seeds vary in shape at the eye from the very incurved condition of French Flageolet to the very rounded or full condition of White Marrow. | Color of dry seeds.—Because different varieties of beans vary more in the color of seeds than is the case with other vegetables, there is less opportunity for substitution with bean varieties than there is with varieties of other vegetables. In exceptional soils and seasons, the — amount of splashing and mottling may vary more or less from that shown in the plates of this bulletin. Golden Wax, for example, may in certain soil and seasons show very little white color, while under other conditions four-fifths of the surface of the seeds may be white. As no complete chart of colors is at present published in this country, it has been necessary to adopt as the standard for the description of colors the French publication edited by Henri Dauthenay and known: as Repertoire de Couleurs. VARIETY FORMS FOR POLE KIDNEY BEANS. Pole Kidney beans are described in nearly the same terms as bush Kidney beans, the exceptions being as follows: Climbing habit (good, fair, poor).—Pole beans, instead of being described as erect in habit, are classified according to their ability to take hold of and twine about poles or other supports. Some varie-_ ties, such as Golden Champion and many of the Horticultural class, at first appear to be spreading bush sorts and do not at once take readily to climbing, but when once started nearly all American varie- ties climb readily to poles or to any other suitable supports. Branching habit (much branched, moderately branched, little branched).—This character, which is not included in the description of bush varieties, is of some use in defining pole sorts to express an open slender growth, like Kentucky Wonder, or dense spreading growth, like Virginia Cornfield. Season of snap pods for pole varieties (very early, or less than 57 days; early, or 57 to 60 days; early-intermediate, or 61 to 64 days; intermediate, or 65 to 68 days; intermediate-late, or 69 to 72 days; late, or 73 to 76 days; very late, or more than 76 days).—Sometimes very early varieties, like White Creaseback and Golden Champion, produce pods before the runners appear; and when plants are checked in growth, especially those of the Horticultural class, they often show the same tendency. Six to ten days are required for different varieties of poie beans to develop from the snap into the green shell stage. 109 Ae SUMMARY OF DESIRABLE VARIETIES. 2 VARIETY FORMS FOR LIMA BEANS. Most of the terms used to describe pole Kidney and bush Kidney varieties are also applicable to pole Lima and bush Lima varieties, respectively. The exceptions are that season in Limas is judged at the green-shell stage, and since Lima pods are neither usable nor characteristic at the snap-pod stage no description is necessary of them at that period, while color is described by merely stating the shade of green in leaf and pod. Season of bush Lima varieties (very early, or less than 75 days; early, or 75 to 78 days; intermediate, or 79 to 81 days; late, or 82 to 84 days; very late, or over 84 days).—Both pole and bush Lima varieties seem more subject to delay in season through cold, wet weather and other unfavorable conditions than Kidney beans. Reports on season in Limas therefore differ greatly, and though the above-mentioned periods are applicable to most conditions, they nevertheless vary from one to three weeks longer and sometimes from a week to 10 days shorter than stated here. Season of pole Lima varieties (very early, or less than 80 days; early, or 80 to 83 days; intermediate, or 84 to 86 days; late, or 87 to 89 days; very late, or over 90 days).—As previously stated, this quality is subject to great variation in Limas. In pole varieties an additional source of variation arises from certain stray pods which ripen early but are too few in number and too spasmodic in season to be a real indication of earliness. SUMMARY OF DESIRABLE VARIETIES. The following lists represent a cursory review of some of the important decisions stated in the variety descriptions of this bul- letin. Such lists as these are, of course, subject to many limita- tions, as all experienced gardeners will appreciate. Many varieties not suited for general use, but admirably adapted to special soils, markets, and conditions, are not included in these lists, and others just as suitable as the sorts named but differing from them in imma- terial respects are also omitted. Standard varieties and sorts rep- resenting considerable range in type have generally been selected, the object being to avoid as far as possible those sorts which are but little known and also those which represent very similar character- istics. Desirable bush varieties for home use-—For green-colored snaps: Giant Stringless Green Pod, Red Valentine, Late Refugee, Warren Bush. For yellow-colored snaps: Maule’s Nameless Wax of 1906, 109 26 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Pencil Pod Black Wax, Keeney’s ‘Rustless Golden Wax, Refu- gee Wax, Burpee’s Kidney Wax. For combination of snaps and green shell in a single variety: Ruby Horticultural Bush, Warren Bush. For Lima beans: Wonder Bush, Dreer’s Bush, Wood’s Pro- lific Bush. For Kidney green shell beans: Improved Goddard, Reby@ Horticultural Bush, Tennessee Green Pod. Profitable bush varieties for market.—For green-colored snaps: Hod- son Green Pod, Late Refugee, Black Valentine, Extra Early Refu- gee, Giant Stringless Green Pod, Red Valentine. For yellow-colored snaps: Hodson Wax, Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax, Golden Wax, — Davis Wax, Refugee Wax, Bismarck Black Wax. For Lima beans: Wonder Bush, Wood’s Prolific Bush, Dreer’s Bush. For Kidney green shell beans: Improved Goddard, Ruby Horticultural Bush. — The above sorts were selected without reference to whether the quality is good or bad, the most importance being given to produe- tiveness, attractiveness, hardiness, and shipping qualities. Desirable pole varieties for home use—For green-colored snaps: Black Kentucky Wonder, Burger’s Stringless, Kentucky Wonder, — Lazy Wife Pole. For yellow-colored snaps: Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural, Golden Cluster Wax, Indian Chief. For combination of snaps and green shell beans in a single variety: Lazy Wife, Black Kentucky Wonder, Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural. For - Lima beans: Henderson’s Ideal, Wood’s Improved Pole Lima, Dreer’s Pole Lima. For Kidney green shell beans: Lazy Wife, Childs’s Horticultural, London Horticultural, Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural. Profitable pole varieties for market.—For green-colored snaps: White Creaseback, Black Kentucky Wonder, Lazy Wife, Scotia. For yellow- colored snaps: Indian Chief, Kentucky Wonder Wax, Golden Carmine- Podded Horticultural. For Lima beans: Henderson’s Ideal, Wood’s Improved Pole Lima, Dreer’s Pole Lima, Leviathan. For Kidney — green shell beans: London Horticultural, Childs’s Horticultural, Wor- cester Mammoth, Dutch Case Knife. Most largely grown garden bush varieties —Of green-colored Kidney sorts Red Valentine is by far the mosi largely planted, followed next by Late Refugee, Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, Giant String- less Green Pod, Extra Early Refugee, and Mohawk. None of the wax sorts are as extensively planted as the more popular green- podded sorts. The most largely grown of the class are Improved Golden Wax, Golden Wax, Wardwell’s Kidney Wax, German Black Wax, Davis Wax, and Currie’s Rustproof Wax. The most popular Lima varieties are Burpee’s Bush Lima, Henderson’s Bush Lima, — and Dreer’s Bush Lima. Most largely grown field varieties. —Navy Pea, commonly known to the produce trade as Marrow Pea, is by far the most popular 109 SUMMARY OF DESIRABLE VARIETIES. 27 variety; followimg it are the Mediums, represented by Burlingame Medium, Day’s Leafless Medium, and others of local or trade names. White Marrow and Red Kidney probably rank third and fourth. Most largely grown garden pole varieties.—Of the green-colored kid- ney sorts Kentucky Wonder is by far the most largely grown. After it come London Horticultural, Lazy Wife, White Creaseback, and Dutch Case Knife. None of the wax sorts are planted as exten- sively as the more popular green-colored sorts. The most largely grown of the class are probably Indian Chief and Golden Cluster Wax. The most largely grown Limas are King of Garden Pole, Large White Pole, and Small White Pole. Most productive garden bush varieties—¥or green-colored snaps: Hodson Green Pod, Galega, Golden Refugee, Late Refugee, Byer’s Bush. [or yellow-colored snaps: Hodson Wax, Refugee Wax, Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax, Speckled Wax. For Lima beans: Wonder Bush, Dreer’s Bush, Wood's Prolific Bush, or Burpee’s Bush, depending upon conditions. For Kidney green shell beans: Im- proved Goddard, Boston Favorite, Warren Bush, Marblehead Horti- cultural, White Kidney. Most productive pole varieties.—For green-colored snaps: Powell's Prolific, Scotia, Black Kentucky Wonder, Lazy Wife, London Horti- cultural. For yellow-colored snaps: Indian Chief, Andulusia Wax, Golden Cluster Wax. For Lima beans: King of Garden, Dreer’s Pole, or Wood’s Improved Pole, depending greatly upon conditions. For Kidney green shell beans: London Horticultural, Lazy Wife, Dutch Case Knife. Bush varieties of good quality.—For green-colored snaps: Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, Giant Stringless Green Pod, Knickerbocker, Henderson’s Full Measure, Red Valentine, Warren Bush. For yel- low-colored snaps: Yosemite Wax, Pencil Pod Black Wax, German Black Wax, Refugee Stringless Wax, Maule’s Nameless Wax of 1906. There is so little difference in quality between Kidney varieties at the ereen and dry shell stages and tastes vary so greatly as to what is good quality at these stages that it seems quite impossible to say which varieties are best in quality for green shell and baking beans. The horticultural varieties are, however, generally classed in America as the best for green shell beans. [For baking beans certain varieties of the so-called field beans are preferred by different nationalities, as, for instance, persons of Spanish descent generally prefer the Red Kidney, the California field varieties, or other kinds to which they have been accustomed, while Americans usually prefer the Marrow or Pea vari- eties, and Swedish people the Brown Swedish varieties to which they are accustomed. Opinions differ greatly regarding the quality of Lima beans, but Dreer’s Bush is generally given first place; Burpee’s Bush, 109 28 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. or some other large, flat-seeded sort, second place, and Henderson's Bush, or some other small, flat-seeded sort, third place. Pole varieties of good quality—More than half the green-podd varieties and all the wax-podded pole sorts, except Golden Champion, are of good quality as snaps. Burger’s Stringless probably stands — first, after which comes Lazy Wife, then Arlington Cranberry, Golden — Carmine-Podded Horticultural Wax, Golden Cluster Wax, and Ken- tucky Wonder Wax. The remarks already made on the quality of green and dry shell beans of bush varieties apply also to pole sorts. Earliest and latest bush varieties for snaps.—For earliest green-colored snaps: Warwick, Bountiful, Taylor’s Green Pod, Ne Plus Ultra, and Grenell’s Stringléss Green Pod. For earliest yellow-colored snaps: Challenge Black Wax, Valentine Wax, Golden Wax, Improved Golden Wax, Currie’s Rustproof Wax. For latest green-colored snaps: Galega, Hodson Green Pod, Late Refugee, Golden Refugee, Byer’s Bush. For latest yellow-colored snaps: Hodson Wax, Speckled — Wax, Burpee’s White Wax, Refugee Wax. ' Earliest and latest pole varieties for snaps.—Karliest green-colored snaps: White Creaseback, Burger’s Stringless, Kentucky Wonder, — Arlington Red Cranberry. For earliest yellow-colored snaps: Golden — Champion Pole, Kentucky Wonder Wax, Golden Carmine-Podded — Horticultural. For latest green-colored snaps: Powell’s Prolific, White Sickle, Scotia, London Horticultural. For latest yellow colored snaps: Indian Chief, Mont d’Or, Andulusia Wax. Disease-resistant varieties.—As already explained, disease resistance in bean varieties is subject to great variation. For this reason, advice on selection can be given along general lines only, the most impor- tant being that large, vigorous-growing, stringy, tough-podded, green- podded, and field varieties are generally less subject to disease than correspondingly small, frail-growing, stringless, brittle-podded, wax- podded, and garden varieties. Conspicuous exceptions occur in all these groups; for example, the tough-podded Davis Wax has of late years been more subject to rust and anthracnose than many tender- podded wax varieties, and the green-podded Longfellow more sus- ceptible to disease than many tenderer podded sorts of less vigor. Little-known but desirable varieties. —Green-podded bush: Hodson Green Pod, Byer's Bush, Warren Bush, Henderson's Full Measure, Golden Refugee. Wax-podded bush: Hodson Wax, Maule’s Nameless — Wax of 1906, Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax, Burpee’s Kidney Wax, Bismarck Black Wax, Golden Crown. Bush Lima: Wonder Bush, Wood's Prolific Bush. Green-podded pole: Black Kentucky Wonder, Scotia, Burger's Stringless, Powell's Prolific, White’s Prolific. Wax- podded pole: Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural, Kentueky Won- der Wax. Pole Lima: Henderson’s Ideal, Leviathan, Wood's Im-_ proved Pole. 109 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIETIES. 29 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIETIES. Vicia faba (English Broad beans). Leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet wanting or represented by a rudimentary tendril; seeds with hilum extending over at least one-fifth circumference of seed; plants erect............-......-. Broad Windsor. Vigna sesquipedalis (Yard Long or Asparagus bean). Leaves pinnately trifoliate, the terminal leaflet present; seeds with hilum extending over less than one-tenth cir- cumierence of seed; flowers with keel “not spirally twisted; plants climbing or US EGP Cie eae eee re Yard Long. Phaseolus coccineus (Multiflora beans). Leaves pinnately trifoliate, the terminal leaflet present; seed with veining almost imperceptible; flowers large. or at least 1} inches across wings, and with keel spirally twisted; roots tuberous-rooted or thickened. in? |o 0) Aroostook Bush Lima, Bartledes’s Bush Lima. aus? (OIG 65 er ae Scarlet Runner, White Dutch Runner. Phaseolus lunatus (Lima beans). Leaves pinnately trifoliate, the terminal leaflet present; seeds with more or less pronounced veining and flat to oval-flat; flowers small or not over 3 inch across wings; roots fibrous; pods not edible at any stage of development. Plants bush. Seeds flat and large .............- Burpee’s Bush Lima, Wonder Bush Lima. Seeds flat and small ......_. Henderson’s Bush Lima, Wood’s Prolific Bush, Willow-Leaved Bush, Jackson Wonder Bush. Beedumiiekeand larce 5. 2.2240 020. oobi def oeci = ess Dreer’s Bush Lima. * Plants pole. Seeds flat and large .......-..-. Leviathan Pole, Seibert’s Pole, Extra Early Jersey Lima, Large White Lima, King of Garden, Henderson's Ideal, Ford’s Mammoth, Salem Mammoth, Mottled Lima, Long-Podded Lima. Seeds flat and small ..............-...- Small White Lima, Willow-Leaved, : Wood's Improved, Florida Butter. Spal AL die OTC oe ee eee ee Dreer’s Pole. Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney beans). Leaves pinnately trifoliate, the terminal leaflet present; seeds with more or less pronounced veining, mostly round but sometimes flat through cross section; flowers small or not 2 inch across wings; roots fibrous; pods edible, at least when young. Plants bush. - Pods more or less green in color at snap stage. Fully developed snap pod brittle, or at least readily breaking when bent. Pods more or less flat.......-.------- Bountiful, Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod, Ruby Horticultural, Yellow Cranberry, Warren Bush, Low’s Champion. Pods varying from oval to round in cross section. Plants decidedly spreading or with semirunners........ Golden Refugee, Refugee, Yankee Winter. Plants erect, or at least devoid of semirunners. Pods stringless or nearly so..........--- Burpee’s Stringless q Green Pod, Giant Stringless Green Pod, Hender- son’s Full Measure, Knickerbocker, Garden Pride, Taylor’s Green Pod, Round Yellow Six Weeks. 109 ey ee 4 30 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney beans)—Continued. Plants bush—Continued. Pods more or less green in color at snap stage—Continued. Fully developed snap pod brittle, ete.—Continued. Pods varying from oval to round in cross section—Continued. Plants erect, or at least devoid of centirunnen— Coa Pods with more or less pronounced string. ...........- Valentine, White Valentine, Cream Vale : Extra Early Refugee, Byer’s Bush, Longfell Best of All, Giant Forcer, Thorburn’s Pro Market. ; Fully developed snap pods more or less tough or not readily bre: when bent, but sufficiently free from fiber to be in general use as rather than as green or dry shell beans. Plants very spreading or with semirunners.....-..-....---- Hodson Green Pod. a Plants erect or at least devoid of semirunners. : Plants purplish tinged and seeds light ecru..........--- Pod Butter. ee Plants green and seeds sea-green........-- Triumph of F Wonder of France. Plants solid green and seeds black, brown, or other than sreen. or lipht ecru: 22 25- -- se es seeee Long Yellow Six W Ne Plus Ultra, Veitch’s Forcing, Vienna Fo: China Red Eye, Mohawk, French Mohawk. Valentine. #3 Fully developed snap pods decidedly tough and so full of fiber as to br in more general use as green and dry shell beans than as snaps. _ 7 Plants very spreading or with semirunners. Plants thick-stemmed; green shell pods oval-flat and purple im Plants thick-stemmed; green shell pods very flat and gre color (except Lightning, which is sometimes tinged with — brownish purple): <2e- sees ee eee Emperor William, — Earliest Market, Everbearing, Lightning, Ten- ; nessee Green Pod. “a Plants thick-stemmed; green shell pods changing to oval or — fearly so and green in color..............-..- White Many re Improved Yellow Eye, Eureka. ; Plants slender-stemmed; green shell pods changing to oval o or nearly so and green in color..............-- Snowflake, Navy, Prolific Tree, Day’s Leafless. Plants erect or at least devoid of semirunners, except Boston Pa- vorite. aa Seeds of solid white color............. Early Aroostook, French Flageolet, White Kidney, Vineless Marrow. Seeds of solid brownish or violet shades ........... Red Kidney, - Canadian Wonder, Vick’s Prolifie Pickler, Brown — Swedish. a Seeds splashed with viclet, red, or similar colors with gen. erally a pale buff as the predominating color. ... Improved Goddard, Boston Favorite, Marblehead Horticul- tural, Crimson Beauty, Warwick, French Kidney, 109 ad Co — CLASSIFICATION OF VARIETIES. Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney beans)—Continued. Plants bush —Continued, Pods more or less yellow at snap stage. Fully developed snap pods more or less brittle or breaking readily when bent. Pods more or less flat. Plants with creeping semirunners....... Rogers’s Lima Wax. Plants with drooping semirunners..........- Keeney’s Rust- less Golden Wax. Plants erect or devoid of semirunners..............-- Golden Wax, Improved Golden Wax, Wardwell’s Kidney Wax, Henderson’s Market Wax, Burpee’s Kidney Wax, Black-Eyed Wax, Burpee’s White Wax, Leopard Wax. Pods round cr nearly so. Plants decidedly spreading and with semirunners. . ..Crystal Wax, Refugee. Plants more or less erect or at least devoid of semirunners. German Black Wax, Prolific Black Wax, Chal- lenge Black Wax, Bismarck Black Wax, Pencil r Pod Black Wax, Round Pod Kidney Wax, Liy- ingston’s Hardy Wax, Yosemite Wax, Double- Barrel Wax, Maule’s Butter Wax, Maule’s Name- less Wax of 1906, Golden Crown Wax, Jones’s Stringless Wax, Valentine Wax, Monarch Wax, Golden Beauty, Speckled Wax. Fully developed snap pods somewhat tough or not breaking readily- WHOM DENG a. oe eee Davis Wax, Scarlet Flageolet Wax, Purple Flageolet Wax, Allan’s Imperial Wax, Horti- cultural Wax, Currie’s Rustproof Wax, Detroit Wax, Golden-Eyed Wax, Hodson Wax. Plants pole. Pods more or less green at snap stage. Fully developed pods more or less brittle or readily breaking when bent. Podsmore or less flat at. snap stage ....-.....-----------:/ Arlington Red Cranberry, Extra Early Horticultural, Lazy Wife, London Horticultural, Red Cranberry, White's Prolific, Worcester Mammoth. Pods round or nearly so at snap stage...-........----.------- Black Kentucky Wonder, Burger’s Stringless, Kentucky Wonder, Powell’s Prolific, Scotia Pole, Tennessee Wonder, White Creaseback, White Sickle. Pods more or less tough as fully developed snaps or not readily breaking when bent. SHiawhs Wate eeasnoascensopeanecoouaaee Dutch Case Knife, Early Giant Advance, Royal Corn, Virginia Cornfield. EECSECOLOLE tas anaes sero ee secre = 2 2 aes 3rockton Pole, Childs’s Horticultural, Concord Pole, Missouri Wonder, Southern Prolific, Speckled Cut Short. Pods more or less yellow in color at snap stage. ¢Pods always wide and flat..................-- Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural, Golden Cluster Wax, Sunshine Wax, Kentucky Wonder Wax, Landreth’s Wax. Pods wide and flat only at snap stage.........-.--------------4 Andalusia Wax, Indian Chief, Mont d’Or Wax. Pods always round through cross section......-- Golden Champion Wax. 35238—No. 109—07——3 32 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO VARIETIES. The following key, arranged on the dichotomous system, now largely adopted by botanists, is devised to enable the student to determine the variety name of any bean listed by American seeds- men. An examination of the numbers on the left will show that these numbers run from 1 to 111 in pairs and that the descriptions in each one of this set of numbers are in opposite or contrasting characters; also that at the right of these descriptions is given sometimes a variety name and sometimes a number referring to a simi- lar number on the left of the page. To trace out a particular variety, like Currie’s Rustproof, for instance, the student, beginning at 1, is referred in regular order to 2, 3, 6, 21, 48, 49, 54, 55, and finally to 56, where the name sought is given on the right. In order to make this key compact, the descriptions are necessarily quite short, and in case of the color of seeds it has seemed desirable to disregard the minute, almost imperceptible colored area about the eye of some seeds and describe them as of a solid color, although they are not so described in the formal descriptions, or at least the minute col- ored area around the eye is given some mention. 1. Seeds with very large hilum, or eye, extending over at least one-fifth cireumfer- uted is tee: <2 Ore Broad Windsor and other English Broad varieties. 1. Seeds with very small hilum, or eye, extending over not more than one- twentieth circumference of seed. -......-.---<+---¢sce~-sese-= 55 eee 2 2. Fully developed pods less than one-fourth inch in diameter and at least 14 inches in length (leaf, pod, and habit resembling cowpea). . ..- Yard Long Pole. 2. Fully developed pods over one-fourth inch in diameter at widest portion and less than 14 inches in length (leaf, pod, and habit not resembling cowpea). . ---- 3 3. Flowers large, or at least 1} inches across wings; roots inclined to be thickened (Multiflora varieties)............-02<-----.<5-00:s5==5= eee 4 3. Flowers small, or not over five-eighths inch across wings; roots never thick- ened, always fibrous (Lima and Kidney varieties).................--.++-+-- 6 A anti (Reo ee ee a ap Aroostook Bush Lima, Barteldes's Bush Lima. 4. Planta pole: <- 5. Sacer os woes sees ea ance = aye mieten ein pee 5 By Sead a Wites so ees ne an nn nes on a pee ne eee White Dutch Runner. 5. Seeds violet-black, mottled with bluish violet.................- Scarlet Runner. 6. Pods never fleshy or edible even when very young (Lima beans) ............. 7 6. Pods more or less fleshy and always edible when very young (Kidney beans).. 21 7 Plants bush... soe. < on. oo cece coon conden sheen sae eee 8 ie -Blanta Polen soc saetesis 5.6 <0 0010.05 0s ckw owicpe Jus aaeie wisleneth sen smn 12 8. Seeds yellowish, splashed with pansy violet.............- Jackson Wonder Bush. 8. Seeds entiraly Whites. .......... 206 cans en newanws enle bin <5 ele eetaiais seen 9 9. Pods thick and seeds very crowded in pod..............---.---+- Dreer’s Bush. 9. Pods flat and seeds somewhat separated in pod.................-200-+eeeeee= 10 10. Leaflets extremely narrow or lanceolate.................-. Willow-Leaved Bush. 10. Leaves not extremely narrow or lanceolate..............-....++--02 > Lee lL 11. Leaves very glossy and seeds small... .. Wood's Prolific Bush, Henderson's Bush. 11. Leaves not very glossy and seeds large............ Burpee's Bush, Wonder Bush. 109 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO VARIETIES, 33 BEERS OUULE eerste tote fon ete Sales ieee nee areas see fs nee noe 13 BPMRSECISTONUILCLY: WiONUOne 92 fscistas (sie crise ai: a alnee ce ace bee pekinese eon conmee 14 13. Seeds mottled with brownish black ................-.-.-.------- Florida Butter. PorSeeis moubled with plum violet. .-225.:22222-%-+22:---2----25-+-- Mottled Pole. 14. Leaflets extremely narrow or lanceolate...............-...- Willow-Leaved Pole. 14. Leaflets not extremely narrow nor lanceolate...................-...---2---- 15 15. Leaves very glossy ....-.--...------ . Small White Pole, Wood's Improved Pole. PEEMESEUERROOURY CLYE PIONS Woe ea tenes eee ne te aes sea oesie sce ester etaee = 16 16. Pods thick and seeds very crowded in pod .............--..--..--- Dre's Pole. 16. Pods flat and seeds somewhat separated in pod.....................-..-.-- 17 Prembodnnmitormly much twisted ...1 2.52... - 2-2. s2-s-- ene Long-Podded Pole. WemEDnMonmottormiy much twisted. ---2..-2--82--2 22. .2cc-re eee eecsebess 18 Wemeeods are Or very large::-.2_-.-.+.----25+---- Bo ISLS Ste ta ALES 19 Pmnieemiedminy Or larye-medium. 22... 2.22sc.- ses ecnces cs se heedesslecuss case 20 MUMMCAINCIUZCATLY2=\ 220 22.2 02s sais 2 see dees cde densess eee ens eeeese ees Leviathan. 19. Varieties late............ .. Henderson’s Ideal, Ford's Mammoth, King of Garden. 20. Varieties intermediate or later in season ..-.....-- Large White Pole, Salem Pole. 20. Varieties early in season .........--..---- Extra Early Jersey Pole, Seibert’s Pole. oi A TRAIS (010) Kei aces ee Bae es Re IP re Pc ale 22 EL LELTEUS [UTES 6 SS ene oe el eo ak A 48 PP MROCS EV eNO: (WAX VATICHIOS) |= ..0-2 soc cn ecenneacesse+ssesscsteteeees esc 23 cick, UNIS OIRO ale ig a a ke oN 31 PSEPEC INTC LG WINiLe ses! 2 22. meee se ye ace Ses fos oi. Alta 24 Ze SLAbGLE TIVO TETRIS B00 eae A ee 25 Ha. LP wide, CST Naa hgh) 1 ea Golden Cluster Wax. an. [2os06: igh | eRe SMS ee ee Se setets tere 5 tease ete eA ee Andalusia Wax. PP Ecacnnncthyrsplashed!s 2.0.5.2 -..22-s ee ss esse ages cele eeeececnses 26 PPCenS Mot distinctly splashed... :.2224.4-22.ascae5- 52 o-4 25-2 scenes cece seen 27 26. Seeds light yellow, splashed with red.....- (olden Carmine-Podded Horticultural. 26. Seeds maize yellow, splashed with dark hazel ................- Landreth’s Wax. 27. Pods flat or nearly so at green shell stage..............:-..--..------02-20-- 28 27. Pods rounded or nearly so at green shell stage...........-.--...-----.----- 29 28. Seeds maroon to chocolate brown.........---.----------- Kentucky Wonder Wax. EMER SEOTIOOUANYDTO WIN. 554-2... .i vn ee ete ns Sos oes Sen Sunshine Wax. Zo mVveltebyacatly in SCasSON.......---.2.-.22----2- Soe sranmaomee Golden Champion. 29. Varieties intermediate-late or late in season .............-...-.--.--2-2---- 30 30: seeds madder brown or pansy violet..........-..:.--....---..----.-1 Mont d’Or. PoE EMM IIB ID IACKs. 12 24532408 Sass setae tes cesses tscssclaes tes Indian Chief. ol. Seeds entirely white...............-:-.- BANA a ed WSs Saeko es eee aae AOE PePorartomeniinely whites: «7 \20s- 20 se Aas es oe sc Sm esc cece cence cuscseece 37 32. Varieties late-intermediate or earlier in season.............-..-...-.---.---- 33 Samaverteuesiate or very late in season... ..2-.--.-.---.-.-.-2--2.eeeeeeseeeee BD oy IGE WG ti Dutch Case Knife, Early Giant Advance. Ge Waddie Tilélb (aS AID eeepc ge eIGSee BOSCO SCE Cc ac eae eae ieee eee 34 co (Bad Sine 20S) bo ee eae Burger's Stringless. 4) PVCS QUID S206 se Sete CAB Ieee Aone sd White Creaseback. io. Hind ue 26 Gee COO S ROSES CCOCED NEMEC crs eta aca aires Lazy Wife. doe liqils 101976605 SOB B6 SBE BE OOS SE e Sree ese ae A eee eee 36 BUMMER RICEN OLIN CUOR MCAT VSO. .-..--+.-+---------08 39. Pods.round \o. . 2 sae eee Powell’s Prolific, Southern Prolific (round type) 39., Pods oval-flat to very flate...2..-2 2.242. S3. 45 fe. poe ee 40.: Seeds entirely blacks. 5. ss. -2 2). 22 nce cee eee Black Kentucky Wonder. 40. Seeds solid plum violet or solid fawn...--..-.-.-.-+----<2+------=- 555 ‘lp 41.) Pods stringless: 2222 25 foe ene pee ee Arlington Red Cranberry. 4). (Pods stringy 2<- soko ceeeee esse Red Cranberry, Southern Prolific (flat type). 42. Seeds pale buff, splashed with reddish purple or purplish red (Horticultural beans) 2/22. 2822 = =o dee 2S Sen tae ee ree 43 42. Seeds not pale buff and not splashed with reddish purple or purplish red... .. 44 45. Pods stringlers .: 520227 ~--\0<2 525 - Seco ee eee Extra Early Horticultural, s London Horticultural, Worcester Mammoth. 43. Pods stripy: <2. --2-4<- ass aos a eee Brockton Pole, Childs’s Horticultural. 44. Pods round, or nearly so, at snap stage ..............-- Scotia, Tennessee Wonder. 44. Pods flat-at snap stage: --..::-.---2--2--2---26---e-2- =e 45 45. Seeds round 3. 2c ce chiens sown ecto wase sama eee ee eee eer 46 45. Seeds flat or flatcoval....2s << 2-202 2<021ss-ees=e ass sen =e 47 46. Seeds largely white with light buff around eye.............-...... Concord Pole. 46. Seeds dingy gray dotted with purplish red ..................- Speckled Cut Short. 47. Seeds putty color with golden bronze-green stripes ...-..........- W hite’s Prolific. 47. Seeds pinkish drab with tan brown stripes ...............-.-.-4 Wissourt Wonder. 48. Pods yellow (wax varieties). < . 2. 2.-2056 260 -cces soniein soe eee oer 49 48. Pods green.«......:2-.6s5ssseeeeeeee 93 93. Pods and plants decidedly purplish tinged............--.--.-- Blue Pod Butter. 93. Pods and plants not decidedly purplish tinged ..............-----..-.-..2- 94 94. Plants very spreading ......<-.5..--<+--2-00s-s eases se ease sr 95 94. Plants erect or very erects.:--. 22.2222) Jha esbaus de- 8 eee oe. ea ae 96 95. Variety early-intermediate. -- =. s<< 2.5 sane. sab oeee ae ee Tennessee Green Pod. 95., Varieties very Jate. a. 22 -ccs-osaqcttn-i. -Seebeseeee Bayo, Pinks, Red Merican. 96. Varieties early or very: early |... 2..---deeeGkse-c sc535seceeee Ne Plus Ultra, Veitch’s Forcing, Long Yellow Six Weeks. 96.. Varieties not early or very early.....-.......-22-<05s gs 5506-05 seen 97 97. Seeds plum violet or garnet brown............-.-.-.-------- Canadian Wonder, Red Kidney, Vick’s Prolifie Pickler. 97. Seeds greenish yellow or brown ocher..........-..----- Brown Swedish, Eureka. 98. Seeds colored near eye only, remaining portion white ...............-...... 99 98. Seeds evenly splashed or colored throughout .............-.-----.++--.+--- 100 99. “Podsieininel ens sx. see ians oo eece'n nciw ance Grenell’s Stringless. 00. Pods strinpys. ao. pene a5 cans oc cae taeee eee Yellow Bye, Improved Yellow Eye, China Red Eye, Vienna Forcing. 100. Pods round or oval-round at snap stage.:........-.....---.-+-5=55eeeee 101 100. ‘Pods flat.at snap stage-.....-.. 2.2... cee = saws 45.555 ose eee 105 101. Seeds splashed with reddish shades..............-..-----e+eees: Red Valentine, Best of All (late type), Longfellow. 101. Seeds not splashed’ with reddish shades ........2-.2...+.=.52s<.-sss see 102 102. Seeds largely pale buff in color and sparingly splashed with medium fawn. — Grant Forcer. 102. Seeds not largely pale buff in color and not splashed with medium fawn.... 103 105... Planta very spreads. 3.26 shew cea cen ae eae Golden Refugee, Late Refugee. 108. Plants ierecti-. - cere eek o.oo veiw e's Sey ote ape saat be er 104 104. Seeds chocolate brown splashed with maize yellow... /enderson’s Pull Measure. 104. Seeds purple-violet or bluish black, splashed with pale buff........ Byer’s Bush, Extra Early Refugee. 105. Leaves and stems decidedly purplish tinged.......................- Lightning. 105. Leaves and stems wholly preen............2-00<< ss00% Warwick, Improved Goddard, Crimson Beauty. 108. Plants more‘or lessapreading...... ..uciw eds swede sietreda ieee oy ne ae 109 109: ‘Variety veryalaraiemees -. .< ...+s%s soem ajaisle elpesien eee aot Hodson Green Pod. 109. Varieties intermediate or late-intermediate............ 2.2.2... Boston Favorite, Best of All (flat type). 109 ENGLISH BROAD BEANS. of REELING, Vet) Apr eCauip > 2. ts sae suse Sse N oS. eed yes we Galega. BEPEELBATIUSETECH OF) Very Creech: 3 sci). oih ec oie tes oelnn= cides dont tees nee ase 111 MMM RCADIN | SESE oe, 5 SSIES As 25 BSS REM Se easie ic rye apart Mohawk. Til. Varieties intermediate to very late............-.--------------- French Kidney, French Mohawk, Marblehead Horticultural. VARIETIES CLASSED AS DISTINCT. The description of the bean varieties of this bulletin is most con- veniently undertaken by describing first those kinds which are dis- tinct or known by well-defined characters. After these types are described the subsidiary sorts, or kinds which are practically duplicates or synonyms of the distinct varieties may next be discussed by ref- erence to the distinct sorts, stating in what respect, if any, they differ from the standard types. In the following list the different sorts are grouped according to species and subdivided according to habit, whether pole or bush, or whether green or yellow in color of snap pods. Some of the varieties classed as subsidiary undoubtedly come from the same lots of seed as do some of the distinct sorts and are therefore unquestionably identical with them. In other cases, they are undoubtedly selected and harvested separately, and though often of different origin from the distinct sorts, they nevertheless sometimes so closely resemble them as to be either practically identical for all ordinary purposes, or to be classed as merely superior or deteriorated strains. There are no hard and fast rules for making a list of distinct varieties, and the fol- lowing list can not therefore be said to be an absolute one. The more specialized gardening becomes, the closer are drawn the distinctions between varieties. It can not be expected that seedsmen and experi- menters should agree in every case as to when newly discovered types are sufficiently different from recognized sorts to justify naming them as new varieties, or as to the time when enough change has been made in stocks of existing varieties to justify classing them as distinct. Practically all the distinct varieties now listed by American seeds- men are included in the following list. The only omissions are cer- tain field varieties known only to the produce trade and certain garden varieties of local name not listed by American seedsmen. After the variety name is given the number of seedsmen listing the variety in 1906, and following this are given the seedsmen from whom the seed was obtained and upon whose samples the descriptions are largely based. ENGLISH BROAD BEANS (VICIA FABA). This species is a comparatively unimportant one in American gar- dens and but little attention is paid in this country to variety types of this bean. The ten or more so-called kinds listed by American 109 38 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. seedsmen are not always represented by the same types from year to year, as they are in England, and for this reason no attempt is here made to describe the varieties listed by American seedsmen. The species is very different from Phaseolus lunatus and P. vulgaris not only in seed, pod, and habit of growth, but in general usefulness~ and value as well. Throughout Europe this bean is largely used as food for man and the plants are extensively grown for stock feeding. In Canada also the plants are grown to some extent for farm purposes, but generally are unsuited to the hot dry climate of most parts of the United States. They may possibly prove profitable in western Wash- ington, where climatic conditions are similar to those of England, or they may prove a success in other parts of the Pacific coast, in Colorado, or in the South during winter. They are grown toa small extent in all these places, but their use has not yet become large in any part of this country. Under the varietal name of Broad Windsor the species is sold in America by 54seedsmen. This name, however, is more commonly used in the United States to designate the whole class of English Broad beans rather than a distinct varietal type, as in England. Seed of the type commonly sold in this country as Broad Windsor is represented on Plate III, 28. Illustrations of pods and plants are shown in English seed catalogues, in Bailey’s Encyclopedia of Horticulture, and in most other works on vegetable varieties. ASPARAGUS, OR YARD LONG, BEANS (VIGNA SESQUIPEDALIS). This species, which is variously listed in this country as Yard Long, French Yard Long, Asparagus Pole, Cuban Asparagus Pole, French Asparagus Pole, Japanese Asparagus Pole, and Long-Podded Doli- chos, is an unimportant species in the garden and on the farm. There appear to be about a dozen distinct varieties in existence throughout the world, but in this country practically but one sort is in cultiva- tion. Under the varietal name of Yard Long or Asparagus Pole the species has been listed by American seedsmen at least since 1845. The vine, pod, and leaf are very similar to the common cowpea, and the plant should more properly be classed with that vegetable rather than with garden varieties. Some seedsmen, however, recommend the plant for its dry seeds and snap pods, put it is really no more serviceable’ for this purpose than the common cowpea, which is so much used as snaps, green shell, and dry shell beans throughout the South. Its chief interest to amateurs is mainly on account of its very long pods, which often measure 3 feet or more in length, its climbing habit, and its very large growth of vine. Ripe seeds of the type commonly sold in this country are shown on Plate I, figure 1. 109 ‘ : ; ( { MULTIFLORA BEANS. 39 MULTIFLORA, OR RUNNER, BEANS (PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS). This species, which has sometimes been called Phaseolus multi- florus by botanists, is commonly known in this country as Multiflora and in England as Runner beans. The species is a very important one in English gardening, and is represented by many varieties, but in this country practically but four sorts are in cultivation, divided into pole and bush forms. BUSH VARIETIES. The bush forms of the Multiflora beans are comparatively new and but little grown. Those described below tend strongly to revert to the pole form and are more or less trailing in habit and never strictly dwarf, like some of the more erect bush varieties of kidney beans. AROOSTOOK BUSH LIMA. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Jerrard, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium, very thick stemmed, spreading, with many drooping fruit branches and sometimes many runners, green throughout, very early . for Lima or Multiflora class, late compared to Kidney varieties, long in bearing, lightly productive. Leaf very large, medium green, fairly smooth. Very floriferous. Flow- ers white, extremely large, being several times the size of those of Kidney varieties, 10 to 25 blossoms borne on numerous prominent flower stalks: but only a few flowers setting pods. Snap pods varying greatly in size, medium in length, much curved, flat, very dark green, of very rough surface, brittle, stringy, of moderate fiber, fair as to quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pods very short, thick, and curved. Green shell pods borne on numerous large clusters high above foliage, never colored or splashed, about 43 inches long, each containing 3 to 5 seeds well separated in pod. Dry seeds very large, thickened, roundish oval through cross section, mostly well rounded at ends, almost straight at eye, very smooth and glossy, solid white, veining absent or indiscernible. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Not strictly a Lima. at least not belonging to the same species as the common bush Lima, being rather a bush form of White Dutch Runner. Decidedly the earliest variety of the Multiflora class. Ripening several weeks before the true bush Limas it is claimed to be a great acquisition, especially at the extreme North, where bush Limas do not always give full crops. Where right con- ditions prevail, such as in the eastern part of Washington State, it may prove a valuable substitute for Limas, but in most parts of our country it is very unreliable in both earli- ness and productiveness and its real value is not yet exactly known. Decidedly the earliest of the Multiflora class and resembling Barteldes’s Bush Lima more than any other variety, differing principally in earlier season and smaller size. Seeds fully as large and of nearly as good quality as the true Limas and pods excellent as snaps. Confusing name.—Early Aroostook Field, a very different type of bean. History.—Introduced in 1905 by the George W. P. Jerrard Company, who state that the seeds came from a customer. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to Barteldes’s Bush Lima (Pl. IV, 25); cross sections of partially developed pods, to White Dutch Runner (Pl. V, 32 and 33); and green shell pods, to White Dutch Runner (Pl. XVIII, 1), differing principally in larger and flatter shape. : 109 4O AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. BARTELDES’S BUSH LIMA. No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Denver Seed and Floral Company, 1905. : ‘ Description.—Plant very large, thick stemmed, with many long drooping fruit branches, generally with only few runners, wholly green, early for a Multiflora variety, very late compared to Kidney beans, long in bearing period, generally unproductive in most parts of the country but heavily productive in certain soils and climates. Leaf very large, dark green, fairly smooth. Exceedingly floriferous. Flowers white, extremely large, several times larger than in Kidney varieties, 12 to 30 blossoms borne on each of the numerous prominent flower stalks but only few flowers setting pods. Snap pods varying greatly in size, generally long, much curved, flat, very short, very dark green, of very rough surface, brittle, stringy, of moderate fiber, fair as to quality, free from anthracnose. Green shell pods borne on large clusters well above foliage, never colored or splashed, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 4 or 5 seeds well separated in pod. Dry seeds very large, thickened, flattish oval through cross section, mostly well rounded at ends, straight at eye, very smooth and glossy, solid white, veining absent or indiscernible. Comparison.—Little known or planted. Grown mostly in California, Colorado, and other parts of the West, where it seems to do well. Not strictly a Lima, being rather a bush form of White Dutch Runner and similar to Aroostook Bush Lima previously — described, differing principally in larger vine, seed, and pod, greater productiveness, and later season. Under right conditions, it gives green shell pods considerably before White Dutch Runner Pole or the true bush Limas, but season and productiveness are very uncertain in most parts of this country and its real usefulness is not yet fully known. Its green shell beans are almost equal to Limas and its snap pods much supe- rior to the tough Kidney varieties such as Black Valentine and Davis Wax. Prof. L. H. Bailey states the roots are not always fleshy like those of White Dutch Runner and therefore not truly perennial, though probably, with some selection, fleshy roots and a perennial type could be obtained and perpetuated in such climates as southern California. An earlierstrain of this variety has recently appeared as Bush Multiflora. Synonyms.—California Butter (of Haines, Lee, etc.), Mexican Bush Lima. ; History.—First introduced about 1890 by F. Barteldes & Co., who state that the seed came from Colorado. The variety was tested in 1886 by L. H. Batley, who gives a full description of it in Bulletin No. 87 of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV, 25; cross sections of partially developed green shell pods resemble White Dutch Runner (PI. V, 32 and 33), as also the green shell pods (Pl. XVIII, 1), differing principally in larger size and flatter shape. POLE VARIETIES. The important varieties of this species are all of the pole form, the value of the bush forms being not yet fully established. For a com- plete description of existing pole varieties the student should con- sult English seed catalogues. SCARLET RUNNER POLE, Listed by 106 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1900; Thorburn, 1901, 1902, 1905, Description.—Vine of very large growth, of fair climbing habit, moderately branched, very thick stemmed, much tinged with purple at stems, very long in bearing, mod- erately productive. Leaf of medium size, very dark green, with under side of veins 109 : | ————— a lee eee ; ‘ . LIMA BEANS. 41 much tinged with purple. Flower stalks very large and numerous. Blossoms bril- liant scarlet in color, extremely large, very ornamental, about twice the size of those of Kidney varieties, and with 20 to 40 on each flower stalk, but only few setting pods. Snap pods uniform and long-medium in size, much curved, flat, very dark green, often purplish tinged along sutures, of very rough surface, brittle, of very hard flesh, stringy, of moderate fiber, of fair quality, entirely free from anthracnose. Point of pod very short, thick, and curved. Green shell pods full on outside between seeds, decidedly purplish tinged at sutures, about 6} inches long, and containing five seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds very large, of medium length, flattish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at the other, mostly straight at eye, violet-black in color except mottled with bluish violet at back and ends. Comparison.—Little known or cultivated in this country, but largely grown through- out Europe, being used for green shell beans the same as Limas, which can not be successfully grown in the cool climate of England and other European countries. A great many varieties are known to the seed trade, but in the United States only Scarlet Runner and White Dutch Runner are in use. Both varieties are wholly different in appearance and growth of vine from other American beans and hardly recognizable as edible to most Americans, though, nevertheless, they make excellent snaps. They succeed especially well in California, where they are said to give a larger and more continuous supply of snap pods than any other variety. Highly recommended for trial not only for edible pods but also as an ornamental climber. History.— Grown in this country at least since 1800, and one of the first cultivated varieties. Illustrations —Seeds are same size and shape as White Dutch Runner (PI. LV, 28); snap pods same as White Dutch Runner (Pl. XVIII, 1); cross sections of immature green shell pods also resemble same variety (Pl. V, 32 and 33). WHITE DUTCH RUNNER POLE. Listed by 40 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1903; Thorburn, 1897, 1901, 1902, 1905. Deseription—Same as given for Scarlet Runner, except stems and pods are solid green and blossoms and seeds solid white in color. Comparison.—Usefulness and value about the sameas explained for Scarlet Runner. Synonyms. —Childs’s Extra Early Pole Lima, Isbell’s Perfect Pole Lima. History.—One of the oldest existing varieties. Listed by American seedsmen at least since 1825. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV, 28; cross section of imma- ture green shell pods on Plate V, 32 and 33, and snap pods on Plate XVIII, 1. LIMA BEANS (PHASEOLUS LUNATUS). This species is more extensively cultivated in the United States than in any other country, though there are many forms in use throughout South America and in tropical countries which are not known in the United States. Nearly all foreign sorts are merely local varieties and owing to the fact that they usually have colored seeds, which are not popular in this country, and are also too late in season to be suitable for our climate they are not referred to in the following descriptions. The species is usually divided by American seedsmen into pole and bush varieties, as follows: 109 42 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. BUSH VARIETIES. BURPEE’S BUSH LIMA. Listed by 136 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1897, 1898, 1900, 1901, 1904; May, 1897; Thorburn, 1901, 1904. Description.—Plant large, thick stemmed, erect to somewhat epcentindee with ocea- sional runners, always with many outspreading branches, late-intermediate in season, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, of smooth surface, moderately curved, flat, uniform size, very large for dwarf Limas, medium for pole Limas, very wide, about 44 inches’ long, and generally containing 3 or 4 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spw of pod absent or insignificant. Pods borne in clusters of moderate size well up from ground and well toward center of plant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. — Dry seeds very large but proportionally short in length, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved a eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. , Comparison.—This variety and Henderson’s Bush are at present by far the most largely grown bush Limas, though each will probably in time be replaced by other more desirable sorts, the former by Wood's Prolific Bush, and the latter by Wonde x, Bush. Unsurpassed for productiveness, high quality, and immense, handsome, showy pods and seeds, or about equal in these respects to Wonder Bush and Wood Prolific Bush, but not adapted to as many conditions or as generally serviceable as Henderson’s Bush and Wood’s Prolific Bush. Too late for maturing full crops at the extreme north and more subject to mildew than the glossy-leaved or small-seeded sorts. Most like Wonder Bush, differing principally in larger growth, more spread- ing habit, and later season. Synonyms.—Elliott’s Bush Lima, Large White Bush Lima, Mammoth Bush Lima, Willet’s Bush Lima. History.—Introduced in 1890 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who state the variety — originated with Ashur Palmer, of Kennett Square, Pa. It is said to have come from a single bush plant found about 1884 in a field of King of Garden Pole Lima on Mr. Palmer’s farm. Illustrations.—Green shell pods are illustrated on Plate XXI, 2; cross section of green shell pod and of dry seed is similar to Large White Pole (Pl. V, 31, and — Pl. III, 22, respectively). » DREER’S BUSH LIMA. Listed by 68 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1898, 1900, 1903; Dreer, 1906. Description.—Plant large, very coarse branched, very spreading, almost creeping in habit, with many runners lying flat on the ground, late, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf very large, of a peculiar grayish green color, with a smooth but not glossy surface. Flowers white. Green shell pods medium green, of smooth surface, straight, somewhat turned back at stem end, uniform in size, large-medium for dwarf Limas, small for pole Limas, very thick through cross section, about 2{ inches long, usually containing 3 or 4 seeds tightly crowded in pod, decidedly rigid at ventral suture. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Pods borne in moderate-sized clusters close to ground. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds large, 109 LIMA BEANS. 43 very short, almost as wide as long, flattish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, generally larger at one end than at other, straight or rounded at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—One of the three most largely grown as well as the latest in season of the bush Limas and the only bush variety of the potato or thick-seeded class. Often considered as first in productiveness and quality, but experiments vary greatly, many tests giving first place to Dreer’s Bush. Succeeds especially well on light soil and in dry seasons. Probably a somewhat more reliable cropper than Burpee’s Bush but not as sure or as generally serviceable as Wood’s Prolific Bush, while pods are too close to the ground to be easily gathered and vines more subject to mildew than the small-seeded, glossy-leaved sorts. Very different in habit from other bush Limas. Unlike Burpee’s Bush principally in haying shorter, much thicker pods and seeds, more spreading habit, and narrower, more grayish green leaves. Seeds, pods, and leaves same as Dreer’s Pole except larger. Synonyms.