E ol U6xX CRLSSI eet BNE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 35 ANTIQUITIES OF THE UPPER GILA AND SALT RIVER VALLEYS IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO | =- BY WALTER HOUGH MEARNS COLLECTION 190425 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 a * ‘ ; : AGT ES 1h} CONTENTS Page Pee ONT ENTE! STAON ASH OY9 es) 0) dy es ee eee 7 JIESRICOTPNY el gS Dos a hea ag at a ee ee ee eee ae ae See eee 8 Anclent sand recent native: Inhabitants. = =. =. 5-2 9 GANSCCsOReCeHODULALIO ME” = 2a Seta or Ses ee ee Ee 10 oer, Te: GSE YT as 2 ee I a I petra te el atl TD)WSH TEM ONO ION SN I pee 5 IS A Ele Se ee ee dae ee ee eee ila ASvameckeds by. mineral environment... —. 9-22 2-2 2 te 13 ASeanecled apy. vecetal environment! <=) = =) ss oe 13 ASP AIC GteG Dy, allmal environments 5 90.005 o 2 se ee 3 ESOT AO WTTIESS), Zp 8 Ae SS IE Si eS ee a ae eee ee ae ee eee 14 CERN NARS OE ASHE CSS SS eee ee Ee wT 14 LEAD EU US See SS Sa eee eee ee ee ee ey ee OR eee 14 eT aihte: liye UBL eS areca tts pe Rea etek es etic yg Nome ot ON ea 16 OUhers CONStRTCLIONS SS ete el eeu ate ee Ee es 17 SII pee eaen ee eee ee eee Sane Co me AER Ene, Sere Stoo 19 JO XOTAUE SHOTS: TMT RSS A A SR a A soe ee es ir ee 20 ID nesswretn Gera OGLMM ent ss "soaps. es ee eee ee te oe eel oes 20 ELOMSE MO ee sh CasIN SIN TVs eet ee eee ad ee EO 21 SUSIE GR DT SS (G1 2G epee ce a Mets La NG aerate! gles Ny ae yee a Bs a gr ae 2 SS LOT Wy C0 IS Legis Ree era els wae Ray ee ee AE A er oe Paes Pe yr Te caer se eee aes eee Heo eran Se Ng in RN SU RO as Ye ee 23 HES OTC NU (0 Te eer ore a A peat 9 CN SL Se ote At gle en Da NAY OTC OEE ES PS SR aE a So ere esl At eed cn RR a 23 DIR xsl Spee seit PO tk Dakine een gee Py eC 3 gr We el dea orp wet 24. PES AIS ICO ll Voces a tae Rear, oe SL Stee a De eS er ae cl See oS Oe 24 ESO UG Teyana om as ee) Pe POEL E be eR aie Fe a ee oe ie Nae ee Ie Pe Antusements—lanzuage—religion’: 2. 2.2). ee DIF BSTC MMO MMmOleENe CGM Sea= oes Sake BL a eb ee Se GP er 28 Phen Gulsetromesan. Carlos to: the-heades) 22) ee 28 PR SOURCES SO fete Gill ajsceer esis Sons 2 oey Ry ath A a SO 29 es) VPABKS Nay TSN ROR EL 28 ee apa es ee ne el ee eer ee eC Se ae ’ Dee NOMA Oanrlocwer cel OMe swt g Oe oe le wee Ss 38 ir Phe Sans ranciscomhilver system. es ee a 41 pee ce eu CCE kx 2m aibtereat ek mares Seman SiN Ee Sack (eee LI 8 pe cr 42 ne BSG TEN (SP Sane ORME ee ae GEE aI PUR > lap Rae ees a 42 By LE AHES ON KG Fes (neZeXeN ke Desa aa a PISS Tony esa fic ck aT 2S 0 On cea DT vem LEU Reape VAL Cyaan meg te gas = SA eee Ne age ce ee a ate ns 2 58 5. Los Lentes VaR Geos, ee eh oa 2 Ns ipa a nk 6 eM IRUIE AOS Ape VC lope ete ean ee Seaton pM mee eae eh OE 70 The Sica DAI LUT 6 CS a a me Re 76 Distribution of the ruins—Continued. ee TIi-—The upper. Salt -river.c2= 2. ses 1. White Mountain Creek region_____ 1V.—The Mimbres Te ee aa ee i. Silver (City ‘Tegions:. 23 2. Deming region SS esopsen tase deere fee A are bain sip literaphy PLEA VAM MOSEL I owe eee OE 2B mee Rn tee img @xip == Si oe Se ee pence Ceres 2) UN “s ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE I. Ruins of cliff-dwellings, Johnson ranch, Blue river__________- lee @litt-nowsess bear-ereels “Blue river 222-2 ee III. Metate discovered in cemetery of ruin at Blue post-office________ EM SILAS TING SOME Amen OTOUDe es oat oe a i Mt es VY. Tularosa valley, looking northeast from mesa________.________ VI. Pictographs at entrance of Tularosa box canyon below Delgars_ VIL. Pottery from the Delgar group, Tularosa-valley__.__.=-________ MEM InN STOn tipper LCULArOSa Rivers ue srs Sens ee ee eave dtwneaGc Om WUlaArOSa: Valle yens ott. ee se oe X. Pottery and stcne objects from ruins near Fort Apache (collec- hlonvoresserct. Bs S, Miller; WesS2eArmiy) ies) 3 so eae XI. Archeological map of the upper Gila and Salt River valleys, PATUAOUA ANC, ING Wa WLESICOl —~ = seen te we Pine ee a oS ices. = ee ee Zevohi-awelline=- West Tork ot: the’ Gilass= =.= ee ee oeLlanvon buena, Vista Luin "Grahamicounmby,- Arig == 625s ee 4: ATrOWw.polisherGraham), Cotnity,y Atizo. 22 ee Les eee 5. Ceremonial stone slab, Solomonsville, Graham county, Ariz—______ 6. Ceremonial stone slab, Solomonsville, Graham county, Ariz______ Fem bsT LUNN EA Teg CLUS Vile VAS Ss oe ee ae a a ee ee {Ss LLIN KENT ETO Lgl OY yl Mee eS AN eS ee le i eI a ee dea 9. Sketch map of Blue river, Arizona, showing location of ruins____ LO means Of Tiuin no. 2O> mouth of Blue wivers2 = 5.25 Soe et iW alledveaive near mouth of Blueuriver== a 2s se ea ee tie wulline cave near mouth of Blue Tver: sie i eye es Poee eel Ore TNT NK CAV kee ot eee oe CN ea Pa oe > Beale Se 13. Two-story ceremonial cave, San Francisco river near mouth of Bineerivertos.e = RRL SR a SAAN Sarde teat leaner PAH oh Dera ne So pee ea 3s feo phwIncOnLovelady ranch; Blue rivers: =). 2b. Soke! ee eo io: Plansof ruin on; Lovelady ranch, Blue riveri 2s 224 ee 2 ae 16. Burial showing position of skeleton, Lovelady ranch, Blue river__ 17. Plan of Bear Creek cave, Blue river________ us OO naa Sa aeerte Rae 18. Bear Creek cave, Blue river___-__-____- Sea 'C Lue? SE ae SSRN 19. Assembly kiva of group near Thompson farm, Blue river________ 20. Sketch of ruin at-Blue post-office, Blue river____________________ 21. Construction of wall, ruin at Blue post-office, Blue river_________ 22. Metates and manos; grinding stones—Blue post-office, Blue river_ 23. Sketch of location of ruins near Luna, N. Mex______________--_ 24. Plan of ruin C, one-half mile southwest of Luna, N. Mex________ Bose Llane OlestUinc -AvwluUMaswNe NV Gxcd sce ceo eer See ee a a 26. Sketch of Spur ranch, Los Lentes valley, showing location of ruins Cr OU OT a em OO co | 1 (or) FIa. 27. ILLUSTRATIONS Plan of ruin at head of Stevens cienaga, showing pit-houses and CTAQiMmg.. 228 2 ee ee ee ee ee eee Plan of ruins on Stevens cienaga, showing rectangular stone houses superimposed on pit-dwellings____-___--_-_________=_= Piancof Spur croup. Spuroranche Ses a ee eee Plan of ruin-no:.60;-Spurien cha ees Plan of ruin no. 81 on hiliside near. Spur ranch __—_ ~~ _=__= = Plan. of, ruin-nos82Spurlranch.-==2 = _ Se ee PLAN OL. PUL LOLs Sehse Po Me NAT es eee LEAR Walicoy ew DUO OTe COP cr eyrsy eh ON ew qa MGlal emo: eae aun Se ee Eee Plan Of Cuinsno = Soc SPUr wa Che eee ee ee eee Plan Of TUlMEenO- 66; SUL LanG hss wae ee ee eee ee Plan of GLuUIneC,- ATLOY.O SOUP ass PMS ee Ce ee Sketch of location of ruins D and EH, Arroyo group, Spur ranch—_ Sketch of location of ruin NO S89, INU Tan Gna aes See ae Plan of ruinno< 90 Spur -vanche-= 3 ee ee Plan-o£ Tuinsno-Oe Spur Tan Ch 2 ee eee Sketch map of Tularosa river, showing location of ruins, western Socorro county, oN; Mlex coe ae es ea eS ee ee eee Planvot caveat headior ularosavalleya.= se = se eee Sketch map of Apache creek, showing location of ruims__________ Ruins at N. H. ranch, Apache creek, Socorro county, N. Mex_____ Ruin at Easteamp, Bishop ranch, western Socorro county, N. Mex- Ruin west of Oliver Bishop Ranch house, near Hastcamp, west- ern Socorro. county; .N- Mex. =. =e ee ee ee 8. Ruin at Gallo spring, western Socorro county, N. Mex__________- Ruin on Whiskey creek, near Central, Grant county, N. Mex____- Mealing pits in a rock outcrop on Whiskey creek, Grant county, IN Fe Meigs Be eS aD Sa UR a Ne eee cote Pictographs at Craig ranch, Silver City, Grant county, N. Mex__- Page. asa --1 a9 We @ =] =I HH OW oo oo OU ANTIQUITIES OF THE UPPER GILA AND SALT RIVER VALLEYS IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO By Watrrer Hover GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY The area in which are found the archeological remains treated in this bulletin forms part of southwestern New Mexico (western Socorro, Grant, and Luna counties) and southeastern Arizona (Apache, Navajo, Gila, Pinal, Graham, and Cochise counties). It is bounded on the northeast by the great ridge lying between the Gila-Salt and Little Colorado rivers; on the west and-northwest by the Tonto basin; on the south by the states of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, and on the southeast by the San Agustin plains. Approxi- mately it extends 170 miles east and west and 200 miles north and south. Much of this area is covered by the Black Mesa, Mount Gra- ham, and Chiricahua forest reserves in Arizona and the Gila River forest reserve in New Mexico. (See map, pl. xt.) The general region of which this is a large part lies on the south- ern slope of the great diagonal ridge or break‘ called locally the * Mogollon rim,” * Verde breaks,” etc., which extends southeast across Arizona and a portion of New Mexico. This remarkable physio- eraphic feature divides Arizona sharply into two regions—the northern, a high plateau drained by the Colorado and Little Colorado rivers, and the southern, a steep slope gradually merging into the level plains along the Mexican boundary, drained by the Gila-Salt river system into the Colorado river, and by the Mimbres, which flows into the inland basin at the foot of the Sierra Madre of Mexico. To the east this ridge takes a northerly direction and is broken into a number of ranges, the Gallo and Datil ranges being the main prolongations that deflect the drainage into the Little Colorado on the north, the Gila on the south, and the Rio Grande on the east. The Gila-Salt and their affluents rise in the sinuous “ rim,” which ordinarily presents at its upper portion enormous inaccessible cliffs gashed by innumerable rugged canyons. The high mountains cause precipitation and act as storage reservoirs. Here springs burst forth and trout streams take their rise. Many rivulets trickle from the heights of the great break, coalesce, and descend precipitously. between : 2 (: 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 high ridges and dash through canyons or water the fertile acres of the upper valleys. The streams grow larger and the canyons grow wider in the middle courses of the rivers, till in the lower reaches great valleys open out, in which an ancient population, like that of the lower Gila and Salt, flourished by grace of the moisture condensed on the mountains to the northeast. Above the 6,000-foot contour the mountains are clothed with a dense growth of pine, constituting part of the greatest. virgin forest remaining in the United States. The forest on the higher plateau is open and interspersed with groves of live oak and aspen, forming beautiful parks. Descending from the “rim,” one traverses the habitats of plants ranging from the Boreal to the lower Austral zone, so that in following the canyon of Blue river, Arizona, one passes from the pine to the cactus in less than 60 miles, having encountered numerous vegetal forms, each appearing at its limit of elevation. In accord with the prevalence of vegetal life, there is on this slope abundant and diversified animal life, and here may be found the larger and smaller mammals and birds, and other animals character- istic of the Austral zones, which on their western edges approach the Tropical life zone of the lower Colorado and Salt rivers. The climate is generally agreeable, depending upon the elevation, growing cooler as one ascends toward the “rim.” On the whole, this great area is suitable for human habitation, especially in the upper Austral zone, which, with its ample water and vegetation, would afford support for agricultural and hunting tribes. This is shown by the numerous and widespread areas in the river valleys which man has cultivated and by the evidences of his occupancy of caves, clift-dwellings, and pueblos, that render this section of the United States of especial archeologic interest. The geographical features of the region are marked by a number . of enclaves, producing isolation and corresponding development of subcultures within the general, comparatively uniform pueblo cul- ture. The movement of population was along the narrow valleys of streams, shut off from contact with other tribes by high mountain masses. That the early tribes were not disturbed is shown by many evidences, notably the absence of defensive works or defensive posi- tions of pueblos and the dearth of implements of war. HISTORY The region is also particularly interesting because the earliest Euro- pean expedition into the southwestern part of the present domain of the United States, led by Marcos of Niza, crossed this uninhabited and inhospitable territory in 1539. In the next year Francisco Vasquez HOUGH ] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 9 Coronado, commanding an army of Spanish adventurers, traveled from Culiacan, Mexico, and passed through this wilderness to Cibola (Zuni). Coronado’s route has long been a subject of inquiry, but it is now generally conceded that he passed down the upper course of the San Pedro, thence northeastwardly to the Gila and over the White mountains by the site of the present Fort Apache, Showlow, and St. Johns to Zuni and the Rio Grande. The region is not believed to have been inhabited at the time of the Coronado expedition, but subsequently it was occupied by bands of Apaches, and the settlement of the country was much retarded in consequence until the establishment of military posts and the final pacification of renegade bands in 1886. Up to the close of the Civil War the settlers were almost exclusively Mexicans, whose principal occupations were mining and farming. The region has never been of great historical importance. ANCIENT AND RECENT NATIVE INHABITANTS The tribes formerly inhabiting the upper Gila-Salt River region are probably not referred to in any traditions of the surviving Pueblos, this fact making the problem of their ethnology one of extreme diffi- culty. Only through the comparison of their arts with those of other regions may even a general statement be made of their likeness or entire dissimilarity to the other ancient ighabitants of the Southwest. Tt seems likely, from the data at hand, that they were distinct from the tribes of the neighboring regions and sprang from an original local source. ‘ Of interest, because it may indicate a migration of a Rio Grande tribe to the headwaters of the Salt, is the statement in the ancient Zuni origin myth that the hero Hlhakwa, who, coming from Santo Domingo, joined the tribe four vears after the War gods had set fire to the world, later separated from the Zuni and took up his abode in the great mountain southwest of the sacred Salt lake.