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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, “DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN NO. 36, NEW SERIES.“ L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist. yh ‘ AN INDEK oy ee TO BULLETINS NOS. 1-30. (NEW. SERIES) ag hoa POG. POO 15 a ? OF THE ‘DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Compiled under the direction of the Entomologist’ BY NATHAN BANKS, Assistant Enromo.oaisr. Pa _ | WASHINGTON: A nit aa ie Cees GOVERNMENT. PRINTING OFFICER, 1902. ain Se B. ACS ( u. S“DEPARTMENT, OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY} BULLETIN NOe@ so.) NEW. SERIES: eg L L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist f HO | 129 7 oa A | 7 ie! AN INDEX TO BULLETINS NOS. 1-30 (NEW SERIES) (1896-1901 ) OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Compiled under the direction of the Entomologist BY NATHAN BANKS, Assistanr ENTroMOLOGIST. a7 WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. OOD. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division oF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., July 10, 1902. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith manuscript of an index to the Bulletins of the Division of Entomology, Nos. 1 to 30, new series, published in the years 1896 to 1901, and which has been prepared by Mr. Nathan Banks, an assistant in this office. These Bulletins are con- stantly referred to by experiment-station entomologists and others interested in this subject, and we have frequently received letters ask- ing that such a general index be published. I therefore have no hesita- tion in recommending its publication. ; Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. AN INDEX TO BULLETINS NOS. 1 TO 30 (NEW SERIES) (896 TO 1901) OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. AUP HIORS: {Roman numerals refer to number of bulletin.] Adnich d= Me, Il 28: Alwood, W. B., VI, 80; X VIT, 70, 72. Ban KS Ne NOXCIE 99* XOX Vi. Barrows, W. B., IX, 27, 49. Benton, F. H., I. Britton, W. E., X VII, 81. Brunerele, Walle sl 36: Burgess, A. F., X VII, 59; XX, 107. Buseck, A:, XXII, 88. @hiutenden, KH.) Tl, 36; LV, 112; -VI, 85;. VII, 60, 67; VEEL; 1X, 20, 64>X, 26, Seoeoss MSV Lie845 SX VILE. 35,, 44,82; -88> XIX= MXM, 37; 51; 64,193: ENGNG IOI SNONG Veli XENGIENG) NCXOX 4563: @ockerell DP AG Tl Ol: Xe 25 XVIL 87) XeXU. (92: Cooley, R. A., XVII, 61. Coquillett, D. W., VII, 64; X, 66, 70; X VIII, 81; XXII, 44, 48. Cordley, A. B., IX, 71. Dayis, G. C., II, 35. Doran, EH. W., X VII, 90: yar, HH. Ga; XX VII, 60. Beliihe NOV al Gs) XOX: 39> GO: XX VI,.22. Hernalds ©. Hi. 11, 59: Vi, 5b: XVII, 24. Fernald, Hi. T., XX VI, 34. Biske, W. F., XVII. 67; XX VI, 33. Fletcher, J., XX VI, 94. Forbush, BH. H., XVII, 78; XX, 85, 104. Galloway, B. T., XX VI, 59. Caleta Cale Lie I6a Vale Sor mieXe 30s o2, 1D (05 i> SOM, 0, 54. 76 Harvey, F. b., Il, 99. Harward, W., XXII, 96. Havens, F. G., X XII, 83. Hemenway, H. D., X XII, 69. Hinds, W. H., XXX, 78. Hopkins, A. D., Il, 75; VI, 49, 71; XVII, 44; X XI; XXVIII. Howard, L. O., Il, 40; III; IV; VI, 13, 36, 74; VII, 40, 62; LX, 15, 18, 38; X, 20, Ga Ne XT XT XOVIT 13555, 57; XVII, 7, 30; XX, 245 28, 36> XOX 24 935 LOMe SXOXOV = XOXOVI, 16. 117, 54: XXX, 39) 75, 82, 97. 9 vo ie Hubbard, He-G:, Vil, 9: 1x38 VIEL, 13: Hunter, W- Ds, x6. 40: ex 30: Johnson, W. G:, VI, 63,745 IX, 80; 83; X VIL, 39;792: XOX 435 62, 947 90 exoxaVil, 55, 73, 80. Kirkland, A. H., V1, 27; 1X, 46; XVII, 70; XX, 53, 102; XXVI 7s: Koebele, A., XXX, 88. Lintner, Ji. A., 11,50, 69; Viz 54. Hounsbury, C. P.; IX, 34; X XVI 41: Mally, C. W., 1X, 40; XVII, 98; XX, 68. Marchal, P., IX, 54. Marlatt, C. L., 11, 19,47; Ill; IV; V1,/30; 38; UXs.b4." X75 XT Vis ox Vd 94 exo ulate 52 109s) RONG Ds GONG Os Ose RONONG RODS Matsumura, M., X, 36. Mokrzhetski, $., X VIII, 78. Morcans okies AG) Valls 93) SONOXC ee Osborn;skle, Vie NUle7S) exo Vile Xe Vi leZ6: Penny, C. L., XX VI, 60. Pergande, Theo., VII, 52; XVIII, 13, 26; XXII, 92. Piper, C. V., XXII, 41. Quaintance, A. L., X VII, 94; XX, 56; XX VI, 35. Rane, F. W., XVII, 75. 1kelovge] Ga. @ Gi HE 7Ao ROS 1s Sie Ne: Sanderson, EH. D., XX VI, 60, 66. Schéyen, W. M., IX, 79. Scott, W. M., XX, 82; X XVI, 49. Simpson, C. B., XXX, 51. Smith Jews Ul. /6, sls Vil 46: Sx Vile 32: Southwick, E. B., I], 35. Tepper, J. G. O., XXII, 95. Webster, F. M., Il, 76, 79, 84; VI, 18, 66; IX, 5, 30,40; XV; XVII, 98; XX, 46, 55, 68; XX VI, 59, 84. Weed, C. M., II, 28; X VII, 67, 76; XX VI, 32, 33. Weed, H. E., II, 26, 98. Woodworth, C. W., XX VI, 90. Zehntner, L., X, 32. LeeUSLRA TIONS. [Roman numerals, in capitals, refer to number of bulletin.] ACARINA. Argas americanus, V, pl. iii, fig. 3. Bdella sp., XIV, 104. Boophilus bovis, V, pl. iv, pl. v. Bryobia pratensis, TV, 51. * larva; Te 52: Cheyletus sp., XIV, 104. Chorioptes symbiotes, V, 265. Demodex folliculorum, V, 274. Dermacentor americanus, V, 260. Dermanyssus gallinze, V, 254. Iphis ovalis, XTV, 104. Ixodes ricinus, V, 262. Leptus americana, V, 252. irritans, V, 252. Linguatula rhinaria, V, 275. serrata stage, V, 275. Myobia musculi, V, 264. Myocoptes musculinus, V, 265. Oppia pilosa. XIV, 102. Oribatella sp., XIV, 102. Oripoda elongata, XIV, 102. Ornithodorus americanus, V, pl. iii, fig. 2. Pediculoides ventricosus, X, 17; XIV, 103. Psoroptes communis, V, 267. Rhiphistoma leporis, V, 261. Rhynchoprium spinosum, V, pl. iii, fig. 1. Sarcoptes mutans, V, 273. side view, V, 273. seabiei, V, 269. legs, V, 270. mouth parts, V, 270. burrow, V, 271. Tetranychus bimaculatus, adult, XX VII, 36. Y palpus, XX VIF, 36. claws, XX VII, 36. Trombidium locustarum, eggs and larva, XXX, 22. larva and adult, XXX, 23. Tyroglyphus longior, IV, 100. siro, DV, 100. Spo UVe 20s: MYRIOPODA. Seutigera forceps, adult, IV, 48. larva, IV, 49. THYSANURA. Lepidocyrtus americanus, IV, 82. Lepisma domestica, IV, 77. saccharina, IV, 76. PSEUDONEUROPTERA. Atropos divinatoria, IV, 79. Termes flavipes, male and female, LV, 70. head of female, IV, 72. egg and larva, IV, 73. different forms, IV, 74. ORTHOPTERA. Dictyophorus reticulatus, adult, XXX, 28. sac of, XXX, 29. Grasshopper eggs, exposed by cultivation, XXX, 15. Gryllus assimilis, adult, IV, 54. wings, IV, 55. domesticus, IV, 53. Melanoplus differentialis, adult, XXX, 11. ootheca, XXX, 12. Orchelimum agile, adult, X XX, 30. egg-punctures, X XX, 30. Periplaneta americana, IV, 84. egg-capsule, IV, 89. australasize, IV, 91. orientalis, IV, 92. Phyllodromia germanica, IV, 92. Schistocerca americana, adult, XXX, 26. obscura, adult, XXX, 27. fifth stage, XXX, 27. MALLOPHAGA AND PEDICOLI. Docophorus coceygi, V, 222. corvi, V, 220. eygni, V, 192. quiscali, V, 219. speotyti, V, 222. testudinarius, V, pl. ii, fig. i. Goniocotes abdominalis, V, 193. burnetti, V, 194. compar, V, 193. rectangulatus, V, 194. Goniodes damicornis, V, 196. dissimilis, V, 195. falcicorms, V, 197. stylifer, V, 196. Gyropus gracilis, V, 215. ovalis, V, 215. Hematomyzus proboscideus, V, 188. Hematopinoides squamosus, V, 187. Heematopinus acanthopus, V, 182. ' antennatus, V, 183. asini, V, 180. eurysternus, V, 173. hesperomydis, V, 185. montanus, V, 184. pedalis, V, 171. piliferus, V, 169. sciuropteri, V, 183. suturalis, V, 185. urius, V, 179. vituli, V, 177. Lipeurus baculus, V, 199. infuscatus, V, pl. ii, figs. e, f. polytrapezius, V, 201. squalidus, V, 200. subangusticeps, V, pl. ii, fig. g. variabilis, V, 202. Menopon biseriatum, V, 211. expansum, V, pl. i, fig. j. interruptus, V, pl. li, fig. h. pallidum, V, 211. Nirmus abruptus, V, pl. ii, fig. e. cordatus, V, pl. ii, fig. a. marginatus, V, pl. ii, fig. b. parallelus, V, pl. i, fig. d. Ornithobius cygni, V, 202. i Pediculus capitis, V, 167. vestimenti, V, 167. mouth parts, V, 165. Phthirius inguinalis, V, 166. Trichodectes castoris, V, 241. climax, V, 205. geomydis, V, 239. latus, V, 204. limbatus, V, 205. mephitidis, V, 242. parallelus, V, 240. parumpilosus, V, 208 pilosus, V, 207. scalaris, V, 209. setosus, V, 238. sphzerocephalus, V, 206. subrostratus, V, 203. tibialis, V, 240. Trinoton lituratum, V, 214. luridum, V, 213. isle} HEMIPTERA. Acanthia hirundinis, V, 161. antenna, V, 162. inodora, V, 160. antenna, V, 162. 8 Acanthia lectularius, adult, 1V, 32; V, 158. egg and young larva, IV, 33. larval stages, IV, 35. head, V, 159. antenna, V, 162. Anasa armigera, XIX, 32. tristis, egg, XIX, 22. nymph, XIX, 23. adult, XIX, 24. Aspidiotus ostrezeformis, scales, XX, 77. larva, XX, 79. g and 9, XX, 80. last segment, XX, 81. perniciosus, III, frontispiece. appearance on bark, III, 36. adult male, III, 42. adult female, II], 45. development of male, III, 41. young, III, 39. Blissus dorie, adults, XV, 76. stages, XV, 76. leucopterus, stages, XV, 19. long-winged, XV, 20. short-winged, XV, 20. on corn plant, XV, 28. Brachyrhynchus granulatus, XV, 65. Cicada septendecim, transformations, XIV, frontispiece. work of, XIV, pl. 1. éand. © 7 eXLVe ie: head and thorax, XIV, 51. head, front view, XIV, 52. head and thorax parts, XIV, 53. side view, XIV, 54. abdomen of 9, XIV, 54. ovipositor of, XIV, 54. section of ovipositor, XIV, 55. musical apparatus, XIV, 56. pupal galleries, XIV. 64, clay building, XIV, 66. huts, XIV, pls. i, ii. egg punctures. XIV, 76. Scarce DVeR7O5 ie ege-nest, XIV, 79. egg, XIV, 80. newly hatched larva, XIV, 81. first larval stage, XIV, 86. second larval stage, XIV, 87. third larval stage, XIV, 88. fourth larval stage, XIV, 88. first pupal stage, XIV, 89. Cimex. See Acanthia. Conorhinus sanguisuga, pupa and adult, IV, 39. Jarva and egg, IV, 40. beak, IV, 41. Conorhinus sanguisuga, adult. V, 164. nymph, and adult, XXII, 28. nymph and egg, XXII, 29. head XXII, 30. Corimelena pulicaria, XV, 65. Coriscus subcoleoptratus, long and short winged, XXII, 26. Entilia sinuata, adult, nymph, and eggs, XXX, 76. larval stages, XXX, 77. Gargaphia angulata, adult, X XITT, 35. Halticus uhleri, XTX, 60. Lecanium nigrofasciatum, X VIII, 27. ~ leg and antenna, XVIII, 28. Leptoglossus oppositus, XIX, 44. phyllopus, XIX, 46. Melanolestes abdominalis, f and 9, XXII, 26. Milyas cinctus, XV, 54. Nectarophora destructor, winged and apterous female and nymph, XXIII, 36. Nysius angustatus, XV, 64. Olliffiella cristata, galls of, VII, 77. Piesma cinerea, XV, 65. Pulvinaria acericola, X VII, 57. egg and larve, XXII, 17. larva third stage, X XII, 18. Gy [00h oe; SOK ILE hibernating 9, X NII, 19. full-grown 9, XXII, 20. ? with egg-sac, XXII, 21. innumerabilis, X VII, 57. newly hatched young, XXII, 8. $ larva, second stage, XXII, 9. ? larva, third stage, X XII, 10. ? larva, fourth stage, XXII, 11. young hibernating 9, XXII, 12. ereNalol Oe SO CU mbes exhuthe eee DOG DI ike adult 9, XXII, 14. 2 with egg-sac, XXII, 14. Rasahus biguttatus, X XII, 27. Reduyius personatus, X XII, 24. Rhopalosiphum viole, winged and wingless females and nymphs, XX VII, 44. Triphleps insidiosus, XV, 53. Xylococcus betulee, X VITI, 14. end of body, second stage, X VIII, 21. end of body, third stage, X VIII, 22. end of body, fourth stage, X VIII, 22. end of body of female, X VIII, 21. male, X VIII, 25. female, X VIII, 23. first stage, X VIII, 20. second stage, X VIII, 22. COLEOPTERA. Agrilus anxius, X VIII, 48. work of, XVIII, 45. larval galleries, XN VITJ, 45. ~) || Agrilus bilineatus, VII, 71. Agriotes mancus, beetle and larva, XX VII, 77. Allorhina nitida, X, 21. Anthrenus scrophularize, IV, 58. Aramigus fulleri, different stages, XX VII, 89. Areecerus fasciculatus, VIII, 36. Attagenus piceus, IV, 61; VIII, 18: Bruchus chinensis, VIII, 25. 4-maculatus, VIII, 25. Calosoma calidum, adult and larva, X XIX, 37. Cerotoma trifurcata, IX, 67. Ceutorhynchus rapze, work of, XXIII, 40. beetle, larva, and pupa, XN XIII, 43. Corthylus columbianus, VII, 17. galleries of, VII, 18. punctatissimus, VII, 16. ambrosia of, VII, 17. galleries of, VII, 17. Crioceris 12-punctata, egg, X, 58. Dendroctonus frontalis, VII, 73. galleries of, XX VIII, pl. viii. work of, XX VIII, pl. xii. piceaperda, larva, pupa, and adult, NN VIII, pl. i. galleries and mines of, XXVIII, pls. ili, iv, v. dormant and active periods, XX VIII, 19. terebrans, work of, X XVIII, pl. xii. Dermestes lardarius, IV, 108. Diabrotica vittata, X, 26. head of larva, X, 28. egg, XIX, 48. Disonycha xanthomelzena, XIX, 81. Dryoccetes picea, work of, XXVIII, pl. viii. Echocerus cornutus, IV, 115. Elaphidion inerme, X VIII, 41. mucronatum, X VIII, 438. subpubescens, work of, XVIII, 41. villosum, X VIII, 36. Epiceerus imbricatus, XTX, 62. attacked by fungus, X XIII, 52. Epilachna borealis, XTX, 11. work of, XIX, 14. Epitrix cucumeris, XIX, 89. parvula, X, 80. Euphoria inda, XIX, 68. Gnathotrichus materiarius, VII, 30. gallery of, VII, 30. Haltica ignita, beetle, egg-mass, larva, and pupa, XN NITI, 70. abdominal segments, X XIII, 73. Hoplia callipyge, beetle, XX VII, 97. Hyperaspis signatus, larvee feeding on Pulvinaria, X XVI, 18. Lachnosterna arcuata, XIX, 74. sexual characters, XIX, 75. egg, larva, pupa, and beetle, NN VII, 75. fusea, sexual characters, XIX, 75. it Lasioderma serricorne, IV, 126. head of larva, IV, 126. Lixus concavus, work of, X XIII, 61, 67. beetle, egg, larva, and pupa, X XIII, 62. Macrobasis unicolor, XXX, 238. Magdalis zenescens, insect, larva, and pupa, X XII, 39. work of, with insect in situ, X XII, 40. Monarthrum fasciatum, VII, 28. gallery of, VII, 26. mali, VII, 28. gallery of, VII, 27. ambrosia of, VII, 27. Necrobia rufipes, IV, 105. Nodonota puncticollis, VII, 60. Pentilia misella, III, 52. Phlceotribus picea, work of, XX VIII, pl. xi. Pityophthorus cariniceps, work of, X X VIII, pl. viii. Platypus compositus, VII, 14. ambrosia of, VII, 16. larva, VII, 15. work of, VII, 14. Polygraphus rufipennis, galleries of, XX VIII, pl. 9. Rhynchites bicolor, XX VII, 99. = »silvanus bicolor, VIII, 11. gossypii, VIII, 13. mereator, VIII, 12. surinamensis, IV, 121; VIII, 12. Sitodrepa panicea, IV, 124. head of larva, IV, 125. Spermophagus pectoralis, female and infested seed, X XIII, 38. -Systena blanda, larva, adult, and eggs, X XIII, 22. teeniata, dark variety, X XIII, 23. Tenebrio molitor, IV, 116. obseurus, IV, 118. Tenebroides mauritanicus, IV, 123. Tetropium cinnamopterum, mines of, XXVIII, pl. x. ~ Tomicus picea, work of, XXVIII, pl. viii. Tribolium confusum and ferrugineum, IV, 113. Trichius piger, XX VII, 101. Xyleborus celsus, VII, 22. ambrosia of, VII, 24. gallery of, VII, 23. dispar, VII, 22. gallery of, VII, 22. fuscatus, VII, 21. perforans, VII, 21. pubescens, VII, 19. gallery of, VII, 19. ambrosia of, VII, 20. yylographus, VII, 24. gallery of, VII, 25. ambrosia of, VII, 25. Xylocrius agassizii, adult, larva, and pupa, X XIII, 90. stem with larva, X XIII, 91. work of, XXIII, 91. 12 Xyloterus bivittatus, VII, 28. work of, X XVIII, pl. xi. politus, VIT, 28. retusus, gallery of, VII, 29. ambrosia of, VIT, 30. LEPIDOPTERA. Anarsia lineatella, larva and work of, X, 10. larva and pupa, X, 11. moth, X, 12. ege and young larva, X, 13. Boarmia plumigeraria, VIT, 66. larva, VII, 65. Chilo infuscatellus, X, 34. Diatrzea striatalis, X, 32. Elasmopalpus lignosellus, antennze and mouth parts, X XIII, 19. moth, larva, and cocoon, X XIII, 20. work in cornstalk, X XIII, 21. Ephestia cahiritella, VIII, 8. Euptoieta claudia, different stages, XX VII, 82. Grapholitha schistaceana, X, 35. Hellula undalis, XIX, 54. venation, head, and antennee, X XIII, 57. Hydreecia immanis, VIT, 40. Hypena humuli, VII, 44. Laphygma frugiperda, eggs and young larva, X XIX, 15. head of larva, X XIX, 16. moth, larva, and pupa, XXIII, 81; X XIX, 14. Laverna herellera, X, 37. Leaf-miner in apple, X, 88. Leucania unipuncta, larva and head, X XIX, 16. Loxostege obliteralis, different stages, X XVII, 104. similalis, different stages, X XVII, 9. Melittia satyriniformis, eggs and larvie, XIX, 35. stages, XIX, 36. Monoptilota nubilella, moth, larva, cocoon, and gall, NENG AN, Nephopteryx rubrizonella, X, 39. Noctua e-nigrum, moth and larva, XX VII, 54. Penthina nimbatana, different stages, XX VII, 85. Peridroma saucia, moth, eggs, and larva, XX VII, 51; XXIX, 47. egg mass on cowpea leaf, XXIX, 48. larva, X XIX, 48. Phlyctzenia rubigalis, in different stages, XX VII, 8. Pionea ferrugalis, venation of wings, XX VII, 8. Plathypena scabra, moth, eggs, and larvee, XXX, 46. Plodia interpunctella, IV, 119. Polygonia comma, VII, 50. interrogatonis, VII, 48. Porthetria dispar, female moth, XI, 5. male moth, XI, 6. — caterpillar, XI, 7. pupa, XI, 8. bands to catch, NI, 18. 13 Prodenia commelinze, eudiopta, and ornithogalli, X XN VIT, pl. 4. moth and larve, X X VIT, 60. Pyralis farinalis, IV, 119. eggs and larva, IV, 120. Scirpophaga intacta, X, 33. Sesia rutilans, adults, larva, pupa, and pupa shell, X XIII, 89. Tinea pellionella, LV, 63. Tineola biselliella, IV, 66. Trichophaga tapetzella, IV, 67. DIPTERA. Aides sapphirinus. See Uranotzenia. Anopheles, resting positions, XX V, 33, 34. crucians, adult female, XX V, 44. punctipennis, head of full-grown larva, X XV, 41. adult female, X XV, 43. quadrimaculatus, adults, X XV, 32. ege mass} X XV, 35. eggs, XXV, 35. newly hatched larva, X XV, 36. half-grown larva, X XV, 37. full-grown larva, X XV, 39. pupa, XXV, 40. Cecidomyia destructor, XVI, pls. i, ii. - genital organs, XVI, 15. egg parasite of Cicada, XIV, 97. Chrysops fugax, V, 71. cestuans, egg mass, V, 71. univittatus, larva, V, 70. vittatus, larva, V, 70. Compsomyia macellaria, V, 130, 131. egg, V, 132. egg mass, V, 132. head, V, 131. larva, V, 132. puparium, V, 132. Culex, resting position, XX V, 33, 34. pungens, adult, IV, 10; V, 26; X XV, 27. eggs and young larve, IV, 11; XX V, 23. head of larva, IV, 13. head and mouth of larva, XXV, 24. half-grown larva, X XV, 37. larva and pupa, IV, 15; V, 27; X XV, 26. pupa, XXV, 40. sollicitans, X XV, 28. Cuterebra, larva, V, 109. cuniculi, V, 108. larva, V, 109. emasculator, V, 106. horripilum, V, 109. Dermatobia, larva, V, 113. noxialis, larva, V, 112. Diplosis violicola, XXII, 49; XX VII, 48. Drosophila ampelophila, 1V, 110. adult, larva, and puparium, XXX, 42. 14 Euphorocera claripennis, adult and puparium, XXX, 25. Gastrophilus equi, V, 78. in stomach of horse, V, pl. i. Heematobia serrata, V, 114. detail of larva, V, 120. fly resting, V, 117. heads, V, 118. on cow horn, V, 118. Hippelates flavipes, V, 134. plebejus, V, 135. Hippobosea equina, V, 137. Homalomyia brevis, adult and larva, XXX, 43. Hypoderma boyis, V, 95. larvee, V, 96. puparium, V, 97. lineata, eggs, V, 99. female, V, 101. larvee, V, 100. ovipositor, V, 95. Lucilia cesar, adult, XXX, 26. Megarhinus rutilus, adult female, X XV, 46. Melophagus ovinus, V, 138. Morellia micans, adult and puparium, XXX, 44. Musca domestica, adult, larva, and puparium, XXX, 41. adult, puparium, IV, 48. larva, IV, 46. pupa, IV, 46. Neocerata rhodophaga, X XII, 45. Nycteriba, V, 140. (Estrus ovis, V, 1038. Piophila casei, IV, 103. Psorophora ciliata, XXV, 45. Pulex bruneri, V, 150. howardi, V, 149. ineequalis, V, 152. irritans, V, 140, 147. serraticeps, adult, V, 151. egg, adult, IV, 25. larvas TVs 27. Sarcophaga assidua, adult, larva, and puparium, XXX, 25. carnaria, V, 121. sarraceniz, adult, larva, and puparium, XXX, 24. Sarcopsylla gallinacea, male, V, 145. female, V, 146. penetrans, V, 143. Scatophaga furcata, adult, XXX, 44. Sciara inconstans, different stages, X X VII, 109. Simulium, eggs of, V, 33. invenustum, X, 68. meridionale, adult, X, 68. breathing organs, V, 54. larva, V, 52. male, V, 54. markings, V, 54. pupa, V, 53. 15 Simulium, ornatum, V, 39. head of larva, V, 40. pecuarum, fan of, V, 54. female, V, 46. head of larva, V, 45. heads, V, 47. larva, V, 44. markings, V, 47. proleg of, V, 34. pupa, V, 46. tip of abdomen, V, 45. piscicidium, V, 56. sp., details, V, 58. Stomoxys calcitrans, adult, larva, and puparium, XXX, 43. Tabanus atrata, V, 61. egg mass, V, 62. larva, V, 61. lineola, V, 64. pupa, V, 64. details, V, 65. stygius, larva, V, 67. tail, V; 68. Typhlopsylla americana, V, 154. assimilis, V, 153. Uranotienia sapphirinus, X XV, 47. Winthemia 4-pustulata, adult, larva, and puparium, X XIX, 35. HYMENOPTERA. Aphelinus diaspidis, III, 51. Apis dorsata, I, pl. 1. florea, worker cells, I, 15. comb of, I, 14. indica, worker cells, I, 12. mellifica, I, pl. 1. worker cells, I, 15. digestive system, I, pl. ii. ovaries, I, 14. head of, I, 20. legs of, I, 21. tongue of, I, 22. wax disks, I, 26. Beotomus subapterus, X VI, 32. Bracon simplex, cocoons of, XX VIII, pl. vii. Emphytus canadensis, female, larva, pupa, and cocoon, XX VII, 27. violet leaves showing injury from, XX VII, 28. Entedon epigonus, X VI, 40. Eunotus lividus, X XII, 15. Eupelmus allynii, X VI, 34. Euplectrus comstockii, X XIX, 37. Habrolepis dalmanni, X VII, 15. Hadrobracon hebetor, VIII, 39. _Lathromeris cicadee, XIV, 97. 16 Megastizus carrying Cicada, XIV, 98. burrows, XTV, 98. egg on Cicada, XIV, 99. larva on Cicada, XIV, 99. pupa, XIV, 100. spinning cocoon, XTV, 100. cocoon, XIV, LO. Merisus destructor, X VI, 31. Monomorium minutum, IV, 97. pharaonis, LV, 96. Ophion antankarus, wings of, XXX, 82. Phanurus tabanivorus, V, 63. Platygaster herricki, XVI, 35. Polistes bellicosus, X XTX, 36. Tetramorium cespitum, LY, 98. Tetrastichus productus, XVI, 37. MISCELLANEOUS. Acacia constricta, I, pl. vi. Apiary in California, I, 39. Florida, I, 38. Maryland, I, frontispiece. Vermont, I, 110. Apple, leaf miner in, X, 88. Aster ericoides, I, 64. Bacillus alvei, I, pl. xi. Bee keeping: comb building, I, 27. brood apartment, I, 29. use of veil and smoker, I, 21. removing comb, I, 32. tilting comb, I, 33. reverse side of comb, I, 33. examining comb, I, 33. Quinby frames, I, 34. box hive, I, 37. frame hive, I, 37. movable-comb hive, I, 41. Dadant-Quinby hive, I, 41. elevated, I, 82. open, I, 46. Langstroth frame, I, 42. form to nail frames, I, 42. lock-joint chaff hive, I, 48. nailing hives, I, 48. tin frame rest, I, 44. Langstroth hive, section, I, 45. Nonpareil hive, I, 46. Bingham bee smoker, I, 48. reversible extractor, I, 49. Quinby uncapping knife, I, 49. Bingham and Hetherington uncapping knife, I, 49. wax extractor, I, 50. Simplicity feeder, I, 51. IER Bee fruit-jar feeder, I, 51. Porter spring escape, I, 52. Daisy foundation fastener, I, 53. fastening starter, I, 53. wire embedder, I, 54. comb-foundation machine, I, 55. transferring bees, I, 71. transferred comb, I, 73. extracting honey, I, 77. V-grooved sections, I, 80. super with sections, I, 80. Langstroth hive with surplus case, I, 83. honey shipping cases, I, 83. Boardman solar wax extractor, I, 85. comb with worker brood and queen cells, I, 88. queen cells, I, 89. Benton queen cage, I, 92. caging a queen for mailing, I, 92. queen-introducing cage, I, 94. hiving a swarm, I, 96. Simmins nonswarming system, I, 103. beehives with Langdon nonswarmer, I, 104. percolator for winter food, I, 107. American straw hive, I, 108. Davis hive packed for winter, I, 108. double-walled hive for winter, I, 109. Cheshire antirobbing entrance, I, 117. Bee plants: Acacia constricta, I, pl. vi. Aster ericoides, I, 64. Brassica napus, I, 60. Echium vulgare, I, pl. vill. Epilobium angustifolium, I, 57. Kalmia latifolia, I, 63. Lathyrus sylvestris wagneri, I, 59. Medicago sativa, I, pl. iil. Melilotus alba, I, pl. v. Onobrychis sativa, I, pl. iv. Polygonum sachalinense, I, 61. Prosopis juliflora, 1, pl. vii. Pyrus malus, I, 63. Trifolium hybridum, I, pl. x. incarnatum, I, pl. ix. Vicia villosa, I, 61. Brassica napus, I, 60. Diagram illustrating method of determining XXVII, 23. Dipping vat, V, 283. Echium vulgare, I, pl. viii. Epilobium angustifolium, I, 57. cubie contents Fumigating box, showing trays and coleus cuttings, XX VII, 21. Girdled trees, XX VIII, 32. Hand sprayer, XX VII, 41. parts of, XX VII, 41. 4991—No. 36—02 2 of greenhouses, it CO Hopperdozer, XXX, 19. Kalmia latifolia, I, 63. Lantern trap for insects, IX, 75. Lathyrus sylvestris wagneri, I, 59. Lime, sulphur, and salt wash, trees sprayed with, XXX, pl. i. Lime wash, trees sprayed with, XXX, pl. il. Medicago sativa, I, pl. iii. Meliotus alba, I, pl. v. Nozzle, greenhouse, XX VII, 42. Oil emulsions, device for preparing, VI, 94. Onobrychis sativa, I, pl. iv. Patterson tarred sheet, XXX, 18. Peas, saved by brush and cultivator, XX VI, pl. ii. pan, XX VI, pl. ii. spraying, XX VI, pl. i. with tobacco-whale-oil soap, XX VI, pl. i. Polygonum sachalinense, I, 61. Prosopis juliflora, I, pl. vii. Pyrus malus, I, 63. Spruce, dead, XX VIII, pl. xiv. infested with plant lice and caterpillars, XXVIII, pl. xiii. of Maine, XX VIII, pl. i. Trifolium hybridum, I, pl. x. incarnatum, I, pl. ix. Vicia villosa, I, 61. Violet house prepared for fumigation, XX VII, 24. leaves showing injury by the greenhouse leaf tyer, XX VII, pl. i. “‘gallfly’’ larvee, X XVII, pl. iii. Violets showing injury by plant-lice, X XVI, pl. ii. GENERAL INDEX. [Roman numerals refer to number of bulletin.] Ablerus clisiocampze, parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. Acanthia columbarius, hirundinis, and pipistrelli, mention of, V, 159, 162. hirundinis, habits of, V, 161. inodora, habits of, V, 160. lectularius, bite of, IV, 36. life history of, IV, 37; V, 157. remedies against, IV, 37; V, 159. pipistrelli, in America, X VIII, 97. Acanthocinus nodosus, in pine, VII, 74. Acarus, feeding on Cicada eggs, XIV, 101. Acemyia dentata, parasite of Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 25. Acridium purpuriferarum, injurious to crops in South Africa, LX, 34. Adalia bipunctata, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX VI, 71. variation in, X VII, 59. destroying plant lice, XXX, 90. Adimonia tanaceti, attacking potatoes in Norway, IX, 80. AMthriostoma undulata, injuring wheat, VIII, 14. Agelceus phceniceus, eating larvze of cotton-wood leaf-miner, VII, 84. Agrilus, food plants of N. American species, X XII, 64. anxius, destructive to birch, X VIII, 44. injury by, XXII, 64. bilineatus, injury by, XXII, 66. killing chestnut trees, VII, 67. otiosus, injury by, XXII, 65. Agriotes lineatus, not common in Norway, IX, 79. mancus, XX VII, 77. obscurus, injuring cereal crops, IX, 79. Agromyza eneiventris, in sunflower, XX, 72. Alaus oculatus, in chestnut, VII, 71. Aletia argillacea, attracted to lights, X XX, 85. method of treatment in Texas, X VIII, 99. Allograpta obliqua, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX, 97; XXVI, 71. Allorhina mutabilis, damage by in Arizona, X XII, 104. nitida, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 55. injuring grapes in Georgia, XX, 57. tomatoes, IX, 42. violets, XX VII, 76. in 1900, XXX, 68. Alsophila pometaria, on Negundo in Canada, X XVI, 96. Amblyomma devium, notes on, XX VI, 47. hebrieum, life history of, XX VI, 41. unipunctata, habits of, V, 261. 19 Ambrosia, nature of, VII, 10. beetles, characters and habits of, VII, € injuries caused by, VII, 12. remedies for, VII, 13. American vines for Switzerland, X XII, 103. Amphicerus bicaudatus, an enemy of stored lumber, XIX, 98. infesting apple twigs in Georgia, XX, 58. Anabrus, abundant in southern Idaho in 1895, VII, 34. Anaphes gracilis, parasite of San Jose scale, III, 51; XX VI, Anarsia lineatella, abundant in Colorado, IX, 77; XX VI, 78. notes on, IX, 71. in California, XX VI, 92. notice of, IX, 54. Anasa armigera, account of, XIX, 28. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 56. in 1900, XXX, 67. tristis, damage by, in Georgia, XX, 59. life history of, XIX, 20. Anisopteryx vernata=Paleacrita. pometaria=Alsophila. Anistrona gigas, hosts of, V, 246. Anomeea laticlayia, note on, XXX, 84. Anomala binotata, injury by, in Maryland, X XVI, 84. marginata, injurious in Virginia, X XII, 108. undulata, stripping plum trees in Ohio, X VII, 98. Anopheles, distribution of species in United States, XXV, 44. quadrimaculatus, life history of, X XV, 32. Anthomyia brassicee, injuring cabbage in Norway, IX, 79. Anthonomus nigrinus, on eggplant, IX, 24. pomorum, attacking apple in Norway, IX, 80. signatus, damage by, VII, 78. in Maryland, VI, 65; IX, 81; XX, 64. Anthrenus scrophularize, feeding on vegetable matter, VIII, 14. habits of, IV, 58. remedies for, II, 38; IV, 59. varius, feeding on dried plant, VIII, 14. verbasci, feeding in ‘‘middlings,’’ II, 37. on vegetable substances, VIII, 22. in various foods, IV, 129. Ants, remedies against, IV, 98; X VIIT, 99; XXX, 97. cutting, in Texas, XXX, 85. Aonidia fusea, scale on peach in Australia, VII, 81. Apanteles carpatus, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 42. parasites of Tinea pellionella, LV, 66. ephestize, parasite of Ephestia kuehniella, VIII, 41. glomeratus, in 1900, XXX, 70. laphygmie, parasite of Laphygma frugiperda, X XIX, 36. Aphereta muscee, bred from dead grasshoppers, VI, 92. pallipes, parasite of Helicobia helicis,,X XX, 26. Aphelinus fuscipennis, parasite of San Jose scale, II], 51; VI, 47; XX VI, 73. mytilaspidis, parasite of Mytilaspis pomorum, XX VI, 95. San Jose scale, III, 51; NX VI, 73. Aphidide, abundant in Canada after severe winter, IX, 19. Colorado in 1897, IX, 78. — 2 (oO. 21 Aphidide, effect of hot weather on, IX, 19. scarcity of, in the Tropics, IX, 19. Aphidius fletcheri, parasite of Nectarophora destructor, X XIII, 36. washingtonensis, bred from Nectarophora destructor, XX VI, 70. Aphis brassice, abundant in Maryland in 1897, IX, 81. in Colorado, XX VI, 79. not abundant in Georgia, XX, 59. forbesi, destructive in Maryland, XX, 66. gossypii, abundant on cantaloupe, IX, 81. damage by, in Maryland, VI, 65; XX, 65; XXVI, 82. injurious in Georgia, XX, 59. in 1900; XXX, 71. mali, attacking apples in Norway, IX, 80. killed by hydroeyanic-acid gas, X VII, 42. scarcity of, in New York, VI, 54. unusually abundant in Maryland, X XVI, 80. work of, in Delaware, X XVI, 67. persicze, in Massachusetts, XXX, 98. persicee-niger, abundant in Maryland in 1897, IX, 81. prunicola, abundant in Maryland, XVII, 98. killed by hydrocyanic-acid gas, XVII, 42. on peach in Maryland, X XVI, 84. rare in Maryland, XX, 66. rosee, injuring roses in Norway, LX, 80. ulmare, injurious in Egypt, X XIJ, 100. Aphodius granarius, on violets, XX VII, 83. Aphycus flavus, parasite of Pulvinaria acericola, X XII, 23. hederaceus, parasite of Pulvinaria acericola, X XII, 23. pulvinariz, hosts of, VI[, 63. parasite on plum scale, IT, 90. Apiary, establishing an, I, 35. Apiculture, books relating to, I, 118. Apion segnipes, bred from seeds of Tephrosia spicata, VII, 85. Apis dorsata, I, 13. florea, I, 13. indica, I, 12. mellifica, I, 15. in Porto Rico, XXII, 90. Apoderus coryli, injuring Alnus in Norway, IX, 80. Arvecerus fasciculatus, habits and life history of, VIII, 36. in groceries, IV, 129. Aramigus fulleri, account of, XX VII, 88. in the Hawaiian Islands, XXX, 88. Archenomus bicolor, parasite of Diaspis pentagona, X VII, 101. Archytas analis, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 61. Arctia nais, on violets, X X VII, 82. Argas americana, pest of chickens, V, 256. moubata, mention of, V, 256. persicus, mention of, V, 256. notes on, XXVI, 48. reflexus, parasite on pigeons, V, 255. talaje, mention of, V, 256. Argynnis (species), on violets, X XVII, 79. Armadillidium armadillo, on violets, XX VII, 82. 22 Arphia tenebrosa, abundant in Montana in 1895, VIT, 33. Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. Aulacaspis rosee, X VIT, 100. Arsenate of barium, value as an insecticide, VI, 27. lead, an improvement in manufacture of, XX, 102. preparation and use of, IX, 46. value as insecticide, II, 24, 61, 67. Arsenic, amount of on a sprayed apple, VI, 55. Arsenicals and lime, value of, IX, 63. effect of, on foliage and larvie, VI, 30. Arsenite of copper, as an insecticide, II, 25; XVII, 98. Asecodes albitarsis, parasite of Magdalis eenescens, X XII, 43. Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, parasite of San Jose scale, III, 51; XXVI, 73. Aspidiotus eesculi, notice of, VI, 76. ancylus, in Colorado, XX V1, 7S. Georgia, ¥X VI, 50. Massachusetts, X VII, 64. on oak in Illinois, VI, 76. original home-of, XX, 39. aurantii, cause of russetness on oranges, VI, 76. damage by, in South Africa, IX, 36. camellize, found on trees from New Zealand, VI, 76. in Georgia, XX VI, 51. comstocki, characters and habits of, VI, 74. cydoniz, in Georgia, XX VI, 50. fernaldi, in Massachusetts, X VII, 64. ficus, in Georgia, X XVI, 50. forbesi, effect of cold on, XX, 85. habits of, and damage by, VI, 74. in Georgia, XX VI, 49. Massachusetts, X VII, 64. West Virginia, XVII, 45. on apple, pear, and cherry trees, IX, 85. parasites of, VI, 75. hederz, in Georgia, X XVI, 50. effect of cold on, XX, 84. on plants in greenhouse, VI, 76. juglans-regizé, common on silver maple, V1, 76. in Georgia, XX V1, 50. New York, VI, 60. nerii=hedere. obscurus, in Georgia, XX VI, 50. osborni, in Georgia, XX VI, 50. ostreszeformis, account of, XX, 76. perniciosus, bibhography of, III, 74; XII, 27. cooperation for control of, VI, 80. deseription of, IL, 46. distinguished from allied scales, NIT, 11. effect of cold on, XX, 82. food plants of, III, 37; XII, 12. fungous disease of, III, 54; IX, 27. German edict against introduction of, NII, 26. in 1896-7, XII. 2a) . Aspidiotus perniciosus, in Alabama, III, 17. Arizona, III, 17. Australia, VII, 81. British Columbia, III, 31 California, III, 12, 18; XX VI, 92. Canada, IX, 29. Connecticut, X VII, 81. Delaware, III, 18. Florida, III, 19. Georgia, Ill, 20; XX VI, 49: Idaho, III, 21. Indiana, III, 21. Louisiana, III, 22. Maryland, III, 24; VI, 64; IX, 82; XX, 66. Massachusetts, III, 23; X VII, 63. Michigan, IX, 27. New Jersey, III, 27; XVII, 32. New Mexico, III, 28. News Mork. ln 27: Ohio; ELD, 285) EX 39: Oregon, III, 29. Pennsylvania, III, 29. southeastern New York, VI, 59; XVII, 22. the East, III, 12. Virginia, IIT, 30. Washington, ITI, 31. West Virginia, III, 31; VI, 71; XVII, 44. legislation against, VI, 82; XIII. life history of, II, 38. means of distribution, II], 49. natural enemies of, III, 51; XII, 14. on crab grass, IX, 82. dried fruit, X VIII, 7. milkweed, IX, 82. original home of, IIT, 10; XX, 36. relation of climate to spread of, III, 33; XII, 13. remedies for, in East, III, 61; XII, 16. West, III, 56. sources of infestation, III, 14. spring applications for, NX VI, 23. work against, in Maryland, XX VI, 83. Ohio, VI, 69. rose. See Aulacaspis. tenebricosus, in Georgia, X XVI, 50. ulmi, notice of, VI, 76. uyze, in Georgia, XX VI, 50. Association of Economie Entomologists, objects of, XX VI, 5. proceedings of, II; VI; IX; NOViT Tih SNORE: DORWALE Atimia confusa, injuring rustic cedar fences, XXX, 92. Atropates collinsi, a parasite of Pulvinaria innumerabilis, XXII, 15. Atropos divinatoria, damage to books and household goods, IV, 80. Atta insularis, habits of, XXII, 107. Attagenus pellio, feeding on vegetable matter, VIII, 14. 24 Attagenus piceus, description of, VIII, 18. effect of alternation of temperature on, IX, 19. experiments with cold on, VI, 16. feeding on flour, meal, and timothy seed, IT, 37; VIII, 15. habits of, IV, 61. history of, in America, VIII, 17. injuring bolting cloth, II, 37; VIII, 16. in cercals, LV, 129. remedies for, IV, 63. Aulacaspis rose, in (reorgia, XX VI, 51. Towa, VI, 79. injuring raspberry and blackberry, VI, 77 Bacillus insectorum, infesting the chinch bug, XV, 51. Baterial disease of grasshoppers in Colorado, VI, 89. Beeotomus subapterus, parasite of Hessian fly, XVI, 32. Bassus leetorius, parasite of Allograpta obliqua, X XV Leva: Nectarophora destructor, XX, 98. Bathythrix pimple, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Batrachedra rileyi, bred from cotton bolls and from corn, VIII, 33. Bee, Carniolan, I, 17. colonies, increase of, I, 95. common honey, I, 15. Cyprian, I, 15. German, I, 18. Indian eler els Italian, Je 1G: Bees, as cross fertilizers, I, 62. colonies of, I, 19. diseases and enemies of, I, 112. drone, I, 30. manipulating, I, 51, 69. moving of, I, 37. pasturage of, I, 56. products of, I, 21 robber, I, 116. wintering of, I, 106. worker, I, 29. Belostoma americanum, hibernation of, XXII, 108. : Bird lice, general habits and remedies, V, 189. Birds, eating Dendroctonus, XXVIII, 25. that feed on hairy caterpillars, XX, 92. See Insectivorous birds. Bisulphide of carbon, fumigating with, XNN, 78 Bittacus pilicornis, catching flies, VII, 86 Black flies, general account of, V, 31 Black fly =Simulium molestum. Black holes, what they are, VII, 9 Blastophaga grossorum, notes on, XX, 29. in California, present condition of, XX VI, 16. Blastothrix longipennis, hosts of, VIT, 63. Blissus doriz, habits of, in Europe, XV, 75. leucopterus, condition of, in Ohio in 1897, IX, 3° damage by, in New York, VI, 59. distribution of, XV, €6. Blissus leucopterus, enemies of, XV, 39 food plants of, XV; aie full account of, XV. in Ohio, II, 87; VI, 18, 66; XX, 55. the northeastern United States and Canada, VI, 25. insects mistaken for, XV, 64. notes on, in Iowa, VI, 78 on city lawns, X VIII, 97. origin and distribution of, IX, 30; XV. remedies for, XV, 54. Blister beetle, new name for, X XII, 107. Boarmia plumigeraria, life history of, VII, 64. Bombyx rubi, injuring larch in Norway, IX, 80. Boophilus bovis, history of, V, 257. life history of, V, 258. prevention and remedy, V, 260. relation to Texas fever, V, 260. Bordeaux mixture and kerosene emulsion, XXX, 37 Bot flies, general habits of, V, 72. larvee of, V, 72. Botis harveyana = Phlycteenia rubigalis, XX VII, 9 Botys marculenta = Loxostege obliteralis, X X VII, 103. oblunalis = Phlycteenia rubigalis, X XVII, 9. Brachyrhynchus granulatus, mistaken for chinch bug, IX, 41. Brachysticta fidize, parasite on eggs of Fidia viticida, VI, 69 Brachytarsus alternatus, breeding in corn and peas, VIII, 51. reared from galls on Ipomcea, X VII, 100. variegatus, in stored wheat, VIII, 31. Bracon brevicornis, parasite on Ephestia kuehniella, VIII, 40. eurygaster, probable parasite of Elaphidion villosum, XVIII, 40. parasite of Neoclytus erythrocephalus, VII, 72. hebetor, parasite of Ephestia cahiritella, VIII, 39. elutella, VIII, 40. kuehniella, VIII, 38; XX, 67 Galleria mellinella, VIII, 48 Plodia interpunctella, VIII, 40. mellitor, parasite of Steganoptycha sp., X XVI, 69. rugator, parasite of Lixus mucidus, X XIII, 69. simplex, parasite of Dendroctonus piceaperda, XX VITT, 24. Bran-arsenic mash, use of, against grasshoppers, XXX, 96. Braula, the bee-louse, I, 115. British-American laws against injurious insects, XIII, 44. Brochymena annulata, increase in Ohio, II, 90. Bruchophagus funebris, bred from clover seed, VI, 73; N VII, 45. Bruchus chinensis, habits of, in cowpea, VIII, 26. obsoletus, bred from seeds ot Tephrosia spicata, VII, 85. obtectus, as a household insect, 1V, 128. development of, VIII, 29. on cowpea, VIII, 29. pisorum, as a household insect, IV, 128. note on Canada, XX VI, 95. quadrimaculatus, habits of, in cowpea, VIII, 27. Bryobia pratensis, abundant in Colorado, XX V1, 79. habits of, 1V, 52 Bryobia pratensis, remedies for, IV, 52. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, not abundant in New York, VI, 54. Buffalo gnats, general account of, V, 31. life history of, V, 33. losses from, V, 32. preventives against, V, 36. remedies for, V, 37. Bumble bees, relation to red clover, VI, 73. Buyalus piniarius, injuring pine in Norway, IX, 80. Buprestid larva destructive to living white pine, X VII, 47. Butterflies, scarcity of, in New York, VI, 55. Byturus tomentosus, mention of, VIII, 14. unicolor, mention of, VIII, 14. on raspberry buds in New York, X VIu, 17. Caccecia argyrospila, damage by, in Colorado, X XVI, 78. injuring roses, XX VII, 88. cerasivorana, oviposition of, XX VI, 33. excessana, dangerous apple pest of New Zealand, VII, 82. parallela, on roses, XX VIT, 114. responsa, dangerous apple pest of Australia, VII, 82. rosaceana, damage to apple trees in New York, VI, 57. destructive in Canada, XX VI, 94. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 57. in Delaware, X XVI, 68. injuring roses, XX VII, 87. in 1900, XXX, 68. rosana, injuring roses, XX VII, 88. semiferana, notes on, in Colorado, XX VI, 77. Calandra granaria, in foods, IV, 128. oryza, in foods, IV, 128. Calcium carbide against Phylloxera, XXX, 95. California laws against injurious insects, XIII, 9. wash, experiments with, against San Jose scale, III, 71. Callidium sereum, on chestnut, VII, 72. janthinum, an enemy of red cedar, X XI, 21. injuring rustic cedar fences, XN XN, 91. Calliphora erythrocephala, found in houses, LV, 44. vomitoria, habits of, V, 123. Calosoma calidum, destroying cutworms, VI, 68. preying on Laphygma frugiperda, X XIX, 36. Calotermes castaneus, note on, XXX, 96. Camnula pellucida, abundant in Wyoming in 1895, VII, 33. Campodes flavicornis, on violets, X XVII, 82. Canarsia hammondi, in Ohio, XX, 72. Cankerworms, abundant in Ohio, XX, 68. Caprifig experiments in California, XX, 28. Carbide, use of calcium, XXX, 95. Carcelia leucanize, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 42. Carneades insignata, injuring onions in Ohio, XX V1, 85. tessellata, injuring onions in Ohio, XX VI, 85. Carpocapsa pomonella, account of investigation in _ Idaho, XXX, 51. attacking apples in Norway, IX, 80. damage to apples and pears in Maryland, VI, 65. in Colorado, XX VI, 77. 270 Carpocapsa pomonella, notes on, in California, XX VI, 92, 96. Carpophilus hemipterus, in dried fruits, IV, 129. Cathartus advena, in stored foods, IV, 129. Catocala moestosa, eaten by squirrels, XXX, 94. Caulophilus latinasus, feeding on Indian corn and ‘‘ Spanish peas,’’ VIII, 30. Cecidomyia brachyptera, injuring pine in Norway, IX, 80. brassicze, eating turnip sceds in England, IX, 26. destructor, account of, in the United States, X VI. appearance in Iowa, VI, 79. bibliography of, XVI, 48. damage by, in Manitoba, XX VI, 95. Maryland, XVII, 94; XX, 65; X XVI, 82. Ohio, IT, 85; XX, 6°; X XVI, 84. distribution of, XVI, 10: enemies of, X VI, 27. food plants of, X VI, 25. infesting barley in Norway, IX, 79. life history of, XVI, 14. remedies for, X VI, 41. sp., on Negundo, X XVI, 96. Cecidomyiid, gall of, on choke cherry, VI, 57. Cemiostoma coffeella = Leucoptera. Cenopsis pettitana, on roses, X XVII, 88. recticulatana, on roses, XX VII, 88. Cephenomyia sp., infesting deer, V, 105. Ceratitis capitata, injuring peaches in South Africa, IX, 36. Ceratopogon sp., rarity of, in New York, VI, 55. Cerocephala elegans, parasite of Calandra oryze, VIII, 44. Sitodrepa panicea, VIII, 45. formiciformis, probably = C. elegans, VIII, 45. Cerococcus quercus, abundance and probable value of, IX, 39. Ceroplastes ceriferus, use of, IX, 39. cirripediformis, in Georgia, X X VI, 53. floridensis, mention of, IX, 39. Cerotoma caminea = ©. trifurcata. trifurcata, abundant in Georgia, XX, 56. damage by, in Maryland, XX VI, 81. effect of cold winter on, X XIT, 58. habits and life history of, IX, 64. injuring wax and lima beans, IX, 84. observations on, X XIII, 30. in 1900, XXX, 69. Cetonia metallica, attacking potatoes in Norway, IX, 80. Ceuthorhynchus, food habits of, X XIII, 50. assimilis, eating turnip seeds in England, IX, 26. rape, account of, X XIII, 39. damage to cabbage, II, 90. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. Cheetoenema confinis, injuring corn, IX, 22. denticulata, abundant on barnyard grass, IX, 22. injuring millet, XVII, 84. parcepunctata, feeding on corn, IX, 22. pulicaria, injuring corn, IX, 22. millet, X VII, 84. 28 Cheetocnema pulicaria, injuring young corn, IX, 81. Cheetogeedia monticola, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. Cheetospila=Cerocephala, VIII, 44. Chaitophorus negundinis, damage by, in Canada, X XVI, 96. Chalcis ovata, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Chelymorpha argus, feeding on sweet potato, IX, 23. on strawberry in Ohio, XVII, 99. Chermes abietis, in West Virginia, X VII, 46. Chilocorus biyulnerus, feeding on San Jose scale, III, 53; VI, 47. Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. Myzus sp., XX VI, 68. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, X XII, 12. Chiloneurus albicornis, hosts of, VII, 63. parasite of Pulvinaria acericola, X XII, 23. Chion cinctus, bred from plum, XIX, 97. Chionaspis americana, characters of, and habits, VI, 77. in Georgia, XX VI, 52. new localities for, XX VI, 84. biclavis, in Mexico, on lime tree, VII, 87. euonymi, in Georgia, XX VI, 52. killed by hydrocyanic-acid gas, X VII, 42. furfurus, broods of, VI, 77. common in West Virginia, VI, 72. in Georgia, XX VI, 51. two-brooded in Maryland, XX, 67. nysse, in Georgia, XX VI, 52. pinifoliz, destructive in Illinois, VI, 77. prunicola, a synonym of Diaspis pentagona, X VII, 65. salicis, mention of, VI, 77. Chiropachys colon, parasite of Magdalis zeenescens, X XII, 48. Scolytus rugulosus, XIX, 97. Chloéaltis viridis, damage by, in Mississippi, X XX, 29. Chlorochara conica, habits of, X XII, 99. Chlorops assimilis, injuring millet, XVII, 86. pumilionis, attacking wheat in Norway, IX, 79. Chorioptes auricularum, mention of, V, 264. symbiotes, parasite of horse, ox, and goat, V, 264. Chortophaga viridifasciata, damage by, in Mississippi, XXX, 29. Chramesus icorie, in walnut in Ohio, XX, 72. reared from walnut, X VII, 100. Chremylus rubiginosus, parasite on Ephestia kuehniella, VIII, 40. of Tinea granella, VIII, 45. Chrysobothris femorata, bred from seasoned hickory, XVII, 46. damaging quilts, X VIII, 100. on chestnut, VII, 71. _ 6-signata, on chestnut, VII, 71. Chrysomela exclamationis, feeding on sunflower, X VIII, 96. Chrysopa oculata, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX, 98; X XVI, 71. Chrysops costatus, V, 70. fugax, V, 70. hilaris, destroyed by kerosene, XX, 25. niger, V, 70. quadrivittatus, V, 70. univittatus, V, 70. 29 Chryfops vittatus, V, 69. Cicada septendecim, account of, XIV. as an article of food, XIV, 72. bibliography of, XIV, 119. Brood XV in West Virginia, X VII, 48. XIX in New York, XX, 62. distribution of, XIV, 23. Dr. Gideon B. Smith’s chronology of, XIV, 142. huts of, XIV, 63. in Ohio in 1897, IX, 40. life history of, XIV, 61. natural enemies of, XIV, 95. nomenclature of broods of, X VIII, 52. races, broods, and varieties of, XIV, 12. remedies for, XIV, 107. song of, XIV, 57. sting of, XIV, 59. structure of, XIV, 50. value of old records, X VIII, 59. tredecim, relation to Cicada septendecim, XIV, 12. Cimex lectularius = Acanthia. Cladium pectinicornis, on rose, XX VII, 100. Clausicella tarsalis, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 42. Cleigastra armillata, work of, in Norway, IX, 79. Clisiocampa americana, abundance of, in New Hampshire, X VII, 76. birds that feed on larvee of, XX, 89. common in Maryland, XX VI, 80. injurious in New York, XVII, 20. not abundant in New York, VI, 54. parasites of, X VII, 77. disstria, damage by, in New Hampshire, X VII, 77. injurious in New York, X VII, 20; XX, 60. in sugar-maple groves, X VII, 78. Clothes moths, a new remedy for, XXII, 106, species of, IV, 64. remedies for, IV, 68. Coccidee, distribution of, II, 91. of Georgia, list of, XX VI, 49. Massachusetts, X VII, 61. Porto Rico, X XII, 92. on American fruit imported into Germany, XXII, 79. regarding Australian and New Zealand species, VII, 81. temperature control of, XX, 73, 82. their enemies in California, VI, 46. Coccinella 9-notata, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX, 97; XX VI, 71. sanguinea, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX VI, 71. Coccinellidze, value of, against scale insects, VI, 48. Coccophagus cognatus, hosts of, VII, 63. flavoscutellum, parasite of Pulvinaria innumerabilis, X XII, 15. on plum scale, LI, 89. fletcheri, hosts of, VII, 63. fraternus, parasite of Pulvinaria acericola, XXII, 23. gossypariz, parasite of Gossyparia ulmi, X VII, 63. iecanii, parasite of Pulvinaria innumerabilis, XXII, 15. 