—Challenger Bush Lima, Dallas Bush Lima, Kumerle Bush Lima, Potato Bush Lima, Salzer’s Bush Lima, Thorburn’s Bush Lima. History.—Introduced in 1891 by Henry A. Dreer and derived from the same stock as Kumerle or Thorburn’s Bush, which was introduced two years previous to Dreer’s Bush. TNustrations.—Dry seed, green shell pod, cross section of green shell pod, and leaf are similar to Dreer’s Pole. (Pl. II, 23; Pl. XXII, 3; Pl. V, 36; and Pl. XXIV, 7, respectively. ) HENDERSON’S BUSH LIMA. Listed by 136 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900, 1901; Ferry, 1903; Fish, 1903, 1904; Henderson, 1905; May, 1897; Thorburn, 1901. Description.—Plant small for a bush Lima, slender stemmed, very erect, bushy, without runners or decidedly spreading branches, very early, long in bearing, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf small, very dark, glossy green in color, very smooth, very stiff, moderately wide across leaflets. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods rich, dark green, of smooth surface, straight, very uniform in size, very small, very flat, moderately wide, about 2} inches long, containing 3 or 4 seeds well separated in pod. Point or spur of pod very small or almost absent. Pods borne in numerous large clusters well above plant and well toward center. Quality of green shell beans fair to good. Dry seeds large, proportionally short, decidedly flattish through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, larger at one end than at other, almost straight at eye, very distinctly veined, solid creamy white. Comparison.—One of the two most largely grown bush Limas and decidedly the ear- liest of the true Lima class. As sure a cropper as any, making crops in extremely dry or wet weather and under other adverse conditions where Burpee’s Bush and Dreer’s Bush are often failures. Unusually free from mildew, almost as hardy as Jackson Wonder, and an especially good variety on light soils. As it endures extremely hot sun much better than the larger seeded sorts it has always been a favorite in the South, while in the extreme North it matures good crops where late varieties often fail to do so. The quality of its green shell beans is not generally considered equal to that of Burpee’s Bush or Dreer’s Bush, but the difference is not so great as is usually claimed, some people, in fact, having little choice between the three varieties. Most like Wood’s Prolific Bush, differing principally in smaller growth, a few days earlier season, smaller seeds, and smaller pods without twisting from side to side. Pods simi- lar to Willow-Leaved Bush and Jackson Wonder and except for smaller size the same as those of Small White Pole. Synonyms.—Carolina Bush Lima, Sieva Bush Lima, Small White Bush Lima. History.—Introduced in 1889 by Peter Henderson & Co., and described by them as having originated from a single plant found in the vicinity of Lynchburg, Va., 109 44 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. about 1883. In 1885 the variety passed into possession of T. W. Wood & Sons, who sold the entire stock in 1887 to Peter Henderson & Co. Iilustrations.—The dry seed is similar to Small White Pole Lima (PI. IV, 27), as also are the cross section, green shell pod, and leaf (Pl. V, 34; Pl. XXI, 5; and Pl. — XXIV, 5, respectively), all differing principally in larger size. > ; JACKSON WONDER BUSH LIMA. Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seed tested: Burpee, 1898, 1901; Hastings, 1905; Thor- burn, 1897. Sal Description.—Plant large-medium in size, somewhat slender stemmed, productive — of many erect fruit stems, quite spreading in habit, often producing many runners, early-intermediate in season, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf of medium — size, very dark, glossy green in color, very smooth, very stiff, with long, narrow, pointed leaflets. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods of a rich, dark green color, of very smooth surface, straight, very flat, very uniform in size, small- medium, moderately wide, about 3} inches long, and containing 3 or 4 seeds much _ separated in pod. Point or spur of pod very small or almost wanting. Pods borne prominently above foliage and in very large clusters. Quality of green shell beans | fair to good. Dry seeds of medium size, proportionally short, very flattish through . cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, decidedly larger at one end than at other, straight at eye, flesh yellowish in color, freely splashed with pansy violet, sometime almost solid pansy violet. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Cultivated mostly in the South. which it differs in larger vine, greater productiveness, larger pods, and large seeds of different color. Possesses all the good qualities of the small-seeded sorts, but never popular because _ objectionable runners and colored seeds. Vine much more spre tinguishable fren: that ie Willow-Leaved Bush and pods also resembling) same variety, — 2 differing principally in slightly narrower, longer shape and seed of larger size. 4 Synonym.—Steckler’s Calico Bush Lima. History.—Introduced in 1891 by several American seedsmen and said to have origi- nated in the vicinity of Atlanta, Ga. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate TH, 22; green shell pod and cross section of same are similar to Small White Pole (Pl. X XI, 5, and Pl. V, 34, tively); leaflets are about twice as wide as those of Willow-Leaved Pole (Pl. XXIII, 2), approaching more the shape of Henderson’s Bush. , WILLOW-LEAVED BUSH LIMA. Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900, 1901; May, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant very small for a bush Lima, somewhat slender stemmed, very erect, bushy, without runners or decided spreading branches, very early, long ‘n bearing, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf of medium size, of very dark, glossy _ green color, very smooth, very stiff, and with very long, narrow, pointed leaflets; the leaves, however, are very irregular in form, often approaching the broad shape of Hen- derson’s Bush Lima. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods of dark green color, of smooth surface, straight, very flat, very uniform in size, moderately wide, small for a bush Lima, about 2 inches long, and containing 3 or 4 seeds much separated in pod. Point or spur of pod very small or almost absent. Pods borne on numerous large clusters well above plant and well toward the center. Quality of green shell beans fair to good. Dry seed large, proportionally short, decidedly flat 109 LIMA BEANS. 45 through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, larger at one than at other, almost straight at eye, very distinctly veined, solid creamy white. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Cultivated mostly in the South. Of usefulness similar to Henderson’s Bush, but apparently less productive and hardy. More like that variety than any other, differing principally in shape of leaves, decidedly smaller vine, and slightly larger and proportionally narrower pods, which are same as those of Willow-Leaved Pole except smaller. History.—Introduced in 1901 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., as Burpee’s Willow- Leaved Bush. : Synonyms.—Burpee’s Willow-Leaved Bush Lima, Southern Willow-Leaved Sewee Lima. Illustrations.—Dry seed is similar to Small White Pole (Pl. IV, 27); green shell pod and cross section of same to Small White Pole (Pl. X XI, 5, and Pl. V, 34, respectively); and leaf to Willow-Leaved Pole (Pl. XXIII, 2). WONDER BUSH LIMA. Listed by 24 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dreer, 1905, 1906; Ferry, 1902, 1904; Fish, 1904. Description.—Plant large, thick stemmed, erect, compact, with few drooping branches, but without real runners, intermediate in season, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark -green, of smooth surface, moderately curved, flat, very uniform in size, wide, very large for dwarf Limas, medium for pole Limas, about 4 inches long, usually containing 3, sometimes 4, seeds well separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Pods borne in clusters of moderate size, well up from ground and well toward center of plant. Quality of the green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, proportion- ally short, very flattish through cross section, larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slightly greenish tinge. Comparison.—New and valuable but as yet not extensively cultivated. The best of large-seeded bush Limas for general cultivation, and largely replacing the old type of Burpee’s Bush Lima, some seedsmen, in fact, having discarded the old type alto- gether, selling only this improved strain. Differs from its parent principally in earlier season, more bushy, compact habit, and entire freedom from runners. Although not quite as large or as vigorous in vine, its pods and seeds are fully as large and numerous as those of its parent. ~ History.—Introduced in 1898 as Dreer’s Wonder Bush by Henry A. Dreer, who writes that the variety is a selection of Burpee’s Bush and was first discovered on Long Island. Synonyms.—Burpee’s Quarter Century Bush Lima, Dreer’s Wonder Bush Lima, Quarter Century Bush Lima. Illustrations.—Dry seed and cross section of green shell pod are similar to Large White Pole (Pl. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively); green shell pods same exactly as Burpee’s Bush (Pl. X XT, 2). WOOD'S PROLIFIC BUSH LIMA. Listed by 18 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Wood, 1904, 1905. ; Description.—Plant of medium size, somewhat slender stemmed, very erect and bushy, without runners or decided spreading branches, early, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf small for a bush Lima, very dark, glossy green, very smooth, mod- erately wide across leaflets. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, of smooth surface, very uniform in shape, straight at back and front but often curling from side to side, of medium size, moderately wide, very flat, about 3} 109 46 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. inches long, and containing 3 or 4 seeds well separated in pod. Point or spur of pod very small or almost absent. Pods borne in large, numerous clusters well above plant and well toward its center. Quality of green shell beans fair to good. Dry seeds large, proportionally short, decidedly flattish through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, larger at one end than at other, almost straight at eye, very distinetly veined, solid creamy white. Comparison.—New and as yet not extensively cultivated, but probably will in time largely replace the old Henderson’s Bush, as the objectionable small seed and pod of that variety have been much enlarged in this valuable sort. Excepting for being a few days later, all the excellent qualities of the Henderson’s Bush have been fully retained or perceptibly increased. Vine somewhat larger and more vigorous than Henderson’s Bush and pods straighter and slightly curling from side to side. Pods same as Wood’s Improved Pole except smaller. Synonyms.—Henderson’s Improved Bush Lima, King’s Improved Bush Lima, Prolific Bush Lima, St. Louis Seed Co.’s Improved Bush Lima, Tucker’s Prolific Bush Lima. History.—Introduced in 1899 by T. W. Wood & Sons, who state that it is a sport from Henderson’s Bush and was obtained from a farmer near Richmond, Va. Iilustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to Wood’s Improved Pole (Pl. IV, 26); green shell pod and cross section of same to Wood’s Improved Pole (Pl. XXI, 4, and Pl. V, 35, respectively); leaf to Small White Pole (Pl. XXIV, 5). POLE VARIETIES. The pole sorts described below represent as great variation in season and productiveness of plant and of color, shape, and size of pod as do the bush varieties. All are of American origin. DREER’S POLE LIMA. Listed by 58 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900; Dreer, 1906; Henderson, 1902; Johnson & Stokes, 1904, 1905; “May, 1897; Thorburn, 1901. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, very late, very heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, dark green, smooth, of narrower and more pointed leaflets than the large, flat-seeded sorts. Flowers white. Green shell pods medium green, straight, generally turned back at stem end, uniform in size, large, wide, exceedingly thick, ridged along ventral suture, about 3} inches long, and usually containing 4 or 5 seeds very crowded in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds large, almost as wide as long, flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, generally larger at one end than at other, straight or rounded at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—One of the most largely grown pole Limas and the only potato-seeded variety of the class. More largely planted in the East and North than in the South and West. Excellent for home or garden, and next to the small-seeded sorts the most certain cropper and often the most productive. Generally described as the best in quality, but tastes differ greatly in deciding quality in Limas and the difference be- tween Lima varieties in this particular can not be said to be important. Pod and leaf very similar to Dreer’s Bush Lima, differing principally in larger size and later season. Synonyms.—Challenger Pole Lima, Elliott’s Improved Pole Lima, Noll’s Ideal Potato Pole Lima, Potato Pole Lima, Shotwell’s Pole Lima, Walter’s Prolific Pole Lima. History.~Introduced in 1875 by Henry A. Dreer, who writes that the variety was ob- tained about 1857 from H. Kimber, of Kimberton, Pa. The old stock of Dreer’s Pole 109 a i ' LIMA BEANS. 47 is now probably extinct, the larger-podded Challenger having been substituted for the original type introduced by Henry A. Dreer. Illustrations.—Dry seeds, leaf, green shell pods, and cross section of green shell pod are illustrated on Plate II, 23, Plate XXIV, 7, Plate XXII, 3, and Plate V, 36, respec- tively. EXTRA EARLY JERSEY POLE LIMA. Listed by 71 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900; Henderson, 1902; Johnson & Stokes, 1904-1906; May, 1897; Thorburn, 1901. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, early, heavily to moderately productive, moderate to long in bearing period. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, moderately curved, fairly uniform, of medium size, wide, flat, about 4 inches long, and usually containing 3 or 4 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. } Comparison.—A well-known standard variety, being perhaps one of the six most largely grown pole Limas. Although generally satisfactory for home or market, it can not be recommended very highly because Seibert’s Pole and Leviathan Pole are so much better for every purpose for which this variety is usually recommended. Most » like Seibert’s Lima, differing principally in smaller pods, smaller seeds, and less pro- ductive vines. Often misrepresented by inferior and mixed stocks in same way as described for King of Garden. Synonyms.—Bliss’s Extra Early Pole Lima and probably several more whose identifi- eation has not as yet been positively determined. History.—Introduced about 1883. Sameas the variety known at that time as Bliss’s Extra Early. Introduced in 1878 by the late firm of B. K. Bliss & Sons. Iilustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to Large White Pole Lima (Pl. III, 22); green sheli pods to Burpee’s Bush Lima and Seibert’s Pole Lima (Pl. XXI, 2 and 3); and cross section of pod to Large White Pole Lima (Pl. V, 31). FLORIDA BUTTER POLE LIMA. No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Hastings, 1905. Description.—Trials too poor to make full description of type, but vine and pod evi- dently of same character as those of the small-seeded Limas, differing principally from most of this class in later season and larger growth. Pods borne in remarkably large clusters, curled from side to side, and almost as large as those of Wood’s Improved Pole Lima. Dry seeds medium in size for a Lima, almost as wide as long, flattish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, invariably straight at eye, milky white, blotched with brownish black at back and one end. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Apparently suitable only for the South, where it is said to be the most prolific of all Limas and an especial favorite of certain Florida farmers. Further trials are necessary before positively stating its real useful- ness and value. History —Probably of southern origin. Apparently last listed by American seeds- men in 1901, in which year it was catalogued by H. B. Hastings & Co. Possibly same as one of the speckled Limas listed by American seedsmen eighty or more years ago, but since dropped from seed lists. Jllustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IT, 21; green shell pods are similar to Wood’s Improved Pole Lima (Pl. XXI, 4) and cross section of pod to Wood's Improved Pole Lima (PI. V, 35). 3523—No. 109—07——4 48 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. FORD'S MAMMOTH POLE LIMA. Listed by 27 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Fish, 1903: Johnson & Stokes, 1902, 1904— 1906; Thorburn, 1897; Vaughan, 1906. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branch thick stemmed, late, very heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, straight, inclined to curl from side to side, somewhat depressed between seeds, fairly uniform in size, very lange, of good width, distinctly narrow compared with other Limas, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—A well-known standard variety, being perhaps one of the six most largely grown pole Limas. Longest podded of all Limas excepting Long-Podded Pole. Same as King of Garden in general usefulness and value, differing principally in longer, proportionally narrower, and straighter pods with more tendency to curl from side to side. Much misrepresented by inferior and mixed stocks in same way as described for King of Garden. History.—Introduced in 1893 by Johnson & Stokes, who write that the Variety origi- nated with James Ford, a market gardener of Philadelphia, Pa. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds and cross section of green shell pods are similar to Large’ White Pole Lima (PI. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively); green shell pods resemble King of Garden (Pl. XXII, 1). HENDERSON'S IDEAL POLE LIMA. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1906. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, late, very heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, very straight, flat, very uni- form in size, very large, about 54 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds well separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—New and as yet little knownand planted. For combination of large, straight, handsome pods, large seed, and great productiveness, this variety is superior to any other sort. It is the best of all Limas for main crop, and although merely an improvement over King of Garden, it is so distinctly superior to present type of that variety as to deserve a new name. Its superiority is especially noticeable in its straighter pods and freedom from the many undersized, curved, twisted, and imper- fectly shaped pods such as are commonly found in most stocks of King of Garden. History.—Introduced in 1906 by Peter Henderson & Co. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds and cross section of green shell pods are similar to Large White Pole Lima (PI. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively), and green shell pods to King of Garden (Pl. XXII, 1). KING OF GARDEN POLE LIMA. Listed by 122 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1897, 1900; Ferry, 1906; Fish, 1903; Johnson & Stokes, 1902, 1904, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1904, 1905, Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, late, very heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, 109 LIMA BEANS. 49 dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, slightly curved, flat, uniform in size, wide, very large, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 4 to 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—More largely grown than any other pole Lima. For combination of large, handsome pods, large seed, and great productiveness, this variety is surpassed only by Ford’s Mammoth and Henderson’s Ideal. Like many others of the standard pole Limas, it is often misrepresented by inferior and mixed stocks, much of the seed which is now sold as King of Garden being neither planted nor selected especially for seed, but bought of farmers who originally had sown the seed for the produce trade. The cheaper seed of the Lewis variety, so largely planted in southern California as a field bean, and inferior stocks of King of Garden and other varieties are thus often disposed of by so-called seed growers. More like Large White Lima and Henderson’s Ideal than any other pole Lima, differing from former principally in later season and larger vine, pod, and seed. Synonyms.—Schwill’s Monstrous Pole Lima, and probably several more whose identification has not yet been positively determined. History.—Introduction in 1880 by Frank 8. Platt. Developed by selection from Large White Pole Lima. Iilustrations.—A green shell pod is illustrated on Plate XXII, 1; dry seed and cross section of pod are similar to Large White Pole Lima (PI. ITI, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively). LARGE WHITE POLE LIMA. Listed by 134 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1897, 1900; Ferry, 1906; Johnson & Stokes, 1906; May, 1897; Thorburn, 1901, 1905. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, intermediate in season, heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, dark green. Green shell pods dark green, moderately curved, flat, uni- form in size, very wide, large-medium, about 43 inches long, and usually containing 3 to 5 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—Next to King of Garden, the most largely grown of all pole Limas. Excellent for either home or garden and suitable forall sections of the country. Not quite so large or so handsome as King of Garden and Henderson’s Ideal, but a good all-round sort and always attractive and salable. Often misrepresented by inferior and mixed stocks in same way as King of Garden. Intermediate between Extra Early Jersey and King of Garden in season, productiveness, and size of pod and seed. Synonyms.—May’s Champion Pole Lima and probably several more whose identifica- tion has not as yet been positively determined. History.—Name has been in common use in this country for over one hundred years, though the type has probably not always been the same as the present one. Illustrations.—Dry seeds and a cross section of a green shell pod are illustrated on Plate III, 22, and Plate V, 31, respectively. Greenshell podsare similar to Burpee’s Bush Lima (Pl. X XI, 2). 109 50 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. LEVIATHAN POLE LIMA. Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902, 1904, 1906. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, green throughout, early, heavily productive, of moderate to long bear- . ing period. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, very straight, flat, very uniform in size, wide, very large, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 4 to 6 seeds somewhat separated in pods. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—New and as yet little known or planted. Decidedly larger, straighter, and more handsome than either Seibert’s Pole or Extra Early Jersey Pole, decidedly the earliest of the large-seeded sorts, and by far the best extra early large-seeded Lima. Excellent for either home or market. Most like Henderson's Ideal, differing principally in smaller, fewer seeded, and proportionally narrower pods, earlier sea- son, and less vigorous and productive vines. History.—Introducd in 1900 by Peter Henderson & Co., who write thatethe variety came from Bergen County, N. J. Illustrations.—A green shell pod is illustrated on Plate XXII, 2. Dry seed and cross section of pod are similar to Large White Pole Lima (Pl. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively). q LONG-PODDED POLE LIMA. Listed by lseedsman. Seeds tested: Childs, 1905, 1906. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, green throughout, very late, lightly productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, moder- ately curved, flat, much inclined to curl and twist from side to,side, varying consider- ably in size, very wide, very large, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 4 to 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Qual- ity of green shell beans excellent. Dry seed very large, almost as broad as long, very flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Interesting for immense size of pods, which are often larger than those of any other variety, but so unproductive and pods so twisted, curly, and unattractive that variety is of little practical value. Pod and vine most like King of Garden, differing principally in productivenessand in curly, twisted pods. ‘ History.—Introduced in 1905 by John Lewis Childs, who writes that the variety was developed by A. Vander Veer, of Queens, N. Y. Illustrations.—Dry seed and cross section of pod are similar to Large White Tol» Lima (PI. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively); green shell pod is about as long and wide as King of Garden (Pl. XXII, 1). MOTTLED POLE LIMA. No longer listed by American secdsmen. Seeds tested: Sample obtained from an unknown fruit peddler in Washington, D, C., during summer of 1904, Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, green throughout, intermediate-late in season, heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf small for a Lima, very dark green, smooth, almost as glossy and stiff as the small-seeded Limas, moderately wide across leaflets. Flowers white. 109 LIMA BEANS. 51 Green shell pods medium green with slight suggestion of veining and mottling, espe- cially near dorsal and ventral sides, of somewhat coarse surface, moderately curved, very flat, often much depressed between seeds, uniform in size, wide, much narrowed at stem end, large-medium, about 3% inches long, and rarely containing more than 3 seeds, always much separated in pods. Point or spur of pod very small or almost absent. Pods borne in large clusters. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as wide as long, very flattish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight or incurved at eye, white with plum-violet splashing. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Interesting because of brilliantly splashed seeds, but apparently of no practical value except possibly for hardiness. Pods often imperiectly shaped, very flat for a large-seeded sort, and decidedly unat- tractive in color and smooth surface. Most like Large White Pole Lima, but differing greatly in color, texture, smailer size, and greater flatness of both seed and pod, and in decidedly smaller, darker green, smoother, and more glossy leaves, which approach in color, size, and texture those of Small White Pole Lima. History.—Probably same as one of the large-seeded spotted Limas catalogued by seedsmen about 1865 and still found growing in private gardens in the Southern States. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate III, 25, and green shell pods on Plate XXI, 1. SALEM MAMMOTH POLE LIMA. Listed by 5 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1905, 1906. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, green throughout, late, heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, much curved, flat, uniform in size, very wide, large-medium, about 4 inches long, and usually con- taining 3 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Point or spur of pod absent or insignifi- cant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as broad as long, flattish through cross section, but decidedly thicker than other large-seeded sorts, generally well rounded at ends, usually larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—Except for being grown extensively in parts of New Jersey, this variety is little known or planted throughout the country. Its value lies in the large size of its seed, which average larger than those of any other variety. Its pods are peculiar for their great width and curved shape, but are few seeded and short in length, the size of seeds seemingly being attained at expense of size of pods and num- ber of seeds. Most like Large White Pole Lima, differing principally in greater width, thickness, and curvature of pod, and larger, fewer seeds. History.—Listed by Johnson & Stokes at least since 1882, and apparently intro- duced by them. Said to have originated in Salem County, N. J. Iilustrations.—Seeds and cross section of pod are similar to Large White Pole Lima (Pl. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively); and green shell pods to Burpee’s Bush Lima (Pl. XXJ, 2), differing principally in being much thicker. SEIBERT’S POLE LIMA. Listed by 61 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1904, 1906; Fish, 1903; Ford, 1904; Gregory, 1897; Johnson & Stokes, 1902, 1904; Livingston, 1904, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, green throughout, early, heavily productive, long in bearing. Seed very large, dark green. Flowers white. Green shell pods dark green, moderately curved, flat, inclined to curl and twist from side to side, uniform in size, wide, large-medium, about 4} inches long, and usually containing 3 or 4 seeds somewhat separated in pod. 109 52 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Point or spur of pod absent or insignificant. Quality of green shell beans excellent. Dry seeds very large, almost as broad as long, very flattish through cross section, gen- erally well rounded at ends, generally larger at one end than at other, incurved at eye, very distinctly veined, white with slight greenish tinge. Comparison.—A well-known standard variety and one of the six most largely grown pole Limas. Larger seeded and possibly sometimes more productive than Leviathan Pole, but pods not nearly as large, straight, handsome, or as early in season. Next to Leviathan it is the best of the extra early large-seeded sorts. Most like Extra Barly Jersey Lima, differing principally in earlier season and larger, wider pods often twisted from side to side. History.—Introduced in 1895 by D. M. Ferry & Co. and originated in Ohio by a Mr. Seibert. Tllustrations.—Green shell pods are illustrated on Plate XXI, 3; seeds and cross section of pod are similar to Large White Pole Lima (Pl. III, 22, and Pl. V, 31, respectively). SMALL WHITE POLE LIMA. Listed by 43 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900; Ferry, 1906; Fish, 1903; Rice, 1905; Thorburn, 1905. Description.—Vine of large-medium growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, somewhat slender stemmed for a Lima, green throughout, very early, moderately to heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf small, very dark green, very smooth, very glossy, very stiff, moderately wide across leaflets. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods of a rich, dark green color, of very smooth surface, straight, very flat, very uniform in size, moderately wide, very small, about 3 inches long, and usually containing 3 or 4 seeds decidedly separated in pods. Point or spur of pod very small or almost absent. Pods borne on large, numerous clusters. Quality of green shell beans fair to good. Dry seeds small for a Lima, almost as broad as long, decidedly flat through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, larger at one end than at other, almost straight at eye, very distinctly veined, of a solid creamy white color. Comparison.—One of the most largely grown pole Limas. Extensively planted in the South, where all the stiff glossy-leaved types sueceed best. As sure a cropper as any other pole variety, ranking among pole Limas where Henderson’s Bush does among the bush sorts. Where small pods and seeds are objectionable, it will gener- ally be found that Wood’s Improved Pole is more satisfactory than this variety. Most like Wood’s Improved Pole Lima, differing principally in earlier season, smaller vine and pod, and almost total absence of curled or twisted pods. Pods same as Hender- son’s Bush Lima except larger. Synonyms.—Adam’s Everbearing Cluster Butter Pole Lima, Carolina Pole Lima, Carolina Sewee Pole Lima, Frost Pole Lima, Saba Pole Lima, Sewee Pole Lima, Sieva Pole Lima, Small Carolina Pole Lima. History.—Name has been in use in this country at least since 1830 and the type was one of the first cultivated Limas. Known at various times as Frost, Carolina, Sieva, Sewee, Saba, Sivy, Civet, Sky, West Indian, Butter Beans, and Bushel Beans. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds, cross section of pod, green shell pods, and leaf are illus- trated on PlateIV, 27, Plate V, 34, Plate X XI, 5, and Plate XXIV, 5, respectively. WILLOW-LEAVED POLE LIMA. Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Hastings, 1904; Johnson & Stokes, 1897; Rice, 1905; Schwill, 1905; Steckler, 1904. Description —Vine of medium growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, slender stemmed for a Lima, green throughout, very early, moderately productive, long in bearing. Leaf of medium size, very dark green, very smooth, very stiff, very 109 . a KIDNEY BEANS. 53 glossy, and of very long, extremely narrow, pointed leaflets, but leaf type not well fixed in shape, the leaflets often being quite wide and approaching in shape those of Small White Pole Lima. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods of a rich, dark green color, of very smooth surface, straight, very flat, very uniform in size, moder- ately wide, very small, about 3 inches long, and usually containing 3 to 4 seeds decidedly separated in pod. Point or spur of rod very small or absent. Pods borne on large numerous clusters. Quality of green shell beans fair to good. Dry seeds large, nearly as broad as long, decidedly flat through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, larger at one end than at other, almost straight at eye, very distinctly veined, of a solid creamy white color. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Cultivated mostly in the South. Inter- esting on account of the peculiar shape of its leaves, but apparently of no superior value or at least generally less productive and hardy than Small White Pole Lima, from which it differs in appearance principally in shape of leaves, decidedly smaller vine, and slightly longer and proportionally narrower pod, which are same as those of Willow-Leaved Bush Lima except larger. Synonym.—Southern Willow-Leaved Sewee Pole Lima. History.—Introduced in 1891 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Illustrations —A leaf is illustrated on Plate XXIII, 2; seeds are similar to Small White Pole Lima (Pl. IV, 27), as also are the green shell pods (Pl. X XI, 5). WOOD’S IMPROVED POLE LIMA. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Wood, 1904-1906. Description.—Vine of large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, slender stemmed for a Lima, green throughout, early, heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf small-medium, very dark green, very smooth, very glossy, very stiff, moderately wide across leaflets. Very floriferous. Flowers white. Green shell pods of a rich, dark green color, of very smooth surface, straight, very flat, often inclined to curl from side to side, very uniform in size, moderately wide, very small, about 3} inches long, and usually containing 3 or 4 seeds much separated in pod. Point or spur of pod very small or almost absent. Pods borne on large, numerous clusters. Quality of green shell beans fair to good. Dry seed small-medium in size for a Lima, almost as broad as long, very flat through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, larger at one end than at other, almost straight at eye, very distinctly veined, of a solid creamy white color. Comparison.—Little known and planted. The best of the small-seeded pole Limas, possessing not only ail the good qualities of the small-seeded sorts, but superior in being larger podded, more vigorous, and productive. Most like Small White Lima, differing principally in, larger, straighter pods having a tendency to curl from side to side. Pods same as Wood’s Prolific Bush except smaller. Synonyms.— King’s Improved Pole Lima, Nichol’s Medium Butter Pole Lima. History.—Introduced by T. W. Wood & Sons, by whom it has been listed at least since 1893. Illustrations.—Dry seeds, green shell pods, and cross section of same are illustrated on Plate IV, 26, Plate XXI, 4, and Plate V, 35; leaf is similar to White Pole Lima (Pl. XXIV, 5). KIDNEY BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS.) This species, which is the common cultivated bean of all the North and South American countries, is represented by more distinct varie- ties than any other species cultivated in American gardens. It is com- 109 - 54 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. monly divided into green-podded bush, wax-podded bush, green- podded pole, and wax-podded pole varieties. BUSH GREEN-PODDED. . This is the most important class of the Kidney beans and the only one which is grown to any extent as afield crop. Being so largely cul- tivated for its dry seed, the class naturally contains more tough-podded varieties than the wax-podded class, though many of the varieties are fully as good in quality and, taken as a whole, the varieties are even more extensively used as snaps than are the wax-podded kinds. BEST OF ALL BUSH. Listed by 43 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1897; Ferry, 1900; Keeney, 1904— 1906; Rice, 1905, 1906; Steckler, 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. E Description of late or true type.—Plant large, spreading extensively over ground, with heavy, thick-stemmed, drooping branches, without real runners, wholly green, very late, long in bearing, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf very large, dark green, wide across leaflets, and of very rough surface. Flowers light pink. Snap pods some- what variable in size, very long, straight, oval-round through cross section, often twisted or bent, medium green, brittle, stringy, of small fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and either slightly curved or straight. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, sometimes sparingly splashed with light red, fairly full on outside between seeds, rarely with undeveloped seeds, generally regular in shape, about 74 inches long, and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, nearly straight at eye, of pale buff color, freely splashed with purplish red. Description of early or flat-podded type.-—Plant large, slightly spreading, with oeca- sional outstretched branches but without real runners, thick stemmed, wholly green, intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf large, dark green, wide across leaflets, and of rough surface. Flowers light pink. Snap pods varying greatly in size, long-medium, slightly curved, flat, medium green, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, poor in quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod small and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, moderately splashed with light red, much depressed between seeds, often containing undeveloped seeds, frequently imperfect in shape, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 3 to 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. _ Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, oval through cross section, rounded at ends, straight at eye, pale buff freely splashed with purplish red. Comparison of late and early types.—Well known, but not one of the twenty most largely grown bush sorts. Formerly a great favorite in New Orleans and other southern markets. Most stocks of present day are badly mixed, the true fleshy-podded type having degenerated into a smaller, flatter podded bean, somewhat resembling a short imperfect Mohawk, but so tough as to be of little value for snaps and so unattractive as to be quite unsalable for green shell beans. The original fleshy-podded type is one of the longest and most showy of the bush varieties and excellent as snaps and green shell beans for either home or market, but not as reliable or as generally useful as Byer’s Bush or Refugee. Very similar to Giant Forcer, differing in no important respect except in color of seed, while it differs from Longfellow principally in thicker, longer, more curved, shorter pod point, and in having seeds of different color and shape. ) 109 —_— KIDNEY BEANS. 55 Synonyms of late type.—Breck’s String and Shell, Sion House Forcing, Sutton’s Dwarf Forcing. Synonyms of early type.—Earliest Gréen Pod, Isbell’s Earliest, Shipper’s Favorite. History.— Originated in Germany, and first listed in this country about 1876. Illustrations.—Dry seeds of late type are shown on Plate I, 17; those of early type on Plate I, 18; snap pods of late type on Plate XI, 3; green shell pods of early type resemble in shape and size the short pods often found in Boston Favorite (Pl. XTV, 4), differing principally in being smaller and narrower; cross section of snap pod of late type is about as wide as Black Valentine (Pl. V, 14), but much larger in size; cross section of snap pod of early type is similar to Mohawk (P1.V, 17). BLACK TURTLE SOUP FIELD. Listed by 4seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dreer, 1905; Moore and Simon, 1904. Description.—Plant very large, very spreading, with low-growing branches and run- ners of more or less creeping habit, very thick stemmed, and dark purple in color, late in seasonas snaps and field beans, of very long bearing period, very heavily productive. Leaf large, very dark green, varying to solid dark purple when old, very wide across leaflets, of rough surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long, slender, curved, flat, dark green, tinged with dark bluish purple, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, very poor in quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne well below foliage, of coarse surface, varying in color from dark green to solid dark purple, depressed between seeds, about 52 inches long and usually containing 7 to 9 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds very small, proportionally short, flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, solid black in color. 7 Comparison.—Strictly a field variety and grown to a small extent in parts of Califor- nia and New York for the foreign population and for seaboard use, being especially adapted for latter purpose because of its ability to withstand moisture better than most other sorts. Dry beans are quite different in flavor and quality from other varieties grown in this country and are in some demand for use in making certain kinds of soups. Pods decidedly too tough for snaps, too dull purple in color, too small seeded for green shell beans, and vines too late, coarse-growing, and spreading in habit for general cul- tivation. Pods similar in color to Blue Pod Butter and in shape more resembling the flat-podded type of Southern Prolific Pole than any bush variety, differing principally in shorter, narrower pods more curved at tip end. Synonyms.—Black Spanish, Tampico, Turtle Soup. History.— Cultivated in this country at least since 1845. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 17; snap pods on Plate XIIT, 4; cross section of snap pods is similar to the flat-podded type of Southern Prolific (Pl. V, 2), differing principally in flatter shape. BLACK VALENTINE, Listed by 26 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902; Keeney, 1904-1906; Tait, 1905; Thorburn, 1905. Description.—Plant large-medium, fairly erect, with occasional drooping branches but without real runners, thick stemmed, green throughout, slightly purplish tinged at nodes of stem and flower branches, early intermediate in season, of moderate bear- ing period, moderately to heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, narrow across leaflets, medium green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods very uniform, long, straight, almost round, dark green, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long, slightly curved. Green shell pods 109 56 “ AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. generally borne well above foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long and usually containing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seed small-medium, proportionally long, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight at eye, solid black in color. Comparison.—Extensively grown by market gardeners in parts of the South but not one of the twelve most largely grown varieties of the United States. Being unsur- passed in hardiness, excellent for shipping, and one of the most uniformly productive, reliable, and handsome podded varieties, it is often the most profitable bean for market gardeners but because of being exceedingly tough and stringy it never gives satis- faction to the consumer; and here in America, where snaps are gathered so much later than is customary in Europe, the use of varieties such as these for snaps should be dis- — couraged by seedsmen. » Because of small black seed and narrow pods, it is also unde- sirable for green shell beans. Most like Longfellow, differing principally in color of seed and tougher, flatter, more perfectly formed pods. Similar to Red Valentine only in earliness and shape of leaves. y Synonym.—King of Earlies. Confusing names.—Brown-Speckled Valentine, Cream Valentine, Giant Valentine, Red Valentine, White Valentine, all of which are very different from Black Valentine. — History.—Present type is claimed to have come from Europe and to have been first introduced in 1897 by Peter Henderson & Co., although it has net yet been proved — that it is different from the Black Valentine listed about 1850 and afterwards dropped — by American seedsmen. { Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 20; snap pods on Plate LX, 4, apd a cross section of snap pod is shown on Plate V, 14. BLUE POD BUTTER. Listed by 3seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901, 1902, 1905; Rogers, 1904. Description.—Plant medium in size, erect, without runners or spreading branches, — thick stemmed, more or less purplish tinged, especially at nodes and flower stems, early-intermediate in season, of short bearing period, lightly productive. Leaf — medium in size, dark green, varying to solid dull bluish purple, very wide across leaf- lets, and of slightly rough surface. Flowers purple. Snap pods uniform in size, long, straight, flat, dark green, varyingly tinged with bluish purple, somewhat tough, stringy, of moderate fiber, of poor to medium quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, generally solid bluish purple in color, somewhat depressed between seeds, about 64 inches long and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds, somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, proportionally long, flat- tish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, generally slightly incurved at eye, solid light ecru in color with minute brownish area around eye. Confusing name.—Blue Pod Field, which is of a very different type from Blue Pod Butter. Comparison.—Little known or planted and grown only by amateurs, to whom it is interesting because of its peculiar blue color. Often thought to be of good quality, but really quite tough and full of fiber, and being also unproductive and too dull purple in color for market use it possesses no real practical value. Habit of vine about same as Davis Wax and pods similar in size and shape to Allan’s Imperial Wax. JTistory.—Introduced in 1888 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who state that the variety came from Germany. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 15; snap pods on Plate XT, 4; leaf on Plate XXIV, 4; cross section of snap pod is similar to Detroit Wax (PI. V, 16), differing principally in being larger. 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 57 BOSTON FAVORITE. ‘ Listed by 30 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1905; Rogers, 1904. Description.—Plant very large, very spreading with moderate number of runners, thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color; flowers light pink, snap pods varying greatly in size and shape, generally long, occasionally short, slightly curved, flat, medium green, tough, stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, abundantly splashed with brilliant red, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 6% inches long and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, very long, oval through cross section, invariably much rounded at ends, generally straight at eye, pale buff in color freely splashed with purplish red. Comparison.—Largely planted in all parts of the United States, especially in New England, but not one of the twelve most largely grown bush sorts. Too tough and stringy for snaps and suitable only for green shell beans, though on account of the large proportion of undersized and imperfect pods it is much inferior for this use to Improved Goddard which it closely resembles, differing principally in more spreading habit, later season, and smaller, more unevenly shaped pods. 5 Synonyms.—Breck’s Dwarf Horticultural, Goddard. History.—Introduced in 1885 by the former Aaron Low Seed Company. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 26; green shell pods on Plate XTV, 4. BOUNTIFUL. Listed by 31 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1900-1902, 1905; Keeney, 1904-1906; Rogers, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium, fairly erect when young, but often drooping when fully grown, without runners or decided spreading branches, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, very early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to mod- erately productive. Leaf medium in size, very light green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, generally curved only at tip end, flat, very light green in color, brittle, stringless, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod extremely long, slender, and slightly curved or straight. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, never col- ored or splashed, slightly depressed between seeds, about 6} inches long and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods generally easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, slender, roundish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, solid straw yellow in color, sometimes shading to coppery yellow, always with minute brownish area around eye. Comparison.—W ell known but not one of the twelve most largely grown bush varie- ties. Rapidly gaining in popularity and largely replacing Long Yellow Six Weeks, to which it is much superior in quality, besides earlier and having larger, straighter pods. Because of fine quality, it makes an excellent sort for home gardening, and being, with the possible exception of Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod and Hodson Green Pod, the largest, most handsome, and even shaped of the flat, green-podded bush sorts, is excel- lent also for market use. Of same usefulness as Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod and more like it in appearance than any other, differing in no important respects except in color of seed, in season, and in light green foliage. Synonyms.—Breck’s Boston Snap, Sutton’s Plentiful (of English seed houses). History.—Introduced in 1899 by Peter Henderson & Co., who state the variety came from D. G. Burlingame, of Genesee, N. Y. 109 58 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Illustrations.—Snap pods and cross section of same are shown on Plate XIII, 1, and — Plate V, 9, respectively; new and old seed are same color, shape, and size as Long low Six Weeks (Pl. ITT, 18). : BROWN SWEDISH FIELD. Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Isbell, 1905; Northrup, King, & Co.,,190 1906. Description of round-podded type.