« . Tt is incredible that none of the blood of the inhabitants of the Gila-Salt region passed into the surviving Pueblos, but there is no proof of this having taken place. It is hkely that the Pima-Opata tribes to the extreme southwest and the Zuni to the northeast have inherited all that remains of this ancient population, while the Hopi to the north still retain traces of the influences of its culture. A comparative study of artifacts must be further pursued to deter- mine the points and the traditions of various tribes recorded with the _accuracy which characterizes Doctor Fewkes’s work among the Hopi.” @Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Twenty-third Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, ‘60. > Fewkes, Tusayan Migration Traditions, Nineteenth Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2, 626. 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 Causes or DrpopuLATION There was probably not one village surviving in this vast area at the time of Coronado’s journey; but the ancient ruins, by their pro- fusion, indicate that a comparatively dense population once lived there. What, then, were the causes which led to the extinction of these people? So far as may be inferred from present conditions, the environment was favorable for the maintenance of Indian tribes, and it is probable, therefore, that there is no geographic or climatic con- dition adequate to explain the depopulation of the whole region, In some sections disease may have checked the growth of population and finally exterminated the inhabitants, for even in the elevated localities fevers of a certain class bear heavily at times upon the present set- tlers. In some of the river valleys malaria also at times is prevalent. On the whole, however, the climate is salubrious. Exploration of the ancient ruins, so far as this has been accomplished, invariably shows, moreover, that the abandonment of the pueblos was not due to inter- nal warfare or to attacks by outside enemies. In reference to the failure of the food supply, due to prolonged drought or other circumstances, there is reason to believe that such failures were less prevalent in former times than in the years since the occupancy by white men. However, starvation may have been a factor in the decline of population in certain localities. It may be that the most petent cause existed in the social organiza- tion of the people, coupled with the isolation enforced by the environ- ment. It is known that the social organization of the existing Pueblo tribes among which marriage is prohibited within the clan tends to self-extinction, and it is possible that the tribes of the Gila suffered from the same cause. Evidence of the growth and decline of several ancient pueblos on the San Francisco river has been brought to hght. In one typical example the village had grown to its limits by the natural accretion of houses forming a polygonal mass,and the cemetery lay outside its walls in the normal. position, with the burials. placed in the same manner as in numerous other sites. It was found that the external rooms on the ground floor of the pueblo also had been used for burial.* Further examination showed that a row of inner rooms had been so used, and that other rooms toward the center of the pueblo were devoted likewise to mortuary purposes. In these central rooms the burials were evidently later, simce in many cases no offerings of pot- tery or other objects were placed with the dead. We have here what “Jn Halona (a historic Zuni pueblo) and Los Muertos, in the Salt River valley, the ‘ inhabitants continued to live in the houses in which burials had been made, but these interments were under floors, while in the Gila-Salt pueblos the rooms usually contained several graves at different depths, and in some cases were full of skeletons. HoUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS dk seems to be, then, the life history of this pueblo from rts culmination to its extinction, the gradually enlarging zone of room burials being an index of the decrease of the inhabitants. The evidence invariably shows that no sudden cataclysm overwhelmed the pueblos, no hasty, disorganized abandonment took place, no wars decimated them, but rather that, like a tree, they passed through successive stages of growth, decline, and decay to final extinction. CULTURE OF REGION DistriBuTION The Gila-Salt region is of such great extent and presents such physiographic diversity that it could well have contained within its’ limits several peoples distinct in language and arts. Transitory tribes moved across it and local populations inhabited almost inac- cessible valleys, cultures mingled on the indefinite boundaries, and there were displacements of one tribe by another; but as a whole, in respect to arts, this section of the Southwest is uniform and charac- teristic. Bearing in mind the topography, it is found that the ancient settlements were distributed in three zones of elevation, each environ- ment inducing certain modifications of culture. The zones are— 1. Lower, the fluvial plain of the lower Salt and Gila rivers; 2. Middle, the piedmont, crossed by the San Francisco and upper Gila rivers; and 3. Upper, the escarpment, with basins, terraces, and cienagas, and the sources of the Gila, San Francisco, Salt, and‘ Mimbres. These zones do not follow a definite contour, the course being irregular, like an isotherm, since river valleys carry to greater eleva- tions the fauna and flora of lower zones. AS AFFECTED BY MINERAL ENVIRONMENT Geologically the region is composed of igneous formations of great variety, almost entirely hiding the basal rocks. In general, the features shown are cappings of extrusive basalts covering softer rocks, such as tufas, the latter often conglomeritic, and grayish amorphous rocks frequently containing crystals. As a result of erosion, loose masses of basalt are scattered more or less thickly over the country, rendering the roads tortuous and difficult of travel. The valleys along streams are narrow and at intervals show small deposits of alluvium forming the first terrace, generally from 6 to 8 feet thick. Rising abruptly from this is a second terrace having steep slopes banked with masses of flat-ovate, smoothly polished hand stones of quartz, quartzite, porphyry, basalt, etc. This terrace is 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 usually composed of layers of dense, Jointed, almost shaly clay and sand. Music was also a pastime of these ancients, who used flutes of reed and yucca stalks. There is evidence of a comparative nature that the former inhabitants of these pueblos, now ruins, were familiar with many ceremonial songs, which they accompanied with rattles or with rhythmic sounds made with drums or other instruments. As to the speech of the ancient dwellers in this region and its affiliations, if such exist among living tribes, necessarily nothing can be said. In common with other Indians, picture writing was the nearest approach to recorded speech, and numerous examples pecked in smooth rock surfaces are found in various localities. The most extensive of these petroglyphs may be seen near the forest ranger’s station on the lower Tularosa, on the Blue river near the Henry Jones ranch, and near Fort Bayard. These petroglyphs may have a serious meaning or they may be merely chance scribblings of passing visitors. In the former case they may be regarded as totemic char- acters designating clans or individuals who have halted in the neigh- borhood in their migrations; in the latter case, meaningless pictures ~made with no other intention than to pass away time. They consist of human and animal and cult figures, as tracks of bears and turkeys, mingled with nature symbols, as of the sun, water, and stars; often there are maze frets and geometric symbols like those on pottery. Accompanying these are rudely drawn realistic scenes of hunting. While these are not consecutive or definite records 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [RULL. 35 and only here and there can the symbols be read, they are valuable for comparison and in a limited way show tribal characteristics of art. That little is known of the ancient religion may be shown by the character of the offerings in the shrines to which reference has already been made. Cult apparatus is in the highest degree interesting and instructive, and by the very fact of its deposit preserves much con- cerning the culture of the worshipers that would otherwise be lost. Here were deposited offerings in great variety derived from the mineral, vegetal, and animal kingdoms, and fashioned and deco- rated by human art. So far as may be ascertained at this time, the deposits in shrines were concretions of strange shapes, crystals, and spheres; in springs, beads and miniature pottery; and in caves, objects in great variety. It may be possible through comparison with cult objects of existing pueblos to interpret this paraphernalia, and as in the religious phe- nomena of the Pueblos of to-day, this apparatus will be found to rep- resent another manifestation of the force of environment in determin- ing the religious beliefs and practices. DISTRIBUTION OF THE RUINS T.—Tue Gina FROM SAN CarLos TO THE HEAD The ancient remains found along the Gila river from its head, northeast of Silver City, to below its junction with the Salt are practically uniform, and the explorations which have been carried on near Phoenix, above the mouth of Salt river, by F. H. Cushing, and on the Gila, at Solomonsville, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and the writer, prove conclusively that the inhabitants of this westward flowing river were. alike in arts. ; The Gila, the Little Colorado, the San Juan, and the Rio Grande are examples of rivers along whose main valleys the movement and settlement of peoples were but little restricted, a condition tending to produce similarity of culture activities. On the upper waters of the rivers, however, or on the affluents, there is more likely to have been mingling of peoples of different regions or the valley of a contribut- ing stream may have contained only the remains of a single tribe. The constructions on the lower Gila were built of adobe, and a typical surviving building of this class is Casa Grande, near Florence, Ariz. Those on the upper Gila, at Solomonsville, in the valley called Pueblo Viejo, 90 miles east of Florence, are of similar structure; they are situated on the level agricultural bottom near Solomonsville. Pueblo architecture is largely influenced, however, by the material and climatic environment. Thus the absence of stone, which is naturally HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 29 the material for construction that suggests itself to the Indian, leads to the use of adobe as a practical necessity. Near the hot springs of the Gila are well-preserved cliff-dwellings which are of considerable interest. The cliff-houses on Diamond creek, discovered by Mr. H. W. Henshaw in 1877, are among the first ruins of this character described in the Southwest. The upper -reaches of the Gila lie close to the head of the Mimbres, on which river some of the peoples were evidently related to those who built the great pueblos at Casas Grandes, as was shown by Bandelier in the account of his reconnoissance of 1883-4." There has been no systematic effort to locate the ruins on the upper Gila and the country southward to the Mexican border. While it is probable that no large or important ruins are situated at any con- siderable distance from the river, the region is interesting, through the relations of its tribes to the former sedentary tribes of northern Mexico. One of the most remarkable constructions im the Southwest is a prehistoric dam in Animas valley, southern Grant county, N. Mex. It consists of a gigantic earthwork 5} miles long and 22 to 24 feet high, involving in its building the handling of from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 cubic yards of material. The purpose of this earthwork, which is undoubtedly of artificial character, was to impound water for iri- gation, and the work is comparable to that found in the irrigation systems of the ancient inhabitants of the Gila and Salado valleys, Arizona. The dam was discovered by the engineers on the survey of the international boundary line, United States and Mexico, and has been described, profiles and sections, by Capt. D. D. Gaillard, U.S. Army. 1. SOURCES OF THE GILA No. 1. Cliff-dwelling..