30 Coccophagus lecanii, parasite on plum scale, II, 90 Cockroaches, distribution and history of, IV, 85. habits and life history of, IV, 86. in South Australia, X XITJ, 95. remedies for, IV, 93. species of, LV, 90. Ccenosia solita, preying on Sciara inconstans, XX VII, 112. Colaspis brunnea, damaging potatoes, IT, 90. eating foliage of beans, IX, 21. injuring strawberries, beans, and buckwheat, XX, 63; XX VI, 90. injurious to corn, XX, 71. tristis=Nodonota puncticollis. Cold, amount necessary against household insects, VI, 14. effect of, on insects, X XII, 51. winters, effect of, X NIT, 54. Coleophora fletcherella, scarcity of, in New York, VI, 54. Colias czesonia, migration of, VII, 84. Collections, improvement of, II, 92. Colopha ulmicola, abundant in Maryland, XX, 65. Colorado laws against injurious insects, XIII, 11. Colpocephalum assimile, hosts of, V, 240. flavescens, hosts of, V, 246. funebre, host of, V, 247. fuscipes, host of, V, 246. laticeps, host of, V, 247. longicaudum, hosts of, V, 214, 246. minutum, parasite of the swan, V, 215. ochraceum, host of, V, 246. pingue, host of, V, 247. pustulosum, host of, V, 246. subpachygaster, host of, V, 246. timidum, host of, V, 247. unciferum, host of, V, 246. uniforme, host of, V,-247. Colydium lineola, in galleries of Xyleborus xylographus, VII, 26. Comastes robustus, probably parasitic on Melissodes, VII, 86. Common names of insects, X XVI, 97. Compsomyia macellaria, account of, V, 124. as a pest to domestic animals, V, 128. man, V, 125. life history of, V, 150. remedies for, V, 132. Conorhinus protractus, in Utah, X VIII, 101. sanguisuga, bite of, IV, 59, 41. habits of, V, 163; X XII, 28. life history of, IV, 40. remedies against, IV, 42. Conotrachelus elegans, on pigweed, XVIII, 94. nenuphar, abundant in Delaware, XX VI, 67. bred from cherries, LX, 45. damage to peaches, VI, 65. in Maryland, IX, 82; XX, 64; XX VI, 83. posticatus, bred from acorns of white oak, IX, 44. Contagious diseases, parasites as carriers of, V, 19. 31 Cooperation among experiment-station workers, II, 10. Copidosoma truncatella, parasite of Prodenia ornithogalli, X X VII, 71. Corcyra cephalonica, in dried fruits, VIII, 10. Coriscus ferus, attacking Leptoterna dolobrata, IX, 41. subcoleoptratus, habits of, X XII, 26. Corthylus columbianus, habits of, VII, 17. punctatissimus, habits of, VII, 16. Coruco= Acanthia inodora. Corydalis cornuta, common names of, VII, 82. Corymbites tarsalis, injuring apples in Canada, XX VI, 94. Corythuca arcuata, injuring quince, X VIII, 101. Cosmopepla carnifex, attacking mustard, X VITI, 100. Cotton-field insects, X VIII, 85. Cowpea, weevils in, VIII, 24. Crambus caliginosellus, an enemy of tobacco, XX, 99; XX VI, 83. damage by, in Maryland, XVII, 98; XX, 62. injuring young corn, IX, 84. sp., abundant in northern Ohio, II, 85. Crayfish, carbon bisulphide for, II, 98. Crepidodera rufipes, injuring peach in Maryland, XX VI, 84. note on, XXX, 84. Cricket, song of, IV, 54. Crickets, damage by house, IV, 55. Crioceris asparagi, found in West Virginia, X VII, 45. hibernation of, VI, 62. in Maryland, VI, 65; XX, 67; X XVI, Michigan, X VIII, 94. New York, VI, 59; XX, 62. 1900, XXX, 69. spread of, in Ohio, VI, 67; XX, 71. westward spread of, IX, 41. 12-punctata, in Maryland, VI, 65; X XVI, 81. near New York City, XXII, 107. spread of, in New Jersey, VI, 62. New York, XX, 61. 1900, XXX, 69. Cryptoleemus montrouzieri, used against Pulvinaria psidii in Hawaii, VI, 49. Cryptomeigenia theutis, parasite of white grub, XIX, 79. Cryptorhynchus bisignatus, on chestnut, VII, 71. obtentus, on chestnut, VII, 71. Crystal potash lye, experiments with, against San Jose scale, III, 70. Ctenochiton perforatus, notes on, VII, 81. Culex, distribution of species in the United States, XX V, 30. impiger, note on, X XV, 29. pungens, life history of, IV, 10; V, 26; XXV, 22. sollicitans, notes on, X XV, 28. teeniatus, note on, XXV, 29. Culicidz of the United States, XXV. See Mosquitoes. Cuterebra buccata, notice of, V, 110. cuniculi, infesting rabbits, V, 109. emasculator, infesting squirrels, V, 105. fontinella, notice of, V, 110. horripilum=cuniculi. 32 Cutworms, destroyed by Calosoma calidum, VI, 68. in Ohio, II, 85. very common in 2 irginia, VI, 72. Cyanide of potassium, use of, IT, Cyllene picta, bred from Osage orange wood, IX, 42. seasoned hickory, XVII, 46. Cyrtoneura stabulans, bred from dead Hakone: Wil92: found in houses, IV, 44. Cyrtoneurus mutabilis, puncturing the tubers of chufas, VII, 86. Cyrtophorus verrucosus, on chestnut, VII, 7 Cytodites nudus, parasite of chicken, V, 263. Dactylopius adonidum, outbreak of, in New eae ae 81 citri, killed by Oreus ceeruleus, X VITI, iceryoides, should be D. aurilanatus, in cae VII, 82. sacchari, in Porto Rico, XXII, 89. sp., on pear roots, XX, 63. virgatus, on violets, XX VII, 79. Dacus cucurbite, injury by, in Hawaiian Islands, X XII, Dakruma coccidivora, feeding on Pulvinaria innumerabilis, X XII, 12. Dasyllis tergissa, feeding on honey bee, XXII, 103. note on, XXX, 84. Datana integerrima, defoliating trees in Maryland, XX, 65. Demodex folliculorum, habits of, V, 274. Dendroctonus brevicomis, injury to yellow pine, X XJ, 13, 20, 26. frontalis, destroying coniferous trees, VII, 67. piceaperda, habits and work of, XXVIII, 17. means against, XXVIII, 42. rufipennis, in New Hampshire, X VII, 67. not certainly this species in New Hampshire, XVIII, 96. similis, on red fir and larch, X XI, 10, 15, 21. sp., infesting tide-land spruce, X XJ, 15. injurious to sugar pine, X XI, 14. terebrans, injurious to many pines, X- XI, 14. Dendroides canadensis, in chestnut, VII, 71 Dendrolene, use against elm-leaf beetle, VI, 45. See Raupenleim. Dermacentor americanus, habits of, V, 261. reticulatus, mention of, V, 262. Dermanyssus avium, habits of, V, 253. gallinee, habits of, and remedies for, V, 2 Dermatobia cyaniventris, taken from arm ofa sailor, VII, 86. See (Estris hominis. noxialis. See GEstris hominis. Dermestes chinensis, damaging books, VIII, 14. lardarius, burrowing in cork and wood, VIII, 14. damage by, IV, 107. remedies for, IV, 108. vulpinus, burrowing in cerk and wood, VIII, 14. experiments with cold on, VI, 16. Dermestide, granivorous habits of, VIII, 14. herbivorous, habits of, II, 36 Diabrotica 12-punctata, XX, 57. injuring millet, X VII, 86. observations on, XX VI, 35. 33 Diabrotica longicornis, spread of, in Ohio, XX, 69. trivittata, food habits of, XIX, 51. vittata, abundant in Maryland, IX, 81; X XVI, 83. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 58. egg of, XIX, 48. especially injurious to melons, XX, 66. in Colorado, XX VI, 80. methods of controlling, XIX, 49. Diacanthus eeneus, injuring cereal crops in Norway, IX, 79. ~Diaprepes abbreviatus, injuring guava, XXX, 97. Diaspis amygdali = pentagona. cacti, in Georgia, X XVI, 51. pentagona, in Georgia, XX VI, 51. Massachusetts, X VII, 64. Ohio, X VIL, 101. experiments In spraying, XXX, 33. rose. See Aulacaspis. Diatreea saccharalis, abundant in Maryland, XVII, 93. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 56. in cornstalks in Georgia, XX, 58. 1900, XXX, 68. injury by, in Porto Rico, X XII, 89. striatalis, synonym of Proceras sacchariphagus, X VIII, 90. in sugar cane, X VIII, 90. Dibrachys boucheanus, parasite of Orgyia leucostigmu, IX, 16. Dictyophorus reticulatus, damage by, in Mississippi, XXX, 28. Diglochis omniyora, parasite of brown-tail moth, X VII, 28. Dinoderus substriatus, destructive to tan bark, XX, 107. Diplosis pyrivora, damage by, in Maryland, IX, 82. rosivora, destroying rosebuds, X XII, 44. sorghicola, a new species on sorghum, XVIII, 81. tritici, abundant in Ohio, XX, 69. in Canada, XX VI, 96. violicola, injuring violets, X XII, 48; XX VII, 47. Disease, flies carrying, XXX, 39. Disonycha caroliniana, living on purslane, X VIII, 83. quinquevittata, swarming in Arizona, X VIII, 100. migration of, XXX, 97. triangularis, injuring beets in Ohio, VI, 68. xanthomelena, habits and life history of, XIX, 80. in 1900, XXX, 69. Dissosteira carolina, abundant in Montana in 1895, VII, 33. damage by, in Mississippi, XXX, 29. longipennis, abundant in Colorado in 1895, VII, 31, Nebraska in 1896, VII, 36. obliterata, abundant in Montana in 1895, VII, 33. Distribution of insects, I], 91. parasites, V, 17. Docophorus acutipectus, host of, V, 223. agelaii, description of, VI, 220. atricolor, host of, V, 223. bassanze, host of, V, 217. bisignatus, host of, V, 217. bubonis, description and host of, V, 219. 4991—No. 36—02 5) Docophorus buteonis, hosts of, V, 218. calvus, host of, V, 228. ceblebrachys, hosts of, V, 216. coceygi, description and host of, V, 222. colymbinus, hosts of, V, 217. communis, host of, V, 216. compar, host of, V, 217. corvi, description and host of, V cursor, host of, V, 216. cygni, hosts of, V, 217. parasite of little red swan, V, fissiformis, host of, V, 217 fuliginosus, host of, V, 993, fusco-ventralis, description and host of, V, 221 graviceps, host of, V, 223. halieti, description and host of, V, 218. ictorodes, hosts of, V, 217. parasite of ducks and geese, V, 192. insolitus, host of, V, 223. kansensis, host of, V, 225. lari, hosts of, V, 217. melanocephalus, host of, V, 218. minuto-trabeculatus, description and host of, V, 221. montereyi, hosts of, V, 228. occidentalis, host of, V, mg pertusus, hosts of, V, 2 platystomus, hosts of, cn 216. quadraticeps, host of, V, 223. quiseali, description and host of, V, 219. rostratus, host of, V, 218. sialii, description and host of, V, 220. speotyti, description and host of, V sphenophorus, host of, V, 217. superciliosus, host of, V, 216. syrini, mention of, V, 219. testudinarius, hosts of, V, 217. Doryphora 10-lineata, abundant in Ohio in 1897, IX, 41. Maryland, VI, 65; common in Georgia, XX, on tobacco, IX, 41. juncta, in Georgia, XX, 57. XX, 68; XXVI, 81. Drasterius amabilis, enemy of Aramigus funeri, X XVII, 95. elegans, preying on white grub, XIX, 79. Drosophila amcena, injury to fruit, LV, 110. ampelophila, liable to carry disease, XXX, 42. damage to fruit, LV, Dryoceetes affaber, an enemy of tide-land spruce, X XI, 21. eranicollis, on chestnut, VII, 72. Dysdercus ruficollis, staining cotton in Peru, Farias insulana, injury by, in Egypt, XXII, 99. Echinophthirius setosus, parasite of the harbor seal, V, Echocerus cornutus, habits of, LV, 115. Economic entomology, conditions of, in 1897, IX, 5. evolution of, VI, 5 XXII, 100. 188. 35 Economic entomology, works on, XXIV, 83. Ectobia germanica, habits of, IV, 92. Elaphidion cinereum, lives in buttonwood, XVIII, 43. imbelle, lives in oak, XVIII, 43. inerme, habits of, XN VIII, 41. irroratum, in mangrove, X VIII, 43. mucronatum, food habits of, X VIII, 42. parallelum, abundance on maples, VI, 59. subpubescens, habits of, X VIII, 41. tectum, in stems of Yucca, X VIII, 43. unicolor, lives in redbud, X VIII, 43. villosum, habits of, X VIII, 35. injuring apple twigs, VI, 58. injurious in New York, XVII, 17. on roses, XX VIT, 101. Elasmopalpus lignosellus, account of, X XIII, 17. Elm leaf-miner, in New York, X VII, 21. Emory fumigator, XX, 43. Emphytus canadensis, injuring violets, XX VIT, 26. pallipes=E. canadensis, X X VII, 30. Empoasca mali, injurious to potatoes, VI, 79. viridescens, on potatoes, X VIII, 101. Empusa aphidis, affecting Nectarophora destructor, X X VI, 58, 59, 70, 88. infesting ehinch bugs, XV, 39. egryllii, destroying grasshoppers in Colorado in 1895, VII, 32, 38. South Africa, IX, 35. sphzerosperma, destroying Phytonomus punctatus, IX, 89; X XVI, 81. Empusina musce, destroying house flies, IV, 47. Encyrtus flayus, hosts of, VII, 63. johnsoni, parasite of Murgantia histrionica, XX VI, 21. sp., parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. England, some injurious insects of, IX, 26. Entedon epigonus, as enemy of Hessian fly, X VI, 38. hagenowl, parasite of Evania appendigaster, IV, 95. Entilia sinuata, habits of, XXX, 75. Entomologic service in New York, XX, 39 Entomology, a list of works on North American, XXIV. Entomophthora aphidis. See Empusa. phytonomi, destroying Phytonomus punctatus, XX VI, 96. 3 spheerosperma. See Empusa. Entomoscelis adonidis, in Canada, X XVI, 95. Entomosporium maculatum, resembling the San Jose scale, III, 37. Ephedrus incompletus, parasite of rose aphis, X VII, 46. Ephestia cahiritella, life history of, VIII, 8. infesting chocolate nuts, VIII, 7. in various dry foods, VIII, 8. calidella, feeds on dried figs, raisins, and currants, VIII, 10. desuetella=E. ficulella. elutella, injuring cayenne pepper, dried apples, and cacao beans, VIII, 9. ficella=E. calidella. . ficulella, in cotton cake, currants, and dried figs, VIII, 10. kuehniella, development of, VI, 85. in Canada, XX VI, 96. notes on, XX, 67. 36 Ephestia kuehniella, parasites of, VIII, 38. protracted development of, VI, 88. spread of, X XII, 97; XX VI, 82. passulella=E. cahiritella. semirufa=E. elutella. sp., in nuts and fruits, IV, 129. pressed figs, VIII, 10. roxburghii=E. elutella. xanthotricha=E. calidella. Ephialtes irritator, parasite of Liopus variegatus, VIT, 72. Epicerus imbricatus, effect of cold winter on, XXII, 59. life history of, XIX, 62. notes on, X XIII, 31. work of, in Maryland, XX VI, 82. in 1900, XXX, 68. Epicauta cinerea, damage by, in Maryland, VI, 65. lemniscata, injuring potato vines, beet tips, squash plants, and alfalfa, VII, 85. pennsylvanica, injuring China asters, VI, 72. trichrus, on sweet potato, IX, 25. vittata, damage by, in Ohio, XX, 70. injury by, in Maryland, XX VI, 83. Epilachna borealis, account of, XIX, 11. bibliography of, XIX, 18. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 58. food plants of, XIX, 15. Epilampra notabilis, injurious in South Australia, XXII, 95. Epitrix brevis, on Solanum nigrum, XIX, 90. cucumeris, destructive to young potatoes, IX, 81. note on, XIX, 89. fuscula, notes on, XIX, 87. in 1900, XXX, 68. parvula, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 55. injuring tobacco, LX, 81. life history of, XIX, 85. in 1900, XXX, 68. Ericerus pé-la, note of, IX, 39. Eriocampoides limacina, damage by, in Colorado, XX VI, injurious in New York, XVII, 17. Eriococeus azalese, on Rhododendron catawbiense in Ohio, XX VI, 90. neglectus, on Atroplex canescens, XX, 7. Euclea penulata, feeding on apple, XXX, 98. Euclemensia bassettella, parasite of oak Kermes, VI, 60. Eudemis botrana, injuring roses, X XVII, 88. notes on, XX, 71. Euderces picipes, on chestnut, VII, 72. Eugonia subsignaria, unusually destructive in Iowa, VI, 80. Euhzematopinus abnormis, parasite of the mole, V, 187. Eulophus cyriades, parasite of Penthina nimbatana, XX VII, 86. Eunotus lividus, parasite on plum scale, IT, 90. of Pulyinaria innumerabilis, X XII, 15. . Eupelmus allynii, parasite of Hessian fly, XVI, 34. xiphidii, parasite of Orchelimum agile, XXX, 31. Eupeodes volucris, feeding on plum lice, IX, 78. OQ oO. . 37 Euphoria inda, habits and grubs of, VI, 58. ~ life history of, XIX, 67. pest to peach crop, VI, 62. note on, XXX, 85. Euphorocera claripennis, parasite of Euproctis chrysorrhea, X VII, 28. Coelodasys unicornis, IX, 43. Epilachna borealis, XIX, 16. Orgvia leucostigma, IX, 16. 2 Melanoplus differentialis, X XX, 25. Euplectrus comstockii, parasite of Laphygma frugiperda, X XIX, 36. frontalis, parasite of Noctua c-nigrum, X XVII, 114. plathypenz, parasite of Plathypena scabra, X XX, 50. Eupogonius vestitus, on chestnut, VII, 72. Euproctis chrysorrhcea, account of, in Massachusetts, X VII, 24. birds that feed upon larvee of, XX, 88. in Massachusetts, XX VI, 75. Eupsalis minuta, destructive to stave timber, X VII, 47. Euptoieta claudia, on pansies, XX VII, 80. Eurymetopus brevis, mention of, V, 233. Eurytoma funebris=Bruchophagus. Euschistus variolarius, note on, XXX, 84. Euthyrhynchus floridanus, preying on Nezara hilaris, X XIT, 109. Eutrixa masuria, parasite of white grub, XIX, 79. Eyania appendigaster, parasite of cockroach eggs, IV, 95. Exartema permundana, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. on blackberry in Ohio, XX, 71. Exoascus cecidomophilus, associated with cecidomyiid on chokecherry, VI, 58. Exochus mansuetor, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 42. / Exorista blanda, parasite of Plathypena scabra, X XX, 50. griseomicans, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. hypenze, parasite of Hypena humulh, VII, 46. pyste, parasite of Hellula undalis, X XIII, 60. sp., parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 17. Falciger rostratus, parasite of pigeon, V, 262. Farm practice against insects, II, 17. Feltia herilis, abundance of laryze in Ohio, II, 85. Fidia viticida, condition of, in Ohio, in 1897, IX, 44. serious damage by, in Ohio, XX, 70. work of, in Ohio, VI, 69. damage by, in Illinois, X XX, 97. Fiorinia fiorinize, in Georgia, X XVI, 52. Fish, use of, to clear ponds of mosquito larvee, IV, 20; V, 29. Fish-oil soaps, experiments with, against San Jose scale, ITT, 68. use of, IT, 23. value as insecticides, VI, 38; XVII, 96. Flea-beetles, remedies for, XIX, 90. in California vineyards, XXX, 91. Fleas, general characters of, V, 141. remedies against, IV, 29. to rid cats of, XX X, 94. Flies, carriers of disease, V, 20; XXX, 39. Flour beetles, general characters of, IV, 112. Food insects, remedies for, IV, 129. Forests, insect enemies of, II, 75; X XI, 7. 38 Forest insects, remedies against, VII, 74. Formaldehyde gas, as an insecticide, IX, 62; XXX, 39. Foul brood, disease of bees, I, 112. laws against, XIII, 54. Frontina aletiz, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. frenchii, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Laphygma frugiperda, X XIX, 36. Fruit flies or vinegar flies, IV, 109. remedies for, IV,111. Fungous enemies of chinch bug, XV, 41. Gadflies, a remedy for, XX, 24. Galerucella cavicollis, nabits and history of, XIX, 90. injurious in New York, XVII, 20. on peach in Pennsylvania, X VIi, 23. luteola, abundance in Maryland, VI, 66; XX, 65. early spraying of, II, 58. in Albany; N. Y., IL, 5). Springfield, Mass., II, 40. Washington, D. C., II, 47. injurious in New York, XVII, 17; XX, 61. number of eggs laid by, X VII, 17. preference for English elms, II, 53. recommendations against, II, 55. second brood of, in Albany, N. Y., II, 51. spraying against, II, 41. trunk and crown washing against, VI, 36. Galleria mellinella, the wax moth, I, 113. Gargaphia angulata, feeding on beans, X XIII, 52. Gastrophilus equi, damage by, V, 77. in Delaware, XX VI, 67. life history and habits, V, 78. prevention of injuries, V, 82. remedies for the bots, V, 84. hemorrhoidalis, amount of injury by, V, 84. life history and habits of, V, 85. remedies for, V, 85. nasalis, habits of, V, 86. in Delaware, XX VI, 67. pecorum, notice of, V, 87. Gelechia piscipellis, a leaf-miner in tobacco, VII, 76. in Porto Rico, X XII, 89. solanella. See G. piscipellis. Geometrid larva, defoliating forest trees, X XI, 18. Georgia laws against injurious insects, XIII, 15. some insects of, XX, 56. Giant Cactus, fauna of, IX, 38. Giebelia mirabilis, host of, V, 236. Gipsy moth—Porthetria. Glossina morsitans, habits of, V, 133. Glypta erratica, parasite of Polygonia comma, VII, 51. Gnathotrichus asperulus, mention of, VII, 30. materiarius, habits of, VII, 30. retusus, mention of, VIT, 30. Gonia capitata, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. 39 Goniocotes abdominalis, mention of, V, 230. parasite of chickens, V, 195. burnettii, parasite of chickens, V, 194. chrysocephalus, parasite of the pheasant, V, 194. compar, host of, V, 230. parasite of the pigeon, V, 195. gigas=abdominalis. hologaster, mention of, V, 230. parasite of chicken, V, 192 rectangulatus, mention of, V, 230. parasite of the peacock, V, 194. Goniodes colchius, parasite of the pheasant, V, 197. cupides, host of, V, 231. damicornis, host of, V, 231. parasite of the pigeon, V, 195. dispar, host of, V, 230. dissimilis, parasite of chickens, V, 195. faleicornis, host of, V, 231. parasite of the peacock, V, 197. mephitidis, host of, V, 231. merriamanus, mention of, V, 231. minor, parasite of the pigeon, V, 196. ortygis, host of, V, 231. numidianus, ee 3 Guinea fowls, V, 195. stylifer, host of, V, 23 parasite of Poa V, 196: Goniops hippoboscoides, notice of, V, 71. Gossyparia ulmi, in Massachusetts, X VII, 62. Michigan, X VII, 66. New Jersey, VI, 62. New York, VI, 60. Grain beetles, general characters of, IV, 120. Graphisurus pusillus, in pine, VII, 74. Grapholitha prunivora, effect of cold winter on, X X11, 67. Graphops marcassitus, on strawberries, 1X, 82. Grasshoppers, disease of, in Colorado, VI, 89. insects reared from dead, VII, 92. investigation of 1895, VII, 31. investigations in 1896, VII, 36 nocturnal flight of, X XII, 106. in Mississippi, XXX, 7. the Philippines, XXX, 83. use of bran-arsenic mash against, XXX, 96. Greenhouse insects, killed by hydrocyanic-acid gas, X X11, 69. Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, in Porto Rico, X XII, 90. Gryllus abbreyiatus, eating tomato plants, X VII, 100. assimilis, in houses, IV, 53. domesticus, in houses in America, IV, 53. Gymnetron teter, on plum trees, X VII, 99; XX, 72. Gypsy moth=Porthetria dispar. committee, work of, XVI, 7 78. Gyronus gracilis, host of, V, 249. parasite of the Guinea pig, V, 215. oyalis, host of, V, 249. 40) Gyropus ovalis, parasite of Guinea pig, V, 216. Habrobracon hebetor=Bracon. Habrocytus rhodobeeni, parasite of Rhodobeenus 13-punctatus, XXIT, 104. Habrolepis dalmanni, introduced into this country, XVII, 14. Hadena devastatrix, abundant in Ohio, XX, 72. Hadrobracon hebetor. See Bracon. Hadronotus anas:e, parasite of Anasa tristis, NIX, 26. Harpalus erraticus, biting man, XXX, 90. Heematobia serrata, amount of injury by, V, 116. early and new appearances of, VIT, 86. habits and life history, V, 116. rapid spread of, V, 115. remedial measures, V, 120. Heematomyzus elephantis=proboscideus. proboscideus, parasite of the elephant, V, 188. Heematopinoides squamosus, parasite of pocket gopher, V, 187. Heematopinus acanthopus, parasite of the field mouse, V, 181. antennatus, parasite of the fox squirrel, V, 183. asini, parasite of horse, V, 180. bicolor=piliferus. brevicornis, parasite of the giratfe, V, 170. cameli, parasite of camel, V, 170. cervicapree = tibialis. crassicornis, parasite of deer, V, 170. erraticus, parasite of Larus?, V, 186. eurysternus, life history of, V, 174. parasite of ox, V, 172. remedies for, V, 175. hesperomydis, parasite of white-footed mouse, V, 184. leeviusculus, mention of, V, 186. montanus, parasite of the gray squirrel, V, 184. obtusus, parasite of a monkey, V, 169. pedalis, parasite of sheep, V, 170. piliferus, infesting dogs, V, 169. punctatus=tuberculatus. sciuropteri, parasite of flying squirrel, V, 182. spinulosus, parasite of the rat, V, 18°. stenopsis, parasite of goat, V, 170. suturalis, parasite of ground squirrels, V, 185. tibialis, parasite of antelope, 170. tuberculatus, parasite of buffalo, V, 177. urius, life history and remedies, V, 179. parasite of the hog, V, 178. yentricosus, parasite of the rabbit, V, 182. vituli, life history and remedies, V, 177. parasite of ox, V, 176. Heematopota pluvialis, habits of, V, 69. Hairy caterpillars, destroyed by birds, XX, 85. Haltica chalybea, very abundant in Maryland, XX, 65. ignita, account of, X XIII, 70. punctipennis, injuries by, in northern Colorado, IX, 78. Halticus bractatus, feeding on red clover, VI, 68. uhleri, damage by and food habits, XIX, 47. Harpalus caliginosus, injuring strawberries in Ohio, XX VJ, 89. 41 Harpalus caliginosus, noise of, XXII, 103. pennsylvanicus, notes on, X XII, 100. ruficornis, damaging strawberries in England, IX, 26. Harvest mites, habits of, V, 251. remedies for, V, 252. Helicobia helicis, bred from dead grasshoppers, VI, 92. parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 17. Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 25. Heliothis armiger, damage by, in Maryland, XVII, 94. to strawberry plants, VIT, 84. destructive in Georgia, XX, 58. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 56. injuring peaches in Ohio, IX, 41. in 1900, XXX, 67. rhexizw, on roses, X X-VIT, 101. Hellebore, against potato beetles on tomato, LX, 46. Hellula undalis, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 56. habits and life history, XIX, 51. notes on, XXII, 53. Hemiteles tine, parasite of Tinea granella, VIII, 43. Henous confertus, food plants of, X XIT, 108. Heterachthes eeneolus, boring in grapevines in Mexico, X VITI, 93. Heteropus ventricosus= Pediculoides. Hippelates flies, cause of sore eyes, VII, 86. flavipes, plebejus, and pusio, plague to animals, V, 134. Hippobosca bubonis=Olfersia americana. equina, attacking horses, V, 137. Hippodamia conyergens, attacking plum lice, LX, 78. feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX, 98: XXVI glacialis, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, X XVI 71. Hives, characters and parts of, I, 40. Homalodisea coagulata, note on, XXX, 95. Homalomyia brevis, liable to carry disease, XXX, 42. canicularis, found in houses, IV, 44. Homalotylus sp., ladybird parasite in California, VI, 48. Honey and pollen plants, list of, I, 65. extracting, I, 75. extractors, I, 49. plants, cultivation of, I, 59. production of, I, 22. Hop merchants, what they are, VII, 47. plant, insects affecting, VII, 40. Hoplia callipyge, injurious to roses, X X VIT, 96. trifasciata, injurious to cherry trees in Ohio, XVII, 98. Hoplismenus morulus, parasite of Polygonia interrogationis, VII, 49. Horseflies, habits of, V, 58. House ants, species of, IV, 96. flies, species of, LV, 48. and mosquitoes, X VII, 55. Household insects, effects of temperature on, VI, 13. Hyalomma egyptius and africanum, mention of, V, 262. note on XX VI, 44. Hyalopterus pruni, injuring plums and prunes in Colorado, IX, 78. Hydnocera verticalis, from willow, X VII, 99. 42 Hydrocyanic-acid gas, against San Jose scale, III, 59; XIT, 16; XVII, 39. for low-growing plants, XX VI, 60. in greenhouses, XXII, 69; XX VII, 20. * orchards, a new method of handling, XX, 43. value and use of, IX, 61; X XVI, 34. Hydreecia immanis, life history of, VII, 40. remedies for, VII, 43. margidens, boring in stems of Cosmos plants, IX, 83. Hylastinus obscurus, work of, in Canada, XX VI, 96. Hylesinus aspericollis, destructive to white alder, X XI, 16. Hylotrupes ligneus, injuring rustic cedar fences, X XX, 91. Hylurgops rugipennis, an enemy of tide-land spruce, X XI, 21. Hylurgus piniperda, injuring pine in Norway, IX, 80. Hypena humuli, life history of, VII, 44. Hyperacmus tineee, parasite of Tinea pellionella, LV, 66. Hyperaspis signata, beneficial work of, XX VI, 17. feeding on Pulvinaria acericola, X XII, 23. innumerabilis, X XII, 12. Hyperchiria io, abundance of, in Louisiana, X VIII, 99. Hypoderas columbee = Falciger rostratus. Hypoderma bovis, structure and characters, V, 95. lineata, life history, V, 98. possible case of myiasis by, X VIII, 97. structure and characters, V, 97. Hyponomeuta padi, injuring Prunus in Norway, IX, 80, variabilis, injuring Sorbus in Norway, IX, 80. Hypostena barbata, a parasite of Disonycha xanthomelena, XIX, 85. floridensis, parasite of Loxostege obliteralis, XX VII, 107. Icerya purchasi, in Portugal, X VII, 30. not in the Azores, VII, 87. Ichneumon capitus, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. comes, parasite of Noctua c-nigrum, X XVII, 59. maurus, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. Ichthyura apicalis, on poplar in Ohio, X VII, 99. Idaho, laws against injurious insects, XIII, 15. Importation of destructive insects, II, 79. Inoculation against insects, II, 16. Insect control, in Riverside, Cal., X XII, 83. Insectary and office methods, XX, 41. Insecticide experiments, some, VI, 30; IX, 60; XXX, 33. Insecticides, spring applications of, on fruit trees, XN VI, 22. Insectivorous birds, VII, 84; XXX, 93. attacking the chinch bug, XV, 53. feeding on brown-tail moth, X VII, 28. that attack the Cicada, XIV, 105. habits of lizards, X XII, 96. Insects and the weather, X XII, 51; XXX, 63. common names of, IX, 32. fertilizing muskmelons, X VII, 75. from British Honduras, XXX, 82. the Philippines, XXX, 83. Kansas, XXX, 84. injuring binding twine, XXX, 94. injurious in South Africa, IX, 34. 430 Insects near smelting works, XXX, 97. of Porto Rico, X XIII, 88. scarcity of, in New York in 1896, VI, 54. Inspection, in Riverside, Cal., X XII, 83. Ischnaspis longirostris, in Georgia, X XVI, 52. Isocratus vulgaris, parasite of Nectarophora destructor, X XIII, 36. Ithycerus noveboracensis, eating buds of apple and peach, XX, 58. in Virginia, X XII, 107. Ixodes pilosus, note on, XXVI, 47. reduyius, erinaceus, and margicanum, mention of, V, 262. ricinus, parasite of ground squirrels, V, 262. Kainit, experiments with, against Fidia viticida, IX, 45. used against wireworms, X VII, 101. Kansas, insects from, XXX, 84. Kentucky laws against injurious insects, XIII, 18. Kermes galliformis, occurrence in New York, VI, 60. trinotatus, in Georgia, X XVI, 53. Kerosene against mosquitoes, IV, 18; V, 29; XVII, 56; X XV, 51. and milk emulsion, against San Jose scale, III, 59. soap emulsion, against San Jose seale, III, 58. water, mixture of, XII, 23. proportions for use, II, 27. pump, IT, 19. whale-oil soap emulsion, experiments with, II, 21. for San Jose scale, VI, 42. use of, X VII, 50. pure; Vb Xe Os ke, li7s) NEVILL Ob: emulsion, against San Jose scale, III, 58, 69. _ device for preparation of, VI, 93. use of, in California, IX, 59. ineffective against white grubs, X XX, 92. lime emulsion, experiment with, X XX, 37. oil, experiment with, against San Jose scale, III, 69. sprayer, modification of the knapsack, II, 19, 26, 28, 30. Kissing-bug, account of, X XII, 24. Lachnosterna arcuata, XX VII, 75. structure and habits of larva, XIX, 74. farcta, injurious to collards, X XII, 107. fusca, ineffectiveness of kerosene emulsion against, XXX, 92. Ladybirds, introduced from Australia into India, X VIII, 89. Lemobothrium atrum, host of, V, 247. giganteum, host of, V, 247. hastipes, mention of, V, 247. similis, host of, V, 248. Lzemophlceus pusillus, in cereals, TV, 129. : Laisser-faire philosophy applied to the insect problem, XX, 5. Laminosioptes cysticola, parasite of fowls, V, 263. Lantern trap, a successful one, IX, 75. Laphygma flavimaculata, in Colorado, X XVI, 79. frugiperda, account of, X XIX, 13. damage by, in Ohio, XX VI, 85. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 58. in Mississippi, XXX, 31. 1899, X XII, 78. 44 Laphygma frugiperda, in 1900, XXX, 67. injury to violets, XX VII, 73. means against, X XIX, 37. Lasioderma serricorne, fumigation against, X XX, 78. food habits of, IV, 126. Lathromeris cicadze, parasitic on Cicada eggs, XIV, 97. Laryee in ear, probably Calliphora or Sarcophaga, VII, 86. Laverna gleditschiella, in Ohio, XX, 73 Lecaniodiaspis sp., on wild honeysuckle, XX VI, 84. tessellatus, in Georgia, XX VI, 53. Lecanium armeniacum, found in New York, XVII, 22. in Georgia, X XVI, 53. cerasifex, injurious to maple in New York, XVII, 22. fletcheri, parasites of, VII, 62 hemisphericum, in Georgia, XX VI, 53. . on coffee in Porto Rico, XXII, 89. hesperidum, in Georgia, X X VI, 53. longulum, in Georgia, X X VI, 53. nigrofasciatum, description of, X VIII, 26. in Georgia, X XVI, 53. Maryland, X VII, 66. injurious to plum and peach in Maryland, XX, 66. olew, notes on, in California, XX VI, 91. persicee, injuring peach, VI, 77. tessellatum, in Georgia, X XVI, 53. tulipiferve, in Georgia, XX VI, Bes Legislation against brown-tail moth, X VII, insects, IT, 12: VI, 12, 0. i OR BE San Jose scale, III, 72. Lepidocyrtus americanus, occurrence in houses, IV, 83 Lepidoptera, at light and at sugar, IX, 30 Lepisma domestica, liking for hot places, IV, 78. saccharina, damage to books and papers, IV, 76. Leptocoris trivittatus, abundance of, in lowa, XXX, 98. Leptoglossus oppositus, effect of cold winter on, XXII, 56. habits and life history, XIX, 44. on Russian apricot trees, VII, 87. in 1900, XXX, 66. phyllopus, habits and life history, XIX, 46. Leptostylus collaris, on chestnut, VII, 72. commixtus, on pine, VII, 74. macula, on chestnut, VII, 72. Leptoterna dolobrata, feeding on timothy, IX, 42. Leptura zebra, on chestnut, VII, 71. Leptus. See Harvest mites. Leucania albilinea, appearance in New York, VI, 56. unipuncta, abundance in New York in 1896, VI, 55. damage by, in Iowa, VI, 78. Massachusetts, VI, 62. New Jersey, VI, 62 late outbreak of, X VIII, 99. means against, VI, 62 outbreak of, in Ohio, VI, 66. Leucopis nigricornis, parasite of Pulvinaria acericola, X XII, 23. 45 Leucoptera coffeella, in Porto Rico, X XII, 89. Life zones about District of Columbia, X XII, 52. Ligyrus gibbosus, injuring corn and carrots, X VIIT, 93. rugiceps, injuring corn and rice, X VIII, 92. Limax campestris, preying on the common mealy bug, IX, 42. Lime, salt, and sulphur wash, value of, IX, 60. sulphur, and salt wash, in the East, III, 70; XXX, 34. with Paris green, value of, VI, 43. Limneria dubitata, parasite of Laphygma frugiperda, X XIX, 36. ephestize, parasite of Plodia interpunctella, VIII, 41. fugitiva, host for Pimpla conquisitor, XX VI, 34. parasite of Ephestia kuehniella, X XVI, 96. valida, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Lina scripta, injuring basket willow, II, 69. means against, IT, 73. Linguatula rhinaria, parasite in nose of various animals, V, 275. Liopus variegatus, on chestnut, VII, 72. Lipeurus anseris, parasite of geese, V, 200. - haculus, parasite of the pigeon, V, 199. host of, V, 232. bifasciatus, host of, V, 233. botauri, description and host of, V, 234. celer, hosts of, V, 235. constrictus, hosts of, V, 286 densus, heat of, V,. 230. diversus, host of, V, 236. forficulatus, hosts of, V, 233. heterographus, host of, V, 251. parasite of the chicken and pheasant, V, 197. infuscatus, description and hosts of, V, 234. jejunus, ee Olea Viezors parasite of geese, V, 200. lecteus=tadorne. leucopygus, host of, nt ve limitatus, host of, V, 23 longicornis, host of, V, a longipilus, host of, V, 236. luridus, description and host of, V, 232. numid, parasite of the Guinea fowl, V, 198 picturatus, host of, V, 236. polytrapezius, host of, V, 254 parasite of fae turkey, V, 201. pullatus, hosts of, V, 234. pustulatus, host of, V, 234. squalidus, parasite of ducks, V, 200. hosts of, V, 233. subangusticeps, description and host of, V, 235. tadorn, parasite of the sheldrake, V, 198. temporalis, host of, V, 233. testaceus, host of, V, 233. toxoceros, host of, V, 233. variabilis, host of, V, 234. parasite of chickens, V, 202. varius, hosts of, V, 235. 46 Lipoptena cervi, notes on, IX, 26. depressa, from deer (Cervus virginianus), V, 137. Lixus coneavus, account of, X XITI, 61. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. mucidus, notes on, XXIII, 61. on corn in Ohio, X VII, 100. Lizards, insectivorous habits of, X XII, 96. Locusts at Lourengco Marquez, X XII, 105. in Argentina, XXII, 105. London purple, experiments with, VI, 33. Lophoderus quadrifasciana, in Delaware, X XVI, 68. destructive in Canada, XX VI, 94. triferana, on roses, XX VII, 88. violets, XX VII, 81. Lophyrus rufus, injuring pine in Norway, IX, 80. Louisiana laws against injurious insects, XIII, 20. Loxostege frustalis, ravages of, in South Africa, IX, 35. obliteralis, account of, XX VII, 102. similalis, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 55. in 1900, XXX, 66. Lozotenia clemensiana, abundant in clover in Ohio, X VII, 99. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. Lucilia czesar, found in houses, IV, 44. habits of, V, 123. parasite of Melanoplus differentialis, X XX, 25. gocerus triticum, parasite of Hessian fly, X VI, 36. gus invitus, injury by, XXX, 98. pratensis, attacking buds of China asters, IX, 42. injuring peach in Ohio, XX, 72. injurious to pear and plum, XX, 63. Lymexylon sericeum, taken from living chestnut in West Virginia, X VII, 46. Lysiphlebus cucurbitaphidis, parasite of Myzus sp., XX VI, 68. myzi, parasite of Aphis mali, XX VI, 68. Macrobasis unicolor, feeding on locust hedge, VI, 59. injuring grasshopper eggs, XXX, 23. note on, XXX, 84 Macrodactylus angustatus, habits of, IX, 23. subspinosus, abundant in Delaware, XX VI, 67. in Maryland, XVII, 94. not common in Maryland, XX VI, 838. remedy for, XX, 70. Magdalis eenescens, account of, X XII, 37. olyra, on plum trees, X XII, 99. Mallophaga, list of species in United States, V, 216. Mamestra picta, abundance of larvee in New York, XVII, 21. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. Margaronia hyalinata, effect of cold winter on, XXII, 455. habits of, XIX, 42. not common in Georgia, XX, 59. in 1900, XXX, 66. nitidalis, damage by, in Georgia, XX, 58. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 55. habits of, XIX, 41. in 1900, XXX, 66. Ly Ly 47 Maryland, insects of, XX, 62. laws against injurious insects, XIII, 20. Massospora cicadina, disease of Cicada, XIV, 106. May flies, swarm of, on Lake Erie, X XII, 108. Meal worms, general characters of, IV, 115. Megachile sp., larval cells in a bed, VII, 84. Megastizus speciosus, as a nuisance, X VIII, 92. an enemy to Cicada, XIV, 98. Megilla maculata, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX, 98; X XVI, 71. Megistopoda pilatei, notice of, V, 140. Melanolestes abdominalis, habits of, X XII, 25. picipes, habits of, X XIT, 24. Melanophila consputa, near smelting works, XXX, 97. drummondi, an enemy of hemlock, red fir, and noble fir, X XJ, 17. longipes, near smelting works, XXX, 97. Melanophora roralis, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 42. Melanoplus atlanis, abundant in Colorado in 1895, VII, 31. Nebraska in 1896, VII, 37. in Manitoba, XX VI, 95. damage by, in Mississippi, X XX, 29. bivittatus, abundant in Colorado in 1895, VII, 31. Nebraska in 1896, VII, 37. bacterial disease of, VI, 89. damage by, in Ohio, VI, 66. injury in Ohio, XX, 70. differentialis, abundant in Nebraska in 1896, VII, 37. account of, in Mississippi, XXX, 1. life history of, XXX, 1. means against, XXX, 14. natural enemies of, XXX, 22. femur-rubrum, abundant in Nebraska in 1896, VII, 37. disease of, VI, 93. foedus, abundant in Colorado in 1895, VII, 31. lakinus, abundant in Nebraska in 1896, VII, 37. packardi, abundant in Colorado in 1895, VII, 31. spretus, abundant in Nebraska in 1896, VII, 36. in Manitoba, XX VI, 95. the Turtle Mountains, X XII, 30. rare in Colorado in 1895, VII, 31. Meligethes zenus, injuring cabbage in Norway, IX, 79. Melitza editha, on violets, XX VII, 79. Melittia satyriniformis, dates regarding, in Georgia, XX, 59. effect of cold winter on, X NII, 55. life history of, XIX, 34. in 1900, XXX, 68. Meloé angusticollis, feeding on Impatiens, X VIII, 100. impressus, injury by, XXX, 98. Meloide, eaten by papabotte, XXX, 93. Melophagus ovinus, attacking sheep, V, 138. remedies for, V, 139. Menopon biseriatum, host of, V, 243. parasite on chickens, pheasants, ete., V carduelis, host of, V, 244. consanguineum, host of, V, 243. , 212. 48 Menopon crassipes, host of, V, 244. expansum, description and host of, V, 245. fulyo-fasciatum, host of, V, 244. fulyo-maculatum, parasite of the pheasant, V, 212. fusco-marginatus, description and host of, V, 245. giganteum, parasite of the dove, V, 210. indistinctum, host of, V, 244. infrequens, host of, V, 244. interruptus, description and host of, V, 245. loomisii, host of, V, 244. navigans, host of, V, 244. numide, parasite of the Guinea fowl, V, 213. pallescens, hosts of, V, 243. pallidum, host of, V, 243. parasite of chickens, V, 210. phestomum, parasite of the peacock, V, 212. rusticum, host of, V, 243. titan, host of, V, 243. tridens, host of, V, 244. Meraporus calandre, parasite of Sitodrepa panicea, IV, 125. Merisus destructor, parasite of Hessian fly, XVI, 31. Mesograpta polita, injurious to corn in Virginia, VII, 86. Mesostenus gracilis, parasite of Ephestia kuehniella, XX, 67. Meteorus indagator, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. vulgaris, parasite of Hellula undalis, X XIII, 60. Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. Michigan laws against injurious insects, XIII, 22. Microdus gibbosus, parasite of Mineola indiginella, X XVI, 68. Microgaster militaris, appearance of, in Iowa, VI, 78. Microphthalma disjuncta, parasite of white grub, XXX, 79. Micropteryx pomivorella, numerous in Canada, XX VI, 94. Milyas cinctus, enemy of chinch bug, XV, 54. Mineola indiginella, in Delaware, XX VI, 68. Monarthrum dentiger, mention of, VIT, 28. fasciatum, habits of, VII, 26. in maple in Ohio, XX VI, 90. injuring wine casks, VII, 85. on peach in Ohio, I, 91. mali, boring in wine casks, VII, 85. habits of, VII, 26. scutellare, mention of, VII, 28. Monilia candida. See Xyleborus dispar. Monocrepidius bella, injuring millet, X VII, 85. vespertinus, injuring cotton in the South, XX, 57. Monohammus scutellatus and M. confusor, habits of, VI, 49. Monomorium minutum, as a house ant, IV, 97. transporting larvee of San Jose scale, I11, 50. pharaonis, means against, IV, 96. Monophadnus rubi, effect of cold winter on, XXII, 57, in 1900, XXX, 69. Monoptilota nubilella, account of, XXIII, 9. Monoxia puncticollis, injuring sugar beets in New Mexico, XVIII, 96. Mordella scutellaris, reared from stem of Amaranthus chlosostachya, X XII, 103. Morellia micans, liable to carry disease, XXX, 4. 49 Mosquitoes and house flies, X VII, 55. and malaria, X XV, 17. habits of, XXV. list of, in United States, 1V, 22; X XV, 20. of the United States, XX V. remedies against, IV, 17; V, 28; XXV, 49. synopsis of the North American, XXV, 18. Murgantia histrionica, abundant in Georgia, XX, 59. Maryland in 1897, VI, 65; IX, 81; XVII, 94. West Virginia, VI, 72. effect of cold winter on, X XIT, 55. home and original food plant of, X XII, 108. in Ohio, II, 90. increase of, in Ohio, VI, 67. injuring asparagus, VII, 80. rare in Delaware, XX VI, 66. Maryland, XX, 67; XX VI, 82. Ohio, XX, 71. in 1900, XXX, 67. Musca domestica, life history of, IV, 45. remedies for, IV, 47. disease carried by, XXX, 41. Muskmelons, fertilization of, X VII, 75. Myelois ceratonize, feeding on St. John’s bread, VIII, 10. Myiasis, case of, X VIII, 97. Myobia musculi, mention of, V, 263. Myochrous denticollis, outbreak of, in Ohio, XX VI, 87. Myocoptes musculinus, mention of, V, 263. Myodocha serripes, injuring strawberries in Ohio, X XVI, 88. injury to strawberries, X XII, 108. sucking strawberries, XX, 63. Mytilaspis citricola, damaging orange trees in the Azores, VII, 87. in Georgia, XX VI, 51. gloveri, in Georgia, XX VI, 51. pomorum, common in West Virginia, VI, 72. in Georgia, XX VI, 51. not affected by kerosene, IX, 41. notes on, VI, 77. very destructive to lilac, XX, 66. Myzocallis sp., abundant on timothy in Ohio, VI, 69. Myzus cerasi, abundant in Maryland in 1897, IX, 81. mahaleb, life history of, VII, 52. on violets, XX VII, 79. Necrobia rufipes, injury to hams, IV, 105. remedies for, IV, 106. Nectar, use of, I, 22. Nectarophora destructor, account of, XX, 94; XXIII, 33. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 58. infected with Empusa aphidis, X X VI, 58, 59. in Maryland, XX, 62; XX VI, 81. Ohio, XX VI, 88. 1900, XXX, 68. notes on, XX VI, 55. in Delaware, XX VJ, 69. 4991—No. 36—02 + 50 Nematus ribesii. See Pteronus. Nemorea leucaniz, parasite of army worm in New York, VI, 56 Neocerata rhodophaga, destructive to rosebuds, X XII, 44. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, bred from seasoned hickory, X VII, 46. on chestnut, VII, 72. Neophasia menapia, defoliating yellow pine, X XI, 17. outbreak of, VII, 77. New York, insects of, XX, 60. Nirmus abruptus, description and host of, V, 229. boophilus, host of, V, 280. brachythorax, host of, V, 225. candidus, host of, V, 224. citrinus, hosts of, V, 224. cordatus, description and host of, V, 228. cyclothorax, hosts of, V, 224. discocephalus, host of, ae 223. euzonius, host of, V, 22: farallonii, host of, V, 230. fenestratus, host of, V, 224. furvus, description and host of, V, 225. fuscus, hosts of, V, 223. giganticola, host of, V, 230. gracilis, description and host of, V, 225. hebes, host of, V, 230. lineolatus, host of, V, 224. marginatus, description and host of, V, 228. orarius, host of, V, 230. ornatissimus, V, 224. var. xanthocephali, description and host of, V, 224. orpheus, deseription and host of, V, 227. pallidus, description and host of, V, 227. parallelus, description and host of, V, 229. picturatus, description and host of, V, 226. pileus, host of, V, 224. preestans, host of, V, 230. rotundatus, description and host of, V, 226. secondarius, description and host of, V, 227. signatus, host of, V, 224. submarginellus, host of, V, 223. tyrannus, description and host of, V, 228. Nitzschia pulicaris, host of, V, 247. Noctua c-nigrum, in greenhouses, XX VII, 54. outbreak of, in Ohio, XX VI, 85. Noda cretifera, injuring coffee trees in Guatemala: XVIII, 100. Nodonota clypealis, food plant of, VII, 61. on leaves of Actinomeris squarrosa, XIX, 95. conyexa, food plant of, VII, 61. puncticollis, life history and damage to roses, VII, 60. tristis, food plants of, VII, 61. note on, XIX, 95 Nolophana malana, feediee on sielles in New York, VI, Nomius pygmeeus, appearance in numbers in a house, V I ‘85. notes on its odor, IX, 49. North American entomology, a list of works on, XXIY. 51 North Carolina laws against injurious insects, XIII, 24. Norway and Sweden, insects of, IX, 79. Notolophus leucostigma. See Orgyia. Novius cardinalis, introduced into Portugal, X VIII, 30. Nurseries, inspection of, II, 13. legislation for, VI, 63. Nursery question and San Jose scale, III, 71. Nysius angustatus, mistaken for the chinch bug, XV, 64. ealifornicus, injurious to lettuce, X VIII, 101. Oberea bimaculata, boring in apple and witch hazel, LX, 43. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. ocellata, injuries by, XIX, 98. Ocneria dispar = Porthetria dispar. Odontocera dorsalis, in timothy, X VII, 45. Odontota dorsalis, abundance in Maryland, VI, 66. damage by, in Ohio, VI, 68. feeding on herbaceous plants, IX, 22. injurious to apple, XX, 63. Odynerus tigris, note on, XXX, 84. (Edemagena tarandi, bot fly of reindeer, V, 105. (Estris hominis, attacks on man, V, 112. early notices of, V, 111. ovis, injury to sheep, V, 102. prevention and remedies, V, 105. Ohio, insects of, XX, 68. laws against injurious insects, XIII, 27. Olfersia albipennis, on herons, V, 137. americana, on owls, V, 137. ardez, on herons, V, 137. brunnea, mexicana, propinqua, and sulcifrons, notice of, V, 137. Oligia grata, on violets, XX VII, 81. Oligotrophus alopecuri, work of, in Germany, IX, 79. Olliffiella cristicola, a gall-making coccid, VII, 7€. Omorga columbiana, parasite of Ephestia kuehniella, XX, 67. frumentaria, parasite of Ephestia cahiritella, VIII, 43. Plodia interpunctella, VIII, 41. Tinea granella, VIII, 43. Omphale livida, parasite of Ceuthorhynchus rape, X XIII, 49. Monoptilota nubilella, X XIII, 16. Oncideres ainputator, food habits of, X VIII, 100. putator, injurious to mesquite, X XII, 94. Oncophorus adyena, host of, V, 236. minutus, host of, V, 230. Onectra distincta, injuring young plum trees, IX, 43. Oniscus, remedy for, X VIII, 98. Odencyrtus anasze, parasite of Anasa tristis, XIX, 26. Ophion bifoveolatum, parasite of white grub, XIX, 79. Orchelimum agile, damage by, in Mississippi, X XX, 30. Orcus australasize, importation of, in South Africa, IX, 37. preying on San Jose scale, III, 53. ceruleus, killing Dactylopius citri, X VII], 100. chalybeus, preying on San Jose scale, III, 53. Oregon laws against injurious insects, XIII, 29. wash, experiments with, against San Jose scale, III, 70. D2 Oreouera glauca, boring in sweet orange trees in Jamaica, VIT, 85. Orgilus mellipes, parasites of Elasmopalpus lignosellus, XXIII, 21. Orgyia antiqua, injuring larch in Norway, IX, 80. leucostigma, abundant in Baltimore, XX, 65; XXVI, 83. Ohio, X VII, 100. injurious in New York, XVII, 17, 20. in Kansas, X XII, 105. New England, II, 46. parasites of, IX, 15. Ormenis pruinosa, habits of, X XII, 98. Ornithobius cygni, host of, V, 256. parasite of the white swan, V, 202. goniopleurus, host of, V, 236. Ornithodorus americanus, mention of, V, 256. savignyi, notes on, XX VI, 47. Ornithomyia nebulosa, on owls, V, 187. pallida, on Sylvia sialis, V, 137. Orsodachna atra, feeding on pear and cherry, IX, 20. Orthomorpha gracilis, on violets, XX VII, 82. Orthoptera, abundant in Florida after cold and frosts, IX, 19. Oscinis frit, damage to oats in Norway, LX, 79. Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, damage by, in Egypt, X-XIT, 100. Oxyptilus tenuidactylus, on blackberry in Ohio, XX, 71. Pachyneuron altiscuta, parasite on plum scale, IT, 90. of Pulvinaria acericola, XXII, 25. Paleacrita vernata, in Ohio, VI, 66; LX, 41. New York, VI, 56. Papabotte, food habits of, XXX, 93. Papilio cresphontes, variation in development, IX, 45. trolius, variation in development, IX, 43. Parasites, carrying contagious disease, V, 19. distribution of, V, 17. effect of, on the host, V, 18. from South Africa, XX VI, 19. in general, life histories of, V, 14. list of animal, according to hosts, V, 286. literature of animal, V, 288. losses due to animal, V, 20. popular notions about, V, 21. preventive measures against animal, V, 277. remedies for animal, V, 24, 279. Parasitic and predaceous insects, value of, against San Jose scale, III, 54. habit, origin of, V, 16. insects, grouping of, V, 11. Parasitism, results of, V, 16. Paris green, experiments with, VI, 33. poisoning a tree, IX, 25. Parlatoria pergandei, in Georgia, XX VI, 51. zizyphus, in Georgia, X XVI, 51. Paromalus estriatus, feeding on Leptocoris trivittatus, X XII, 103. Parthenogenesis in Emphytus canadensis, XX VII, 33. Pasimachus punctulatus, killing Anisodactylus verticalis, XXII, 103. Pedicinus eurygaster, longiceps, and breviceps, mention of, V, 168. Pediculoides yentricosus, feeding on Cicada eggs, XIV, 103. 53. Pediculoides ventricosus, attached to Bruchus chimensis, VIII, 27. feeding an larvee of Fidia viticida, VI, 69. Pediculus capitatis, parasite of man, V, 166. consobrinus, parasite of the ape, V, 168. yestimenti, parasite of man, V, 167. Pelecinus polyturator, parasite of white grub, XIX, 79. Pemphigus acerifolii, abundant in Maryland, XX, 64; X XVI, 83. Pennsylvania laws against injurious insects, XIII, 30. Penthina chionesema, in Delaware, X XVI, 68. cyanana, injuring roses, XX VII, 87. nimbatana, account of, XX VII, 83. Pentilia misella, preying on San Jose scale, III, 52. rare in Ohio, XX, 73. transporting larvee of San Jose scale, III, 50. Peridroma saucia, as a violet pest, XX VIT, 50. injury by, X XIX, 52. account of, X XIX, 46. life history, X XIX, 59. in 1900, XXX, 69. Perilampus cyaneus, parasife of Helicobia helicis, X XX, 26. sp., bred from dead grasshoppers, VI, 92. Perilitus ictericus, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 43. Perillus claudus, killing Colorado potato beetle, X XII, 102. Periplaneta americana, damage by, IV, 90. australasize, occurrence in United States, IV, 91. orientalis, abundance in the Eastern cities, IV, 92. Perissopterus pulchellus, parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. Petroleum, use of crude, XX VI, 23, 25. experiments in using crude and refined, X XX, 33. Pheeogenes hebe, parasite of brown-tail moth, X VII, 28. Phalangium ventricosus, attacking Chalybion cceruleum, X XII, 103. Phanurus tabanivorus, egg parasite of Tabanus atratus, V, 63. Phasgonophora suleata, parasite of Agrilus anxius, X XII, 65. Philippines, insects from the, XXX, 83. Philotrypesis caricze, a parasite of Blastophaga, XX, 32. Phlegethontius. See Protoparce. Phlceosinus cristatus, an enemy of redwood, X XI, 7, 20. Phlyctienia ferrugalis=P. rubigalis, XX VII, 7. rubigalis, full account as greenhouse pest, X X VII, injuring tobacco, IX, 83. tertialis, on grape and elderberry, X VIII, 82. Phorbia brassicze, injurious in Canada, XX VI, 95. ceparum, injurious in Canada, XX VI, 95. Phorocera saundersi, parasite of Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 61. sp., parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 17. Phorodon humuli, compared with Myzus mahaleb, VII, 52. damage by, in New York, VI, 54. on plum and Pajan hop in Japan, VII, 87. Phoxopteris comptana, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. damage by, in Maryland, X XVI, 81. in Colorado, XX VI, 80. 1900, XXX, 69. Phthirius inguinalis, habits and remedies, V, 165. Phyllobius pyri, attacking apples in Norway, IX, 80. = ima 54 Phyllopertha horticola, injuring grass in Norway, IX, 79. Phyllotreta armoracize, found in Wisconsin, IX, 21. Phylloxera vastatrix, notes on, in California, X XVI, 93. ravages of, in South Africa, IX, 37. anew remedy against, X XN, 95. Physostomum frenatum, hosts of, V, 248. lineatum, description and host of, V, 248. Phytomyza chrysanthemi, work against, X XVI, 34. Phytonomus nigrirostris, damage by in Canada, XX VI, 96. punctatus, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 57. injury by, in Maryland, IX, 80; XVII, 938; X XVI, 81. occurrence in Canada, XX VI, 96. spread of, in Ohio, II, 90. Phytophagic varieties, in Coccidee, IT, 91. Phytoptus phloeocoptes, on plum in Ohio, X VIT, 100. pyri, injuring pears in Norway, IX, 80. Pieris brassicze, injuring cabbage in Norway, IX, 79 protodice, rare in Georgia, XX, 59. in 1900, X XX, 67. rapee, abundant in Maryland, VI, 65; XX, 68; X XVI, 82. destructive in Georgia, XX, 59. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 56. in Colorado, XX VI, 79. 1900, X XX, 70. spread of in Canada, X XVI, 95. Pimpla conquisitor, its relations to Clisiocampa americana, XX VI, 33. parasite of Clisiocampa americana, X VII, 77. inquisitor, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. pedalis and P. tenuicornis, parasites of the gipsy moth, VI, 52. Pionea rimosalis, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 55. injuring cauliflower in Georgia, XX, 59. in 1900, XXX, 66. Piophila casei, life history of, IV, 103. remedies for, IV, 104. Plathypena scabra, account of, XXX, 45. Platygaster herrickii, parasite of Hessian fly, XVI, 35. Platynota flavedana, on roses, X XVII, 88. Platynus maculicollis, abundance of, in California, XXX, 90. Platypus compositus, habits of, VII, 14. flavicornis, mention of, VII, 15. quadridentatus, mention of, VIT, 15. Plocamus hispidulus, on chestnut, VII, 72. Plodia interpunctella, food habits of, IV, 118. in dried apples, XX VII, 13. life history of, IV, 119. parasites of, VIII, 41. sulphur as a remedy for, XXX, 88. Plum scale, in Ohio, II, 89. Plusia balluca, in New York, VI, 55. brassicee, destructive in Maryland, X VIT, 94. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 59. in 1900, XXX, 67. note on, XXX, 84. rare in Georgia XX. 59. 55 Plusia brassicze, rare in Maryland, XX, 67. Plutella cruciferarum, abundant in Georgia, XX, in Colorado, XX VI, 79. Podabrus rugulosus, feeding on pea lice, XX, 98. Podisus serieventris, feeding on brown-tail moth, X VII, 28. spinosus, killing Crioceris asparagi, XX, 71. preying on Loxostege obliteralis, X X VII, 107. Pogonomyrmex barbatus, note on, XXX, 97. _ Poisoned leaves, repugnance of larvee to, VI, 42. Polistes bellicosus, preying on Laphygma frugiperda, X XIX, 36. Pollenia rudis, found in houses, IV, 44. : Polygnotus hiemalis, parasite of Hessian fly, X VI, 36. Polygonia comma, dimorphism of, VII, 51. life history of, VII, 50. interrogatonis, dimorphism of, VII, 49. life history of, VII, 47. Polygraphus rufipennis, work of, in spruce, XX VIII, 26. Pomphopcea cenea, abundant in Ohio, X VII, 98. injurious to peach blooms, X VIII, 100. texana, injuring peach and plum trees, X VIII, 100. Porthetria dispar, birds that feed on lary of, XX, 88. conditions of, in 1898, X VII, 79. in America, XI. life history of, XI, 6. parasites of, VI, 52. resolutions approving work against, VI, 53; IX, 32. territory infested by, XI, 8. work against, II, 59; VI, 50; XX, 104. Porto Rico, insects of, XXII, 88. Praon cerasay his, parasite of Nectarophora destructor, X XIII, 36. Prionidus cristatus, in 1900, XXX, 70. Prodenia commelinz, account of, XX VII, 59. eudiopta, account of, XX VII, 71. flavimedia, equal P. eudiopta, XX VII, 71. littoralis, injury of, in Egypt, X XII, 99. ornithogalli, account of, XX VII, 64. in 1900, XXX, 67. Or ve) Propolis, I, 24. Prospalta aurantii, parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. murtfeldti, parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. Proteopteryx deludana, injuring pecan buds, X VIII, 99. Proteoteras zescularia, work of, in Canada, XX VI, 96. Protoparce carolina, common in Georgia, XX, 59. effect of cold winter on, X XII, 59. in Porto Rico, XXII, 89. 1900, X XX, 67. injurious to tobacco in Maryland, IX, 81. life history of, X VII, 72. celeus, in 1900, X XX, 67. Psallus delicatus, on cotton in Texas, XVIII, 101. Pseudococcus aceris, damage by, in Ohio, XX VI, 90. in Massachusetts, X VII, 61. Springfield, Mass., II, 45. life history, IL, 45. 56 Pseudococcus aceris, means against, II, 46. Pseudosphinx tetrio, injurious to shade trees in Porto Rico, X XII, 90. Psila rose, injuring carrots, parsley, and celery in Norway, IX, 79. Psoroptes communis, var. ovis, description and life history, V, 268. parasite of sheep, V, 266. Psydrus piceus, habits and odor of, TX, 53. Psylla mali, attacking apples in Norway, IX, 80. pyricola, abundant in Maryland, XX, 64. Psylliodes punctulata, feeding on rhubarb, IX, 22. Pteromalus calandre, parasite of Calandra, VIII, 43. pallipes, parasite of Hessian fly, X VI, 33. puparum, in 1900, XXX, 70. vanessie, parasite of Polygonia comma, VII, 51. interrogatonis, VII, 49. Pteronus ribesii, damage by, in Maryland, X XVI, 82. effect of cold winter on, XXII, 57. injuring currants and gooseberries in Norway, IX, 80. serious pest in Maryland, XX, 64. Ptinus brunneus, food habits of, IV, 128. fur, food habits of, IV, 127. Pulex avium, notice of, V, 147. bruneri, on spermophiles, V, 149. coloradensis, on chickaree, V, 149. fasciatus, on rats and mice, V, 148. gigas, notice of, V, 152. gilletti, from red squirrel, V, 149. goniocephalus, notice of, V, 152. hirsutus, on prairie dog, V, 149. howardi, on squirrels, V, 148. ignota=Typhlopsylla americana. ineequalis, on rabbits, V, 153. irritans, habits of, V, 147. longispinus, on chickaree, V, 149. montanus, from large gray squirrels, V, 149. sciurorum, on squirrels, V, 148. serraticeps, habits of, V, 150. life history of, IV, 25; V, 151. remedies for, IV, 29; V, 151. simulans, on opossum, V, 146. wickhami, from flying squirrel, V, 149. Pulvinaria acericola, account of, X XII, 16. distinct from P. innumerabilis, X VII, 57. in Georgia, X XVI, 52. amyegdali, in Georgia, XX VI, 52. innumerabilis, abundant in New York, XVII, 22. account of, X XII, 8. in Georgia, XX VI, 52. maclure, in Georgia, XX VI, 52. Pyralis costalis, infesting grape leaves, X VII, 99. farinalis, damage by, in Manitoba, XX VI, 96. habits of, IV, 120. life history of, IV, 120. parasites of, VIII, 42. ?yrausta ferrugalis— Phlyctzenia rubigalis. 57 Pyrrhia umbra, eating rosebuds, X VII, 100. Quarantine against insects, IT, 12. duty of entomologists, XVII, 9. in Riverside, Cal., XXII, 87. Queens, bee, care of, I, 87. mailing of, I, 92. rearing of, I, 87. Rasahus biguttatus, habits of, X XII, 27. thoracicus, habits of, X XII, 28. Raupenleim, value and application of, II, 31. Reduvius personatus, habits of, X X IJ, 24. Redwood, not attacked by Termites, XXX, 95. Resin wash, against San Jose scale, III, 58, 59. experiments with, against San Jose scale, III, 68. use and value of, IX, 56. Rhiphistoma leporis, parasite of rabbit, V, 261. Rhipicephalus decoloratus, notes on, XX VI, 45. evertsi, notes on, XX VI, 46. Rhizobius debilis, doubt as to occurrence in California, VI, 48. feeding on San Jose scale, III, 54. lophantz, number in California, VI, 47. ventralis, feeding on San Jose scale, III, 54. value of, VI, 47. in California, X-X VI, 91. Rhodobeenus 15-punctatus, habits of, X XII, 104. Rhopalosiphum dianthi, on violets, XX VII, 79. viole, affecting violets, XX VII, 42. in Maryland, XX VI, 81. Rhopobota vacciniana, a probable remedy for, XX, 53. Rhynchites bicolor, injuring roses, XX VIT, 98. Rhynchoprium spinosum, mention of, V, 256. Rhyssematus palmacollis, reared from galls on Ipomcea, X VII, 100. Rose leaf-beetle=Nodonota puncticollis. Rossing, of trees, VI, 50. Salt, lime, and sulphur solution, against San Jose scale, III, 57, 58. Sannina exitiosa, in Colorado, XX VI, 78. pacifica, notes on, in California, X XVI, 93. Saperda candida, gnawing young apples, V1, 68. vestita, on linden in Ohio, XX VI, 89. Sarcophaga assidua, parasite of Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 25. carnaria, habits of, V, 121. cimbicis, bred from dead grasshoppers, VI, 92. hunteri, parasite of Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 25. sarracenize, bred from dead grasshoppers, VI, 92. parasite of Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 25. sp., bred from dead grasshoppers, VI, 92. Sarcopsylla gallinacea, habits of, V, 144. penetrans, habits and remedies, V, 142. Sarcoptes cati, itch mite of cat, V, 271. leevis, mention of, V, 274. nutans, itch mite of fowls, V, 272. scabiei, itch mite of man, V, 269. Scale insects. See Coccide. Scarites subterraneus, preying on Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. 58 Scatophaga fureata, liable to carry disease, XXX, 44. Scelio hyalinipennis, bred from Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 25. cedipode, bred from Melanoplus differentialis, XXX, 23. Scepsis fulvicollis, injurious in Wyoming, XVIII, 99. Scheele’s green, experiments with, VI, 30. Schistocerca americana, effect of cold winter on, X XII, 56. damage by, in Mississippi, X XX, 27. in 1900, XXX, 68. obseura, damage by, in Mississippi, X XX, 27. Schizoneura americana, abundant on white elm in Colorado, IX, 78. lanigera, damage by, in Colorado, XX VI, 78. increase of, in Ohio, II, 91. notes on life history of, XVII, 70; XVIII, 78. worse in Virginia than San Jose scale, X VIT, 43. Sciara inconstans, account of, XX VII, 108. Scolytid injuring vinegar barrels, X VII, 47. Scolytus preeceps, an enemy of fir, X XI, 26. 4-spinosus, damage by, VI, 79. rugulosus, attacking healthy trees, NIX, 96. common in Georgia, XX, 58. damage in Maryland, VI, 65; XX VI, 82. sp., destructive to white fir, X XI, 16. unispinosus, an enemy of red fir, XN XI, 16, 21. work of, Il, 35, 77. Serew-worm=Compsomyia macellaria. Seutellista cyanea, establishment of, in California, XX VI, 16. introduced into this country, XVII, 13. Scutigera forceps, distribution of, IV, 48. food habits of, IV, 49. poison of, IV, 50. remedies for, IV, 50. Seymnus lophanthe, feeding on San Jose scale, IIT, 53. marginicollis, mistaken for Rhizobius debilis, VI, 48. Sejus auris, mention of, V, 255. Selandria cerasi, called ‘‘ pear-tree psylla”’ in British Columbia, VIT, 84. vitis, in Ohio, XX, 71. Semiotellus destructor, in lowa, VI, 80. Sesamia nonagrioides, in sugar cane, X VIIT, 90. Sesia rutilans, account of, X XIII, 85. tipuliformis, abundant in Colorado, XX VI, 78. Shade-tree insects, II, 40. Signophora nigrita, parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi, VI, 75. Silpha opaca, injuring cabbage in Norway, IX, 79. Silvanus abeillei, mention of, VIII, 11. bicornis, notes on the distinctness of, VIIT, 10. denticollis, mention of, VIII, 11. fauveli, mention of, VIII, 11. gossypii, description and food habits of, VII, 12. mercator, occurrence of, in this country, VIII, 12. surinamensis, food habits of, IV, 121. life history of, LV, 122. notes on, XX, 67. Simulium canescens, notice of, V, 57. columbatzense, habits of, V, 38. 59 Simulium meridionale, life history of, V, 52. means against, V, 54. molestum, habits of, V, 40. occidentale, habits of, V, 55. ornatum, habits of, V, 39. pecuarum, and overflows, V, 50. area infested by, V, 42. early account of, V, 41. effect of bite, V, 44. life history and habits, V, 44. losses occasioned by, V, 43. remedies for, V, 49. pictipes, notice of, V, 58. piseicidium, habits of, V, 56. rivulare, notice of, V, 57. sp., notice of, V, 58. spp., rarity of, in New York, VI, 55. venustum, notice of, V, 57. Siphonophora achyrantes = Myzus mahaleb. avenz, in Ohio, II, 90. Sitodrepa panicea, damage by, in South Africa, LX, 37. damaging boots, VII, 85. food habits of, LV, 124. Sitotroga cerealella, common in Maryland, X VII, 94. infesting barley, IX, 26. in various cereals, IV, 129. Pennsylvania, XXX, 86. Smelting works, beetles near, X XX, 97. Smilia misella=Pentilia. Snipe flies, blood-sucking species, V, 71. Soap, hard laundry, experiments with, against San Jose scale, ITI, 68. Soaps as insecticides, IX, 54. South Africa, some injurious insects of, IX, 34. Spalangia rugicollis, parasite of Pyralis farinalis, VIII, 42. Spartocera fusca, injurious in Porto Rico, XXII, 90. Spathius simillimus, parasite of Agrilus bilineatus, VII, 71. Spermophagus pectoralis, notes on, XXIII, 37. Spheerophoria cylindrica, feeding on Nectarophora destructor, XX, 97; XXVI, 71. Sphecius nevadensis, attacking codling-moth larve in pears, VII, 84. Sphenophorus parvulus, effect of cold winter on, X XTT, 58. sculptilis, injuring timothy roots, X VII, 45. outbreak of, in Ohio, XX VI, 86. sexguttatus, injury by, in Porto Rico, XXII, 89. Sphinx catalpze, unusually numerous in Maryland, XX, 65. Spiders, use of in wine cellars, VII, 82. Spilosoma virginica, injuring onions in Georgia, XX, 59. Massachusetts, XX, 60. on violets, X X VII, 81. Sporotrichum globuliferum, against the chinch bug, II, 87; VI, 19; XV, 41- Spraying without a pump, IT, 28. Spruce bark beetles, notes on, X VII, 67. insects affecting, XX VIII. girdling of trees, XX VITI, 31. Squirrels, insectivorous habits of, XXX, 94. 60 Stagmomantis carolina, an enemy to bees, XXII, 108. Steam and superheated water as insecticides, IX, 62. Steganoptycha sp., damage by, in Delaware, XX VI, 69. Stenomacra marginella, enemy of figs in Mexico, XXX, 93. Stomoxys calcitrans, found in houses, IV, 43. habits of, V, 122. liable to carry disease, XXX, 45. Strategus antzeus, injury by, in Alabama, XXII, 105. Strebla vespertilionis, notice of, V, 140. Sturmia distincta, parasite of the bagworm, IX, 42. Sugar-cane insects in Reunion, XXX, 82. Sulphide of soda wash against San Jose scale, III, 58. Swarming, methods of, I, 95. prevention of, I, 101. Symphoromyia sp., sucking blood, V, 71. Syromastes marginatus, injuring rhubarb in Norway, IX, 79. Syrphus americanus, feeding on Aphis mali, XX VI, 68. pea lice, XX, 97; X XVI, 71. Schizoneura, IX, 79. Systena blanda, account of, X XIII, 22. effect of cold winter on, X XIII, 58. injurious to pear, XX, 63. work of, in Maryland, XX VI, 83. frontalis, on sugar beets in New York, XX, 60. teeniata, relation of, to S. blanda, XXIII, 25. work of, in Ohio, IT, 87. Tabanidee, remedy for, XX, 24. Tabanus annulatus, notice of, V, 66. atratus, life history of, V, 61. bovinus, notice of, V, 68. costalis, habits and life history of, V, 65. lineola, habits of, V, 63. life history of, V, 64. molestus, notice of, V, 68. stygius, habits and life history, V, 67. Tachardia lacca, mention of, IX, 38. larrexe, use of, IX, 38. species of, in North America, LX, 39. Tachina mella, parasite of Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Telenomus graptie, oviposition of, XX VI, 382. parasite of Polygonia interrogatonis, VII, 49. Telephorus obscurus, attacking apples in Norway, IX, 80. Temelucha macer, parasite of Hellula undalis, X XIII, 60. Temperature control of scale insects, XX, 73. . effect on hibernation of insects, IX, 18. household insects, VI, 13. influence of, on chinch bugs, XV, 38. Tenebrio molitor, habits of, 1V, 117. life history of, IV, 116. obseurus, characters of, and damage by, IV, 117. experiments with cold on, VI, 16. laryee in soda ash, VII, 81. Tenebroides corticalis, predaceous on Liopus variegatus, VII, 72. mauritanicus, habits of, IV, 122. 61 Tenebroides mauritanicus, notes on, XX, 67. Teras minuta, injuring cranberries, XX, 55. Termes flavipes, damage to books and papers, IV, 74. buildings and furniture, IV, 74. eating into cornstalks, XX VI, 36. habits of, IV, 71. injuring geraniums, VI, 68. injurious in Baltimore, X VII, 92. life history of, IV, 72. protection against, IV, 75. lucifugus, in America, IV, 73. Termites, not attacking redwood, XXX, 95. in Mexico, XXX, 96. Tersesthes torrens, affecting horses, V, 30. Tetramorium cxspitum, in houses, IV, 98. killing white grub, XIX, 79. Tetranychus bimaculatus, injuring violets, XX VII, 35. cucumeris, XX VII, 37. sp., injuring pine in Norway, IX, 80. telarius, injuring roses in Norway, IX, 80. Tetraopes femoratus, oviposition of, in forest trees, IX, 76. Tetropium cinnamopterum, work of, in spruce, X X VIII, 27. Tettigonia circillata, injurious to the vine in California, X XVI, 94. Thanasimus nubilus, preying on Dendroctonus piceaperda, XXVIII, 24. Therioplectes cinctus, notice of, V, 69. Theronia fulvescens, parasite of Neophasia menapia, VII, 78. Orgyia leucostigma, IX, 16. Pimpla conquisitor, XX VI, 33. Thrips tabaci, abundance of, in Ohio, XX VI, 86. damage by, in Georgia, XX, 59. destroyed by a gregarious parasite, XX, 60. very abundant in Ohio, XX, 69. tritici, injuring plums in Florida, X VIII, 101. Thyridopteryx ephemerzeformis, damage by, in Maryland, XX, 65; XXVI, 84. spreading northward in Ohio, IX, 42. unusual abundance in Ohio, VI, 67. Ticks, notes on South African, XX VI, 41. Tinea biselliella=Tineola. cloacella, note on, VIII, 35. defectella, bred from a fungus, VIII, 35. fuscipunctella, food habits of, VIII, 35. granella, history of, in America, VIII, 32. parasites of, VIII, 43. pallescentella, mention of, VIII, 35. pellionella, habits and life history of, IV, 65. sp., bred from meal and refuse, VIII, 35. Yucca pods, VIII, 35. tapetzella=Trichophaga. Tineola biselliella, effect of alternation of temperature on, IX, 19. experiments with cold on, VI, 15. habits of, LV, 66. Tipula oleracea, injuring cabbage in Norway, IX, 79. Titanio octonalis, on Onosmodium carolinianum, XXII, 103. Tmetocera ocellana, rare in Delaware, XX VI, 69. 62 Tmetocera ocellana, scarcity of, in New York, VI, 54. Tomicus cacographus, abundant on a spruce, VII, 73 pini, destructive to lodgepole pine, X XI, 16 Tortricid, feeding on apples, VI, 70. Tortrix albicomana, on roses, X X VJI, 88. citrana, in California, X VIII, 99 Tranes sp., injurious to Cycads, VII, 85. Tree Protection League, notice of, II, 47. Tribolium confusum, damage to stored foods, IV, 113. life history of, IV, 114. notes on, XX, 67 ferrugineum, notes on, LV, 115. madens, in flour, IX, 85. Trichius piger, on rose, XX VII, 100. Trichobaris trinotata, damage in Maryland, VI, 65. on eggplants, IX, 81. prevalent in Maryland, XX VI, 83. Trichobius dugesii, parasite on a bat, V, 159. Trichodectes breviceps, parasite of the llama, V, 204. castoris, description and host of, V, 241 climax, host of, V, 237. parasite of the goat, V, 204. crassus, host of, V, 237 equi, papers of Homes mules, and asses, V, 207. geomydis, description and host of, V, 259. latus, host of, V, 286 parasite of the ee V,.203 limbatus, host of, V, 23 parasite of pee goat, V, 206. mephitidis, description and hosts of, V, 242. parallelus, description and host of, V, 240. parumpilosus, host of, V, 238. parasite of horses, V, 208. pilosus, hosts of, V, 239. pinguis, parasite of the bear, V, 204. retusus, hosts of, V, 237. sealaris, host of, V, 238. parasite of cattle, V, 209. setosus, host of, V, 239. sphzerocephalus, host of, V, 237 parasite of sheep, V, 206. subrostratus, host of, V, 237. parasite of the cat, V. 203. tibialis, host of, V, 240. Trichogramma pretiosa, parasite of eggs of codling moth, VI, Trichophaga tapetzella, habits of, IV, 67. Trichopoda pennipes, parasite of Anasa tristis, XIX, 26. Trinoton conspureatum, parasite of goose and swan, V, 213. lituratum, hosts of, V, 248. parasite of geese, V, 214. luridum, hosts of, V, 248. parasite of ducks, V, 215 minor, description and host of, V, 248. squalidum=lituratum. fod 63 Triphleps insidiosus, enemy of chinch bug, XV, 53. Trogoderma ornatum, eating dry pop corn, VIII, 14; XVII, 99. sp., feeding on flaxseeds, castor beans, silkworm cocoons, and clover seed, II, 37. 3 sternale, feeding on seeds, VIII, 21. tarsale, experiments with cold on, VI, 16. in various foods, II, 37; IV, 129; VIII, 19. Trombidium locustarum, parasite of Melanoplus bivittatus, VI, 67. differentialis, X XX, 22. magnificum, abundant in Arizona, VII, 87. Trunk and crown washing against elm leaf-beetle, futility of, VI, 56. Tsetse fly Glossina morsitans. Turkey gnat=Simulium meridionale. Twine, insects injuring, XXX, 94. Typhlocyba comes, notes on California, XX VI, 93. rose, injuring roses in Norway, IX, 80. Typhlopsylla americana, on pocket gopher, V, 154. assimilis, on mole, V, 153. octactenus, hexactenus, pentactenus, dictenus, mention of, V, 155. unipectinata, musculi, caucasia, gracilis, alpina, and fraterna, mention of, V, 155. Typophorus canellus, on strawberries, IX, 82. transporting larvee of San Jose scale, IIT, 50. Tyroglyphus, remedies for, IV, 102. longior, infesting food, IV, 101. siro, infesting food, IV, 101. sp., in nuts from Japan, IX, 43. Uranotes melinus, feeding on lima beans, IX, 83. Urographis fasciatus, boring in chestnut, VII, 71. Utah laws against injurious insects, XIII, 32. Valgus canaliculatus, injuring buds of fruit trees, VI, 68. Vanessa antiopa, abundant in New York, XX, 60. Vernacular names of insects, X VII, 90. Vespa germanica, habits of, 1V, 56. Virginia laws against San Jose scale, XIII, 35. Warbles, in man, V, 91. Warble flies, extent and manner of injury, V, 88. life history and habits, V, 91. loss in milk and beef from their attacks, V, 89. on hides, V, 88. ; remedies against, V, 93. species of, V, 87. Washington laws against injurious insects, XIII, 34. Wax, I, 25, 84. Weather, the effect of, on insects, XXII, 51; XXX, 63. Webworms abundant in West Virginia, VI, 72. Whale-oil soap, experiments with, against San Jose scale, III, 67. value of, VI, 40. White grubs abundant in Ohio, XX, 68. injuring greenhouse plants, XX VII, 74. parasites of, XIX, 79. remedies for, XIX, 79. Whitewash, experiments with, XXX, 38. 4 64 Winter washes, experiments with, against San Jose scale, ITI, 67. value of, against San Jose scale, III, 61. Winthemia quadripustulata, parasite of Laphygma frugiperda, X XIII, 84; X XIX, 35. Peridroma saucia, X XIX, 62. Wireworms, injuring oats, X VII, 101. violets, XX VII, 77. Works on North American entomology, a list of, XXIV. Xyleborus affinis, mention of, VII, 20. celsus, habits of, VII, 24. dispar, abundance of, in England, IX, 26. habits of, VII, 22. fuscatus, habits of, VII, 21. inermis, mention of, VII, 20. obesus, habits of, VII, 23. perforans, habits of, VII, 21. pini, mention of, VII, 20. planicollis, mention of, VII, 20. propinquus, mention of, VII, 20. pubescens, boring in wine casks, VII, 85. habits of, VII, 19. pyri=dispar. retusicollis, mention of, VII, 20. saxeseni=xylographus. tachygraphus, boring in box elder, redbud, tulip tree, maple, beech and sumac, VII, 79. habits of, VII, 23. xylographus, habits of, VII, 24. Xylina cinerea, injuring apples in western New York, VII, 84. outbreak of, in New York, XVII, 21. laticinerea, outbreak of, in New York, XVII, 21. Xylococcus betulze, on birch, X VITT, 13. Xylocrius agassizii, notes on, X XIII, 90. Xylonomus rileyi, parasite of X ylotrechus colonus, VII, 72. Xyloryctes satyrus, injury to ash in Virginia, XXII, 105. Xyloterus bivittatus, an enemy of tide-land spruce, X XI, 21, distribution of, VII, 28. politus, habits of, VII, 28. retusus, habits of, VII, 29. seabricollis, mention of, VII, 29. Xylotrechus colonus, bred from seasoned hickory, XVII, 46. on chestnut, VII, 72. Zophodia conyolutella, injuring gooseberries in Norway, IX, 80. O sn) 4 RAS ii a ay DE eich " yer “ TMENT OF AGRICULTURE, | OLOGY—BULLETIN NQ. 37, NEW SERIES. the aa PART ENTOM LO, HOWARD, Chief of Division, } * ial >) “(PROCEEDINGS FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING rate iis Oa ay y Fors ny ™ °f Maat wee! ; ! ay oe is eo. «WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. nae) 34 Nh a f c i ‘ v 35 I Ny ae ae 1902. | oo W Se 4 ee age DIVISION OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist. ». L. Maruarr, Entomologist in Charge of Experimental Field. Work. F. H. Cuirrennen, Entomologist.in Charge of Breeding Experiments. A. D. Hopxins, Entomologist in Charge of Forest Insect Investigations. W. D. Hunter, in Charge of Cotton-boll Weevil Investigations. D. W. CoquriLuetr, TH. PERGANDE, NATHAN Banks, Asst. Entomologists. K. A. Scowarz, C. B, Srupson, Snvestigators. FrANK Benton, in Charge of Apiculture. Miss H. A. Keuiy, Expert in Sericulture. R. 8. Currron, F. C. Prarr, August Buscx, Orro HEmEMANN, A. N. Caupei, J. Korrnsky, Assistants. ‘ W. E. Hinps, G. H. Harris, H. E. Burke, Temporary Field Agents. Miss L. SuLnivan, Artist. Pao DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: , DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. 37, NEW SERIES. L. O. HOWARD, Chief of Division. Proc LION GS OF THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OP BCONOMIC EXTOMOLOGISTS, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1902. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division oF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, October 3, 1902. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, which was held at Pittsburg, Pa., June 27 and 28, 1902. The papers presented at these meetings are always of the highest economic importance, and the present series is of an unusually practical nature. The Department of Agriculture has hitherto published the secretary’s reports as bulletins of this Division, and I therefore recommend the publication of the manuscript here presented as Bulletin No. 37 (new series). Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 9 “ < CONTENTS: _ On the Study of Forest Entomology in America.......------ A. D. Hopkins. Notes on the Lime, Sulphur and Salt and Resin Washes in Ohio. A. F. Burgess. - Experimental Work in New York State against the San Jose Scale. HE. P. Felt. - - Report of Experiment with Lime, Salt, and Sulphur Wash Against the San DSB Sr! edly] 606 Eee eee ee a A. DL. Quaintance. - Some Practical Experiments with Various Insecticides for the San Jose Scale Tim (Sy BOT Se es ci rn a W. M. Scott. - Soluble Arsenic and Arsenical Insecticides ...-......------- J. K. Haywood. - Résumé of the Search for the Native Home of the San Jose Scale in Japan SOG Ohoiioe, SE ae S Sepa as nea ener Re ea C. L. Marlatt. - Preliminary Report on the Importation and Present Status of the Asiatic Aco KO LLOCOTUS SUNTIS) === inc cme es - Soe 6s ss eeteeeseee C. LE, Marlatt. - Predatory Insects which Affect the Usefulness of Scale-Feeding Coccinel- a ee eee Pan yea oe ok we ae ge Le I Ee C. L. Marlatt. . On the Feeding Habits of Adults of the Periodical Cicada (Cicada septendecim), CMR RST TAREE Ls ee ES IR a a i ee ay, A. L. Quaintance. - ISKOUGS Rota IDOE EI Se eee eee ee ae HE. Dwight Sanderson. - Mipes torino car in INew Y ork -225.: 5225-22 --52.22-.e00e-8 es HPD Hele 2 Observations on Certain Insects Attacking Pine Trees. --- : ee eee EP Eel Egg-Laying Record of the Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) 3 6S See Se CN ae ee ee ee eames A. L. Quaintance and Ralph S. Smith. - Notes from New Mexico and Arizona. --.........-.----.- £ DA. Cockerell. - A Partial List of the Coccidee of Ohio... -.- F. M. Webster and A. F. Burgess. - Observations upon the Mosquito ( Conchyliastes musicus) ....-- H. A. Morgan... Some Notable Insect Occurrences in Ohio for the First Half of 1902 2 Dee SEA SE oo So Gee Se eee eee ae meer eae ae Herbert Osborn. - List of Members of the Association of Economic Entomologists .........----- Constitution, Association of Economic Entomologists.......-........------- 97 102 103 105 107 109 113 115 122 126 PEAS ER TOuNES: PLATE. Page. Puate I. Fig. 1.—Cicada in the act of feeding. Figs. 2 and 3.—Sections of bark and wood showing beak and sete of Cicada inserted ...-...-..---------- 92 TEXT FIGURES. hies leaConchiliastes musicus: exo. larva. and’ pupa s-+ 2-2 — == see eee 114 2..Conchyliastes musicus: head and mouth parts 4-222 ssee~ see eee eee 114 a FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS, MORNING SESSION, FRIDAY, JUNE 27, 1902. The Association met in the west room of the Carnegie Lecture Hall, Carnegie Institute, Schenley Park, Pittsburg, Pa., at 10 a. m.. June 27, 1902. The following were in attendance at the sessions: EK. E. Bogue, Columbus, Ohio; A. F. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio; E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; G. E. Fisher, London, Ontario; W. J. Holland, Pittsburg Pa.; A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va.; L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; A. H. Kirkland, Boston, Mass.; Wil- liam Lochhead, Guelph, Ontario; C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D. C.; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; A. L. Quaintance, College Park, Md. ; W. E. Rumsey, Morgantown, W. Va.; E. Dwight Sanderson, Newark, Del.; W. M. Scott, Atlanta, Ga.; J. B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.:; F. M. Webster, Urbana, Ill. The meeting was called to order by President A. D. Hopkins, who, after calling Mr. E. P. Felt to the chair, delivered his annual address, which follows: ON THE STUDY OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY IN AMERICA. By A. D. Horxtns, Morgantown, W. Va. In former addresses by presidents of this Association, many differ- ent phases of the subject of economic entomology have been dis- cussed. A review of these twelve addresses would be interesting and valuable as a reminder of the many good things presented in each. Even a list of the titles will be suggestive of the field covered, and remind those of us who had the pleasure of hearing the addresses of their striking features and the individual characteristics and special lines of thought and work of the authors: First. The Outlook of Applied Entomology, by C. V. Riley. Cham- paign, Ill. 1890. Second. Economic Entomology, by James Fletcher. Washington, 108 Opie Cor Third. Work of the year in Economic Entomology, by S. A. Forbes (first vice-president). Rochester, N. Y. 1892. 5 6 Fourth. The Drift and Balance of our Progress for the Year, by S. A. Forbes. Madison, Wis. 1893. Fifth. A Brief Account of the Rise and Present Condition of Applied Economic Entomology, by L. O. Howard. Brooklyn, ING Y. NUS94. Sixth. Entomological Notes and Problems, by J. B. Smith. Spring- field, Mass. 1895. Seventh. The Evolution of Economic Entomology, by C. H. Fernald. Buffalo, N. Y. 1896. Eighth. The Present and Future of Applied Entomology in America, by F. M. Webster. - Detroit, Mich. 1897. Ninth. The Duty of Economic Entomology, by H. Osborn. Boston, Mass. 1898. Tenth. The Laissez-Faire Philosophy Applied to the Insect Problem, by C. L. Marlatt. Columbus, Ohio. 1899. Eleventh. Objects of the Association of Economic Entomology, by C. P. Gillette (first vice-president). New York. 1901. Twelfth. Life History Studies on the Codling Moth, by C. P. Gillette. Denver, Colo. 1902. For this, the thirteenth address and fourteenth meeting, the subject of Forest Entomology in America has been chosen for at least two reasons: (1) It deals with a different phase of the science, and (2) it is a subject which will be taken up as a special feature of the work of the Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agricul- ture, after July 1, 1902. The primary object will be to discuss some features of the study of forest insects in America in a way which may be of service to the student and young investigator, rather than to attempt to consider the deeper problems for those of you who are already specialists in other branches of entomology. . While forest entomology has received more attention in some Euro- pean countries, especially Germany, than has any other branch of the science—and forest officials there are required to have special training in the study of insect enemies and methods of combating them—it has been comparatively neglected in America. Indeed, it has only been within recent years that a sufficient need has been recognized to justify giving it special attention. Great monumental works like those of Ratzeburg of Germany, published in 1839-1844, together with the rapid advancement at that time in systematic forest management and government control of forests throughout Europe, inspired a great interest in the subject, and led to a realization of the practical impor- tance of a knowledge of insect enemies of trees in the successful man- agement and protection of the forests. Therefore a knowledge of forest entomology was early recognized in Germany as one of the important features in the training of forest students and forest ofti- é cials. Other important contributions followed those of Ratzeburg until there is a mass of published data which is invaluable to the foresters of Europe. But these contributions, valuable as they are to the forest interests of the older countries with long established forestry systems, relate to conditions very different from those prevailing in America. Indeed, they are valuable only to the advanced student and investigator in this country, and are not valuable or specially useful to our young students, foresters, and managers of private estate. In the aggregate there has been much original and compiled matter published in the United States relating to the insects of forest and shade trees, notably by Harris, Fitch, Walsh, Riley, LeConte, LeBaron, Saunders, Lintner, Packard, and others. Within recent years con- siderable additional matter has been contributed by official entomolo- gists, but up to the present time we have nothing in the line of special instructions in the study of forest entomology that is adapted to present conditions and needs in this country. The fifth report of the United States Entomological Commission on Forest and Shade Tree Insects is the only important attempt at a general discussion of the subject. This, as stated by the author, was *‘designed merely to give to the public, especially those persons inter- ested in forestry and the planting and cultivation of shade trees, a brief summary of what is known [up to January, 1888] of the habits and appearance of such insects as are injurious to the most useful kinds of trees.” This work served a most excellent purpose by bringing together in one volume the principal records of observations of forest insects by American entomologists, and has doubtless stimulated others, as it did the present writer, to an active interest in the subject of insect enemies of trees. But it would seem that there is at present a special need of an introduction or guide to the study of forest entomology for the special use of students in forest schools and others who desire general nontechnical information on the subject. It is, therefore, my object in this address, like the pioneer making a preliminary survey in a new country, to consider the general features of the subject and leave the details to be treated in succeed- ing contributions as the evolution of the forestry movement in this country indicates the need. FORESTRY AND FOREST PROBLEMS. Forestry, which relates to the investigation of forest problems and the management of forests with a view to utilizing their products and perpetuating their resources and beneficial influences, is becoming recognized as «a branch of applied science which involves some of the greater economic problems of this country. 