—Plant large-medium in size, very erect, without ; runners or spreading branches, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, interme-— diate in season as snaps, early as field beans, long in bearing period, heavily produc-— tive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pe uniform in size, short-medium, straight, oval-flat through cross section, becoming round at green shell stage, light green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, poor it quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and slightly curved. Green s pods borne both above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, much depre: between seeds, about 53 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, proportionally short, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, generally larger at one end © than at other, rounded or flat at eye. solid brownish ocher in color except minute brownish area around eye. Description of flat-podded type.—This type is larger in vine, a little later in sea often inclined to spread and send out runnerlike branches, and with pods and s much larger and flatter than above type. Comparison of round and flat podded types.—This name is somewhat loosely app to a number of brown-colored beans brought over to this country by Swedish imm grants and grown to a limited extent in the Northwest, where there is a deman for them among the foreign population. All are strictly dry shell varieties and t tough and stringy for good snaps, while as green shell beans they are too small see and too narrow podded to compare well with such green shell varieties as Improved Goddard. The round-podded type here described is most like China Red Bye, dij fering principally in color and shape of seed and in shorter, straighter, more oval pods, while the flat-podded type is most like Long Yellow Six Weeks, differing prin- cipally in color of seed, in smaller, narrower pods, and in larger, more spreading vines History —Name appears to have been first recognized in seed catalogues about 1890 by Northrup, King & Co., although probably in use among produce trade some time before this date. . Tllustrations of round-podded type.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 3; easy pods — are of similar shape to Round Yellow Six Weeks (Pl. XIII, 5), differing principally in being flatter and with seeds less crowded in pod. Tllustrations of flat-podded type.—Dry seeds are saine in color as the round-podde type described above and similar in shape to Long Yellow Six Weeks (Pl. u, J 18); snap pods are also similar in shape to Long Yellow Six Weeks (Pl. X, 1), di fering principally in being narrower and shorter; cross sections of snap pods a similar to Mohawk (PI. V, 17), differing principally in smaller and flatter shape. BURPEE’S STRINGLESS GREEN POD. Listed by 156 seedmen. Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano, 1903; Burpee, 1897, 1899-1902, 1906; Dibble, 1905; Ferry, 1902; Keeney, 1904-1906; Philipps, 1903 Rogers, 1904; Thorburn, 1901, 1902; Vaughan, 1903. Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect when young, with a few shoots high above plant, but more or less drooping or spreading when fully grown; without run: ners, thick stemmed, green throughout, early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color, Flowe 109 - KIDNEY BEANS. 59 light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, long, generally more or less scimi- ter curved, sharply constricted between seeds as though drawn tight by a thread and separated into sections, round, dark green, extremely brittle, absolutely string- less, without fiber, of very good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length, variable in shape, and either straight, curled, or twisted. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed, very much depressed between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid burnt umber in color. Comparison.—One of the five most largely planted green-podded varieties and popular because of general reliability, hardiness, productiveness, and tenderness; also unsurpassed for home use, adapted to all sections of the country, and though largely grown by market gardeners it is not always regular enough in shape to make a good appearance on the market, generally containing a larger percentage of imperfect pods than Red Valentine, Extra Early Refugee, and most others of its class. Some complaint also has been made within the last three years of its susceptibility to rust and anthracnose. Similar to Giant Stringless Green Pod, Henderson’s Full Meas- ure, and Knickerbocker, differing principally from the first-named sort in color of seed, a few days earlier season, shorter, thicker, and more curved pods, and shal- lower constrictions between seeds. _ Synonyms.—Bell’s Prolific Green Pod, McKenzie’s Matchless Green Pod, Muzzy’s Stringless Green Pod. Confusing names.—Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod, Giant Stringless Green Pod, Jones's Stringless Green Pod, all of which are very different from Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod. ‘ History Introduced in 1894 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., and originated by N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, N. Y. Tilustrations —Snap pods and cross section are shown on Plate IX, 3, and Plate V, 13, respectively. BYER’S BUSH. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Childs, 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant large, very erect when young, but somewhat drooping when fully developed, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, late, of long bearing period, heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color, narrow across leaflets, of smooth and remarkably glossy surface, of very long petiole. Flow- ers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long, very straight, round, medium green, of exceedingly smooth and glossy surface, extremely brittle, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod very long and curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, sparingly purplish splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods generally easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, slender, roundish through cross section, straight at eye, truncate or rounded at ends, chiefly solid violet-purple, but always more or less splashed and mottled with pale buff. Comparison.—Little known or planted, but one of the most hardy and productive of snap beans, producing remarkably uniform, straight, handsome pods of beautiful glossy green color, far surpassing Red Valentine and Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod in all these respects and being almost as productive as Refugee. Too late in season to be suitable for some uses and not quite free enough from fiber to make the best snaps. Market gardeners are advised to give the variety a trial, as it may in some cases prove more profitable with them than Refugee or other late sorts. More like Giant 109 2: 60 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Stringless Green Pod than any other, differing principally in more regularly shaped pods without deep depressions between seeds, without imperfectly defined ends, and in peculiar glossy green color. History.—Apparently first listed in 1899 by John Lewis Childs, who writes that the seed was obtained from a Mr. Byer, of Tennessee. * Illustrations.—Snap pods are shown on Plate XII, 1; dry seeds are indistinguish- able from Refugee (Pl. III, 5); cross sections of snap pods are similar to Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod (Pl. V, 13). CANADIAN WONDER. Listed by 21 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1901; Cox, 1902; Fish, 1903; Kendel, 1901; Sharpe, 1904; Simmers, 1905; Thorburn, 1905; Tilton, 1901. Description.—Plant very large, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, thick stemmed, green throughout, very late, long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf large, dark green, and of somewhat rough surface. Flowers light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, curved, flat, of very rough, coarse surface, dark green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed, depressed on outside between seeds, about 8$ inches long and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, long, very flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight or incurved at eye, solid plum-violet in color. Comparison.—A well known but not extensively planted variety. Used both as a field and garden bean and, with the possible exception of Prolific Pickler, the longest podded, largest in growth of vine, and one of the most showy of the bush sorts for exhibition purposes. If picked very early the young pods are not only suitable as snaps but are as large in size as most sorts are when picked at the customary stage, but unless picked extremely early the pods will be fully as tough and as unsuitable for snaps as most field varieties. Excellent as green shell beans. More like Prolific Pickler than any other and next most like Red Kidney, differing principally in longer pod, later season, and larger vine. Synonym.—Rose. History.—Of uncertain origin and introduction. Listed by American seedsmen at least since 1884, when it was known as Rose Bean. TIilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 27; snap pods on Plate X, 2; leaf on Plate XXIV, 6. CHINA RED EYE. Listed by 43 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1897; Burpee, 1897, 1901; Keeney, 1904-1906; Thorburn, 1897, 1901. Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, somewhat slender stemmed, green throughout, early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, light green in color, Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, medium in length, straight, oval through cross section, light green in color, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod small-medium and straight. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, never appreciably splashed or colored, depressed between seeds, about 54 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, invariably straight at eye, white at sides and back and dark purplish red with pale buff marking around eye and ends. 109 2 ¥ : KIDNEY BEANS. 61 _ Comparison.—A standard variety of the United States, but not one of the twelve most largely grown bush sorts. Formerly one of the principal garden varieties, but now largely replaced by better sorts. Decidedly too tough podded for good snaps, but on account of hardiness, reliability, and uniform, attractive pods it is still grown in some sections both for snaps and green shell beans. General usefulness and value about the same as Mohawk, Long Yellow Six Weeks, and Improved Yellow Eye, while in appearance of pod it is most like Round Yellow Six Weeks and Improved Yellow Eye, differing from the former principally in color and shape of seed, and longer, slenderer pods, which are quite stringy. History.—One of the oldest of existing American sorts and cultivated in this country at least since 1800. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 15, and snap pods on Plate XI, 2. CREAM VALENTINE. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson 1897, 1902, 1903, 1905. Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, somewhat slender stemmed, green throughout, early, of moderate bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color, and very narrow across leaflets. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, of medium length, curved, round-broad through cross section, deeply creasebacked, medium green, extremely brittle, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne ex- tremely high on plant and mostly above foliage, never splashed or colored, some- what depressed on outside between seeds, about 4} inches long and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, slender, roundish through cross section, decidedly truncate at ends, straight at eye, irregular in shape, twisted, depressed or bulged out in places, solid medium ecru in color, with minute brownish yellow area around eye. Comparison.—Little planted and unimportant. Differs from Red Valentine only in color of seed and less in being productive. Confusing names.—Black Valentine, Brown Speckled Valentine, Giant Valentine, Red Valentine, White Valentine, all of which are very different from Cream Valentine. History Introduced in 1897 by Peter Henderson & Co., who write that the variety originated in Genesee County, N. Y. Tllustrations.—Seeds are shown on Plate III, 14; snap pods are same as represented for Red Valentine (Pl. VII, 3); cross sections of snap pods are similar to Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod (PI. V, 13); differing principally in smaller size and broader shape. CRIMSON BEAUTY. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Ford, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant large, very erect, with long stem holding plant well up from ground, without runners or spreading branches, thick stemmed, green throughout, early-intermediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, heavily to moder- ately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods very uniform in size, long, very straight, flat, dark green, of much fiber, tough, very stringy, of poor quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, abundantly splashed with brilliant red, moderately depressed between seeds, about 68 inches long and usually containing 6 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, generally straight at eye, pale buff in color, freely splashed with purplish red. 109 62 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Comparison.—Little known and planted, and although a good green shell bean of similar value and usefulness to Improved Goddard it is inferior to that variety in size of pods and productiveness of plants, but because of much earlier season it may sometimes be more useful to market gardeners. The variety may be aptly called ~ an “Extra Early Improved Goddard.” >” History.—Introduced in 1896 by Ford Seed Company, who write that the variety originated with E. D. Gibson, of Ashburnham, Mass., and that it isa cross between Dwarf Horticultural and a wax variety. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 28; green shell pods are similar to Improved Goddard (Pl. XIV, 3), differing principally in smaller size and averaging — straighter or at least rarely curved back at stem end as is common in Improved Goddard; cross sections of snap pods are similar to Mohawk (Pl. V, 17), differing principally in larger size and flatter shape. DAY'S LEAFLESS MEDIUM FIELD. = Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1897. Description.—Plant very large, very spreading, of many runners, slender stemmed, green throughout, late as snaps and field beans, long in bearing period, very heavily productive. Leaf small, medium green. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, short, generally much curved back at stem end, very flat, changing to oval at green shell stage, very square at tip, very light green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of very poor quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and straight. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never splashed or colored, depressed between seeds on outside of pod, about 4% inches long, and usually con- taining 6 or 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds small, — short, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, full or rounded at eye, solid white. Comparison.—Strictly a field variety and wholly unsuited for use as snaps or green shell beans. Seeds intermediate in size between the large seeds known to produce trade as marrows and the small seeds known as pea beans. Generally known in the wholesale markets as mediums. History.—First listed by seedsmen about 1898 and said to have originated with N. H. Day, of Honeoye Falls, N. Y. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 6; green shell pods and cross sections resemble Navy Peay (Pl. XIII, 3, and Pl. V, 3, respectively), differing principally in being much more curved back at stem end, much flatter, and much larger. ; EARLIEST MARKET, Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Griffith & Turner, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large, very spreading, with moderate number of runners and drooping branches, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, early-intermediate in season, long in bearing, lightly to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, dark green in color, of smooth and glossy surface. Flowers white. Snap pods variable — in size, very long, slightly curved, very flat, medium green, tough, stringy, of much tough fiber, of poor to medium quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod moder- ately long and curved. Green shell pods borne in large clusters well above foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, much depressed between seeds, about 6} inches long and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds well separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally short, flattish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, straight or incurved at eye, generally regular in shape, but sometimes slightly bulged out in places, solid white. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Most successful at the South. Profit- able only for green shell beans, its pods being too flat, tough, and unattractive for use 10p KIDNEY BEANS. 63 as snaps, and although its white seeds are very desirable for baking as well as for green shell, still it has never been found profitable as a field bean. Its superior merits, if any, are earliness and large size of seed, being similar in the former respect to Emperor William, but not nearly as large seeded nor producing such uniformly large, wide, handsome pods, besides having smaller, more spreading vine, smaller leaves, more runners, and more fruit spurs projecting high above plant. Next to Emperor William the variety is most like Tennessee Green Pod in appearance as well as in general usefulness and value. Synonym.—Schwill’s Quick Crop. History. Named in 1895 by Griffith & Turner, by whom it was formerly listed as First in Market. Probably same as Landreth’s First in Market, introduced in 1883 by D. Landreth & Sons. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to Emperor William (P1.ITV,19); green shell pods and cross section of snap pods resemble Dutch Case Knife Pole (Pl. XX, 1 and Pl. V, 28, respectively), differing principally in smaller and narrower shape. =a EARLY AROOSTOOK FIELD. Listed by | seedsman. Seeds tested: Jerrard, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant medium in size, erect, generally without runners or spreading branches, somewhat thick stemmed, early as,snaps and field beans, of short bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, long-medium, curved at mid- dle, flat, light green, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, depressed on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds fairly close in pods. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, roundish through cross section, slender, trun- cate or rounded at ends, generally slightly incurved at eye, solid white. Comparison.—Little known or planted, but claimed to be valuable as an extra early, white-seeded field bean for northern latitudes like Aroostook County, Me., where the seasons are short for growing late varieties of field beans. Fairly productive, hardy, and possibly a good sort for southern latitudes, but too tough podded to be generally recommended for snaps and not equal as green shell beans to most garden varieties nor to large-seeded field sorts, such as White Kidney and Canadian Wonder. Most like Long Yellow Six Weeks, differing principally in color and smaller size of seed, earlier season, and smaller, narrower pods. Confusing name.—Aroostook Bush Lima, a very different type of bean. History.—Introduced about 1893 by George W. P. Jerrard Company. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 10; snap pods are similar in shape to Long Yellow Six Weeks (Pl. X, 1), differing principally in smaller and narrower shape. EMPEROR WILLIAM. Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Holmes, 1905; Mitchell, 1905, 1906; Rawson, 1902; Wernich, 1905. Description.—Plant large, spreading, very low growing in habit, with many out- stretched branches and occasional runners, green throughout, thick stemmed, inter- mediate in season, long in bearing, moderately productive. Leaf large, dark green, wide across leaflets, and of very rough surface. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, slightly curved, very flat, light green, somewhat tough, stringy, of much fiber, poor to medium in quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod moderately curved and long. Green shell pods borne in large, numerous clusters high above foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed except for black lines along 3523—No. 109—07——5 64 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. sutures, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 63 inches long and us containing 6 or 7 seeds much separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. seeds large-medium, proportionally short, flattish through cross section, rounded ends, straight or incurved at eye, generally regular in shape, but sometimes slig bulging out in places, solid white except an occasional minute area of faint ye around eye. Comparison.—A favorite in Europe and adv ae in this country for a long tin but never very popular. Its large white seeds are much liked by some garden green shell beans, but it seems to have never become generally cultivated in A because spreading in habit and too tough, flat podded, and unattractive as White Kidney is far more profitable for dry beans, and is generally more satisfz green shell beans also. Most like Earliest Market in appearance and general use ness, and next most like Tennessee Green Pod. : Synonyms.—Dwart Case Knife, First in Market. - History.—First listed in this country about 1880 and described at that time as an German variety. . Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 19; green shell pods and cr section of snap pods are similar to Dutch Case Knife Pole (Pl. XX, 1, and Pl. V,3 respectively), differing principally in smaller size. EUREKA FIELD. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Ford, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant medium in size, erect, with occasional spreading branches, without real runners, thick stemmed, green throughout, late as snaps, early-interme ate as field beans, of moderate bearing period, lightly to moderately productive. medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods unifo: in size, short, slightly curved, very flat, light green, very tough, very stringy, of mu fiber, of poor quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod very short an straight. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, never colored splashed, much depressed between seeds, about 4% inches long, and usually cont at 5 or 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry se small-medium, proportionately short, roundish through cross section, invariable rounded at ends, decidedly larger at one end than at other, invariably rounded or full at eye, solid light greenish yellow in color. : Comparison.—This little-known and little-planted variety is a strictly green and di shell bean of no real merit except for the interesting light yellow color of its dry onl Its pods are decidedly too tough and stringy for good snaps, while for green or dry shell beans the variety is less productive than any other field sort and generally bears larger percentage of imperfect pods. Most like Vineless Marrow, differing principally in color of seed and smaller pods with peculiar, short, well-defined pod point borne at center end of pod. Synonyms.—Genter’s Sulphur, California Cream Beans, Sulphur-Colored Bean. History.—Introduced in 1893 by Ford Seed Company, who state the variety came from Mr. Goulding, of Portage County, Ohio, in whose family it has been for Per time, but the type has been doubtless known to many people at least since 1870. — Illustrations. —Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 2; green shell pods are quite unlike any of following illustrations, but perhaps most resemble Red Kidney (Pl. XTV, 1), differing principally in color of seed, and shorter, better filled, narrower, and m ore ; regularly shaped pods with shorter, better defined pod point. ; 109 ie | KIDNEY BEANS. 65 EVERBEARING. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900, 1901; Denison, 1903; Thor- burn, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large, very spreading, low growing, almost creeping in habit, of many runners, thick stemmed, green throughout, very late, very long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, very dark green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods varying greatly in size, long, curved, flat, medium green in color, exceed- ingly tough and stringy, of much hard fiber, of very poor quality, very free from an- thracnose. Point of pod medium in length and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods generally borne on numerous thick stems high above foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, very much depressed on outside between seeds, often vacant seeded, about 5} inches long, and usually conthining 5 or 6 seeds some- what separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, flattish oval through cross section, mostly well rounded at ends, incurved at eye, solid white. Comparison.—This very unusual and little planted variety seems to be of but limited value for this country, but in France, where snap pods are gathered very young and undersized, it may be one of the best garden varieties. Its pods consist of almost as much fiber as any variety cultivated in America and are decidedly too tough as snaps for American conditions, while for green shell beans it is too narrow podded, _ too irregular in shape, and too unattractive for a profitable market variety. Its use, if any, seems to be for dry beans, as its seeds are pure white and its plants productive inright locations. The different stocks seem to vary greatly in size, shape. and season, and principally for this reason it has not been much grown, even for dry beans. Quite different from other American sorts, but perhaps as much like Earliest Market as any, the pods differing principally in being smaller, narrower, more curved, deeper de- pressed between seeds, and more uneven and ill shaped, while vines are coarser and more spreading, with fruit spurs more numerous and projecting more prominently above foliage. HMistory.—Introduced in 1899 hy W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who describe it as of French origin. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 9; snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Lightning (Pl. XIII, 2, and Pl. V, 20, respectively), differing prin- cipally in color, and longer, narrower pods, approaching more the shape of the flat- podded type of Southern Prolific (Pl. XVI, 1). EXTRA EARLY REFUGEE. Listed by 118 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1899-1901, 1903; Keeney, 1904, 1906; Rawson, 1901; Rice, 1906; Rogers, 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902; Vaughan, 1901. Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, very compact, of well-rounded form, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, light green in color, narrow across leaflets. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, of medium length, curved, round through cross section, deeply creasebacked, light green, brittle, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, sparingly splashed with light purple, quite full on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods moderately hard to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, 109 66 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. bluish black splashed and mottled with pale buff, sometimes almost solid bl black. Comparison.—One of the twelve most largely grown bush sorts. A good shi and of fine appearance on the market and, though not as tender as Burpee’s ing g Green Pod or as fleshy as Red Valentine, it nevertheless makes good snaps for ho use, but it is too small podded for satisfactory green shell beans. Similar to Refugee only in color of seed and shape of pod, the season being much earlier vine much more bushy than that variety. Of usefulness similar to Red Valent and more like it than any other, differing principally in more compact and lower ing vines, and somewhat longer, more slender pods, which become slightly spla at green shell stage. Synonyms.—Best of All, Early Market Bush, Bolgiano’s Early May Queen, Ea May Queen, Excelsior Refugee, May Queen, Page’s Extra Early. Confusing names.—Golden Refugee, Refugee, Late Refugee, Silver Refugee, 1 Kinley Refugee, Galega Refugee, all of which are very different types from Extra Bay Refugee. History.—Introduaced in 1888 by J. M. Thorburn & Co. ~ Tilustrations.—Seeds are shown on Plate IT1, 6; snap pods on Plate VII, 2; “cross ~ sections of snap pods are similar to Refugee (Pl. V, 12) ss principally in thicker shape. . FRENCH FLAGEOLET. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Vincent, 1905, 1906. Descript.on.—P lant large, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, th stemmed, green throughout, intermediate-early in season, long in béaring, heavil productive. Leaf large, medium green, of somewhat rough surface. Flowers whit Snap pods uniform in size, very long, moderately curved, oval-flat through cross tion, very light green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of very poor q _ free from anthracnose. Point of pod extremely long and curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never splashed or colored, moderately pressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds fairl y close in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, long, oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, generally much incurved at eye, solid white. — Comparison.—Little known and planted and real value not yet fully established, but, being the longest podded of the early sorts and the only white-seeded, large- podded variety which is early in season, it might sometimes seem to be a useful — variety. Possibly valuable as a field bean for northern latitudes where seasons are short for maturing late varieties or for green shell beans or for snap pods to be used in shipping. Unless picked earlier than is customary in America its pods are not satis- factory as snaps for home use and are fully as tough as White Kidney and other field sorts. Most like Canadian Wonder, differing principally in color and shape of seed, earlier season, smaller vine, and shorter, narrower pods. History.—A very old name of obscure origin. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 21; snap pods are similar to Cana- dian Wonder (Pl. X, 2), differing principally in being considerably narrower and shorter. FRENCH KIDNEY FIELD. Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Musser, 1905, Description.—Plant very large, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, very thick stemmed, green throughout, very late as snaps, late as field beans, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf large, medium green, and of rough surface. 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 67 Flowers light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, long, very characteris- tically curved back at middle of pod, oval-flat through cross section, dark green, of very rough and coarse surface, very tough, very stringy, of much hard fiber, of very poor quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod very long, curved, gradually taper- ing. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, sometimes sparingly splashed with purplish red, moderately depressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, - and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, slender, oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, very straight at eye, light garnet brown, splashed with crimSon- violet. Comparison.—Little known and planted in this country. Of similar usefulness to French Mohawk and Red Kidney, the pods differing from latter principally in nar- rower shape, backward curving at middle, and splashed color of both seed and pods. History. —An old name of obscure origin. Tllustrations —Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 24; green shell pods are as much like those of Red Kidney (Pl. XIV, 1) as any of the illustrations here shown, differing principally in being narrower and curved back at middle of pod. FRENCH MOHAWK. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Johnson & Musser, 1906. Description.—Plant very large, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, thick stemmed, green throughout, very late, long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf very large, medium green, and of rough surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods uni- form in size, very long, slightly curved, oval through cross section, medium green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, very poor in quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, splashed with reddish purple, moderately depressed between seeds, about 7% inches long and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, slender, oval through cross sec- tion, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, deep bluish black in color, sparingly splashed with pale buff. Comparison.—Little known and cultivated in this country. On account of remark- ably straight pods and, perhaps, because of other qualities which have not yet been brought out in our limited trials, this variety may, in some cases, prove superior to Canadian Wonder and other varieties of this class. Suitable for both field and garden use and of satisfactory quality as snaps if picked younger than is customary with other varieties. Similar to Mohawk and Canadian Wonder, differing from former princi- pally in larger, coarser vines, later season, and longer pods, and from latter in straighter, narrower pods and splashed color of seed. History.—Named in 1904 by Johnson & Musser, but previously listed by them as Rapp’s Favorite, under which name it was introduced in 1900. Illustrations —Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 8; snap pods are similar to Mohawk (Pl. XII, 4), differing principally in much larger size and longer pod point; also similar to Canadian Wonder (Pl. X, 2), differing principally in being straighter, narrower, and shorter. GALEGA, No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1903, 1905. Description.—Plant very large, very spreading, with many runners and drooping branches, slender stemmed, green throughout, very late, very long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf small, light grayish green, very narrow across leaflets, very smooth, and of very long petiole. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, 109 68 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. i= very long, straight, oval-flat through cross section, dark green, somewhat tough, — stringy, of moderate fiber, of poor to fair quality, quite free from anthracnose. Point of pod straight and medium in size. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, splashed with reddish purple, quite full on outside between seeds, about 6} inches long, and esuay. conten 7 seeds crowded in Bae Dry pods very generally rounded at pol; stein at eye, pice black i in cole fairly splashed with | pale buff. ‘omparison.—This variety, which has never been popular in America, has now almost gone out of cultivation. On account of extremely late season it is of very limited value, although unsurpassed among strictly garden varieties for productive-_ handsome pods. Similar in general usefulness and value to Hodson Green Pod and — more like it in appearance than any other, differing principally in larger, slendere1 stemmed plants, with straighter, shorter, thicker, proportionally narrower pods. — Differs from Refugee principally in color of seed, larger, later vine, and longer, flatter, tougher pods. : Synonym.—Galega Refugee. 3 History.—Listed by American seedsmen under this name at least since 1880. Prob- — ably a very old type. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 7; leaf on Plate XXIV, 1; snap pods are more like those of Mohawk (Pl. XII, 4) than any of illustrations, differing i ins narrower but considerably longer shape, banded being splashed at green shell stage. GARDEN PRIDE. No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Jones, 1903-1905; Keeney, 1906; Vaughan, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant small-medium, slightly spreading, without runners or decided spreading branches, somewhat slender stemmed, green throughout, early-interme- — diate in season, of moderate bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, light green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, medium in length, scimiter curved, oval-round through cross section, light green in color, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod long, imperfectly defined, generally curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never splashed or colored, slightly depressed on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, somewhat slender, roundish — through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, almost straight at eye, sliver from — pod occasionally attached to eye, solid white except sometimes minute area of faints , yellow around eye. Comparison.—Little known and planted, Of usefulness similar to Red Valentine — and Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, and although not quite so productive it has some value over others of its class because of pure white seed. Vine similar to Bountiful, differing principally in less spreading habit, while pods are almost same in appearance as Jones’s Green Pod but easily distinguished from it by the very light yellowish green of its green shell pods. History.—Introduced ih 1903 by the originator, A. N. Jones, of Leroy, N. Y. Illustrations. —Dry seeds are shown on Plate 1V, 11; snap pods resemble Extra Barly Refugee (PI. VII, 2), differing principally in stringlessness, larger size, flatter shape, — lighter green color, and peculiar scimiter curvature of pod, which is decidedly curved inward at extreme tip end and decidedly curved backward at extreme stem end. 109 : KIDNEY BEANS. 69 GIANT FORCER. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Dreer, 1906. | Description.—Plant very large, spreading extensively over ground with heavy, thick-stemmed, drooping branches, but without real runners, wholky green, very late, long in bearing, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf very large, dark green, wide across leaflets, and of very rough surface. Flowers light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, straight, oval-round through cross section, medium green in color, brittle, stringy, of small fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and slightly curved or straight. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, sparingly splashed with faint red, full on outside between seeds, about 7% inches long, and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods some- times hard to thrash. Dry seeds small-medium, short, generally larger at one end than at other, roundish oval through cross section, well rounded at ends, straight or rounded at eye, pale buff in color, sparingly splashed with medium fawn. Comparison.—New and as yet planted only in an experimental way. Recom- mended by introducers as excellent for forcing, but as Department trials of this variety have so far been incomplete it is not possible at this time to state its real value in this and other respects. Excepting for smaller size and different color of seed it seems to be similar in appearance and general usefulness to the late type of Best of All, but unlike that variety the stocks are pure and even. History.—Introduced in 1906 by Henry A. Dreer. Lilustrations—Snap pods are similar to Best of All (Pl. XI, 3). GIANT STRINGLESS GREEN POD. Listed by 78 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901, 1903; Keeney, 1903, 1904, 1906; Philipps, 1903; Rice, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect when young, with a few shoots high above plant, but upon approaching maturity becoming somewhat weighed down and spreading with many outstretched branches, without real runners, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, early-intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, gener- ally more or less scimiter curved, sharply constricted between seeds as if drawn tight by a thread and separated into sections, round, deeply creasebacked, dark green, extremely brittle, absolutely stringless, totally without fiber, of very good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length, variable in shape, either straight, curled, or twisted. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never | appreciably colored or splashed, very much depressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds tightly crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, slender, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid brownish ocher in color except minute brown area around eye. Comparison.—One of the most largely grown garden varieties. Except for differ- ence in color of seed, it is sometimes hardly distinguishable from Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod and possesses about the same merits and has the same fault of uneven pods described for that variety. Tor home use there is little to choose between the two varieties but for market use there exists considerable difference of opinion as to which variety is the most profitable. A few days later in season, and pods a little longer, proportionally slenderer, straighter, and more deeply constricted between seeds than Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod. Also similar to Knickerbocker and Henderson’s Full Measure. ; 109 7% 70 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Synonyms.—Bell’s Giant Stringless Green Pod, English Stringless, Giant Valentine, Mammoth Stringless Green Pod, Norwood Giant Stringless. ; Confusing names.—Jones’s Green Pod, Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod, both very a different types. : History.—Introduced in 1898 by Johnson & Stokes as Giant Stringless Green Pod Valentine. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 24; snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod (Pl. IX, 3, and Pl. V, 13, respee- tively). GOLDEN REFUGEE. Listed by 4 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1902, 1905. f Description —Plant very large, very spreading, with many runners and drooping — branches lying loosely over the ground, thick stemmed, green throughout, very late, very long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf small, very light grayish green, very narrow across leaflets, very smooth, and of very long petiole. - Flowers pink. — Snap pods very uniform in size, medium to long, slightly curved, round through — cross section, silvery green in color, brittle, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and curved. Green shell pods borne well below foliage, occasionally splashed with reddish purple, quite full — on outside between seeds, about 53 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds” crowded in pod. Dry pods moderately hard to thrash. Dry seeds small-medium, proportionally slender, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at enday: generally flat at eye, chocolate brown freely splashed with maize yellow. Comparison.—Department trials have not been extensive enough to determine real value of this little known and planted variety, but it seems to be of usefulness similar to Refugee and perhaps of special value on account of the unusual color of its pods, — which are almost as silvery white as those of Crystal Wax. Differs from Refug principally in being a few days earlier, of lighter colored foliage, smaller vine, and. shorter pods; also thought by some to be less productive and hardy. Synonyms.—McKinley Refugee, Silver Refugee. Confusing names.—Refugee, Late Refugee, Galega Refugee, Extra Early Refugee, all of which are very different from Golden Refugee. ¥y History.— Apparently first introduced in 1884 by J. M. Thorburn & Co. Illustrations.—Leaf is shown on Plate XXIV, 3; snap pods and cross section of same_ are similar to round-podded type of Refugee (Pl. XII, 3, and Pl. V, 12, respectively). GRENELL’S STRINGLESS GREEN POD. Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Grennell, 1903-1905. — “f Description.—Plant large-medium in size, erect when young, slightly spreading — when old, without runners or decided spreading branches, somewhat thick stemmed, — green throughout, early, of short bearing period, moderately to heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, light green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, curved at tip end only, very flat, light green, brittle, stringless, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod extremely long, slender, slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and — below foliage, never colored or splashed, slightly depressed on outside between seeds, about 6% inches long, and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry — pods generally easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, medium in length, generally well rounded at ends, oval through cross section, generally straight at eye, solid white except small area of medium hazel around eye. Comparison.—Little known or planted. A good all-round, green-podded sort of similar usefulness to Bountiful and more like it in appearance than any other, differing 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 71 nno important respects except in color of seed, a few days later season, longer, flatter, more curved pods, and more erect vines. Confusing names.—Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod, Giant Stringless Green Pod, Jones’s Stringless Green Pod, all of which are very different from Grenell’s Stringless een Pod. e are similar to Bountiful (Pl. XIII, 1, and Pl. V, 9, respectively). HENDERSON’S FULL MEASURE. _ Listed by lseedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1906. ___Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect when young, with few shoots high above plant, but upon approaching full development becoming weighed down and spreading with many outstretched branches, without real runners, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, early-intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, generally more or less scimiter curved, sharply constricted between seeds as if drawn tight by a thread and separated into sections, round, deeply creasebacked, dark green, extremely brittle, absolutely stringless, totally without fiber, of very good quality. Point of pod medium in length, variable in shape, either straight, curled, or twisted. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed, very much depressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, _ very slender, straight, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, uniformly straight at eye, chocolate brown freely splashed and mottled with maize yellow. Comparison.—This new and as yet little known and cultivated variety has not yet been tested long enough to make an accurate comparison with other varieties, but it is evidently very similar in appearance to Giant Stringless Green Pod and of similar usefulness and value. History.—Introduced in 1906 by Peter Henderson & Co., and described by them as a cross between Yosemite Wax and Late Refugee. — Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are about same shape and size as Longfellow (PI. I, 20); snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod (PI. TX, 3, and Pl. V, 13, respectively), differing principally in larger size and straighter shape. HODSON GREEN POD. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Clark, 1905; Keeney, 1906. Description —Plant very large, without decided runners, but with many out- stretched branches lying loosely over ground, thick stemmed, wholly green, very late, long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, of very narrow and pointed leaflets, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, almost straight, flat, medium green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, poor to medium in quality, quite free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, _ neyer appreciably splashed or tinged, about 7 inches long, and usually containing 6 to Sseeds crowded in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, slender, roundish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, purplish red freely splashed with pale buff. 109 72 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. -# Comparison.—New and as yet little known and planted. Differs from Hods Wax only in color of pod and, like that variety, is too tough for home use, but, i pods being extremely large, very handsome, and excellent shippers and the pl 2 usually the most productive, strongest, and rankest grower of all the green-podd bush sorts, it makes a good market gardener’s sort for late crops. More like than any other of the green-podded varieties, differing principally in earlier s and larger, flatter pods. History.—Introduced in 1906 by O. W. Clark & Son, who state the variety y found in a field of Hodson Wax. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are same as Hodson Wax (PI. I, 19); snap pods and cross section of same are similar in shape to Currie’s Rustproof Wax (Pl. VIII, 1, and Pig ; V, 10, respectively), differing principally in being longer and much flatter. IMPROVED GODDARD. Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1898, 1900-1902, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant large, very erect, with long stems holding plant well up fr ground, without runners or spreading branches, thick stemmed, green through late-intermediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, heavily productive Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods very uniform in size, very long, straight, flat, dark green, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and b foliage, abundantly splashed with brilliant red, moderately depressed between about 7 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, very long, oval through cross section, inva much rounded at ends, generally straight at eye, pale buff in color, freely sp with purplish red. Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties of the country and much less plant than the old Goddard or Boston Favorite, although much superior to it in earli and uniformly large, straight, handsome pods. Decidedly the best all-round strictly green shell bean and the best, largest, and most handsome show variety for green shell m7 beans, as well as the most productive of the Horticultural class, but unsuitable fore snaps or for field culture. Most like Crimson Beauty, differing principally in produc- tiveness, later season, and larger eg F History.—Introduced in 1897 by D. M. Ferry & Co., and described as a selection from Boston Favorite or Goddard. ; Illustrations —Green shell pods are shown on Plate XIV, 3; seeds are about same as Boston Favorite (Pl. I, 26); cross sections of snap pods are similar to Mohay (Pl. V, 17), differing principally in considerably flatter shape and larger size. “a IMPROVED YELLOW EYE. Listed by 1] seedsmen. Seeds tested: Schlegel & Fottler, 1905. ‘ Description.—Plant large, very spreading, with many runners lying loosely over ground, thick stemmed, green throughout, intermediate-early, long bearing, moder- ately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods are somewhat variable in size, long-medium, slightly curved, very flat, becoming roundish at green shell stage, light green, very tough and _ stringy, of. much fiber, of poor quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never splashed or colored, much depressed between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, proportionally short, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, often larger at one end than at the other, straight or rounded at — 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 73 eye, solid white, except brownish ochre around eye covering about one-fourth of area of bean. Comparison.