—In the rim of a mesa 4 miles north of Datil, Socorro county, N. Mex., there are 5 or 6 contiguous rooms forming a cliff-house, but only one of them is intact. The pottery from this locality is dull gray and brown in color and of crude manu- facture, resembling that from near Magdalena, N. Mex., and stations on the Rio Grande. The size, location, and plan of this ruin relate it to many similar ruins in the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona. Few ruins exist in the neighborhood of Datil or ap- parently are to be found on the streams of this portion of the Datil range, which borders the dreary San Agustin plains. Professor De Lashmutt, of Tucson, reports a quarry of obsidian located on the headwaters of the Gila near the San Agustin plains. «Final Report, pt. 11, Papers of Archeological Institute of America, Am. Series, Iv. b American Anthropologist, IX, 311-313, September, 1896. ¢ The location of each ruin is shown on map, plate XI. 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 This quarry was worked by the aborigines. In the neighborhood of the quarry is a walled inclosure of great extent, containing near one side a “ reservoir.” No. 2. Pueblos, caves, and cliff-dwellings.—At Gatton’s ranch, on Sapillo creek, a branch of the Gila, Bandelier (Final Report, 1, 359) saw a quantity of pottery and other artifacts which were taken from a ‘ache some time before his visit. The specimens were stated to be like those from the Mimbres valley, which les a few miles to the east. The ruins along the Sapillo are small and in no respect different from those on the headwaters of the Mimbres. Bandelier also mentions the occurrence of caves at Mangas springs ¢ (6 miles southeast of Gila, T. 16 W., R. 17 S.), from which ceremonial objects have been taken, No. 5. Cliff-house and cave—On Diamond river, about 8 miles above the mouth and 16 miles southwest of Old Camp Vincent (on T. 14-W., R. 10 S.), are ruins located in the walls of a canyon about 30 feet above the valley. The front wall is from 15 to 18 feet long, is built of volcanic débris laid in mud, and has timbers cemented into the inner face. There are two rooms, one of the latter about 14 feet long by 10 feet wide. The smaller room-has two loopholes and the larger a door and window. ‘To the right, 20 feet above, is an open cavern, access to which can be had by rude steps. This cave contained broken bows and arrows heaped in a pile near the front, and Mr. Henshaw estimated that there were more than 1,000 broken shafts at this spot.? Bandelier describes a large cliff-dwelling located near no. 3, and gives plans and sections. These cave dwellings are properly but one story high, but the compulsory adaptation to the configuration of the ground has caused an accidental approach to two stories. They are instructive for the study of the deveiopment of the terraced house of the Pueblo Indian. VPerfectly sheltered, and therefore quite well preserved, the cave villages are perhaps larger than the open-air ruins, compactness compensating for the limitation in space. But they illustrate the fact that the foundations remaining of villages built in the open air are fre- quently only those of courts or inclosures, the mounds alone indicating the site of buildings. Of the twenty-six compartments contained in the caves on Diamond creek only, nine were clearly elevated structures, as the doorways show; the rest are in many cases courts of small dimensions, encompassed by low and still perfect inclosures. The roofs are of the pueblo pattern, well defined, but in one cave the trouble of building them was spared by completely walling up the entrance, with two apertures for admission. The fireplace was a rectangular hearth, as I found it at Pecos, and placed in the center of the room. The partition walls are of stone and laid up in adobe mud. Some of them still preserve their outer coating of yellowish clay. Their thickness is 0.30 “Named for Mangas Coloradas, *‘ Red Sleeves,” the famous Apache. > Wheeler Report, Archeology, vil, 370-371, Washington, 1879. ° HouGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS ol meter, and the roofs were entire on some of the rooms. Round beams with the bark peeled off were in a good state of preservation. The diameter of these beams varied between 0.07 and 0.24 meter (3 to 9% inches). The roof which these beams supported was of the ordinary pueblo pattern and 0.25 meter (9 inches) thick. The doorways were nearly square, and low. Air holes, T- shaped and of unusual size (0.95 by 1 meter), opened upon the outside in several places. These buildings occupy four caverns, the second of which toward the east is 10 meters high. The western cave communicates with the others only from the outside, while the three eastern ones are separated by huge pillars, behind which are natural passages from one cave to the other. The height of the floor Fic. 1. Cliff-dwellings, West fork of the Gila. above the bed of the creek is 55 meters, and the ascent is steep, in some places barely possible. To one coming from the mouth of the cleft the caves become visible only after he has passed them, so that they:are well concealed. But while it would be difficult for an Indian foe to take the place by storm, its inhabitants could easily be cut off from water or starved. The southern slope, fronting the caves, is steep, but covered with forests, and the cleft is so nar- row that a handful of men, armed with bows and arrows and posted behind the tall pines, could effectively blockade the cave dwellings. With all its natural advantages, therefore, this cave village was still extremely vulnerable. Among the many objects taken from these ruins I mention particularly sandals made of strips of the yucca. It may be remembered that similar foot- gear was found at the Tze’-yi (Chelly). I have been informed that the Tara- humares of southwestern Chihuahua still wear the same kind of sandals. In 32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 addition, I saw many baskets or fragments of baskets; also prayer-plumes and plume-sticks. Such remains indicate that their makers were in no manner different from the Pueblo Indians in general culture. ; No. 4. Cliff-dwellings.—These ruins are on the headwaters of the Gila river, near Hot springs; they are accessible from Silver City. 2. PUEBLO VIEJO VALLEY Lying south of the eastern portion of the White Mountain reserva- tion in Arizona, in townships 24 to 28 east and 6 and 7 south, is the broad and fertile Pueblo Viejo valley, through which flows the Gila. Fig. 2. Cliff-dwelling, West fork of the Gila. The ruins of the valley, which are mainly situated on the level alluvial lands of the river, consist, as a rule, of a central edifice, surrounded by smaller structures. They are built usually of mud, the lower walls having a core of water-worn bowlders with upright wooden stakes at intervals, showing that a lighter structure supporting the roof was continued above the basal story. As in many other sections of the Southwest, the ruins are frequently oriented to the northeast. Owing to the fact that this valley was early settled by white men, the ruins have become almost obliterated, incident to the grading of “ Bandelier, Final Report, pt. 11, Papers of Archeological Institute of America, Am. series, Ivy, 360-362. HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 33 the land for irrigation, but it is apparent even to a casual observer that the valley was extensively inhabited in former times. The town of Solomonsville is situated in the valley on the site of two extensive ancient ruins, now leveled. There are ruins lying ) \\ Ny \\ "Way WW 3 Wass = We S = Z% i : = { ‘ i : . D = Zw 3 a = or 7) =e Z, Ss G Ui, Wy = * G, = 7 Uy, = ite Wy 7 = Wann, 62-29 E Faw Wes, Mi, Wes ns tan RENAL SOM, MAN Jose Canac, ace eth RON Os uy . \ <3 ERS o UWE Me ee Fe es Naa g A IT = 7 Aw MOKA STAIN WW x\\l7 a tell {/ Fic. 3. Plan of Buena Vista ruin, Graham county, Ariz. higher up the valley, notably that at Olney’s ranch, and that near San José. The last-named ruin consists of a number of separate buildings and one large “ reservoir.” On the gravel terrace also are found numerous plots of ground from which the stones have been picked to outline the borders of gardens. 3454—No. 35—07——3 34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 Near San José the Gila Bonita creek enters the river from the north, and high up on this stream are houses built in niches in the cliff. These cliff-houses were explored by Charles F. Solomon, of Solomonsville, and Prof. W. S. Devol, of Tucson, and an account was published in the Graham County Bulletin about 1895. Many of the ruins in the Pueblo Viejo valley were located by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and the writer during the explorations of 1897.2 No. 5. Pueblo.—A pueblo called Buena Vista is situated in the vicinity of San José, a village on the river above Solomonsville, Gra- ham county, Ariz. This is a stone pueblo of many rooms arranged around a central plaza; it contains also detached houses and a large 2 et enone nese PIR HE SS IRE Inept sae te Fie. 4. Arrow polisher, Graham county, Ariz. “reservoir.” The location is a high bluff above the Gila, and appar- ently the place was long occupied. An ancient ditch ran at the foot of the bluff. Doctor Fewkes says: Surrounding this larger stone inclosure there lie at intervals low mounds, some of which betray evidences of rooms, while others are simply ash heaps. Two large circular depressions, a few hundred feet from the central building, are conspicuous. The limits of the cluster of mounds which compose Buena Vista could not easily be determined, and probably no two persons would agree upon their extent. , The largest and most conspicuous ancient building is an irregular stone struc- ture which is situated somewhat back from the edge of the bluff, and is now @See Twenty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1, 168-192. HOUGH ] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 35 used for a corral. The walls which composed it have tumbled down, but enough remains to indicate its ancient form. Apparently it was formed of many rooms, which were built about a central plaza; stones were extensively used in its construction. This ruin was explored by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes in 1897.2 There are other smaller ruins near the San José settlement. No. 6. Pueblo.—* Epley’s ” ruin, near Solomonsville, on the road to San José. This is a large adobe ruin, with high central mound. It has been mostly leveled during agricultural operations and the mak- ing of adobes. The site is especially rich in stone artifacts, large quantities of which were piled about the borders of the space while Fic. 5. Ceremonial stone slab, Solomonsville, Graham county, Ariz. much had been carried away. They consisted of manos, metates, grinding stones, polishers, arrow smoothers, axes, and hammers. Specimens of pottery were comparatively few, and usually were in the form of mortuary vases containing charred bones.” No. 7. Pueblo—In the suburbs of Solomonsville, on the right bank of the main irrigating ditch, is a ruin which formerly was large, but at present much of the village débris has been washed away. The 4 Important collections from sites in this valley were secured by Doctor Fewkes and the writer in 1897. (See Twenty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1, 171-172, and plan, pl. Lxvi.) ‘The specimens are in the U. 8S. National Museum, maiiy of them displayed in the Pueblo court. > Twenty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1, 171. 36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 mound, however, is comparatively intact, and yields from time to time pottery and skeletons.¢ No. 8. Pueblo.—Situated 7 miles south of Solomonsville, on Mr. Henry J. Olney’s ranch, at the foot of Mount Graham, is a ruin with stone walls. It consists of several mounds along low ridges above an arroyo, and the site has been excavated at different points by curiosity seekers, who have exposed a number of rooms during their work. The chief and most important feature of this ruin is a splendid spring which shows at points traces of walls by which it was confined. No. 9. Pueblo—On Peter An- derson’s farm, near Solomonsville, two or more large adobe mounds formerly existed, but they were leveled to prepare the fields for irrigation.? No. 10. Pueblo—On Lem. Place’s ranch, situated 2 miles west of Solomonsville, are traces of mounds and the stone cores of walls.¢ From this ruin a remark- rectangular form, with a bird’s head carved on one edge, and the tail on the other,” was secured (fig. 6). No. 11. Pueblos —Near Thatcher, Graham county, 10 miles from Solomonsville, are sev- eral sites on cultivated fields and the ruins are mostly leveled.