8 It is made a feature of recent messages of Presidents of the United States and governors of some of the principal States. It is the sub- ject of exhaustive Federal and State legislation. Large sums of money are annually appropriated for the establishment and mainte- nance of National and State forest reserves and parks, and for special research in many branches of science which have a direct bearing upon the utilization and preservation of our forest resources. Within recent years both public and private funds have been devoted to the establishment of forest schools. Notably to the College of Forestry at Cornell University, the Forest School at Yale, and the Forest School of the Biltmore estate. Courses in forestry have been established in many of the universities and colleges, and it is even proposed to introduce the study into the common and high schools. There is a notably increased interest in scientific investigations of forest problems manifested by the managers of some of our great railroad systems and by other companies who are extensive manu- facturers and consumers of forest products. This is demonstrated by the rapidly increasing demand for special investigations and literature relating to American forests; and it indicates a general appreciation of the value of forests in their relation to public and private interests and the need of their protection. Investigations within recent years, by the writer, in the hardwood and coniferous forests of West Virginia, the great coniferous forests of the Northwest, the pine forests of the Black Hills reserve, and the spruce woods of Maine, convince him that the depredations by insects on the living timber alone cause injuries amounting to many millions of dollars annually. A study of the insect depredations on forest prod- ucts, such as railroad and other construction materials, tan bark, and minor products, makes it plain that the actual loss in money aad labor amounts to many millions of dollars more each year. Forest entomology 1s a branch of economic entomology which treats of insects in their relation to forests and commercial forest products, as distinguished from those which relate to farm and garden plants, and to fruit, ornamental, and shade trees. While the determination of successful methods of protecting the ornamental and shade trees of private grounds and parks from injuri- ous insects will depend largely upon information contributed by forest entomologists, such trees are, as a rule, grown under different condi- tions and subject to treatment similar to that applied to fruit trees and cultivated plants, which is not practicable in the forest. The acquiring of information by the forest entomologist involves the determinationand classification of the species of forest insects, according to their system- atic relations to each other, their relations to the trees they infest, and the economic results of their work; a detailed study of the life history and habits of the more important injurious and beneficial species; a 9 special consideration of the influences and natural laws which contribute to favorable or untavorable conditions for their life and work; and the conducting of experiments to determine practical methods of pre- venting losses from the ravages of the destructive species. The information to be collected and disseminated is of two kinds: (1) That which is of a technical nature, as contributions to the advance- ment of science and for the special benefit of students and investigators; and (2) that which is capable of immediate practical application in the management of public and private forests and in lumbering operations. In addition to a special knowledge of entomology, pure and applied, the student who desires to become a good forest entomologist should have a general knowledge of the science of forest zoology, forest botany, geology, chemistry, physical geography, and economics. — It is also important that he have some experience or special training in practical methods of forest management, and knowledge of the manu- facture and use of forest products. The universities and especially the forest schools and colleges will give the desired preliminary train- ing in forestry, and works on general entomology, such as those by Harris, Packard, Comstock, Smith, Howard, Sanderson, and other American writers, supplemented by some of the principal foreign works, will fill the requirements for information about insects in general. After this general knowledge is acquired, together with some train- ing in methods of utilizing published data as guides to methods of study and to the discovery of new facts, the forest will be the school and nature the teacher which will finish the student’s course and determine his right toa degree. Indeed, the student who will attain the greatest success in this, or other branches of entomology, will be the one with a natural or acquired ability and love for the work who will seek out the insects in their natural haunts and rely upon and cultivate originality in methods of observation and in collecting and recording data on which to base conclusions. There is, perhaps, no branch of science which offers greater oppor- tunities for the discovery of new facts and the contribution of valuable information than forest entomology. In this field very little is known compared with what there is yet to be learned. Especially is this true in regard to the life history, habits, and distribution of the injurious and beneficial species. Yet this knowledge is of the greatest impor- tance in determining and applying methods of preventing losses. There are, indeed, hundreds of subjects and special problems in forest entomology worthy of a lifetime study by as many specialists. There are many families, groups, and genera of insects represented by the principal enemies and friends of the forest which are sadly in need of detailed study by specialists for the accurate identification of the species and a complete revision of the literature. The insects of 10 the pines and spruces, the cedars, oaks, and hickories, and many others of our principal forest trees, offer excellent opportunities for original investigation and the contribution of information of great inportance. METHODS OF WORK AND STUDY. In addition to general methods of collecting, preserving, and mount- ing insects, as given in text-books on entomology, some suggestions may be offered for studying forest insects and for the investigation of their work. First of all, the student should keep in mind that there are many collectors of insects and many students in general entomology, as well as numerous specialists who are collecting and studying insects of all orders found in the forest and field. Thus he should avoid general collecting, and devote his time to the accumulation of specimens and observation on life histories and habits of insects which are associated with injuries to forest trees or forest products. In addition to a general study of insects which have some economic relations to forests, he should select, at as early a date as possible, some special subject for detailed study. There is no lack of important subjects, as has already been suggested, but in making the selection the prevailing conditions, opportunities, and facilities in the immediate vicinity or sections in which the studies are to be conducted should be considered. If it is in a pine region, insects affecting pines will offer the most desirable opportunities for study; if in a hardwood region, those affecting the oaks, hickories, chestnut, and the like will offer the best opportunities. If there is some prevailing injury to a given kind or class of forest trees, this will at once suggest itself as the most important to take up. It matters not whether it is the study of the insect fauna of a species or genus of forest trees, the causes of a special class of injuries, or the study of a single family, genus, or species of insect. There is enough in each case to keep the student occupied in original researches for many years, and to furnish sufficient material for contributions to the literature of the subject. Indeed, every student who takes up forest entomology as a life work should start out with the object of acquiring and disseminating as much knowledge as possible on some special feature of the science. ‘To thus become a specialist of this kind does not necessarily imply that he will havea narrow comprehension of the entire subject. Even if one were to try to find out all that is to be known about a single enemy of a forest tree, and every possible method of preventing losses from its work, his work would involve a general knowledge not only of forest ento- mology in its broadest sense, but of all related sciences and subjects. In fact, as a great thinker has said, in order to know all about any one thing it is necessary to know all about everything. While this may not be literally true, it is becoming recognized that there is almost an unlimited interrelation of all sciences and all subjects. all: COLLECTING SPECIMENS AND RECORDING OPERATIONS. The equipment for collecting specimens need not be expensive or elaborate. The necessaries are: A hatchet or light ax, carried in a scabbard, which may be fastened to a stout belt; a hunting coat, or an ordinary sack coat, with many pockets; a supply of collecting vials of various sizes, fitted with the best cork stoppers; a small bottle of alcohol; a medium and a small cyanide bottle; tweezers; camel’s hair brushes; a stout knife with small and large blades; a small saw; a net and umbrella; and last, but not least important, a notebook and pencil. With this equipment, or such part of it as is required for the special kinds of specimens desired, a good observer can go out in the woods any day in the year and find plenty of material. The best places to collect species infesting wood and bark is along the edge of the woods, or where trees have heen girdled or felled a few months previous. Here one will usually find in the bark of the roots, stumps, main stems, tops, branches, and twigs different stages of many species of bark-beetles and bark-inhabiting larve, together with their natural enemies and associates; and the wood will yield many more. Lumbering regions and sawmill yards are especially prolific in specimens at all times, as are also broken branches, individual trees, and groups injured or killed by insects, felled by storm, or otherwise rendered attractive to insects. During the spring, summer, and fall the foliage will yield specimens almost unlimited in number and variety. But one should remember, as has already been indicated, that it is not the number and variety, but those of most importance, that are to be sought out, noted, collected, and studied. It is often better to spend a day in the diligent search for all that can be found in or on a single tree, or in observing and recording in the notebook all that can be found out about a single species, than merely to collect hundreds of specimens or many species without careful records. Indeed, the proper recording of what one sees at the time the obser- vations are made is of the greatest importance, and is the one thing the student should practice more, perhaps, than anything else. RECORDING OBSERVATIONS. While nearly every entomologist has adopted some system of taking and keeping notes on observations in the field or laboratory which is specially adapted to his own line or method of study, and shows marked peculiarities, there are certain general principles and rules which should be laid down for the consideration and guidance of the student and amateur investigator. In collecting specimens and in field observations the notes taken should include the following: The exact locality (the nearest post- office, hill, mountain, or farm); when possible, the elevation and the exposure; the date; the host plant; point of attack; what stages 12 occurred, etc. If it is associated with any special injury or trouble affecting the plant or object from which it obtains its food, the fact should be noted. As many details as possible should be briefly or fully noted. Every separate note referring to collected material should be numbered. In regard to the use of numbers, it should be specially remembered that the numbered specimens serve as an index to the notes relating to them. Therefore the same numbers should never be used a second time. The student should start out with the idea of using consecutive numbers as long as he collects insects. At the same time economy should be practiced in the use of numbers, and this can be accomplished in many ways; as, for instance, No. 1 may be made to refer to more than 100 different entries relating to insects collected on the same date and from the same tree. It may be used 26 times with a letter of the alphabet preceding it (as al, bl, etce.), 26 times more with letters following it (as la), 26 times more with a letter over it, and indefinitely with decimals or fractions. The object in view is to adapt the numbers to all requirements without the neces- sity of repeating or having them attain inconvenient proportions. If the object in view is simply to get the specimens, then the locality and date, with the collector’s name, are all that is necessary to accom- pany the specimens in the bottle or on the pin. If the student has ambitions, however, to accumulate material and data which will be of the greatest value, he will give special attention to the accumulation of material which represents more than localities and dates. Our museums and private collections are already oversupplied with this kind of material, which is well enough as far as it goes; but the student - who would be satisfied to go no further than this had better not enter the field of forest entomology. His place would be in the museum with dead specimens—a place, by the way, where a vast amount of good and indispensable work is done in systematic study and identifi- ‘ation of specimens; but this is in the line of pure science, while the forest entomologist’s ambition should be to contribute to the advance- ment of both-pure and applied science. He can do this best by record- ing as many facts as possible about the specimens he collects and observes. After the student has progressed far enough to be able to accurately identify the principal species as they are observed in the field, very many observations may be recorded without collecting specimens or the use of numbered notes. But this should not be attempted until after years of practical work, and even then it can not be reliable except with such species as are perfectly well known. Observations and records based on field identifications by some of our best ento- mologists have led to much confusion in literature about some of our common insects. This has been abundantly demonstrated by the writer in a recent study of the types of Scolytidee, described by one of 13 the best American authorities on the Coleoptera of North America. There are a number of examples where a common enemy of forest trees has been identified from descriptions or from observation in the field as a certain species, and after a great deal has been published under the erroneous names it has been found upon comparison with the types that it was quite a different thing, with different habits from the species to which the name properly belonged; and in some cases what was supposed to represent a well-known species was even found to be undescribed. It will, therefore, be readily seen how important it is for the species we write about to be accurately identified, and how necessary to have a numbered specimen to refer to for future correc- tions or to send to a specialist for authentic identification. It is always of the greatest importance to observe the character of the work of the insects when found in their natural feeding or breed- ing places; and, whenever possible, specimens of the work should be secured for the collection, especially the work of wood and bark bor- ing species and that showing special or characteristic injuries to the foliage, etc.; and each should, as with the insect specimens, be accom- panied by the note number. It is also important for the beginner to collect large numbers of specimens both of the insect and its work whenever the opportunity offers. For, even if there should be more than he needs for his own collection, they may be specially valuable for exchange with other collectors for desirable material from other localities and countries. One of the commonest mistakes made by most young collectors, and, for that matter, many older ones, is the failure to avail themselves of the very first opportunity to collect an abundance of material relating to any desirable species. It must be remembered that because an insect is common at one time or place it does not always follow that it will continue to be so or that it is common in other places. Indeed, the reverse is the rule. A period of great abundance is usually fol- lowed by a period of great rarity, or, as has sometimes happened, almost complete extinction. The collector should be constantly on the lookout for the natural enemies of the principal injurious species. One class of the enemies of insects consists of parasitic Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc., found in the adult larval or pupal stage, associated with their host, the larve as external or internal feeders on the larve, pup, or adults of the injurious species, and the adult parasites ovipositing on or in the yic- tims, or in the bark or other infested parts of the plant. The other class of insect enemies of insects are predatory species of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and other kinds of insects which attack and kill their victims, and either devour them or suck out the liquid parts of their bodies. There are also insect diseases which may be indicated by a white powdery substance on the bodies of the dead 14 insects, and, whenever numbers of examples are found to be dead or dying, specimens should be collected and submitted without delay to some specialist on this class of diseases. METHODS OF COLLECTING AND REARING LIVING MATERIAL. It is always desirable to collect living material to rear or breed for the purpose of securing data on life histories and habits. This will consist of eggs, larvee, and pup of foliage-infesting insects to be reared in breeding cages; also bark, wood, branches, and twigs infested with immature stages, to be reared to adults in breeding jars, boxes, or cages. Specimens from the foliage should be collected in small tin boxes, together with a small amount of their natural food. Some of the smaller things may be reared in the boxes in which they are first col- lected, if supplied from time to time with fresh food material, while others must be transferred to breeding cages or larger tin boxes. — Liv- ing specimens in wood or bark are easily collected in sections cut from the infested parts of the plant, and carried in the larger pockets of the hunting coat; or, if a long distance from the laboratory, they may be packed in bundles or boxes and shipped by the most convenient method available. : For breeding specimens from this kind of material, the writer has secured excellent results by the use of different-sized fruit jars with clamp covers. The screw-topped jars are also very convenient for this purpose. For very large sections, or a large amount of material of one kind, tight barrels or large wood or galvanized-iron boxes may be used to advantage. For carrying on the more elaborate work of rearing from wood and bark, a specially constructed insectary is necessary. Wood and bark infesting larve and pupze, and parasitic larvee in cocoons, may be suc- cessfully reared to adults in bottles or vials which are just large enough to accommodate single specimens. These small vials with cork or cot- ton stoppers are indeed specially convenient for the rearing of parasitic larvee and pupz taken from the mines or pupa cases of the wood or bark-inhabiting host. PRESERVING, MOUNTING, AND LABELING SPECIMENS. The specimens that are killed in 25 per cent alcohol should be removed from the bottles in a day or two after they are collected, then cleaned thoroughly and replaced in clear 80 or 90 per cent alco- hol. The specimens killed in the cyanide bottle should be gone over, separated, and either mounted or stored where they will be free from museum pests. The specimens of work of insects should have the surplus parts removed, and should be labeled and stored where they will be readily 1 a qn accessible for future reference. Broad shallow drawers or trays are convenient for the smaller wood and bark specimens, while wood or heavy paper boxes serve for larger ones. Common florists’ paper boxes, which are shipped flat ready to be made up, are excellent for storing the classified material. Every individual specimen should have the number of the note referring to it, or the series to which it belongs, and also something to designate the particular set of notes or accessions catalogue to which the number refers, as ‘6500, Hopk., W. Va.,” which means entry No. 500 in the accessions catalogue of the entomological department of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va., A. D. Hopkins, collector. As long as the specimens remain in the collection with the catalogue these accession numbers are all that is necessary for the duplicate material, since they serve at once as index to the readily accessible notes. If, however, any of the specimens are transferred to other collections they should always bear labels show- ing date, host, and such other facts as are of primary importance to pre- serve their identity, or if a large number of examples of different species are sent a list of species and accessions catalogue numbers with extracts from original notes should accompany them, together with the address of the individual or institution having permanent charge of the accessions catalogue. The specimens of the work of insects may have the number and other data written on them, or on paper labels and pasted on or other- wise attached. If the specimens are fastened on cardboard or to the bottom of the case, labels may be printed and pasted beneath them. WELT ATES NG) SS DY. After the student has acquired some knowledge of how to study, collect, and make proper records of observations, and how to label and preserve specimens, it is important for him to consider well what there is of importance to study and investigate, and how to get results of practical value. Forest entomology embraces only such insects as are in some way related to human interest in forests and forest products. Therefore, the student must confine his studies to the insect fauna of the forest growth which is of some economic importance, with the view to determining which kinds are injurious, which are beneficial, and which are neutral in their relation to the life history of the plant and the future usefulness of its products. Commencing with the matured seed or fruit of trees, such as the oaks, hickories, walnut, and others, we find that not only the nut or seed, but its envelope (hull or pod), is the home of many kinds of insects. On the tree, fallen, stored for use, or planted in the ground, they support some different kinds of insect enemies or guests, as they do, also, from the time the seed bursts open and the roots and stem 16 begin to form through all stages of the seedling, the sapling, the young, matured, old, dying, dead, and decaying tree. Not only does the tree, during each stage in its life history, death, and decay, support some kind or kinds of insects peculiar to each, but every part—the rootlets, the larger branching roots, the main roots, the lower stem, the upper stem, the large and small branches, the twigs, the buds, the young leaves, the flower buds, the different parts of the flower, and the embryo fruit—will have its special guests. Some kinds inhabit the outer bark; others, the intermediate or inner bark, the cambium, the outer or inner sapwood, the heartwood, or the pith. Not only during its life, but from the time it dies until it is ona ia decayed and converted into humus, a tree supports many and varied forms of insect life. Some are its enemies, some its friends; others, neither enemies nor friends, but guests and scavengers. Among its enemies some have special designs upon its life in order that its dying may furnish favorable conditions for the rapid increase of the insect progeny, and consequent increased power in numbers to attack and kill other trees. Some are enemies only to the extent of causing injuries to the roots, bark, wood, branches, and foliage which may be detrimental to its perfect dev elopment or its future usefulness to man, but have little or no immediate effect upon its vitality. Others are enemies only so far as they obtain their food from some living part, vet do no permanent injury, such as certain kinds of leaf-eating, sap-sucking, and gall-making insects, which are never or rarely common enough for special harm. There are many other kinds which obtain their food directly from the dead parts of the living tree, such as the outer bark, dead twigs and branches, dead wood, ete., which can scarcely be considered as enemies of the living tree. Among the friends of the living tree are the insects which feed upon the injurious kinds, either as internal or external parasites, or those which attack and devour their prey. Among the guests of the injurious and beneficial inhabitants of the tree there are many kinds which live in the burrows and feed upon the sap, borings, excrements, dead insects, etc., while there are many other kinds which utilize some part of the tree or the burrows of other insects as hiding or hibernating places. THE INSECT FAUNA OF FOREST PRODUCTS. The natural products, such as nuts, medicinal roots, bark, and leaves, tan bark, etc., each, under certain conditions of storage and age, fur- nishes feeding and breeding places for many kinds of injurious, bene- ficial, and neutral species. The manufactured or commercial wooden products of all kinds, the crude round or square timbers, lumber, staves, hoop poles, etc., are, under certain conditions, subject to attack or serious injury from various kinds of insects while in the woods or sy) when stored in yards and factories. The seasoned and finished prod- ucts, especially those from sapwood, may be infested and destroyed by a number of species of so-called powder-post beetles. Construction timbers and lumber, either before being utilized or while in the strue- ture, are subject to injuries by many injuriousand other species. The old lumber and timbers of barns and outbuildings, old log and frame dwelling houses, are also infested and injured by forms which are peculiar to such material. THE ECONOMIC RELATION OF INSECTS TO FORESTS. The preceding references to the insect fauna of forest trees and their products are suggestive of the vast numbers of kinds, groups, and societies of insects and the kind and character of injuries to be studied. This leads us to a consideration of the economic relation of insects to American forests under the varying conditions which prevail before and after the country is settled and its resources developed. The relation of injurious insects to the primitive forests.—The rela- tion of insect enemies of a forest before its resources are available to civilized man is of little or no economic importance. They are simply factors in the general struggle for existence between insects and trees, and between the individuals of the forest community in which the destruction of an individual tree by insects is a benefit to other insects and other trees. If a matured or old tree is killed, it gives more room for the development of the younger and more vigorous ones. The injured, declining, and old individuals furnish breeding places for successive communities of insects. which contribute to their death and rapid decay. Thus the young tree growth is favored by light and plant food, and soon fills up the vacancy. Invasions of destructive insects may cause the death of one kind of tree growth over vast areas. This favors the enormous multiplication of the insect fauna until the destructive species perishes for lack of food supply, or from the mul- tiplication of its natural enemies. This proves to be a calamity to the other insects which have depended upon the destructive species to furnish, in the dying and dead trees, the required conditions for their existence. The dying and dead trees and the fallen and decayed branches, bark, and roots contribute to a more vigorous reproduction, so that the forest found by the pioneer settler has lost nothing from its insect enemies. The relation of the insect enemies of trees to the pioneer settler in a forested country may be more beneficial than otherwise, so far as his immediate needs are concerned. The forest must be cleared from the land that is desirable for agricultural purposes, and in this process the depredating insects may be decidedly beneficial. They contribute to the death and rapid decay of the girdled trees in the clearings and hackings. Invasions which cause the death of the large timber over T796—No. 87—02——2 18 great areas may be utilized to the especial advantage of the agricul- turist, and contribute to the prosperity of the community of settlers. The dead trees, with the fallen tops, furnish the most favorable con- ditions for the process of clearing by fire. It saves the expense of girdling. Often the flint and tinder or the torch was all that was necessary to start a conflagration which effectually cleared the land of dead and felled timber, and killed the remaining living trees and young growth. The relation of insect enemies to the forest of «a settled country.—The great destruction and waste of the best of the forest resources neces- sary to the progress of civilization finally reaches a stage at which the forest is more valuable for its commercial products of timber, its pro- tection of springs and head-water streams, than is the land for agricul- tural products. Thus as time progresses the insects become more and more injurious in their relation to the public interests. The destruc- tion of matured timber by insects comes to be recognized as a serious loss. Their burrows in the wood of living and dead standing timber and that felled for saw logs and other purposes are recognized as serious defects which reduce the profits of the manufacturer and increase the prices of the clear product to the consumer. The injuries to the young growth which result in the development of a deformed, worthless tree became an element of future financial loss. The areas of dead timber killed by insects become a menace to the forest, furnishing as they do favorable conditions for the outbreak of destructive forest fires and the development and spread of wood-boring insects. While the more destructive kinds of bark-boring insects may aid in the death of girdled trees, such trees at the same time furnish favor- able conditions for the rapid multiplication of the insects and thus contribute to destructive depredations on the valuable living timber in the adjacent forests. As the merchantable timber and the manufactures of wood become scarcer and the price to the consumer increases, the depredations which afew years before would have remained unnoticed attract more and more attention, and the need of methods of preventing losses from this source is fully realized. Then requests are made for information relating to the kinds of insects that cause the troubles and the details in their habits which is necessary in order to successfully combat them. Their relation to the public and private forests and farmers wood lots.—The relation of injurious insects to forests which are under systematic management present quite a different problem from those relating to more primitive conditions. In dealing with the latter there is little opportunity for the practical application of a knowledge of forest entomology, but the former present economic problems worthy of special study and investigation. All of the injurious species may be considered in this relation as enemies, not only to the forests but 19 to public interests. The introduction of forestry methods offers opportunities for the adoption of methods of preventing much of the losses which under previous conditions could not be avoided. It also offers opportunities for extended research and experiments for the determination of the more important facts relating to the habits and life histories of the insects and their depredations, which will lead to the discovery of improved methods of control. THE KINDS AND CHARACTER OF THE WORK OF INSECT ENEMIES OF THE FOREST. The fruits of forest trees are injured by the adults and larve of species which feed upon the pulp, pod, or other covering, and thus destroy the seed or prevent its normal development. The seeds are injured or destroyed by beetles and their larvee, by the larve of moths, and by gall-making insects. Nuts of all kinds and the hard fruit of many trees are infested by larve from eggs deposited in the growing fruit by small beetles. The entrance of the young larva through the young, tender hull or outer shell heals over so that the ripe nut shows no trace of it. The larva feeds on and destroys the germ and kernel and, when fully grown, bores its way out and enters the ground, where it goes through the transformations and emerges as an adult next year in time to deposit its eggs in the young nuts. Thus the seeds of some trees may be so completely destroyed that few remain for reproduc- tion. This may cause considerable expense and loss to the forester, both in adding to the expense of collecting a sufficient quantity of sound seeds and in causing an uneven stand in the nursery on account of the damage to the stored and planted seeds. This class of injuries also causes a serious loss of the commercial product of chestnuts, hazelnuts, hickory nuts, ete. The seedling in the forest or in the nursery row is attacked and injured by many kinds of insects. The roots are eaten by the larvee of beetles and the sap sucked out or poisoned by root-lice. The stem is attacked by wood and bark-boring beetles and grubs. The foliage is devoured by caterpillars, larvae of sawflies, and grasshoppers, or injured by plant-lice, scale insects, leaf-hoppers, and leaf-bugs. The twigs are injured by twig girdlers, twig miners, scale insects, and plant-lice. Asa result, the seedling may either be killed or become stunted or deformed. The young tree is in a like manner attacked and injured or killed by one or more enemies of the roots, stem, or top. The principal injuries, however, which are characteristic of the growing tree, are those made in the roots and base of the stem by the great root borer, and in the wood of the main stem by the carpenter worms and other borers, which are capable of working in the wood of living healthy trees. While this class of enemies may have little or no direct effect upon the vitality of the trees infested by them, they cause a great loss 20 of commercial products. Their burrows cause defects in the wood, and are the means of starting decay, which renders the heartwood worth- less for commercial purposes. The living bark may be attacked by bark-boring grubs in sufficient numbers to seriously affect its vitality, so that it will soon succumb to the attacks of other insects or diseases. The mature tree:suffers most from the many wood-boring beetles and grubs. The destruction of some of the larger roots by the great root borer causes dead branches and dead tops. The borings of the carpenter worm and other borers in the main trunk, top. and larger branches result in rapid decay, hollow trunk, and generally worthless condition, while its weakened vitality makes the tree an easy prey to destructive bark-boring enemies. The trees blown down by storm or felled by the ax are attacked by a vast number of species of insects. Some live in the bark, where they do little or no harm to the commer- cial product, but certain kinds may thus multiply rapidly and attack the standing timber. The wood, however, may be seriously injured by many species of wood-boring beetles and grubs which breed only in the wood of dead and felled trees. Old dead, standing, and felled trees and old logs and stumps are infested by many insects which not only contribute to the rapid destruction of the wood, which otherwise might have some commer- cial value, but certain kinds breed in such material and emerge to attack the wood of recently felled trees and injured places in the standing living ones. They also attack square timbers in bridges, trestles, railroad bed, ete. SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL INSECT DEPREDATIONS IN THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ; THE PINES. Between 400 and 500 species of insects are known to inhabit the living, dying, and dead pines of the United States. The pine forests of the East, Northeast, and Southeast have suffered and are now suffer- ing greatly from the ravages of destructive bark-beetles. A few years ago (1890-1892) a trouble spread over an area of 75,000 square miles in the Middle Appalachian region which resulted in the death of mil- lions of pine trees. This included all of the indigenous and some of the introduced species in the forests, private grounds, and parks. Upon careful investigation, this trouble was found to be caused pri- marily by the ravages of a single species of bark beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. var. destructor Hopk.). Previous to 1890 this was a ‘are insect in collections, and nothing was known of its habits. It disappeared and the trouble ceased in 1893. This insect is liable to appear again in destructive numbers. It 1s therefore of the greatest importance that special efforts be made to determine the sections in the Eastern and Southern pine forests where it may yet survive, so 21 that measures may be taken, by introducing or encouraging its natural enemies or by girdied trap trees, to prevent its multiplication and future destructive invasions. Recent investigations in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, by the writer, under the auspices of the Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture,” revealed the fact that the western yellow pine, Jeffery pine, sugar pine, mountain or silver pine, shore pine, and lodgepole pine has each its peculiar insect enemies, some of which are very destructive. Many of the finest examples of yellow pine were found to be dead or dying from the ravages of the western pine destroyer (Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.) from northern California to northern and western Idaho. The mountain pine in northern Idaho and western Montana suffered severely from the ravages of the mountain pine destroyer (Dendroctonus monticola Hopk. MSS.). The yellow pine has also suffered greatly in Idaho and eastern Wash- ington from the larve of a white butterfly (Veophasia menapia Feld.), which defoliates the trees over large areas. Recent (September, 1901) investigations in the Black Hills forest reservation revealed the fact that a vast amount of the best timber on many thousands of acres has died within the past six or seven years and is yet dying from the ravages of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills (Dendroctonus ponderose Hopk. MSS.). It is also reported that the pine is dying in other sections of the Rocky Mountain region, from Idaho to Arizona, evidently because of the ravages of bark beetles. It is evident from observations made in the Black Hills reservation and in the forests of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon that the death of the pine timber over many extensive areas, supposed to have resulted from fires, was primarily due to the work of tree-destroying insects. Even the meager knowledge we have been able to acquire during hurried investigations in the forest and from observations along the routes of travel through the Rocky Mountain region, the Pacific slope, and the Northwest makes it very plain that the destruction of pine timber, due primarily to the ravages of insects, has been progressing during the past half century at a rate far beyond that conceived by the casual observer or even by those who are making a study of the forests and forest conditions of those regions. Indeed, the extensive ravages of insects on the pines of the United States furnish a problem whose great importance and magnitude would justify the expenditure of large sums of money for detailed investigation by specially trained forest entomologists. THE SPRUCES. The spruces of this country are also inhabited by many hundreds of species of insects. 4Bul. No. 21 (n.s.), Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 22 The Red Spruce of the middle and northern Appalachians, from West Virgivia to northern New York and on through northern New Eng- iand to Canada and New Brunswick, has, from time to time during the past century, suffered severely from troubles, some of which are known, and others believed to be, caused by bark-beetles. “ A large amount of spruce was killed in West Virginia about 1885, evidently by a bark-beetle, but the trouble was not investigated until 1890, so the exact species deserving the blame could not be determined. In 1892 the destructive pine bark-beetle spread in West Virginia from the pine into the spruce, and caused the death of a large amount of the best timber. The great destruction of spruce, which has attracted so much atten- tion from New York to New Brunswick, was found, upon special investigation, to be largely if not entirely due to the primary attack of the spruce-destroying beetle (Dendroctonus piceaperda UHopk. MSS.).? The Sitka Spruce of the Northwest has numerous enemies, among which the Sitka spruce Dendroctonus (Dendroctonus obesus Mann.) is the principal depredator in the bark of living and declining trees, while the spruce-destroying spanworm (PAdledia punctomacularia Hulst.4) may be considered as the greatest insect destroyer of forests of this tree and the Western Hemlock.* Scarcely anything is known about the life history and habits of this insect. Therefore it presents a problem of special importance for investigation. The Engdmann Spruce has a number of insect enemies, one or two of which are capable of causing wholesale destruction. Vast quantities of dead spruce occur in different sections of the Rocky Mountain region which, it would seem, bear no trace of having been killed by fire, and the cause will probably be found to be the attacks of some destructive bark-beetle or defoliating insect. THE HEMLOCKS., The Eastern Hemlock has a serious enemy in the hemlock destroyer (Melanophila fulvoguttata), which has caused the death of a large amount of hemlock timber throughout the Appalachian and North- astern regions. The Western Iemlock has at least three destructive enemies of the living trees: (1) The Western hemlock bark-borer (J/elanophila drummond?), which is closely allied to the Eastern species, and like it extends its burrows beneath the bark and either kills the trees or causes serious gum-spot defects in the wood; (2) the Douglas spruce “Buls. 17 and 56, W. Va. Agr. Expt. Station, and Bul. 28 (n. s.), Div. Entom. U. 8. Dept. Agr. » Bul. 28 (n.s.), Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. ¢ Bul. 21 (n. s.), Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., 1899, p. 18. 23 bark-borer (Asemum nitidum), which has similar habits to those of the hemlock bark-borer; and (8) the Sitka spruce spanworm, which defoliates and kills the trees over large areas. THE CEDARS. The California Redwood has a special enemy in the sequoia bark- beetle (PAlwosinus sequoie Hopk. MSS.) The Giant Arborvite has an enemy in Callidium janthinum, and the Eastern Arborvitae one in //ylotrupes “Uigneus, which infest the living trees and either kill them or cause serious defects in the wood. The other true cedars, the Monterey Cypress, and some of the Western and Eastern junipers, havea number of bark- and wood-boring enemies, which are more or less destructive. THE FIRS. The Western, grand, noble white, and Shasta firs, and the Eastern balsam firs are attacked by several destructive bark-beetle enemies, which either kill the trees or cause serious gum-spot defects or decayed places in the wood. THE OAKS. The insect fauna of the oaks is very large, probably exceeding in number of species that of the pines. Those noted for their especially destructive attacks on living trees are the carpenter worms (Prio- noxystus spp.), which bore into the bark and wood and not only cause serious worm-hole defects, but by successive attacks cause the death of part or all of the tree. Their burrows give entrance to wood- decaying fungi which soon render the heartwood worthless for com- mercial purposes. The giant root-borer (Prionus laticoll’s) is another enemy of Eastern oaks in general, which is enormously destructive to large and small trees in forest, park, and lawn; but it would seem that its work is rarely recognized, and that the magnitude of the damage is not generally understood. The large, white, elongate grubs bore in the roots and bases of the trees, causing one or more of the larger roots to die. These holes and the burrows made by the carpenter worms give entrance to other wood-boring insects and wood-destroying fungi, which rapidly extend and complete the destruction of the injured parts. This decay often extends into the base of the trunk, destroy- ing the heartwood and thus causing the tree to be hollow and worth- less. The decayed wood of the roots and base of the tree also furnishes fuel for forest fires, so that the trouble started by the giant borer, and extended by other insects and fungi, is made conspicuous by a great blackened wound, which is more often than otherwise supposed to be due to firealone. Trees are often killed outright by this root destroyer, but the work is usually so obscure that the trouble is often blamed to L . 4 4 other bark and wood-boring insects, which attack the tree as soon as it manifests weakened vitality. The two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineutus) is another enemy of medium to large white oak and other oak and chestnut trees, which has caused the death of a large amount of this kind of timber through- out the Appalachian region. The oak timber worm (/upsalis minuta) is one of the most destructive enemies of the wood of living, dying, dead, standing, and felled trees. It causes what is known as pin-hole defects. The loss of the more valuable timber of the largest and best trees caused by this insect is enormous; indeed it is far beyond the conception of persons who have not given special attention to the subject. The ravages of this insect do not end with living and dead trees, but it continues its work in lumber and square timber from infested logs, and will even attack freshly sawed and closely piled oak lumber. This insect alone furnishes one of the big problems for detailed investigation. The Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus columbianus Hopk.) causes one of the commonest defects in white oak lumber and square timber. It attacks and breeds in the sapwood of living trees, and the healed- over wounds cause pin-hole and stained-streak defects. A serious trouble has for many years affected the oaks of the northern United States from New York to Minnesota, and has caused the death of a vast amount of timber in lawns, parks, and the forest. This has not been specially investigated, and therefore little or nothing is known regarding the primary cause. THE CHESTNUT. The living chestnut trees throughout the Appalachian region, and apparently wherever this tree grows, have a most destructive enemy in the chestnut timber worm (Lymexylon sericeum). This wood-boring worm or grub hatches from eggs deposited in the slightest wound in the bark and surface of the wood, and burrows deep into the heart- wood, causing the wood of nearly every old tree to be perforated with pin-hole defects. It attacks and breeds in dying, dead, and felled trees and stumps, and will continue to work for a time in square timber, telegraph poles, and heavy timber cut from infested trees. It also infests red oak, and often renders worthless parts of the trees which otherwise would make the highest grade timber. The enormous damage to the forest resources of the United States caused by this insect makes it one of primary importance to take up for detailed study and for exhaustive experiments with different methods of reducing the numbers of the pest and preventing losses from its ravages. The giant root-borer and the two-lined chestnut borer also attack chestnut, and in some sections do great harm. 25 THE HICKORIES. The hickories of lawns, parks, and forest have suffered from time to time within the past half century from the destructive ravages of the hickory bark-beetle (Scolytus 4-spinosus) from Missouri to north- ern New York and West Virginia. Recent investigations and exten- sive experiments with felled and girdled trees indicate that this pest can be controlled so that under a system of improved forestry manage- ment little or no loss should result from its attack. The poplar, tulip, beech, birch, and, in fact, all of the principal forest trees have their special insect enemies, which attack the living trees and are more or less destructive to their lives or to the commer- cial value of their timber products. DEPREDATIONS IN THE WOOD OF DYING, DEAD, AND FELLED TREES, TIMBER PRODUCTS, CONSTRUCTION TIMBER, AND STORED PRODUCTS. In addition to the primarily destructive enemies of living forest trees, there is a host of enemies of the wood of the dying and dead standing and felled trees of all species, which cause serious defects and rapid deterioration. Many of these injuries to the wood present problems of great economic importance and most promising lines of investigation in the possibilities of discovering simple methods of preventing losses. Construction timbers.—There are a number of wood-boring insects which attack and breed in heavy construction timbers, especially those used for railroad ties and in culverts, trestles, and bridges. These are not only weakened by the borings of the insects, but entrance is given to wood-decaying fungi, which work so rapidly that, before it is realized, certain parts may be rendered exceedingly dangerous. Therefore, the relation of the combined effects of insects and fungi to accidents from the collapse of buildings and railroad structures is a subject of special interest and importance for detailed study. Stored forest products.—Insect depredations on stored forest prod- ucts, such as tan bark, hickory handles, buggy spokes, and hoop poles, is another problem coming within the range of forest entomology which demands special attention. Recent investigations of insect enemies of stored tan bark have revealed the fact that both oak and hemlock bark are subject to attack by at least five species of insects, which convert into fine powder the inner or flesh part of the bark that has been stored over two or three years. As much as $70,000 worth of hemlock bark was found to be infested at a single tannery in West Virginia, and personal investigations at other tanneries in the State, together with information from other States, indicate that this is 2 widespread trouble in the East and North and evidently extends into Canada. 