—One of the minor field varieties of the country and formerly more largely grown than at present. Of about same usefulness as White Marrow and next to Yellow Eye more like it in appearance than any other, differing principally in color and smaller size of seed and shorter, narrower, better filled pods. Like White Marrow, its pods are too tough in texture and too irregular in shape to make good snaps, but are satisfactory for green shell beans. History.—Listed by seedsmen in this country at least since 1880. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 12; green shell pods ate similar to Red Cranberry Pole (Pl. XVIII, 3), differing principally in smaller size and flatter shape. KNICKERBOCKER. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect when young with few shoots high above plant, but, upon approaching maturity, becoming somewhat weighed down and spreading with many outstretched branches, without real runners, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, early-intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, generally more ' or less scimiter curved, sharply constricted between seeds as if drawn tight bya thread and separated into sections, round, deeply creasebacked, dark green, extremely brit- tle, absolutely stringless, totally without fiber, of very good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length, variable in shape, straight, curled, or twisted. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed, very much depressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds tightly crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds Jarge-medium, slender, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, solid purplish brown in color. Comparison.—This little known and little planted variety has not yet been tested sufficiently by this Office to determine its real value but it appears to be of about same usefulness as Giant Stringless Green Pod, the young pods being hardly distinguishable from those of that variety and the sort differing in no important respect except in color of seed and freedom from flattish pods. History.—Introduced in 1902 by Peter Henderson & Co., who write that the variety came from Genesee County, N. Y. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 23; snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod (Pl. [X, 3, and Pl. V, 13, respec- tively), differing principally in being longer and straighter. LATE REPUGER. See Refugee. LIGHTNING. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1902, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant medium in size, very spreading with many long creeping branches but with only occasional runners, very thick stemmed, more or less purplish tinged at stems and branches, especially at nodes and on fruit spurs, very early, of short bearing period, lightly productive. Leaf medium in size. very dark green, often tinged with brownish purple, very wide across leaflets and of rough surface. Flowers white with pink blotch at upper end of standard and wings extending half way down petals in distinct streaks. Snap pods variable in size, short, variously curved 109 "4. AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. and bent, very flat, medium green in color, very tough, very stringy, of much of very poor quality, quite free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in 1 gradually tapering, moderately curved. Green shell pods borne high above foliage ¢ numerous, thick flower stalks and well toward center of plant, dark green, ¢ splashed and tinged with brownish purple, very much depressed between seeds, 6 vacant seeded, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds well sep in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium in size, medium length, flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, incurved eye, somewhat irregular in shape, often bulged out on one side, creamy white pe variously striped with greenish gray to deep putty, largely white in some seeds, greenish gray in others. Comparison.—Little known and planted, and of very little value. Apparently suit able only for extra-early green shell beans and, though the earliest of all for this it rarely proves as profitable even for this purpose as Ruby Horticultural, Warw or Crimson Beauty. Its plants are unproductive and unreliable, its green shell small, twisted, ill shaped, and unattractive, while snap pods are decidedly too tou in texture even for market. About as flat-podded as Emperor William, more sp: ing than Navy Pea, and less productive than most garden sorts. Synonym.—F eejee (of about 1875). History.—Apparently first named in 1901 by J. M. Thorburn & Co. Iilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate ITI, 12, and snap pods and cross se of same on Plate XIII, 2, and Plate V, 20, respectively. LONGFELLOW. Listed by 52 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Denison, 1903, 1904; Henderson, 1807, 00, 1902, 1905; Keeney, 1904, 1906; Rogers, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant large-medium, generally more or less spreading and wei ghed down with heavy outstretched branches, but always without real runners, i stemmed, green throughout, intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, gen. erally moderately productive. Leaf large, dark green, wide across leaflets, of some- what rough surface. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods variable in size, very lo very straight, round, dark green, brittle, stringy, of slight fiber, of good quality, espe-— cially subject to anthracnose. Point of pod- extremely long, imperfectly defined, gradually tapering, variously shaped, either straight, twisted, or much curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never appreciably colored on splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 6% inches long, and usually containing — 6 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods generally easy to thrash. Dry seeds of — medium size, very slender and straight, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, uniformly very straight at eye, dingy brownish red freely splash ed with pale buff. Comparison.—One of the Jesser grown varieties of the country. Often the best for market gardeners to grow as snaps but too narrow podded for satisfactory green shell beans and somewhat too tough and stringy for home use. Much liked in parts of the South and especially attractive because of long, straight pods, no other round- — podded variety being straighter than this one. Although productive in favorable localities, this variety, under unfavorable conditions, succumbs more quickly to — anthracnose than any other, and unless a good growth is obtained there is likely to — be a considerable number of undersized and imperfectly shaped pods which are abruptly bent, deeply depressed between seeds, and incompletely filled; but whether ; the growth be good or poor the pods always show coarse, tapering ends, no other — variety having such a long and imperfectly defined pod point. Most like Black Val- — 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 75 entine in appearance and general usefulness, differing principally in later, darker green, coarser growing plants, rounder, darker green pods and seed of different color. Synonyms.—Emerald Beauty, Emperor of Russia, French Market, French Lead Pencil, French Stringless, Perfectly Straight Round Pod, Steckler’s Perfectly Straight Round Pod, Sutton’s Perfection. History.—Iniroduced in 1895 by Peter Henderson & Co., and described as of Euro- pean origin. SIilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 20; snap pods on Plate IX. 1; cross sections of snap pods are about as broad as the round-podded type of Refugee (Pl; Vi, 12). LONG YELLOW SIX WEEKS. Listed by 160 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1901; Denison, 1903; Ferry, 1900; Henderson, 1901; Keeney, 1905, 1906; May, 1897; Rogers, 1906; Schlegel & Fottler, 1901; Thorburn, 1897, 1901-1903; Vaughan, 1901. Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, without runners or spreading branches, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout, early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size. light green in color. Plowers light pink. Snap pods very uniform in size, long, generally curved at middle, flat, light green, tough, very stringy, of moderate to strong fiber, poor to fair in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, slightly depressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds, fairly close in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, slender, roundish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, solid straw yellow in color, sometimes shading to coppery yellow, always with minute brownish area around eye. Comparison.—This variety, which is extensively grown in all parts of the country, has been a standard sort for over seventy years and is to-day one of the five most largely grown green-podded garden varieties. Being an unusually fine shipper, hardy, reliable, fairly productive, handsome, and of even shape, it is one of the best for market gardening, but its pods are too tough to be of good quality as snaps for home use, Bountiful being decidedly preferable for private gardens. Pods more like those of Bountiful than any other, differing principally in being smaller. tougher, curved at middle instead of tip end, while vines are darker green, smaller, and less spreading in habit. Synonym.—Pride of Newton. History.—One of the oldest of the present-day sorts. Listed by J. M. Thorburn & Co., at least since 1822. Illustrations —Seeds are shown on Plate III, 18; snap pods on Plate X, 1; cross see- tions of snap pods are similar to Bountiful (Pl. V, 9). LOW’S CHAMPION. Listed by 3] seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1905; Rawson, 1902; Rogers, 1904. Description —Plant very large, generally erect, without runners or decidedly spreading branches, very thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, long in bearing, moderately to heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, dark green in color, of glossy surface, wide across leaflets. Flowers light pink. Snap pods uniform in size, medium long, extremely wide, straight. flat, dark green, brittle, of inappreciable string, of slight fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short, straight, and generally projecting from middle end of pod. Green 109 76 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never appreciably splashed or colored, erately depressed between seeds, about 54 inches long, and usually conta 6 or 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods generally easy to thrash. Dry seeds ls medium, proportionally short. roundish oval through cross section, truncate or round: at ends, larger at one end than at other, rounded or full at eye, solid deep carmi violet. Com parison.—One of the lesser grown varieties of the country. Particularly u as snaps and green shell beans for home or market, no other variety, except possi Warren Bush and Ruby Horticultural Bush, combining these two uses so perfe The texture of its thick pod walls, which are fully as free from fiber as most of th round-podded sorts, is quite different from that of the soft, fleshy-podded varieti and its pods are preferred by some for snaps to such varieties as Red Valentine. _ green shell beans it is unsurpassed in size and shape of both pod and seed, but h not the advantage of white seed like White Kidney nor of beautifully splashed like Ruby Horticultural and Improved Goddard. Especially useful as snaps bee: fit for this purpose for so longa time. More like Warren Bush than any other, differ- ing in no important respect except color of seed. Next most like Ruby Horticultural in appearance, general usefulness, and value. Pods of very similar shape to La Wife Pole. Synonym.—Dwari Red Cranberry. Mistory.— Introduced in 1884 by the former Aaron Low Seed Company. Illustrations.—Snap pods are about same shape and size as Warren Bush (PI. IX, 2). MARBLEHEAD HORTICULTURAL. Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900, 1902; Gregory, 1897, 1905. Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, without runners or spre: branches, thick stemmed, green throughout, intermediate in season, long to mo ate in bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf large, dark green, wide a leaflets, of smooth surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long, st flat, dark green, somewhat tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor to medium qual ity, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size, slightly 1. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, splashed with dull reddish pur- ple, moderately depressed between seeds, about 5§ inches long, and usually containing — 6 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium in size, proportionally short, roundish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, — straight at eye, pale bufi in color, generally sparingly splashed with violet-purple but — with occasional seeds almost solid violet-purple. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Satisfactory as snaps for market garden. ing, especially in New England, where Horticultural varieties of all kinds — well. Too tough and stringy as snaps for home use. Principally planted for green shell beans, but even for this purpose it will rarely prove as valuable as Improved Goddard, being smaller podded, less productive, and less attractive. Most like Crim- son Beauty in appearance as well as in general usefulness and value, and resemblin also Ruby Horticultural Bush. sf Iistory.—Introduced in 1882 by Jas. J. H. Gregory & Son, who write the variety — was obtained from a Mr. Dodge, of Beverly, Mass. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 24; green shell pods are as much like Improved Goddard (Pl. XIV, 3) as any of illustrations, differing in color of splash- — ing and in smaller, narrower pods. 109 * —e 2 KIDNEY BEANS. 77 MOHAWK. Listed by 121 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee,.1901, 1906; Ferry, 1899, 1900, 1903 Keeney, 1904-1906; May, 1897; Rice, 1905, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant large, very erect, without runners, but sometimes drooping and spreading when old, thick stemmed, green throughout, early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leat large, dark green, wide across leaf- lets. Flowers light pink. Snap pods variable in length, long, straight, oval-flat through cross section, medium green, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, moderately free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and straight. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, sparingly splashed with reddish purple, about 6% inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, long, oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, dark dull violet splashed with pale buff, sometimes almost solid dark dull violet. Comparison.—A standard garden variety in this country since 1840 and to-day still one of the ten most largely grown bush sorts. Being a fine shipper, extremely hardy, productive, and producing long, straight, handsome pods, it is generally a profitable variety for market gardening, but is decidedly too tough and stringy as snaps for home use. Asagreen shell bean it is not nearly:so large seeded, handsome, or desirable as Improved Goddard or Ruby Horticultural. Similar in appearance and general usefulness to French Mohawk and Long Yellow Six Weeks, differing from latter prin- cipally in color of seed, in straighter, flatter, tougher, darker green, splashed pods, and larger, coarser vines. Synonyms.—Brown Six Weeks, North Star. History. Cultivated in this country at least since 1820. Illustrations —Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 10; cross section of snap pods on Plate V, 17; snap pods on Plate XII, 4. NAVY PEA FIELD. Listed by 67 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1902, 1905; Johnson & Stokes, 1897. Description.—Plant large, very spreading, with many runners lying loosely over ground, slender stemmed, green throughout, late for garden snaps, early as a field bean of short bearing period, very heavily productive. Leaf very small, medium green, smooth. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, very short, straight, flat, becoming almost round at the green shell stage, very light green in color, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, very poor in quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and straight. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never colored or splashed, moderately depressed on outside between seeds, about 3} inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds very small, very short, or almost as wide as long, roundish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, full or rounded at eye, solid white. Comparison.—This variety, represented by many local names and strains and com- monly known in the produce trade as Marrow Peas, is the principal field variety of the United States. It is wholly unsuited for use as snaps and green shell beans and is grown only for its dry seeds, its total plantings far excelling those of all garden varieties combined. Similar to Snowflake Pea and Prolific Tree, differing from former princi- pally in later season, flatter pods, larger vine, and larger, rounder seed, and from latter principally in earlier season and smaller vine and pod. Synonyms.—In certain local markets and with many seedsmen this variety is regarded as identical with Banner Leafless, Bismarck Great German Soup, Boston Pea, 109 eres 78 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. California Branch, California Pea, California Tree, California Wonder, Early M sota, June Bush, Marrow Pea, Mountain, Prizewinner, Salzer’s Tree, but some’ varieties. History.—Listed by American seedsmen under this name at least since 1872. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 2; cross section of snap pods on Plate V, 3; and green shell pods on Plate XIII, 3; leaf is similar to Snowflake XXIII, 5). NE PLUS ULTRA. Listed by 5 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Denison, 1903; ‘Farq 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1897, 1900-1902; Weeber & Don, 1906. Description.—Plant small-medium in size, very erect, without runners or spreadin branches, somewhat slender stemmed, green throughout, very early, short in bearin period, moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color, smoe Flowers light pink. Snap pods very uniform, long, slightly curved, oval-flat throug! cross section, light green, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and straight. Green shell pods borne be above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, slightly depressed between s about 5 inches long and usually containing about 6 seeds fairly close in pod. I pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, long, roundish oval thro cross section, solid brownish ocher in color except minute brown area around eye, Comparison.—Little known or planted in this country, but a standard variety Europe, where it is largely used for forcing in greenhouses. In America its usefulnes is about same as described for Long Yellow Six Weeks, and pods and vines are me like that variety than any other, differing principally in productiveness, earlier se and smaller, narrower, straighter, tougher pods. Also similar to Vienna Far Considerable difference exists in stocks of this variety, the type here described that of the earlier, narrower podded strain, which seems to be more generally ognized than the one which is about same as Long Yellow Six Weeks. History.—Brought over from England about 1880. Tllustrations.—Snap pods and cross section are similar to Vienna Forcing (Pl. YANKEE WINTER. ; Listed by lseedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant very large, very spreading, with many runners lying loosely over ground, slender stemmed, green throughout, late, long in bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf very small, medium green. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, short, curved, roundish to rectangular in cross section, of very irregular suriace, ___yery deeply creasebacked at both dorsal and ventral sutures, very light green, some- } what tough, stringy, of moderate fiber, of fair quality, quite free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 4% inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds fairly close in pod.- Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds very small, proportionally short, roundish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid white. 109 90 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Comparison.—This little known and planted variety is one of the most interesting beans on trial, its pods being remarkable for their fleshiness, rectangular shape, and deeply creasebacked form, while the vines, although like a field bean in habit of growth, produce pods which are as suitable for snaps as many strictly garden beans, It is not yet known, however, whether the variety possesses any real value. It is cer- tainly much inferior as a field bean to Navy Pea and other standard sorts and of no value for green shell beans. Its use, if any, seems to be for snap pods for home use. More like Navy Pea than any other, differing principally in fleshiness, shape of pods, and smaller vine. Stocks generally much mixed, especially with Navy Pea. Fhstory.—Introduced in 1901 by John A. Salzer Seed Company, who state the variety came from New England. Tilustrations.—Cross section of snap pod is shown on Plate V, 6; snap pods on Plate X, 4; dry seeds are similar to White Creaseback (PI. IV, 7), differing principals in much smaller size. YELLOW CRANBERRY. Listed by 5 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Rogers, 1906; Schlegel & Fottler, 1905. Description.—Plant large, generally erect, without runners or spreading branches, — thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, long in bearing, heavily — - productive. Leaf medium in size, dark green in color, of pleas surface, wide across — leaflets. Flowers light pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, curved, oval — through cross section, light green in color, brittle, of inappreciable string, of email fiber, of good quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never appreciably colored or splashed, moderately depressed on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, proportionally short, roundish through cross section, invariably well rounded at ends, larger at one end than at other, rounded or full at eye, sliver from pod — sometimes attached to eye, solid straw yellow in color, occasionally tinged in places with coppery yellow, but always with minute dark brownish area around eye. Comparison.—This very old garden variety, which has now largely gone out of cultivation, is sometimes thought to be same as Long Yellow Six Weeks, but the true type assold by careful seedsmen is a later variety and similar to Long Yellow Six Weeks only in color of seed, besides being an all-round variety, and suitable as either snaps or green shell beans for home or market, but not especially valuable in any other respect. Of about same usefulness as Warren Bush and similar to it in appearance, having the same habit of vine, but earlier in season and with shorter, narrower pods and differ- ently colored seed. History. —Cultivated in this country at least since 1820. TIllustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 5; snap pods are similar in shape to Round Yellow Six Weeks (Pl. XIII, 5), differing principally in being flatter and larger, or approaching more the shape of Warren Bush (PI. TX, 2). BUSH WAX-PODDED. As already explained, this class of Kidney beans is used almost exclusively for snaps and rarely are the different varieties grown in large fields solely for their dry seeds. Wax beans are of comparatively recent development and the varieties are rapidly increasing in number. 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 91 ALLAN’S IMPERIAL WAX. Listed by 4 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Allan, 1904, 1905; Kendel, 1905. Description.—Plant medium size, erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners, wholly green, early-intermediate in season, of moderate hearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf large, medium green. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, long, uniformly slightly curved at middle, flat, light yellow in color, usually more or less greenish tinged, occasionally almost solid light green, tough, yery stringy, of much fiber, poor to medium in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never colored or splashed. slightly depressed between seeds, about 6} inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods very easy tothrash. Dry seeds large-medium in size, medium in length, oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, generally straight at eye, white with golden brown area around eye, covering about one-sixth of bean. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Exceedingly hardy, sure cropping, and bearing large pods of uniformly fine shape, but decidedly too stringy and tough for home use and often unattractive for market purposes because of tendency to be green- ish tinged. No other wax variety except Golden-Eyed Wax is so often green in color. Most like Golden-Eyed Wax, differing principally in seed, greater productiveness, and much larger, more perfect pods; also similar to Scarlet Flageolet Wax and Davis Wax. Synonym.—Salzer’s Earliest Wax. Confusing names.—Imperial White-Seeded and Jones’s Imperial Wax are very different varieties from Allan’s Imperial Wax. History.—Listed in 1891 by Vaughan Seed Company, and originated by John H. Allan Seed Company. Illustrations —Ripe seeds are shownon Plate III, 3; snap pods on Plate VI, 4; cross sections of snap pods are similar to Detroit Wax (Pl. V, 16), differing principally in larger size and flatter shape. BISMARCK BLACK WAX. Listed by 5 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1905; Keeney, 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1903. Description. —Plant medium in size, erect. without runners, somewhat thick stemmed, green throughout except generally slightly purple tinged in places on branches and flower stalk, especially at their nodes, early-intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long to medium in length, round, moderately curved, medium yellow, brittle, stringy, of inappreci- able fiber, of fair quality, fairly free from anthracnose for a wax variety. Point of pod long and slightly curved or straight. Green shell pods rarely appreciably colored, full on outside between seeds, about 53 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, medium in length, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight at eye, solid black in color. Comparison.—Where quality is not important this little known and planted variety is the best of the round wax-podded beans for market gardening, but for home use or where quality is essential it is too stringy and tough podded to be generally recom- mended. Its superior qualities are reliability, hardiness, freedom from disease, and beautiful even color and shape. In these respects it is superior to German Black Wax and fully equal to such flat-podded sorts as Currie’s Rustproof and Horticultural Wax. 109 92 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Pods are more like German Black Wax than any other, differing principally in stringiness, toughness, greater size, longer pod point, and very even curvature at middle of pod, while vine is of about same habit as Davis Wax. y History.—Introduced in 1890 by Robert Buist Seed Company, who state 2 variety came from Germany. ‘I Illustrations—Snap pods are shown on Plate VII, 1; cross sections of snap pods — are similar to Refugee (Pl. V, 12). BLACK-EYED WAX. Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Portland, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without — runners, wholly green, early, of short bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf — medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in — size, of medium length, slightly curved, oval through cross section, deep yellow in { color, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality. somewhat subject to anthrac- — nose. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or colored, full on outside between seeds, about 4} inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds — crowded in pod. Dry pods somewhat hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and — length, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, generally full at eye, white with black area around eye and one end covering one-sixth of bean. Comparison.—Very common fifteen years ago, but now almost gone out of cultiva- tion. Excellent for home or market and one of the best for early planting. Except for being a Tew days earlier in season, the variety is of same usefulness as Golden Wax tand differs from it principally in color of seed, and shorter, more curved pod, longa pod point, and larger, more open vine. History.—Introduced in 1887 by Peter Henderson & Co. and W. Atlee Burpee & Co. : Tllustrations.—Cross sections of snap pods are similar to Keeney’s Rustless Golden — Wax (PI. V, 18), differing principally in being somewhat smaller and proportionally thicker; snap pods resemble Golden Wax (PI. VI, 2). j BURPEE’S KIDNEY WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1906. Description.—Plant large, without runners, but generally drooping with fruit-laden branches and spreading when fully grown, thick stemmed, green throughout, inter- — mediate in seasons, of moderate to long bearing season, heavily to moderately produc- _ tive. Leaf large, medium green, wide across leaflets, of rough surface. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, straight, oval-flat through cross section, medium _ yellow in color, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of excellent quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and much curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, full on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds very crowded in. pod. Dry pods often hard to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally long, oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight or incurved at eye, white, with mottling of pansy violet and maize yellow around eye and ends, generally covering one-sixth of bean. Comparison.—Owing to incomplete trials, it seems impossible to give, at this time, the real usefulness and value of this new and as yet little known or cultivated variety. It isapparently a very valuable acquisition and possibly a great improvement over any of its class. Its podsare straighter, more even, more handsome, and of as good quality as either Wardwell’s Kidney Wax or Round Pod Kidney Wax, and claimed hy the introducer to be as early as and far more productive than the former, while in shape the pods are not quite as flat but fully as long as those of the latter, 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 93 History.—Introduced in 1906 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to Wardwell’s Kidney Wax (PI. IT, 17), differ- ing principally in being less colored around eye; cross sections of snap pod resemble Mohawk (P1. V, 17); snap pods resemble Horticultural Wax (Pl. VI, 3), differing prin- cipally in being longer. BURPEE’S WHITE WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large, of a dense, low, well-rounded habit, sometimes with heavy drooping branches, but never with real runners, very thick stemmed, wholly green, late, long in bearing, moderately to heavily productive. Leaf large, medium green, wide across leaflets, rough at surface. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, long, straight, very flat, medium yellow, often tinged with green, very brittle, string- less, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and curyed. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, considerably depressed on outside between seeds, about 5§ inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds fairly separated in pod. Dry pods generally easy tothrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally short, oval through cross section, well rounded at ends, straight or rounded at eye, solid white except minute area of yellow around eye. Comparison.—New and as yet little known or planted. General usefulness and value not fully established; at least some reports state the variety to be very unre- liable in season, productiveness, hardiness, and uniformity in size of pods, and others that it is superior to Davis or Wardwell’s Kidney Wax for either market or home use. Its late season and fine quality are generally undisputed, and also its handsome appearance and productiveness when conditions are exactly favorable for a good growth. Similar to the old White Wax formerly listed by seedsmen, but of present day sorts it is as much like Wardwell’s Kidney Wax as any. History.—Introduced in 1905 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., and originated by N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, N. Y. Tilustrations —Dry seeds are shownon Plate IV, 17; snap pods resemble Wardwell’s Kidney Wax (Pl. X, 3), differing principally in being straighter. thicker, wider, and with longer pod point; cross sections of snap pods resemble Detroit Wax (PI. V, 16), differing principally in being larger, thicker, and wider. CHALLENGE BLACK WAX. Listed by 44 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Perry, 1900, 1902, 1904, 1905; Rogers, 1904, 1906; Gregory, 1898; Thorburn, 1897, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant very small, erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners or spreading branches, green throughout except generally slightly purple tinged in places on branches and flower stalks, especially at their nodes, very early, very short in hearing period, generally lightly productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, of medium to short length, generally much curyed, roundish oval through cross section, medium yellow, very brittle, stringless, without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod small-medium and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored exceptsometimes a little purple at sutures near stem end, full between seed on outside of pod, about 4% inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods very hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid black in color. Comparison.—A well-known standard variety though probably not one of the twelve most largely grown bush sorts. Being earlier than any other wax bean and 109 94 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. 7 probably earlier than any of the green-podded sorts, it often becomes very etal market gardeners; but for home planting or for general use it not only lacks in prod: tiveness and long bearing period but is also not nearly so reliable a cropper, so har or so large and handsome podded as Prolific Black Wax, Pencil Pod Black Y and many others. In general usefulness and value, the variety is almost the same Valentine Wax; but in appearance of vine and pod it is most like German Black Wax, — differing principally in having much smaller pods and plants, in being much earlier in season, and less productive and shorter in bearing period. History.—Introduced in 1891 by D. M. Ferry & Co. and said to have origina with Rogers Brothers, of Chaumont, N. Y., from a single plant found in a lot of bi imported from Germany. Illustrations.—Snap pods and cross section are similar to Prolific Black Wax (P VII, 4, and Pl. V, 8, respectively), differing principally in smaller size. CRYSTAL WAX. re ; Listed by 18 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1902, 1904-1906; Rogers, 1904; Wood, 1905. = Description.—Plant large-medium, low growing, very spreading in habit, of many — runner-like branches lying loosely over ground, slender stemmed, green throughout, — late, of moderate to long bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf small, medium green, wide across leaflets, of smooth surface. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat — variable in size, very short, curved, round or roundish rectangular through cross sec-- tion, very deeply creasebacked, whitish or grayish green, brittle, stringy, of sm ne fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod small-medium straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly well below foliage, gener- ally more or less tinged with purple, never distinctly splashed, of very loose, flabby pod walls, about 3§ inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds well separated in pod Dry pods extremely hard to thrash. Dry seeds very small, proportionally short, — roundish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, straight at ba solid white. Comparison.—Although known for a long time, this variety has always ante one of the lesser grown sorts. Its lack of popularity is due not only to its late season, spreading habit, and extremely small pods but also to its uneven and mixed char- acter, nearly all stocks containing pods varying in shape from round to flat and plants” very similar to or identical with Navy Pea. Of little practical value to gardeners but interesting to amateurs on account of peculiarly silvery or grayish white pods, no — other variety except Golden Refugee having pods at all like it in color. The vine is similar in habit to Refugee and pods are somewhat the shape of Refugee Wax, © though much shorter. Seeds so closely resemble Navy Pea that substitutes of cheaper seed are made by unscrupulous growers. Synonyms.—Silver Wax, Cabbage Wax (of T. W. Wood & Sons), Silver Bean, Ice — Bean. History.—F rst listed by seedsmen in this country about 1886. Illustrations.—Seeds are shown on Plate IV, 3; cross section of snap pod on Plate 2 V, 7; snap pods are similar in shape to Yankee Winter (PI. X, 4), differing principally in being much smaller and less rectangular through cross section; leaf is similar to Snowflake (Pl. XXIII, 5). CURRIE’S RUSTPROOF WAX. : - Listed by 95 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Currie, 1904, 1905; Ferry, 1900; Keeney, 1904, 1905; Philipps, 1903; Rogers, 1904, 1906; Sioux City, 1905; Thorburn, 1900, 1902; Wood, 1903; Young and Halstead, 1904. 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 95 Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without Tunners or spreading branches, green throughout except generally slightly purplish nged in places on branches and flower stalks, especially at their nodes, very early, in bearing period, moderately to heavily productive. Leaf of medium size, “medium greenincolor. Flowers pink. Snap pods very uniform in size, long, straight, attish oval through cross section, light yellow, somewhat tough, very stringy, of uch fiber, poor to medium in quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of _ pod medium in size and straight. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, ‘never splashed or appreciably colored except for slight purplish color at stem ends, slightly depressed on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually con- taining 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, proportionally long, oval through cross section, generally rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid black in color. Comparison.—One of the five most largely grown wax soris and in some sections planted to the exclusion of almost every other variety. Being early, productive, reliable, a fine shipper, and uniformly straight and handsome podded, it is a standard market gardener’s sort in all parts of fhe country but is too tough and stringy for a good home variety. Of similar usefulness to Davis Wax, differing principally in color of seed and few days earlier season. Synonyms.—Admiral Togo, California Black Wax, California Rustproof Wax, Currie’s Black Wax, Eldorado Wax, Mill’s Rustproof Wax. History.—Introduced about 1885 by Currie Brothers, who write the variety came from a single plant found near Milwaukee in a field of Golden Wax. Illustrations.—Ripe seeds are shown on Plate I1, 27; snap pods on Plate VIII, 1, and __ cross section of snap pod on Plate V, 10. DAVIS WAX. Listed by 150 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1904; Keency, 1904-1906; May, 1897; Rogers, 1904, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description —Plant large-medium, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners, wholly green, early, of short bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf of medium size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, very long, straight, flat, light yellow, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor to medium quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod long, slightly eurved. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never colored or splashed, slightly depressed on outside between seeds, about 7 inches long, and usually contain- ing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, slen- der, roundish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, generally straight at eye, solid white, except minute area of yellow around eye. * Comparison.—One of the five most largely grown wax sorts and extensively planted in all parts of the country. Strictly a market gardener’s variety and unsurpassed for shipping and uniformity in size and shape of pods, and, except for Hodson Wax, fully 4 as handsome as any of the wax varieties. Especially useful because of white seeds, but too tough podded and stringy for home use. Once regarded as enormously productive = and very disease resistant, but during the last few years much complaint has been heard of poor crops and diseased plants, its plantings for several years having fallen off | greatly, especially in the South. Except for difference in color of seed, the variety is as much like Currie’s Rustproof as any, differing principally in longer and flatter pods, larger vine, and a few days later season; also resembles Scarlet Flageolet Wax. Synonyms.—Elgin White Wonder Wax, Prolific Everbearing Rustproof Wax, Tait’s White Wax, Ventura Wonder Wax. ___-Mistory.—Introduced in 1895 by D. M. Ferry & Co. and Wm. Henry Maule. Origi- nated by Mr. Eugene Davis, of Grand Rapids, Mich. 3523—No. 96 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Illustrations.—Ripe seeds are shown on Plate IV, 13; leaf on Plate XXIII, 8; snap pods and cross section of same resemble Currie’s Rustproof Wax (Pl. VIII, 1, and Ee V, 10, respectively), both differing principally in larger size and flatter shape. 4 DETROIT WAX. e- es Listed by 28 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1899, 1900, 1904, 1905; Thorbam 1901, 1902. Description—Plant small, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, wholly green, early, short in bearing period, lightly to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, — medium green in color, wide across leaflets, of smooth surface. Flowers white. S$ pods uniform in size, medium in length, straight, oval through cross section, o tinged with green, especially in poorly grown plants, tough, stringy, of moderate fib of medium quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short-medium 2 straight. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or colored, on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds crow in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, proportion: short, oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, flat or rounded at € white with mottling of bluish black and maize-yellow around eye and ends, covering about one-fourth of bean. Comparison.—Generally known but not extensively cultivated, at least not one of the twenty most largely planted sorts. Too stringy and tough podded for a good home — variety and too short in bearing period and too unproductive for a good all-round sort, but a fairly good market garden variety for very early crops. Because a better shipper, amore certain cropper, more hardy, and more disease resistant, it is superiorasa market gardening variety to Improved Golden Wax. Almost equal to Davis Wax and Currie’s Rustproof Wax for market gardening. More like Improved Golden Wax than any other, differing principally in little larger vine, a few days later season, and flatter, larger, stringy pods of much fiber, but resembling it in compact, well-rounded habit and peculiarly smooth, widened, rather small leaflets. History. —Introduced about 1885 by D. M. Ferry & Co. Illustrations.—Ripe seeds are shown on Plate II, 6; cross section of snap pod on Plate V, 16; snap pods are similar in shape to Improved Golden Wax (PI. VI, 1.) t P DOUBLE-BARREL WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium in size, of a compact, bushy, well-rounded habit, without runners, rarely with drooping branches, thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, moderately pro- — ductive. Leaf large, medium green. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods fairly uni- form-in size, long-medium, fairly straight, always broad through cross section, some- times decidedly double barreled, often sharply constricted on outside between seeds, deep yellow in color, without greenish tingeing, extremely brittle, absolutely string- less, without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod long-medium, thick, fairly regular in shape, slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, depressed on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods very hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, proportionally short, roundish through cross section, gener- ally well rounded at one end and larger and decidedly truncate at other, straight at _ eye, distinct line or ridge at back, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid brownish ocher in color except minute brown area around eye. Comparison.—Little known and planted, Fully equal to Yosemite in quality and excellent for home gardening, but decidedly too tender, too variable in shape, and too 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 97 poor a shipper for market use. Most like Maule’s Butter Wax, differing principally in color of seed, greater productiveness, larger, straighter, more uniform pods, and more compact vines, and therefore generally to be regarded as a much better variety. History.—Introduced in 1901 by D. Landreth Seed Company. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 4; snap pods resemble Yosemite Wax (PI. VIII, 2), differing principally in being almost straight and much shorter, decidedly smaller, less double barreled, and with much shallower constrictions between seeds; cross sections of snap pods also resemble same variety (Pl. V, 21 ~ and 22). GERMAN BLACK WAX BUSH. Listed by 109 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902; Johnson & Stokes, 1905; Keeney, 1905; Rogers, 1906. Description.—Plant mediwm in size, erect when young, generally borne down with fruit-laden branches when fully grown, without runners, thick stemmed, green through- out except generally slightly purplish tinged in places on branches and flower stalks, especially at their nodes, early in season, of moderate bearing period, heavily to mod- erately productive, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, medium in length, gener- ally more or less scimiter curved, round, medium yellow in color, very brittle, string- less, without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never appreciably colored, except for slight streaks of red along sutures at stem end, full on outside between seeds, about 43 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods exceedingly hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish through cross section, rounded or trun- cate at ends, straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid black in color. Comparison.—One of the 5 most largely grown wax-podded varieties. Excellent for home or market. Especially useful because of high quality and general productive- ness and reliability, not however as handsome and not usually as productive and reli- able as Pencil Pod Black Wax nor so universally liked by experienced gardeners as Prolifie Black Wax, while Golden Crown Wax is also considered superior by some because of its solid white seeds. Most like Prolific Black Wax, differing principally in somewhat later season, deeper yellow color, less tendency to reddish color at stem end of pod, larger leaves, and much coarser vines. Synonyms.—F uller’s Black Wax, Fuller’s Ringleader Black Wax, Griswold’s Ever- bearing Wax, Salzer’s Round-Podded Wax. History.—First grown in this country about 1865, and probably the first of the wax- podded bush varieties. Tilustrations.—Snap pods and cross section are similar to Prolific Black Wax (Pl. VII, 4, and Pl. V, 8). RE eS eee oe GOLDEN BEAUTY WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Darch & Hunter, 1902, 1904-1906. Description.—Plant medium in size, of compact, well-rounded, bushlike habit, without runners or spreading branches, rather thick stemmed, green throughout, late- intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, fairly productive. Leaf small- medium, of a peculiarly grayish green color, wide across leaflets, unusually flat, of remarkably smooth surface. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, short- medium, moderately curved, oval-round through cross section, medium yellow in color, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod short-medium, decidedly curved. Green shell pods borne well above | 109 ia) 98 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. foliage, occasional branches remarkably high above plant, never splashed or cole moderately depressed on outside between seeds, about 43 inches long, and us containing 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods sometimes hard to thrash. Dry se small, short, roundish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, ge erally larger at one end than at other, rounded or full at eye, solid brownish ocher i color except minute brownish area around eye. Comparison.—Little known and planted. A very handsome and excellent variet; of same general usefulness as Golden Wax and more like it than any other. Wor of cee gee as in some conditions it RSE es agi to Golden Wax i in ha the eee tinge so Gen appearing in that varices History.—Introduced about 1890 by the John H. Pearce Seed Company, now suc-— ceeded by Darch & Hunter. Tilustrations.—Cross section of snap pod resembles Keeney’s Rustless Golden W: : (Pl. V, 18), differing principally in smaller and more oval shape; snap pods resembl Golden Wax (Pl. VI, 2), differing principally in shorter, more curved, not quite as flat pods and decidedly curved and somewhat longer pod point; leaf also resembles Golden Wax (Pl. XXTV, 2). ‘aa GOLDEN CROWN WAX. = Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Jones, 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant medium in size, erect when young, generally borne down with — fruit-laden branches when fully grown, without runners, thick stemmed, who green, early in season, of moderate bearing period, fairly productive. Leaf of medium size, medium green. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, medium in length, generally more or less scimiter curved, round, medium yellow, very brittle, stringless, — without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod : medium in length and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below scale never cola or splashed, full on outside between seeds, pods hard to thrash. "Dry sends spite in sites Somiayglint slender, roundish through | cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, almost straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid white, except minute area of yellow around eye. — Comparison.—Little known and planted, but on account of perfectly white seeds — and absolute freedom from fiber and string, it makes an excellent sort for home or market, no other variety except Jones's Stringless Wax possessing all of these qualities, — Its dry seeds are readily salable for baking beans; its snap pods are straighter and more handsome than German Black Wax and Jones's Stringless but not equal in these respects to those of Maule’s Nameless Wax of 1906 and Round Pod Kidney Wax. Next to Jones’s Stringless Wax, it is perhaps as much like German Black Wax as any, dif- ch, fering principally in color of seed and straighter, better filled pods. = History.—Introduced in 1899 by the originator, A. N. Jones, of Leroy, N. Y., ona said to be a cross between Yosemite Wax and Ivory Pod Wax. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 12; snap pods and cross sectionsiof same are similar to Prolifie Black Wax, (Pl. VII, 4, and Pl, V, 8, respectively), differ- — ing principally in greater size and straightness, and lighter yellow color of pods. GOLDEN-EYED WAX, Listed by 67 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1897; Buea 1901, 1905; Ferry, 1899, 1900; Keeney, 1906; Rawson, TAY Rogers, 1904, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902; Wood, 1897. a Description.—Plant medium in size, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners, wholly green, early, short in bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 99 medium in size, light green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, z to medium, slightly curved, flat, light yellow, generally more or less greenish tinged, occasionally almost solid light green, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, poor to medium in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and either zht or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, er colored or splashed, slightly depressed between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry s medium in size, proportionally dong, oval through cross section, rounded or trun- e at ends, generally straight at eye, solid white in color except small area of brown- ‘ish ocher around eye. Comparison.—W ell known but not one of the twenty most largely grown varieties of the country. Decidedly too stringy and tough podded for home use, and often unsuited for market because of green-tinged pods. As described under Allan’s Imperial Wax, this variety is not as well suited for market as some others; but of the two varie- _ ties Allen’s Imperial Wax is by far the better, being much more productive, larger podded, more vigorous in growth, and having differently colored seed. ~ Synonyms.—Bolgiano’s Sunshine Bush Wax, Sunshine Bush Wax. History. —Introduced in 1889 by the late Aaron Low, of Essex, Mass., and originated by a Mr. Bartlett of Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. Tilustrations.—Ripe seeds are shown on Plate III, 1; snap pods resemble Allan’s _ Imperial Wax (PI. VI, 4), differing principally in smaller size; cross sections of snap pods resemble Detroit Wax (Pl. V, 16), differing principally in flatter shape. e GOLDEN WAX. Listed by 81 seedsmen, besides 90 listing Improved Golden Wax and 26 listing Rust- proof Golden Wax. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1897; Burpee, 1897; Henderson, 1901; Farquhar, 1901; Keeney, 1906; McClure, 1903; Rogers, 1904, 1906: Schlegel & Fottler, 1901. Description.—Plant small, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners, wholly green, very early, short in bearing period, lightly to moderately productive. _ Leaf medium in size, medium green in color, wide across leaflets, of smooth suriace. _ Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, medium in length, straight, oval through cross section, deep yellow in color, often tinged with green, especially in poorly grown _ plants, somewhat brittle, stringless, of slight fiber, of good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod short and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or colored, full on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish oval through cross sec- tion, rounded or truncate at ends, flat or rounded at eye, white in color with mottling of dark violet and maize yellow around eye generally covering about one-half of bean. Comparison.—A standard wax bean in all sections of the country, the plantings of _ the variety, together with those of Improved Golden Wax, being larger than those of any other single wax variety. A few days earlier than Improved Golden Wax, but _ aecording to Department reports not more subject to rust and anthracnose as sometimes claimed. Both varieties stand about equal as the best all-round and most reliable of the extra early wax sorts, both are suitable for either home or market, of nearly as good quality as the very best, generally fair shippers, and except for the greenish tinge, which sometimes appears under certain growing conditions, both are of handsome appearance, but for general crops both varieties are too short in season and much less productive than Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax or Pencil Pod Black Wax. Golden Wax differs from Improved Golden Wax principally in longer, narrower pods, smaller vine, and larger, lighter, mottled area around eye of dry seed. 109 100 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Synonyms.—Ferry’s Golden Wax, Isbell’s Golden Butter, York State Wax. History. —Introduced i in 1876 by D. M. Ferry & Co. as Ferry’s Golden Wax. Prob-- ably the same as the variety known about 1874 as York Dwarf. Wax. ; Illustrations —Snap pods are shown on Plate VI, 2; a leaf is illustrated on Plate XXIV, 2; cross section of snap pod is similar to Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax (Pl. 18), differing principally in smaller and more nearly oval shape. HENDERSON'S MARKET WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902, 1904, 1905. d Description.—Plant large-medium, generally erect or occasionally spreading, some- what thick stemmed, without runners. wholly green, early-intermediate in season, of — moderate bearing period, heavily productive. Leaf of medium size, medium green. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, slightly curved, oval through cross section, medium yellow, somewhat brittle, very slightly stringy, — ‘of inappreciable fiber, medium in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne equally | above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, proportionally short, roundish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid straw yellow in color, sometimes shading to copper yellow, always with minute brownish area — around eye. : Comparison.—This little known and planted variety is an excellent all-round sort _ of same general usefulness and value as Wardwell’s Kidney Wax. Its podsareslightly flatter, and distinctly straighter and longer in point than that variety, and though not — so free from fiber, its plants are fully as productive and hardy, and possibly more cer-_ tain croppers. Pods are less tough and stringy than Horticultural Wax, but similar — ‘ in shape. History.—Introduced in 1902 by Peter Henderson & Co., who write the seed came from Genesee County, N. Y. : Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 9; snap pods are similar to Horti- cultural Wax (PI. VI, 3), differing principally in slightly more curved, narrower, and longer shape; cross sections of snap pods resemble Detroit Wax (Pl. V, 16). ‘ HODSON WAX. Listed by 8 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Harvey, 1902; Keeney, 1906; Young & Halstead, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant very large, without decided runners but with many out- stretched branches lying loosely over the ground, thick-stemmed, wholly green, very late, long in bearing season, very heavily productive. Leaf of medium size, of very narrow and pointed leaflets, medium green. Flowers light pink. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, almost straight, flat, medium yellow, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, poor to medium in quality, unusually free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never colored nor splashed, moderately depressed on outside between seeds, about 74 inches long, and usually containing 6 to 8 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, slender, roundish oval through cross sec- tion, generally well rounded at ends, slightly incurved at eye, purplish red freely splashed with pale buff. Comparison.—New and as yet little known or cultivated but meeting with great favor in many sections of the country, especially in the South, where it has uniformly 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 101 roved to be the best and most reliable late wax sort for market gardeners, far surpass- all others in productiveness, hardiness, and large, handsome pods. In the extreme orth its season is too late for the variety to be generally grown, while for home use ‘its pods are decidedly too tough, even tougher, if anything, than Davis Wax. Ex- “cept for color, its pods are same as Hodson Green Pod. Of the wax sorts its pods are most like Davis Wax, differing principally in their larger size and the mottled color _ of the seeds which resemble those of Red Valentine, but larger and longer. History.—Introduced in 1902 by Harvey Seed Company, who state the variety came from a customer in whose possession it had been for a number of years. Ilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 19; snap pods and cross section of same resemble in shape those of Currie’s Rustproof (Pl. VIII, 1, and Pl. V, 10, respec- tively), both differing principally in much larger size and flatter shape. HORTICULTURAL WAX. Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Keeney, 1906; Rawson, 1903, 1905. Description.—Plant large-medium in size, fairly erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners, green throughout, early-intermediate in season, of moderate hearing period. fairly to heavily productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, straight, flattish oval through cross section, rich yellow, tough, stringy, of much fiber, poor to medium in quality, unusually free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and slightly curved or straight. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually con- taining 6 or 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large- medium, proportionally short, oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, purplish red, freely streaked with pale buff. Comparison.—Although little known or planted, this is a much better variety for | Iost purposes than similar sorts, such as Allan’s Imperial Wax, Golden-Eyed Wax, and Detroit Wax. It surpasses all of these in uniformly handsome appearance, reliability, , and productiveness, and, next to Allan’s Imperial Wax, is the largest in size of pods. Strictly a market gardeners’ bean, for which purpose it competes with Currie’s Rust- proof and Davis Wax, but pods are too tough for home use. Most like Allan’s Im- perial Wax, differing principally in color of seed and smaller, straighter, narrower pods. which are very similar to those of Henderson’s Market Wax, while the seed is oi almost same color as Red Valentine, but shorter and rounder in shape. Iistory.—Introduced in 1896 by W. W. Rawson & Co., who state it isa cross between * Golden Wax and Dwari Horticultural. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 16: snap pods on Plate VI, 3; cross sections of snap pods are similar to Detroit Wax (PI. V, 16). . IMPROVED GOLDEN WAX. Listed by 90 seedsmen, besides 81 listing Golden Wax, and 23 listing Rustproof Golden Wax. Seeds tested: Rogers, 1904, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant small, very erect, somewhat thick stemmed, without runners, 1 wholly green, very early, short in bearing period, lightly to moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color, wide across leaflets, smooth at surface. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, medium in length, straight, oval through eross section, deep yellow in color, often tinged with green, especially in poorly grown plants, somewhat brittle, stringless, of little fiber, of good quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod short and straight. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or colored, full between seeds on outside of pod, about 109 102 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. 4} inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods ea to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, proportionally short, roundish oval cross section, generally rounded at ends, slightly larger at one end than at o rounded or full at eye, white with mottling of pansy violet and maize yellow a eye and ends, covering about one-fourth of seed. Comparison.—General us:fulness and value same as described for Golden Wax and, although exchanges of varieties can be made without objection, the two stoc should never be mixed if an even and satisfactory growth is to be obtained. - Golden Wax this variety is most like Detroit Wax, differing principally in stringless, without fiber, less flat podded, and earlier in season. : Synonyms.—Golden Jersey Wax, Green’s Golden German Wax, Grenell’s Improved Golden Wax, Grenell’s Rustproof Wax, New York Golden Wax, Rustproof Golden Wax. 7 History.—Introduced about 1884. Originated by W. H. Grenell, of Pierrepon s Manor, N. Y. TIilustrations.—Ripé seeds are shown on Plate II, 5; snap pods dn Plate VI, J cross section of snap pods are similar to Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax (Pl. V 18), differing principally in smaller size and more oval shape. JONES’S STRINGLESS WAX. Listed by 38 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Breck, 1905; Ferry, 1903; Jones, 1903, 1904; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. ag Description.—Plant medium in size, erect when young, generally borne down with — fruit-laden branches when fully mature, without runners, thick stemmed, wholly | green, early in season, moderate in bearing period, fairly productive. Leaf of ‘medi m size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods of uniform size, medium in length, generally more or less scimiter curved, round, mediuin yellow, very brittle, stringless, without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 4% inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, somewhat slender, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, almost straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid white, except minute area of yellow around eye. é Comparison.—Little known or cultivated. Of same general usefulness and value as Jones’s Stringless Wax and sometimes hardly distinguishable from it, but careful — tests have shown that Golden Crown is straighter and larger podded, somewhat more productive, more even and pure, and generally the better variety of the two. Also — similar to German Black Wax, differing principally in seed and lighter yellow pods which have no tendency toward reddish tingeing at stem end of green shell pods. Synonyms.—Hammond's Luscious Stringless Wax, Imperial White-Seeded Wax. History.—Introduced in 1898 by several American seedsmen. Originated by A. N. Jones, of Leroy, N. Y., who states the variety was obtained by crossing Yosemite Wax with a white seedling of Ivory Pod Wax. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are very similar to those of Golden Crown Wax (PL IV, — 12), differing principally in being smaller than illustrations; snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Prolific Black Wax (Pl. VII, 4, and Pl. V, 8, respee- tively). KBENEY'S RUSTLESS GOLDEN WAX. Listed by 35 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900; Keeney, 1904- 1906; Livingston, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 103 _ Description.—Plant large, very spreading, with many long, drooping, almost runner- like branches lying loosely over ground, slender stemmed, green throughout, inter- mediate in season, very long in bearing period, heavily productive. Leaf small, grayish green in color, very smooth, generally short in length of petiole. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, medium in ler igth, straight, oval-flat through cross section, medium yellow, very brittle, stringless, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, unusually free from anthracnose. Point of pod short-medium, and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods generally borne well below foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 52 inches — long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod.. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish oval through cross section, rounded j or truncate at ends, flat or rounded at eye, white in cofor, with mottling of dark violet and maize yellow around eye generally covering about one-half of bean. Comparison.—Generally known among seedsmen but not extensively cultivated by gardeners. Although bearing uniformly handsome pods, and being more disease resistant, hardier, and more productive than any other wax bean of good quality, this variety has failed to become popular only because of its runner-like habit. In the young plants this peculiarity is almost as pronounced as in pole beans, but it ceases to develop after the plant sets pods and never becomes a serious obstacle to cultivation, while pods are fully as free from dirt and as well removed from the wet ground as most of the more erect sorts. Habit of vines similar to Refugee, and pods resemble Golden Wax more than any other, differing principally in being larger and wider. Seeds similar to Golden Wax, differing principally in larger size and flatter shape. Leaves quite different from other varieties and characterized by peculiarly smooth suriace, grayish green color, and small size. History.—Introduced in 1895 by several American seedsmen. Originated by N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, N. Y., by whom it is described as a sport from Golden Wax. Iilustrations.—Cross section of a snap pod is shown on Plate V, 18; leaf on Plate XXIII, 1; snap pods resemble Golden Wax (Pl. VI, 2 ee) a LEOPARD WAX. =~ Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Leonard, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium, very bushy and dense when young, generally burdened with fruit-laden branches and spreading when fully grown, very thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, of moderate to long bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf large, very dark green, of rough surface. Flowers light pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, moderately curved, flat, becoming roundish at green shell stage, light yellow in color, brittle, ' stringless, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, full on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods sometimes hard to _ thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally short, roundish oval through cross section, well rounded at ends, generally larger at one end than at other, rounded or full at eye, violet or bluish black in color except small area of white along back and one end. i Comparison.—Little known or planted. As Department trials of this variety were incomplete it is not possible to give its general usefulness and value at this time, only r to state that it appears to be of same class as Burpee’s White Wax and more like that variety than any other. In shape of pod it resembles a large, wide, immensely thick, Golden Wax. HHistory.—Introduced in 1905 by S. IF. Leonard, who writes the seed came from a customer in Indiana. 109 104 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Tilustrations.—Seeds are shown on Plate IT, 7; cross sections of snap pods resemble Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax (PI. V, 18), differing principally in larger size; coe : pods resemble Golden Wax (PI. VI, 2), differing principally in being more curved — and much larger in thickness and width, e <. LIVINGSTON ’S HARDY WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1906. Description.—Plant large, without runners, but generally drooping with fruit-laden _ branches and spreading when fully grown, thick stemmed, green throughout, inter- mediate in season, of moderate to long bearing period, heavily to moderately produc- — tive. Leaf large, medium green, wide across leaflets, and of rough surface. Flowers — light pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, generally decidedly scimiter curved, round, deeply creasebacked, medium yellow, extremely brittle, | absolutely stringless, wholly without fiber, of excellent quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long, very curved, often irregular in shape. Green shell, pods borne equally above and below foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, full on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds ver crowded in pod. Dry pods very hard to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium in size, proportionally long, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, chocolate brown mottled and splashed with maize yellow. Comparison.—New and as yet little known or cultivated. Same usefulness and value as Pencil Pod Black Wax and Round Pod Kidney Wax, differing from them in no important particular except color cf seed. History.—Introduced in 1906 by Livingston Seed Company, and originated by N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, N. Y. J Illustrations.—Dry seeds are about the shape of Round Pod Kidney Wax (PLL 9); cross section of snap pods resemble Prolifie Black Wax (Pl. V, 8), differing princi- pally in much larger size; snap pods are about same in shape and size as Pencil Pod — Black Wax (PI. VIII, 3). MAULE’S BUTTER WAX. Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Keeney, 1904. Description.—Plant medium in size, somewhat spreading, generally with long, heavy, drooping branches, without real runners, thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, moderate in bearing period, lightly to moderately pro- ductive. Leaf large, medium green. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, medium in length, generally decidedly scimiter curved, always broad, decid- edly double barreled through cross section, sharply constricted on outside between seeds, appearing as if drawn tight by a thread and separated in sections, deep yellow in color, extremely brittle, absolutely stringless, without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose, Point of pod short, very thick, generally irregular in shape, slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, depressed — on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 5 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods very hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, propor- tionally short, roundish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, straight at eye, white, except small mottled area of pansy violet and maize yellow around eye. Comparison.—Little known or planted. Decidedly too tender for shipping and too variable in shape and size of pods to make a good appearance on the market, but excel- lent for home use or where tenderness, fleshiness, and the best quality are the desirable 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 105 ints. Resembles Double Barrel Wax, but much superior to it in length, straight- s, uniformity of pods, and in hardiness and productiveness of plant, differing also color of seed, in Jess perfect pod point, and deeper depressions between seeds, fistory.—Introduced in 1889 by Wm. Henry Maule, who states the variety origi- d with N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, N. Y. lustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 18; cross section of snap pod on eV, 24; while snap pods resemble Yosemite Wax (Pl. VII[, 2), differing prin- y in seed and smaller size of pods. — MAULE’S NAMELESS WAX OF 1906. ‘Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Rogers, 1905. __ Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect when young, generally spreading and drooping with fruit-laden branches when old, without runners, wholly green, early, of moderate to long bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. Leaf large’ medium green. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, long to mediuin, ery straight, round, medium yellow, extremely brittle, absolutely stringless, without fiber, of excellent quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and straight. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 54 inches long, and usually containing 6 seeds ‘crowded i in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, generally straight at eye, white in color, with golden bronze around eye covering about one-sixth of seed. Comparison.—New and as yet little known or planted. Evidently one of the best of the newer sorts and possibly the most handsome and best general-purpose wax- podded bean; at least in Department trials, its pods were straighter, more uniform in color and size, and more handsome than any other wax sort and fully as productive, early, and hardy as German Black Wax and Round Pod Kidney Wax. Excellent for _ either home or market. More like German Black Wax than any other, differing prin- cipally i in color of seed and longer, straighter, better filled pods. _ History.—Yntroduced in 1906 by Wm. Henry Maule and originated by Rogers Brothers, of Chaumont, N. Y. _ Illustrations —Dry seeds are similar to Allan’s Imperial Wax (P1. III, 3), differing principally i in being smaller and round instead of flat; snap ee and cross section of same are similar to Prolific Black Wax (Pl. VII, 4, and Pl. V, 8, respectively), differing principally in larger size, and very straight pod and pod Pine: MONARCH WAX. Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Darch & Hunter, 1904, 1906. Description.—Plant medium in size, erect, without runners or spreading branches, * period, moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, straight, round, depressed on outside hetween seeds, medium yellow, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good ee somewhat subject to anthracnose. tome of pod short- medium, ee and 2 ly containing 5 or 6 eats aatied in pod. Oe aa siaie easy to ead Dry seeds large-medium, medium in length, flattish oval through cross section, well rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid white except small narrow strip of pansy violet 109 106 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Comparison.—Little known or planted. As trials of this variety have not 1 complete, it is not possible at this time to give its general usefulness and value, on state that it appears to be of same class as German Black Wax, differing prin in color of seeds, in much later season, and with pods very deeply and pect depressed on outside between seeds. History.—Introduced by Darch & Hunter in 1902. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IT, 19; cross sections of snap po semble Prolific Black Wax (Pl. V, 8), differing principally in larger size; snap also resemble Prolific Black Wax (Pl. VII, 4), differing principally in being 1 larger through cross section, straight in shape, of much shorter, thicker pod poin PENCIL POD BLACK WAX. Listed by 46 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1902; Keeney, 1904-1906; burn, 1961, 1902. Description.—Plant large, without runners, generally drooping with fruit-la branches and spreading when fully grown, thick stemmed, green throughout generally slightly purplish tinged in places on branches and flower stalk, especial their nodes; intermediate in season, of long to moderate bearing period, heavi moderately productive. Leaf large, medium green, wide across leaflets, and of ro surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, freq decidedly scimiter curved, round, deeply creasebacked, medium yellow, e brittle, absolutely stringless, absolutely without fiber, of excellent quality, fairl from anthracnose. Point of pod long, very curved, often irregular in shape. shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never splashed or app colored, full on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually conta 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods very hard to thrash. Dry seeds large-mediw in size, proportionally long, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded ends, straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid black in Comparison.—Extensively planted but perhaps not included among the twe most largely grown bush varieties. Chiefly on account of its productiveness, quality, and extremely long, handsome pods, this variety has been classed by s as not only the best wax variety for home use, but also the best all-round wax bean and an excellent sort for market gardening. All of these claims are probably jet, for some locations and the variety is undoubtedly one of the best wax beans for home use and for market gardening where the highest quality is desired, but as rds uniformity in size and shape of pods, straightness, and general attractiventas: t variety is generally surpassed by Maule’s Nameless Wax of 1906, while Keen Rustless Golden Wax and Golden Crown Wax both surpass it in other qualities, - shipping and general market gardening this variety is not, however, nearly so desi able as some of the more uniformly shaped, hardier, tougher-podded, more prod tive sorts, such as Hodson Wax and Bismarck Black Wax. In appearance and gen: w usefulness and value, this variety is about the same as Round Pod Kidney Wax After this variety it is perhaps next most like German Black Wax, differing prinei-— pally in decidedly longer, straighter pods, later season, greater productiveness, ani much larger vine. Synonyms.—Golden Scimiter Wax, Salzer’s Giant Stringless Wax. Confusing name.—Livingston's Yellow Pencil Pod Wax, a very different type of bean, History.—Introduced in 1900 by Johnson & Stokes, Originated by N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, 1 a ais 100 : KIDNEY BEANS. 107 lustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IJ, 25; snap pods on Plate VIII, 3; hile cross sections of snap pods are similar to Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod Bey, LS). PROLIFIC B LACK WAX. Listed by 72 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Keeney, 1904; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant medium in size, generally more or less spreading, sometimes with long outstretched branches, never with real runners, slender stemmed, green eeensrout, except generally purplish tinged in places on branches and flower stalks, especially at nodes, early-intermediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, Seaiyily to moderately productive. Leaf small, medium green, smooth at surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, medium short, generally more or less scimiter curved, round, medium yellow in color, very brittle, stringless, without fiber, of excellent quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never colored except streaked with red along sutures at stem end, full on outside between seeds, about 42 inches long, and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods very hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size and length, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight at eye, sliver from pod occasionally attached to eye, solid black in color. Comparison.—One of the most largely grown wax-podded varieties. Excellent for either home or market and generally regarded by bean experts as more productive, hardier, more reliable, and generally superior to German Black Wax, with which variety it is often confounded, the two stocks being cften interchanged and sold one for the other. Next to German Black Wax the variety is most like Golden Crown Wax, differing principally in color of seed, more slender, lighter yellow pods, and often in being reddish near stem end when fully grown. Synonyms.—Cylinder Black Wax, Prolific German Black Wax, Improved Black Wax. Iistory.—Introduced in 1888 by several American seedsmen as Prolific German Black Wax. Variety originated from several plants selected by C. N. Keeney and W. W. Tracy, sr., in a field of German Black Wax in Genesee County, N. Y. Illustrations.—Snap pods and a cross section of same are shown on Plate VII, 4, and Plate V, 8, respectively. PURPLE FLAGEOLET WAX. Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Keeney, 1903, 1905, 1906. Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect, thick stemmed, without runners, green throughout except generally slightly purplish tinged in places on branches and flower stalks, especially at their nodes, intermediate in season, of moderate bear- ing period, moderately productive. Leaf of medium size, medium green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, curved, flat, deep yellow, often ‘green tinged, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor to medium quality, some- what subject to anthracnose. Point of pod long and either straight or slightly curved. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, slightly depressed on outside between seeds, about 7 inches long, and usually con- taining 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, long, oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, generally straight at eye, blackish purple, often tinged with brown. Comparison.—Well known but not extensively planted. Same usefulness and value as described for Scarlet Flageolet Wax, and except for difference in color of seed same also in appearance of pod and plant. - Synonyms. —Perfection Wax, Violet Flageolet Wax. 109 108 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. History.—Type was first introduced in 1887 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. as Burpee’s Perfection Wax and later known also as Violet Flageolet Wax and Purple Flageolet Wax. Derived from the German variety listed about 1885 as Flageolet Wax. = Tllustrations.—Snap pods may be described by reference to Currie’s Ru “a Wax (Pl. VIII, 1), the chief difference being that pods are very much z flatter, and more curved than shown in illustrations of that variety, while surface — is nearly as rough as that of Canadian Wonder (PI. X, 2); cross sections of snap podsare — similar to Detroit Wax (Pl. V, 16). REFUGEE WAX. Listed by 67 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1903-1905; Hen- derson, 1901; Keeney, 1904, 1906; Rice, 1905, 1906; Rogers, 1904; Sioux, 1906; Thor- burn, 1906. Description of stringless type —Plant large-zmedium, very spreading in habit, with many runner-like branches falling loosely over ground, slender stemmed, wholly, green, intermediate-late in season, long in bearing period, heavily productive. d small, light. grayish green in color, very narrow across leaflets, and of yery smooth surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, of medium length, slightly curved, round, light yellow in color, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality, slightly subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size, very much curved, almost hooklike in shape. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, generally sparingly splashed with faint purple, full on outside between seeds, about 4% inches long, and usually containing 5 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods somewhat hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, slender, roundish through cross section, trun= cate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, bluish black, fairly splashed with pale buff. Description of stringy type.—Same as above, except more heavily produetive, mod- erately curved pod point, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, with green shell pods gen- erally 5 inches long and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds. Comparison of stringless type.—Well known and largely cultivated, but not one of the twelve most largely grown sorts. A good all-round variety suitable for home or market, succeeding well in all sections, though apparently doing hetter at the North than at the South. Considerably later than most wax sorts and except Keeney’s — Rustless Golden Wax quite unlike any wax bean in habit of vine, Variety is given its name because of similarity in seed and vine to the green-podded Refugee variety. Pods more like Prolific Black Wax than any other, differing principally in color of seed and in more slender, faintly splashed pods with curved or hooklike pod point. Comparison of stringy type.—Although not so extensively grown or of quite as good quality, this strain is nevertheless decidedly more hardy, productive, vigorous, larger podded, and better suited for market than the stringless type described above, but because of stringiness it is not always as well liked for home use. The two types are sometimes mixed by seedsmen, thereby producing such unevenness in size that the stronger growing plants of the stringy type often crowd out the weaker growing plants of the stringless type. Synonyms of stringless type.—Bolgiano’s Wax, Keeney’s Refugee Wax, Livingston’s Pencil Pod Wax, Profusion Wax, Thorburn’s Refugee Wax. Synonyms of stringy type.—Epicure Wax, Ferry’s Refugee Wax. History.—The first type of this bean, which was introduced in 1890 by J. M. Thor- burn & Co. as Thorburn’s Refugee Wax, is said to have been derived from Extra — Early Refugee. The present stringless type, which is now used not only by J. M. Thorburn & Co., but also by most other seedsmen, was a selection from the old Thor- burn stock made by N. B. Keeney & Son soon after the introduction of Thorburn’s Refugee Wax. Most stocks of the present stringy type are derived from a selection made by D. M. Ferry & Co. from the old stringy type of J. M. Thorburn & Co. 109 ' 7 yg KIPNEY BEANS. 109 Tilustrations.—A leat of the stringless type is shown on Plate XXIII, 4. The leaf of stringy type differs in being very slightly larger and not quite so narrow or pointed. Snap pods of the stringless type resemble Prolific Black Wax (PI. VII, 4), differing principally in color of seed, and faintly splashed, more slender pods with decidedly hooklike pod points. The snap pods of the stringy type differ from those of stringless type principally in being larger, somewhat straighter, and without such decidedly curved pod points. Cross sections of both types are similar to Pro- lifie Black Wax (P1. V, 8). ROGERS’S LIMA WAX. Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seeds tested: J. C. McCullough, 1905; Maule, 1900, 1902; Rogers, 1904, 1905. Description.—Plant of medium size, very spreading with many runner-like branches, drooping or creeping loosely over the ground, somewhat slender stemmed, wholly green, very late, long in bearing period, lightly productive. Leaf small, very light green, wide across leaflets, very flat, of very smooth surface, and somewhat resembling Lima leaves. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very short, straight, except sometimes bent to one side, flat, very much depressed on outside between seeds, medium yellow, sometimes tinged with green, somewhat tough, stringy, of moderate fiber, of fair quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod thick, short, much curved, and generally imperfect. Green shell pods borne uniformly below foliage and close to ground, never colored or splashed, of very flabby and much depressed pod walls, about 44 inches long, and usually containing about 5 seeds very much separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds small, short, roundish oval through cross séction, invariably well rounded at ends, very rounded or full at eye, decidedly larger at one end than at other, generally regular in shape, some- times bulging out in places near eye, solid white. Comparison.—Although largely advertised at the time of its introduction, this variety is now dropped from most seed lists, as it is now generally conceded to be of little practical value. It has never been planted except in an experimental way, and even among amateurs will probably be little grown. Undesirable because so late in season, spreading in habit, and unproductive, and so small, imperfect, and unat- tractive in size and shape of pods. Of some interest because of peculiar Lima-like pods, which make fairly good snaps so far as quality is concerned, but are very unsatis- factory in other respects and especially unproductive for green shell or dry beans. Pods very different from any other variety. Vines somewhat Lima-like in their very smooth stiff leaves. Synonym.—Lima Wax. History.—Introduced in 1896 by several American seedsmen. Originated by Rogers Brothers, of Chaumont, N. Y. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate IV, 5: cross section of snap pod on Plate V, 19; leaf on Plate XXIII, 3; while snap and green shell pods are quite different from any of the illustrations shown in this bulletin. ROUND POD KIDNEY WAX. Listed by 46 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1902; Johnson & Stokes, 1901; Keeney, 1904-1906. Deseription.—Plant large, very erect when young, generally drooping, with fruit- Jaden branches and spreading in habit when fully grown, without runners, thick stemmed, green throughout, with branches of distinct yellowish green shade, inter- mediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf large, medium green in color, wide across leaflets, and of rough surface. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, frequently decidedly scimi- 109 110 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. ter curved, round, deeply creasebacked, medium yellow, extremely brittle, abso- — ee lutely stringless, entirely without fiber, of excellent quality, moderately free from anthracnose. Point of pod long, very curved, often irregular in shape. Green shell pods borne equally above and “below foliage, never splashed or colored, full on o side between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds very ero in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, extremely slender and | r straight, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, solid white except small area of black around eye and sz one end. ) Comparison.—Largely planted, but perhaps not included among the 20 most exten- sively grown bush beans. Excepting that its seeds have the superior quality of | being almost white in color, this variety is very similar to Pencil Pod Black Wax — and generally regarded as equally useful and valuable, though in our trials the growth of vine has not been as large, vigorous, or productive. Pods about same as those of Pencil Pod Black Wax. Synonym.—Brittle Wax. ‘ History —Introduced in 1900 by Johnson & Stokes. Originated by N. B. Keeney. & Son, of Leroy, N. Y. "i Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate III, 9; snap pods are similar to” Pencil Pod Black Wax (Pl. VIII, 3) and cross section of snap pods to Burpee’s String- less Green Pod (PI. V, 13). SCARLET FLAGEOLET WAX. Listed by 22 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900; Johnson & Stokes, 1897. Description.—Plant large-medium, very erect, thick stemmed, without runners, green throughout except generally slightly purplish tinged in places on branches and flower stalks, especially at their nodes, intermediate in season, of moderate bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green in — color. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, curved, flat, deep — yellow, somewhat inclined to be greenish tinged, tough, very stringy, of much fiber, — poor to medium in quality, somewhat subject to anthracnose. Point of pod long and either straight or slightly surved. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never splashed or appreciably colored, slightly depressed on outside between seeds, about 72 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large medium, long, oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, generally straight at eye, solid plum-violet in color. Comparison.—Well known, but not extensively grown, although a great favorite in many places in the South. Decidedly too stringy and tough for home use and suitable only for market gardening. Except for Hodson Wax and Purple Flageolet Wax, its pods are larger than those of any other wax variety, and being of a coarse, rough surface and somewhat inclined to be greenish tinged its pods are not quite so handsome as Hodson Wax, nor are its plants so hardy, productive, and free from disease, although often more useful because of earliness. Differs from Purple Plageo- let Wax only in color of seed; also resembles Davis Wax, differing principally in color of seed and in larger, longer, more greenish tinged pods. Synonyms.—Crimson Flageolet Wax, Giant Dwarf Wax, King of Wax, Landreth’s Scarlet Wax, Mammoth Red German Wax, Midsummer Wax, Red Flageolet Wax, Red German Wax, Rennie’s Stringless Wax, Simmers’s Barly Giant Wax. History.—Type was introduced in 1887 by D. Landreth Seed Company as Lan- dreth’s Scarlet Wax, but later became known also as Crimson Flageolet Wax, Red Flageolet Wax, and Scarlet Flageolet Wax. Derived from the German variety listed about 1885 as Flageolet Wax. 109 . a KIDNEY BEANS. Bel Iilustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 26; snap pods may be described y reference to Currie’s Rustproof Wax (Pl. VIII, 1), the chief difference being that s are much larger, flatter, more curved, with surface nearly as coarse as Cana- n Wonder (PI. X, 2); cross section of snap pods are similar to Detroit Wax (PI. 16). SPECKLED WAX. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1905, 1906. escription.—Plant large, erect, dense in habit when young, sometimes spreading hen fully grown, always without runners, very thick stemmed, green throughout, late, long in bearing period, heavily productive. Leaf large, dark green, rough * at surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long, straight, round, light ellow, somewhat tough, stringy, of slight fiber, fair in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long, straight, and slender. Green shell pods borne both above and below foliage, often lightly splashed with faint purple, quite depressed on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds large- medium, long, roundish through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, gener- ally straight at eye, reddish buff in color, sparingly splashed with reddish purple. Comparison.—Although catalogued as long ago as 1891, this variety has never been much grown, and is at present almost gone out of use. Its chief merits are straight, -. very handsome pods and immense crops under perfectly favorable conditions, but because erops are very late and often failures it has always remained unpopular. Pods as much like Bismarck Black Wax as any, differing principally in being _ History.—Introduced in 1891 by W. C. Beckert as Beckert’s Speckled Wax. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to the flat-podded type of Best of All (Pl. I, 18), the principal difference being larger size and more abundant splashing; snap pods and cross section of same resemble illustrations of Prolific Black Wax (Pl, VII, 4, _and Pl. V, 8, respectively), differing principally in larger, straighter, and splashed — color of pods. VALENTINE WAX. Listed by 43 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900; Rogers, 1904; Thorburn, 1901, 1902. Description.—Plant very small, erect, somewhat slender stemmed, without runners or spreading branches, green throughout, very early, very short in bearing period, lightly productive. Leaf small, medium green. Flowers pinkish white. Snap pods fairly uniform in size, medium short, curved, roundish oval through cross section, medium yellow, brittle, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, of good-quality. generally quite subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and either straight or slightly eurved. Green shell pods borne mostly above foliage, never appreciably splashed or colored, full on outside between seeds, about 43 inches long, and usually containing 6 “seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, propor- onally long, roundish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at _ eye, generally irregular in shape, often twisted or bulged out in places, purplish red splashed with pale buff. } Comparison.—Generally advertised, but not now extensively grown, for although ‘second in earliness among wax sorts it has been demonstrated during the last six years ‘that the variety is decidedly lacking in hardiness, productiveness, reliability, and _ disease-resistant qualities, being even inferior in these respects to Challenge Black Wax, which variety it most resembles in appearance of pod and vine as well as in gen- eral usefulness and value. Pods somewhat larger, a little more slender, straighter, 5) 3523—No. 109—07——8 s a _ 112 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. ; | and lighter yellow in color, and vines much smaller and more bushy than Challenge Black Wax. Differs from Red Valentine principally in color, stringlessness, and smaller size of pods, in well-rounded bushy vine, and wide instead of narrow leaflets, while seeds of the two varieties are of about same size and color. . Synonym.—Miller’s Early Golden Stringless Wax. ¢ History —Introduced in 1885 by J. M. Thorburn & Co., who write the bean origi- nated with T. V. Maxon, of Jefferson County, N. Y., from a sport found in Red Valen- tine. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are similar to Red Valentine (PI. I, 13); snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Prolific Black Wax (Pl. VII, 4, and PI. V, 8, respectively), differing principally in being smaller in size, less round in shape, lighter yellow in color, and with seed of different color. WARDWELL’S KIDNEY WAX. Listed by 165 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1897; Buist, 1905; Burpee, 1901; Denison, 1903; Ferry, 1899, 1900; Keeney, 1904-1906; May, 1897; Morse, 1906; Rogers, 1904, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902; Wood, 1897. Description.—Plant large-medium, fairly erect, thick stemmed, without runners, wholly green, early-intermediate in season, long to moderate in bearing period, moder- ately productive. Leaf large, dark green, of slightly rough surface. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, long, generally turned back at stem end, flat, medium yel- low, somewhat brittle, stringless, of little fiber, of good quality, much subject to anthracnose. Point of pod short and very straight. Green shell pods borne equally above and below foliage, never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 5% inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally long, oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, flat or incurved at eye, white with mottling of pansy violet and maize yellow around eye and ends, generally covering about one- fourth of bean. Comparison.—One of the three most largely grown wax varieties and though largely planted in all parts of the country and a good all-round sort which is as well adapted for home use as for market it isnot generally as free from disease or as certain a cropper as Henderson’s Market, Currie’s Rustproof, or Horticultural Wax, but when conditions are just right it is one of the most showy and productive of all the wax beans. Peculiar for its very heavy growth, very small pod point, and for a portion of its pods bending backward at stem end. Most like Horticultural Wax and Henderson’s Market Wax, but of the common wax varieties it most resembles Golden Wax, differing principally in seed, in much larger size, in peculiar curvature of pod, in exceedingly small pod point, in later season, and in larger growth of vine. : Synonym.—Milliken’s Wax. History.—Introduced about 1885 by several American seedsmen and originated by a Mr. Wardwell, of Jefferson County, N. Y. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate II, 17; snap pods on Plate X, 3; while cross sections of snap pods are somewhat flatter and larger than Currie’s Rust- proof (Pl. V, 10). YOSEMITE WAX. Listed by 54 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900, 1901; Henderson, 1905; Keeney, 1904; Thorburn, 1897, 1902. Description.—Plant large, without runners, generally with many drooping or heavy spreading branches, thick stemmed, green throughout, late-intermediate in season, long in bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf large, light green, wide aeross 109 ce | | | KIDNEY BEANS. 113 ; leaflets, of rough surface. Flowers pink. Snap pods varying considerably in size, long, very scimiter curved, broad or double barreled through cross section so as to appear like two pods grown together, sharply constricted on outside between seeds, ap- pearing as if drawn together by a thread and separated into sections, deeply crease- backed, deep yellow, extremely brittle, absolutely stringless, wholly without fiber, excellent in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod very long, very thick, sometimes much curled and twisted. Green shell pods borne mostly below foliage, never appreciably splashed or colored, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 5 to 7 inches long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds well separated in pod. Dry pods very Hard to thrash. Dry seeds large, proportionally medium in length, roundish through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, generally in- curved at eye, irregular in shape, usually depressed at eye and either flattened or bulged out in other parts, solid black in color. Comparison.