¢ Near Pima, which is at the west- FiG. 6. Ceremonial stone slab, Solomonsville, ern end of the valley, are other Graham county, Ariz. : ruins. A collection of stone implements from these sites was sent to the National Museum by Mr. J. H. Carlton (cat. no. 98, 613-642). Farmers in the vicinity frequently plow up pottery and other relies, and these are generally sent to the museum at Salt Lake City, Utah. No. 12. Pueblos—Near Old Camp Goodwin, Graham county, are several ruins. Like most of the ruins in this part of Arizona, they are small and relatively unimportant. They are usually overgrown with large mesquite trees and mammoth cacti. Bandelier states that « Twenty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1, 1738. able stone tablet “ of irregularly HoucH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 37 very heavy metates of black and a roughly worked stone image were discovered here. (Final Report, pt. 11, 411.) No. 13. Sacrificial cave-—In the northern slope of Mount Graham is a large cave descending into the earth abruptly by a series of off- sets in voleanic rock. It is difficult to penetrate, but in some parts the rocks have been smoothed by contact with the bodies of messen- gers bearing offerings. Doctor Fewkes says, in reference to this cave: * There were bushels of prayer sticks on the floor, and a few fragments of basketry rewarded the search. The fragments of basketry were made with a technique similar to that of the basket placques of the Middle mesa. The prayer sticks were painted red at their extremities, about the size of a pen- holder. This cave, called Adams’s cave, has been rarely visited since its dis- covery by Mr. B. B. Adams, of Solomonsville, but will well repay a visit by an archeologist. There is little doubt that there are other similar caves on the northern side of the Graham mountains which have not been entered by white men. No. 14. Pueblo—Not far from Old Camp Grant is a ruin which may be that identified by Bandeher as Chichiltic-calh, “ red house,” seen by Coronado in the year 1540. Coronado was much disappointed to find that Chichiltic-calli— ef which so much had been told was nothing but a ruined house without roof, which, however, appeared to have been fortified. It could be seen that this house, built of red earth, was the work of people who were civilized and had come from afar. ... The name Chichilticalé was formerly given to this place, because the priests found in the vicinity a house that had been inhabited for a long time by a people that came from Cibola. The soil of that region is red. The house was large, and appeared to have served as a fortress. It seems it was anciently destroyed by the inhabitants.? ‘ Bandelier says that the Sobaipuri had their villages within a short distance of Aravaipa creek, and inclines to the belief that “red house ” was 9 village of this stock. Casa Grande, near Florence, he contends, does not fulfill the conditions. The National Museum has from the ruins at Camp Grant a col- lection of shell ornaments, arrow points, and other relics, donated some years ago by Chris. Nelson (cat. no. 198, 315-326). No. 15. Pueblos—Surg. R. T. Burr, U. S. Army, has described ruins in White River canyon, Cochise county, Ariz., 35 miles south of Camp Bowie. (See Smithsonian Report for 1879, 333-834.) The ruins are of the checkerboard type, with walls of adobe and core of bowlders. Rings 3 feet in diameter floored with flat stones exist in the ruins. : Little is known of the ruins of Cochise county, which extends from the southern border of Graham county to the Mexican line, beyond the existence of small sites on the San Pedro between Benson and «@Twenty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1, 177-178. » Cibola, 160-162, quoted by Bandelier, Final Report, pt. 11, 408. 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 Redington. Urn burials have been found at Tombstone, and the pottery is of the coarse brown Pima type. The Mexican Boundary Commission found few ruins along the border. Exploration of the region, with special reference to the ruins along the San Pedro which formed part of the route of the Coronado expedition, is desirable. 3. THOMAS-CARLOS REGION This region may be considered an extension of the Pueblo Viejo Valley region, as it is in the same zone and shows similar artifacts. For the purpose of restricting the territory covered herein, and not to convey the idea that a culture boundary occurs on the eastern margin of the Tonto basin, the author has assumed an arbitrary limit running north along the uphft that divides the southern course of Tonto creek from San Carlos river. No. 16. Pueblo and ditch —FK ight miles south of Fort Thomas, Gra- ham county, on the south side of the Gila, there is a ruin of consider- able size which has connected with it a ditch 1,150 feet long and 8 feet wide, descending from the base of Mount Graham. This ditch illus- trates a method of irrigation frequently practised by the prehistoric farmers of the Gila valley and other localities, where conditions were favorable. The Maricopa use such acequias to-day. Torrents flow- ing from the sides of the mountains are usually absorbed in the detrital materials at the bases. To secure the water, the Indians dug a ditch, intercepting the water and leading it down to their fields. Ditches of this character excited considerable discussion with regard to their use until they were explained by Bandelier. (Final Report, pt. 1, 410.) No. 17. Pueblos—Three pueblo ruins lying north of the Gila op- posite no. 16 are mentioned by Bandelier. (Op. cit., 410.) No. 18. Pueblos—Between Fort Thomas and San Carlos, at the crossing of the Gila on the Fort Apache road, are several small ruins with connected inclosures. Bandelier describes the walls as having two parallel rows of stones. (Op. cit., 412.) No. 19. Pueblo—Five miles east of San Carlos there is a ruin located “in a bottom of similar appearance to all the flats or de- pressions along thé Gila river. A tank measuring 76 feet across and incased by a rim of stones stands among the ruins. This feature seems to be common in that section of Arizona. The pottery is in all points similar to that of other ruins.” (Bandelier, op. cit., 413.) No. 20. Pueblo.—Bandelier observed the ruins at Fort Thomas and says: They are distinctly of the small-house type, and rows of stones indicating low inclosures connect the mounds that denote former buildings. There I received the first impression of the peculiar checkerboard arrangement of which HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 39 I have already spoken in chapter vii, in connection with the ruins on the Mimbres and upper Gila of New Mexico. The remains about Fort Thomas are much decayed, so that it is almost impossible without excavation to rees- tablish the connecting lines. It struck me that the amount of stone rubbish lying about was quite inconsiderable, and that the mounds, though-low, seemed to consist of compact earth. This suggests the thought that the houses, except the foundations, might have been of adobe. I was confirmed in this supposition by descriptions which an old resident gave me of the ruins at Pueblo Viejo. The largest mound at Fort Thomas measured 48 by 43 feet, and one of the sides of an inclosure was 74 feet long. With these ruins there was an elliptical depression, with raised rim or border about 6 meters in width. The dimen- sions of the basin or hollow were 190 by 48 feet; its depth was inconsiderable. This structure I can only suppose to have been a tank. The artificial objects bore the usual character, and the pottery was the same as at Fort Apache. (Final Report, 11, 409-410. ) From a ruin near Fort Thomas the National Museum has a few specimens which were forwarded by Dr. G. H. Moran. They consist of stone implements, bone objects, and pottery. (Cat. no. 58, 184— 194; 58, 589-590.) No. 21. Pueblo.—On the site of the agency buildings at San Car- los there is an almost obliterated ruin. The school children, under the direction of Prof. S. B. Weeks, made excavations in this site and unearthed a number of burial urns, specimens of which are now in the National Museum. The pottery, like that of the Pueblo Viejo valley, is coarse brown in texture and covered with a surface wash decorated in black and red. Bandelier says (op. cit., 412-413) : The foundations are double in some places, in others single. The village, which must have covered much more ground than what I could survey, was, therefore, an aggregation of dwellings and inclosures.‘. A mound 0.80 meter (82 inches) high and 37 meters long by 16 broad (121 by 524 feet) is con- nected with the other remains. Its surface is traversed by a double line of stone walls, showing that the rubbish mass once formed a house. This feature was new to me, and it suggested the existence of a larger central building, perhaps artificially elevated by means of an underlying platform, and con- nected with the rest of the settlement by walls of courts or squares. What few other buildings were visible were small houses resting on the level. The rooms of these are large in comparison with those farther north. No. 22. Pueblo.—At Rice school on San Carlos creek, several miles above the agency, there is an extensive ruin on the northwest bank of the stream, and the Indian school is located on the site. Dr. Ales Hrdhtka informs me that ruins consisting of numerous rows of rooms oriented to various points extend from the school buildings north to the creek. Lines of stones (remairis of house walls) and a mound consisting of stones now in a loose mass, surrounded by rooms, are observed here. This mound is oval and about 30 feet long, and in its rooms burials are found. Other burials have been located in dif- “ferent parts of the site. Cremation, and burial of the ashes in jars 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 35 were practiced here. In one portion of the site axes were found and in another metates and manos. The ruin is the largest on the San Carlos creek. Small ruins beginning on the mesa north of the Gila extend along the river at intervals to the Rice school. Specimens collected by the pupils of the school are now in the National Museum. No. 23. Pueblo—On Ash creek, a branch of the San Carlos creek, are small house ruins mentioned by Bandelier. (Final Report, u, 404.) No. 24. Cave.—In the Nantacks, a range of mountains lying north of Pima, Graham county, Ariz., a cave was discovered in 1896 by a pros- pector. It contained many _ offer- ings of pottery, arrows, arrowheads, and beads, placed on rock ledges of the cavern. The specimens were coated to a depth of one thirty- second of an inch with lime de- posited from water, but unfortunate- ly this coating, which fell away from the vessels with comparative readiness, was fheouenie removed by . the collector. One-fourth of the find was secured by Doctor Fewkes and is now in the National Museum. Monin Fig. 30. Plan of ruin no. 80, Spur ranch. 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 valley. One pit was carried down into the hardpan, and in this stratum the remains of a badly eroded human skeleton were encoun- * = FLAT STON. Fe Lord sent agli, DEPRESSION & %, 3 £ rN y® Bee ANS GRAVES Fig. 32. Plan of ruin no. 82, Spur ranch. tered. No pottery or other artificial objects accompanied the bones. No. 82. Pueblo—One quar- ter of a mile south of the Spur Ranch house there is a rectangular ruin 65 by 102 feet, situated on the slope 15 feet above the level bottom land. This slope and _ the terrace surrounding Los Lentes fields are composed of angular and subrounded detritus. The building stone is a red brown volcanic rock which occurs in slabs and blocks, and the remains of walls lying on the surface are now deeply covered with lichens, indicating a long subjection to atmospheric and vegetal agencies. The boundaries of the exterior walls of the ruin can be followed with some degree of accuracy, but the arrange- ment of the rooms is not clear, on account of the dé- bris which covers them. The débris forms a considerable mound at the western end of the ruin, where originally the pueblo was not less than two stories high. The house ref- use is large in amount and contains chips of chalcedony and very little obsidian. The pottery is brown and_ red, the latter polished and the former decorated with scores traversing narrow coils. No. 83, Pueblos.—One mile southwest of the Spur Ranch house. are two small stone pueblos situated on a spur of Segene SPP Feats gsiss, Rep? EEE Tae Lasieittspateesgees geese: Eery at My “a be Mesut IE REET 3 Rt Fig. 33. Plan of ruins no. 83, Spur ranch. The upper ruin shows successive constructions. the terrace which overlooks the cultivated land. They are rectangu- lar, and adjoining them are circular “ reservoirs.” HOUGH | © ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 67 No. 84. Pueblo—One and three-quarter miles southeast of the Spur ranch house is a stone pueblo 18 feet square, located on the spur above the fields; north of the ruin is a large circular depression and to the east of the house mass are graves. No. 85. Pueblo—This ruin is of an L-shape house mass inclosing the west and south sides of a shallow circular de- pression. There are also small houses on the east and north sides of the depression. The point on which the ruin is located is fenced off by a stone wall, and on the slope below the ruin are two shrines con- taining remarkable amorphous quartz concretions and crys- tals. No. 86. Pueblo.