26 The destruction of stored hickory, oak, maple, and other hardwood iumber, and the various products manufactured from hard woods, due to the ravages of powder-post beetles (Lyctus spp.), is a widespread trouble in this and other countries, and has caused the loss of a vast amount of valuable material. Yet comparatively little has been done in this country toward a detailed study of the problem and the elaborate experiments necessary to determine methods of preventing attack. THE INTERRELATIONS CF INSECTS, FUNGI, AND FIRES IN THE DESTRUC- TION OF FORESTS. This is another problem that recent investigations have demon- strated is one of very great importance. Heretofore it has been almost entirely overlooked, and much of the destruction which has been going on in all of the great forest areas of the country that is primarily due to insect attack, and secondarily to fungi, has been attributed to forest fires, which really occupied third place among the destructive factors. The examples of destructive insect ravages mentioned here are only a few of a long list that could be given. They should be sufficient, however, to indicate the number and the magnitude of the problems in forest entomology, which, on account af their special economic importance, should be thoroughly investigated. The need of exhaustive study of these problems is all the more apparent when it is realized that comparatively nothing is known of the more important facts relating to the life history and habits of some of the principal depredators, the conditions that contribute to sudden and destructive invasions, or those that bring about an equally sudden ending of a serious trouble. Without this knowledge little or nothing can be done toward the recommendation of effectual methods of preventing losses. Enough has been determined from a detailed study of some of these problems to indicate quite clearly that a better knowledge of some of the fundamental facts will lead to the adoption of simple, inexpensive methods by which the loss of a vast amount of timber and timber products may be easily prevented. REMEDIES AND OTHER METHODS OF PREVENTING LOSSES. The problem of controlling insect enemies of forests is quite a different one from that relating to the control of farm, garden, and fruit and shade tree insects. Indeed, they must be considered from a different standpoint—that of prevention rather than that of destruction. Thus every separate trouble caused by different insects or the troubles caused by the same kinds of insects in different sections of the country must be studied separately with a view to determining methods of 27 utilizing some method of management specially adapted to the pre- vailing conditions in each case, which will reduce tie number of the depredators or otherwise prevent losses. SOME PRACTICAL. RESULTS. A few examples may be given of the practical application of a knowledge of some of the principal facts in the life history, as follows: The recent determination that the tanbark-destroying insects do not attack the stored bark until it is two or three years old suggested a simple method of preventing losses. The determination that the spruce-destroying beetle attacks only the larger trees, and that the beetles could be attracted to trees hack-girdled during the proper period in June, suggested important methods of forest management and lumbering operations, which will contribute to the elimination of trouble from this pest. Girdling and timber-cutting experiments have demonstrated the possiblility of preventing losses from the ravages of insects and wood- destroying fungi by girdling and cutting timber when the physiolog- ical conditions are such as to render the bark and wood unattractive to the depredators or unfavorable for their destructive work. A knowledge of the habits and characteristic work of bark-infesting insects in living, dying, and dead trees furnished conclusive evidence that a large amount of healthy, uninfested, living timber had been cut in the Black Hills forest reserve, where it was intended that none but trees infested by the pine-destroying beetle or those killed by it or other causes should be cut. It was also demonstrated that a knowl- edge of the principal facts relating to the primary and secondary insect enemies of the pine of this region would facilitate the drawing up of timber-cutting contracts which would avoid much future trouble and litigation relating to the interpretation of references to insect and insect-killed timber. Facts determined relating to the habit of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills and the relation of other insects and fungi to the trees injured and killed by it suggested methods of future management which would prevent the loss of much timber, and contribute to a better public appreciation of the importance of Government forest reserves and the adoption of scientific forestry. The facts which have been recently determined from special investi- gations of the troubles caused by the destructive pine bark-beetle, the chestnut timber worm, the oak timber worm, the giant root-borer, and a number of other principal enemies of Eastern forest trees have made available a fund of information which it is believed can be used to special advantage in formulating future plans for the management of Eastern forest reserves, sysuematic forestry work, conservative lum- bering, etc. 28 The new facts determined during recent investigations in Calitornia, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho relating to the habits of the destruc- tive enemies of the redwood, Monterey pine, Western yellow pine, sugar pine, Jeffery pine, shore pine, mountain pine, and lodgepole pine, and the Western hemlock, Douglas spruce, Englemann spruce, several species of fir, the Western larch, and Western cedars, have made available a fund of information which will be of special service in future studies of the enemies of the principal forest trees of the West- ern forest reserves. The extent and magnitude of depredations by insect enemies of the forests and forest products of this country; the comparatively meager knowledge of the essential features in the life history, habits, and natural enemies of the principal depredators on which to base con- clusions relating to methods of control or prevention; the possibility, as has been demonstrated, of future detailed investigations leading to the discovery of methods of preventing a large part of the losses; the facilities afforded in the extensive Government reserves and in large private areas where systematic working plans and forest management have been adopted, together with the information available from the results of investigations in this country and Europe, seem to warrant the recognition of forest entomology as a distinct branch of economic science. The address was most heartily received, and, on motion of Mr. How- urd, Mr. Hopkins was voted the thanks of the Association for his able presentation of this very important subject. The discussion of the address was postponed until the opening of the afternoon session and the regular business of the association was taken up. The discussion, however, is here inserted in connection with the address for the sake of continuity. Mr. Smith stated that he had been much impressed by the address. He thought the subject one of the most important in its way in the United States, and the presentation of much value to entomologists. He knew that there was much injury done to forest trees by insects, but some things in the address impressed him as being contrary to his own experience, especially the statements about the giant root-borer (Prionus laticollis). In his experience, though that insect appeared quite generally in oak forests, he had not found it in that tree. According to his observation an old pine log was almost certain to become infested by the larva and to become its home. He had a large amount of material showing this. The line of work followed by him was quite different from that followed by Mr. Hopkins, and he would place the damage done by forest fires far ahead of that done by insects. Mr. Smith considered that in New Jersey the insects followed the 29 fires. In that State forests are not in as iarge areas as in many other places, but in comparatively small blocks. Most of the fires are caused by sparks from the railroads, and after that the insects come in and complete the work done by the fires. Mr. Smith’s point was not that Mr. Hopkins had been incorrect in his statement, but that what he said was contrary to his own observations in other localities. How- ever, the facts may be different under different conditions. There was one insect in hickory (Agri/us sp.) that he had found cutting off the branches. It would work up and down for a little time under the bark, and would then start around the branch and make galleries to the center, until it had actually cut it off. Only recently he had found a number of specimens that had been cut off in this way. Mr. Hopkins stated that in his investigations of oak trees he had found the giant root-borer to occur around the roots, and had dug them out in large numbers from living as well as dead tissues. Mr. Smith stated that he had found them in the roots of cherry trees, working in something like the way described by Mr. Hopkins. According to his observations, except in the case of the blackberry, this insect would not breed in entirely living tissue; and he always assumed that, wherever borers were found in the roots of trees, the roots had been injured by some other cause. The insects are very common in pine logs in southern New Jersey. Mr. Smith further stated that another point which had interested him was in reference to the carpenter worm (1rionoxystus robinie). It was stated to be a very common insect in the scrub oaks. In south- ern New Jersey, in the second growth from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, the larve got in year after year at the same point. They enter by preference at the place where other insects have made their entrance. If the tree is cut down, one can readily determine the time when the first insect entered. Comparatively small additional borings are made to the original one by*succeeding broods. He had made sections in some cases that seemed to indicate that the tree had been infested for at least thirty years. He bad found small larve working out from the end of old galleries. He thought this case offered a good illustra- tion of the resisting power of trees. Those oaks that were most gen- erally infested had certainly stood up for years under the attacks of the borers. He had noted several interesting cases, showing the rela- tion between the woodpecker and carpenter worms, which indicated that sometimes there may be two woodpeckers after the same larva, and there were many cases where the history of these occurrences have been written out in the tree. Mr. Felt stated in this connection that he had observed in the parks in Buffalo that the carpenter worm was very common in ash trees and in some sugar maples in St. Lawrence County, and in each instance they went to the heart of the tree. He was inclined to agree with 30 Mr. Smith that successive generations increased the length of the bur- tows. He had never seen a case of trees attacked by this insect being broken off by winds. He questioned if the species had been accu- ‘ately determined in all cases, and thought that possibly there might be more than one species involved. Mr. Smith was of the opinion that there was but one species engaged in New Jersey, and that this was the very common species. He stated that the imported Zeuzeru pyrina worked the younger trees in such a way as to weaken them by going around the trunk and girdling it completely under the bark; then the first heavy wind would carry the tree to the ground. Mr. Felt stated that another species (Cossus centerensis) occurred in the vicinity of Albany in poplars, and that its work was quite differ- ent from that of the carpenter worm. Mr. Smith replied that in New Jersey there was another native species which was smaller than the one under discussion; but its hab- its of boring were different, and the species is quite rare. Mr. Howard remarked that the Division of Entomology had recently made some examinations, and had found that oaks infested by the oak carpenter worm (Pr/onorystus robinie) were noticeably smaller than trees not infested. The same year the insects were all destroyed in the trees found infested by the use of carbon bisulphid injected into the holes. Six months after he had published his paper on shade-tree insects he had been obliged to change his relative rating of oaks on account of this insect. Mr. Smith remarked that he had used this method against the wood leopard moth in private grounds in the vicinity of Jersey City. The species has now spread to New Brunswick, but he did not regard it as a dangerous insect there. He had been watching it for many years, as it slowly spread from one city to another. The native birds kept it in check outside the sparrow range; but he lfad found it occasionally in nursery examinations close to cities, and here the insects might be very abundant, there being no native birds to keep them down. He had found the larvee almost every year, but rarely in an orchard or on fruit trees, except such as were inside of city limits. Mr. Scott called attention to a rather remarkable occurrence of one of the powder-post beetles which occurred in a dwelling on Washing- ton street, Atlanta, Ga. His attention had heen called to it by one of the inmates of the house, who requested him to make an examination. The trouble had existed for a week, and every day it had been neces- sary to remove the carpets from the floors and sweep up. An investi- gation of the cellar of the house and the floor above revealed that the timbers were thoroughly riddled by the tunnels of this beetle. He advised that the city building inspector be called, as the house appeared to be dangerous. Hesent specimens of the insect’s work to Dr. How- ard with the request fora remedy. So far as he knew, nothing had dl been done and the usual remedies for injury of this character were here of but little use. Mr. Sanderson stated that he had had some experience in his own house with a small beetle, about one-third of an inch long, the species being unknown to him. He could advise no means of killing it. Mr. Quaintance asked if there had been any experiments made in fumigating to rid houses and cellars of white ants. ~Mr. Marlatt said that it was very probably true that the subter- ranean colonies of the white ant would not be reached by the gas treatment, but that if the flooring could be loosened and the gas put as near as could be to the infested region, a great deal of benefit might result. The trouble would come, however, from the fact that the white ant colonies had numerous branches, and many of these would be beyond the foundation of the house. With regard to the use of creosote, he stated that for several years past the recommendation of the use of this substance had been made by the Division of Ento- mology, and that it was mentioned by himself in a recently published circular on the white ant. The use of creosote referred to was more in the nature of forcing it through the body of the timbers, as well as coating and soaking the exterior, and when so done it was believed to be a very effective means of preventing white-ant damage. The chief objection to it was the expense of the treatment. Mr. Smith related an experience from New Brunswick, N. J. In one of the churches there had been trouble, and, in taking out the old organ, the timbers were found to be riddled by white ants. He had been consulted in the matter, and, in accordance with his suggestions, the worst infested timbers were removed and replaced with iron beams. Where it was necessary to keep wood, this had been soaked in a creo- sote preparation. Up to the present time he had heard nothing further of the matter. Mr. Osborn remarked that it is almost necessary to find the nests of these insects to treat them, but did not consider gas would be effective if the insects were locked up in the timber. He was of the opinion that it would be difficult to kill them by fumigating, as the fumes of the gas did not penetrate to any extent. Mr. Scott stated that he had spent a number of hours in an attempt to locate the nests of white ants, but that they were hard to find. Soaking timbers with creosote, as stated by Dr. Smith, had been used at different times by him in the South, but had not proven to be of much value. He thought that possibly some system of forcing creo- sote through the wood might be of value. He had frequently sug- gested that this be done, but the expense of the creosote seemed to be an objection, and he considered it of little value. Mr. Hopkins called attention to a very excellent report from the Bureau of Plant Industry, by Dr. Herman von Schrenk, on the treat- ment of timber for fungi and insects, 32 Mr. Felt called attention to the fact that in New York State. when they had been suffering from drought, the pine trees had been very badly attacked by bark-borers. The fruit-tree bark-beetie had also been causing injury in the last two years. He bad wondered what the cause of this was, and it appeared that this outbreak apparently began at the close of two or three excessively dry years. There was an excessive drought in July and August in that section in 1896, and the trees suffered considerably. Mr. Hopkins stated that he had noticed that it was claimed that much injury had been caused by drought, but that he was a little skeptical as to the effect of drought on large trees. He had examined a number of the spruce trees, some growing on rocks, and others in the lowlands, where there should be an abundance of moisture. Mr. Burgess asked Mr. Hopkins if the elms in the woodlands had been much attacked by Saperda tridentata. In Cincinnati, a great many of the elms had been seriously affected, and they were losing a large number of their trees. He desired to know if the injury had been general or not. Mr. Hopkins replied that he had not observed this species in the forest elms in West Virginia. Mr. Smith stated that, in the case of trees that had been infested by the carpenter worm in the south Jersey pines, he thought that fully nine-tenths of the caterpillars were taken out by woodpeckers. In every tree that is less than 6 inches in diameter, the birds can get at the larvee without trouble. Mr. Felt, in reply to Mr. Burgess’s question, stated that he had observed the work of Saperdu tridentata somewhat extensively in New York, and found it confined to shade trees, and not to forest trees, and in some places he had noted considerable injury. Trees 12 to 14 inches in diameter were more commonly injured; in his experi- ence the insect was confined to the American elm. The secretary presented the following names for membership in the association: Mr. Perey B. Gregson, Waghorn, Alberta, Northwest Territory; Mr. H. W. Peal, Indian Museum, Calcutta, both proposed by Dr. Howard; and Prof. Wm. Lochhead, Guelph, Ontario, pro- posed by Dr. Fletcher. Messrs. Peal and Lochhead, being official entomologists, the secretary was directed to add their names to the list of members. On motion, Mr. Gregson was elected to membership. Mr. Felt proposed the name of Mr. J.J. Barden, nursery inspector in in the State of New York. Mr. Osborn moved that a committee of three on membership be appointed to consider the application of Mr. sarden and others for membership. The chair announced as this com- mittee Messrs. Osborn, Smith, and Felt. 33 The report of the secretary and treasurer was next read, and on motion of Mr. Howard was adopted. Mr. Smith thought it well to appoint a committee to propose an amendment to the constitution which would permit the revision of the membership lists, and, after considerable discussion, he moved that the matter be referred to the committee on membership already appointed, which was duly seconded and carried. - The secretary next read letters from members who were unable to be present, but extended their best wishes to the association. On motion of Mr. Howard, a committee of three was appointed to arrange the programme, as follows: Messrs. Marlatt, Smith, and Quaintance. It was moved and carried, that committees of three each on nomina- tions and resolutions be appointed by the Chair. The Chair stated that these committees would be announced later. The meeting then adjourned to reassemble at 2 p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION, FRIDAY, JUNE 27, 1902. The meeting was called to order by President Hopkins, who an- nounced the first paper on the programme to be by Mr. A. F. Burgess. NOTES ON THE USE OF THE LIME, SULPHUR, AND SALT AND THE RESIN WASHES IN OHIO. By A. F. Bureasss, Columbus, Ohio. Owing to the serious difficulty encountered in successfully treating fruit trees infested with San Jose scale, a limited number of experi- ments were planned by Prof. F. M. Webster to test the efficiency of the lime, sulphur, and salt wash in Ohio. For this purpose young apple trees were selected about 10 to 12 feet in height and badly incrusted with scales. Mr. Wilmon Newell, late assistant entomologist to the Ohio experiment station, prepared the wash and thoroughly sprayed the trees December 31, 1901. The formula used was that recommended in Bulletin No. 3 (n. s.), Division of Entomology, viz, 40 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of sulphur, and 15 pounds of salt, with the addition of enough water to make 60 gallons of wash after these ingredients had been boiled as prescribed. The rainfall at Wooster for the month of January amounted to only 0.63 inch, and was distributed as follows: Inch UENO AY eles oe ies Oe aie Pa Te ge ee ee eS Oe Se eS 0. 02 HGR ER TEA TARR Sis SS Sl ear SS 1 8 a a ee . 05 January 12..--- TE SRR I es he it aig Eat Ne, i eee Ne . 05 JenUNUT ea yall ee one aren Se emt ee Ms PRR 2 Te eel . 02 JIBS A ES SF Le ee Ee one Ree eee ee . 40 JADEN AY 2D 5 Seabee ee oe ae =e ee Oe ae ee 05 JIginINYy Be bce se cede oa See BO ee ee ee eee ea . 02 JAINIGIAY ZO) SS SS GSS Se Ge S AEBS SARS OS eae eae yee te . 02 T7T96—No. 37—02 34 During the last part of the month snow fell instead of rain, but as it did not adhere to the trees to any great extent, its melting caused little of the wash to be removed. The climatic conditions were what would be considered favorable for the successful use of this wash. No careful inspection of the trees was made until May 24, 1902, but previous hasty examinations showed that a large number of the scales were becoming loosened on the trees and were falling to the ground. On the latter date the writer inspected these trees, and was unable to find any living scales whatever, except gx few females which were nearly full grown. Ten per cent of the females that had reached this degree of maturity were found to be alive, but on comparing the total number of living scales present on the trees with the number present before the trees were sprayed it appeared that at least 98 per cent had been destroyed. In Ottawa County the lime, sulphur, and salt wash was prepared by several owners of orchards, and applied to peach trees late in March, 1902, with satisfactory results. In one instance, a heavy storm of hail and rain fell shortly after spraying, and washed con- siderable of the deposit from one Side of the trees. The owner, fear- ing that the wash would not be effective, resprayed some of the trees on this side, very lightly, with crude oil. On June 14 an occasional live scale could be found, but the treatment appeared satisfactory. On examining some of the trees sprayed at the same time, but which had not been resprayed on one side with crude oil, no perceptible difference was apparent in the number of living scales present. A single case has been reported on Catawba Island where peach twigs have apparently been injured by this wash. The spray was prepared by the owner, the same formula being used as in the Wooster experiments. A large block of thrifty peach trees was sprayed on March 22 and 26, the weather following being dry and favorable for the effective use of the wash. On examination June 14, the writer found that many of the twigs on some of the trees had died from 4 inches to over a foot from the terminal bud. The foliage below the dead twigs was green and healthy in appearance, but the crop of fruit had been greatly reduced. The greater part of the trees in this orchard, treated in the same manner, showed no injury, hence it is difficult to understand the exact cause of the damage. The resin wash was also prepared and applied by Mr. Newell to apple trees slightly infested with the San Jose scale. It was made as directed in the bulletin previously mentioned, using 20 pounds of resin, 5 pounds of caustic soda, and 23 pints of fish oil, and, after boiling for four hours, it was diluted with sufficient water to make 100 gallons. The spraying was done January 8, and the trees were not examined until May 24. At this time only a single living scale was found, although several hundred scales were carefully inspected. 35 Mr. W. H. Owen sprayed a row of badly infested trees in his peach orchard on Catawba Island with a resin wash, but the formula con- tained more fish oi! than the one above quoted, and caustic potash was substituted for caustic soda. The trees were sprayed April 15 and 22, and the fruit buds appar- ently sustained no injury, as a good crop of peaches is growing. It was estimated, after examining the trees June 14, that 98 per cent of the scales had been destroyed. The results of the limited number of experiments this year indicate that these washes can be used in Ohio with good success, if climatic conditions are favorable, and if the preparation and application is careful and thorough. Whether orchardists will be able to duplicate the results of these tests as satisfactorily on a large scale and under different weather conditions can only be demonstrated in this State by the work of another season. Basing the cost of materials on quotations received from wholesale firms in Columbus, the lime, sulphur, and salt wash can be prepared for a little over one cent per gallon. The resin wash is considerably cheaper, unless a more concentrated spray is desired. These estimates do not include the cost of preparing the wash, which takes considerable time, and should the materials be bought at retail prices the expense would be increased. After the conclusion of Mr. Burgess’s paper, it was voted to defer discussions until all of the papers on this subject had been presented. Mr. E. P. Felt then presented the following paper: EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN NEW YORK STATE AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE. By E. P. Fett, Albany, N. Y. The apparent complete destruction of the San Jose scale following the spraying operations of the writer last December is in marked con- trast to some results obtained in other sections of the State. The work was done December 11, 1901. The day was an ideal one, there being very little or no wind most of the time and the temperature ranging from about 30° F. in the shade to 68° in the sun. The trees were dry, and. despite the fact that there had been considerable cold weather and much snow the previous week, even the very bases of the trunks of the trees were exposed and dry and the insecticides could therefore be applied to the greatest advantage. The sunshone brightly most of the day, and it was one which would be characterized as a drying day. The apple orchard, where most of the work was done, consisted of over 60 young trees, many of which were in an exceed- 36 ingly bad condition on account of the abundance of the San Jose scale and a number were badly infested by the round-headed apple-tree borer. A 20-per-cent mechanical emulsion of a light, crude petroleum (41.1° Beaumé), obtained from the Derrick Oil Company, was applied to 22 apple trees and to 14 plum, pear, and quince trees. Examinations this spring, even as late as June 12, showed that the apple trees had apparently suffered little or no injury from the insecticide. These trees are not in good condition this spring, but this is due almost entirely to serious injuries inflicted by the two insects above named. The Clapp’s Favorite pear trees were injured somewhat, several limbs being killed, the bark cracking in places and some suckers being thrown out. The Dutchess pear trees suffered less and the Bartlett’s appar- ently escaped without any injury, being in excellent condition and two of them bearing considerable fruit. The tips of a number of limbs ona Globe peach tree were all dead this spring, but this can not be attributed to the insecticide, as some untreated trees suffered in the same manner. The treatment may, however, have facilitated winter killing. Several Meeche’s Prolific quince trees were also sprayed, without the slightest deleterious effects being observed. Good’s potash whale-oil soap No. 3, two pounds to the gallon, was applied on the same day to 23 apple trees and 10 pear, plum, cherry, and quince trees. The Clapp’s Favorites, Bartlett’s, Beurre d’Anjou, and Vermont Beauty pear trees suffered no injury and bear some fruit. A yellow gage plum has no fruit and a Magnum Bonum plum bears considerable. Both trees are in excellent condition and evidently suf- fered very little or no harm from the insecticide, unless the fruit buds of the first-named variety were killed, which is hardly probable. Good’s tobacco whale-oil soap No. 6, two pounds to the gallon, was also tested under the same conditions on 10 apple trees and 18 green gage plum trees. The apple trees showed very little or no injury, while most of the plum trees have suffered harm, which is shown by the majority developing a considerable number of adventitious shoots. Two small apple trees were painted with linseed oil, the raw product being used on one and the boiled on the other. The first was killed outright by the application and the second nearly so. ‘This substance is so dangerous that its use in the fall can not be recommended. All of these applications have, so far as present examinations can determine, given most excellent results so far as insecticidal purposes are concerned. Many of the trees were very badly encrusted with the San Jose scale and apparently not a single scale has survived the treat- ment. This statement may need modification as the breeding season advances, but the present indications are very satisfactory indeed. 37 REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS WITH LIME, SALT, AND SULPHUR WASH AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN MARYLAND. 3y A. L. QuarnTance, College Park, Md. As a result of experiments by the entomologists of the Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, and others, it has perhaps been generally accepted that the lime, salt, and sulphur wash, so effective in California against the San Jose scale, is of com- paratively little value in the East, owing to our more rainy climate. In the past few years, however, numerous reported cases of its suc- cessful use have awakened renewed interest in the wash, and further experiments have seemed desirable, particularly in connection with a record of weather conditions, which seem to be an important factor in the results following its application. The past winter applications of the lime, salt, and sulphur wash were made in three different localities in Maryland, namely: College Park, Prince George County; Annapolis Junction, Howard County; and Sharpsburg, Washington County. Experiment I.—At College Park, 20 five-year-old Japan plum trees, badly infested with scale, were treated on March 4. A Pomona barrel sprayer was used, fitted with Seneca nozzles. The wash was made according to the following formula: eNews sos ees oa Soe e se Rete: Seema a, a2 aR cee pounds... 40 SEE ce cha ele Hi lta le A is a doia 2 a5 ASADIN 0) OUT ce ee PIE A ge aN = eS a doses 20 AI EET eS HS 8 te ls i ae ee i ee Le Ree gallons.. 60 The sulphur and 20 pounds of quicklime were placed in a barrel with 20 gallons of water and steam cooked for one and one-half hours, after which the salt and the remaining lime were added and the whole cooked for one-half hour longer, after which the balance of the water was added. At the time of making the application the weather was cloudy, and the temperature ranged somewhat above the freezing point all day. Soon after the work had been finished a light snow began to fall, which alternated with rain and sleet during the night and most of the following day. The trees were wet almost continuously for a period of twenty to twenty-two hours immediately following the application of the wash. Several succeeding days were clear and bright, with the temperature ranging mostly above the freezing point. The pre- cipitation and aspect of sky from March 4 to May 31 is given in the following table, as taken from the weather record book of the United States Weather Bureau, as recorded by Prof. W. T. L. Talia- ferro at the experiment station, about one-fourth mile from the treated trees: 38 Record of weather from March 4, 1902, to May 31, 1902, in connection with lime, salt, and sulphur experiment at College Park, Md. Precipi- | Character of Date. tation. | weather. Date. cates pee Inches. | | Inches. Msirchp eee aisen cele eae 1.07 HEA Ye Geren a eee wees 0.31 ey ete iss en pene 41 | De So. SNe eee al ee re Clear. Beilin 25 te ae paige | Clear. | ORR ian Le 14 U2 Fe Se ceva cce 34 QQ Se Sectican Tro eee 19 133-9 wet ee Trace, | | SOL) eleva esa ena Clear. 14-1 jah aoe sen eee |e Oleam: Mia 25'S. Ae ete Seguin ale pears Clear. AG ss -eeeees wees «29 | D hance ate eats .41 D7 ce See ee all Ms aye Cree Clear. S=6 csc tsa sees o[peeaweecers Clear. ps eRe ees an rary 71 | pce eee cee 09 DO™ Sieben in setts | .31 | S=10: 3s seer neeeal eee eee Clear. a leet Prat nt Ae eee eer | Cloudy. Wis saotkc See eee ees | oaceeeies Part cloudy. Ny 0 +71 ese pape uy eens ae ha sore: | Cloudy. 12s SEs SG ot cto an le ee ees Clear. DES Yee Rae ae e a [pneeSasemr Cloudy | aS ee ee em ces . 03 7 a Re ata eters a | 06 | ARTF ce Peel asa we Clear. Da Gis eee eemies | 05 18 a ie kacinciee os | oe eee Part cloudy. (wee ek 1.10 | AI eee Asie oh Sets 33 hk eS sae 40 QOS Etre 19 10 SR eases Coe oh ee Part cloudy. DAES ee = ae SR oes Clear. bleh aas Se Sees eee nips Clear. Den part men ste emit | . 64 Lge Ne Ria one | Trace. DUE eet eee . 69 Seep oS ele | Ss: Cloudy. | DGPS a Soe ee | 82 Ge arte ee ee eee oe Part cloudy. || O70 ee Ree teeiarse Part cloudy. Lie ease Mee a [eee Sic Clear. | 28 e ce teste amir Trace... SUR Stacks sees eree | Trace. 2932s asec Sse eae Clear. 1 QHD Nee cok cck cle | Trace. | Clear. As will be noted in the table, there were 1.48 inches precipitation on the night and succeeding day following the application. There was a light rain of 0.34 inch on March 12, eight days after date of applica- tion. A ght rain also occurred on the 16th, and 0.71 inch fell on the 28th, with a precipitation of 0.31 inch during the 29th and 30th. There was thus a total precipitation from March 4 to 31 of 3.13 inches. During April rain fell at seven different times, with a total for the month of 2.25 inches. During May rain fell on eight different dates, with a total of 2.70 inches. Frequent examinations of the treated trees were made to note the effect of the wash on the scales. The earlier examinations indicated that a very large percentage of the scales had been killed. Later examinations, however, showed that these estimates had been placed too high, and in the final examination, on June 2, of many branches and twigs from different trees the percentage of scale killed was placed at from 55 to 60 per cent. At this time the young lice were very abun- dant, many having settled on the limbs, leaves, and fruit. Scraping the infested branches with a knife revealed the bright, yellow bodies of the mature females in great numbers, and running the blade flat- wise pressed out an abundance of oily fluid from the scales. 39 On the whole, the treatment was far from satisfactory, and was not sufficiently so to render the use of the wash profitable in comparison with some of the other insecticides used against this species. Experiment [[1.—The test at Annapolis Junction was made on an orchard of 225 ten-year-old apple trees and about 50 two-year-old peach trees. There was a general sprinkling of the scale throughout the orchard, and many trees were quite badly infested, the trunk and limbs being mostly incrusted with scale. The wash as made up was iden- tical with that used at College Park, but was cooked in a large iron boiler instead of in a barrel by the use of steam. The wash was applied with the same apparatus, and when finished the trees were quite thickly and uniformly coated with the mixture. The treatment was made on March 27 and 28, the weather being clear, with but little wind. The following weather record as furnished me by Col. W. 8. Powell, on whose farm the work was conducted, is of interest in this connection: March 29. Warm, with showers in afternoon. March 30. Showers in afternoon. March 31. Snow and rain; cold winds. April 1. Cold winds. April 2. Cold winds. April 3. Fair. April 4. Light rain. April 5. Fair. April 6. Light rain. April 7. Cloudy. April 8. Driving rain all day. April 9. Light rain. April 10. Fair and cold. April 12. Fair. April 13. Fair and windy. April 14-28. Fair, with variable temperature. May 6. ~-Fair, with variable temperature. May 7. Rain during night. May 8-12. Fair. May 13. Rain in afternoon. The weather record was not kept after May 13, as later than this it was not considered as having any bearing on the experiment. A careful examination of infested twigs from different trees on May 10 Jed to the conclusion that a considerably higher percentage of scale had been killed than a subsequent examination on June 13 proved to be the case. On this date many young scales were crawl- ing, and very many live scales were exposed by scraping the infested limbs with a knife. After an examination of many trees, both peach and apple, the percentage of dead scale was placed at from 45 to 50, In considering the weather record for this test, it will be observed that rain fell on the three days succeeding the application, and on 40 April 8, eleven days after the treatment, there was a driving rain all day. Rain fell in varying amount at eight different times during the course of the thirty days following the application of the wash. A slight variation was made in the treatment applied to two rows of apple trees, which might here be mentioned. These trees were sprayed with the usual lime, salt, and sulphur wash, to which refined glue had been added at the rate of 3 pounds to the barrel of water. An appreciable difference in the effectiveness of this wash was to be noted, an increased percentage of scale of not less than 18 or 20 per cent having been killed. In the foregoing tests the results were decidedly disappointing, so far as the effectiveness of the wash was concerned, but considered in connection with the weather conditions which prevailed it is not likely that applications of other insecticides would have given any- thing like usual results. Experiment [1/.—The third test of the wash was made in an orchard of 5-year-old peach trees on the farm of Mr. 8. 5. Stouffer, Sharps- burg, Md. A block of about 50 trees was selected and treated with the wash on March 22, the day being bright, warm, and calm. Two formule were used, the 40-15-20 to 60 gallons of water, and the 30-8-123 to 50 gallons of water. The rains which occurred, as reported by Mr. Frisby Smith, who also applied the spray, are as follows: March 28. Light rain. April 8 and 9. Heavy rain. May 19. Heavy thunder storms. May 25. Heavy thunder storms. The trees in this plat were examined June 19, and the results were quite different from those previously recorded. Live scales were quite hard to find, although some trees were rather badly infested with them. On the whole, the percentage killed was placed at from 98 to 99 per cent. No appreciable difference was to be noted in the results from the different formule. The trunks and larger limbs were still coated with the wash, so that the scales were considerably obscured. The lime, salt, and sulphur wash was used by Mr. Stouffer one year ago this spring ona part of his orchards with gratifying results, and his entire orchard was sprayed with it the present spring. Three years ago the scale was very serious in this orchard, some trees having been killed and many seriously injured. At the present time the insect is under complete control, and no fear is now felt as to the possibility of keeping it in check with this treatment. 4] SOME PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN GEORGIA.” By W. M. Scort, Atlanta, Ga. The Georgia State department of entomology was established in March, 1898, and at that time, as shown by inspections made later, the San Jose scale had become established in 57 counties, including the leading orchard sections of the State. No system of treatment had been adopted, most of the owners of infested orchards not having even determined the cause of the trouble. In a few instances, however, some knowledge of this pest and its treatment had been gained through correspondence with the Division of Entomology and the Georgia Experiment Station. In the Tifton section some 50,000 peach trees had been subjected to the gas treat- ment, and whale-oil soap was being used quite extensively in Randolph County, but asa rule practically nothing was being done to control this pest. The gas treatment, although giving good results, proved to be too cumbersome, and the soap washes, owing perhaps to lack of thorough application, were unsatisfactory. Our State law was such as to compel the treatment of infested orchards, and it was incumbent upon the newly appointed entomolo- gist to furnish the remedy. After some preliminary experiments the oil-water treatment was adopted and a 25 per cent strength of kero- sene was recommended for the winter of 1898-99. The results were generally satisfactory, but it was found advisable to reduce the strength to 20 per cent. Experiments with crude petroleum, made the following year, gave this substance the preference, better results being obtained with it than with corresponding strengths of kerosene. For several years, therefore, kerosene and crude oil in mechanical mixture with water have been very extensively used against the San Jose scale in Georgia, and, though on the whole successful, there have been several cases of more or less serious damage to the treated trees. In most cases the damage has been accurately traced to some defect in the pump, carelessness in the application, or other causes within the power of the orchardist to control. But there have been a few cases where the resulting damage could be attributed to no fault of the operator. These adverse results gave rise to some distrust of the oil sprays, which was augmented by the arguments of certain vendors of sure-cure washes and compounds guaranteed to exterminate the scale without damage to the trees. In order to test these ‘* cure-all” compounds and other better known scale washes in comparison with the oils officially recommended by “Vor valuable assistance in the execution of these experiments the writer is indebted to Mr. W. F. Fiske, who personally conducted the larger portion of the work with the soaps and caustic washes; and to the owners of the orchards, who furnished the teams and labor. 42 the Department, a series of extensive experiments was planned, for the execution of which an orchard of 17,000 2-year-old peach trees was secured from Mr. 8. H. Rumph, at Marshallville, Ga. In addition a near-by orchard of Mr. F. J. Frederick’s, consisting of about 2,000 4-year-old peach trees was used, more particularly as a test of the insecticides upon bloom buds. The larger orchard was divided into plots of 400 trees each, and these were so arranged that each plot contained five or more varieties of peaches. The orchard was badly infested with the San José scale, less than 10 per cent of the trees being entirely free, and from 10 to 40 trees in each plot being either completely encrusted or nearly so. The orchard became infested from local spread during the first season after planting, and until the experiments were begun in November, 1901, it had received no treatment. In the Frederick orchard some scales were found on every tree, and about 25 per cent of the trees were quite badly infested. The following substances were used in the experiments: Oils: Pennsylvania crude, 43° gravity. Refined kerosene, 150° flash test. Standard Oil Company’s fuel oil. California distillate. Soaps: Leggett’s Anchor brand. Leggett’s whale-oil soap compound. Good’s No. 3. Good’s No. 6, tobaceo. Turpentine soap. Caustic washes: Lime, sulphur, and salt wash. Crude potash. Resin wash. Carbolic acid emulsion. It should be explained that during the course of the winter a large number of the scales perish without treatment. The females that have reached maturity and commenced breeding rarely survive the winter. In making up results, therefore, only the immature overwintering individuals were counted. PETROLEUM OILS. Owing to delay in obtaining the crude oil no comparative tests were made until January 15, when the work with oils was properly begun. From that date applications were made at various intervals until March 7, at which time the fruit buds were beginning to part their petals. During the first week m December, however, kerosene in soap emulsion was used at strengths of 10, 15, and 20 per cent. Nearly all sorts of weather conditions were met with, and an excel- 43 lent opportunity was thus afforded for testing the influence of the weather upon the effect of the oil sprays. Applications were made on fair and cloudy days, immediately before and after rains, early mornings, and late afternoons. Peculiarly enough, however, the dif- ferent conditions attending the various applications made no apparent difference in the effect of the oil upon the trees or scale insects; like- wise no appreciable difference in the results could be detected between early and late applications. This was rather surprising, as it was expected that applications followed within a few hours bv clouds and rain would result in damage to the treated trees. No attempt is made to record the details of these experiments here. Below some of the tests are summarized in a general way. Applica- tions having been made at different seasons and under different weather conditions, a large number of plots were required and many of these could not be included in the tables. Crude petroleum.—A summary of the applications and results in the Frederick orchard is given in Table I. It is not deemed necessary to give a similar table of the work in the Rumph orchard which, though on a much more extensive scale, does not give results materially different from those contained in this table. It is worthy of note, however, that the trees in the Rumph orchard received no apparent damage from any strength of oil applied, while some injury was noted in the Frederick orchard, attributable in part to defects in the pump and possibly to some extent to the condition of the trees, the Rumph orchard not having yet come into full bearing. 