—Generally advertised, but not much grown except in ‘private gardens, being decidedly too tender podded for shipping and too variable in size, shape, and curvature of pod to make a good appearance on the market, besides generally a shy and uncertain bearer. Useful only as an exhibition sort or as a home variety, where extreme tenderness, fleshiness, and unquestionably fine quality is the principal object desired. Conceded everywhere to be the standard for quality in snap pods. Most like Maule’s Butter Wax, differing principally in color of seeds and larger pods. Synonym.—Hopkins’ Everbearing Giant Wax. Ifistory.—Introduced in 1889 by Peter Henderson & Co. and said to have originated from a single plant found ina field of White Wax Bush near Leroy, N. Y., by N. B Keeney & Son. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate III, 26; cross sections of snap pods on Plate V, 21 and 22; and snap pods on Plate VIII, 2. POLE GREEN-PODDED. This class represents about the same range of color, shape, size, texture, and quality of seeds and pods as exists among varieties of the green-podded bush class. As in bush varieties many of the sorts are more useful for their dry seeds than for their snap pods. ARLINGTON RED CRANBERRY POLE. Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of poor climbing habit when young, but domg well when once started, thick stemmed, much branched, green throughout, late- intermediate in season, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf small-medium in size, medium greenincolor. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, fairly straight, often curved back at stem end, flat, light green, smooth, brittle, abso- lutely stringless, without fiber, of good quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and yery straight. Green shell pods often slightly purplish tinged along back and front, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds generally of medium size, but varying considerably, almost as wide as long, roundish through cross section, well rounded at ends, rounded or full at eye, solid plum-violet in color. Comparison.—Little known or planted. Not equal for general use to Black Ken- tucky Wonder, Scotia, or Lazy Wife, but a fairly good all-round variety for snaps, green shell, or dry shell beans for either home or market, and where earliness is impor- 109 9 ho to 3 a _ 114 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. — tant more satisfactory than these varieties. Because entirely stringless, it better snap bean for home use than Red Cranberry, which variety it resem! than any other. Pods also similar to Warren Bush and Yellow Cranberry B = History.—Listed by American seedsmen at least since 1885. ; Illustrations —Green shell pods are similar to Red Cranberry Pole (Pl. XVII ) BLACK KENTUCKY WONDER’ POLE. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: J. C. McCullough, 1905. . Description.—Vine of very large growth, of fair climbing habit, much br very thick stemmed, generally green throughout, sometimes reddish at stems, ] la intermediate in season, of very long bearing period, very heavily productive. J Li very large, medium green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods very uniform in| very long, fairly straight, much inclined to turn back at stem end, round-oval th cross section, deeply creasebacked, dark green in color, of somewhat coarse s brittle, stringy, of small fiber, of good quality, unusually free from anthracnose. _ of pod small and slightly curved. Green shell pods generally reddish ti times solid eee al eat red, eg ays with black lines ae dorsal and ventral su and Seaiee containing 8 to 10 seeds Sess, PONG in pod. Dry pods e: thrash. Dry seeds of large-medium size, of medium length, flattish oval thre cross section, generally well rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid black in co wee Comparison.—Little known and planted. For combination of producti ne hardiness, and large pods this variety is unsurpassed by any other, the onl approaching it in these respects being Scotia Pole. Excellent as snaps and - as green or dry shell beans for home use, but because of purplish pods and blael it is unsuited as a green shell bean for market use. Most like White’s Prolifi ing principally in color of seeds, season, productiveness, and larger, straighter, thi pods. Differs from Kentucky Wonder not only in color of seed, but also i vine, later maturity, greater productiveness, and thicker pods. History.—Listed by J. C. McCullough Seed Company at least since 1899 an ently never listed by other seedsmen. ae Illustrations. —Snap pods are shown on Plate XVII, 3; cross sections of sm: are similar in shape to Kentucky Wonder Wax Pole (PI. V; 26). BROCKTON POLE. Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of somewhat poor climbing habit when y but doing well when once started, thick stemmed, moderately branched, green, intermediate in season, of moderate to long bearing period, heavily prod Leaf large-medium in size, dark green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods fa uniform in size, long, very straight, flat, dark green, of-coarse surface, somewhat to stringy, of moderate fiber, of fair quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point I extremely long, slender, straight. Green shell pods abundantly and_brillian splashed with red, moderately depressed on outside between seed, about 8 in long, and usually containing 5 or 6 seeds fairly separated in pod., Dry pods y easy to thrash. Dry seeds very large, long, oval through cross section, genera rounded at ends, usually slightly incurved at eye, pale buff in color fairly sp with dark reddish purple. be Comparison.—One of the iesser grown varieties and apparently cultivated onl, New England, where the Horticultural class are the principal pole varieties for green shell beans. Ranks equally with Childs’s Horticultural Pole as the best the Horticultural class for strictly green shell beans. Of little value for snaps, bu 109 C KIDNEY BEANS. ais, certain cropper than Worcester Mammoth, more productive than Extra Early Itural Pole, and excepting Extra Early Horticultural and Golden Carmine- ded Horticultural Pole the most handsomely splashed of all pole varieties. Not roductive, however, as Lazy Wife or Arlington Red Cranberry Pole or as generally ful. More like Childs’s Horticultural than any other pole variety. Pods closely ble Improved Goddard Bush, differing principally in flatter shape, longer pod nt, and with seeds more separated in pod. istory.—Introduced in 1885 by the former Aaron Low Seed Company, and origi- by a market gardener of Brockton, Mass. strations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 27; green shell pods on Plate 2. ; BURGER’S STRINGLESS POLE. Listed by 2seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1906; Vaughan, 1905. Description.—Vine of small growth, of good climbing habit, little branched, some- it slender stemmed for a pole bean, open in habit, green throughout, very early, of short bearing period, moderately to lightly productive. Leaf medium in size, edium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, oderately curved, oval-round through cross section, creasebacked, dark green in color, of coarse surface, extremely brittle, stringless, without fiber, of very good =quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Green shell pods never tinged or splashed ccept sometimes with black lines along dorsal and ventral sutures, much depressed on outside between seeds, much wrinkled, about 63 inches long and usually contain- ing 8 or 9 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods hard to thrash. Dry seeds rge-medium, medium in length, flattish oval through cross section, generally well nded at ends, straight or incurved at eye, sliver from pod oceasionally attached eye, solid white. Comparison.—New and as yet little known or cultivated. Ranks equally with tucky Wonder and White Creaseback as one of the best early varieties for snaps, 1 is sometimes claimed to be earlier, more productive, longer in bearing, and better quality than either. Its absolute stringlessness certainly makes it superior in quality, and its white seed and solid dark green pods are also decided merits, but more “experiments are necessary before stating whether it is superior in the other qualities claimed. Habit of vine about same as Kentucky Wonder Pole, but pods most resem- ble White’s Prolific, differing principally in solid green color, rounder, straighter, more deeply creasebacked shape, earlier season, and absolute stringlessness. ~ History. —First listed in 1903 by Vaughan Seed Company, who state that the v ariety is of German origin. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV, 20; green shell pod and cross ction ef same resemble Kentucky Wonder Pole (Pl. XV, 2, and Pl. V, < ively), differing principally in smoother, smaller, straighter, and somewhat flatter ape, besides differing in color of both seed and pod. , Tespec- s CHILDS’S HORTICULTURAL POLE. 1 isted by 1 seedsman. Seed tested: Chiids, 1905. Bebizeription. —Vines of large growth, of poor climbing habit when young, buf doing when once started, thick stemmed, much branched, wholly green, intermediate late in season, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf medium large in size, + green in color. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long, slightly curved middle, flat, of somewhat coarse surface, dark green, barely brittle, stringy, some- hat tough, of moderate fiber, of fair quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod and curved. Green shell pods abundantly and distinctly splashed with brilliant 1, moderately depressed on outside between seeds, about 6} inches long, and usually 109 116 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. containing 6 to $8 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally short, roundish through cross section, gen- erally well rounded at ends, flat or rounded at eye, pale buff freely splashed with reddish purple. ’ Comparison.—One of the minor varieties of the country and not largely plan except in New England, where the Horticultural class is used almost exclusively for green shell beans. Ranks equally with Brockton as the best of the Horticultural class for strictly green shell beans, but is of little value for snaps. More certain cropper than Worcester Mammoth, more brilliantly splashed and salable than London Horti- cultural, and more productive than Extra Early Horticultural; not, however, as pro- ductive as Lazy Wife or Black Kentucky Wonder or as generally useful. More like ~ Brockton Pole than any other, differing principally in slightly later season, narrower pods, and shorter pod point. History.—Introduced in 1891 by John Lewis Childs, who writes that the variety was discovered in a farmer’s garden at North Jay, Me. Illustrations —Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 10; green shell pods are similar to Brockton Pole (Pl. XIX, 2). CONCORD POLE. Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Emerson, 1904. Descriplion.—Vine of large-medium growth, of poor climbing habit when young, but doing well when once started, thick stemmed, much branched, green throughout, intermediate in season, long in bearing, moderately productive. Leaf small-medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, medium in length, curved at middle, flat, medium green, of decidedly coarse suriace, somewhat tough, very stringy, of poor quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size and very straight. Green shell pods never colored or splashed, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually contain- ing 6 or 7 seeds well separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds large- medium, proportionally short, roundish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, rounded or flat at eye, white at back, light buff in front with light mahogany markings around eye, the white color covering two-thirds of seed. Comparison.—Little known or cultivated and of no great value, being decidedly too tough for snaps and too unattractive in appearance for good green shell beans, Its only recommendation, if any, seems to be hardiness and sure cropping qualities, More like Red Cranberry Pole than any other, differing principally in earliness and greater toughness, width, and flatness of pod; also similar to Lazy Wife. Synonyms.—Big Sioux Pole, Hemisphere Pole, October Pole, Tall Sioux Pole, History.—Introduced about 1865 and said to have originated at Concord, Mass. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 12; green shell pods on Plate XX, 2. DUTCH CASE KNIFE POLE, Listed by 111 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900; Fish, 1903, 1904; Lompoc, 1905; McClure, 1903; Morse, 1906; Thorburn, 1897, 1901, 1902, 1905. Description.—Vine of large-medium growth, of good climbing habit, moderately branched, thick stemmed, wholly green, late-intermediate in season, of moderate to long bearing period, moderately to heavily productive. Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat varying in size, very long, fairly straight, very flat, medium green in color, of somewhat coarse surface, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of very poor quality, free from anthracnose. Green shell pods solid green except black lines along sutures and occasionally splashed with 109 . KIDNEY BEANS. 1 Ly faint purple, very much depressed on outside between beans, about 8 inches long, and | | usually containing 7 or 8 seeds much separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds very large, proportionally medium in length, flattish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, decidedly incurved at eye, sometimes irregular in shape or bulged out on one side, solid white. Comparison.—One of the six most largely planted Kidney pole beans. Most popu- Jar in the Middle West. Decidedly too tough and thin walled for snaps, but largely planted as a late green shell bean, for which use it ranks equally with Lazy Wife Pole and Worcester Mammoth. Except Early Giant Advance it is the flattest podded vari- ety cultivated in the United States. More like Early Giant Advance than any other, differing principally in earliness and size of pods. Synonyms.—Princess Pole, Corn Hill Pole. History.—Cultivated in this country at least since 1820, and one of the oldest of the pole varieties. Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate 1V, 24; cross section of snap pods on Plate V, 28; and green shell pod on Plate XX, 1. EARLY GIANT ADVANCE POLE, Listed by 1 seedsman. “Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1905, 1906. Description.—Vine of small growth, of good climbing habit, little branched, slender stemmed, very early, of short bearing period, lightly productive. Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Flowers white. Snap pods variable in size, generally very long, straight, very flat, medium green in color, of somewhat coarse surface, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, very poor in quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size and slightly curved. Green shell pods solid green in color excepting black lines along dorsal and ventral sutures, and sometimes sparingly splashed throughout pod with faint purple, very much depressed on outside between seeds, about 7 inches long and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds much separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds very large, proportionally medium in length, flattish through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, decidedly incurved at eye, sometimes irregular in shape, bulged out on one side, solid white. Comparison.—New, little cultivated, and of but limited usefulness. Decidedly too thin walled and tough forsnaps. Suitable only for green shell beans, and desirable for this use only because of its large white seed and extreme earliness. Too small- growing and unproductive as a general crop for green or dry shell beans. Most like Dutch Case Knife, the pods being indistinguishable from that variety, but vine differ- ing principally in being less productive, much earlier in season, and much smaller in growth. History.—Introduced in 1903 from Germany by J. C. Vaughazi Seed Company. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds, green shell pods, and cross sections of snap pods are same as Dutch Case Knife (Pl. IV, 24; Pl. XX, 1; and Pl. V, 28, respectively). EXTRA EARLY HORTICULTURAL POLE. No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ross, 1904-1906. Description.—Vine of large-medium growth, of somewhat poor climbing habit when young, but climbing well when once started, somewhat thick stemmed, mod- erately branched, wholly green, early, of moderate bearing period, moderately to lightly productive. Leaf large-medium in size, dark green. Flowers pink. Snap pods very uniform in size, proportionally very short and wide, very straight, flat, dark green, of somewhat coarse surface, brittle, stringless, of small fiber, of fair quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and very straight. Green shell pods gen- erally abundantly and distinctly splashed with brilliant red, moderately depressed 109 118 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 5 seeds separated in pod. Dry pods generally easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medi proportionally short, roundish oval through cross section, invariably well round ends, rounded or full at eye, pale buff in color, freely splashed with purplish ed Comparison.—One of the lesser grown pole varieties. Apparently cultivated o in New England. Decidedly the most handsomely splashed and earliest of the J ticultural class, but for a main crop variety either Brockton or London Horticul Pole is much more productive and desirable for green shell beans than any « of the Horticultural class. Usable as snaps for only a short time and generally of hi value for that purpose. Most like Brockton Pole, differing principally in season, absence of string, and shortness of point. History.—Introduced in 1902 by Ross Brothers, who state the variety ori with gardeners in the vicinity of Worcester, Mass., where it is locally known as Li Gem and Little Wonder. . Iilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 8, and ‘green shell “pod Plate XV, 1. KENTUCKY WONDER POLE, Listed by 125 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Armsby, 1906; Ferry, 1898, 1900, 903, 1905; Grenell, 1903; Lompoc, 1905, 1906; McClure, 1903; Rice, 1905, 1906; Re zahn, 1905; Thorburn, 1897, 1901, 1902. ‘ Description.—Vine of small-medium growth, of good climbing habit, moder branched, slender stemmed, open in habit, green throughout, very early, bearing period, moderately productive. Leaf medium in size, medium green color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, decidedly s curved; much bent back at extreme stem end, much curved inward at tip round through cross section, deeply creasebacked, medium green in color, of y coarse and undulating surface, extremely brittle; slightly stringy, without of gous quality, smi free from ares Point of pod short and | pera on outside between seeds, of much wrinkled and undulated surface, 8} inches long, and usually containing 8 to 10 seeds fairly separated in pod. pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds of large-medium size, long, oval-triangy through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate at ends, straight or slightly ineury at eye, somewhat irregular in shape, sometimes bent on one side and bulged out on other, solid chamois in color quickly fading to dark fawn, always with minute 1 . dish area around eye. Comparison.—By far the best known and most generally cultivated pole ety Largely and successfully grown in all parts of the country. Ranks equally with White Creaseback and Burger’s Stringless as one of the best early pole snap beans. for home or market, though as a main crop variety or for strictly green shell there are other more productive sorts. Variety easily identified by its pee wrinkled surface and great length of pods, which are similar to Tennessee Wonder also resemble Black Kentucky Wonder in respect to the wrinkled surface. Synonyms.—American Sickle Pole, Archias’s Improved Kentucky Wonder Eastern Wonder Pole, Georgia Monstrous Pole, Monstrous-Podded Southern Pole, Old Homestead Pole, Texas Prolific Pole. History.—First listed by American seedsmen about 1875. ath, Tilustrations.—A cross section of green shell pod is shown on Plate V, 25, and green shell pods on Plate XV, 2. “Tes LAZY WIFE POLE. ee Ce ine Listed by 131 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Armsby, 1906; Burpee, 1900; Ferry, 1903; May, 1897, 1905, 1906; Rice, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902, 1905; Wood, 1897. , 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 119 when once started, thick stemmed, much branched, wholly green, late, long in g, heavily productive. Leaf small, of medium green color. Flowers white. nap pods uniform in size, long-medium, much curved back at stem end, otherwise ‘y straight, very flat, much bulged out at seeds, light green, brittle, of smooth sur- e, stringless, of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, free from anthracnose. Point pod short and yery straight. Green shell pods never colored or splashed, much en between seeds, about 5t inches long, and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds ed in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, very 1ort or almost as wide as long, roundish through cross section, generally well rounded ends, decidedly larger at one end than at other, much rounded or full at eye, solid ite. Comparison.—One of the five most largely grown kidney pole varieties. The best general purpose late pole variety, excellent for either home or market. Oi superior _ quality as snaps and on account of large white seeds and attractive pods excellent also for green or dry shell beans. For late snap beans it is surpassed only by Scotia and Black Kentucky Wonder, while it is best of all for late white-seeded green or dry shell 1, and later, flatter, wider pods. Also similar to Concord Pole. Pods hardly dis- tinguishable from Warren Bush. : Synonyms.—Maryland White Pole, White Cherry Pole. History.—Name first used about 1882, though the type or one similar to it is said to a ave been in existence at least since 1810 under the name of White Cherry Pole and hite Cranberry Pole. The old type was probably not stringless like the present day LONDON HORTICULTURAL POLE, Listed by 116 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1903; Fish, 1903-1905. - Snap pods uniform in size, long, straight, flat, becoming oval at green shell stage, yery dark green, of smooth surface, brittle, stringless, of small fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size and straight. Green shell pods abundantly and distinctly splashed with purplish red but not until very late, moderately depressed on outside between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually con- taining 6 or 7 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, proportionally very short, roundish oval through cross section, gen- erally truncate at ends, rounded or full at eye, pale buff in color freely splashed with purplish red. _ Comparison.—One of the five most largely grown Kidney pole beans. Decidedly best of the Horticultural varieties for general use and almost equal to Lazy Wife general-purpose late snap and green shell bean suitable for home or market. More iable than Worcester Mammoth and much better as snaps than Childs’s Horticul- or Brockton Pole, but for green shell beans its pods are not nearly as brilliantly hed and handsome. More like Childs’s Horticultural than any other variety w listed by American seedsmen, differing principally in season, color of splashing, Synonyms.—Horticultural Cranberry Pole, Horticultural Pole, Speckled Cran- 109 120 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. -Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 6, green shell pods are interme- — diate in shape between those of Concord Pole (PI. xx, 2) and Red Cranberry Pole (Pl. XVIII, 3), and splashed about the same as Brockton Pole (Pl. XTX, 2). MISSOURI WONDER POLE. 2 Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Field, 1904, 1905. Description —Vine of large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, wholly green, late, long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf small- medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, long, much curved, flat, medium green in color, of smooth surface, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size and straight. Green shell pods generally solid light green, sometimes splashed with faint red, much depressed between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds well separated in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, medium in length, flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, generally slightly incurved at eye, pinkish drab in color, striped and spotted with tan brown, and with minute reddish area around eye. — Comparison.—Little known and planted and of but limited usefulness. Decidedly too tough and thin walled for good snaps and too small seeded, narrow podded, and unattractive for good green shell beans. Its usefulness, if any, seems to be for plant- ing among corn for dry beans, but even for this purpose the white-seeded Royal Corn and Lazy Wife are generally far better varieties, though perhaps not always so pro- ductive and hardy. Most like Royal Corn and Southern Prolific, differing from former principally in much earlier season, shorter, flatter shape, and faintly splashed color when old. Pods quite similar in shape to Long Yellow Six Weeks Bush. History.—Introduced in 1903 by several western seedsmen. Illustrations.—Snap pods are similar in shape to Long Yellow Six Weeks (Pl. X, 1) and cross sections of snap pods to Mohawk (Pl. V, 17). POWELL’S PROLIFIC POLE. Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1898-1902, 1905. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, very thick stemmed, often purplish tinged on stems, very late, very long in bearing period, very heavily productive. Leaf large-medium in size, medium green in color. Snap pods very uniform in size, long, fairly straight, round, deeply creasebacked, light green in color, of very smooth and glossy suriace, extremely brittle, stringy, of small fiber, of good quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and curved. Green shell pods varying in color from almost solid green to almost solid purple, full on outside between seeds, about 5{ inches long, and usually containing 8 or 9 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds small, proportion- ally long, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight at eye, solid black to madder brown in color. Comparison.—Little known and planted. The latest in season, the largest in growth, and where full crops can be obtained, probably the first in productiveness among Kidney pole beans. Decidedly too late for general cultivation at the North, but excel- lent at the South, where it makes the best show or exhibition variety, so far as large growth and immense productiveness are concerned. Produces excellent snap beans for either home or market, but for general reliability and usefulness Scotia, Black Kentucky Wonder, and Lazy Wife are much better as late sorts for most parts of the country. Pod and vine very similar to the late round-podded plants often found in stocks of White Creaseback; also similar to Scotia and the fleshy round-podded type of Southern Prolific. 109 A 4 a Ee KIDNEY BEANS. 177i History.—Introduced in 1887 by A. T. Cook and originated by F.. P. Powell. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate II, 16, and cross section of snap pod on Plate V, 23, while green shell pods are same as White Creaseback Pole (PI. XIX, 1) excepi larger. RED CRANBERRY POLE. Listed by 8 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Breck, 1905; Schlegel & Fottler, 1904. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of poor climbing habit when young, but doing well when once started, thick stemmed, much branched, wholly green, late- intermediate in season, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf small-medium in size, medium greenincolor. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long-medium, straight except curved back at stem end, flat, light green, of smooth surface, brittle, moderately stringy, of small fiber, of medium to good quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and very straight. Green shell pods mostly solid green, often slightly purplish tinged along sutures, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 52 inches long, and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds quite crowded in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium in size, but varying considerably, almost as wide as long, roundish through cross section, well rounded at ends, rounded or full at eye, solid pium-yiolet in color. Comparison.—About 1875 it was one of the most largely grown pole varieties, but to-day is only little known and planted. Lazy Wife is much more desirable as a gen- eral-purpose late variety, and Black Kentucky Wonder, Scotia, and Arlington Red Cranberry are much preferable for strictly snap pods. Except that pods are stringy, the variety is hardly distinguishable from Arlington Red Cranberry, differing princi_ pally in being somewhat more hardy and productive and a few days earlier in season. Also similar to Lazy Wife and Concord Pole, and pod closely resembles Warren Bush and Yellow Cranberry. History.—Cultivated in this country at least since 1820 and one of the oldest pole varieties. Illustrations.—Green shell pods are shown on Plate XVIII, 3. ROYAL CORN POLE. Listed by 2seedsmen. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1904, 1906. Deseription.—Vine of very large growth. of fair climbing habit, much branched, thick stemmed, green throughout, late, long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, extremely long and slender, very curved, especially at tip end, generally much twisted, oval through cross section, becoming flat at green shell stage, medium green, of fairly smooth surface, barely brittle, very stringy, of much fiber, of fair quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod fairly straight and of medium size. Green shell pod with black lines along dorsal and ventral sutures, otherwise never colored or appreciably splashed, somewhat depressed on outside between seeds, often with miss- ing seeds, sometimes imperfect at tip, about 8 inches long, and usually containing 8 or 9 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds small, pro- portionally medium in length, oval through cross section, rounded or slightly truncate _ at ends, almost straight at eye, solid white. Comparison.—New and valuable but as yet little known or cultivated. Possibly too late in season for always ripening full crops at the extreme North, but excellent asa late variety for other sections, especially the South, its white seed particularly com- mending it as a late sort where colored seed is objectionable. Being earlier and more productive the variety is generally more satisfactory for snaps than White Sickle 109 122 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Pole, but seeds are somewhat too small to make a good green shell variety. White Sickle, differing principally in being earlier, more productive, To and flatter podded. Synonyms.—Livingston’s Royal Corn, Schwill’s Royal Corn. History.—Introduced in 1898 by Livingston Seed Company, as Livingston's Corn. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV, 8, and green shell pi Plate XX,.3. SCOTIA POLE. Listed by 3seedsmen. Seeds tested: Harris, 1902, 1904, 1905; Schwill, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of good dine habit, much branched, stemmed, generally dark purehes tinged in places on stems, late- intermediate ij in son, very long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaf small-medium, verys smc dark green, often somewhat purplish tinged. Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform size, very long, very straight, round, exceedingly large in diameter, deeply backed, dark green, sometimes purplish tinged, of exceedingly smooth and face, fairly brittle, of very hard flesh, stringy, of moderate fiber, of good qua oe free from anthracnose. Point of pod very short and curved. Green shell pods g ally tinged with purple, sparingly splashed with purplish red, very full on between seeds, about 7} inches long, and usually containing 8 to 10 seeds very er in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds small-medium in size, pro ally short, oval through cross section, well rounded at ends, straight at eye, mottled putty in color and also colored throughout with long circular strips of olive green and always with minute yellow ocher area around eye. Comparison.—Little known and cultivated. With Black Kentucky Wonder sesses the distinction of being one of the best two late pole varieties as snaps for hoi or market, Black Kentucky Wonder being somewhat preferable for home account of its better quality. Both varieties are unsurpassed by any of their remarkable combination of productiveness, hardiness, and exceedingly thick, imi handsome pods. Available for snaps longer than any other variety and ripens enough to mature good crops at the North. A most reliable and showy sort for tion purposes. Color of pod, vine, and leaf same as Tennessee Wonder but quite ent from that variety in other respects. Easily identified by its smail leaves, pr color, and thick, straight pods. More like Powell’s Prolific than any other variet Pods similar to White Creaseback, differing principally in purplish color and | large ge size. Tistory.—Introduced in 1892 by Jos. Harris Company, who state that the sead from a customer in eastern New York. sbiiecalalatg —Cross section of snap pod is shown on Plate V, 15, and snap pods or Plate XVII,.2 SOUTHERN PROLIFIC POLE. Listed by 38 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1906; Fish, 1908 1904; Johnson & Stokes, 1906; McClure, 1903; Rogers, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902 1905, 1906; Wood, 1897. al Description of long, flat-podded type.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbi ny habit, much branched, very thick stemmed, often purplish tinged at ends, late, long in bearing, very heavily productive. Leaves small, dark green. Flowers wh aa Snap pods uniform in size, long, flat, becoming oval at green shell stage, of rather du MM grayish green color, of smooth surface, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poo quality, very free from anthracnose. Point of pod medium in size and slightly Green shell pods often purplish tinged, sometimes almost solid purple, moderately 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 123 depressed between seeds, about 6 inches long, and usually containing § to 10 seeds somewhat close in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds small-medium, long, roundish or oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight at eye, varying in color from solid dark fawn in some beans to light fawn in others. Description of short fleshy-podded type—See comparison below. Comparison of long and short-podded types.—About 1880 this bean was one of the best known and most generally cultivated of the pole varieties, but to-day is only little planted, and the variety, once brittle and fleshy-podded and excellent for snaps, has degenerated into a mixture of tough-podded beans, generally containing more fiber and less suited for snaps than any other pole variety; at least, so far as our experi- ments have been carried, no samples have shown any considerable number of the old fleshy pods of twenty years ago. Most of present day stocks seem to consist largely of the long flat-podded type described above or of pods about the shape of Navy Pea but about twice as large, and more resembling Virginia Cornfield than any other pole _ variety. Some present day stocks also contain a shorter and less flat-podded type, somewhat resembling the old brittle-podded type, but decidedly too tough and stringy for use as snaps, somewhat oval through cross section, and inclined to be very reddish tinged at green shell stage. Besides above differences in pod, present day stocks vary considerably also in the color of seeds. \ Synonym of long flat-podded type.—Willing’s Pride Pole. ] History.—Listed in 1873 by D. Landreth Seed Company, although probably culti- vated in the South before that time. Tilustrations.—Light colored seeds are illustrated on Plate IT, 2; cross section of the old, true, fleshy-podded type on Plate V, 1; cross section of present long, flat-podded type on Plate V, 2; green shell pods of the long, flat-podded-type, the present short, tough-podded type, and the old, short, fleshy-podded type on Plate XVI. 1, 2, and 4, respectively. a ’ SPECKLED CUT SHORT POLE. Listed by 101 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1898, 1900; Fish, 1903, 1904; Me- Clure, 1903; Thorburn, 1897, 1902. i Description.—Vine of moderate to large growth, of good climbing habit, moderately e branching, somewhat thick stemmed, wholly green, intermediate-late in season, | long in bearing, heavily productive. Leaf small-medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, very short, very straight, decidedly bulged out in places, flat, becoming oval at green shell stage, medium green in color, of smooth surface, somewhat tough, very stringy, of moderate fiber, medium to poor in quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and very _ straight. Green shell pods reddish tinged, much depressed on outside between _ beans, about 4 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods very easy to thrash. Dry seeds small, very short, sometimes wider than long, _ oval through cross section, decidedly truncate and generally more obliquely than _ squarely so, invariably straight at eye, irregular amd variable in shape, dingy gray in color, dotted or completely covered with purplish red around eye, at back, and one end. Comparison.—One of the 6 most largely cultivated Kidney pole beans. Probably more largely used for planting among corn than any other variety and apparently useful only for this purpose. Pods and seeds much too small and unattractive as green shell beans for sale in market or for general use. Variety does not closely resemble any other pole bean, but in shape and color of pods it is perhaps as much like Lazy Wife as any, although much smaller. Pods also similar to those of Navy - Bush, differing principally in color, size, and with seeds more crowded in pod. 109 ' 5 124 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Synonyms.—Corn Hill Pole, Cornfield Pole, Cut Short Pole. History.—Type apparently first known in this country as Corn Bean, later as Com Hill, and within the last ten or twenty years as Speckled Cut Short. The Corn Hill has been in use at least since 1835. , Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 1; green shell pods on 1 XVII, 1 and 4; cross section of snap pod is similar to avs: Pea (Pl. V, 3), al principally in larger size. TENNESSEE WONDER POLE. ~ Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1905. Description.—Vine of small-medium growth, of good climbing habit, few to ie erately branched, slender stemmed, open in habit, purplish tinged in places on stems, _ 5 intermediate-early in season, of moderate bearing period, lightly productive. Leaf large-medium in size, medium green in color, often purplish tinged. Flowers pink. Snap pods variable in size, very long, very curved, decidedly scimiter shaped, much curved at extreme blossom end, almost double barreled through cross section, deeply : creasebacked, medium green, of coarse and undulating surface, very brittle, of inap- — preciable string, without fiber, of good quality. Fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and curved. Green shell pods generally tinged with purple and splashed with purplish red, much depressed on outside between seeds, of much wrinkled sur- face, about 9% inches long, and usually containing 8 or 9 seeds fairly separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, extremely slender, flattish oval through — cross section, invariably well rounded at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, very irregular in shape, generally more or less flattened, depressed, or bulged out in places, slate gray in color marked throughout with long curved stripes of black olive green, also minute area of same color around eye. Comparison.—Little known and cultivated. The largest, straightest, and most handsome-podded of all cultivated beans, but compared to Kentucky Wonder its” pods are too late and decidedly too few in number for practical usefulness, and the — variety is really useful only as an exhibition or show bean. Pods, leaves, and stems — same color as Scotia, but quite different in other respects. Most like Kentucky Won- der, differing principally in purplish tinged pods, leaves, and stems, and larger, straighter, later, and more double-barreled pods. Synonym.—Holmes’s Improved Sickle Pole. History.—Introduced in 1901 by D. Landreth Seed Company. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate III, 13; gros shell pods and cross sections of same are similar to Kentucky Wonder (PL XV, 2, and PIV; 2b; respectively). VIRGINIA CORNFIELD POLE. Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Wood, 1905, 1906. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of good climbing habit, much branched, — very thick stemmed, wholly green, very late, very long in bearing, very heavily pro- ductive. Leaf medium in size, dark green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uni- form in size, long, much curved, very flat, medium green in color, of somewhat coarse surface, very tough, very stringy, of much fiber, of poor quality, very free from anthrac- nose. Point of pod medium in size and moderately curved. Green shell pods generally solid green, sometimes sparingly splashed wih faint purple, moderately ~ depressed on outside between seeds, about 6} inches long, and usually containing 8 or 9 seeds somewhat separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, proportionally short, oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid white. Comparison.—Little known, little cultivated, and of very limited usefulness. Decidedly too late for planting at the North, much too tough and stringy for good 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 25 snaps, and too small-seeded and slender-podded to be recommended as a good green shell bean. Its value, if any, seems to be for planting among corn for dry beans in the South, for which purpose it is better than the present type of Southern Prolific or Mis- sourt Wonder, as its seeds are pure white in color. Next to Powell’s Prolific it is the latest in season and makes the largest growth of any variety listed by American seeds- men. More like the long flat-podded type of Southern Prolific than any other variety. Similar in general character and usefulness to Missouri Wonder and Royal Corn. Tlistory.—Introduced in 1905 by T. W. Wood & Sons. Illustrations.—Dry seeds resemble Royal Corn (Pl. IV, 8), differing principally in larger size; green shell pods resemble the long flat-podded type of Southern Prolific (Pl. XVI, 1), differing principally in being wider and flatter. WHITE CREASEBACK POLE, Listed by 82 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Armsby, 1906; Burpee, 1897, 1901, 1905; Ferry, 1900, 1902; Fish, 1905; Lompoc, 1906; May, 1905, 1906; Morse, 1906; Rice, 1905, 1906; Rogers, 1904; Routzahn, 1905; Steckler, 1905. Description of early or true type.—Vine small in growth, at first often bushlike in habit but climbing well when once started, few branched, slender stemmed, green throughout, very early, short in bearing period, moderately to lightly productive. Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Snap pods very uniform in size, long- -medium, fairly straight, of exceedingly smooth surface, round, often double barreled or greater in diameter from side to side than from suture to suture, generally deeply creasebacked but sometimes flat at back and front at green shell stage, medium green in color, extremely brittle, stringy, of small fiber, of very good quality, quite free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and curved. Green shell pods generally solid green, sometimes sparingly splashed with faint purple, full on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds small, of medium length, roundish through cross section, generally more or less truncate at ends, straight at eye, solid white. Description of late type-—Same as above except vine very large in growth, much branched, thick stemmed, very late, long in bearing, heavily productive, and pods long. Comparison of early and late types.—One of the five most generally cultivated Kidney pole beans and largely planted in all parts of the country, especially the South. Pres- ent day stocks are much mixed and confused and usually consist either of an early or late type, or a mixture of both. The early type, which is the original true variety, is the earliest of the pole sorts to produce snap pods, and ranks equally with Kentucky Wonder and Burger’s Stringless as the best extremely early snap bean for home or market. It should be similar in growth of vine and a few days earlier in season than Kentucky Wonder. Its pods should be a little smaller and of about the same shape as Powell’s Prolific, and similar also to those of Scotia Pole and Byer’s Bush. The pods of the late type are usually similar to the true strain, and generally differ only in slightly larger size. In some very degenerated stocks, however, the pods are very flat, but whatever the shape of pods, the season is always very late and the vines very large and coarse, somuch so that in mixtures of the two types the frail slender plants of the early type are generally crowded out and rendered useless. The late type is similar in season, vine, and pod to Powell’s Prolific, differing principally in the wholly green color of its pods and vines, its pure white seed, and not quite so late season. Gardeners who seek earliness will find the late type to be a great disappointment and perhaps a great loss. For these reasons seedsmen should see that they not only have the right type but that their stocks are free from late plants. 109 ee . a , = 2 126 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Synonyms of early or true type.—Best of All Pole, Blue Lake Creaseback Po Horse Pole, July Pole, Missouri White Cornfield Pole, Point Market Prolit Southern Creaseback Pole, Tall July Runner Pole, White Cornfield Pole. Synonyms of late type-——None. History Apparently first listed in this country in 1881 by the former RB Frotcher Seed Company, the predecessors of J. Steckler Seed Company. It to have been grown in the South many years before this time, but never b prominently before the public until 1881. ag Iilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV. 7; ; snap pods on Pls 1; cross sections of snap pods are similar to Scotia (Pl. v. 15), differing prine imalter size. WHITE SICKLE POLE. Listed by 8 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900, 1904, 1905. Description.—Vine of very large growth, of fair climbing habit, much thick stemmed, wholly green, very late, long in bearing, moderately to h ductive. Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Flowers white. somewhat variable in size, extremely long, very slender, very curved, at tip end, often much twisted, generally round, sometimes almost doub through cross section, deeply creasebacked both at dorsal and ventral sutures, and undulating surface, medium green, very brittle, very stringy, of mod of good quality. Point of pod long and moderately curved. Green shell colored or splashed, much depressed on outside between seeds, of very and uneven surface, about 9} inches long, and usually containing § or 9 seeds separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, very slend ish or roundish oval through cross section, well rounded or decidedly tape straight and slightly incurved at eye, exceedingly irregular in shape, gene} or bulged out considerably on one side, solid white except minute area o around eye. Comparison.—One of the little known and lesser cultivated varieties. too late for general cultivation at the North but a good late variety for sn South. It is questionable, however, whether it is as desirable even in th as Scotia, Black Kentucky.Wonder, or Royal Corn. As the last-named white-seeded it would seem to fill every requirement of White Sickle, with: tional advantage of being earlier and more productive. After Royal Corn the most resembles Kentucky Wonder, differing principally in much larger vine and longer, slenderer, more deeply creasebacked, more solid green p similar to Tennessee Wonder. Confusing names.—Holmes’s Improved Sickle. American Sickle, both 7 ent varieties from White Sickle. History.—Introduced in 1882 by the former Richard Frotscher Seed Compa predecessors of J. Steckler Seed Company. It is said to have been grown at South for many years before that time but never brought prominently before th lic until 1882. Illustrations. —Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV, 23; green shell pods a sections of same resemble Kentucky Wonder Pole (Pl. XV, 2, and Pl. respectively). WHITE'S PROLIFIC POLE. Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Godden, 1905, Description.—Vine of large-medium growth, of good climbing habit, moder rat branched, thick stemmed, wholly green, intermediate in season, of moderate © bearing period, heavily productive. Leaf large-medium in size, medium green color. Flowers white. Snap pods uniform in size, very long, decidedly se 109 . KIDNEY BEANS. 127 ed, flat, deeply creasebacked, medium green in color, of coarse surface, brit- He, stringy, of small fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and curved. Green shell pods generally sparingly splashed with faint purple, somewhat depressed on outside between seeds, about 7 inches tong, and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds fairly close in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, long, flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, gen- erally straight at eye, somewhat irregular in shape, often bent or bulged out on one side, putty colored with golden bronze green stripes and also minute area of yellow ocher around eye. Comparison.—Little known and cultivated. Excellent as snaps and green shell beans for home or market. The best variety for late snaps in places where Black Kentucky Wonder and extremely late varieties do not mature full crops. Ranks almost equally with Lazy Wife and Arlington Red Cranberry as a general-purpose snap and green shell bean. After Black Kentucky Wonder the pods most resemble _ Burger’s Stringless, Kentucky Wonder, and Tennessee Wonder. Very similar to the _. English variety known as Sutton’s Epicure. _ Synonyms.—Noxall Pole. Rhode Island Butter Pole. History.—Ot uncertain origin and name. Some writers mention a variety of this name as early as 1850; others give it a later origin, claiming the type first originated with Fulton 8. White, of Birmingham, Ala., or else in the West; while still others elaim it to be renamed from Rhode Island Butter Pole. Name has been in use among American seedsmen at least since 1878. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IT, 20, and snap pods on Plate XVIII, 2; cross sections of snap pods resemble in shape Kentucky Wonder Wax Pole (Pl. V, 26). d ‘ WORCESTER MAMMOTH POLE, Listed by 6seedsmen. Seeds tested: Rawson, 1897, 1901, 1904; Ross, 1904-1906. Description.—V ine of large growth, of poor climbing habit when young but climbing well when once started, very thick stemmed, moderately branched, green through- out, intermediate-late in season, long in bearing, moderately productive. Leaf very _ large, very dark green. Flowers pink. Snap pods varying in size, long, fairly straight, extremely large through cross section, flat, becoming almost round at green shell stage, of coarse surface, brittle, stringless. of inappreciable fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod very long, slender, and inclined to curl and twist. Green shell pods abundantly but not distinctly splashed with red, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 7 inches long, and usually containing 5 to 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods somewhat hard to thrash. Dry seeds very large, very much thickened, roundish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, rounded or full at eye, pale buff in color, freely splashed with purplish red. Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties of the country. Succeeds best and is more largely planted in New England than in any other section. Although the _ largest seeded, thickest podded, and the most showy of the Horticultural class, it has ~ always been an uncertain cropper in our trials and not so reliable as London Horticul- ~ tural, or Childs’s Horticultural, but where it grows to full perfection it is probably the best of the Horticultural varieties. Rarely as productive as Lazy Wife, Red Cran- berry, Scotia, or Black Kentucky Wonder. More like Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural than any other variety. Great differences exist in stocks, some of the poorer strains being almost as small podded and small seeded as London Horticul- tural or only one-half the size of the true type described above. Synonyms.—Hampton Pole, King Horticultural Pole, Mammoth Horticultural Pole, Mugwump Pole, Shakers Pole. 3523—No. 109—07——_9 128 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. History.—Introduced in 1895 by W. W. Rawson & Co., who write the variety origi- nated with a market gardener near Worcester, Mass. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 9, and green shell pods Plate XTX, 3. POLE WAX-PODDED. This comparatively small and unimportant class consists of varie- ties more useful for their snap pods than for their dry seed. The range in color, shape, and size of pods is not very wide, but the clas contains many of the most handsome pods of any of the Kidn varieties. ANDALUSIA WAX POLE, Listed by 20 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1900; Johnson & Stokes, 1$ 1904, 1905; Thorburn, 1897. Description.—Vine of large growth, of poor climbing habit when young but doing well when once started, much branched, thick stemmed, somewhat yellowish green at stems, late, heavily productive, long in bearing. Leaf medium in size, medium | green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods very uniform in size, of medium length, very curved, flat when young but becoming round at green shell stage, solid rich yel- low, very smooth, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and fairly straight. Green shell pods never colored nor splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 5 inches long and usually containing 6 or 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods somewhat hard to thrash. Dry seeds medium size, almost as broad as long, roundish oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, decidedly larger at one end than at other, much rounded or full at eye, solid white. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Next to Indian Chief and Mont d’Or best late wax bean for home or market, and being white seeded it is in some es preferable even to these varieties. Pods very similar to Indian Chief, differing prin- cipally in being earlier, shorter, rounder, more curved, deeper yellow, and never | colored or splashed. Synonyms.—Golden Andalusia Wax Pole, Golden Lazy Wife Wax Pole. History.—\ntroduced in 1890 by Johnson & Stokes, and said to have originated with a bean grower in Andalusia, Pa. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are hardly distinguishable from Lazy Wife Pole (PI. IV, 16); cross sections of snap pods are similar to Currie’s Rustproof Wax Bush (PI. V, 10), and green shell pods similar in shape to Red Cranberry Pole (Pl. XVIII, 3), differing principally in being exceedingly curved, thicker in cross section, and of longer pod point. GOLDEN CARMINE-PODDED HORTICULTURAL WAX POLE. Listed by 51 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Rogers, 1903-1906. Description.—V ine of moderate growth, of good climbing habit, moderately branched, somewhat thick stemmed, green in color except generally inclined to yellowish green at stems, early, of moderate bearing period, heavily to moderately productive. large-medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers light pink. Snap pods some- what varying in size, very long, generally straight, sometimes zigzag from side to side, sometimes much bent, always very flat, light yellow or yellowish green, of smooth — surface, sometimes splashed with red, very brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality, free from anthracnose. Point of pod extremely long, very slender, generally twisted and curled. Green shell pods largely light vellow, distinctly and irregularly 109 KIDNEY BEANS. 129 ed with bright red, sometimes a large part of pod without splashing, much 1 nken on outside feircen seeds, about 7} inches long, and usually containing 6 or 7 eeds fairly separated in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds large, a ittle longer than wide, rounded oval through cross section, generally well rounded at ends, rounded or full at eye, pale buff in color, generally splashed with purplish red, but sometimes with dark purple. __ Comparison.—New and as yet not generally cultivated but rapidly gaining in popu- larity. The best and most handsome all-round pole sort for snaps, green shell, and dry shell beans for home or market. When well grown the pods are the most bril- liantly splashed of all pole varieties, but they have the undesirable feature of being much undersized, bent, and twisted when not well grown and of being hardly colored at all when the weather is cloudy or the season very wet. Pods quite different from other pole varieties, but perhaps as much like Worcester Mammoth as any, differing principally in more open habit, greater earliness, and larger pods of different color. Synonym.—Gold and Carmine Pole. History.—Introduced by seedsmen in 1904 and originated by Rogers Brothers, of Chaumont, N. Y. ___ Illustrations.—Dry seeds are shown on Plate I, 11; cross sections of snap pods are “similar to Golden Cluster Wax Pole (Pl. V, 27), and snap pods similar in shape to Ken- tucky Wonder Wax Pole (Pl. XVI, 3), differing principally in considerably wider pods and much longer pod point; green shell pods are splashed as brilliantly as those _ of Extra Early Horticultural Pole (Pl. XV, 1). GOLDEN CHAMPION WAX POLE, Listed by 9 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1902; Henderson, 1897, 1905. Deseription.—Vine of small growth, of poor climbing habit, moderately branched, slender stemmed for a pole bean, very yellowish at stems, very early, lightly to mod- erately productive, of short bearing period. Leaf very light yellow, medium in size. 4 Flowers pink. Snap pods uniform in size, long, very much curved, round, very _ whitish yellow, of somewhat smooth surface, somewhat tough, stringy, of moderate fiber, of fair quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod very iong, very curved. Green shell pods never colored or splashed, full on outside between seeds, about 6] inches long, and usually containing 7 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds large-medium, slender, flattish oval through cross section, uunded or truncate at ends. generally decidedly incurved at eye, mostly solid blac ie ish blue in color, tinged sometimes with maroon or brown shades. Comparison.—Yormerly quite popular but now little planted. Decidedly lacking in productiveness, hardiness, and sure cropping qualities and apparently of no special value except possibly for earliness, though even in this respect’ Kentucky Wonder yax is almost equal to it, besides immensely more productive, hardier, and a surer eropper. Being somewhat tough and stringy, it can not be recommended as a first- class snap bean for home use. Most like Andalusia Wax, differing principally in ‘smaller, earlier vine, and longer, rounder, better filled, more whitish yellow pods, which are almost identical with those of Bismarck Black Wax Bush. _ HMistory.—Introduced in 1890 by Peter Henderson & Co., and described by them as of European origin. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IT, 28; snap pods on Plate XVI, 5; eross section of snap pod resembles in shape that of the round-podded type of Refugee (Pl. V, 12). id GOLDEN CLUSTER WAX POLE. Listed by 109 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1902, 1903; Fish, 1903, 1904, 1906; McClure, 1903; Rice, 1905, 1906; Thorburn, 1903. 1905. 109 130 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Description.—Vine of large growth, of good climbing habit, moderately branch: thick stemmed, yellowish green at stems, early-intermediate in season, produ of long to moderate bearing period. Leaf large, light green. Flowers white. pods somewhat varying in size, very long, fairly straight, very flat, of very smooth face, clear solid whitish yellow, very brittle, stringy, of inappreciable fiber, o quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and slightly curved. shell pods never colored or splashed except for black lines along dorsal and sutures, much depressed on outside between seeds, about 74 inches long, and v containing 8 seeds fairly separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds medium, proportionally short, flattish through cross section, truncate or round ends, generally straight at eye, generally regular in shape, sometimes bent or bt out in places, solid white. Comparison.—A well-known standard wax variety. More extensively grown tha any of the wax pole sorts but not nearly so largely cultivated as the standard gr podded pole varieties. When stocks are pure, it is, next to Golden Carmine-Pod Horticultural, the best of the wax pole sorts as snaps and green shell beans for h or market use. Most stocks of present day are, however, badly mixed and deteriora’ and for this reason it is not safe to recommend the variety unless the quality of stock is known. The impure stocks produce many half-greenish, unattractive, un sized pods, some being almost round in shape, while the pure type makes a fine exhil tion or show variety, its immense, beautiful, yellow pods attracting even more att tion than those of Kentucky Wonder Wax, Sunshine Wax, or Landreth’s Pole. like Sunshine Wax than any other pole variety, the pods being hardly distinguish from that sort except for their greater length, width, thickness, and solid yellow which is almost without any reddish tinge whatever. Similar also to Ken Wonder Wax and Landreth’s Pole. Synonym,—Early Golden Cluster Wax Pole. History.—Introduced in 1886 by Henry A. Dreer as Dreer’s Early Golden hi : Wax Pole and described as coming from stock of John Kramer, of Doylestown, F who is said to have obtained the seed from Germany. re, Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IV, 18; cross section of snap pod on Plate V, 27; snap pods are similar to Kentucky Wonder Wax Pole (Pl. XVI, 3), differing principally in flatter shape. INDIAN CHIEF WAX POLE. ry Listed by 26 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1905; Fish, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of poor climbing habit when young, but doing well when once started, much branched, thick stemmed, generally more or less red- dish tinged at stems, late, heavily productive, of long bearing period. Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Flowers pink. Snap pods very uniform in size, medium in length, much curved, flat, becoming round at green shell stage, of a rich, solid yellow color, of very smooth surface, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of good quality, fairly — free from anthracnose. Point of pod short and fairly straight. Green shell pods some- what reddish tinged, generally faintly purplish splashed when very old, full on outside between beans, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 7 or 8 seeds very crowded in pod. Dry pods fairly easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, somewhat longer — than wide, roundish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, rounded or full at eye, solid deep bluish black in color. , Comparison.—A well-known wax sort but not much planted at present time. Next — to Mont d’Or Wax it is the best late wax pole variety and excellent as snaps for either home or market, Probably too late in season to be generally popular and evidently — largely succeeded by the earlier, larger, more handsome*pods of Golden Cluster Wax, , e 109 ¢ KIDNEY BEANS. 13] entucky Wonder Wax, and Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural. In our trials it has proved to be of a different type from the samples tested of Black Wax Pole, although the two are classed by most seedsmen as identical. More like Andalusia Wax than any other, differing principally in being earlier, larger, more handsome, and more productive. Synonyms.—Algerian Wax Pole, Black Algerian Wax Pole, Black Wax Pole, Ger- man Black Wax Pole, Tall German Black Wax Pole. History.—Introduced into United States about 1852. Apparently the first culti- vated wax-podded variety, either pole or bush. Tustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate IT, 14; cross sections of snap pods are similar to Currie’s Rustproof Wax (Pl. V, 10), and snap pods to Bismarck Black Wax Bush (PI. VII, 1), differing principally in much flatter shape and larger size. KENTUCKY WONDER WAX POLE. Listed hy 10 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1904; Johnson & Musser, 1905; Man- gelsdorf, 1904-1906. Description.—Vine of small medium growth, of good climbing habit, few branched, very open in growth, somewhat slender stemmed for a pole bean, more or less yellowish and slightly tinged with pink at stems when old, very early, of short bearing period. Leaf large-medium in size, medium green in color. Flowers white. Snap pods uni- form in size, very long, fairly straight, generally turned back at stem end, flat, solid whitish yellow, of very smooth surface, very brittle, stringy, of very small fiber, of good quality, much subject to anthracnose. Point of pod medium in length and slightly eurved. Green shell pods generally tinged with pink, especially at stem end and often obscurely splashed with same color, much depressed on outside between seed, about 8 inches long, and usually containing 8 seeds fairly separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, of medium length, flattish oval through cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, straight or slightly incurved at eye, somewhat irregular in shape, commonly bulged out or bent on one side, maroon to chocolate brown. Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties, but rapidly gaining in popularity, | especially at the South. Decidedly the best strictly extra early wax pole variety 4 7 t a er for home or market use. A few days later than Kentucky Wonder Pole and consid- erably earlier than Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural Pole, but for a general crop bean the pure stocks of Golden Cluster Wax, Sunshine Wax, or even Golden Carmine- - Podded Horticultural are more productive and longer in bearing; besides, this variety has proved in our trials to be especially subject to anthracnose, while the others men- tioned were comparatively free from the disease. Most like Golden Cluster Wax, differing principally in narrower pods, smaller vines, and earlier season. Pods much larger and flatter through cross section than Kentucky Wonder, but fully as pinkish tinged at the green shell stage. Synonyms.—Ohio Wax Pole, Prosperity Wax Pole, Salzer’s Prosperity Wax Pole, Schwill’s Wonderful Wax Pole. Tistory.—Introduced in 1901 by Johnson & Musser. | Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate III, 21; cross section of snap _ pods on Plate V, 26, and snap pods on Plate XVI, 3. 7 LANDRETH’S WAX POLE. £ Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of good climbing habit, moderately branched, open in habit, thick stemmed, yellowish green at stems, sometimes pinkish tinged at stems when old, early, fairly productive, of moderate bearing period. Leaf large, 109 132 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. light green. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, ge ally much curved inward, always more or less zigzag from side to side, often edly so, extremely large, flat-oval through cross section, becoming round at green stage, of a clear, solid whitish yellow color, of very smooth surface, very brittle, of small fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long, slig curved. Green shell pods never colored or splashed, very much sunken on out: between seeds, se a poe long, and ee containing 7 or 8 seeds, much e} slightly saosedl at eye, eS in shinpes curved on one side and pulsed out 0 other, maize yellow in color, marked with long circular splashes of dark hazel. ; Comparison.—Little known and planted. Interesting because of excee thick, zigzag-shaped pods, with deep depressions between seeds, but of no real tical value, Kentucky Wonder Wax being decidedly earlier and more handsome, pure stocks of Golden Cluster Wax far more productive, while Golden Carmine-Pod. Horticultural is a better variety in every respect. Most like Kentucky Wonder }\ in both pod and plant. : History.—Introduced in 1905 by D. Landreth Seed Company. Illustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate III, 11; snap pods and cross se of same are similar to Kentucky Wonder Wax (Pl. XVI, 3, and PI. V, 26, Toes e differing principally in exceedingly zigzag shape. . MONT D’OR WAX POLE. Listed by 11 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1901, 1902, 1905. Description.—Vine of large growth, of poor climbing habit when young, but d well when once started, much branched, thick stemmed, generally more or less dish tinged at stems, intermediate-late in season, heavily productive, long in be Leaf of medium size, of medium green color. Flowers pink. Snap pods very unifor in size, medium in length, straight, flat, becoming roundish oval at green shell sta solid yellow in color, of very smooth surface, brittle, stringless, without fiber, of g quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long and slightly curved. shell pods generally faintly purplish, splashed and tinged in places when old, le ately depressed on outside between seeds, about 5} inches long, and usually containing 8 seeds crowded in pod. Dry seeds medias in size, proportionally short, oval through — cross section, rounded or truncate at ends, rounded or straight at eye, madder brown to pansy violet. eh ¢ Comparison.—Little known or planted. Probably the best late wax pole variety. Earlier in season, but not quite so productive nor as vigorous a grower as Indian Chief. - Excellent as snaps for home or market, but not nearly so desirable for green or dry shell beans as Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural and most green-podded pole varieties. Most like Indian Chief, differing principally in earlier season, flatter, and straighter pods, which are very similar to those of Currie’s Black Wax Bush. us Mistory.—Listed by seedsmen in this country at least since 1885. ‘ Tllustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate II, 15; snap pods and cross section of same are similar to Currie’s Rustproof Wax Bush (Pl. VIII, 1, and PL.V, 10, respec: tively). 4 : SUNSHINE WAX POLE. ans Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1904, 1906. it Description.—Vine of large growth, of good climbing habit, moderately branched, thick stemmed, usually yellowish green at stems, occasionally slightly reddish tinged in places, late, heavily to moderately productive, long in bearing. Leaf large, light 1009 CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 133 green. Flowers white. Snap pods somewhat variable in size, very long, fairly straight, very flat, of a clear, solid whitish yellow color, of very smooth surface, very brittle, stringy, of small fiber, of good quality, fairly free from anthracnose. Point of pod long, slightly curved. Green shell pods often slightly reddish tinged, without black lines along sutures, much sunken on outside between seeds, about 74 inches long, and usu- ally containing 8 seeds fairly separated in pod. Dry pods easy to thrash. Dry seeds of medium size, proportionally short, flattish oval through cross section, truncate or rounded at ends, straight at eye, solid purplish brown. Comparison.—Little known and planted. Same general value and usefulness as Golden Cluster Wax, and more like it than any other; but being smaller podded, later, and dark instead of white seeded it is not nearly as valuable as the pure stock of that variety. Very similar also to Kentucky Wonder Wax, differing principally in season, larger growth. and wider, flatter peds. History.—Introduced in 1890 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who write that the seed was obtained on Long Island about 1887. Tilustrations.—Dry seeds are illustrated on Plate I, 22; cross section of snap pods are same as Golden Cluster Wax (P1-.V, 27); snap pods are very similar to Kentucky Wonder Wax (PI. XVI, 3), differing principally in being wider and flatter. CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. - The following list includes nearly all the garden beans catalogued to-day in America, the only omissions being a few kinds listed by little-known seedsmen, certain varieties of only local name, and some field sorts known only to the produce trade. The list embraces both distinct and subsidiary varieties, the former, as already explained, being represented by names signifying distinct types and the latter by names signifying other so-called varieties, or sorts, which upon trial have been found to be strains or duplicates of the distinct types, or, at least, so closely resembling them as to be practically identical. The variety names of this list indicate in every case whether the sorts are pole, Lima, wax, or field beans, the word pole being included on all pole sorts, Lima on Lima sorts, wax on all wax sorts, and field on all field sorts. After each name is given the number of seedsmen who listed the variety in 1906. In case a name is so similar to some other as to leave no doubt that it refers to that name, then the seeds- men using such a name have been counted with those listing the pre- ferred name; for instance, all seedsmen listing Extra Early Red Val- entine, Early Red Valentine, and Cleveland’s Red Valentine have been counted with those listing Red Valentine instead of each being listed separately. The seedsmen mentioned after these data are those from whom seed was obtained and upon whose samples the descriptions are largely based. Adams’s Everbearing Cluster Butter Pole Lima. (Listed by lseedsman. Seeds tested: Steckler, 1905, 1906.) Same as Small White Pole Lima. Apparently first listed in 1902 by J. Steckler Seed Company. Admiral Togo. (Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Tsbell, 1906.) Same as Cur- rie’s Black Wax. First named and introduced in 1906 by S. M. Isbell & Co. 109 134 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Algerian Wax Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by Alfred Bridge- man to Indian Chief Wax Pole. “+ “Allan’s Imperial Wax. (See p. 91.) American Sickle Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Philips, 1905.) F Same as Kentucky Wonder Pole and very different from White Sickle Pole of other — engin First listed in 1891 by J. M. Philips’s Sons as Philips’s American Sickle Pole. Andalusia Wax Pole. (See p. 128.) Archias’s Improved Kentucky Wonder Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) Sameas Kentucky Wonder Pole. Arlington Red Cranberry Pole. (See p. 113.) Aroostook Bush Lima. (See p. 39.) 2 Asparagus Pole. (Listed by 9 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Yard Long Pole. Banner Leafiess Field Bean. (Listed by l1seedsman. Seeds tested: Isbell, 1905.) Same as Navy Pea. Apparently first listed in seedsmen’s catalogues by the former firm of Harry N. Hammond Seed Company, but name probably in use among farmers” several years before this date. Barteldes’s Bush Lima. (See p. 40.) Bayo Field Bean. (Not listed in seed catalogues. Seeds tested: Braslan, 1905, 1906.) This is a very large, late, semirunning field variety, extensively planted in- the Sacramento Valley region of California, but possibly too late in season for groy ing in the East. Enormous crops are obtained in California, the yields far sur- passing those obtained from field varieties grown in New York and Michigan Wickson states there are two types, one of which is small-seeded, and known as Bayo Grande and the other large-seeded and known as Bayo Chico. The seed is said to have been brought to California from Chile about 1849. Seed of the variety is shown on Plate II, 10. Bell’s Giant Stringless Green Pod. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Bell 1906.) Same as Giant Stringless Green Pod. First listed by J. J. Bell in 1906, Bell’s Prolific Green Pod. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Bell, 1905.) Same as Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod. First listed in 1903 by J. J. Bell. Best of All Bush. (See p. 54.) Best of All Early Market Bush. (Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: J. Bolgi- ano, 1905; Moore & Simon, 1905.) Same as Extra Early Refugee. First listed in” 1895 by Moore & Simon. Best of All Pole. (Listed by 5 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to White Creaseback Pole. Big Sioux Pole. (Listed by | seedsman.) A name sometimes applied to Concord Pole. Bismarck Black Wax. (See p. 91.) Bismarck Great German Soup Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds” tested: Moore & Simon, 1905.) Same as Navy Pea. First listed in 1905 by Moore — & Simon. Black Algerian Wax Pole. (No longer listed by American caer A name formerly applied to the variety more recently listed as Indian Chief Wax Pole. Black-Eyed Wax. (See p. 92.) Black Kentucky Wonder Pole. (See p. 114.) Black Spanish Field Bean. (No longer listed by American seedsmen.) A name formerly applied to Black Turtle Soup. Black Turtle Soup Field Bean. (See p. 55.) Black Valentine. (See p. 55.) Black Wax Bush. (Listed by 109 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1902.) Same as German Black Wax Bush. 109 CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 135 Black Wax Pole. (Listed by 51 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1905.) Described by most seedsmen to be same as Indian Chief Pole; but in samples received here for trial the two varieties were somewhat different, the Black Wax Pole being about five days later or about same season as Andalusia Wax Pole and its pods decidedly straighter, somewhat flatter, and more depressed between beans than Indian Chief, while its seeds were deep violet or bluish black in color. Pods apparently same as Arlington Red Cranberry Pole except in color. The variety was one of the first cultivated wax beans, having been known in this country under this name or as German Black Wax at least since 1863. . Bliss’s Extra Early Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) Same as Extra Early Jersey Lima. A name formerly in general use but now omitted from most seed lists. Introduced in 1878 by the former firm of B. K. Bliss & Son. Blue Lake Creaseback Pole. (Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Cox, 1905.) Sameas White Creaseback Pole. First listed in 1903 by Cox Seed Company. Blue Pod Butter. (See p. 56.) Blue Pod Field. Not listed by seedsmen, but known to the produce trade of the East and grown to some extent in New York State. Very different from Blue Pod Butter of W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Bolgiano’s Early May Queen. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Bolgiano, 1905.) Same as Extra Early Refugee. Introduced in 1905 by J. Bolgiano & Son. Bolgiano’s Sunshine Bush Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Bol- iano, 1905.) Same as Golden-Eyed Wax. An apparently recent introduction of . Bolgiano & Son. Bolgiano’s Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: F. Bolgiano, 1905.) Same as stringless type of Refugee Wax. First listed in 1902 by F. W. Bolgiano & Co. Boston Favorite. (Seep. 57.) Boston Navy Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name sometimes applied to Navy Pea. Boston Pea Field Bean. (Listed by 17 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Keeney, 1906; Johnson & Stokes, 1897.) Same as Navy Pea. Apparently first listed about twenty years ago. Boston Yellow Eye Wax-Podded. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Bol- giano, 1905.) Sameas Golden-Eyed Wax, but quite different from the green-podded varieties known as Yellow Eye and Improved Yellow Eye. Named in 1905 by F. H. Ebeling. Bountiful. (See p. 57.) Breck’s Boston Snap. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Breck, 1905.) Same as Bountiful. First listed in 1904 by Joseph Breck & Sons. Described as a sport from Long Yellow Six Weeks. Breck’s Dwarf Horticultural. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Breck, 1906.) Same as Boston Favorite and quite different from Dwarf Horticultural of other seedsmen. Listed by Joseph Breck & Sons at least since 1887. Breck’s String and Shell. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Breck, 1902, 1905.) Same as Best of All Bush and consisting mostly of the round-podded type of that variety. Introduced in 1900 by Joseph Breck & Sons. Brittle Wax. (Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1904; Keeney, 1904, 1906.) Sameas Round Pod Kidney Wax. Introduced in 1902 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who state the bean originated with N. B. Keeney & Son, of Leroy, N. Y. Broad Windsor. (See p. 37.) Brockton Pole. (See p. 114.) Brown Six Weeks. (Listed by 2seedsmen.) A name frequently used prior to 1870 for Mohawk and occasionally so used by seedsmen at the present time. Brown Speckled Valentine. (Listed by 2 seedsmen.) A name occasionally applied to Refugee. Brown Swedish Field Bean. (Sce p. 58.) 109 136 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Buckbee’s Early Wonder Bush. (Listed by lseedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1905.) Same as Red Valentine. First listed in 1900 by H. W. Buckbee as Buck- bee’s Early Wonder Bush. Buist’s Early Lightning Valentine. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Buist, 1905.) Same as Red Valentine. Introduced in 1890 by Robert Buist $ Company. Burger’s Stringless Pole. (See p. 115.) Burlingame Medium Field Bean. (Listed by 7 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Greg- ory, 1905.) A field bean of similar habit to Day’s Leafless Medium. Originated about 1896 in Genesee County, N. Y. Burpee’s Bush Lima. (See p. 42.) Burpee’s Kidney Wax. (See p. 92.) Burpee’s Quarter Century Bush Lima. Same as Quarter Century Bush Lima or Wonder Bush Lima. Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod. (See p. 58.) Burpee’s White Wax. (See p. 93.) Burpee’s Willow-Leaved Bush Lima. Same as Willow-Leaved Bush Lima. Bush Multiflora. (Not included in American seed catalogues. Apparently grown only by 1 seed grower. Seeds tested: Edward Evans, 1905, 1906.) Almost iden- — tical with Barteldes’s Bush Lima, differing only in being about four days earlier, of smaller growth, and is probably more satisiactory for growing in the East and North than Barteldes’s Bush Lima. Named and introduced in 1904 by Edward E. Evans, of West Branch, Mich. Butter Bush Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1904.) This name is generally used in the South in referring to the whole class of Lima beans but the above seedsmen have in this instance used it as a variety name since 1903 for Henderson’s Bush Lima. Butter Pole Lima. (Listed by 10 seedsmen.) A name applied in the South te the whole class of Lima beans, but sometimes very loosely used to designate wie names of various types of Limas, including the small-seeded, lange-seeded, an potato-seeded sorts. Butter Wax. (Listed by 19 seedsmen.) A very ambiguous name, sometimes used by gardeners to designate yellow-podded or wax varieties, butalso loosely applied by some seedsmen asa variety name to designate certain types or varieties of these beans. Byer’s Bush. (See p. 59.) Cabbage Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by T. W. Wood & Sons to Crystal Wax. California Black Wax. (Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Tait, 1905.) Same as Currie’s Rustproof Wax. First listed in 1902 by George Tait & Sons, who state it to be a selection of Currie’s Rustproof Wax. California Branch Field Bean. (Listed by 4 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Towa Seed Company, 1905.) Same as Navy Pea. Apparently first listed in 1883 by James J. H. Gregory & Son. California Butter. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Haines, 1905, 1906; Lee Pioneer, 1904.) Same as Barteldes’s Bush Lima. Apparently a local name, California Pea Field Bean. (Listed by 2seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Navy Pea or California Branch. California Rustproof Wax. (Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1904.) Same as Currie’s Rustproof Wax. First listed in 1893 by Moore & Simon, California Tree Field Bean. (Listed by 4 seedsmen.) A name sometimes ap- plied to Navy Pea or California Branch. California Wonder Field Bean. (Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: North- rup, King & Co., 1905.) Same as Navy Pea. Introduced in 1898 by Northrup, King & Co. 109 CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 137 Canadian Wonder. (See p. 60.) Canavalia ensiformis. This species has never been listed by American seedsmen, but-according to L. H. Bailey the plant is a tropical species and quite widely cultivated. It is fully described in Bulletin No. 115 of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, where it is stated that the ~species has become generally distributed throughout the Southern States during the past few years and commonly known there as Jack bean and sometimes as Chickasaw Lima and Horse bean. Its seeds are similar in shape to those of Bush Multiflora or Barteldes’s Bush Lima, illustrated on Plate IV, 25. The vines ripen too late to be of value in the North and the variety is apparently of limited usefulness even in the South. ‘Carmine-Podded Horticultural Bush. (Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1906.) Same as Ruby Horticultural Bush. First named and introduced in 1888 by James J. H. Gregory & Son. Carolina Bush Lima. Not listed by seedsmen, but sometimes applied by garden- ers to Henderson’s Bush Lima. Carolina Pole Lima. (Listed by 22 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1897.) Same as Small White Pole Lima. Known by this name for over one hundred years. Carolina Sewee Pole Lima. Not listed by American seedsmen, but sometimes applied by gardeners to Carolina Pole Lima or Small White Pole Lima. Challenge Black Wax. (See p. 93.) Challenger Bush Lima. Not listed by seedsmen, but sometimes applied by gar- deners to Dreer’s Bush Lima. Challenger Pole Lima. (Listed by 34 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1897; Dreer, 1900; Ferry, 1903, 1906; Fish, 1903, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1903, 1905.) Same as Dreer’s Pole Lima. Introduced about 1882 by J. M. Thorburn & Co. It seems to have first attracted the attention of John M. Kumerle, of Newark, N. J., who writes the seed was obtained by him from Mr. V. J. Hedden, of East Orange, in whose family it had been for many years. Introduced as an improvement in size of pod over Dreer’s Pole Lima, but at the present day seedsmen’s stocks of the two kinds are commonly the same, the old smaller stock of Dreer’s Pole Lima having been dropped and the larger podded Challenger used in its place. Cherry Pole. (Listed by 3 seedsmen.) A name sometimes loosely applied to London Horticultural, but very objectionable because so often mistaken as refer- ring to White Cherry, better known as Lazy Wife Pole. Chickasaw Lima. A field or fodder bean, unfit for table use, and never listed by American seedsmen. Same as Canavalia ensiformis, previously described, and not strictly a Lima. Childs’s Extra Early Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Childs, 1905.) Same as White Dutch Runner Pole. Introduced in 1903 by John Lewis Childs, who writes the variety originated with R. H. Palmer, of Kennedy, N. Y. Childs’s Horticultural Pole. (See p. 115.) Chilean Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by Frank S. Platt Company to Red Kidney and quite different from the white-seeded pea bean sometimes sold as Chilean and Chilean Pea. Chilean Pea Field Bean. Apparently not listed by American seedsmen, but ocea- sionally found in local markets. A late type of field pea bean, quite similar to Lady Washington. China Red Eye. (See p. 60.) Concord Pole. (See p. 116.) Cornfield Pole. (Listed by 9 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Corn Hill Pole or Speckled Cut Short Pole. Corn Hill Pole. (Listed by 41 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1898, 1900; Thor- burn, 1901.) Sameas Speckled Cut Short Pole. One of the oldest sorts now listed by American seedsmen. Probably the same as Corn bean, listed by American seedsmen about 1839, 109 138 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. f Cranberry Pole. (Listed by 21 seedsmen.) A name loosely applied by some seeds- men to Speckled Cranberry or London Horticultural Pole. Cream Valentine. (See p. 61.) ; : Crimson Beauty. -(See p. 61.) cm Crimson Flageolet Wax. (Listed by 5 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Keeney, 1904, 1906.) Same as Scarlet Flageolet Wax. For history see Scarlet Flageolet Wax and Purple Flageolet Wax. Crystal Wax. (See p. 94.) Cuban Asparagus Pole. (Listed by 7 seedsmen.) Same as Yard Long Pole. sea Black Wax. Often used by seedsmen to designate Currie’s Rustproof ax. Currie’s Golden Wax. A name sometimes applied to Currie’s Rustproof Wax. Currie’s Rustproof Wax. (Seep. 94.) Cut Short Pole. A name sometimes applied to Speckled Cut Short Pole. Cylinder Black Wax. (Listed by 2 seedsmen.) Same as Prolific Black Wax. Introduced in 1889 by Peter Henderson & Co. Same origin as Prolific Black Wax. Dallas Bush Lima. Not listed by seedsmen, but known locally in parts of Texas. Reported by Texas State Experiment Station to be same as Dreer’s Bush Lima. Davis Wax. (See p. 95.) ' Day’s Leafless Medium Field Bean. (See p. 62.) Detroit Wax. (See p. 96.) ‘ Dolichos sesquipedalis. The scientific name formerly applied to Yard Lo: Pole. Now known to botanists as Vigna sesquipedalis and to gardeners as Kresitt Yard Long, Asparagus Pole, Cuban Asparagus Pole, and Long-Podded Dolichos. Double-Barrel Wax. (See p. 96.) Dreer’s Bush Lima. (See p. 42.) Dreer’s Pole Lima. (See p. 46.) Dreer’s Wonder Bush Lima. Same as Wonder Bush Lima. Dutch Case Knife Pole. (See p. 116.) Dwarf Case Knife. (Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Kendel, 1906.) Name used in this country at least since 1865 and applied at that time to Dwarf Saber, but recently readopted by A. C. Kendel, who in 1904 applied it to Emperor William. Dwarf Cherry. (Listed by 3 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Dwarf Horticultural or Ruby Horticultural Bush. Dwarf Cranberry. (Listed by 3 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Dwarf Horticultural or Ruby Horticultural Bush. Dwarf Horticultural. (Listed by 100 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1903; Ferry, 1898, 1900; Keeney, 1904, 1905, 1906; Thorburn, 1901, 1902, 1906.) The original late running type of this bean as grown in this country prior to 1875 has apparently disappeared from general cultivation. The improved strain now known as Ruby Fitioultaral Bush, which is decidedly earlier, more bushy, and more brilliantly splashed, is now used in filling orders for this variety. Culti- vated under this name at least since 1845. Dwarf Red Cranberry. (Listed by 3 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Breck, 1905.) As received from above seedsmen, this variety was same as Low’s Champion, which is probably not the same type as that known in this country about 1880 and earlier. Listed by seedsmen at least since 1820, and one of the oldest variety names. Dwarf White Cranberry. (No longer listed by seedsmen.) A name formerly applied to White Marrow. Earliest Green Pod. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Hammond, 1904; Isbell, 1906.) Same as Best of All Bush and composed almost wholly of the flat- podded type. First listed in 1902 by Harry N. Hammond Seed Company. 109 CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 139 Earliest Market. (Sce p. 62.) Early Aroostook Field Bean. (See p. 63.) Early Black Pole Lima. (No longer used, or at least not now listed by seedsmen. ) Introduced in 1892 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., and described as wonderfully pro- ductive, of fine quality, and as earliest of all Limas. Early Carmine-Podded Dwarf Horticultural. (Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1897, 1905.) Same as Ruby Horticultural Bush. Introduced in 1888 by James J. H. Gregory & Son. Early Erfurt Dwar? Prolific Broad. (Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Iowa, 1905.) A variety of English Broad bean, first listed in 1902 by lowa Seed Company. Said to be earlier, more productive, and more drought resisting than the variety commonly sold in this country as Broad Windsor. Our trials showed no differences in these respects, but our results are of little importance, as the plants were grown only in New York and Virginia, which sections are unsuited to this class of beans. The variety might be given a more suitable test if grown in cooler weather or in a cooler climate, such as along the Pacific coast or in the South during winter. Early Giant Advance Pole. (See p. 117.) Early Golden Cluster Wax Pole. (Listed by 66 seedsmen.) Same as Golden Cluster Wax Pole. Early Long-Podded Broad Bean. (Listed by4seedsmen.) A variety of English Broad bean, known to botanists as Vicia faba. Early May Queen. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: J. Bolgiano, 1905.) Same as Extra Early Refugee. Introduced in 1905 by J. Bolgiano & Son. Early Mazagan Broad Bean. (Listed by 6 seedsmen.) A variety of English Broad or Horse bean, known to botanists as Vicia faba. Early Minnesota Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Farmer, 1905.) Sameas Navy Pea. Introduced in 1905 by the Farmer Seed Company, who state the variety originated with a farmer in Rice County, Minn. Early Mohawk Six Weeks. (Listed by 5 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Mohawk. Early Wonder Bush. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1905.) Same as Red Valentine. First listed in 1900 by H. W. Buckbee as Buckbee’s Early Wonder Bush. Early Wonder Pole. (Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Page, 1905.) Same as Kentucky Wonder Pole. Apparently first listed some six years ago by Page Seed Company. Eldorado Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Tait, 1902, 1905.) Same as Currie’s Rustproof Wax. Introduced in 1901 by George Tait «& Sons, who state it to be a selection from Currie’s Rustproof Wax, made with the object of eliminating rust and increasing earliness. Elgin White Wonder Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Elgin, 1905.) Same as Davis Wax. A recent introduction of Elgin Seed Company. Elliott’s Bush Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Elliott, 1905.) Same as Burpee’s Bush Lima. First listed in 1905 by Wm. Elliott & Sons. Elliott’s Improved Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Elliott, 1905.) Same as Dreer’s Pole Lima. Introduced in 1905 by Wm. Elliott & Sons. Emerald Beauty. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: J. Bolgiano, 1905.) Same as Longiellow. A recent introduction of J. Bolgiano & Son. Emerson’s Pea Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Emerson, 1904.) Test too incomplete for making a positive indentification, but variety is similar to Navy Pea, Prolific Pea, and Chilean Pea, and possibly identical with one of them. Emperor of Russia. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1901, 1902.) Same as Longfellow. Introduced in 1901 by J. M. Thorburn & Co., who describe it as a new French variety. 109 140 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. ; G Emperor William. (See p. 63.) English Broad Horse Bean. (Listed by 9seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied in this country to Broad Windsor, known to botanists as Vicia faba. English Lima Horse Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied py Henge Field to a variety of the English Broad bean known to botanists as Vicia faba. < English Stringless. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by Moore «& Simon to Moore’s Newington Wonder, more generally known as Giant Stringless Green Pod. Epicure Wax. (Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1902, 1904.) Same as stringy type of Refugee Wax. Introduced in 1895 by Moore «& Simon, who state the variety came from a farmer in the vicinity of Wilmington, Del. : Eureka Field Bean. (See p. 64.) Everbearing. (See p. 69.) Evergreen Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1906.) Trial too poor to describe Bp fully, but evidently a selection or a new type similar — to King of Garden. Introduced in 1906 by William Henry Maule, who states the — variety was selected by a gardener near Philadelphia with a view to retaining green” color of dry seed, thereby giving the cooked beans the appearance of being fresh — from the garden. : + Excelsior Refugee. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Hastings, 1905.) Same as Extra Early Refugee. A recent introduction of H. G. Hastings & Co. . Extra Early Horticultural Pole. (See p. 117.) Extra Early Jersey Pole Lima. (See p. 47.) Extra Early Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Childs, 1905.) Same as White Dutch Runner Pole. Introduced in 1905 by John Lewis Childs, who states the variety originated with R. H. Palmer, Kennedy, N. Y. Extra Early Refugee. (See p. 65.) Fat Horse Pole. (Listed by 15 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to White Creaseback Pole. Ferry’s Golden Wax. Same as Golden Wax. Introduced in 1876 by D. M. Ferry & Co. a Field’s First Early. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Field, 1906.) Same as Tennessee Green Pod. Introduced in 1906 by Henry Field. First in Market. (Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1906.) Prob- ably same as Emperor William. Introduced in 1883 by D. Landreth Seed Company as Landreth’s First in Market. Flageolet Wax. (Listed by 23 seedsmen.) When first introduced into this coun from Germany, about 1880, this variety was composed of light and dark colored but since its introduction the two colors have been separated into a dark-colored type now known as Violet or Purple Flageolet Wax and a light-colored type now known as Scarlet or Crimson Flageolet Wax. There are many stocks which still contain both kinds of seed, and the name Flageolet Wax may signify either the dark or light colored types. Florida Butter Pole Lima. (See p. 47.) Ford’s Mammoth Pole Lima. (See p. 48.) French Asparagus Pole. (Listed by 2 seedsmen.) A name applied to Yard Long Pole. French Flageolet. (See p. 66.) French Kidney Field. (See p. 66.) French Lead Pencil. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Noll, 1906.) Same as Longfellow. Introduced in 1902 by J. F. Noll & Co. French Market. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Schindler, 1905.) Same ; as Longfellow. Introduced in 1903 by Joseph A. Schindler & Co. French Mohawk. (See p. 67.) 109 CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES, 141 French Stringless. (Listed by 2 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1902, 1904.) Same as Longfellow. Introduced in 1900 by Moore & Simon, who write the variety came from France. French Yard Long Pole. Sameas Yard Long Pole. Frost Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by James J. H. Gregory & Son to Small White Pole Lima. Fuller’s Black Wax. (Listed by 2 seedsmen.) Seeds tested: Gregory, 1898.) Same as German Black Wax. First listed by American seedsmen about 1896. Fuller’s Ringleader Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1904; Johnson & Stokes, 1897, 1904, 1906.) Same as German Black Wax. Introduced in 1896 by Johnson & Stokes. Galega. (Sce p. 67.) Galega Refugee. (No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thor- burn, 1903, 1905.) A name formerly applied by Thorburn and Rawson to Galega. Garden Pride. (See p. 68.) Genter’s Sulphur Field Bean. Not listed by seedsmen, but sometimes applied in certain local markets to Eureka. Georgia Monstrous Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Curry-Arrington Co., 1905.) Same as Kentucky Wonder Pole. Name apparently never recognized except by above seedsmen, who have listed the variety at least since 1898. German Black Wax Bush. (See p. 97.) German Black Wax Pole. (Listed by 51 seedsmen.) A name applied by some seedsmen to Black Wax Pole or Indian Chief Pole. German Prolific Black Wax. A name sometimes applied to Prolific Black Wax. German Soup. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) Classed by John A. Salzer Company with garden beans, but really nothing more than a cowpea. First listed in 1901 by John A. Salzer Seed Company as Salzer’s Great German Soup. German White Wax. (No longer listed by American seedsmen.) Popular about 1885, and then known also as White Wax, but now largely out of cultivation. Plants small, low growing, and very bushy. Pods very stringy, short, flat, but thick, and generally greenish tinged; seeds solid white and somewhat like White Marrow in shape. The variety now known as Burpee’s White Wax is quite different from this type and a decided improvement over the old White Wax in size and quality of pods. Giant Dwarf Wax. (Listed by2seedsmen. Seeds tested: Steele, Briggs & Co., 1902, 1905.) Same as Scarlet Flageolet Wax. Apparently introduced by Steele, Briggs & Co., by whom it has been listed at least since 1894. Giant Forcer. (See p. 69.) Giant Stringless Green Pod. (See p. 69.) Giant Valentine. (Listed by 28 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Rogers, 1906.) Same as Giant Stringless Green Pod. Introduced in 1898 by Johnson & Stokes as Giant Stringless Green Pod Valentine. The variety more resembles a giant form of Bur- pee’s Stringless Green Pod than it does one of Valentine, and hence the more general use of the name Giant Stringless Green Pod. Goddard. (Listed by 33 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Keeney, 1906; Rawson, 1897.) Same as Boston Favorite. Named and introduced some time after the introduction of that variety in 1885. The variety commoniy sold as Improved Goddard is gen- erally distinct from that commonly sold as Goddard and Boston Favurite. Gold and Carmine Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Everitt, 1905.) Same as Golden Carmine Podded Horticultural Pole. Introduced in 1905 by J. A. Everitt Seed Company. Golden Andalusia Wax Pole. A name sometimes applied to Andalusia Wax Pole. Golden Beauty Wax. (See p. 97.) Golden Carmine-Podded Horticultural Wax Pole. (See p. 123.) 109 142 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Golden Champion Wax Pole. (See p. 129.) Golden Cluster Wax Pole. (See p. 129.) Golden Crown Wax. (See p. 98.) Golden-Eyed Wax. (See p. 98.) Golden Jersey Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Lilly, 1905.) Same as Improved Golden Wax. Introduced in 1904 by Lilly, Bogardus & Co., the prede- cessors of Charles H. Lilly Company. Described by introducers as an improve- ment on Golden Wax. Golden Lazy Wife Wax Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1904, 1905.) Same as Andalusia Wax Pole. Introduced in 1889 by the former Samuel Wilson Company. Golden Pole Lima. (No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1897, 1900.) Introduced in 1897 by H. W. Buckbee as Buckbee’s Golden Pole Lima, but now dropped by the seed trade. _The yellowish color of its dry seeds is quite different from that of other varieties. Pods similar to those of large White Pole Lima. Variety is of no real merit. : Golden Refugee. (See p. 70.) Golden Scimiter Wax. (Listed by” 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1904, 1905.) Same as Pencil Pod Black Wax. Introduced in 1903 ce Peter Hen- derson «& Co., who write the variety came from Genesee County, N. Y. Golden Wax. (See p. 99.) Great Northern Field Bean. (Listed only by Oscar Will Seed Company, and described as a kidney-shaped, white-seeded field bean. Great Western Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Everitt, 1905.) Same as White Marrow. Introduced in 1897 by J. A. Everitt Seed Com- pany. Green Gem. (No longer listed by American seedsmen.) A name formerly applied to Wonder of France. Green Mazagan Horse Bean. (Listed only by Alfred Bridgeman.) Described as a variety of English Horse bean known to botanists as Vicia faba. Green Nonpareil Horse Bean. (Listed only by Alfred Bridgeman.) Described by Bridgeman as a variety of English Horse bean, but at one time used to designate a variey of bush Kidney bean. Green-Seeded Flageolet. (Listed by 5 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn 1905, 1906.) Same as Wonder of France. A French variety which has been listed at various times by American seedsmen since 1880. Green’s Golden German Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Green, 1905.) Same as Improved Golden Wax. Introduced in 1905 by E. C. Green & Co. Green’s Large-Seeded Mastodon Pole Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1906.) Trial too incomplete to fully describe type, but variety is evidently a very fine selection of Salem Mammoth and probably deserving recog- nition as an entirely new and distinct sort. Appeared in our trials to be of same classas Salem Mammoth, but much larger wedded more even, and more productive than that variety. The decidedly curved pods are apparently characteristic of the type. Introduced in 1905 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who write the variety originated with a Mr. Green, of Woodbury, N. J. Grenell’s Impraved Golden Wax. (Listed by 13 seedsmen.) Seeds tested: Grenell, 1905; Keeney, 1906.) Same as Improved Golden Wax. Introduced about eighteen years ago by several American seedsmen. Originated by W. H. Grenell, of Pierrepont Manor, N. Y. Grenell’s Rustproof Wax. (Listed by 13 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, ae Same as Improved Golden Wax. Introduced about eighteen years ago by seve American seedsmen. Originated by W. H. Grenell, of Pierrepont Manor, N. Y. Grenell’s Stringless Green Pod. (See p. 70.) 