—One-fourth of a mile east of no. 85 may be seen a stone ruin whose mound is higher than usual. It is situated on a high bluff rising above an arroyo which descends from the mountains to the north. A portion of the edge of the bluff is walled. East of the ruin is a shallow circular depression; north, a wall 30 feet long and — two shrines, each consisting of a 0 ig heap of small stones; and south- east, a shrine and a second depres- sion. The ruin is one of a group of 5 situated on the points of the ridges above the arroyo. The largest of this group measures only 45 by 30 feet, and though the ruins are not far apart each INNS : has its individual shrines, “ res- “et ervoirs,’ and cemeteries. Like most. of the Spur Ranch ruins those here described are oriented to the northeast. No. 87. Pueblo.—This member Fig, 35. Plan of ruin no. 85, Spur ranch. of the Arroyo group is located on the high ridge east of the arroyo, and consists of two rectangular house masses having between them two circular basins. The upper house measures about 30 feet by 27 feet, and near it are ancient graves. This house was built over the foundations of an earlier DEPRESS/ON Fig, 34. Plan of ruin no. 84, Spur ranch. 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 building, whose rude walls were oriented due east and west, while the later building follows the customary orientation. In a number of instances among the Spur Ranch ruins evidence was secured going to prove that frequently former constructions were razed, the sites being regraded and built upon. For this reason the burials which cus- tomarily were made in the ac- cumulations of débris near the o: SHRINE houses are represented only by oN fragments of skeletons and pot- ; > tery dispersed in the soil. Ex- savation at this place as on sites similarly affected was pro- ductive of few material results. In one pit, however, which was sunk below the zone of soil containing human artifacts, the remains of a human skele- ton accompanied with deer bones and rude flint flakes were encountered. The remains were aula in clean, hard-packed, coarse AN AYN wash gravel, which to all ap- pearance retained the charac- teristics of its deposition from water. The position of the find suggests antiquity. On the higher portion of the ridge on which this ruin stands is a shrine, and near it a number of large stones rudely aligned. (See fig. 38.) No. 88. Pueblo—A small ruin exists in the flat below no. 86, near the foundation of an old Mexi- can house. (See fig. 38.) No. 89. Pueblo.—tying on i ial QswAine the north side of the valley halfway between the ranch * house and the San Francisco ee as" ee river is a ruin consisting of two rectangular house masses ad- joining a “ reservoir.” A short distance to the north of these Fic. 37. Plan of ruin C, Arroyo group, Spur ranch. ruins is a terrace, at the rear of . which is a heap of stones, and to the south are two shrines filled with stone concretion offerings. No. 90. Pueblo.—tThis ruin lies on the south side of the valley 23 miles south by east of the Spur Ranch house, near the San Francisco river, at “ Mill Place.” It is merely a rectangular stone ruin 45 by 51 feet in dimensions and does not possess a “ reservoir.” SHRINE Ny, =o Megane LES ~ Le ws eS rao 7 ¢ %, L coneecan My lig. 36. Plan of ruin no. 86, Spur ranch. e Rue (bp “s Ra\G ise, es iN We 3 “hy, SY MAU vila %y HOUGH | ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS : 69 No. 91. Pueblo.—On the river bottom opposite “ Mill Place” is a ruin consisting of a series of rooms bordering a quadrangular depres- sion 48 feet square. The quad- ‘rangle has entrances from the north and is at present 5 feet deep. It appears to belong to the iso- lated kiva type. Another ruin measuring 21 by 15 feet lies 100 feet southeast of the square ruin. Two or more large circular de- Ee pressions are connected with these — os 4 semi eA A ee re ruins. There is a large deposit of ae one 5 house refuse on the site. ' Es ‘. 2, DEPRESSION = No. 92. Pueblo—On the ex- tremity of a high terrace, a point of which juts out opposite the “ Mill Place,” is situated a ruin of medium size. It is one of the regraded sites, and for this reason the excavation carried on here in 1904 by the writer was productive of few results, the débris containing only fragments of human bones and_potsherds. No. 93. Pueblo.—One-half mile east of the “ Mill Place ” is a comparatively large ruin situated on the second terrace above the San Francisco. The mounds of this ruin have been protected by large pine trees and thus retain the form which the pueblo assumed after it had decayed. West of the pueblo is a fertile field whose surface is strewn with fragments of pot- tery. At this point the river begins to descend rapidly into the canyon which les between ; the Spur ranch and Reserve oS post-office. No. 94. Pueblo—In the can- yon of the river below no. 92 is a small ruin situated on a broad terrace among the pines. Several minor sites are found in the neighborhood. = z 3, SHRINE, 2 s, : %, wD, SLARGE STONES Sh Ay gta Misha a” sae PO Perea) 2 Vike wus % A spon Fig. 38. Sketch of location of ruins D and KE, Arroyo group, Spur ranch. Ui Wii Wilh MW ~ RUT RN \y aN N Up AM tiie MN, MUZE i; Med ~ = = = = = = = = = Ze \\\y \ f YY Hurszayect : WAY FA! UNV TT es Ls PAWN Wy Fig. 39. Sketch of location of ruin no. 89, Spurranch. 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [RuLL. 35 No. 95. Sacred springs.—One of these springs is at “ Mill Place,” Spur ranch on the San Francisco river; the second is the hot spring at the mouth of the deep canyon be- tween Spur ranch and Reserve. Many offerings of stone beads have been found in the sands of these springs, but no pottery has been observed. No. 96. Pueblo.—In the mountains ly- ing between Reserve and the Spur ranch stone ruins are sometimes seen along the - high ridges in the pine forests. They are usually houses of one or two rooms, but occasionally the remains of a stone tower are seen by hunters. One of these ruins, presumably of a tower, lies about midway on the trail between Reserve and the Spur ranch. These forest ruins probably were hunting lodges. Fig. 40. Plan of ruin no. 90, Spur ranch. 6. TULAROSA RIVER The Tularosa is a short stream flowing southwest through a pic- turesque country and joining the San Francisco about 4 miles south of Re- serve post-office. (Pl. v, a.) Between its upper and lower reaches, where the river flows through canyons, lies one of the most beautiful valleys in the South- west, whose fertile land supports many families, living principally at old Fort Tularosa, at the head of the valley, and at Joseph, near the lower extremity. In ancient times there was a much larger population who built numerous pueblos on the terraces northwest of the river overlooking the fields. The re- NNT NSIS iN mains of these puehlos render Tularosa _ f.."~ valley an important center of archeo- logical interest. The valley of Apache ereek, which joins the Tularosa near : Joseph, was also densely populated by & the same tribes who settled the contigu- ous valley. The Apache Creek ruins extend to the source of the stream on the southern slope of the Gallo mountains. They are compact stone pueblos, some of large size; one of these ruins near the mouth of the creek is surrounded entirely Fic. 41. Plan of ruin no. 91, Spur ranch. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 35 PLATE V a Delgar group (in left middle ground) b Shrine with broken pottery, lower Tularosa (no. 100) TULAROSA VALLEY, LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM MESA HOUGH ] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS yGu by a stone wall. Especially important is the group of the N. H. ranch on Apache creek, which consists of 10 ruins and one large kiva. On Apache mountain and on the Queens head are shrines consisting of stone circles inclosing quantities of broken pottery. At the south OLD FT. TULAROSA , ile PORTERS JOSEPH PO. Fic. 42. Sketch map of Tularosa river, showing location of ruins, western Socorro county, N. Mex. end of Tularosa valley there is a remarkable gallery of pictographs on the smooth wall of the canyon, and on the heights above are several circular shrines also containing masses of potsherds. The 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 group of large ruins on the ranch of Mr. H. 8. Delgar, a short dis- tance below Joseph, is of great interest. This group consists of four rectangular stone pueblos of the compact type and a rectangular kiva with approaches like those found on the Blue river. At the S. U. ranch one very large ruin has the appearance of a Mexican pyramid standing prominently on a terrace above the fields. In the gorge above Old Fort Tularosa is a cave formerly having a series of rooms across its opening; smaller ruins are noticed as far as the head of the river and on the various branches. Among them may be men- tioned the ruin at Gallo spring, an ancient pueblo situated in a rincon of the Gallo mountains. The spring has furnished a great number of votive offerings of miniature pieces of pottery. Mr. Henry Hales, of Ridgewood, N. J., explored the Tularosa canyon in 1888. COp:.cit., 287.) ; No. 128. Hill Top fort.—On the summit of a high knoll above Forestdale creek and 1 mile from ruin no. 127 is a stone structure which appears to have been used as a fort. The walls were laid up of dry masonry. There are no pottery fragments or other artifacts at this place. No. 129. Pueblo—Near Interior sawmill, a few miles south of Cooley’s, White Mountain Apache reservation, is a small ruin built of basalt blocks. It lies on the level ground above White Mountain creek, in cultivated fields. The pottery is gray and brown, and there is some coiled ware showing fine work. This ruin was explored by the Museum-Gates expedition of 1901. (Op. cit., 297.) No. 130. Pueblos—Along White Mountain creek, between Interior sawmill and Fort Apache, are several small rectangular stone ruins on the bench above the creek canyon. The mounds of these ruins stand high, but no walls are exposed. _ The pottery is gray, red, and coiled, and seems of inferior quality. Bandelier mentions these ruins. No. 131. Pueblo—Kight miles above Fort Apache, on the old Cooley ranch, is a pueblo which is described by Bandelier (in op. cit., 294), and was examined by the Museum-Gates expedition in 1901. 3. FORT APACHE No. 132. Pueblo2—On the west bank of the north fork of White Mountain creek, about 2 miles east of Fort Apache, is a ruin consist- ing of a hollow rectangle the sides of which measure about 40 by 50 «JT am indebted to Edward 8S. Miller, first sergeant, U. S. Army, of Fort Apache, for much valuable information concerning the ruins im this locality, a portion of which is incorporated in nos. 132-136. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 35 PLATE X POTTERY AND STONE OBJECTS FROM RUINS NEAR FORT APACHE (COLLECTION OF SERGI. E. S: MIEEER; U.S: A.) HouGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS Sl yards. Some work has been done here in a small way. Bandelier describes the ruin as two stories high (Final Report, pt. m, 396). The ware is commonly red with black decoration and frequently has black and white ornamentation on the exterior of bowls. (PI. x.) No. 133. Pueblo—On the south bank of the creek, three-fourths of a mile southeast of no. 132, is a large pueblo, measuring™50 by 80 yards. There has been sporadic excavation here. Farther up the creek are two other ruins similar to no. 133 in pottery and artifacts. No. 134. Pueblo—About 4 miles northeast of Fort Apache, near the foot of Sawtooth mountain, is a very large pueblo situated on both sides of a ravine in the bottom of which pines are growing. The location is about 24 miles north of White Mountain creek. Much excavation has been carried on here, but not systematically. Bande- ier estimates that the two portions or villages held a population of 800 souls. (Op. cit., 396-397.) . The village appeared to be a compact small-house settlement. ... The wide vale on which the ruins are situated is without water for irrigation, and I did not observe any provision made for storing, nor did I notice estufas. No. 155. Fort—Two miles west of Fort Apache“and 150 yards from the left bank of the White Mountain creek is a construction which may have been a fort or fortified lookout. It stands on a small mesa about 100 feet high. No. 136. Pueblo—About 14 miles southeast of Fort Apache is : large ruin showing a ground plan of more than 80 rooms. This ruin has not been disturbed. No. 157. Watch Tower.—F ifteen miles west of Fort Apache on a prominent butte is a structure which was reported to Bandelier (op. cit., 897). He surmises it to be a place of retreat and observation. No. 138. Cliff-house and Partition Caves——These are situated west of Fort Apache in the canyon of White Mountain creek. The exist- ence of these houses also was reported to Bandelier. (Op. cit., 397.) There are many caves on the reservation that were used for burial and ceremonial purposes. One of these not far from the Post con- tained numerous desiccated bodies which have been removed by col- lectors. The Field Museum of Natural History has many specimens from this cave. -Noteworthy among objects found therein is a unique storage basket. No. 139. Ruins—Large ruins have been reported from Cibicu creek, a perennial stream flowing south from the “rim” and enter- ing Salt river near the western boundary of the White Mountain Apache reservation. The valley of the Cibicu affords excellent farm- ing land, and the majority of the Apache on the reservation live there. The ruins are about 18 miles northwest from the Post. They appear to resemble the ancient pueblos of Forestdale creek. 