44 batt lk megacne JO 90R1} YIM ‘Apnoypo Fz “URL “Avids Aq Jy JOU puNoy seed] Z UO SquIT] JO SUOTIIOg “A ee ala Aen igh OC ea 7) dvos uf queo sed cf | | GLT *poqunod OTT JO IMO. “UOIS[NU | | | Ruse Spmictessiely = 2i5¢ ODesae PUNO} 9[VOS BATT ON |-*> Op*-**| dvos ur yued sod 0% | VioceaeiX' TAI. seo eg sep aat eon ae ODre wales Opasis| ss LODaurs| seg ‘OTBOS BATT JO | | | | “UOISTNUIS | sitar Ge PISS OM AWK ay STO MCGFTO) WMA MUESIS)9 Ef C0) OY fm ISSO COA SSS CK sTo}s| oye sno) BEKO (pyaAo COK PSs yon al fe gt *O[BOS BAT] JU | ‘WOIsynUD | | | RE ORE SASS “""7*" 9U0N | dod Gq po evuNsY |--- op----! dvos uf jue0 Jod eT | 4 ‘aR a PPS eS em LOD eins age Daag aoe arias (r¢ ‘Te 18 *punoy o[Bos OATL ‘uOIs[ute — | euou 10 4Qyst[s AIaA | JUd0 Jed 4 poyBUIysy | ZT “Ady [7-777 CONCEP CA neers sate dvos ut quao dod cy | #3 ‘uBe o opss: CLT | | | *punoy 9[BOS DATL ‘OINJXIWM [BOTUBYD | | sorreesss-sasis AIOA | Judd Jod g poyVUIsY |"""Op*""*| -ou ur yusad Jed CZ pes PIN Ee ores & Opie BSEi(0) JPCORNS SACO Ooh Cer *ATOIOA ‘QIN XIU [ROTURYO | | -08 % ‘poinfUL seer} F |-- PUNOJ O[BOS OATT ON [7-7 OPr 7] ote ore censor enc tomsecos =") -ont Ul Jued Jed Gt | 0z ‘upp |" Opttt*| @uT “ATTRq | | | -By oauo0U ‘AT}ULST[S | ATWO suos—porn fut ‘OINY XIU [BOTUBYD | BSG [a AO ROTO WLS OOTIG [Eilean cian eerie O Prema |---Op---"| -euk Ur yueo aed 0z | 4 ‘BW Paha sesso Opes ssl ecO Digs. sec OD sal .da “AT[BIVE =| “BUTATT[ JUD Jod G9 | | ‘Inj XTUr [BOTUBYO euoU ‘pain(UT sder}'g | WEI Sse] po YBUNTsm |--* OP °° )-+ os oem e seh ccweseeimenmnn---| -5UT UT 4uod Jod 0g | St ‘uBe |-°- Op*-- +4 ez “OATLB ‘QIN}XTUL [BOTUBID | | | Peel ates kos sUON | ued Jed % peyeuIs® |7°" Op" ">| out ur yueo sed ap | 4. “wey [77777377 Opts *]-- Opr=*|"- Op "| Ge 4ystis | ‘OAT[B *OIN} XIU [BOTUBYD AIOA SOUL YB IO ‘QUON | NuGHacolcr mod hnssera yi. uth - | RACOI SSG oCCS Ses oo Ro Senate -oul UL jyued dod ct | zt ‘uRe [ee sumaliy, | SLT | vee a “ULIO] PUB YSUILIS “ayRq “UOJ puB YASuads ‘aye | | ‘sea *so0d] UO POA ‘oTBROS UO WOOT -xo [vuy = =— "esV soued jo a3Rq ‘uor}BoT[ddev puodesg “uoTTBoT[dde ysaty N ‘wnapodjad apna fo suoynoyddn wouf synsay—'T AAV, — a 45 Considering the effect upon both the scale insects and the treated trees, the results were slightly in favor of crude oil applied in the form of emulsion with soap at the strength of 20 or 25 per cent. In many cases 25 per cent oil gave no better results than a 20 per cent strength, the latter proving sufficient to destroy all scales with which it came in contact. Moreover, it was found unnecessary to make more than one application, although the second application doubtless killed some insects that were not reached by the first. No apparent damage to the trees or fruit buds could be definitely attributed to the emul- sion. Trees that received two applications of a 25 per cent strength showed little or no ill effect. Equally as good results were obtained from crude oil applied with the mechanical mixing pumps when a uniform discharge could be obtained. The Gould ‘‘kero-water” pump with two 20-foot leads of hose was used and, though apparently the best pump of this nature on the market, it can not always be depended upon for a uniform per- centage of oil. For some unexplainable reason the discharge of either oil or water may cease at varying intervals; and even if this regularity lasts only for a moment, a tree may be seriously injured or the scale infesting it may escape unharmed. Moreover, owing to the construc- tion of the pump, a slightly greater percentage of oil is usually dis- charged through one lead of hose than the other; and with nozzles having small apertures (one-twentieth inch Vermorel were used) there is always some separation of the oil and water in the hose and conse- quent variations in the composition of the spray from one instant to another. However, it should be explained that with constant care and frequent tests excellent results can be obtained by the use of these pumps. In the experiments no great difficulty was encountered and, with the exception of a very few injured trees and lack of effect on the scale in rare cases, the results compare favorably with those obtained from the soap emulsion. Kerosene.—W hat has been said of the comparative value of crude oil in mechanical mixture and in soap emulsion applies equally well to kerosene, the latter form of application giving slightly more uni- form results in both cases. The results from a portion of the plats treated with kerosene are contained in Table II, which is made from notes on the early applications of emulsion in the Rumph orchard and later applications of the mechanical mixture in the Frederick orchard. 46 ‘prow orfoq | -180 apndo JO UOIS t -[NUL JUN) od F BOY peppsB UOIs[Nud UL SLBABOU TO PLO’ OTTOGLB) JO WOMTPPW |= =~ ar 125 o OTROS SUTATT JUOD Ted Gp }s-sOps sale sss pees sn see oe "“|"-*>"">--=| ouesoley gueo red OL | AL ‘dem |** Op" ==") car “Wg UO ULBL YOUT gO'0 puB aTBoS “WOIS[NUTS SSOUIPHO[D Aq poMOT[OJ ‘IIB] F “Vad |-"- Op*-**| BATT JUGD Jed [ UBYY Sse |--- OPT [tte ee Sea ere ey dvos ur yuao god 02] - ‘oaq |**- Op*---| OOT *punoy _ UWOTS[TDUIE 2] SOP seas oUNOM GUT ANEIO) Mole ATI®) less OPscan| BOS «UL qed Tod 10g |e a Oss |sn esas es sae ODS aa als OP seer rlODeaaa NOOT *‘ponunuodstp SurAvads yunod “HOISTS -0G BY} UO pueB ‘APUTAA AIOA OT ‘Gam |--- Op-*-7|*--"-- * SUTATT [[1JS JuOO Jed ¢ |--- Op~*-*| dvos ut quad aod ct | 9f a eh chee ESS ODaee eles OD imautll ax Deal 0G “UOIS[NUWd Soe O Dinter d amen an Sa SOA BINT OD nla User |mca | O[) meataall eens ie Na Dae opel a at dvos ut yue0 rod ct |--- op----|"-> op"**"| oor “HOIS[TNULA ee AO) Sha se aro - QAT[B JUD Jed ['9 |""" Op*-**} dvos ur yued sz9d 0z tO} Oy pd langage See ag git (0) Oe is | ees (0) On ae Sa OD ie e000 “BULMOT[OT ABp “OTROS “HOIS[NULO ay} puB 0g “AON UO TBE TOYO, |--° Op*--*| Surat, quedo sed ¢g poywurysy |°"* Op***-| dvos ut quad sed ct | Fz pigs e Sree Sara O Daw acnal | Ruan! OD scan all peo Deas MOOG “ABI UL “HOIS[NUa ‘JUSTOIJNSUL ATIBETO YYSUeI}g |--° Op---*|------- opBas BATT JUG0 Tod OT | HOOMAST |--- oo Tete tle reese devos ut quod dod Qf | 0g ‘AON |" “SIB9AZ | OOT me plomocey ‘OT BOS *OIN}XTUL [ROTUBYD UIBI 4USTIS Aq poMOT[OJ “ITBZ 4 “IBY |°-" Ops*-*| aATT JUAD Tod T URYQ ssary |"*- Op**-*} -au UT quad aod Gz | 1 rime gee si 5. O Drie | a= O Dna Iie 10) EINTeL “OTROS *OIN}XTUL [BOTUBYD SS POPeces OAT AUdONOd TAUB IeSSOG alias AODs vanien ee cm oe aS ee iat tae 2 sa ae os -OUl UI YUeD Jed Gz |--- op*--*|"-- Op"--*} e7T “QUIT, 9UO JO apts ¢ ‘OIN]XTUL [ROTUBYO -I9pUN UO dIOM PUNO a[BOS DAT] T[V |*-~ Op*-~*|}"-*- >" aT BOs SuTAT[ yuo Jod [ |"*- oOp-***} -aut ut quad aed oz | 2 fasiseseerainierele BOGE. 0] DEPT IAI COV oy oes A2e Ops he | “OTROS *OUN}XTUL [BOTUBYO SeODEe sR OUTAT Mie TOC PmeUaISsO NT |e OD e pen|ians sess eae piace | -oux Ul jueo dod 0g | eG “UBL \72> Op==2=5| ey ‘so0d] pojsnIoOUT UO ‘OINY XIU [BOTUBYD punoy yerd sry} Ur o[vos SUTAT, OWL |--" Op****| Surat yueo zed g payemmsy |-*- Op----| -au ur ques sed ey | 4 PO REEIOC RCE OC SIO Piet = sll aaa © Dice eae OD meme Ge “VY SIU 1B *‘a[ BOS BULATL JUIO ‘OINYXTUT [BOLUBYO UIwI TOUT ¢L°0 AQ paMOTIOF ‘Iyey ABC |--- aUON | Jod T UBYY ssoT poyRUIMsa| | ZT ‘ad |------+ 77> Dee os Te 5|o "= s"ss| -9UL Ul gue rod cT | 0Z “up |*“sIBes F | GzT Ory ‘ULLOy puBYSueyg | -aieq ‘MLIOF PUB YSU ‘a1eNq "*s901} be p *‘sood} a nee -BUIUIB , 5 L ; $0]0U [BIOs 10 199 O[BOS UO JOO -xo peuy a AA ‘OB JO 10q -UInN JO 93Bq ‘uoTyBor[dde puoseg “uot BOTLAde ysITy ‘auasouay fo suoynoyddy wodf synsay—'T] ATaAV J, 47 At strengths of 20 and 25 per cent the results, on the whole, were quite satisfactory and such as to warrant one in continuing to recom- mend the use of kerosene (preferably in soap emulsion) for scale-infested orchards in Georgia, when crude oil can not be conveniently procured. The crude oil is cheaper and in practice appears to be considerably more efficient, owing to the residuum with which the trees remain coated for weeks after the application. ~ Fuel oil.—This substance was purchased from the Standard Oil Com- pany with the intention of using it cautiously on only a few trees. On February 18, it became necessary to leave the work for a day in charge of the foreman, a white man, who was given explicit instruc- tions for carrying out the experiment with crude oil in mechanical mixture. Through mistake he got hold of the fuel oil and very care- fully carried out the scheme of experiments, thinking that he was using the high-grade crude oil. It was applied to about 1,000 trees in the Rumph orchard. Unfortunately the entire lot was used up before the mistake was discovered and no record was made of its specific gravity. It was applied at the rate of 10, 15, and 20 per cent as a first applica- tion and at the same strengths as a second application where the high- grade crude oil had been used a month before in corresponding strengths. The results were quite surprising, in that the trees suffered no ap- parent damage even where the 20 per cent strength followed as a -second application upon the high-grade oil. Some of the treated trees were slightly backward in putting out foliage, but they soon became vigorous and all indication of injury disappeared. The effect upon the scale was as good as that obtained with the high-grade oil. The 20 per cent strength killed more than 99 per cent of the scale and the 15 per cent strength appeared to be equally as effective, while at 10 per cent the vagaries of the pump became apparent in the results. Distillate emulsion.—TYen gallons of this substance was obtained from California and used as recommended in that State. It was found that a strength of 1 part of the emulsion to 4 parts of water was required for efficient work against the scale. The results from weaker applications were unsatisfactory. The effect upon the treated trees was slightly injurious, but in no case seriously so. SOAPS. All the brands of soap mentioned above were tested more or less extensively, and to record the results from each would require too much space here. The earlier applications (beginning December 2), except in the case of one brand of soda soap, were generally unsuccessful, owing, in part at least, to adverse weather conditions immediately following. The last series of tests (made March 6) were quite satisfactory, less than 48 1 per cent of live scale remaining on trees treated with a solution containing 2 pounds to each gallon of water. One and one-half pounds to the gallon, though killing much the larger portion of the insects, was notably less effective. Rain within twenty-four hours after treat- ment seriously interfered with the results, particularly when a potash soap was used. In one case 13 pounds to the gallon was more effective than 2 pounds to the gallon applied the following day, both applica- tions having been drenched with rain on the third day. One hundred or more trees were used in each test, and the general effect (aside from that upon the scale) appeared to be more beneficial than otherwise. Some damage to fruit buds, not, however, of a serious nature, resulted from the early December applications. The spring work gave no ill effect. CAUSTIC WASHES. Lime, sulphur, and salt.—Three strengths of this wash were used, the standard formula (80 pounds of lime, 20 of sulphur, and 15 of salt) being diluted to 40, 50, and 60 gallons. It was applied at four dif- ferent dates, February 28, March 3, 6, and 7. February 28 was a fair day, with a slight breeze from the southwest during the forenoon, freshening into a brisk wind in the afternoon, rendering thorough work difficult. On March 1, 1.33 inches of rain fell, but the temperature (maximum, 58° F.; minimum, 33°) was cold for the season. On March 5, 0.23 inch of rain fell, followed by two fair days and a slight rain (0.02 inch) on the 8th. No more rain fell until March 14, when it commenced and rained through the 16th, during which time the precipitation amounted to 4.75 inches. The more thorough observations were made during the first week in May, when it was found that the best results were obtained from the applications on March 38 and 6, which killed about 90 per cent of the scale. On the other plots as much as 20 per cent of the scale could be found alive. However, a more hasty examination, made June 4, showed that the insects were still dying and that before the wash should be exhausted the fatality would be much greater than the earlier observations indicated. The scaly covering of such insects as appeared to be alive were in many cases so corroded by the wash as to afford little protection to the insects. Contrary to expectation, the strongest solution gave no better results than those of greater dilution. It might be said that the results upon the whole were somewhat gratifying and that further tests may prove the lime, sulphur, and salt wash to be a valuable scale remedy for Georgia. In the light of later knowledge it is quite certain that our method of preparation could be improved upon, as it now appears that some of our poor results were probably due in part to insufficient boiling. 49 Crude caustic potash.—Crude caustic potash in solution was used at strengths of 1, 2, and 3 pounds to 10 gallons of water. The first appli- cation (made in the fall) was of the medium strength, with results far from successful, owing perhaps to wet weather immediately following. The second spraying, March 6, gave the following results as shown by examination made May 6: 1 pound to 10 gallons, 25 per cent of scale alive. 2 pounds to 10 gallons, 3 per cent of scale alive. 3 pounds to 10 gallons, less than 1 per cent of scale alive. No injury to the trees resulted, but the stronger solutions cut the hose very badly. It is clear, then, that potash used strong enough will successfully destroy the scale, but it is quite impractical to use it extensively at the required strength owing to its caustic effect upon both the hose and the operators. Resin wash—One application prepared according to the standard formula was followed by no good results. Carbolic acid emulsions.—Three different washes, of unknown com- position, but consisting essentially of an emulsion of crude carbolic acid with varying proportions of oils, soap, and other ingredients, were given thorough trials. It was found that less than a 16 per cent strength of any of these washes was practically ineffective, and though 20 and 25 per cent strengths were reasonably effective, the cost would debar their use. PRACTICAL WORK IN A LARGE ORCHARD. In addition to the regular experiments, an orchard of 55,000 three- year-old peach and 1,000 plum trees belonging to Mr. W. C. Wright, of Fort Valley, Ga., was treated under the writer’s supervision. Mr. Wright was very much alarmed over the condition of his orchard, and he made a special request of the entomologist to assume full control of its treatment. Beginning August 8, 1901, the orchard was given an inspection row by row, which revealed 1,000 badly infested trees well distributed. From these centers of infestation the scale had spread generally in all directions, leaving only a small percentage of the trees entirely free. Beginning August 20, all the badly infested trees that had been located were sprayed with a 10 per cent strength of kerosene, using a knap- sack ‘‘kero-water” pump. This checked the breeding of the scale, and was apparently the means of saving a large number of trees that would doubtless have perished before time for winter treatment. From December 25 to January 2 each badly infested tree and with 15 or 20 adjacent trees were sprayed with a 15 per cent strength of kerosene, using a barrel pump. In this manner the 1,000 trees repre- senting the centers of infestatien had received two applications of oil (796— No. 387 —02——-4 50 (10 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively) and about 1,500 trees one application before the general treatment of the orchard commenced. It was intended that the entire orchard should be treated with crude petroleum, but delay in obtaining this substance necessitated the con- tinuation of the use of kerosene. ‘Taking the trees in regular order, regardless of previous treatment, 17,000 were sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of kerosene between January 3 and 23. The crude oil had then arrived, and from January 25 to February 7 28,000 peach and 1,000 plum trees were sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of this substance, which registered 434° gravity on the Beaumé oil scale. The remaining 10,000 trees being detached from the main orchard and containing only a slight infestation of scale, were not taken into account in making notes. However, they were sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of kerosene, beginning February 11. The effect of the treatment was carefully watched, and at the end of three weeks after 20 per cent kerosene had been applied to the block of 1,700 trees in the general treatment, a small percentage of live scale insects could here be found. It was then too early to make a definite determination of the results, but the owner was not satisfied with the indications and the writer consented to another application to this block, advising 15 per cent kerosene, which was applied late in February. Reviewing the treatment, a portion of the 1,000 badly infested trees was sprayed four times at different periods with kerosene at LO, 15, 20, and 15 per cent strengths, respectively, and the remainder three times with 10 and 15 per cent strengths of kerosene, respectively, followed by a 20 per cent strength of crude oil. A portion of the 15,000 trees that received 15 per cent kerosene before the general treatment com- menced was sprayed with 20 per cent kerosene in January, followed by an application of 15 per cent kerosene late in February, while the other portion received a 20 per cent strength of crude oil. Thena portion of the trees that remained unsprayed when the general treat- ment commenced received a 20 per cent strength of kerosene, followed by a 15 per cent strength, while the other portion received a 20 per cent strength of crude oil only. : The entire work throughout the season was done in the most care- ful manner possible on a large scale. Six Gould barrel ** kero-water” pumps were used, and these were supplied with oil by extra teams while the water was piped into the orchard. The work was done with negro labor, superintended by the owner of the orchard and two intel- ligent white men, who at short intervals tested the percentage of oil discharged and saw that every portion of the tree was moistened with the spray. When any part of the tree was found dry it was resprayed, even at the cost of turning the team. By the employment of a mechanic the pumps were kept so adjusted as to do satisfactory work. The results were beyond expectation. When the winter work was 51 begun the new double-hose arrangement by which the oil and water are kept separate until the nozzle is reached was employed. Instead of producing a mechanical mixture, pure oil and pure water were alter- nately discharged. On one morning in trying to start five pumps with these attachments a number of trees were sprayed with pure kero- sene, resulting in the death of 40. The new style attachment was dis- carded, and no more injury was done save possibly the death of about 50 other trees which may be attributed to the combined effect of the scale and the treatment. The trees bloomed and leaved out normally, and are now bearing a magnificent crop of fruit. The scale was as nearly eradicated as the writer believes possible with any treatment. During the course of spring and summer until June 17, when the last observations were made, the writer visited the orchard three times and carefully examined several hundred trees both in the kerosene and crude oil blocks, and found only two trees bearing live scales. These were located in one of the kerosene blocks where two applications had been made. A general inspection of the orchard on June 17 revealed no further infestation of living scales. It is understood, of course, that should every tree in the orchard be care- fully examined a large number would no doubt show some living scales, but the observations have been sufficiently extensive to warrant the statement that better results can rarely be obtained with any practical treatment. SOLUBLE ARSENIC IN ARSENICAL INSECTICIDES. By J. K. Haywoop, Washington, D. C. Chief of insecticide and agricultural water laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. The two insecticides to which I chiefly desire to call attention are Paris green and London purple. As is well known, Paris green is composed of copper oxid, acetic acid, and arsenious oxid, which are all combined to form copper-aceto-arsenite, in the following proportions: Per cent. (Coppertoxn Chis ss saps eben eee eee Meares oleh seed ee 31. 29 PANIES TANG TIS O Nal ney ade cosa ts oie Nh ee elect SS hod ee Dey oy RN al 8 iS 58. 65 ENC CEIGrACI Gigs Ctra i Rha reat aga oe See eee oe 8 10. 06 Since this is a commercial article, small amounts of foreign matter are always present. Among these may be mentioned sodium sulphate, sand, and arsenious oxid, the last of which is not combined as it should be with the other two constituents, but is present in the free state. It is this arsenic which is generally supposed to scorch foliage when applied in too large amounts. In California, and in the East generally, 4 per cent free arsenious oxid has been adopted as being the maximum amount allowable in Paris 52 green, the free arsenic being determined by dissolving it from the Paris green by means of distilled water. What I desire to call attention to here is that there may be three conditions giving rise to a scorching of the foliage by the use of Paris green: (1) As I have already said, there may be a certain amount of arseni- ous oxid in the Paris green over and above that combined with the other constituents. This is called *‘free” arsenious oxid, and has until recently been considered as the only cause for the scorching of foliage by Paris green. (2) A number of Paris greens now on the market are poorly made, and when brought in contact with water, especially water charged with carbon dioxid, readily break up in the course of a short time, arseni- ous oxid being set free in the process. This is true to some extent even of the best Paris greens, but the poorly made ones break up much more quickly and readily. Let us see, then, what the effect of such greens would be upon the foliage. They would, in most cases, be sprayed upon the leaves while suspended in water. The water, along with the carbon dioxid of the air, would immediately commence to set arsenious oxid free. Not only would this go on with the original water, but the rain and dew that collect upon the plant would carry the process still further, and in the case of a poorly made article there would soon be enough free arsenious oxid to seriously scorch the foliage. Of course this change would go on in the case of well-made Paris greens, but so slowly that unless the climatic conditions were very adverse not enough arsenious oxid would be present at any one tiine to do any serious damage. (3) It is a well-known fact that even the best Paris greens, when ground to a very fine powder and applied to the foliage, will scorch. This seems to be due to the fact that the fine grinding exposes more surface to the action of water (and water charged with carbon dioxid), and that consequently the decomposing action of the water on the Paris green is accelerated and enough free arsenious oxid soon gathers to do serious damage. It appears, then, that there are three conditions of Paris green that may give rise to free arsenious oxid and consequent scorching, and what confronts the chemist is the discovery of a method or methods by which he can tell how much free arsenious oxid is actually present in a sample of Paris green, or how much, because of its condition, may be set free in a short length of time. This is rather a hard problem and, from the nature of the case, only an arbitrary method can now be proposed or expected. Manifestly it would not do to extract the sample for twenty-four hours with water since, in this length of time, even where free arse- nious oxid is present as such, it does not all go into solution nor does 53 a badly made or very fine Paris: green decompose to a great extent in this length of time. It has been found by the author that it takes nearly ten days for all free arsenious oxid in Paris green to go into solution. It has also been found that badly made Paris greens are broken up enough during the course of ten days to show whether they are very unstable or not and that well-made Paris greens are not broken to a great extent in this length of time. Avery and Beans“ have found that at the end of ten days a finely powdered article has been broken up to a great extent. It has therefore been thought best to determine the soluble arsenious oxid in Paris green by extracting 1 part with 1,000 parts of water (free from carbon dioxid) for ten days and at the end of this time determine the arsenious oxid in an aliquot portion of the filtrate. This method does not distinguish between the three causes of the soluble arsenious oxid, but it is undoubtedly true that all three are bad, although very likely not equally so. Other work done by Avery and Beans distinguishes to a certain extent between free arsenious oxid as such and the other two forms, so that at least we can say whether the soluble arsenious oxid is due to free arsenious oxid on the one hand or badly made or fine Paris greens on the other. Since these three distinct types of soluble arsenious oxid have not been previously recognized, and since, when 4 per cent was adopted as the maximum limit of soluble arsenious oxid allowable in Paris green, a much shorter time of extraction with water was used than ten days (resulting in much lower figures for soluble arsenious oxid), it appears to the author that work along this line is needed badly, work that will determine the maximum percentage of soluble arseni- ous oxid that can be present in Paris green without scorching in each of the three forms, or as many of these forms as our present chemical methods will enable us to recognize. The Bureau of Chemistry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, in collaboration with the Division of Entomology, is now carrying on preliminary work of this character, but in order to make the work : success each of the States will have to take it up, it being well known that climatic conditions markedly influence the amount of free arseni- ous oxid that a plant can stand. I therefore lay this matter before you with the hope that entomologists from the various States may be interested enough in the work to collaborate with us during the com- ing spring. The Department will prepare all samples and send them out and the various entomologists will do the spraying, for which full credit will be given in each case. The second class of insecticides to which your attention is directed are the London purples. These are prepared by boiling an analine dye residue containing arsenic with lime. Up to a very recent date @Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., Vol. X XIII, No. 2. 54 London purple was supposed to consist of an organic dye residue and calcium arsenite, but work which the author has carried on shows that it consists of an organic dye residue, calcium arsenite, and calcium arsenate. While the relative quantities of the two last-mentioned substances vary a great deal, the total amount of metallic arsenic is nearly the same in all samples examined. According to the old way of examining London purple, a portion was extracted with water and the soluble arsenious oxid determined in the solution. Where this was low the sample was passed as good and was used in spraying. Since it has been found, however, that arsenic oxid is also present, this must also be determined in the soluble portion. Proceeding in this way, it was found that whenever the soluble arsen- ious oxid was low the soluble arsenic oxid was high, and vice versa, so that in every sample examined the total amount of arsenic going into solution was very high, much higher, in fact, than the maximum limit of 4 per cent that has been previously recognized. Following are examples of three representative samples: Soluble Soluble arsenious arsenic oxid. oxid. Per cent. Pcr cent. 1 2.43 15. 81 2 13. 49 7,12 3 1.44 19. 56 It is a well-known fact that although London purple has gone out of use toa great extent now because of its scorching the foliage, it has been used and is used in many cases with excellent results. The only conclusion we can come to from the above facts is that many plants, under certain conditions at any rate, can stand a vast amount more of soluble arsenic than has been previously supposed. Of course, if this arsenic were present as the free acid it would undoubtedly kill or defoliate the tree; but its being present, as it is in London purple, as the calcium salts of arsenious and arsenic oxid evidently has a strong modifying influence. Compounds of this class are also being studied by the Bureau of Chemistry and Division of Entomology and, just as in the case of Paris green, the cooperation of the various States is absolutely indispensable to the success of the work. The foregoing paper by Mr. Hayward was read by the secretary of the association. After the reading of these papers, they were opened for discussion. Mr. Smith stated that he had taken a greater interest in these 55 papers than in any series of papers for a long time. He thought that they covered a field that had not been satisfactorily covered before. It happened that when the lime, sulphur, and salt wash was first tried in Washington, the result as recorded by Mr. Marlatt and others was that it afforded but little protection. One or two others tried the same material and the results were equally poor. In a second bulletin from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the chemical reactions in the wash were set forth and it was shown almost conclu- sively that it could not reasonably be expected to be of much value in in tLe moist Kast. A year or two ago one or two Jerseymen tried the wash on rather badly infested peach orchards, and the results seemed to be very good. During the past winter a number of other New Jersey fruit growers had successfully tried the wash. He called attention to a point not previously mentioned, namely, that the results of recent experiments in IIinois had been remarkably success- ful. He thought that the experiment there was nearly a complete success, 99 per cent of the scale having been killed at the time when Dr. Forbes’s bulletin had been sent to the press. Dr. Forbes exam- ined the experiment trees before the wash was applied, and discovered that when the winter had set in fully 50 per cent of the scale was dead. This fact was to be considered in estimating the amount of good done by washes. He had seen trees where no treatment had been made where 75 percent of the scale was dead in the early spring. Any sort of wash put on during the winter, if no previous count had been made, would be credited with killing 75 to 80 per cent of the scale, so that there will be an element of error in the statement of results unless previous examination has been made. This is a point to which Dr. Forbes gave proper attention. He was the first one, who in his records of results, took pains to take this into consideration and pub- lished the count. Mr. Smith stated that there are a number of local- ities in New Jersey where the lime, sulphur, and salt wash has been used on peach, pear, and apple. Very few plums had been treated and more peach than any other fruit. One of these places is in the vicinity of Mount Holly; a second is nearer to Camden; the third is in the vicinity of Heightstown. They were all in one general section of the State, and something like 70,000 or 80,000 trees were treated on a commer- cial scale. The formula used was almost universally 50-50-50 to 150 gallons of water. The proportion of the sulphur to the water was nearly the same in all of the mixtures. The preparation was very thorough, some steaming and some boiling direct. He had visited almost every one of the sprayed orchards, and the last visit had been only two or three days ago. The majority of the trees were large. The work was done with barrel sprayers or with power sprayers on carts. Where the work was done on small trees that were not badly infested the results were very good. A great many trees seemed to 56 have few or no living scale on them. In one orchard, although the breeding season was already well advanced, there was only a single tree upon which any larve were found, but there were quite a number of trees where living females occurred. The adjoining orchards showed that the scale was in full progress of breeding. Wherever very badly infested orchards were found it was observed that the wash had been least effective; that is, it was not successful in killing any large percentage of the scales. A tree incrusted with scales, still coated with the spray, would, on examination, be found to contain great numbers of the living insects underneath. So where the mate- rial was most needed it was least effective. On adjacent trees on which the scales were scattering the effect of the wash was very good. The wash does not penetrate nearly as well as the oil or soap mixture, and it does not spread at all. Where it hits it sticks and seems effect- ive, but it does not have much penetrating power. It is, furthermore, difficult to get it on the smaller twigs. This is an important point with apple trees, and unless the twig is hit the insects will not be killed. Farmers generally agree that it takes 3 gallons of the lime- sulphur-salt wash to do the work of 1 gallon of oil mixture. In New Jersey a gallon of the wash was stated to cost for material about 13 cents. This did not include the cost of mixing and the incidental cost of boiling and time of the laborer. In practice a sufficient amount of the wash to go as far as 1 gallon of oil would cost 43 cents. One orchard- ist used both, and prefers the oil because of its convenience. The farmers in New Jersey used the undiluted oil more than the emulsion. Some had tried to make a soap emulsion, but bad lost all interest in the mixture. He thought there was no doubt that, particularly in peach orchards, the lime-sulphur-salt wash could be satisfactorily used. The oil was hard on peach trees, unless sprayed on with a very fine nozzle, and very carefully. Mr. Marlatt said that he desired to join Dr. Smith in his hearty appreciation of the value of the papers presented. The experiments and work reported were of great interest on account of their consid- erable extent. He believed that the results of the work reported by Professor Scott and others in the South indicate that the question of how to practically control the San Jose scale has been solved. He congratulated the authors of the papers very heartily on the results obtained by them. He referred, in brief, to his personal experience with the use of oil on trees, including the orange in California. In reference to the early experiments of the Department in the East with the lime, sulphur, and salt wash, he stated that the work was conducted by Mr. Coquillett and himself, and was carried out in the most practical way, Mr. Coquillett having recently come from Califor- nia, and being thoroughly familiar with methods there employed. A careful record of weather conditions was kept subsequent to the treat- 57 ment. The percentage of scales killed was noted from time to time throughout the winter and the following spring, and in -the case of no tree, even where the wash had been used at considerably greater strength than recommended in California, were results of any very great value seen. A full record of these experiments is given in Bul- letin No. 3 (new series) of the Division of Entomology. It was noted at the time of these tests that a considerable percentage of the San Jose scale died during the winter where no treatment had been given, usually as much as 40 or 50 per cent perishing. Therefore, the treatment was considered to be of no value unless a notably greater percentage of scales were killed than would have succumbed normally. Both the California wash and the Oregon wash were tested at normal and double strengths. With the knowledge that the applications, as reported above, were more carefully made than would be ordinarily the case with farmers and fruit growers, the results were so poor that this wash was not recommended for use in the East. The reports of the success following its use in California, in view of these results, were not easily understood, and at first it was thought they might be founded on error, but the speaker had subsequently the opportunity to visit California and personally inspect results on the Pacific slope, and he found that there was no possibility of questioning the efficiency of the wash in that region. The explanation was evi- dently in the differences in climate between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. In the former, the wash being applied in winter, remained on the trees unaffected by rains or moist weather, often for several months, the wash being applied after the rainy season, in late winter. In the East, on the other hand, the wash is usually subjected to wash- ing rains within a few days after application, and it was believed that this explained the difference in results. Later on he had again taken up the investigation of the lime, sulphur, and salt wash in coop- eration with the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agri- culture. The results of these experiments are given in Bulletin No. 31 (new series) of the Division of Entomology. The wash had been prepared with the use of a steam plant and after the most approved California methods, and was applied almost boiling hot to scale-infested trees. In this instance it killed every scale on the trees, the application being thoroughly effective. The reason for this seemed to be that the weather conditions following the experi- ment were very favorable. The heat of the wash does not explain the death of the scales because, however hot may be the liquid when broken up into a thin spray, it is cool a few inches distant from the nozzle. Mr. Marlatt further stated that he still believed that, as a rule, the same difference would be experienced between the East and West on account of the greater rainfall of the former section, and that the wash was on this footing, namely, that if weather conditions are 58 favorable it will be efficient; otherwise measurably useless. The cost of the application is very slight, especially if it is prepared in hogs- heads with steam. He said that the surprising results reached by Dr. Forbes were difficult of explanation, especially as rains or artificial washing of sprayed plants did not seem to affect the efficiency in the case of his tests. He believed that the result of Dr. Forbes’s work made it necessary for experiment station entomologists everywhere to give the matter again a thorough test in the East, and he proposed that the Division of Entomology in Washington undertake experi- ments next winter with the wash. The chemical analyses which had been made by the Bureau of Chemistry indicated that while the wash would remain in evidence as a white coating on the trees for a long time in spite of heavy rains, most of the beneficial elements would soon be leached out. As to the formula for the wash, he stated that it varied with almost every person who experimented with it. The chemical reaction between the sulphur and lime was well known, and if too much lime was used, as was ordinarily the case, it simply remained free lime in the mixture and added to the coating on the trees. The general reactions with the lime, sulphur, and salt were noted in the chemist’s report in the publication cited above. Referring to the records of percentage of scales killed, he said that in making these estimates it was necessary to take into account the transformations of the scale insects, and that the great majority of the San Jose scales on a tree in late winter would be the male scales. On trees in the orchard in the Department of Agriculture, perhaps 97 per cent of the living scales on the trees in April of this year were of the male sex. These hatch out very early in the spring, and when they are gone at once give the appearance of death to a very large percentage of the scales on the trees. He stated also that, where female scales from any cause have not been fertilized by males, their period of life is very greatly increased, so that it is sometimes possible to find overwintered female scales on trees in midsummer. An exam- ination he had made of some of these had indicated that they had not been fertilized and were not developing eggs, and they ultimately perished without having reproduced. It thus might happen that all the male scales would be killed, and the female scales would remain unfertilized, though alive, and would perish before a succeeding brood of males would be produced. In California the difficulty of spraying large trees was largely reduced by having them pruned back vigorously, and it was generally believed that the benefit in the ease of gathering the fruit and the superior quality of the fruit coming from this vigorous pruning offset the cost and trouble of spraying, so that the San Jose scale instead of ‘ausing a loss had really worked advantageously to the fruit grower. This applied especially to the peach and prune. 59 Mr. Marlatt added that Dr. Forbes’s experiments had had special relation to the subsequent action of washing rains, and that they seemed to show that such rains had no effect on the benefit coming from the wash. Furthermore, Dr. Forbes had actually thoroughly washed with water trees which had been treated, and again the action of the insecticide had not been decreased. It was on this account that Professor Forbes’s experiments were of so great importance and opened the whole subject for renewed investigation, indicating, as they seemed to do, that the wash could be used in regions where rains are frequent as well as in dry climates like those of the Pacific coast. Mr. Smith suggested that perhaps a large number of small trees had been used in the experiment. Mr. Felt in this connection called the attention of the association to the influence of rains on the wash in New York State and considered it to be apparently what would be expected. He had examined some treated limbs and found the live female scales quite abundant. He was informed that the application had been followed by quite a little rain, and in his own experiments he was in hopes that some would fall, and the rain came immediately after, thus furnishing him exactly what he desired. The entire experimental orchard was sprayed, and it seemed very doubtful if the work could be completed before the rain came, but the work was finally finished. The rain continued for about three days, so that he considered it a very severe test. The treated trees were looked over at different intervals until about ten days ago, and of the trees treated with the wash some at least con- tained living female scales, although most of them were not very badly infested. The most of the living insects were, as Dr. Smith had stated, under masses of scales. The wash did not penetrate into the masses, and it was his experience that where the bark was rough the insects were not seriously affected. He thought that when the wash was applied the trees should be dry. Mr. Smith, in reply to a question, said that one of the farmers whom he had advised to use the kerosene emulsion had used 5 pounds of soap instead of one-half pound, as ordinarily recommended. The resulting mixture was very satisfactory, but it was a fatal one. The emulsion was diluted 10 times and applied to the trees just as the leaves were dropping, and the results were very disastrous. Mr. Scott stated that in his paper he had not included his experi- ments with summer washes. He explained in regard to crude oil in soap emulsions that as low as 10 per cent of oil very badly damaged trees in foliage, whereas the 10 per cent in mechanical mixture did very little damage; he had found wherever the soap was used in crude oil or kerosene the results were more disastrous than in case of the mechanical mixture. Experiments had been made last winter where soap had been used in connection with the oils to determine whether 60 or not an excess of soap would have any beneficial effects in the kero- sene and petroleum emulsions. The soap was used according to the regular formula and from that up to as high as 2 pounds of soap to the gallon of water, so that there was a large excess of soap. The results were not any better than those where the usual amount had been used. In fact, any amount of soap in excess of that necessary to make a proper emulsion he had found valueless. On the other hand, in the summer tests the soap in the emulsions was more injurious than the oils. He stated that he had found quite 40 per cent of scale dying during winter without any treatment, and he took this fact into con-— sideration in making up the results. Frequent communications had been received from orchardists saying that the cold weather had killed the scale. Mr. Scott considered that careful estimates should be made of the scales that die without treatment in determining the percentage killed by the application of washes. Mr. Quaintance asked if anyone had had any experience with the lime, salt, and sulphur wash in the fall, and how early it had been used. In Maryland the fall weather is usually more favorable for spraying work than the spring. Mr. Sanderson remarked that while he had done no work with the wash himself, several orchardists of Delaware had used it, made up according to the standard formula. He had examined a badly infested orchard about ten days ago that had been thoroughly treated with the wash, and the trees at that time were still quite thoroughly coated. A careful examination of infested twigs showed that from 50 to 75 per cent of the adult females were alive. He had had slight experience in the use of crude oil on trees in foliage. Fifteen or 20 plum trees had been sprayed thoroughly, covering the leaves, but no damage had resulted, and the scales had been very largely killed. Mr. Quaintance desired to know of Mr. Sanderson what the weather conditions were in connection with the use of the lime, salt, and sul- phur wash in Delaware, to which Mr. Sanderson replied that he had no record of this. It was his experience that the scale was more readily killed in the Southern sections than in Northern sections. He had tried kerosene emulsion of the ordinary strength, diluted 10 times, and had noted very little change in results from its use. Mr. Marlatt remarked, in reference to- Mr. Scott’s experience with emulsion, that the emulsion is often more dangerous to trees than pure oil—that is, if it is put on in a very strong mixture—for the reason that a thick emulsion wash adheres to the bark, and much more oil is held on a given area with the emulsion than would be in a thin pure-oil spray. Mr. Smith stated that in the soap emulsion the oil is held longer in contact with the trees. The soap holds the oil, prevents its evapora- tion, and it is thus held longer in position than when put on pure. 61 He bad found that pure oil could be used with greater safety than the soap emulsion. Mr. Scott called attention to what had been said in regard to the scale being more readily killed in the South than in Northern latitudes and thought this must be correct, because Professor Lowe had recorded in his bulletin that he used a strength of 40 per cent crude oil, the highest ever used, but it was effective against the scale, and that 25 per cent was absolutely worthless. Mr. Felt replied that in the vicinity of Albany Mr. Lowe’s results did not hold good, and that 25 per cent would kill the scales if they were hit. Mr. Scott stated that 25 per cent crude oil in Georgia would prac- tically kill every scale with which it came in contact. It had been thoroughly demonstrated with two or three years’ experience that 20 per cent is all that is necessary. Even 15 per cent crude oil gave good results against the scale and he did not consider it safe to use more than 25 per cent. He was glad that Mr. Marlatt had said what he did concerning the extensiveness of his experiments, as he rather feared that he might be criticised for using such a large number of trees. The Department furnished the oil and the owner furnished the labor, trees, and risk. He stated that there was one orchard in Georgia of 150,000 trees that had been sprayed with the crude oil last winter and another of 200,000, and that, unless one were pretty sure of results, it was too risky to make recommendations. Mr. Scott