109 CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 143 Griswold’s Everbearing Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Hastings, 1905.) Same as German Black Wax, but probably a different type as introduced by American seedsmen about 1875. Gunkler. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name used by German gardeners near Roch- ester for Vick’s Prolific Pickler. Hammond’s Luscious Stringless Wax. (No longer listed by American seedsmen. Seeds tested: Hammond, 1904.) Same as Jones’s Stringless Wax. Introduced in 1904 by the former firm of Harry N. Hammond Seed Company. Hampton Pole. (Listed by 3 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to Worcester Mammoth Pole. Harlington Windsor Horse Bean. (Listed by | seedsman.) Described by Steele, Briggs Seed Company as a variety of English Broad or Horse bean known to botan- ists as Vicia faba. Hemisphere Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Plant, 1902.) Same as Concord Pole. Introduced in 1896 by Sioux City Seed Company. Henderson’s Bush Lima. (See p. 43.) Henderson’s Full Measure. (See p. 71.) Henderson’s Ideal Pole Lima. (See p. 48.) Henderson’s Improved Bush Lima. (Listed by 4 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1904, 1905, 1906.) Same as Wood’s Prolific Bush Lima. Introduced in 1901 by Peter Henderson & Co. ‘Henderson’s Market Wax. (Sce p. 100.) Hodson Green Pod. (Sce p. 71.) Hodson Wax. (See p. 100.) Holmes’s Improved Sickle Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Holmes, 1904, 1905.) Same as Tennessee Wonder Pole. Introduced in 1903 by Holmes Seed Company, who write the seed was obtained in Lebanon County, Pa., where it is known as Old Time Sickle Bean. Hopkins’s Everbearing Giant Wax. (Listed by lseedsman. Seeds tested: Hop- kins, 1904.) Same as Yosemite Wax. Introduced in 1900 by Carl S. Hopkins Seed Company. Hopkins’s Red Valentine. (Listed by 14 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Allan, 1903; J. Bolgiano, 1905; Burpee, 1903; Keeney, 1906.) Considerable difference of opinion prevails as to the identity of this variety. It is sometimes claimed to be a larger, more vigorous plant, and to bear larger, not quite so fleshy pods as the regular stock of Red Valentine, but in our trials it has not always shown these differences and usually appears to be the same as Red Valentine. Introduced by Cleveland Seed Company, and said to have originated with a Mr. Hopkins, of New York. Horse Bean. This is a name. sometimes applied to the class of beans known as English Broad Beans and classed by botanists as Vicia faba. It is also applied in parts of the South to Canavalia ensiformis. Horticultural Cranberry Pole. (Listed by 13 seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied to London Horticultural Pole. Horticultural Lima Pole. (Identity not yet fully known.) Type has apparently one out of cultivation. Introduced in 1893 by D. M. Ferry & Co., and said to ve originated with Alexander J. Hodges, of Pepton, Vt., from a cross between Dreer’s Pole Lima and Dwarf Horticultural. Such a cross, however, is declared improbable and is generally disbelieved. Its real origin is as yet undecided. Horticultural Pole. (Listed by 85 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1902.) Same as London Horticultural Pole. Said to have been introduced into the United States from England about 1825. Horticultural Wax. (See p. 101.) Ice Bean. (Not listed by seedsmen.) A name sometimes applied by gardeners to Crystal Wax. 3523—No. 109—07 10 144 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Imperial White-Seeded Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1902; Rogers, 1906.) Same as Jones’s Stringless Wax. Applied by William H Maule to Jones’s Stringless Wax. Should not be confounded with Allan’s Imperi Wax. Improved Black Wax. A name generally applied by seedsmen to Prolific Black Wax, but sometimes also to German Black Wax. Improved Goddard. (See p. 72.) Improved Golden Wax. (See p. 101.) Improved Yellow Eye. (See p. 72.) Indian Chief Wax Pole. (See p. 130) Isbell’s Earliest. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Isbell, 1905.) Same as Best of All Bush and consisting largely of the flat-podded type. Introduced in 1904 by S. M. Isbell & Co. Isbell’s Golden Butter Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Isbell. 1905.) Same as Golden Wax. Introduced in 1905 by S. M. Isbell & Co. Isbell’s Perfect Pole Lima. (Listed by 1seedsman. Seeds tested: Isbell, 1905.) Same as White Dutch Runner Pole. Introduced in 1905 by S. M. Isbell & Co. Jack Bean. Not listed by American seedsmen. A name applied in some sections of the South to Canavalia ensiformis previously described. Jackson Wonder Bush Lima. (See p. 44.) Japanese Asparagus Pole. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by Moore & Simon to Yard Long Pole. Jones’s Green Pod. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1906.) Our tests of this variety have not yet been complete enough to positively determine its identity, but it is evidently very similar in appearance to Garden Pride and of same usefulness and value. Introduced in 1906 by William Henry Maule and originated by A. N. Jones, of Leroy, N. Y. Described as a cross between Burpee’s Stringless Green Pod and Garden Pride. Jones’s Stringless Wax. (See p. 102.) July Pole. (Listed by lseedsman.) A name applied by Vaughan Seed Company, to White Creaseback Pole. June Bush Field Bean. (Listed by 1 seedsman.) A name applied by J. Bolgiano & Son to Navy Pea. Keeney’s Refugee Wax. A name sometimes applied to the stringless type of Ref- ugee Wax. Keeney’s Rustless Golden Wax. (See p. 102.) Kentucky Wonder Pole. (See p. 118.) Kentucky Wonder Wax Pole. (See p. 131.) Kidney Wax. (Listed by 10 seedsmen.) An ambiguous name generally used with reference to Wardwell’s Kidney Wax, but sometimes also to Davis Wax. King Horticultural Pole. (Listed by 6 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Emerson, 1905; Thorburn, 1901, 1902.) Same as Worcester Mammoth Pole. Introduced in 1895 by Schlegel & Fottler. King of Earlies. (Listed by 4 seedsmen. Seeds tested: Tait, 1904, 1905.) Same as Black Valentine. A recent introduction of several eastern seedsmen. King of Garden Pole Lima. (See p. 48.) King of the Wax. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1904.) Same as Scarlet Flageolet Wax. Introduced in 1899 by Moore & Simon, King’s Improved Butter Bush Lima. (Listed by 1 seedsman. Seeds tested: King, 1904.) Same as Wood’s Prolific Bush Lima. ---. - - = - 55...5 neces eee ee ween en 59-60 Cabbagé Wax, description —2=-.. .... 5222-02 2523. os cee ae California Black Wax; description. . .... /o..3.--.-------c- oon Seed aaa Se Butter, description... .. 2.5 -csssseeesan pe nceasee ee ae eee Pea Field; desertion. .- .......--.'- 0-0 (atee ens boep = ae eee Rustproof ‘Wax, cescription.<<. - <-..<<0+ wae aee sna ae e eee Tree Field, dasamiption : -.-5- = 2. oo oo ens ae ne ee a ee Wonder Field; description '- -- 725-27 ceo ean ee Canadian Wonder, description .. 52. < oie enn c ewe cans ences sees one Canavalia ensiformis, ‘deseription ..- 22-25. one sec anc seem enu eee eee eee Carmine-Podded Horticultural Bush, description .......-..-.--------------- Carolina Bush Lima, Geseription - -2. 2. -~ ec / sec ence eek eens aseveeeeeee Pole Lima) deagerption . - 25-32. - na sin wenn cue nan ances nena +s Sewee Pole Tamas deecription .....-- do. eo vo nese ges ease oe eee Catalogue of variety DAME... . .. 20. Senn canner nah ens ate eee eee eee 183-155 Challenge-Black Wax, description... ...>-- 2.22. cis on ee taeen ae aeeeees 93-94 Challenger Bush Lima, description... 0. 52 ooo seen anne n sw eeeee ne see een Polé Tima; description i. 2.025 csncnn ese tem ee oaly ay ng eta Cherry Pole, deécription <. .- - .. 2. c-.os.-25> s-~ += e2 esos an asen ce eee 141 (eh MYR CUTING p ye 3< a Bek pape EEE Nba 5 a SOROS EEO CERES eae rsa aae 67-68 MeemmrcemaeeCU iON J.c- 2. coe sc een no tock epee weds r eae ete mas 141 Garden species, botanical relationship .............-....--------.--------+- 11-12 Se mESC LID OU eerie a econo eee eos eee oe’ 68 ocuitysr eb) 5 Col folata yal OE) C6 ite (2206 9) 00100) | eee ee a ae re 141 eoreis Monstrous Pole, descriptig@n..-.--.----------.-------+------------- 141 menmanielack Wax bush, description 9-22. .----2- 2-22 e ee foe eee eee 97 Ho lPMGeschipitolene eka 2 ec een 141 Prolific Black Wax. See Prolific Black Wax. yeh (UES ell NGI) oo poncSadacocse dea 2ae supped sees See 141 ELEM YURI COSCO PPO tesa. e fo eae ee ns leew ence cee acts 141 PREAMP ware NV 2%. CCSCTIPOl s----.-- +--+ -c--------2--=-- Se eee 147 SCPE ERC INO UO Wer. atte ae = See Senco Sse nen eae nsemo nese 69 mime lens Green Pod. descriptions .2 Js - ee Se ae 99-100 fereauNonihernticld, description ........---.--2.:----------.----------22 142 Meenienimieioedescription*--=+ -= 2/22 eeeee: - ----- 2-2 sacra snes 142 Green Gem, description .......--.-.-------- acca SIRE ee anes asene Passe 142 MinvHPaueelorse Cescripilon =2--2 2-2 -e mene ---------+-2-=--2-n0-= 142 Nonpareil Horse, description ...-.-----.-----..-.-----------=--------- 142 Seeded Flageolet, description -.........----------------------------- 142 Green’s Golden German Wax, description. -.--..-.---------.-----------.--- 142 Large-Seeded Mastodon Pole Lima, description. .......------- ae 142 Grenell’s Improved Golden Wax, description -.......-...------------------ 142 mciaroom Wax, escription==---->~5-=-seen--------5------=-=-=- 142 Stringless Green Pod, description ----..--- ae See eee 70-71 Griswold’s Everbearing Wax, description........-.-----.------------------ 143 EMER NIGH eee ee She ec eeee --- ------- 55-2 +---- 143 Habit, branching, pole Kidney varietics.........-...-----.---------------- 24 climbing, pole Kidney varieties.........----.-.--------------------- 24 erect, bush Kidney varieties. ...:-......-..------.------------------ 16-17 Hammond’s Luscious Stringless Wax, description: -...---..---------------- 143 memmimnerolewdescripiion-=---4---2---+----=---=---=e~---~--------------- 143 Harlington Windsor Horse, description. -.....--.-----.--------------------- 143 Hemisphere Pole, description..........--.--..----------------------- Beers th 3 Henderson’s Bush Lima, description........-...-.------------------------- 43-44 109 166 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Henderson’s Full Measure, description--.---2-.-- <2 -- 5-425 45-5 een see Ideal Pole Lima, description: .- ....=..<.-<-----s--- =< sees Improved Bush Lima, description .__........-..---+--------<<5 Market: Wax, descriplion.._-.). 2. = .222-< 22. Jose esos cs ee History of :yanlehles.-= 522. Soe sees oo oe ie eee ee Hodson Green Pod, description: - .....-.2-.-<. -<<---<-0-5-5-56-5-552- =e 1 Wax, description 2-2-4 - 5 <<... s.s 5s sea eee 100-4 Holmes’s Improved Sickle Pole, description..--...--.--------------------- Pe Hopkins’s Everbearing Giant Wax, description. ---..-.--.----------------- Red Valentine; description. - .-...=- = ===<=255--<-55-¢---25= ee 13 Horse bean, description of class...) --...<--=---2ss53--=5=50--=- ee - Horticultural Cranberry Pole, description. -_-.-=.+----2.---...--25s-=eeeees Lima Pole, deseuption .-< - .- <2 5.- <= a Pole; destription-=< = - - ..- 3. 5-2 <= a ee ae Wax, description=: <<. = 5=~ <.<- 222.5 2. ee Hyacinth beans, botanical relationship .......------------------------+----=. ; dee bean; description == 322-32 os 5. on ee ee 2> Ideal Pole Lima. See Henderson’s Ideal Pole Lima. Imperial Wax. See Allan’s Imperial Wax. Lay White-Seeded Wax, description wip atte whinknnoas gua Improved Black Wax, description... ..~..--.-.------<<-2.-=- s-=== =e Goddard; :description.. . .. . =< 2-555 = 5 42 = oo Golden’ Wax; description - . < - 225 - == 20.555- - 50ee Pole Lima. See Wood’s Improved Pole Lima. Yellow. Bye, description -.-. 5-2-3 2.525 3-95 an bone eee i Index to, bulletin. 2. See se. oe re eo “=< Indian. Chief: Wax Pole, deseription --~- + -- 52-22-22 5-s eee coe Introduction to, bulletin: 22-2 =. - . .-- 2-6 oe ee oe a Tsbell’s Earliest, -deseription)---. .-. 2. ..<--02-- <= de> << eee semen ee zs ~ Golden Butter Wax, description. .-..-=.-.-----.~s-ss---5=--== sae Perfect: Pole Lima, description --......----<5-.S.-<2+-sseseeee eee Jack bean, description j2c-seer- =~ -< oe ee oct wee pee ions beans, botanical relationship .........-----.------- s--e--s-eeee-eee a Jackson Wonder Bush Lima, description ..........--.------------------+- Japanese Asparagus Pole, description. .....-.-...---------------+-+--+--e-05 Jones’s:Green Pod, description... ..----- 2-232 < os neon an anes = Seen mak Stringless Wax, description ...-.-- 224. ---<- =]. --.-2=925--2 22 s2e eee 144 Pere rennge ker GCeSCrIp tio: <=. ssaMie soo - cw be sts bees fese est eesboswceenasee 73 Perma iem Susi 1m, (\escripuon see «<0 2 252-2552 2-20-63ocesseeee02-- seb ae 145 Pevarashineton Wield, description. -<--<2- 2-22: sssae--s- es nc ceee esse ese 145 PEnoEOcanletn Wax, eScription.o<=252-2 552. 2seec eee settee eke. 145 Wire Ole -CeseriplGnis: «<= sce2s<2h. =. Seaiceeaekeee cee oe ck. 131-132 Reecomnite bush? Lima, description 2. <=-< 3. s2=-.22 sade. s ees oe Seeee 145 Rolewiua RGeseripiuOn sos. cence seaesec ce vocs aes cece ce eske 49 Late Refugee. See Refugee. ee soled GeSChipilOl==.. == sf eseo sec e= se tise tance Soe sete ecset act 118-119 Mendes vMediummerield, description... .-. 25202 -<-2-2.25 fee este tense s-scec 145 SE OTE oe yore a Soyo ain SSSR Gad See eae ae ws Some BCMA 19 RIPE Ola PEM OLE es 2 sect jes = eerate Sain He ne Oe cies SE aine Saigeee ese 19 LN Ws Soc Se se are eS ER Sch Ge ee gre Ee ae 19 Bee roles stains BSc Semen casacgs det sseserdos Se 18 TOT LS. So a SOL e a Sea eS ea RS eo 19 TL seyginie sl AMES CLES et 0) Cole Eas aes Sen a es Pg ae 103-104 een OLeM nina, QesCription----24.5-<. oack< see ede ssdeegecte Bett Sale 50 rminmalenlnma, CESscription. <2-- S228 eat ee o2.c see ae Wax, description’: 2: 5.22. 3-252 2) -- eotene nS Monarch Wax, description. .-5.22.2 .-..2.2 2064232 2s. ss ee Monstrous-Podded Southern Prolific Pole, deseription ..........-...-..- 3 ‘ Mont @’Or Wax Pole, description =: =. . 22. 2-.2.0-- 20.2.2. ee ae fottled Pole Lima, description? ==. --<=< =. 4-3-3 Se ee ee la ae. Mountain Field: description: +... ...<-.2242- 2.22 te se seen ee a Mugwump Pole, description. .-2.2....222.-.L2<-.. AUD A Sete Multiflora beans, botanical relationship. --.............-..-..+---..2--<05 = classification, principles ........-..---- vb .sdshs 13 description, bush varieties... .........2...9-i25<.2- eee description, pole varieties. ... ss. <.t2s..cus5- coe eee descriptions of varieties .- .... -2.es2s- 5. Sooo eccep sees Muzzy’s Stringless Green Pod, description’. .........-..<.<....-<25ss- eee - Names of bean varieties confusing ---.. 2.2. -.-.-.2-i.-.Seds2tsSse seen given to types.......--.....2.- See ek ot Sota en es ae variety ‘catalogue <.. Jo 22's 50% Ue een ct ea ok een wee Navy Pea Field} description -... << - .. 22.22.22 - est Us 20 see 2 : Ne Plus Ultra, description: . ...~ 20). gi9 4 sce oc oe See ee Newington Wonder; description .. ..c22.ee. 0. 200 be Se New York’ Golden Wax, description. .......2s522 42 Jos-25020- ota Nichol’s Medium Butter Pole Lima, description ............---.---.-------- Noll’s Ideal Potato Pole Lima, description ...:.......2--2.2.00 2-2 s-0-0enee i North Star, deacnipiion'. > - <> 222-.. =a. ft ese see oe eeeteen eas Sea sees see 19 fmemorcerserolitic Pole, description-.--.-.::---------=-----+----------+= 148 MePEEBECHmiarine Cescriptiol 2222222 5-222.1.2-222 52.202 l 2s tee2Seece eee 148 Eoleduma, description. <. 222 -22.--42------ Bele pe TEE Ones 148 PED mEMeninE Ole CESCliptlon =... oss 2 0 sees eee eos teeccse cee 120-121 MennwiGiant Wax Pole, description .-.-.:..-.--£----:----------+- 149 IEE EMaU MOST PtlON 22: -22252-452.-2-+3s---- 2 once seucee esse enns 149 EEE MEME ICT ON ee oe sare se oe eo an ao nee eon cert ease co oe 149 Papeameritield, description... .---.-----.s.--.----2--seeoe-- see esceces 149 Se EEMESSIEE I es nce aS eon noes cee eae + ocec cases 18 Dicdlt Se Sepa ie eee ese ee 27 Profusion Wax, description .......-..---.----- aR Sea ea ieee 149 Pe emeniniaN xe CESCription -— .- ...-. 520. -. ss - Sess ote sees eens 107 co Leah Tian, (aE SVe off) Ce) a Re ew Le 149 Everbearing Rustproof Wax, description -..-....-..---.------------ 149 errmaneolack Wax, CeScription --+52---3------2--22--s-+---n-<+- 149 Market. See Thorburn’s Prolific Market. PPE RMEEECONUNI OM Sees aaa Ao Aas eons ne ae oo see wc e ee ees 149 Briere PRO EBCN MUD sae eo a oo Saco ctclnte na nwien teen tn weveem 78-79 iPReApomuveW ax bole, description .-..-.-..-----.----2------2.-------2----- 149 Enuplemiatenien Vax, Cescription ...........-.-..-..---...---------2--- 107-108 TO SLE sou QR eee SS 21 cy Seey arc ELY Ee a ae oO ee ee 27-28 @nanter Gentury Bush Lima, description......-....--..---.------.--------- 149 PME INOLILE MOCSCIIPLION . 2 245------2-------22---+------+------0---22 > 149 feeemaierry BUSA. Cescri ption.. - = -2-- = .---.-<¢---soc sees eee eee nese 149 [Ro GUS GHI Gy Sek See eee ee eee ee ee 121 nPrate un ViedXe CESCIIpulOl! ©. -= 2). +--+ 122s - na ~~ == ------ ==" -- == 149 PEM rite ESO RU GION aaa ee lo 3 eae ee ve steer ee ect eeennees 149 PE eBENe LO SOCSCrIDWON soso so-so n-ne cee een ee -- ose ec cease 79 109 170 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. 330 Red Mexican Field;-description =~ -~ .- 3523-2 == ee ae Fell Podded Dwarf Horticultural, description - ---- = oce= Sees ee 4 Speckled Cut Short Pole. See Speckled Cut Short. Valentine, déscription =: <<< 2--s65- <= aos nese ee =. ee ee: Refugee, description 2-2. 52-2225 22 ei ec ae 8 Wax, description - 252.2 2529-<2s--5 Soe oae cee ann - 108-1 Rennie’s Stringless Wax, description. .-_..-.- .---.---..-.-------- Xe scceeeee 3 Rhode Island. Butter Pole, description __-....-.-.-.-2-5.-.2-..- see ee a! Rogers's Lima Wax, descriphion=-—- <<. o.oo ean ena 2 ee bri (Rose, escriphons—< 22 -c-sessnce ns scorn = =~ See = ie ee ae Round Pod Kidney Wax, description.........-.-..-.---------------esees 109-110 © Yellow Six Weeks, description. -:.5- -- = 2... +=. 5.,-=s5-=5 =e ‘ss Royall ‘Corn, Pole, description=-. =... - <---> =< eee == a ee 121- Dwarf Kidney Field, description. ----------- ee eat oe Ruby Horticultural Bush, description...........-------------+--+-------- .. 8l- Runner beans, botanical relationship. --.-=...--.-----.-------..-.=5s===eaee ‘ description of varieties... 5225.22 2 Soe 39- Runners, number. ---.- SC Serer een ne sees SE ee | sot Rust, resistance of varieties. ...-.2.---<-.2---s--ces++++ eo =->- ee =e - 2 Rustproof Golden Wax, description.---..--...--.----5..------)- eee oJ Saba Pole, description). 2: - <--.< 2. 0-25 fore teen we eee: Saddleback Wax, description.<~ ~~ - 22... 3.2.52. Soe 3 St. Louis Seed Company’s Improved Bush Lima, description.......------- ae Salem Mammoth Pole Lima, description. .......-..-..--....----..2-- see ae Salzer’s: Bush Lama, descriptions -_~< ~~ 2s oo oem oe eee ee Earliest Wax, description. ......-.---- Recep oe = = ey 1 Giant Stringless Wax, description. .........-.--.--.------- ee Prosperity Wax Pole, description... .<.-.<<<.-_4-=- -5-s.5===eee - an Round-Podded Wax, description. ....-.--.--...---=-<-sc--esee mee Tree Field; description. ..:--= ~~~. 0 na a ea 2 ae White Wonder Field, description............--.-----.--+sen=es sue a Scarlet Flageolet Wax, description eet pete ser PRO EN e ie oan a Runner Pole; descripon? <=. ~ << oo none eee - -=0n ee so Schwill’s Monstrous Pole Lima, description .........-..---.-------------- ed 2a Quick ‘Crop; description. . <<< < Soon Soe an cme see ~ Spa Royal Corn Pole, description......--.-.-------- avpnks weaeee oon cwenne Wonderful Wax Pole, description. .......-.....--------- sox boosee aD Scotia Pole,.deseription|.-~.- <2 - So. Soe. Span ea nse ses =e ae eee ee 2 Season, bush Kidney varieties.........-.----------- wh che eee 2053 see Timp varl@ties’.; oss een RS curvature at Cye@. 22. 202. en ne ce one ces w ewe ene wees ens cesesessese ees QNOE oi adksles one Soese ses apes ance aahnos aed 4 —ne phe eens ae Aerts Gee Se | a ey EES wveaet a penen lined eka “ws eebang number in green shell pods... 2-2 2-6 -. os cae ncd gees eee e ene oe eee 22-' ME6 onc ccenwar Beem ERS Cee ee te FA eee Oe, aaah aie 3 Seibert’s Pole Lima, description ...............--------- sor ae eae occa ea setae ine = a onan necnns 153 SPrrMOMRRE MOLES CTID GION. = 2 a5 cone mecca ao cc eee e enone nace ne sneeneenes 153 SeamiGnmnnaTeenebod. GeScription.-...-----------------2-- 2-2 nee nee ee et ene= 82-83 Menmeccee Green bod, description -......--.---------0<------------e205-5-- 83 White Corn Hill Pole, description ..........-.------------------- 153 MONG emnOle CLESCNIpulON ees ceo. nace ne = once n ew ewww n-ne 124 iexeoPeNOliC Fole, Cescription. -2-.----<----2-----------<-e-eene nese ees-== 153 109 2 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF GARDEN BEANS. Thorburn’s Bush ‘Lima, deseniption..2- - 2-~~ <<... 22. 52= - -o eeoee e sae Prolific Market, description. ._........-...--------------seeeee 83-8 Refagee Wax, description --...-.--. {..-.-._2_---- = er Phrashing, (ease... «26.2 A ka Jeon tn eee ee rr oe Tom Thumb, description... 22... 325. -2<.5¢ 2ssesse5- 5255 5e Triumph of Frames, description ..-=.---..-+.-<:+-.-=---<-.0.0-.—= Trucker’s Delight Pole Lima, description --...--...--.----..--~-2sa-.eees ss Tucker’s Prolific Bush Lima, description. -..-....._-.------.-.-<2 === Turtle Soup Field,, description. .-....------. /---2--2-¢~5---- 30 rr Type ames. oon see ao ao ee ee 5 mee Oe Union White Valentine,, description - .......-.....--2-.---=-2--5255e= eee Valentine. See Black Valentine, Cream Valentine, Red Valentine, Valentine Wax, and White Valentine. Wax, desenpiion. ....2 52-225 secon ee 11-112 Varieties, bush, desirable for home use ..............-.-<---.- nee af 28 profitable for market’ .--...--- 5.62 5------ "== ey 26 summary of most desirable. .......=--.-------.---.55 sso - 25-28 Veitch’s Forcing, description........-.......-------<-0-5.--c055— see 84-85 Velvet beans, botanical relationship .-..-.-....-----~.s.we<-+-.5-56= see 12 Ventura Wonder Wax, description ......... 2.022 2-<sseus eee 112 Warren Bush, description |... -<0.- <6. econ he cee be nes ee --.-- 86-87 Warwick, description: «22. ...-a. 2 eee = Plectrothria globosa Shear__--..2-. 2. “22=- 42 eee Chondrioderma simplew Schroet____--.---------.--L-----22 0 arc HWpicoccum 22255525 =e sao sc ee ee eee =e Diplodia 2. 225..22= = 225-43 A a ee eee Chaetomitm 2222) 2 2 ee eee ao QOospora 2222-2. 8 22S eae ses eee Macrosporlum =2222- 22-2 hen. Seo ee ’ Preventive and remedial measures____.--.---==--+._ = =) 2 See Regulation of the water supply_=---=----.--=2-__ 2-20 _ See ’ Destruction of diseased viness—=---—~=2=+---.=~--+ =. ee 7 Selection and breeding of resistant plants_—__-~-------------------- Application ‘of fungicides 3225-5 --- 2522S See = Bordeawx ‘«misture: 22.2" oe se Preparation‘and application.<<=---==>=-22 eee Cost of :apraying- = =~ ~~ =2-=2=82. 35-22 Sammaty’ ~.= == 2 22h Snes ceded aoe eee eee ee Bibliography of cranberry diseases .-- -..—<- << eee Description of plites=oi-~ 3.2 oo Soe Se i net ee Index. {22 -ss-2-senseeeeeeoee a a a Pee ey ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Puate I. Cranberry scald, showing different stages in the progress of the (GAS (SNES Se ee ee Frontispiece. Il. Fungous parasites of the cranberry. Figs. 1 to 14.—Guignardia vaeciniil. Fig. 15.—Pestalozzia guepini vaccinii______________ 60 III. Fungous parasites of the cranberry. Figs. 1 to 9.—Glomerella rufomaculans vaccinii. Figs. 10 and 11.—Gloeosporium minus. Figs. 12 to 22.—Acanthorhynchus vaceinii___________ 60 IV. Fungous parasites of the cranberry. Figs. 1 to 7.—Venturia compacta, Figs. 8 to 11.—Anthostomella destruens. Figs. 12 to 14.—wSeptoria longispora. Vigs..15 to 17.—Synchytrium vaccinii. Figs. 18 to 22.—Arachniotus trachyspermus———_—__— 60 VY. Less important cranberry fungi. Fig. 1.—Sphaeronema pomo- rum. Figs. 2 and 8.—Plagiorhabdus o«ycocci. Figs +4 to 9.—Helninthosporium inaequalis. Wig. 10.—Phyllosticta pu trefaciens. Wigs. 11 and 12.—Ceuthospora (7) lunata. Figs. 18 to 15.—Leptothyrium pome (7). Fig. 16.—Frungous spores associated with Leptothyrium pomi (7). Figs. 17 to 20.— Sporonema crycocci. Figs. 21 to 24—Rhabdospora oxycocci. Figs. 25 to 28.—NSporonenma putvinatum. Pigs. 29 to 33.—Lep- BAER LT ET TLE O EU) CO CGR ras a | eee eS ee ee ee 60 Vie Cranberries destroyed by blast and scald_-.---___=.----_-_____ 60 VII. Cranberry Exobasidii. A and B.—#xroebasidium vaccinii. C and D.—EHzobasidium oxrycocci______-__--------------- Lee 60 110 B. P. 1.—286. CRANBERRY DISEASES. INTRODUCTION. The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpum) has been in cultivation for seventy-five years or more. The wild plant in its native habitat does not appear to be affected to any very noticeable degree by fungous parasites. Up to the present time only five species of fungi, according to the published host indices, have been reported as occurring upon this plant. It is generally the case, however, that the longer a plant is in cultivation and the greater the area covered by it the more numerous and serious are its parasites, since the con- ditions and opportunities for their development and distribution be- come much more favorable. This is true of the cranberry. At the same time, this plant by selection, cultivation, and growth under rather abnormal conditions has apparently become somewhat weak- ened and more susceptible to disease. The cranberry is distributed from Newfoundland southward through the Alleghenies to North Carolina and westward into Wis- consin. It is also cultivated in a few localities on the Pacific coast, in Oregon and Washington. The native cranberry of that region is regarded by some botanists as a variety of Vaccinium oxycoccus.(*) The diseases of the cranberry are most serious in the southern sec- tions of its area of cultivation. The losses from the various maladies are heaviest in New Jersey and decrease as one proceeds northward through Long Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, being least of all in the bogs of Nova Scotia. There is also comparatively small loss from disease at present in Wisconsin and on the Pacific coast. The annual crop of the United States approximates 1,000,000 bushels, valued at about $2,000,000. The loss from disease is estimated to average about 10 per cent, or $200,000 each year. From a careful study of the matter is seems probable that the climatic conditions are chiefly responsible for the greater amount of loss in the southern localities. The long, hot summers of the southern region seem to be unfavorable to the production of the most hardy cranberry plants a The serial numbers used in this paper refer to the bibliography which will be found on pages 55 to 57. 3525—No. 110—07 M » 10 CRANBERRY DISEASES. and at the same time most favorable for the development of the vari- ous parasitic fungi which attack them. Several serious diseases have been found to be prevalent. They have nearly a!l, however, been heretofore included under one name by cranberry growers. All softening of the fruit, accompanied by more or less discoloration, has been called “scald” or “rot.” This was quite natural, as the differences in the appearance of fruit attacked by the different parasites are so slight that it is difficult to distinguish between them by external examination. There is no accurate record, so far as we have been able to discover, as to when the cranberry diseases first became sufficiently serious to cause much loss. Mr. J. J. White read a letter before the Cranberry Growers’ Association in 1873 showing that the scald was known iwenty years earlier, i. e., 1853. The diseases have probably spread more or less gradually as the fruit has become more widely cultivated. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. Cranberry scald was a frequent subject of discussion at the early meetings of the New Jersey Cranberry Growers’ Association? whieh was organized in 1869 and is now called the American Cranberry Growers’ Association. In 1874 Dr. Thomas Taylor, Microscopist of the Department of Agriculture, was sent by the Commissioner of Agriculture, at the request of the American Cranberry Growers’ Association, to investi- gate the so-called cranberry “ scald,” which had for some years caused a great amount of loss on some of the New Jersey cranberry bogs. Doctor Taylor * published several articles giving accounts of his obser- vations and studies. He concluded, as a result of his work, that the primary cause of the trouble was an excess of acid in the soil and water. He also believed that excessive heat and drought were impor- tant factors, causing a fermentation to take place in the fruit. He observed fungous filaments in the rotten or scalded berries. but did not consider this fact of much importance. Taylor® says (Monthly Report, Dept. Agr., 1875, 446): “TIT am convinced that the scald and rot, so called, of the berry may arise from dissimilar causes, although chemically considered they are practically the same, viz, the conversion of their starch into grape sugar, a fermentable substance affording a nidus for the growth of fungi.” It will be seen from this quotation that the presence of a fungus was not considered the cause of the disease, but rather a secondary matter. Taylor believed that the trouble might be remedied by some application to the soil which would correct its acidity and pre- vent the fermentation in the fruit. In accordance with this sug- 110 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. Jig gestion a considerable variety of substances was tried by the cran- berry growers, including lime, copperas, salt, and sulphur. Little or no benefit, however, seems to have been derived from these appli- cations, and the diseases continued to cause serious loss, varying somewhat in different seasons as the climatic and other conditions chanced to be favorable to their development or otherwise. Schroeter,® in 1879, in discussing a sclerotium disease of the fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus, mentions the American cranberry this, the water supply should be obtained from a reservoir rather than directly from a running stream. Some very successful growers find that keeping the water at such a level in the ditches that the surface of the bog 110 50 CRANBERRY DISEASES. will be continually moist, but not wet, keeps the plants in the most healthy condition. DESTRUCTION OF DISEASED VINES. It is also important that steps should be taken so far as practicable to prevent the distribution and reproduction of the diseases by destroy- ing all dead vines and leaves before the fungi have had opportunity to mature and set free their spores. Small areas of vines frequently die from the attacks of fungi and from other causes. All such vines should be pulled or cut and collected early in the season, at least within a week after the water has been drawn from the vines, and burned. Vines which have been cut in raking bogs to prepare them for scooping should also be destroyed in the same manner; otherwise the spores of the cranberry fungi develop in great numbers upon them and are a fertile source of infection for the young leaves and fruit. Little is to be feared from full-grown rotten berries, as the fungi very rarely produce any spores upon them. SELECTION AND BREEDING OF RESISTANT PLANTS. The selection of individual plants showing ability to resist the diseases is also an important means of avoiding them. It is a matter of common observation that some of the varieties are much more subject to disease than others. It may also be noticed that in any badly diseased area of vines there is occasionally one which bears sound fruit. By selecting and propagating these apparently resist- unt plants a variety much less subject to injury could probably soon be produced. APPLICATION OF FUNGICIDES. After determining the life histories of the most serious parasites causing the diseases it seemed very probable, judging from their relationships and the manner in which closely related species attack other fruits, that they could be successfully combated by the appliea- tion of fungicides, the same as their relatives were. Experiments and tests of fungicides have been conducted for the past four years. Several kinds were used the first season, as already mentioned. Bor- deaux mixture applied in the form of a spray proved much more satisfactory than any of the others. Besides these a dust Bordeaux mixture has been used quite thoroughly by one of the cranberry growers, but without any decided benefit, 110 PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. oi BORDEAUX MIXTURE. In the spraying experiments plats were selected where from 75 to 100 per cent of the crop had been lost by disease in former years. In the experiments of 1904 four applications of Bordeaux mixture were made during the season. In order to determine accurately the results, alternate plats were left unsprayed, as a check. According to actual counts of the sound and diseased berries made at picking time, from September 8 to 13, on 35-yard-square plats, representing the average condition of the sprayed and unsprayed areas, it was found that the greatest percentage of diseased fruit on any of the sprayed plats was 27.5, as against 100 per cent on the unsprayed plats. The minimum amount of disease on any of the sprayed plats was 13 per cent, as against 89 per cent on the check plats. The average num- ber of diseased berries on all the sprayed plats was 21.7 per cent and on the unsprayed plats 76.8 per cent, and in addition to the pro- tection of the fruit from diseases the general vigor and appearance of the sprayed plants was noticeably improved. These experiments, owing to circumstances beyond our control, were not entirely satisfactory, as the applications of the fungicide were not made with sufficient frequency and at the most desirable time. In 1905 a more thorough and satisfactory series of experiments was conducted upon the same plats. The water was removed from the bog May 10 to 12. It is the usual practice of cranberry growers to flood the bogs from twenty-four to thirty-six hours during the first week in June, in order to destroy insects. It had been planned to spray part of the experimental plats before this second flooding. The water supply of the bog was, however, insufficient for a second flooding, and the relation of spraying to this operation was therefore not determined. Two of the plats were sprayed five times—May 19, June 22, July 14, July 31, and August 15. At picking time, Sep- tember 8, accurate counts were made of all the diseased and sound berries on small areas which showed the average condition of the fruit on the sprayed plats. Counts were also made on equal areas showing the average condition of the fruit on the check plats. As a result of these counts it was found that there was an average of only 6 per cent of rotten fruit on the sprayed plats, while there was a little more than 91 per cent rotten on the unsprayed plats. Two other plats sprayed five times, but beginning June 2 instead of May 19, showed as a result of the counts made as in the experiment just mentioned an average of 2.36 per cent of diseased berries on the sprayed plats and 92.06 per cent of diseased fruit on the unsprayed plats. This appears to indicate that the application made on June 2 was more beneficial than that made at the earlier date, May 19. 110 Ou bo CRANBERRY DISEASES. Another plat was sprayed but four times, as follows: July 14, July 31, August 1, and August 15. Estimates of the amount of diseased fruit on the sprayed and unsprayed plats, made as in the previous cases, showed 18.3 per cent of rotten berries on the sprayed plat and 91.53 per cent on the unsprayed plat. This indicated what had already been anticipated, from our knowledge of the time of ma- turity of the parasites causing the diseases, that the earlier applications are exceedingly important, most of the infection apparently occurring before the fruit is half grown. A portion consisting of 1,048 square feet of one of the plats which was sprayed five times was carefully hand picked and produced 3 bushels of sound fruit, this being at the rate of about 125 bushels per acre. The same area from the adjoining check plat gave a seanty peck of sound fruit, or 10.42 bushels per acre. In other words, there was twelve times as much sound fruit on the sprayed plat as on the unsprayed plat, or a saving of over 100 bushels per acre. Preparation and application —The method of preparation, as well as the dates and manner of application, is of exceeding importance in securing satisfactory results. The Bordeaux mixture should be freshly made. Good stone lime should be used, and from 3 to 5 pounds of commercial resin-fishoil soap should be added to it. In our first experiments, in which the plain Bordeaux mixture was used, it was found that the spray either collected in drops upon the surface of the leaves and fruit or ran off entirely, the surface of the cran- berry leaves and fruit being so glossy that the mixture did not spread . and adhere properly. It was found that by adding the resin-fishoil soap the mixture not only formed a film and spread over the surface of the leaves and fruit, but also adhered for a much longer time than the plain Bordeaux mixture. The comparison of sprayed and unsprayed fruit at the time of picking does not show the full amount of profit to be derived from the treatment, as there is usually a considerable loss from the develop- ment of the diseases during the period between the time of picking and the time of marketing the berries. In order to compare the keeping qualities of the sprayed and unsprayed fruit, 2,400 perfectly sound berries, so far as could be determined by external appearance, were selected. Twelve hundred berries were from a sprayed plat and 1.200 from a check plat. They were all kept in the laboratory under similar conditions in order to determine the amount of disease which would develop in each case before the time for marketing the fruit. On October 18, the date upon which most of the fruit from the bog was marketed, and exactly one month from the date of picking, a careful examination of the 2,400 berries showed only 9.8 per cent of 110 SUMMARY. : 53 the sprayed fruit diseased, while 38.i per cent of the unsprayed fruit was diseased. In other words, four times as much of the unsprayed fruit as of the sprayed fruit decayed between the time of picking and marketing. The decay which developed was apparently caused by the dormant infection. Cost of spraying—The cost of spraying as it was done in these experiments averaged from $15 to $20 per acre, the Bordeaux mixture being applied at the rate of 4 barrels, or 200 gallons, per acre at each application, making for five applications a total of 1,000 gallons per acre. The cost would probably vary somewhat under different condi- tions and different methods, but in no instance should it exceed $20 per acre. SUMMARY. There are four serious fungous diseases of the cranberry—scald, caused by Guignardia vaccinii; vot, caused by Acanthorhynchus vac- cinii; anthracnose, caused by Glomerella rufomaculans vaccinii, and hypertrophy, due to Evobasidium oxrycocci. The first three diseases mentioned have heretofore been confused and considered as one. Life history studies have shown that Guignardia vaccinii produces two forms of fructification—pyenidial and ascogenous—and is closely related to Guignardia bidwellii, which causes the black-rot of the grape. Similar studies of Acanthorhynchus vaccinii reveal only ascogenous fructifications, but very striking and characteristic appressoria, which perhaps fill in part the place of a pyenidial form, are produced. Glomerella rufomaculans vaccinii is also found to produce both conidial and ascogenous forms. The production of ascogenous fructifications appears to depend in both Guignardia vaccinii and Glomerella rufomaculans vaccinii chiefly upon some inherent potentiality of the race, strain, or genera- tion from which the hyphx or spore used in the culture are derived. The composition of the culture medium and the conditions of temper- ature, moisture, and light are relatively unimportant factors. The fungi producing scald, rot, and anthracnose, as well as Pesta- lozzia guepini vaccinii, are able to live in the tissues of cranberry leaves and fruit in a more or less dormant or noninjurious condition for a considerable period and may apparently at any time develop rapidly and destroy the tissues when conditions are favorable. Thirteen other fungi have been found affecting cranberry fruit, most of which have, however, not shown indication of particular pathological importance. Sixteen different species have been found on either stems or leaves. Most of these do not seem to cause serious injury to the plant. 110 54 CRANBERRY DISEASES. Preventive measures should include renovation of the cranberry bog, careful control of the water supply, and the cultivation of hardy and disease-resistant varieties. Thorough treatment with Bordeaux mixture has proved suecessfui in controlling the diseases. The addition of resin-fishoil soap is essential in order to make the mixture properly cover and adhere to the plants. Asa result of five applications in 1905, only 2.36 per cent of the sprayed fruit was found to be destroyed at picking time, whereas 92 per cent of the unsprayed fruit on the plat adjoining was destroyed. The cost of five applications, each of 200 gallons per acre, varies, according to the conditions and methods employed, from $15 to $20 per acre. 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CRANBERRY DISEASES. iWernatp, M. L. Variations of American cranberries. Rhodora, 4: 231-237, Dec., 1902. * Report of convention of New Jersey Cranberry Growers’ Association. New Jersey Courier, Toms River, N. J., Sept. 4, 1873. *TayLor, THOMAS. Cranberry rot and scald. Monthly Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr., Oct., 1874, 439. 4_—_____ Op. cit., Jan., 1875, 42-44. ¢__ Op. cit., Oct., 1875, 446. e Op. cit., Aug. and Sept., 1876, 350. *—___ Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr., 1875, 193. ® ScHROETER, J. Weisse Heidelbeeren. Hedwigia, 18: 183, Dec., 1879. *Woronin, M. Ueber die Sclerotienkrankheit der Vaccinien-beeren. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, ser. T, 86: 28-30, 1888. * HALSTED, Byron D. Some fungous diseases of the cranberry. N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta., 64; 1889. 4 _____ })xperiments for the year upon cranberry diseases. Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. for 1890, 332-339. This paper was also published in Proc. 21st Ann. Meet. Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn., Jan., 1891. “2 ___ Treatment of cranberry scald and cranberry gall fungus. Jour. Mye., 6: 18, 1891. *%______ Tjiseases of the cranberry. Proc. 26th Ann. Meet. Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn., 10-12, Jan., 1896. 4 _____ Taboratory study of fruit decays. Rept. N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta., 326— 330, 1892. WHITSON, A. R., HasSkKINs, L. P., and Matpr, O. G. Ann. Rept. Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta; 22: 294-295, 1905. © SanpsteN, EB. P., Haskins, L. P., and Ramsey, H. Preliminary report on eran- berry investigations. Ann. Rept. Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta., 21: 237, 1904. w7_____ A report on cranberry investigations. Wis. Agr. DPxpt. Sta., 119; 42-44, Feb., 1905. This. with the exception of a few sentences, is a reprint from the preceding work. ®ViALA, P. Les maladies de la vigne, ed. 3, 179 et seq., 1893. *Kiess, Greorc. Die Bedingungen der Fortpflanzung bei einigen Algen und Pilzen, pp. 543, tabs. 3, text figs. 15, Jena, 1896. * BLAKESLER, A. F. Sexual reproduction of the Mucorinese. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 40: 205-319, 1904. “1 BREFELD, Oscar. Untersuchungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Mykologie, 10: 349, 1891. =™SuHeEAR, C. L. Mycological notes and new species. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 29: 449-457, 1902. *———__ Arachniotus trachyspermus. A new species of the Gymnoascacez. Science, n. s., 16: 188, July, 1902. 110 56 CRANBERRY DISEASES. R Fungous diseases of the cranberry. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Farm. Bul. No. ae 221, 1905. = a Cranberry spraying experiments in.1905. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry. Bul. 100, pt. 1, 1906. am 32d Ann. Meet. Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn., 8-11, 1902. as berry Growers’ Assn., TS, 1903. % A remedy for cranberry scald. Amer. Agriculturist, 72: 309, 1903. = Report on cranberry spraying experiments. Proc. 34th Ann. Meet. . Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn., 8-10, Jan., 1904. ; -F Progress of cranberry spraying experiments. Proc. 35th Ann. Cony. Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn., 6-7, Aug., 1904. 3 = Report of experiments on cranberry diseases. Proc. 35th Ann. Meet. Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn., 4-5, Jan., 1905. 4 Fungous diseases of the cranberry. 87th Ann. Cony. Amer. Cranberry : Growers’ Assn., 8-9, Aug., 1906. ~——S ay Cranberry spraying apparatus. Proc. 37th Ann. Meet. Amer. Cran- — berry Growers’ Assn., 6-8, Jan., 1907. ’ oe and Woop, A. K. Ascogenous forms of Gloeosporium and Colleto- trichum. Bot. Gaz., 45: 259-266, 1907. “= DureELL, E. H. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture for cranberry scald finan- cially considered. Proc. 37th Ann. Meet. Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assn, — 3-6, Jan., 1907. ee *Fiscu, C. Beitriige zur Entwickelungsgeschichte einiger Ascomyceten. Bot. Zeit., 40: 851-870, pls. 2, 1882. : * FRANK, B. Ueber einige neue und wenigbekannte Pflanzenkrankheiten. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesells., 1: 29-34, 58-63, 1883; also Landw. Jahrb,, 12: - 511-539, pls. 3, 1883. ey ™ Meyer, B. Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung einiger parasitischer Pilze bei saprophytischer Erniihrung. Landw. Jahrb., 17: 912-945, pls. 4 | 1888. : “DeBary, A. Ueber einige Sclerotinien und Sclerotinienkrankheiten. Bot. Zeit., 44: 377, 1886. “ BuUscen, M. Ueber einige Higenschafter der Keimlinge parasitischer Pilze. Bot. Zeit., 51: 53, 1893. “© HASSELBRING, HeinricH. Appressoria of the anthracnoses. Bot. Gaz., 42: 135, 1906. “Zorr, W. Mechanik der Sporenentleerung bei Sordarieen. Zeitschr. fiir Naturwis., Halle, 56: 561, 1883. “ GrirFiTus, Davip. The North American Sordariacere. Mem. ‘Vorr. Bot. Club, 11: 32, May, 1901. ‘ * STONEMAN, BertHa. A comparative study of the development of some anthrac- noses. Bot. Gaz., 26: 69-120, 1898. “Cunton, G. P. Bitter-rot. Bul. Ill. Agr. Expt. Sta.. 69; 1902. “Von Scurenk, H., and Spautpine, P. The bitter-rot of apples. U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, Bul. 44: 29, 1903. “Suetpon, J. L. Gloeosporium of sweet pea and apple. Science, ns. 22: 51, 1905. ; “Scorr, W. M. The control of apple bitter-rot. U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Bur, Plant Industry, Bul. 93, 1906. 110 Investigations of cranberry diseases. Proc. 33d Ann. Meet. Amer. Cran- ‘¥ BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bal © Scorr, W. M., and Quarnrancr, A. L. Spraying for apple diseases and the codling moth in the Ozarks. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farm. Bul. 288, 1907. "Rostrur, EE. Om nogle af snyltesvampe foraarsagede misdannelser hos blomsterplanter. Bot. Tidsskr., 14: 230, 1883. “@ ______ Biologiske arter og racer. sot. Tiddskr., 20: 116-125, 1895-6. ®Prck, CHARLES H. Report of the botanist. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., 26: 73, Apr., 1874. *___ Report of the botanist. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., 25: 106, 1873. “THOMAS, Ir. Cranberry leafgall. Insect Life, 1: 279, Mar., 1889. % Monraanr, ©. Notice sur les plantes cryptogames. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 2, 1: 347, 1834. % SCHWEINITZ, L. D. Synopsis of North American fungi. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n. s., 4: 211, 1834. Pres, E. Systema Mycologicum, 2: 451, 1822. ® RicHarps, H. M. Notes on EPxobasidium andromedae Pk. and Exobasidium vaceinii (fekl.) Wor. Bot. Gaz., 21: 104, 1896. ® FarLtow, W. G., and Seymour, A. B. A provisional host index of the fungi of the United States, 74, 1890. 110 - pl DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PLATE 1.—Frontispiece. Cranberry scald, showing different stages in the prog ress of the disease. A—Early stage. B.—Later stage, showing dark zones. 7 C.—Berry completely destroyed. Pirate II.—Fig. 1—A cranberry leaf, showing pycnidia of Guignardia vaceinii_ thickly scattered over the under surface; a, a cranberry blossom blasted by Guignardia vaccinii, showing pycnidia on calyx, corolla, and pedicel; b, an blasted fruit, showing pycnidia. Fig. 2—A vertical section of a single pyc nidium of Guignardia vaccinii from a cranberry leaf, showing pycnospores _ in various stages of development. Fig. 3—An immature pycnospore of the same fungus, showing the partially formed appendage; a, the same, . showing a little later stage of development; b and c¢, fully developed pye- 7 nospores and appendages. Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.—Various stages in germination and growth of pycnospores of Guignardia vaccinii grown in 4 weak sugar solution; 4, 5, 6, and 7, seventy-two hours after sowing; 8 and9, eighty-six hours after sowing. Fig. 10.—A vertical section of a perithecium -r of Guignardia vaccinii, showing asci, from a cranberry leaf collected in New — : Jersey. Fig. 11.—Three asci, with ascospores showing variations in length of the stipe and the arrangement of the spores; @ and b, from perithecia on a leaf; ¢, from a pure culture. Fig. 12.—A fresh, mature ascospore, show- ing the usual condition, in which the protoplasm is very coarsely granula Fig. 13.—.2-.-_ "= 5 = eee < Fungi attacking the fruit, descriptions ._____.______“__________ aa occurring on the leaves or stems, descriptions __-_-____-_______ Wnngicides: application =— >. 22 == ee Gloeosporium lindemuthianum, appressoria, or chlamydospores_—._-__-__ 110 Bordeaux mixture, preparation, application, and cost______- minus,. description ._~—...=_ =. _s_-_ = See Glomerella rufomaculans vaccinii, ascogenous form ~-~---~--------__ 31-3 ; fructification, ,production_ appressoria, or chlamydospores__--_. conidial form is..2 =32--—--- ee = s Cultutes:=— 2s ee = description _*—=—... eee 12, dormant condition of the fungus__--__ : relationship -of the fungus__-_-_----_ treatment: 22. =. 35<-+5-—c555—50 eee = Guignardia bidwellii, pyenidial stage-_-=.---________-_____ === = vaccinii, acervuli, development_._..._. ._ ...___.__ -- === eee ascogenous form, description ~-.-------------__-<. = factors determining production___ conidial form not found-..--...._..-=-- = eee ; Cn tunes a3. == 5 ee 16 producing ascogenous form_..-----~.----- pycnidial | form... See description, ete-—=.~ 3.3 ee dormant condition of the fungus___--------------_ 22 fungus causing blast and scald, description, cultures, ; | a a eo eee eee