38454— No. 35—07—_6 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 4. PINAL CREEK AND MIDDLE SALT RIVER To the west of San Carlos a high divide separates the waters of San Carlos creek from those of Pinal creek and other streams flow- ing into the middle Salt river near Tonto basin. There are numer- ous ruins in this section of Graham county east of the divide, but the only notice of them was by Bandelier, who visited this region in the early eighties. The following ruins, here numbered 140-146, were described by him: No 140. Pueblo—North of Globe, on a steep, rocky projection, there is a small ruin, and one fallen beam of cedar remains in the house. The pottery is corrugated and very coarse. (Bandelier, Final Report, pt. 1, 415.) No. 141. Ruin.—South of Globe, on a denuded promontory, is a large ruin of the checkerboard type. The ruin has no central mound, “but ... the small buildings and connecting inclosures are numer- ous and well preserved. The walls were of stone, and none of the buildings seemed to have been higher than one story. No traces of estufas were visible.” (Bandelier, op. cit., 415.) No. 142.—At Gibson’s ranch on Aliso creek, 12 miles southeast of Globe, are several small ruins, one of which has 17 compartments. It has been supplied with ditches like those of the ruin south of Fort Thomas (no. 16). No. 143.—An important ruin stands on the north side of Salt river near the ranch and home of Mr. Armer. It is characterized by a long mound that forms part of the open polygon of the ruin. The mound is 11 feet high and contains rooms. Here were found several pieces of hammered copper and a copper rattle. (Bandelier, op. cit., 421.) No. 144.—F ive or more ruins are found near Kenton’s ranch on the south side of Salt river along a stretch of 8 miles; they are like the ruins at Globe (Bandelier, op. cit., 419-420). Another ruin, said to contain 138 divisions (house inclosures), was seen by Mr. Bandelier. It is 7 miles from Globe and 4 miles above Wheatlands (Los Trigos). No. 145.—On Pinal creek, 2 miles below Wheatlands, are two small ruins on steep promontories. One of these seems to have been sur- rounded by a wall. (Bandelher, op. cit., 418.) No. 146.—About 7 miles north of Livingstone and a short distance west of Cherry creek are two small ruins of the checkerboard type, made up of mounds and quadrangles. (Bandelier, op. cit., 417.) Many cliff-ruins and cave-dwellings are said to exist in the gorge of Salt river, near the mouth of Pinal creek, and in the Sierra Ancha, north of Salt river, many ruins are also reported. (Bandelter, op. cit., 417-418.) ie) iss) HouGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS LV.—Tue Mimepres RIvEr Mimbres river rises in the Mimbres range within a short distance of the head of the Gila and of the sources of streams draining into the Rio Grande. It runs south by east into the basin region of northern Chihuahua, Mexico. There are numerous ruins on the upper waters of this river, some of which have been deseribed by Bandelier (Final Report, pt. 11, 350-859), who regards them as differ- ent from any other ruins examined by him in the Southwest. The principal characteristic of the village is the irregular arrangement of the houses, which are grouped around square plazas. The pottery from some sites is also different from that of any other region, and is affiliated in some respects with that of the Casas Grandes in Chi- huahua, which lies in the low foothills of Sierra Madre. This is especially true in reference to the yellow ware found here, which in both form and the color of the decoration is manifestly like that of Casas Grandes. It is apparent that there are ruins on the upper river—those known at present being located at Fort Bayard—which yield more of this type of pottery, while the ruins about Deming yield generally pottery with black and white decoration. It is probable that a study of the ruins in this region will show that two cultures have overlapped in this valley. Professor De Lashmutt informs the writer that the pottery from the Silver City region is white and black; solid red, both smooth and grooved; solid black; and coiled. The decoration is mainly geo- metric. From the Mimbres he has seen a realistic design resembling a grasshopper, and from Fort Bayard another representing a four- legged creature. Mrs. Owen has a specimen from Fort Bayard bear- ing what is described as a “ fish design.” 1. SILVER CITY REGION Vernon Bailey, of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, informs the writer that at the head of the Mimbres and Sapillo creek (a branch of the Gila) there are numer- ous small ruins. These occur on almost every promontory and ridge above the river and are scattered about in the forest between the two streams. These ruins contain from 2 to 8 rooms each. The pottery is black and white, with some red and coiled specimens. ‘ : The caves lying south of the Gila, which may be reached from Sil- ver City, N. Mex., have long been known and investigated. In 1878 Lieut. Henry Metcalf, U. S. Army, secured from them offerings, consisting of baskets, pottery, fire sticks, arrows, bows, and other objects, and forwarded them to the United States National Museum. About 1879 Mr. H. H. Rusby entered one of the ceremonial caves 84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 and secured numerous votive objects, together with sandals, cord, ond other material, which were also sent to the National Museum, where they are now preserved. Most of the information concerning sites in the neighborhood of Silver City, N. Mex., has been kindly furnished by Prof. Ivan De Lashmutt, of the University of Arizona, at Tucson. No. 147. Pueblo—This ruin stands on the summit of a hill on the west bank of Whiskey creek, between the Silver City Central and Silver City Lone Mountain roads. It is about 24 miles almost due west of Central. The ground plan shows about 30 rooms. No. 148. Pueblo—On the Braham ranch, now owned by the Vie- toria Land and Cattle Company, is a ruin of a pueblo which con- ic. 49. Ruin on Whiskey creek, near Central, Grant county, N. Mex. tained 30 rooms. The walls are level with the ground, and the floors are from 2 to 8 feet below the surface. Burials are found in the houses. It is remarkable that no axes are found on this site, since in the Pinos Altos district, north of Silver City, many have been dis- covered. Other artifacts from this ruin are broken metates, pottery, charms, and turquoise beads. The turquoise mines in the Burro mountains , 10 to 12 miles distant, which are still worked, may have been the source of supply of this highly-prized stone which was drawn on by the ancient peoples of this region. No. 149. Pueblos—There are pueblos all along Whiskey creek. That on the Bateman ranch is located on a side hill.. A vase contain- ing incinerated human bones has been taken from this ruin. Far- HoucH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 85 ther south on this stream the ruin on the Holson ranch has yielded many specimens of ancient workmanship. No. 150. Caves—On Lone mountain, south of Central and near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroad, are several ruins. Professor De Lashmutt writes: The caves are about a mile south of the Old Lone Mountain post-office. They are in limestone, and are in the side of a cliff 150 or 250 feet above the bottom of the canyon. The rocks near the entrance are worn smooth from the Indians climbing up and down. They have evidently been utilized by the Apache, as arrowheads, several scalps inclosed in a pitched wicker water bottle, an old “six-shooter,’ a saddle, and horse trappings have been found there. Fic. 50. Mealing pits in a rock outcrop on Whiskey creek, Grant county, N. Mex. Professor De Lashmutt can not say whether any relics indicating a people earlier than the Apache have been found in these caves. There are two main caves, into one of which it is possible to pene- trate about 75 feet. No. 151. House sites—These are found in the Whitewater moun- tains, northeast of a siding called Hurley’ (on the old maps called Mill Top), 2 or 3 miles north of a siding on the Whitewater-Santa Rita branch of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroad. The mountains he 12 miles east of Silver City. The rooms are made by walling up spaces between and under large masses of rock which have fallen from the cliff above, and resemble the constructions of the Yaqui Indians of Sonora, Mexico. They are probably from 800 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 to 1,000 feet above the bottom of the valley. In many eases the walls are still standing. On the bench underneath the bluff are the out- lines of rectangular houses. The pottery resembles that found on Whiskey creek. Pictographs, in red, are found on the face of the bluff. Under a bowlder at this site a cowboy found remains of a saddletree, two carved stirrups, arrows with iron points, and other relics, possibly the spoils of an Apache raid on a Mexican or Spanish convoy en route to or from the Santa Rita copper mines. No. 152. Pueblo—On the O’Brien ranch, 24 miles south of Silver City, is a ruined pueblo about as large as the one on Whiskey creek (no. 147). ; No. 153. Pueblo.—This site is on the Harrington ranch, 7 or 8 miles Tic. 51. Pictographs at Craig ranch, Silver City, Grant county, N. Mex. northeast of Silver City, in the foothills of Pinos Altos mountains. It stands on the top of a good-sized hill and contains about 30 rooms. Between this ranch and Whiskey creek are a number of groups of ruins, and between the latter creek and the Whitewater mountains are scattered ruins. No. 154. Pictographs and caves.—On the Craig ranch near Lone mountain, about 11 miles east of Silver City, there exist a number of pictographs. Later paintings in red ocher are also found here. In the same neighborhood there are several caves which have been used by the Indians. No. 155. Sacred springs—WHudson hot springs (now Faywood) lie about 4 miles east of Faywood station on the Deming-Silver City branch of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroad. When these HOUGH ] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 87 springs were cleaned, large spearheads and many other things were coHected. Some large bones which formed part of the deposits of the springs were also secured. No. 156. Pueblos —This ruin forms the site of the military hos- pital at Fort Bayard, Grant county, N. Mex. While the foundation for the hospital was being prepared, a portion of the ruin was uncov- ered, and a number of artificial objects were found. Subsequently, occupants of the Post secured pottery and other relics from the ruin, and a few specimens were donated to the United States National Museum through the courtesy of the wife of Maj. W. L. Owen, U.S. Army. The ware consists of smooth and coiled vases and bowls of white with red-brown and black decoration. One vase particularly shows by its form, color, and decoration the influence of Casas Grandes culture. No. 157. Pueblos.—At Silver City, N. Mex., on bald hillocks near the northern boundary are two ruins well situated for defense or observation. (Bandelier, Final Report, pt. 1, 364.) 2. DEMING REGION 4 No. 158. Pueblo.—This ruin is located near Deming, Grant county, N. Mex., not far from the house of Mr. Drew Gorman. It is a small ruin and contains nothing of importance. (Duff, p. 397.) No. 159. Pueblo—A large ruin is situated on the foothills of the west side of Mimbres valley, opposite W. M. Taylor’s store, 2 miles above Gorman’s. It is built of flat reck laid up with mortar. Much fine pottery has been exhumed here. (Duff, p. 398.) No 160. Pueblo—Near Allison ranch, above W. M. Taylor’s store. I have in my possession 20 feet of fine, large beads which were found in a bowl taken from a grave beneath the floor of one of the rooms of this ruin; among them are 70 turquoise beads. In the same bowl were many small pol- ished shells and 2 small figures, carved from shell or bone, representing toads. It also contains some 20 or 40 bracelets made from some kind of shell. These, however, were all broken when they came into my possession. I have been told that village or pueblo sites are found along the whole length of the upper course of the Mimbres river. (Duff, p. 396.) No. 161. Pueblo.—Near Wilson’s windmills, 6 miles north of Dem- ing, is a ruin which has been almost obliterated, but many arrow- heads have been found on the site. (Duff, p. 397.) Nos. 162-164. Pueblos.