further stated, in response to an inquiry from Mr. Marlatt, that the crude oil in mechanical mixture was his preference of the different lines of-treatment, provided that pumps could be had that would accu- rately discharge the proper amount of oil. Otherwise the soap emul- sion is preferable. Mr. Smith inquired if the pumps used were of the new model, to which Mr. Scott replied that they were of the latest model, that they had been used one day with the oil and water kept separate, but that it became necessary to discard these connections and change to the old style of pump. His reason for preferring the emulsion was because it could be depended upon almost absolutely, while with the mechanical mixture the pumps gave varying results. One lead of the hose might be discharging a greater percentage of oil than the other. Mr. Scott further stated that he had used the pure crude petroleum in an experimental way the winter before. Twelve trees had been sprayed, of which number 6 were killed. He considered pure crude petroleum quite unsafe, but thought that it could be used as high as 50 per cent if applied vary carefully and very lightly. Mr. Burgess stated that from the previous discussion it appeared that it must be much more difficult to kill the scale North than farther South. In northern Ohio it was a very difficult matter to kill the scale with- 62 out injuring the trees. He made some tests with the kero-water pump which were not very satisfactory—that is, the pump would not throw a given percentage constantly—and in the experiments made recently a motor-spray pump had been used. This pump was used largely in the northern section of Ohio and very few trees were injured, but the scale was not held in check. This year the trees were sprayed more thoroughly. Some were over sprayed, and, as a result, at the present time, he estimated that there were probably 10,000 dead trees in that section. This is the principal fruit-growing district, and such a loss means considerable to the growers. ‘The men who applied the spray in this section were growers who have had a great deal of experience in spraying, and certainly would be as careful as hired men. Mr. Burgess related one instance where peach trees were seriously injured by using 25 per cent mechanical mixture of crude petroleum, and ‘alled attention to a recent New York bulletin, in which it was stated, from results there indicated, that peach trees sprayed late in the spring were less liable to injury than if sprayed earlier in the season. His experience in northern Ohio was almost opposite. The trees sprayed late in the spring had been injured more than those sprayed earlier, as in January or somewhat later. The fact that so many trees had been killed and injured this year made the scale problem a serious one. The growers were enthusiastic in using the crude petroleum and thougbt they had found a substance which could be used safely to kill the scale. It seems now that much more care will have to be used in its application, or a safer remedy devised. A good many growers last year thought they had not sprayed sufficiently and this year attempted to spray the trees more thoroughly. On peach trees, a very careful application of crude oil must be made. Attention was valled to another point in this connection—that the effect of spraying was different in different years. Some growers had sprayed thor- oughly last year and no injury had resulted to their trees. The same trees had been sprayed this year with considerable injury. The results did not seem to show, one year with another, what results might be expected after spraying. Mr. Quaintance remarked that according to his experience in Mary- land there was considerable variation in the effect of both kerosene and crude petroleum in different parts of the State. In western Maryland the kerosene treatment, on the whole, had been found quite satisfac- tory, and 20 per cent kerosene in mechanical mixture was very largely used. On the Eastern Shore, however, the use of kerosene or crude petroleum, even under the most favorable weather conditions, had been reported in numerous cases as giving fatal results to the trees. On the whole, for this territory he was inclined to recommend the use of whale-oil soap. He stated that he had met with much difficulty in the use of the kero-water pump, from the fact that the percentage of 63 oil varied with nearly every pump, and even the same pump at differ- ent times. Many of the orchards in the State were managed by tenants. Under such conditions it was difficult to get the intelligent cooperation necessary to secure proper results from the use of kero- sene or crude petroleum. Mr. Smith suggested that we have to do with a problem for a plant physiologist. The records given were so contradictory that it seemed to him to be due somewhat to the condition of the plant. He sug- gested that the matter be investigated from this point of view and that it be referred to some plant physiologist. He considered that the experiments reported proved two or three points fairly well—that the oil would kill the insect under the scale if it comes in contact with it, and that a quantity of oil sufficient to touch the insect is all that is necessary. The question of its effect on the tree is an important one. It is not fair to take the results from one part of the country and make them the basis for recommendations for another part. The results which he had obtained in New Jersey had been duplicated time and again in his State. He had never yet succeeded in killing a peach tree with crude petroleum, but had crippled some. He knew of other per- sons who had killed trees. He did not understand this difference, nor why the scale is more hardy in the North than in the South. Mr. Holland stated that crude petroleum, as generally supplied, was a most puzzling mixture. He had at the university something like 150 samples of oil ranging from white to some of high specific gravity, and thought thata chemical analysis would probably eliminate some of the trouble. He stated that he considered Professor Phillips probably best qualified to make an analysis of crude oil, and thought the work one of the most complicated problems in chemistry. He thought that if the fruit growers could get the run of certain wells the difficulty might be largely obviated. Mr. Felt remarked that he had gotten very good results from wells in certain sections, but he was very much puzzled how such contra- dictory results could have been secured from New York State. The results published by Professor Lowe were not at all like those which he had obtained. Mr. Burgess agreed that the assistance of a chemist and a plant physiologist were urgently needed. Mr. Smith stated that the question of determining the composition of crude petroleum and of getting an oil of as uniform a grade as possible for spray purposes was recognized by him as a serious one. At his suggestion the Standard Oil Company, from which he had been securing material, had applied the term ‘‘ insecticide oil” to a particu- lar grade which they sent out under that name. Oil simply ordered as insecticide oil was of this grade, and had been very uniform, so far as he knew. This oil was and had been used in New Jersey with con- 64 siderable safety. He fully realized the value of the point that Dr. Holland made; he had tried to get some one to make the analysis; but no chemist seemed to want to touch the problem. Mr. Hopkins mentioned the fact that the subject of vaseline had been under investigation by the chemists of the West Virginia station. They had taken vaseline and mixed it with kerosene, and experiments had been carried on with it. He thought Mr. Rumsey might be able to give something of interest about this work. Mr. Rumsey replied that he considered it premature to make any statements concerning this work, as it had not been in progress very long and he had made but two inspections of the trees since the appli- cation of the oil. Mr. Quaintance stated that in his opinion the entomologists would have to ask for help in connection with determining the cause of the variation in results from the use of oils in various parts of the eastern United States as a treatment for the San Jose scale. He considered it a very important matter and thought that the question should be straightened out and put on a scientific basis. Until this was done, the danger of injury to trees sprayed with the mineral oils would probably not be removed. He suggested that the Secretary of Agriculture be petitioned to deta‘l an entomologist, a plant physiologist, and a chemist to make the investigation of this problem a leading line of work. Mr. Scott stated that he had asked for prices of the Standard Ol Company on their insecticide oil, and their price, with freight added, would make it cost something like 15 or 16 cents per gallon delivered in Georgia. He had corresponded with several oil companies and found that a high-grade oil could be bought and delivered at Savannah for 8 cents in carload lots. He had first obtained a barrel of the oil and tested it and found it averaged about 435° Baumé. It had never run under 48~ in any of the barrels that were tested. Twenty thousand gallons had been secured for last winter’s work. One company pro- posed to put up crude-oil tanks in orchard sections of the State and supply the crude pil to the orchardist in the same manner kerosene 1s supplied to the merchants. He asked Dr. Smith what was the specific gravity of the oil that had been used in New Jersey. Mr. Smith replied that this usually ran between 48° and 44°, but never ran under 43~ in any of the samples which he had seen. In every section where crude oil 1s used, the commissioner has a hydrom- eter and tests the oil, so that it is thus possible to keep pretty close record of the oils in use in the State. Mr. Sanderson suggested that the committee on resolutions take up the matter of petitioning the Secretary of Agriculture to detail inves- tigators from the Department to help solve the problem. Mr. Hopkins suggested that best results were likely to come from cooperative experiments. 65 The society then adjourned to reassemble at 10 o’clock Saturday morning. MORNING SESSION, SATURDAY, JUNE 28, 1902. After calling the meeting to order, the president announced that first on the programme were three papers by Mr. Marlatt: RESUME OF THE SEARCH FOR THE NATIVE HOME OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN JAPAN AND CHINA. By C. L. Maruarr, Washington, D. C. A preliminary report was read before the last meeting of this Asso- ciation detailing the results of a three months’” investigation by the writer of the San Jose scale in central and southern Japan. The present report relates to the investigations in Japan subsequent to July 1, 1901, and the explorations in the autumn of the same year in China. This report is merely a brief summary and is preliminary to an extended account of the trip which will appear elsewhere. In the discussion which followed the reading by Dr. Howard of the writer’s preliminary paper in Denver last year, a misapprehension as to the extent and thoroughness of the investigation was evident on the part of several speakers who seemed to feel that the work had been done chiefly along the railroads, and that, therefore, the interior of Japan was not being explored; and further, that this interior region, if carefully investigated, might throw an entirely different light on the subject and perhaps would demonstrate that the interior and the more inaccessible regions of Japan were the ones from which the San Jose scale had come and in which it is native. Some of the speakers, notably Dr. Howard, felt sure that no opportunities for investigation or localities would be neglected by the writer, but sev- eral of the speakers took readily to the suggestion that the exploration of the interior, away from the railroad lines, which it was supposed had not been made, would be very desirable. The fact apparently was overlooked by all of those taking this view that railroads are a modern institution in Japan, and that instead of the older settlements following the lines of such roads in Japan, this is purely accidental. In point of fact the railroads strike through the country over the most available routes and often plunge through the heart of interior Japan, traversing the mountain wilds as well as the cultivated valleys, and are more apt to reach out-of-the-way districts than the older highways and roads. Furthermore, many of these lines have only just been completed, and in my trip southward the line which now runs from « April, May, and June, 1901. T796—No. 37—02 5 66 one end of the main island to the other was not fimished, and a con- siderable portion of the trip was made by boat in consequence. Aside, however, from the subject of working along the railroads, which in Japan has not the same significance at all that it would in a new country like America, I may call attention to the fact that very many of my trips were across islands and into the interior far from any railroad lines and even where foreigners had never before pene- trated, so that I had the novel experience on several occasions of being the first foreigner seen. I feel satisfied that my explorations covered Japan sufficiently well to enable me to form a final and cor- rect judgment on the San Jose scale problem in that country. The explored region included the five main islands of Japan, from the northermost island, Hokkaido, to the southernmost, Kyushu, and also the islands of Awaji and Shikoku, rarely visited by foreigners, lying to the south of the main island, both of which I crossed by jinrikisha, and, in the case of the larger one, Shikoku, surmounting a high mountain range. In my former report, which covered one-half of the time spent in Japan, or some three months, and related to the investigation of some thirty-five of the southern provinces, or districts, it was stated that there remained to be explored the northern half of the main island (Hondo) and the northern island of Hokkaido; and, furthermore, that this northern region had a special interest on account of its containing extensive apple orchards, which are developed on very much the same lines as in America. The heat and moisture of midsummer in Japan renders life unen- durable in the low countries, and, tiding over this period, some weeks were spent in the mountain regions of central Japan, dividing the time between Niko, Chuzenji, and Yumoto, places having elevations respectively of 2,000, 4,500, and 5,000 feet. From these different places side excursions were made. The whole region covered is a mountainous one and of wild forest areas, the cultivated portion being of small amount—mere garden patches in the villages. In this region also are great imperial domains or forest reserves, and in one of these is a summer palace of the imperial family. Over three weeks were spent in these mountains and a careful study was made of the district from an entomological standpoint. Insects of all kinds were very few in numbers, and scale insects were practically wanting. The fruit trees and flowering trees grown in the private yards and small gar- dens, comprising such plants as mulberry, cherry, plum, and peach, were often examined, but not a single scale insect was discovered. The absence of such insects is doubtless to be accounted for by the climate. In this elevated region it is cool in summer and very cold in winter, and during the summer months the rainy season normal to the period is much intensified by the mountains catching the rain- 67 clouds, so that downpours are of daily occurrence and the humidity is unusually great. As a result the trunks and limbs of trees are coy- ered with lichens, moss, and fungi. In the woods, and especially on the elevated mountain plains this side of Yumoto, were found a species of wild apple, probably a Crategus, having a fruit varying from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in diameter. No means of determining the species were available. The San Jose scale had either never been introduced into this region or had failed to get a foothold, and it cer- tainly occurred on none of the trees planted in temple and private gardens nor on the wild plants on which it might have been expected, as, for example, this Crategus. Early in August the writer left this region for an extended trip through the northern provinces, the distance being covered partly by rail and partly by boat, and side excursions were made into the interior by jinrikishas. Kither going or returning, stops of sufficient length to investigate the adjacent regions were made at all the princi- pal towns, and from several of these lateral excursions were made. In the north island the exploration covered the principal town on the southern shore, Hakodate, and a trip across the center of the island from the east to the west side, with a stop of some four or five days in the capital town of Sapporo. Over a large region in the northern end of the main island of Japan (Hondo) Japanese settlement and complete occupation has only taken place within modern times, and there are still large areas in native grass land, the rolling nature of the country in portions of this region recalling somewhat our own prairies of the Middle West. Through- out this section and in the island of Hokkaido, which is also new to Japanese settlement, the agricultural conditions and methods are totally different from those of the older settled portions of Japan. Horticulture especially is here modeled more directly after the Amer- ican pattern, and in the north island American methods of farming as well as of fruit raising are closely copied. This is largely due to the work of the agricultural college at Sapporo, where for many years were American instructors and a general introduction of American methods. This institution is continued now under Japanese direction and with a Japanese faculty, but the whole region, both in its fruit raising and general farming, reminds one very strongly of America. The chief interest in this region comes from the fact that in the northern provinces of Hondo and in the settled portions of Hokkaido fruit raising has been developed on a scale not equaled elsewhere in Japan. The fruit raised is chiefly the apple, and the products of this region supply Japan, and to a certain extent, also, the markets of eastern Asia. The apple is grown in all this region very much as it is with us, in large orchards; the varieties are our varieties, and have been imported from America, very few European varieties having been introduced. 68 The apple industry in Japan, as indicated in my former communica- tion, is of recent origin, say within the last thirty years; most of the stock has been obtained from California, and, as a rule, was undoubt- edly more or less infested with San Jose scale when received. Throughout this region the San Jose scale was found scatteringly in all orchards and in all gardens. In Aomori and vicinity it was doing no very great damage in any of the orchards, but in some of the small gardens, and especially in one or two neglected ones in the city of Aomori, it was as abundant on particular trees as it often is in America. At the first investigation no evidence of parasitism was seen, but from later collections two of the parasites which attack this scale insect in America were reared in great numbers from infested branches collected in Aomori. These, as determined by Dr. Howard, are Aphelinus fuscipennis How. and Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw.), the latter being the more numerous. The Asiatic ladybird (Chzlocorus similis) was found throughout this northern region of Japan, and evidently was an efficient means in keeping the scale in check. In certain gardens in the city where the scale was very abundant the infestation was evidently of recent begin- ning, a tree here and there only being very scaly, and in some instances the ladybird enemy had not yet come upon the infested plants. In other places in the city the ladybird was found in numbers, and a score were collected and put in a tight wooden box with some scale-infested twigs to determine how long the beetles could be kept safely under such conditions, as a preliminary test before attempting to ship them to America. On the return trip to Aomori some side excursions were made by ‘ail and jinrikisha to orchard regions toward the west coast of the island in company with Mr. Hori and some of the horticultural officers of the province. Wherever we went was found a general infestation by the San Jose scale in orchards and gardens, the scale occurring normally very scatteringly, and not at all in especially injurious num- bers. Everywhere also was seen the same evidence of the scale being kept in check by parasitism by the Chalcidids which attack it in America, and especially by the predatory Chilocorus. In the northern island the points especially investigated were Hako- date and Sapporo, the latter town being the capital city and, as already indicated, the seat of the agricultural college and experiment station and the center of modern agricultural and horticultural methods. The conditions, so far as scale insects were concerned, were practically the same at both of these places, and at one or two other places where more limited investigations were made, as, for example, at Mororan and Otaru. The island of Hokkaido is even more wild and unsettled than the northern extremity of Hondo, and in fact, during the last thirty or 69 forty years only has there been much effort on the part of the Japa- nese to settle this large island and bring it under agricultural subjee- tion. The native Aino race, with which the Japanese have been pursuing a guerrilla warfare for the last two thousand years, has now practically disappeared, and there being no obstacle to settlement, the Japanese are swarming in. Approaching Sapporo, the country becomes more settled, and many apple and pear orchards line the railway. A very careful investigation was made, covering several days, of the region about Sapporo, the studies being assisted by the various officers of the college, notably the botanist, forester, and hor- ticulturist, and also by Mr. Hori, who was at one time a student at this institution, and who had joined me at Aomori for my northern trip. The orchards throughout this region could be given a practi- cally clean bill of health so far as insects are concerned. The San Jose scale had practically died out, never having apparently amounted to anything here, and the only evidences of it were a few old dead scales. Nearly all the apple trees showed slight infestation by the oyster-shell bark louse, which the Japanese seem to have imported from America along with their original invoices of nursery stock. This scale insect also seemed to be having difficulty in maintaining itself and occurred in very limited numbers, those found being, as a rule, dead—living individuals being found only in protected cracks and crevices in the bark. The cherry scale (zaspis pentagona) was very rare or practically absent, very few single examples being found on cherry trees. The orchards included plum, peach, and cherry, as wellas appleand pear. The scale-feeding ladybird (CAclocorus similis) was in evidence scatteringly everywhere feeding upon Mytilaspis, this being the only scale insect which remained to furnish it any food. The investigation covered a number of private orchards, the orchards belonging to the agricultural college, and the parks and grounds in the city. On the return to Tokyo from northern Japan many places were stopped at which need not be specifically noted, the conditions not being essentially new. Mito, however, a city two or three hours by rail northwest of Tokyo, deserves mention. It is the site of some very wonderful old gardens or orchards of plum trees grown not for fruit, but for the bloom. The famous orchard of this place surrounds one of the old Daimyo residences, and for many years has been a pil- grimage place for the people of Tokyo and that part of Japan in the flowering season in early spring. These old orchard trees, a hundred years old or more, covered with lichens, did not present any infesta- tion from scale insects whatever; nota sign of the San Jose scale could be found on them. In fact, I] found no scale insect in this region except a very few dead Diaspis pentagona on cherry. 70 After returning to Tokyo the orchards between Tokyo and Yoko- hama, which had been visited early in the year and found te be infested with San Jose scale, were again inspected. A few of the trees had been subjected to some treatment during the summer, evidently with soap, and most of the scale insects had been killed either by the soapy treatment or by ladybird enemies or parasites. Before leaving Japan opportunity was afforded to explore another interior mountain district, viz, the great mountain plateau known as the Hakone region, and a week was spent going by jinrikisha and chair and on foot over these volcanic mountains. The native settlements are largely about Hot Springs, which have become famous as Japanese and foreign health resorts. No evidence whatever of the San Jose scale was found throughout this region, and the scale insects collected were few in amount and variety. In all this region there were old cherry trees and pear trees in house yards, but no orchard plantings of any amount. It is impossible in this summary to give the detailed facts on which the decision as to the non-origin of the San Jose scale in Japan is based. Nevertheless, perhaps enough has been said to give a fair idea of the prevalent conditions. Ina general way, it may be stated that wherever the San Jose scale was found in Japan the evidence was very plain that it had been brought in recently on young nursery stock. Very often in south Japan, where the introduction of new stock is of recent beginning, the San Jose scale is still confined to the introduced stock, or has spread very slightly to the old native trees, notably the native Japanese pear. In no case was the San Jose scale found on these native trees where there was not ample opportunity for its having come to them from new stock. In north Japan the apple industry is from twenty to thirty years’ standing, and is entirely new to Japan, as already indicated, the stock having prac- tically all come from California. Furthermore, the chief sources of nursery supplies in Japan are three establishments, located one near Kobe, another near Yokohama, and the third near Tokyo. Two of these I investigated personally and found to be infested with San Jose scale. The infestation was on the nursery trees, and also on older trees left in the general disposal of stock. In nearly every case in south Japan where the San Jose scale was found it was on stock obtained from one or other of these three nurseries, and the origin of the scale was perfectly plain. In northern Japan the introduction of foreign trees twenty-five or thirty years ago has given this scale a much wider and more general range, but even here wherever you get away from young orchards and new plantings the scale disappears. That, therefore, the San Jose scale came to Japan on American stock, and is a new enemy there of fruit trees, can not be questioned. a The Japanese are extraordinarily ambitious to equal other nations in all lines of productive activity as well as in social and political life, and hence one finds in going over the Empire an astonishing number of places where limited experiments with American fruits are being carried on in private gardens and the like, and this fact accounts for the wide dissemination of the San Jose scale throughout central and southern Japan, where fruit raising, especially of the deciduous sort, is insignificant. It was noted also that in the more remote islands where such intro- ductions had been little if at all made, and in districts where new stock had not penetrated, there was no San Jose scale on old native trees. Furthermore, the interior mountain regions which some have thought might be the original home of the scale are entirely free from this insect, save in rare places where it occurs on recently introduced stock. The belief also that the absence of the scale, or its being not much in evidence is due to a natural resistance of the native fruits is without foundation. The native pear trees, when the scale is brought to them by new stock, are subject to the infestation quite as much as the foreign stock. In the case of old gnarly trees of half a century or more standing the chance of great infestation is, of course, less, as it would be under the same circumstances with the old trees in America. But young native stock seems to be just as subject to attack as foreign varieties. There is an immunity, however, in the case of the Japanese peach, but this is not complete, and is to be explained by the very rough bark developed by this tree, especially in the central and south- ern provinces. Anyone studying the San Jose scale in Japan at the present time without a knowledge of the horticultural history of the country and especially its recent development, as indicated above and in my former communication, might very readily and naturally be deceived by the present distribution of this scale insect throughout the islands—as one migbt similarly be deceived by a study of the present conditions in America—and conclude that Japan (or America) is the native home of the scale. Not only might the present wide distribution of the San Jose scale in Japan lead to the belief that it is there a native species, but appar- ent confirmation of this belief would be forthcoming in the finding, very rarely, it is true, of old native pear trees attacked by this insect with no new stock near by to account for the infestation. Two such cases were noted by the writer, and may be described to illustrate this point. Near one of the buildings of the Agricultural College at Kumomoto, in the island of Kiushu, stood an isolated old native pear tree which was somewhat infested with San Jose scale. At the moment there seemed no way of accounting for this infestation, but within a distance of not many rods was found a planting of young 72 apple and pear trees badly infested with scale. It was learned that this stock was obtained from the infested nursery near Kobe, which has been the chief source of San Jose scale distribution in southern Japan. Undoubtedly in this case the old native tree had been infested from this new stock. Confirming this inference is the fact that in the grounds of the experiment station, a mile or two distant from the college, and where no new fruit stock had been introduced, were a number of these old native pear trees all absolutely free from this scale insect. It may be added that both the college and experiment station are of recent establishment, and the old pear trees referred to were the remains of stock growing about the old Japanese farm houses prior to the purchase of the land for the college and experi- mental farms. The other instance was on the island of Shikoku, just outside of the city of Takamatsu, where a single old native pear tree growing in the yard of a farm house was found infested with San Jose scale. No young orchards or new plantings immediately about these premises were observed, which, however, did not prove that there were or had been none such. But in the old Daimyo Park, attached to the city not half a mile distant, was a lot of infested peach stock from the Kobe nursery referred to above. In every other instance where the San Jose scale was found on native trees there was new stock in the immediate vicinity to account for the infestation. Of even greater significance is the fact that in the great majority of instances such old native pear trees in dooryards throughout Japan were free from the San Jose scale and yet practically always bore a few specimens, at least, of a native Parlatoria and a native Mytilaspis. If the San Jose scale were native in Japan it should also have occurred with the scale insects just named.“ While freeing Japan from the onus of having given the San Jose scale to the world, the investigations up to this stage left the problem unsettled as to the original home of this insect. Australia and the adjacent islands seemed to be in the same condition relative to the San Jose scale as Japan, namely, there is but little doubt that it has come into these countries on foreign stock in recent years. China remained, therefore, the only probable place of origin. In Yokohama and else- where | was fortunate enough to meet a number of English, American, and German residents of China who were spending the summer months in Japan, and from them I was able to get what is not given in any of “Relative to the recent introduction of the San Jose scale into Japan, it is inter- esting to note that Mr. Albert Koebele in 1895 spent several months in Japan, and failed absolutely to find the San Jose scale anywhere, and all of us who know Mr. Koebele will understand what this means, because no better collector of insects in general, and of scale insects in particular, than Mr. Koebele has ever lived. This is simply confirmatory evidence (if such be needed) of the recent spread of this scale insect throughout Japan. 73 the books—an idea of the fruit-growing conditions of China and the location of the principal fruit districts. Deciduous fruits are grown from the Shanghai region northward. The peach is practically the only fruit grown to any extent about Shanghai. The great apple district of China is the region lying back of the city of Chifu in the north. The industry here started many years ago by a missionary, Dr. Nevius, has assumed very considerable proportions and spread over quite a large province, and the output of fruit is found in the markets all over central and southern China. A brief stop only was made at Shanghai in the first instance while prepa- rations were being made for the trip to north China, the distance between Shanghai and Tientsin necessitating a five days’ ocean voyage. At Chifu an exploration was made on horseback through the districts lying back of the city, a good many orchards being visited, and nota- bly the original orchard planted by Dr. Nevius, and the gardens and smaller orchards immediately surrounding his residence, some little distance outside of the city. Most unfortunate for the history of the fruit development of this region and of the native fruits of this part of China is Dr. Nevius’s recent death. His widow, whom I met, was unable to give me any information, except that the doctor had been very active as a horticulturist during all his long residence there (thirty years), and had been the exciting agent in the development of the fruit industry of that region. His stock had mostly been obtained from America, and American varieties of apples and pears were being grown in the province. Throughout this region I found a mild infestation with the San Jose scale, with the accompanying presence of the Chilocorus similis.“ The occurrence of the San Jose scale about Chifu was not signifi- cant, and threw no light on the subject of origin on account of the fact of importations from America of stock (doubtless much of it infested) and its dissemination over this province. The fact that the scale insect was notvery troublesome in this region was, however, very significant, and this was evidently due to the general presence of the ladybird. Chalcidid parasitism was not common, and the scale was hardly abun- dant enough to develop much of such parasitism. The next point examined after Chifu was Tientsin, and the region lying between this considerable city and its port town of Tonkoo, after which the trip was continued to the capital city of Pekin. Much of the region of China bordering the gulf of Pechili is perfectly level and flat, and only raised a few feet above the ocean. It is devoted to the growth of cereals, wheat, barley, and millet, and orchard plant- ings are practically wanting until one gets into the hill country lying @ Diaspis pentagona, previously found throughout Japan, was also widely spread in China, occurring from Pekin southward to the Malay Peninsula and into Java, exhibiting in its range a wide diversity of food plants. 74 to the north and west, leading up to the Great Wall of China. My personal investigations of this region were confined to the district about Pekin and between Pekin and Tonkoo. Our minister at Pekin, Mr. Conger, kindly offered to give me an escort of Chinese soldiers to explore the mountain region north of Pekin, but I was able to satisfy myself of the conditions without undertaking this trip, which at this season of the year would have been almost impossible, and, in view of the unsettled state of the country, attended with considerable risk. The facts which I learned here of greatest interest were obtained from the examination of the markets in the city of Pekin. To explain this it should be said that Pekin is the natural center and market for all the region lying to the north and west, and the streets devoted to the sale of fruits in the Chinese city are one of the sights of Pekin. The fruit and nut products are brought into Pekin in the little two- wheeled carts, or more generally on camel-back, great caravans of heavily loaded camels and streams of carts constantly entering the city with the products of the outlying provinces. One gets, there- fore, in the markets of the Chinese city the fruit products of all northern China, and can study them at ease. The conditions under which this fruit is grown I was fortunate enough to learn from engineers, officers, and others who had explored the region in question. All of the district lying between Pekin and the Great Wall to the north and west has been very carefully explored by the military authorities, and maps which amount to local road maps of the whole country have been made. From yarious individu- als employed in this minute survey, I learned a great deal relative to the fruit growing of the district indicated. Much fruit is grown south of the Great Wall, chiefly along the protected valleys running south- ward and eastward from the mountain chain which this wall dominates. These fruits are native apple, pear, and peach, and a little wild haw apple which grows all over the hills. Of these fruits I examined quantities of all except the peach (which was now out of season) in the markets of Pekin, and later at Tientsin. Throughout all this region no foreign introductions of fruits or fruit trees have ever been made, and the fruits in the market are all of the native sorts. The pears are little and hard, somewhat like the native Japanese pear in firmness, but being elongate instead of spherical. The apples are what we term crab- apples, even the largest; and the smaller ones, which are more numer- onsly represented, are not mucb larger than marbles, and of a brilliant red. The haw apple grows wild over the hills in this region, and is collected and shipped by thousands of bushels to Pekin and southern ports. It is of about the size of the small crab-apple just mentioned, and also a deep red, somewhat obscured, however, by a downy pubes- cence. This haw apple is much esteemed by the Chinese, and our min- 75 ister, Mr. Conger, assured me that he was very fond of the jelly which is prepared from it. It is the most abundant fruit seen in all the mar- kets of North China, and is even shipped as far south as Hongkong. lexamineda great many bushels of these different fruits, the red crab- apples and haw apples, and throughout the market I found them all infested with a scale insect which resembled exactly the San Jose scale and was later identified as such. Perhaps one apple in a hundred would have a few of these scales about the blossom end, and about the same proportion was true of the haw apple. In making these examinations great excitement was caused among the Chinese market people, no possible explanation occurring to them for my curious and unusual conduct in overturning their baskets of apples and pawing them over and taking out one specimen out of a hundred or two, and invariably a great crowd of Chinese, jabbering excitedly, surrounded me. Occasionally finding a man who could speak a little pigeon English, I would give the only explanation which they seemed to understand, namely, that I was picking out certain minute insects, which I showed to them and allowed them to examine through my glass, which were of exceptional value as medicine. The use of insects for medicine being common in China, this explanation at once reinstated me in the esteem of all. The finding of the San Jose scale scattered over these fruits in the Pekin market was a very interesting discovery. The haw apple is a wild fruit growing over the hills of this section of China. The native crab is the apple which has been grown in this region from time imme- morial. The occurrence of the San Jose scale on these two fruits and on the native pear also has but one explanation, namely, that in this section the scale is native. The fact of its scattering occurrence is what one would expect under the circumstances, namely, ina region where a scale has always occurred it has reached the balance with its natural enemies, so that it is rarely, if ever, injurious. The conditions indicated in the markets of Pekin were substantiated by examinations in Pekin and in Tientsin. Pekin was an utterly destroyed city and very little of residences or gardens were left for examination. Tientsin was little injured by the war, and a good many gardens were examined. Fruit growing in this region, however, does not occur to any extent, and the gardens simply exhibited a few trees and chiefly the ornamental plants of the region, notably the Chinese flowering peach, which is grown solely for its bloom, its fruit being diminutive and not edible. This peach I found nearly everywhere seatteringly infested with the San Jose scale, and always with it the ladybird, Chilocorus similis. This predaceous insect seemed to sustain the same role throughout north China as in Japan. At Tientsin, through the courtesy of the German medical authorities, I was able to make a microscopical examination of the scale insects, and demonstrated beyond question that they are the San Jose species. 76 Returning later to Shanghai, after making another short stop at Chifu, I made a thorough examination of the peach-orchard district lying to the west of this city, and in these orchards I found not a trace of the San Jose scale. Later I examined several of the small Chinese nurseries and gardens in and about the city, and in one of these nur- series I found on some young stock the San Jose scale. It was dying out, however, and evidently the climate of Shanghai and southward in China is not one which the San Jose scale can successfully endure. The difficulty is probably due to the excessive heat and the accompany- ing great moisture of the rainy season of summer, which probably develops a fungous disease and exterminates the scale. The plants of this whole region are notably free from scale attack, with the single exception of the holly, which is usually considerably infested with wax scale, Ceroplastes sp. Later I made a trip into the interior of China from Shanghai by houseboat, examining orchards and house plantings en route, but without finding a trace of the San Jose scale anywhere, nor any other scale insect, except in one or two instances. The greedy scale (Asprdi- otus cydonix?) was found once on a few twigs only, and an occasional very slight infestation, represented by a few specimens only, of the Diaspis pentagona, all bearing out the idea that the climate of this region is not suitable to the ready multiplication of scale insects. Below Shanghai one gets into a subtropical climate, and the orange, pomelo, and mandarin take the place of deciduous fruits. My ento- mological explorations were continued very briefly at Hong Kong, in south China, where in the markets I found the haw apple and crab apple from north China, and with considerable thoroughness in the British Straits settlements about Singapore and in Java, and later in Ceylon and the various points touched en route home. The San Jose scale story, however, ends with Shanghai. The question immediately suggests itself, why was not Japan early infested with this insect from her near neighbor, China? This would be expected as the natural and early result of the contiguity of the two countries. The explanation is forthcoming when the history of the political relationship of these two countries is investigated. China and Japan have been sworn enemies and jealous rivals in all past time, and commercial and friendly intercourse between the two coun- tries has been practically wanting. Japan, it is true, has taken her alphabet and much of her learning and civilization from China, and 600 years after Christ her Buddhist religion also, which now divides honors with the native shinto religion of the country. All this has come to Japan, not from China direct but through Korea. Japan conquered Korea very early in the present era, 200 A. D., in the reign of the famous Empress Jingo, and has ever since claimed and exer- cised a greater or less sovereignty over this country. Reference to the OG map of Asia indicates furthermore that Japan is not directly opposed to China, but to Korea and what is now Russian territory and Man- churia, and if she obtained any deciduous fruits from the continent, they came from Korea and not China. The orange and subtropical fruits were brought from the south, and in modern times whatever trade has been with China through the agency of the Portuguese and Dutch has been with the southern ports, where the San Jose scale does not exist. Practically the only relations which China has had with Japan anterior to the opening of the latter country to the commerce of the world was the sending early in this era of certain embassies demanding tribute from Japan. The reply to these embassies was to send back the heads of the ambassadors. Following this, two efforts were made during the reign of Kublei Kahn to conquer Japan. In both instances the enormous fleets of the great Mongolian conqueror were utterly destroyed by a hurricane, and every Mongolian or Chinaman that suc- ceeded in escaping the waves and getting ashore was promptly decapi- tated by the waiting Japanese. The Japanese made no attempt to conquer China until their notably successful war of 1895. It will be seen, therefore, that there has been very little chance of commercial intercourse between these two countries, and this explana- tion seems to be the chief one in accounting for the failure of an insect common in the region north of Pekin to reach Japan. Furthermore, it may be said that the commercial intercourse which has sprung up so actively in later years with Japan has been, so far as fruits and trees are concerned, solely with the region from Shanghai southward, and the introduction of fruits and the like has not been from China to Japan but the other way, and it is quite possible that the San Jose scale which I found at Shanghai was imported from Japan on stock sent over to the local Chinese nurserymen. As a matter of interest it may be here noted that the native home of the San Jose scale in China is a fairly well shut-off region, and this accounts probably for the failure of this insect to become a world pest ages ago. The district in question is the hill region leading up to the mountains and Great Wall and comprises the northern and north- western frontier of China proper. Beyond the Great Wall on the north and west lies Mongolia, consisting chiefly of the vast desert of Gobi; to the northeast and separating the region from Manchuria and Korea is the little Gobi Desert; to the south and east lie the great alluvial plain, the product of centuries of mud carried down by the Yellow River—a region where cereals only are grown. These are all effective barriers, and especially so when considered in connection with the political conditions of the past. The alluvial plain on the southeast is not now and seems never to have been devoted in the least to fruit, and farther south the climate becomes unfavorable, as already noted. 