—Numerous pueblo sites, some of them quite extensive, are located around the base of Black butte, 10 miles north of Deming. Mr. Duff mentions also various ruins on the Mimbres, between Black butte and Oldtown; also near the Southern Pacific “The ruins of the Deming region were brought to notice by the late U. Francis Duff, who was an earnest student of southwestern archeology. His paper, The Ruins of the Mimbres Valley, American Antiquarian, XXIv, 397, 1902, has been utilized in preparing the above list of ancient remains of this region, and is the work of the author which is referred to throughout this section. 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 35 tracks, opposite the west end of Black butte, is a small group of remains. (Page 397.) No. 165. Pueblos —One-half mile south of Oldtown and 22 miles from Deming are extensive ruins. One of these is a pueblo built on a sheer bluff 80 feet high. The ruin shows the outlines of 60 rooms, and part of the buildings evidently stood more than one story high. Professor Duff says (p. 398) : From beneath the floor of one of the rooms in the ruins at Oldtown Mr. David Baker and myself took out four fine ollas (bowls) inverted over crania, these bowls having a hole knocked in the bottom, each inverted over the skull of a skeleton. They were found 4 feet beneath the surface, and were as fresh and nice in parts .as when placed there. The dead had been laid away with their heads to the east and in the eastern portion of the room. This section of the Mimbres valley affords excellent land for agri- culture, and the pueblo remains are correspondingly large. Ban- delier includes them in his account of Mimbres Valley ruins. No. 166. Pueblo—On the east side of the Mimbres, 1 mile from Oldtown, is a pueblo which was built of flat rock laid up in mortar. (Dut, p39(.) No. 167. Pueblos——On the Mimbres river, below Deming, are sey- eral pueblos which are mentioned by Mr. Duff, one of them situated on the ranch of Mr. Byron and the other near the Keith ranch. Two miles northwest from Byron’s an old burying ground exists, but of the village, which was built of adobes, little remains. Professor Duff states (p. 399) : Mr. Ralph Byron and myself exhumed a skeleton from a level patch of ground north of the main ruin at their ranch. The skull has a small decorated bowl inverted over it, but badly broken. The skeleton laid about 13 feet beneath the surface and had been buried with the head toward the east. In the crown of the hill near Mr. Byron’s are mortars cut in the rock, and pestles 1 to 2 feet long are found in this vicinity. The mor- tars are from 5 to 12 inches in diameter and 12 to 18 inches deep. No. 168. Pueblo—The existence of an ancient pueblo ruin on the ranch of Henry Coleman, 6 miles from Deming, near the upper end of the Florida mountains, is mentioned by Mr. Duff (p. 397). No. 169. Pueblos—A number of ruins lie at the base of Red moun- tain, 8 miles southwest of Deming. One of them, situated a short dis- tance from Thomas Word’s ranch, is large, and great quantities of broken pottery occur there. (Duff, p. 398.) Vo. 170. Pueblo—Thirty miles southwest of Deming, near Col. Richard Hudson’s Cedar Grove ranch, evidences of occupancy are reported as very marked, but no excavations were made. (Duff, p- 398.) No. 171. Pueblo—This ruin is on the ranch of Mrs. Collins, 4 miles west of Deming. (Duff, p. 397.) HoUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 89 No. 172. Pueblos.—Near the ranch of Herman Greenwald, 2 miles south of Brockmann’s mills, upper Mimbres, there are 5 groups of ruins on the slope of the promontory above the river. No. 173. Pueblo—tThere is also a pueblo at Brockmann’s mills (R. 10 E., 19 S.), located on the bottom land. (Bandelier, Final Report, pt. 11, 358.) No. 174. Pueblos.—Bandelier estimates that between Hicks’s ranch and Brockmann’s mills there are on a stretch of 30 miles along the Mimbres about 60 ruins. I have not seen a village whose population I should estimate at over 100, and the majority contained less. They were built of rubble in mud or adobe mortar, the walls usually thin, with doorways, and a fireplace in one corner formed by a recess bulging out of the wall. Toward the lower end of the permanent watercourse the ruins are said to be somewhat more extensive. It is very evident from the amount of material still extant, from what has been used in building modern constructions, and from the size of the foundations, that whatever houses existed were not over one story high. (Bandelier, op. cit., 357.) BIBLIOGRAPHY BANDELIER, A. F. Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern States, pt. m. Papers Arch. Inst. Amer., IV, Cambridge, 1892. (See also earlier reports.) BARTLETT, J. W., U. S. Army. Personal Narrative. New York, 1854. BAXTER, SYLVESTER. The Old New World. Salem, Mass., 1888. CusuHinc, F. H. Preliminary Notes. Congrés Int. des Amer., 7th ser., 1888, p. 151-194. Berlin, 1890. Durr, U. Francis. The Ruins of the Mimbres Valley. Amer. Antiq., xx1tv, 1902, p. 397. The Prehistoric Ruins of the Rio TuJarosa. Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc., Xx1x, no. 3, 1897. Emory, Cooker, and JoHNSTON. Notes of a Military Reconnoissance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, California. Washington, 1848. Ex. Doc. 41, Thirtieth Congress, first session. FEWKES, J. WALTER. Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo Ruins. 22d Ann. Rep. sur. Amer. Ethnol., pt. 1, 1900-1901 (1904). Hopi Shrines near the East Mesa. Am. Anthrop., n. s., vu, no. 2, 1906, 358. Hates, Henry. Prehistoric New Mexican Pottery. Smithsonian Report, 1892, p. 535-554. HensHaw, H. W. Cliff House on Diamond Creek. Wheeler Report, vit, Archeology. Washington, 1897. Hoper, Hiram C. Arizona as itis. New York, 1877. HoucuH, WALTER. Archeological Field Work, Museum-Gates expedition, 1901. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1901 (1903). MATTHEWS, WASHINGTON. The Cities of the Dead. Land of Sunshine, Los Angeles, 1900. MoorEHEAD, W. K. Some objects from the Salado Valley, Arizona. Amer. Arch., Columbus, Ohio, 11, no, 8, August, 1898. NELSON, E. W. Explorations in Southern Arizona. Smithsonian Report, 1884. PrumMer, F. G. Forest Conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona. U. S. Geol. Survey, ser. 4, Forestry 8. Washington, 1904. Rrxon, T. F. Forest Conditions on the Gila River Forest Reserve, New Mexico. U. S. Geol. Survey, ser. H, Forestry 13. Washington, 1905. TEN Kate. Dr. H. F. C. Reizen en Onderzoekingen in Noord-Amerika. Leiden, 1885. ToumeEy, J. W. Cliff and Cave-dwellers of Central Arizona. Science, November 11, 1892. WinsHip, G. P. The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542. 14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., pt. 1, 1896. ; 90 ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP of the UPPER GILA“°SALT RIVER VALLEYS ARIZONA‘ NEW MEXICO 1907. LEGEND Important Pueblo Ruin..—9 Cavate Dwellings... aa Minor Pueblo Ruin........5 Caves en. ce) Wall, Fortification.._.oo Pictograph....... .....X SHINO :5.- 232220... see eels Scale ° 10 r 20 30 Miles | | S | i ry / wy 3, ; : 4 wes Pn 1h . ae ' he a AY} LaLa ‘ WL ait t rua, 7 7 a4 Py Ath, rr, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY as White fr IT e B28 (Oroville “ACIifton BULLETIN 35 PLATE x > = 3 Old PeTularosa pate ereon FON TAC ~ Fairview Johnson © |Willcox : OGCochise ae obryce Hi Fort Grant ig ) St. David airbank Vorr\ 8. Torbert Pe SOTOMBSTONE y\ % > & . o Hubbard ZS ee (| \> 8 GZ ea: egplerobk NS Pings) its, co. 5 \ SAL BORO NBSOLOMONSVILLE 4 ale . ZZ A = ee Robert j WS P 14 q a oo 1 a ™ —_~< 7O 4 oParadise he oo | el a H ! Ss E ae aHachita ——— | DS aN j flermanas = © | ? $.Columbus ———— : ra co | oly A ei, Lecce ewes SoS eee ee a ' ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP | of the Lom < * UPPER GILA*°SALT RIVER VALLEYS ~ | ARIZONA*4»9 NEW MEXICO MN USSF : 1907. : o- : > | LEGEND \ pulser i Important PuebloRuin.6Y —Cavate Dwellings... am Minor Pueblo Ruin........ Cave. «es we ean Wall, Fortification... Plctographtsesis 0... Se =e i ATL C a ee ee ees ee ° 10 nics 20 30 Miles ar = ¢ ve saa) Pret yh . ‘ + ; } ‘ ‘ : | 7 ’ iad mee 6 een a. — ana) ramen, ee > ae t \ . saito099, ‘ > apendo’ x | ie mores, NG ae “a . j he a ri Dt | OR ~ ~ is. a : oe —— ; — ; AN thomagoM » bivetse we ie 2 | a a fy snoresorge a Aveda - P 4, | , Ps f | | — i oagnie a” zs ' oiwd f% @ s TEND EX. Page ADATR) “PEACH, TUNS, One 2-22 ee 60-61 ADAMS’S CAVE, description of______ on ADOBE CONSTRUCTIONS £———--—-+—_—_ 16 Deming (N. Mex.) region______ 88 [Kaye (Cui Gl = sae _ 28 PNGISO CREMIC, pris OMe =—=—. 5 == 82 -ALLISON RANCH, ruin near _______— 87 AuM4, N. MEx., ruins at or near____ 41, 58 AMUSEMENTS OF PHOPLE__—.——_-~~ 27-28 ANDERSON’S (PETER) FARM, ruins on_ 36 ANDRUS, W. J., collection of____ 72, 173, 76 ANIMAS VALLEY DAM, description of_ 29 APACHE— influence on settlement of re- (eaiG hay 2 2 ee eee 9 lashes Sie SS ee 18 HOME UGS,” Sa a eae 85 APACHH GRHEK, TUins on ———-- = 70-71 APACHE CREEK REGION, ruins in____ 7T6—79 APACHE MOUNTAIN MOGCI ye ONE see Se se 77 Shrines momeess |) ek ile). legals UC zi ARAGON’S PuazA, N. Mex., ruins ES oi Fe en ae ine ae se Se 75 ARIZONA, physiography of_________ PASE ORMHK, EUMS! ON +=... 40 AVURITT, JOHN, work -of{—-—-—) 76 IBAGA PACH. TWINS Ons. - 2 22 = 74 BAILEY, VERNON, on ruins in Silver (Ching Ake ee 83 Baker, DAvip, ruins explored by____ 88 BANDELIER, A. F.— cited in bibliography________~ 90 on artifacts and caves in upper Cilaeresign pa ee = Be 30 on artifacts from Pueblo Viejo VENI) Ve eS 36-37 On eChichilie callie == =e 2S, 3% on cliff-dwelling in upper Gila TRESS On el | he eae he ee ee 30-32 on ruins in Deming (N. Mex.) JER) ee EN ee 89 on ruins in Mimbres River re- SCT TU owen Sian ee ey = 83, 87, 89 on ruins in Pinal Creek and mid- dle Salt River region_______ 82 on ruins in Thomas-Carlos re- loners Pe ee ae 38-40 on ruins in White Mountain Creekwmesion= 2222 8 80 on ruins near Fort Apache____ 80, 81 on ruins near Silver City, N. Wie, Bere 1 SS aia 87 BARTELL’S, N. Mex., ruins near____ 74 Page BARTLETT, J. W., U. S: A., cited in Diblio sano hive = le ae ee ea 90 PASKETRY, description of__________ 24-25 BATEMAN RANCH, ruin on ~— ______ $4 Baxter, SYLVESTER, cited in bibliog- TO Vie ae ek 90 BEADS, as sacred offerings -_____ 59, 62, 70 WARS CANYON. CULM 11s ae =e ees 76 BAR CRHEK, Tins eOne == = 90-52 BrAR CREEK CAVERN, contents of____ 20 BELL’S (ROBERT) RANCH, Cave on___ 49 BisHop (OLIVER) RANCH, ruins near 77—78 GAG Ke BU ns aS ert eer eee 87-88 LGLAck MESA FOREST RESERVE, loca- LEKog a), B(oy pees OS Nae Ee Hen See ay 7 Buack RIVER. See Salt river. JRiciwiol, AURA S iabihass woe SS 52-58 BLUE RIVER REGION— DESC Ey ee age eh hee et Be? PAS) dress of inhabitants_______ ZOOM > iL cd: es ees eee STE te alee tue eee ae 8 ici yi ee ae SR OS ee ee ee 18 petroslyphseeeie= se ees ee 27 pueblo types Wee 15 PUIG = =. ee ee ets eke 5 ee 42-57 well-like constructions ________ 18 BONEWORK, description of_________ 23 BRAEFEAM GRAN CGH: | riminy Ones eee ee 84 BROCKMANN’S MILLS, ruin at______ 89 BROWN SHAME Tins One ee 74 BRUSH CREE Stun Ones = eae 54 BUENA VISTA RUIN, description of__ 34-35 BUILDING MATERIALS, varieties of__ 12 BUILDINGS OF RBHGION, general de- SeECLDULON s Ole Ss = Sr ee ey 4s See also Cliff-dwellings, Kivas, ete. BuRIALS— Apache “Greek iresion——_—— 78 Bie WRN ere reciona ee es a 44, 56 Deming (N. Mex.) region_____ 88 in’ several regions’2-=—— =: 10-11 Los Lentes valley______ 62-63, 66, 68 hum’ sev lie@y == se 2 = ers 61 Silver City (N. Mex.) region___ 84 White Mountain Creek region__ (4) See also Cremation of dead. BURRS SURGS RR. ET, Us S: As. ruins Gescribedtaby=2 0 22 sos fee 37 BYRON, RALPH, excavation by______ 88 BYFON RANCH? Tuin) Onso == eee 88 CAMP GRANT, collection of relics PROM oe ee eee Miso 37 CANNIBALISM, no evidence of______ 14 99 INDEX. Page Page NYONS OF REGION, general descrip- COLEMAN (HENRY) RANCH, ruin on_ 88 tions Of == ee ee eee ee te 7-8 | COLLINS (MRS.) RANCH, ruin on___ 88 CARLTON, Je He, collectionwof==—_— = 36 | COLORADO RIVER DRAINAGE ______—=— tf CARPENTUR, ARIZ; ruin sat === =—* 44-45 | COOLEY RANCH (OLD), ruin on_____ 80 GSRRIZO CRN, SIUIn'S (OMe a 1G |-Coouny:s; ARIZ. ruin’ near == 80 CASA GRANDE— CooPHR-PLAGH, LUINS one a 72 aspas type; Structures == —= aes. 28 || COPPER; suse of-= ===. = eee eee ERT (3: description: Ot soe 16) || CORNET -FARM, cUins near === 53. not the ancient Chichiltic- CORONADO, FRANCISCO VASQUEZ— Calli \.84 35 ee Ae eee ee ee 37 expedition (of. ===. 9,38 CASAS GRANDES— on! 1Chi¢chiltic-callie==— ae 37 Nulldérs 42] ee 29 | Cosprr (J. H. T.) PARM, ruins onl 50: Gulhirese = = sete ee 87 | COSPER, JOHN, on cave in Saddle EDO LICL Vs pene eee nae eee eee 83 MOUN tain == 2— 22 = 2 ee 5758. CastTos’s (JOHN) RANCH, ruin on___ 53 CREMATION OF DEAD— CAVES OF REGION— Blney River srecion=.) == aa 44 woneral, descrip uoni=——=—- === 13, Thomas-Carlos region _________ 39-40 14, 15; 19, 20, 27, 28 | CuLTURE or REGION— { Fort Apache (N. Mex.) region__ 81 distribution, === 22a 11-14 Laine. val yess =e ee eee 58, 61 effect of physiography on______ 28 Pinal Creek and middle Salt of Mimbres River region_______ 83 Vile Gere Voy oly es eee 82 relative decree of] = = ee 26. Pueblo Creek region__________~— 57, 98 See also Amusements, Buildings, Pueblo Viejo. valley_==—-=—=—= 32, 37 ete. San Francisco River drainage__ 41 CUSHING, FRANK HAMILTON— Blue River region__ 42, 45,47-—52 cited in bibliography ——————— = 90 Hale tCreek rezion== = === 42 explorations): by 28 Silver City (N. Mex.) region__~— 83- on) ‘earth: pueblos==2—— === 16 84, 85, 86 | DATIL MOUNTAINS, location of_____ 7 Thomas-Carlos region---——-—-— 40-41 | De LASHMUTT, PROF. ITVAN— Tularosa River region__—__ 72, 75-76 acknowledgment to ___________ 84° upper Gila region_____~ alee OEE 30-32 obsidian quarry reported by___ 29 White Mountain Creek region__~ ii) on caves in Silver City (N. GupARRCREHK CU One === = ee cA Mex.) region! ee 85 CEDAR GROVE RANCH, Indian remains on Mimbres River region pot- (Q)OWA capa SR Se pec Se ace ee ie Dee een S 88 ty = Ee 83. CENTRAL, N. Mpx., ruin near______- 84 | DELGAR MESA, shrines on_____--__= 11> GENTREPIRE| CRENK, Tuins on2===*—— 56-57 | DuteaR (H. S.) RANCH, ruins on or CHECKERBOARD TYPE OF RUINS— Near... ss. Bee Te AE Pinal Creek and middle Salt DEMING, N. MeEx., pottery from____ 83 River recion=ss— see 82 | Demine (N. MEx.) REGION, ruins in. 87-89 Pueblo Viejo valley___________ 31) || DESCRIPTION OF RECION=—= == 7-8. Thomas-Carlos recion= == 38 | DrvoL, Pror. W.S., cliff-houses ex- CHICHILTIC-CALLI, description of___ aif plored by ~=2- == = eee 54 CHIRICAHUA FOREST RESERVE, loca- DIAMOND RIVER, ruins’ on_——_---_ == 30 LO Of === ee 7 | Dit, R. M. Gs excavations by=22= 65. GUELCU CRED, Lulnsion= = =e 7981 |-DOMESTIC inn === 2S =a 20-22 CIBOLA, Coronado’s expedition to___ 9 | DOUBLE CIRCLE RANCH, ruins at____ 42 ClimoenacAs, prevalence Qf = 2-222 1, DRAINAGE OF REGION, description of_ 7-8. CLIFF-DWELLINGS— DRESS OF INHABITANTS, description Bie MRiverurecton= == === 48 Of See 20-21 distribution and construction__ 16 | DuFr, Pror. U. FrRancis— : Bort, Apache Trecion= === == 81 cited im bibliography=]=2==—4——— 90 luos. Lentes valley_——————=— 62, 64-65 on ruins in Deming (N. Mex.) otjects! rome = es Se 21-22 region .-.--- eee 87-88 oneeuehloncreek= = = ee 41 visit by, to Apache Mountain Salt River (middle) gorge _____ 82 Shrine 2-2 ee TEs upper Gila region___---_-_ 29, 30-32 EAGLE CREEK REGION, ruins in-——_- 42 CLIFTON, ARIz., ruins near_——__ 42, 44-45 EASTCAMP, N. Mpx.— CLIMATE OF REGION— KMivas: ah 18 Ges cripLiony 100i oe 8, 10 WADUNDIS: Tae = ee ee 77-78, 79 effect on native architecture_14—15, 2: EGAN, Hon. Marx J., Apache relics CLOTHING OF INHABITANTS, descrip- owned by 2.=---—.----_ == 42 TOM OL ae eS ee eee 20-21 Emory, COOKE, AND JOHNSTON, cited COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZ., ruins of__ 37-38 Im hiblioeraphy = —— 90 QOUCOPA.] DEDSS\.0On= ee a eee 20: |) ENCLAVES,. effects of 2252 s==S== 8 INDEX. 93 F Page | Page PNVIRONMENT as affecting culture__ 11-14 | GorMAN’s, N. MEx., ruin near______ 87 BEPLEY’S RUIN, description of__-__-- 35 | GRAHAM’S, N. MEx., ruins near_____ 74 .ESCUDILLA PEAK, source of San Fran- GREENWALD (HERMAN) RANCH, ruins IS CON Liver ee ae ee on 41 LNG yo Se Se ee a = 89 IUROPEAN ADVENT into region____~~_ 8—9 | GROSSTHAD, MRS., excavation by____ 78 TABRICS, NATIVE, description of ____ 24 | Hates, Hexnry— WAUNA’ OF RNGION= =~ === === -___ Shp ileal: cited in bibliography__________ 90 ~ Waywoop, N. M®x., sacred springs collection’ of e2 222. te eee T2713 Ss 86-87 WALONA, mortuary customs of____ 10 Tewkes, Dr. J. WALTER— HARRINGTON RANCH, ruin on_---__~ 86 Pe citedham sbibliognap hiya a= 90 | TmeNKEL Park, cliff-dwellings in____ 58 connection with find in Nan- | HensHaw, H. W.— tacks mountaing === == 40 | cited in bibilography__________ 90 explorations. DYy2-——-——-4——— 28, 34, 35 | on artifacts, upper Gila region_ 30 one Adams's cave. s— 52 ie = BT on cliff-dwellings, upper Gila re- omeBbuenal Vistar ruin ——=22_. 34-35 OTS ten ee peers ans ee aA oe 29 One pobtery suring =—-2 2222 t= 26 | Herz, Guorce G., collection of_____ oS FIELD MusreuM or NATURAL HISTORY, HICKSSeRANCH,. THINS nears 2722 a= 89 COUleCtionSWOlme ae S10 SHrcGins seEAch. Tiuinse One 73 TET ONeY by AGNI ee SN Eg ee ee 17 | HigHtTowerr’s (CLEMENT) RANCH, HISH-HOOK CRENK, ruin on_-__—_--_ 52 TUT To ee eee Ee Sa ke FLORA OF REGION— EMSRORY OH eREGIONS 22 8-9 fHrLOUsm plants. —— === 24 | HnraAKwa, a Zui mythical hero____ 9 food splants=2) 2222 = atv SSS 13,14 | Hopen, F. W., on prehistoric irriga- general description ________-_- 8,13 (One Alia ARIZ OMA = 2k ee, 16 FLORIDA MOUNTAINS, ruins near___—- 88 | Hopcr, HiraM C., cited in bibliog- FooD SUPPLY OF REGION— 12621)0) Uf age EA ee she erm a OS ene eae 90 GharaChe Gert = 13,14 | HoLtson rancH, pottery from______ 85 effect. on population________~_ 10 | worpr— HOOr GRENK, i Tuins. On———--2==—____— 538-54 ERCENEN OT ome eee et Ry 9 PORESTDALH, ARIz., ruin at___----- 18 Masauti shrines of____________ 19 FPORESTDALE CREEK, ruins on_______ 79,80 | Horton, D. B., explorations by_____ 42 FORESTS Or REGION, description of_— 8 Hoven, Dr. WALTER— HORT, ruins) of=——=———=———-—-___— 80, 81 citedMiny bibliography === -=—— == 90 Fort APACHE— = CXPlOLaulOnS aes ys ee ee 84, 35 eS a ee v9 HrpuicKa, Dr. ALES, on ruin at Rice ruins at or neat 79, 80-81 COO Th ee tee bao eae tee = 29 Fort APACHE REGION, SOLS 80-81 Hupson, Cou. RrcHarp, owner of Fort Bayarp, N. MEx., ruin atts 2=S 83, 87 (ath otal ena O Ao ee he tee 88 Spee MASS eiZ. ruins near 28-39 | Hunson Hor SPRINGS, location of. 86-87 HOxX MOUNTAINS, ruins im——-—_—-—=— 79 HUNDING LODGES uo eA 79 Fritz (FRED) RANCH, ruin Olasaaa= 46-47 | wouruey, N. Mex., ruins near______ 85-86 23 19 MuUSEUM—GATES EXPEDITION, work of (1901), 79, 80; (1905) 48; 56-57, 60, 79. NANTACK MOUNTAINS, cave in______ 40-41 NELSON, CHRIS., collection donated byt "jee ee ee ee 37 NELSON, E. W.— cited in, bibliography 222223 e== 90 collection” made by 22 (2 N. Hic RANCH, TUInSs (on == === ial 7670 OAK (SPRING) EUInS sat. == = 79 O'BRIEN BRANCH. Loin one= 2a 86 OBSIDIAN, QUARRY2"— Sa 29-30 OLD Fort TULAROSA— Gave: at 4 = eee eee 72 TUinS:‘ néar:_.— Ss eee 74-76. OLDTOWN, N. MExX., ruins near_+___ 88 OLNEY’S (HENRY J.) RANCH— ruins. on22_2. = eee 33, 06 Spring :on=2225.". = oS eee 19 ORIENTATION OF RUINS— Delgar eroup=: === Se 73 Los; uentes' yalley2==> == == 62 Pueblo Viejo valley —____--_ == 32 Spur ranch. = 2- = eee 67, 68 Thomas-Carlos region _________ 39 ORNAMENTATION ON BONES_________ 23 ORNAMENTS :2 242 2 eee 20 OWEN, Mrs. W. L.— : acknowledgment, to) ==222 2222 87 pottery in possession of______~ 83 PAHOKI,, description) of. 2==2= == OTC PAINTINGS, Silver City region______ 86 PEOPLE OF REGION— character 2. .- >. =a 8, 14 origin and), history =-=—==== es 9-11 See also Culture of region. PSTUNS Wu =u * -5 - se eee 88 PETROGLYPHS— Blue River region=_=_ 3s 54, 55 description of 22 =a 27-28 near Clifton, Ariz === 44 Tilarosa. valley 2 75 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF REGION _-____-___— 7-8 PICTOGRAPHS— Silver City (N. Mex.) region___~ 86 Spur ranch ee eee 65 Tulaross valleyo22 == eee al PIGEON CREHK, Luin) on] == ee 46 PIMA-OPATA TRIBES, descent of____ 9 PINAL CREEK AND MIDDLE SALT RIVER REGION, ruins in_______-—= 82 PINETOP, ARIZ., TUINS Near === = 80 Pinos ALTOS MOUNTAINS, ruin in__ 86 PIT-DWELLINGS, ruins of —--=______ 18. INDEX. oD Page | Pag PLACE’S (LEM.) RANCH, ruins on__-_ 56 SALT RIVER— PLUMMER, F. G., cited in bibliog- cave-dwellings) one2=22=="==2=" 82 maby 22256 ee a 8 Se Sees 90 Glhiftesdins: Oniz= 2 — is 2s Sue 82 POLYCHROMH “WABRN==2—-———--=-—==— 26 HotkenywOLes st ee ee ee 27 POTTER Y— HHS On 2 = oe eae ee 82 Blue River region__--_-~ 44-48, 52, 54 hype or pueblos onl ==- == == 16 Delsarwsroup==—— === {(3) See also Pinal Creek and middle Deming (N. Mex.) region___~-~ 87, 88 Salt River region. environs of luuna_—==—===—— —— 18 | SALT RIVER (UPPER), ruins on____. 79-82 Hort. Apache rezion===— = ==== 81 | SAN AGUSTIN PLAINS, location of___ {6 Fort Bayard (N. Mex.) ruin___ 87 | SAN CARLOS AGENCY, ruin at_______ 39 Gallomsprine< == SS 78-79 | San CARLOS CREEK, ruin on____---~ 39-40 general description__________-- 25-27 | SAN FRANCISCO RIVER— os Lentes! valley==—=—=~ == — 63 HISGOGyROLeULhS 0 aie eee TO=1e ima valley we a= SSe 59-60, 61 THM Seer OOM Oe ee ee 16 Mimbres River region____—-~—- 83 Rin Ss eabe SOL Cem ola ae 59 Nanitack mountains) 22 == === === 40-41 TCREACES ON] Mayas s 2 eee ee 12 ING MISE KC Ses ee ee Tae LOE he OKA KOS Ci 2 15 Pinal Creek and middle Salt SAN FRANCISCO RIVER SYSTEM, de- Rivenenerlon ===. === = 82 Scription’ offs eee 41 Rotterys well Se 80 | See also Apache Creek region, Pueblo Viejo vailey___.------- 35 Blue River region, ete. Sane sCarlose—— == 4S ee 39) |SoaNe hOSiie RULENSS2= 2222 oe ee 33 Silver City region___ 83, 84-85, 86,87 | San JUAN RIVER VALLEYS, culture SOURCES of Gila =a ===" 29 1 ee a atea. Pew Po eS 28 Syoubie jee ave Ve oe ee 65, 66° "SAN PEDRO RIVER, TUIRS Onl === == 37-38 Sik Wis ane ee eee ee 74-75 | SAPILLO CREEK, ruins on____-—=--~ 30, 83 Mompstones VATIZ= ————— == 38 | SAWTOOTH MOUNTAIN, ruin near__—_— 81 upper Salt River region 80 | SCHLIESS: CREEK, ruins: on———-_____ 12 White Mountain Creek region__— 80 | SHELL WORK OF INHABITANTS, de- Porttrrry HILL, a pueblo ruin_____~ 80 SCHipuion: Of=— 2-5 2a ee 23 PRAYER-STICK HOUSES, description of 17 | SHOWLOW, ARIZ., ruins near______~— 80 PUEBLO CREEK, milling rooms on___—_ 16 | SHRINES— PUEBLO CREEK REGION, ruins in__ 41, 57—58 Apache Creek region__~-_-__-~_ 1S Ths} PUEBLO INDIANS Blue River region ____--_--— 46, 57-58 descent and history__—---———-_ 9-11 general description ____--_--___ 19, 28 MALES AMOS = 2 St = 10 los: entes' valley === =———— 67, 68 offerings by, on Mount Thomas 119" | Tularosa Biver region _----—..= (Ala ths PunELo Vingo, ARiz., ruins at-_—-__ 39) | SrurRA ANGCEHA, ruins! in=o=- = 9 82 PUEBLO VIEJO VALLEY— | Stuver Crry (N. Mex.) REGION— - Ruins ne ee ee 28, 32-388 TUT Sees 2 WS rte 835-87 Stonework, In’ 2=~ 222" Ss 28s 2_ 22 SHCrCGMSDRINGS = ae eee eee 86-87 OQUAREY (On) OBSIDIAN === 9) 22. = | 99-30) | SNYDER HARM, Tuim- on] =_——--4_-—_ 55 QUEENS HEAD, shrines on______--~ 19, 71 | SoBarpuRt, inhabitants of Chichiltic- RED MOUNTAIN, ruins at base of____ 88 calli _--_~-_------~----~~---~-- 37 RELIGION OF INHABITANTS_________ 28 Sotomon, CHARLES F., cliff-houses Reserve, N. Mex., ruins near___ 41, 72-73 explored by---------------~---- 3 RESEERVOIRS-— SOLOMONSVILLE, ARIZ.— application of term___________ 17-18 pueblo ruins at or near__ 28, 54, 35, 36 CLL CULT ne eee ee nt ea Sh 66 SMIDUIERH ION Bo 5 2 Sea 35 Los Lentes valley_ 62, 64, 65, 66,67, 68 | SPRINGS Pueblor Viejov valley 22-22" -— === o2eo GI Nile oVeRe ae ee 19 Thamas-Carlos region —-----—-_— 38 Apache Creek region_.--_~_- 78 MppeL Gila, Tecioneeee a= 30 Los Lentes valley__-------— 62, 70 Rio GRANDE RIVER VALLEYS, culture Silver City region —_—__-—- 86, 8ST Th oe a a ae 28 Tularosa River region_—_—-_~— 72 HEPASBWANCA, TUINS On-=2—-=—-—— 62, 64-65 | DEGvaLen Cel Ole ase eS 12 Rrxon, T. F., cited in bibliography_ 90 | spur RANCH— a Ruspy, H. H., cave explored by---- 83-84 GTO ene Oe eo ceed 66, 68 SACRED SPRINGS, near Faywood, chalcedony disk from —___-~-=- 22 ING, RWIS GS) 86-87 replaces: 2322s ae iL7/ SADDLE MOUNTAIN, cave in__--_----_ 57—58 grading operations __________~- 14 UES OLE CO Ole as eer eee eS 13 LO GablON Se a ee eee 62 Saur Lake OF THH ZUNI_-_------~-~- 13 TUS es ee ee ee oe 64 96 INDEX. Page Spur RANCH VALLEY, shrines in ____ 19 | LURQUOISH BEADS==—-2" _- See STEVENS CIENAGA, ‘ruins at-______—— 60, 63 | TURQUOISE MINES —___--____--____ STEVENS, MoNTAGUE— MUSAYAN, location of-—- = "=== aaa acknowledgment to __-____--~_- 62 | VEGETAL ENVIRONMENT of region____ owner of Spurand S. U. ranches 14,75 | VERDE BREAKS, description of-_____ STEVENSON, Mrs. M. C., on Zuni WAL, Tuin Of. -—— bos. See ep Wed Ls SARS we enriae Wen ns | a e eeee 40° | WAQtCH TOWHER, ruin’ of2= 22352223 STONEWORK OF INHABITANTS, de- | WEpKS, Pror. 8. B., pottery obtained scription “Oleh see 22 by (£25522 42 eee STREAMS OF REGION, description of__ 78 | WELLS ..Ai5=22 a eee S. U. RANCH— WHEATLANDS, ARIz., ruins near____ eradineg, operations —--ss-————— 14 | WHISKEY CRENK, ruins on_-—__—__= TUNG pee ee ee es 72,74-75 | WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE RESERVA- TEN KATE, Dr. H. F. C., cited in TON; LUuins near_2=—— === bibliography ~_---~------------- 90 | Wuirr MouNTAIN CREEK, ruins on THRRACHS; formation) of -=--=—————— 11-12 OP mentee fol to faee eye 79, THATCHER, ARIZ., ruins near___-__~ 36 | Wire MouUNTAIN CREEK (NorRTH TMOMAS-CARLOS REGION, ruins in___ 38—41 PORE) 2 Tun one ses oe cee ae tae Jar ees ee 54 | wire River CANYON, ruins in____ HOMPSON (GEORGE) FARM, ruins _ | Warrewater, N. Mex., ruins at___- Ngo Rat 9 a SCC Se eS oe WHITEWATER MOUNTAINS, ruins in__ a Se eS au WILSON CREEK, ruins on-=—--===== TONTO BASIN, location of ________-- 7 F : : TORNADO CREEK, cave on_________- 49 WIesON Ss bie SN ruln near——— Toumry, J. W., cited in bibliography 90 WINSHIP, G. F., cited in bibliogra- TULAROSA, N.-MEx., ruins near-_—-— g 75 phy ----~-----------~~~-------— TULAROSA RIVER— WooDWORK OF INHABITANTS, descrip- DASICe LIV Oh ats See eee 25 tion of___-_-_-~_-__—-_______—— copper specimens from ruin on_ 42 | Worpd’s (THOMAS) RANCH, ruin costumes of inhabitants on____ 20, 21 near —-~-~~---~~~--~-~~-~-~~-----—— Malin sToOOMSs” ON = ae = = US || Ari petrozlyphs one === === = 27-28 Coronado’s expedition to______ specimen of stonework from____ 22 des¢ent. 222 23+ 2-5. eee TULAROSA RIVER REGION, ruins in___ 70-76 offerings on Mount Thomas__——_ TULAROSA VALLEY, pottery from_—-_~— 270 origin’ “My th] === eee ee ” ray will 3 9088