78 We have, therefore, as the original home of this insect a naturally shut-off area from which it could not easily escape under the conditions prevailing up to our own times. The means by which the San Jose scale came from China to America is a matter of interest and offers room for conjecture. The San Jose scale apparently reached California on trees imported by the late James Lick. It was known that this gentleman was a great lover and energetic importer of trees from foreign countries, and my own belief is that he imported from China, possibly through this same Dr. Nevius or some other, the flowering Chinese peach, and brought with it the San Jose scale to his premises. At any rate, I believe that this insect, which should now be known as the Chinese scale, came to this country on some ornamental stock from North China. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE IMPORTATION AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE ASIATIC LADYBIRD. ( Chilocorus similis. ) SS — — : By C. L. Maruarr, Washington, D. C. In this placesa brief account only will be given of the importation of this ladybird and of the present outlook of the experiment. A detailed account of this insect, giving full life-history studies and other points of interest. will be published elsewhere. It has already been indicated in the foregoing account of the search for the San Jose scale in China and Japan that this ladybird was everywhere present in both of these countries, feeding on the San Jose scale and Diaspis pentagona. The latter scale insect, as was pointed out, is common to all eastern Asia, including Japan, and the East Indies, and undoubt- edly, from its wide distribution and local occurrence in most out-of- the-way districts, is a native of this region and has been spread about in times so remotely past as to be beyond determination. It is prob- ably a tropical species which has worked northward until practically the whole region as far as Pekin, in China, and the north island of Japan has been covered. Whether the ladybird, Chilocorus similis, was in ancient times the natural enemy of the Diaspis can not be determined, although the more wide occurrence of the Diaspis might lead to this idea. This ladybird, however, like other members of its genus, is a general feeder, and will attack other scale insects, even the young of the unarmored scale insects as well as the Diaspine scales. Wherever it was found with the San Jose scale, however, it was very evident that it fed on this scale insect with perhaps even greater readiness than it did on the Diaspis, and in our experimental breeding cages in Washington it has bred faster and done better on the San Jose scale than on the Diaspis. After finding this ladybird so generally present with the San Jose scale, and apparently so eflicient in keeping the latter within reason- fees able limits, the desirability of introducing it into America was very evident. Whilein Japan I was unable to determine whether Mr. Albert Koebele, in any of his numerous importations, had sent this ladybird into California, but it seemed more than probable that he had done so, and I wrote to Mr. Koebele, at Honolulu, H. I., and some months later after I had made my shipments I received information from him that he had sent a lot of material to Mr. Alexander Craw, and that the latter had carried it through the winter successfully, but further than that he knew nothing of it. It is possible that the material introduced by Mr. Koebele has established itself in California. Since my return from the Orient, and within a few days, I have learned from Prof. J. B. Smith that he also had had some specimens of this insect sent to him from Japan by one of his Japanese correspondents. These were liberated at once in the fall in an infested apple orchard in New Jersey and nothing has been seen of the insects since, Profes- sor Smith believing that they perished. Judging from the small per- centage of survivors of those which I imported, I think it very likely that Professor Smith’s specimens all died during the winter. Asa preliminary experiment to determine the possibility of shipping them across the ocean I collected, about the middle of August, a lot of the beetles in North Japan on trees infested with San Jose scale and carried them about with me in my travels for over two weeks in a tight wooden box with some infested twigs as food. These beetles, kept under conditions which certainly were not very favorable, being among other goods in my baggage, and subject to much shaking, came through the ordeal in perfect condition, and I shipped them to Wash- ington with a lot of others collected, with the assistance of Mr. Hori, about Tokyo. Three packages were sent about the middle of September, and of this first sending some twenty odd specimens reached Washington in fairly good condition, active, and apparently uninjured, and Mr. Kotinsky, who was given the beetles in charge, from his records is able to say definitely that it was individuals from this first sending that success- fully overwintered. A sending two weeks later was made from speci- mens collected about Yokohama and Tokyo, together with a few taken in the interior hill region. A third sending was made from material collected about Tientsin and later at Shanghai, the specimens at Shanghai being found feeding on the young of a wax scale on holly, the beetles occurring there in considerable numbers. The distance from Shanghai to America by boat is a week or ten days longer than from Japan, and six or seven weeks are required for their arrival at their destination in Washington. The sendings from China were received in rather poor condition, and Mr. Kotinsky assures me that all of the specimens . _of this lot which were alive when received died during the winter. On leaving Japan I had made arrangements with the entomological 80 authorities of the Central Experiment Station at Nishigahara, near Tokyo, to make additional sendings, and a little package was received early in the spring of 1902 from the chief entomologist of the station, Mr. Onuki. This material, however, came in a very bad condition, and the few surviving beetles soon perished. The material shipped in the first instance by me was in three wooden boxes, two sent through the mails and one personally carried across the Pacific by Miss Laura Bell, whom I had met in Japan, and who kindly promised to mail it to Washington as soon as she landed in Vancouver. All of this material and the subsequent sendings also, so far as I could control them, were mailed to take the Canadian Pacific steamers to get the advantage of the northern and much cooler as well as shorter passage. Iam unable to determine, the record having been lost, whether the specimens which overwintered were those personally rarried by Miss Bell or those sent through the mail. At any rate, but two individuals survived. It is possible that with proper precautions a much larger number could have been successfully hibernated, but they were kept indoors, and for part of the time in heated rooms, and the survival of two was, under the circumstances, a rather fortunate outcome. Furthermore, many of the beetles were possibly spent ones when collected. In April, after the eggs were recognized, the beetles and eggs were transferred to and kept in a jar in the greenhouse on fresh scale- infested twigs until larvee were produced in considerable numbers. Undoubtedly a good many of the eggs first laid were overlooked because of the peculiar habits of oviposition of the beetle, which seem not to have been previous:y noted. Later on the eggs were dis- covered and some 50 larvee were reared in this manner indoors. Afterwards the beetles and the larvee were from time to time trans- ferred to a big out-of-door cage, 6 feet square and 9 feet high, inclos- ing a plum tree thickly infested with Daspis pentagona. Ultimately all of the indoor-bred larve were transferred to this tree, about 100 altogether,and, judging from the rate of oviposition, at least LOO addi- tional eggs were deposited on the tree by the parent beetle before the latter perished. So far as we could determine, but one of the two sur- viving beetles was a female,and 200 eggs or more were obtained from her after a good many had been lost or thrown out with the wood on which she had been feeding before the eggs were recognized. The life period of these beetles is evidently considerable. The two imported ones which survived the winter were active and vigorous until about the end of May, when they perished, the supposed male preceding the female by about a week or ten days. ‘They, in other words, had been kept in captivity for nearly a year, having been col- lected early in September. This would indicate a life period of at least twelve months, because they were necessarily more than a month 81 old from the egg wnen captured, and their lives were probably short- ened by the unusual conditions and experiences to which they were subjected. This long life is of very considerable importance in con- sidering the value of these insects as exterminators of the San Jose seale. Their fecundity is also considerable, as indicated by the actual securing of some 200 eggs from an imported specimen and under unfavorable conditions, not counting the loss of a good many eg It is not improbable, therefore, that a single female may be the parent of at least 500 young, and the period of usefulness of an individual may extend over twelve months. The egg is normally concealed under an adult female scale. In other words, the beetle selects a suitable scale, drags out the female scale insect, and either eats it while ovipositing or drops it, turns about and thrusts the ovipositor under the slightly lifted edge of the scale, and in two or more minutes deposits a single egg. This habit of oviposi- tion seems to be peculiar to this species. It was found later on, when the beetles became more numerous, and especially during the period when the old female San Jose scales were not so abundant, and the trees were covered with young scale insects, that other locations would be chosen by the beetle for oviposition, namely, under the loose edge of bark or like situation, or more rarely eggs would be deposited exposed on the bark. Later in the summer other large cages were built over some pear trees infested with San Jose scale. In all five such cages were built, each of the four later ones including two pear trees about ten years of age but cut back to small size. In these cages the beetles throve wonderfully well. One cage in which two individuals, a male and a female, were placed in May, was swarming with beetles by the middle of July, and more than 100 beetles were taken from it for distribution elsewhere without greatly lessening the stock. The multiplication of the beetles at this stage was fairly satisfactory, not so much so, however, as it should have been if the experiment had not been interfered with by the presence of certain predaceous insects to be considered later, notably the wheel bug, two species of praying Mantis, lace-winged fly larva, and the larva of Adalia bipunctata, it being almost impossible to free these rather large cages from all of these insects. In spite of all the drawbacks, however, the beetles have multiplied to exceed 500 specimens, perhaps 1,000, by the 1st of July from the single overwintered pair, but one of which was presumably a female. We are making arrangements to ship these beetles to the entomolo- gists and State experiment stations this summer and fall, and we hope to establish this ladybird in the eastern United States. It feeds vora- ciously on the San Jose scale and on the Diaspis. The larvee are eating all the time, and the rate of multiplication is such that five annual 7796—-No. 37—02 6 OS Ss 82 broods may be counted on, the third brood in our own breeding cages being under way in the latter part of June. Whether this ladybird enemy of the San Jose scale will really amount to anything as an efli- cient means of controlling this pest remains to be demonstrated. The San Jose scale is its normal and natural food. It multiplies rapidly, and a larval Chilocorus destroys an enormous number of young scale larve in a day, by actual count 1,500 per day or about one a minute, but while actively feeding at the rate of 5 or 6 a minute. The main question to be decided is whether this insect can be successfully estab- lished in this country, and if so, whether our native predaceous insects will allow it to yield the full benefit which it should give in keeping down the San Jose scale. Wemake no extravagant claims, but believe that the experiment is well worth trying, whatever may be the outcome.” It has been suggested that this ladybird is the same as our native species, Chilocorus bivulnerus, and, in fact, the superficial resemblance of the adults of the two species is so close that the greatest difficulty will be found in distinguishing them. The larvee of the two species, however, are distinctly different in general appearance. The Asiatic has the skin of a reddish or flesh tint, the spines being black but less prominent than in our native species. The skin of our native species isa dull gray, and the general appearance of the larva, therefore, is decidedly black or dark, whereas the inaported species, when full fed, is reddish. Furthermore, there are structural differences in the spines and hairs which will enable one readily to separate them irrespective of the difference in appearance, which is very striking. The beetles also can be separated, as I am assured by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, although careful anatomical and structural studies have not been made at this writing. The imported species is notably smaller on the average than our native species, and rather more brilliantly colored, and differs ¢ little perhaps in the general shape or convexity of the wings and thorax. Furthermore, it feeds on the San José scale and the Diaspis naturally and normally. Our species, while it is often found in scale- infested orchards in the East, has never done very much good in the orchards, and does not feed and multiply on the scale in the way that it ought. For example, in the grounds of the Department of Agri- culture this year we have a little orchard of pear trees thickly infested with the San José scale—the orchard in which we are establishing this foreign ladybird—and yet in all the time during the spring and early “It may be added to the above that during the balance of the summer this beetle did very well in the little Department grove. About a thousand beetles were dis- tributed to various entomologists, from some of whom reports of considerable success have already been received. In Washington breeding seemed to stop toward the end of September, but we now have more than 2,000 beetles which will be over- wintered Next year we should have them in quantities for general distribution. . 83 summer of this year that this orchard has been under constant and careful observation but one or two beetles of our native species have appeared, and but two of its larvee have been seen on the trees. Yet within a stone’s throw of this orchard is a tree on the grounds of the Department infested with A. ancylus, and on this tree, infested with a native scale insect, the Chilocorus bivulnerus has established itself in considerable numbers, probably several hundred larve being present on the tree. The history of this ladybird in the East, and as further illustrated by the instance just mentioned, seems to indicate that it prefers our native scale insects and has not yet fully accustomed itself to the San José scale nor to the recently introduced Diaspis pentagona. It may take hold of these new scale insects in the course of years, but it certainly does not do so at present in a manner to be of any great assistance in keeping them in check.“ In Florida and California especially on Citrus trees it is very abundant, as a rule, and an eff- cient enemy of scale insects. The imported species feeds normally and voraciously on the San José scale and Diaspis, and, if it survives our climate and can be established, we may hope that it will accom- plish for us some, at least, of the good results which it was seen to achieve generally for China and Japan. In the matter of climate, it may be said that the region in which it occured in China and Japan will duplicate nearly enough the eastern United States or California. We have about the same summer and winter temperature and similar general conditions of rainfall and other climatic features, so that from this point of view there seems to be no reason why the imported ladybird should not do well. That this ladybird or any other parasitic or predaceous insect will ever completely subdue the San José scale in the United States is very problematical, and there is very little doubt but that in future, as in the past, to free an orchard from this scale pest it will be necessary to take the direct and active means now being employed, such as the use of oil, or the lime, sulphur, and salt wash, or other remedies which experience shall demonstrate to be effective. What parasites or predaceous enemies may do is to keep this scale in check so that it will not be so generally abundant and destructive, and especially to keep it down in the thousands of small orchards and gardens where direct spraying operations would not often be undertaken by the owners. In particular districts it may even put a complete check on the San Jose scale for one or several years. That this is possible is indicated «Toward the end of July some 26 specimens of the native Chilocorus bivulnerus were caged over a San Jose scale-infested pear tree to make comparative studies of the life history and habits of the species. Unfortunately, however, all of these beetles perished, without our securing either eggs or larvee. This rather astonishing and unexpected outcome seemed to be due to a distinct disinclination on the part of these beetles to eat the San Jose scale except in the most sparing manner. 86 The observations and experience of this spring have brought into question the real value, as aids to the fruit grower, of the four pre- daceous insects mentioned and others of the same class which have general feeding habits. The evidence points very strongly to the conclusion that such insects do more harm by destroying beneficial species like the ladybirds feeding on scale and plant-lice than they will ever do good by eating larvee or other soft-bodied plant-feeding insects. In other words, the injurious insects which they may feed upon toa greater or less extent are almost without exception species which are very easily controlled by other means, viz, by insecticides or methods of cropping. On the other hand, the beneficial insects which they destroy, as notably the larve of ladybirds, which feed on plant-lice and scale insects, include a group of insects of special importance and value to the horticulturist, for the reason that they feed on insects which are not easily controlled by other means, and which, if kept in control by natural enemies, may never require the expensive and, to the plants, dangerous treatment necessary to effect their artificial destruction. As a general proposition, therefore, I am inclined to rank all general-feeding predaceous insects as injurious and distinctly prejudicial to the interests of the horticulturist and farmer. The introduction, therefore, of any such insect, as, for example, the European Mantis religiosa, or efforts at their wider dissemination, are mistakes, which, in my opinion, will come to be regretted very keenly in the future. Instead of protecting these insects, I believe it will be much more to the general advantage to destroy all egg masses of mantids and the wheel bug; and to view the lace-winged flies with suspicion, if not to class them as absolute foes. ADDENDUM. A very important hymenopterous parasite must be added to the list of natural enemies of the Asiatic ladybird. To our very great disap- pointment and astonishment, early in September it was found that the pupe of the last brood were much parasitized, causing a loss of more than 10 per cent of this brood. As many as could be of these para- sitized pup have been collected, and from them has been reared a little Chaleidid fly, Syntomosphyrum esurus Riley, from five to seven parasites coming from each pupa. This insect belongs with a group of secondary parasites, but no trace of the primary parasite could be found in any of the pupx examined, although later breeding may develop the primary parasite during the winter or next spring. The larvee were found free in the abdominal cavity of the Chilocorus pupa, and ultimately all of the substance of the pupa disappears. In one or two cases where parasitism had only just begun to make itself evident, half-grown larve were found. These were filled with the yellow fluid contents of the Chrysomelid, and were orange yellow in color. The 87 older larve in the nearly empty shells of the pupz were whitish in color. That all of these larve are of the parasite mentioned above can not be definitely said. Dr. Howard, who examined the material with the writer, is of the belief that the primary parasite will prove to be Homalotylus obscurus How., the common coccinellid parasite of this country. If the parasite bred proves to be a true secondary para- site, as believed, its presence in such numbers in the pups of Chilocorus is a matter for gratification. If, on the contrary, it be a primary ‘parasite, it seriously threatens the success of the imported Chilocorus and all allied ladybirds. The status of this parasite is given in the appended note by Dr. Howard: All of the Tetrastichinzee known and whose exact host relations have been deter- mined are hyperparasites. Syntomosphyrwm esurus Riley has never been proved to be either secondary or primary. It is or was a common parasite of Aletia argillacea in the cotton fields of the South late in the summer. It issued frequently and in great numbers from old chrysalids left hanging bare upon the cotton stalks. The chrysa- lids on being opened were found full of this parasite, and no trace of a primary parasite was ever found. Hence this insect was considered in Bulletin 3 of the United States Entomological Commission, and in the Report on Cotton Insects, by J. H. Comstock, published by the Department of Agriculture in 1879, to be a primary parasite. The question as to whether it might not be a secondary parasite was raised by me in the Fourth Report of the United States Entomological Commission. It was reared, as recorded in Bulletin 5 (Technical Series), of this Division, by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, at Morgantown, W. Va., from Orgyia leucostigma. It was reared abundantly in 1896, in the late winter and early spring, at Washington, D. C., from the chrysalids of Hyphantria cunea. Moreoyer, it was reared by F. M. Webster, in 1889, on May 3, according to the notes of the Division, from the galls of Trypeta gibba Loew on Ambrosia artemisixfolia. But these Trypeta galls, especially late in the season, are apt to con- tain several different kinds of insects, not only primary parasites, but frequently lepidopterous, coleopterous, and dipterous laryee, so that the rearing from the gall means nothing at all; the presumption, however, being that the insect came from the Trypeta either as a primary or a secondary parasite. Summing this evidence all up, we have the insect reared undoubtedly from lepi- dopterous chrysalids and from coleopterous chrysalids—that is to say, the Coccinel- lids under consideration—and also possibly from dipterous insects. Unity of habit— that is to say, unity of host relation—is so marked among the Chalcididee that wher- ever such a diversity in the apparent hosts occurs it has become my rule to place such parasites as undoubtedly secondary or tertiary parasites. The primary para- sites of a given group of insects belong to certain definite groups. Examples are so numerous that they need not be mentioned. In no case in the whole family, to my knowledge, are the parasites of a single genus parasitic upon more than one order of hosts, and in some instances they are confined even to individual families of hosts, and the assumption that a single species of Chalcidid may be reared from Coleoptera, from Lepidoptera, as well as possibly from Diptera, is almost an absurdity. These are the principal reasons upon which I base my belief that Syntomosphyrum esurus is a hyperparasite. After the reading of these papers they were opened for discussion. Mr. Webster commented on the value of what Mr. Marlatt had accomplished, and felt that the least the Association could do was to 86 The observations and experience of this spring have brought into question the real value, as aids to the fruit grower, of the four pre- daceous insects mentioned and others of the same class which have general feeding habits. The evidence points very strongly to the conclusion that such insects do more harm by destroying beneficial species like the ladybirds feeding on scale and plant-lice than they will ever do good by eating larvee or other soft-bodied plant-feeding insects. In other words, the injurious insects which they may feed upon toa greater or less extent are almost without exception species which are very easily controlled by other means, viz, by insecticides or methods of cropping. On the other hand, the beneficial insects which they destroy, as notably the larve of ladybirds, which feed on plant-lice and scale insects, include a group of insects of special importance and value to the horticulturist, for the reason that they feed on insects which are not easily controlled by other means, and which, if kept in control by natural enemies, may never require the expensive and, to the plants, dangerous treatment necessary to effect their artificial destruction. As a general proposition, therefore, I am inclined to rank all general-feeding predaceous insects as injurious and distinctly prejudicial to the interests of the horticulturist and farmer. The introduction, therefore, of any such insect, as, for example, the European Mantis religiosa, or efforts at their wider dissemination, are mistakes, which, in my opinion, will come to be regretted very keenly in the future. Instead of protecting these insects, I believe it will be much more to the general advantage to destroy all egg masses of mantids and the wheel bug; and to view the lace-winged flies with suspicion, if not to class them as absolute foes. ADDENDUM. A very important hymenopterous parasite must be added to the list of natural enemies of the Asiatic ladybird. To our very great disap- pointment and astonishment, early in September it was found that the pupe of the last brood were much parasitized, causing a loss of more than 10 per cent of this brood. As many as could be of these para- sitized pupe have been collected, and from them has been reared a little Chaleidid fly, Syntomosphyrum esurus Riley, from five to seven parasites coming from each pupa. This insect belongs with a group of secondary parasites, but no trace of the primary parasite could be found in any of the pups examined, although later breeding may develop the primary parasite during the winter or next spring. The larve were found free in the abdominal cavity of the Chilocorus pupa, and ultimately all of the substance of the pupa disappears. In one or two cases where parasitism had only just begun to make itself evident, half-grown larve were found. These were filled with the yellow fluid contents of the Chrysomelid, and were orange yellow in color. The 87 older larvee in the nearly empty shells of the pupz were whitish in color. That all of these larvee are of the parasite mentioned above can not be definitely said. Dr. Howard, who examined the material with the writer, is of the belief that the primary parasite will prove to be Homalotylus obscurus How., the common coccinellid parasite of this country. If the parasite bred proves to be a true secondary para- site, as believed, its presence in such numbers in the pupz of Chilocorus is a matter for gratification. If, on the contrary, it be a primary ‘parasite, it seriously threatens the success of the imported Chilocorus and all allied ladybirds. The status of this parasite is given in the appended note by Dr. Howard: All of the Tetrastichinsee known and whose exact host relations have been deter- mined are hyperparasites. Syntomosphyrum esurus Riley has never been proved to be either secondary or primary. It is or was a common parasite of Aletia argillacea in the cotton fields of the South late in the summer. It issued frequently and in great numbers from old chrysalids left hanging bare upon the cotton stalks. The chrysa- lids on being opened were found full of this parasite, and no trace of a primary parasite was ever found. Hence this insect was considered in Bulletin 3 of the United States Entomological Commission, and in the Report on Cotton Insects, by J. H. Comstock, published by the Department of Agriculture in 1879, to be a primary parasite. The question as to whether it might not be a secondary parasite was raised by me in the Fourth Report of the United States Entomological Commission. It was reared, as recorded in Bulletin 5 (Technical Series), of this Division, by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, at Morgantown, W. Va., from Orgyia leucostigma. It was reared abundantly in 1896, in the late winter and early spring, at Washington, D. C., from the chrysalids of Hyphantria cunea. Moreover, it was reared by F. M. Webster, in 1889, on May 3, according to the notes of the Division, from the galls of Trypeta gibba Loew on Ambrosia artemisixfolia. But these Trypeta galls, especially late in the season, are apt to con- tain several different kinds of insects, not only primary parasites, but frequently lepidopterous, coleopterous, and dipterous larvee, so that the rearing from the gall means nothing at all; the presumption, however, being that the insect came from the Trypeta either as a primary or a secondary parasite. Summing this evidence all up, we have the insect reared undoubtedly from lepi- dopterous chrysalids and from coleopterous chrysalids—that is to say, the Coccinel- lids under consideration—and also possibly from dipterous insects. Unity of habit— that is to say, unity of host relation—is so marked among the Chalcidide that wher- ever such a diversity in the apparent hosts occurs it has become my rule to place such parasites as undoubtedly secondary or tertiary parasites. The primary para- sites of a given group of insects belong to certain definite groups. Examples are so numerous that they need not be mentioned. In no case in the whole family, to my knowledge, are the parasites of a single genus parasitic upon more than one order of hosts, and in some instances they are confined even to individual families of hosts, and the assumption that a single species of Chalcidid may be reared from Coleoptera, from Lepidoptera, as well as possibly from Diptera, is almost an absurdity. These are the principal reasons upon which I base my belief that Syntomosphyrum eswrus is a hyperparasite. After the reading of these papers they were opened for discussion. Mr. Webster commented on the value of what Mr. Marlatt had accomplished, and felt that the least the Association could do was to 88 extend to him a vote of thanks. He then made a motion to that effect. Mr. Webster, continuing, stated that it would have been exceedingly interesting if Mr. Marlatt could have gone to Korea, but doubtless this was not possible. The main object, however, was accomplished. He wondered if Mr. Marlatt would not have had as good success with material gathered from Europe instead of Japan and China. He did not consider that there was quite so much danger from our native predaceous insects as Mr. Marlatt had suggested, and wulled attention to the value of the twice-stabbed ladybird in clearing maple trees badly infested with the common maple Pulvinaria. The occurrence of Chilocorus similis in Europe would indicate that it had a variety of host insects, and that it would feed on almost any species of scale. The insect, however, seemed to have acquired a greater taste for the San Jose scale than any other of the scale insects, and he thought that it would gain about the same status of importance and abundance as other native species, but that it would probably be a little more fond of Aspidiotus and Diaspis species than is C. dvvul- nevus. Mr. Webster was very glad that the studies in Japan and China had been made, and thought American entomologists had a great deal to thank Mr. Marlatt for. Mr. Scott rose to second the motion made by Mr. Webster. He considered this one of the most important attempts in experimental entomology, and thought Mr. Marlatt was to be congratulated as con- tributing such valuable work along this line. The president then put the motion, and it was heartily carried. Mr. Smith stated that Mr. Marlatt’s paper had interested him ereatly, and he considered that the most important feature of the work was that Mr. Marlatt had shown that China was the native home of the San Jose scale, and that it was there kept in check by native insects. The question had always been, however, whether the enemy which kept it in check in its home would do the same in the eastern United States. He felt satisfied from investigation in California that our native species was there one of the most active enemies of the San Jose scale. He had found there, quite early in the season, that not only had there been a brood of the ladybird larvee before the scale began to breed, but that eggs were already scattered over the trees for a second brood. He had seen larvee as well as adults feeding on the dormant scale. He felt quite certain that this was the insect doing most good in keeping the scale in check in that State. Just why the beetle would not breed with us in the East as continuously he was at a loss to explain. He had watched it for several years, and was con- vinced that it did not have more than two broods a year in New Jersey. He stated that the beetles were eating on his trees at present, but not at the same rate as in California. He had found them on trees that had never been treated as well as on those which had been treated. 89 He had in his experiment orchard a number of trees that had never been treated, which showed resisting qualities and did well. The scale never increased beyond a certain point, and then practically died off. He had never found any wheel bugs in this orchard, so that these could not be considered in accounting for the disappearance of the ladybirds. They should hardly rank as enemies, but might form an important factor in the destruction of the larve of this ladybird beetle if it really appeared in considerable numbers. He knew that many of our predaceous insects eat a great variety of food. The wheel bug will eat a webworm, the larve of the elm-leaf beetle, or anything else in its way with equal pleasure. Mr. Smith had been able to determine positively that the larva of the two-spotted ladybird eats the young crawling scale larve. He thought, as a result of his observations in California, that there was a possibility that the California species of Chilocorus was different from our Eastern form, though they were quite similar in appearance. He had had a number in the early stages and could not make out any dif- ference between them. One year 200 California specimens had been sent to him, and in comparison with the Japanese specimens and those from the eastern United States he was not able to tell which came from one place and which came from the other. To secure the lot that had been imported from Japan, he wrote to every entomologist in that country whose address could be secured. Individual letters were sent, with offers to pay all expenses, and in this way a considerable number of two species were secured, one a large form, the name of which was not remembered at that moment, and the other a smaller species, Chilocorus similis. These beetles were taken to a very scaly orchard and liberated on the trees at a season of the year when all stages of the scale were present, and when there was an abundance of time for the beetles to deposit eggs. So far as he knew there had been no sur- vivors. He had not been able to find any larve and had not recognized the difference between those of the twice-stabbed ladybird and those of the Chilocorus similis until Mr. Marlatt had pointed it out in his paper. He considered that Mr. Marlatt was very conservative in his claims in regard to the imported beetles and thought his suggestions well worth the trial. He was in doubt as to the importance of the injury resulting from the wheel bug, but stated that this species did considerable good in controlling the fall webworm. In response to a query, Mr. Smith stated that the Chzlocorus similis had been placed in the orchards referred to three or four years ago. He further stated that the orchard had been pretty well cleaned of scales by other means, but that he had never seen any descendants of the imported insects. Mr. Sanderson observed that C. béwulnerus was very common in Delaware and that he knew of several orchards where it kept the 90 Forbes scale in check. The Forbes scale would sometimes become quite injurious and peach trees would often be killed. It was his observation that the C. bévu/nerus was largely instrumental in con- trolling this species, and while he had observed the wheel bug to be very common, yet he had never noticed that it fed on the larva of this beetle. Mr. Felt stated that he desired to congratulate Mr. Marlatt on his efforts in searching for the native home of the San Jose scale and pro- curing its natural enemies. He stated that there were no wheel bugs in New York State, so that this insect could not have a hand in destroy- ing parasites. He stated that there were very few of the C. bivulne- rus. So far as his observations went, he considered the ladybirds most valuable as enemies of plant-lice. Plant-lice were very abundant in Albany in 1897, and ladybird larvee were so very numerous as to attract considerable attention. Mr. Hopkins remarked that there was great difficulty in determin- ing the different species of closely related scolytid beetles, and sug- gested the importance of a close study of closely related species in all stages to definitely determine their distinctness. As an example, two scolytids had been described from Germany as different species, but were afterwards considered the same. After a close study, however, he had found that the two European species belonged to two quite distinct genera. On close study he had found striking differences, not only in habits, but in structure. The next paper was presented by Mr. Quaintance. ON THE FEEDING HABITS OF ADULTS OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA. (Cicada septendecim 1..). By A. L. Quarnrance, College Park, Md. But little accurate observation seems to have been made on the feeding habits of the adults of the periodical cicada, or so-called seventeen-year locusts. A review of the rather scant literature on the subject indicates also that considerable diversity of opinion pre- rails among entomologists and others as to the extent to which they feed, and, on the whole, the opinion probably prevails at the present time that the adults, particularly the males, feed but little, if at all, during their brief aerial life of about thirty days. The first note in reference to this point which I have seen is by Messrs. Walsh and Riley, in the American Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 67 (1868). It is here stated, under a general discussion relative to the sting of the period- ical cicada, that ‘‘the beak is an organ which both sexes of the cicada possess, and by which they take their nourishment. We have 91 ourselves seen them insert it into and extract it from the branches of different trees, and know that the operation is quite rapid and that the instrument is quite sharp and strong.” The same statement was repeated by Professor Riley seventeen years later.“ Professor Riley also adds a note in reference to an experience of Mr. Gustavus Pauls, in which an apricot tree was so severely injured by the puncture of their beaks in the course of feeding that he took from the tree a gallon of coagulated sap; and he attributes the death of some of his trees to this cause. In the course of his observations on the seven- teen-year locusts on Staten Island in 1894,? Mr. W. T. Davis says: ‘The black birch and sweet gum were also great favorites, both as depositories for the eggs and also from which to draw sustenance. It was no uncommon matter to see rows of cicadas along the branches of the sweet gum, each insect with its proboscis stuck into the bark.” He also adds, speaking of sumach (2?hus glabra): ** Though the cicadas were fond of sucking the sap of this bush, yet they rarely tried laying egos in its tissues.” According to Dr. J. B. Smith,’ ‘‘very little injury is done in feed- ing, the food consisting of sap of trees of many kinds.” Dr. A. D. Hopkins“ states that the adult cicadas feed but little, if at all. In our latest and most authoritative report on this interesting species, Bulletin No. 14, new series, Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, it is stated, doubt- less after due consideration of all the evidence bearing on the subject, under the caption ** Food habits of the adult insects,” p. 72, that ‘* the taking of food in the adult stage seems to be of rare occurrence, and has been observed and commented on by a few of the entomologists who have studied the species. That the periodical cicada feeds at all has even been questioned, and it is quite possible that in some of the cases where it was supposed to have been feeding, the action of the insect was misinterpreted. Such feeding is limited, at any rate, to the female, as in this sex only do we find a perfect digestive apparatus, that of the male being rudimentary.” My attention was called to this question during the height of the abundance of the present brood by the receipt of a letter from a cor- respondent to the effect that the cicadas were feeding on his orchard trees, and desiring a remedy. After writing him to the effect that he was doubtless mistaken in his observations, as the cicadas fed but lit- tle, if at all, in the adult stage, a visit the following day to a near by orchard of three or four-year-old apple and pear trees showed that “Bulletin 8 (0. s.), Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 14. Nat. Science Association of Staten Island, Vol. IV, No. 9, September, 1894, pp. 33-35. “Bulletin 95, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 5. 4 West Virginia Expt. Sta. Bul. 50, p. 9, and Bul. 68, p. 265. 92 the insects were there in great numbers and were feeding quite gen- erally. On practically every tree both sexes were to be observed, ranging in numbers from 10 to 40, with their beaks stuck straight down against the bark, to all appearances feeding after the usual manner of homopterous insects. In numerous instances the insects were observed, when disturbed, extracting the thread-like sete from the plant tissue. The insect occurred most usually, in this young pear and apple orchard, along the trunks and larger limbs, which, early in the morning and rather late in the evening, were frequently quite wet with sap which had exuded from the punctures made by the setee of the cicadas. This exudation of sap was frequently noticed to immediately follow the withdrawal of the sucking apparatus of the insects to such an extent as to run down the trunk a distance of 4 or 5 inches, and the loss of sap in this way and that taken up by the insects would apparently be a considerable drain on the vitality of the plant. Since the date of making the above observation at College Park on June 5, I have paid special attention to the feeding habits of the cicadas in other parts of Maryland, where my work has taken me, and without exception, in every place visited throughout the range of the insect, both sexes have been observed to be feeding in greater or less abun- dance. At Hancock, in Washington County, the cicadas were very numerous in a young apple orchard, from 6 to 18 being noted on the several trees closely examined. At Annapolis Junction, in an orchard of two-year-old peach trees, the insects were exceedingly abundant, both feeding and ovipositing. On one undersized tree in this orchard twenty-four cicadas were counted, each with its beak stuck straight down against the bark, and the tree was quite wet along the larger limbs and trunk by the sap exuded from the punctures made. In large oak, maple, and probably other trees, the insects feed very generally in the higher parts of the tree on the more tender branches and limbs. I have been able to establish this by numerous observa- tions with an opera glass from the higher windows of the several col- lege buildings, which are surrounded with large trees of doubtless the original forest growth. This habit of feeding in the higher parts of forest trees will doubtless account to some extent for the opinion that but little, if any, feeding is done, since here there would ordinarily be but little chance of observation. While no attempt was made to determine the various plants used as food, the cicada was observed feeding on the following: Apple, pear, peach, Japan plum, maples and oaks of several species, Carolina poplar, elm, hickory, and //ex Opacd. To determine more definitely the extent to which the beak and sete of the cicada were inserted into the tissues of the food plants, many beaks were snipped off, by the use of a fine pair of scissors as close to F'G. 1.—CICADA IN THE ACT OF FEEDING. About twice natural size. BS He REMC Fic. 2.—BEAK AND SETA OF MALE Fic. 3.—SET4 OF FEMALE PERIOD- PERIODICAL CICADA IN WooD OF ICAL CICADA IN APPLE TISSUE CAROLINA POPLAR. Much enlarged—original. 93 their origin as possible, while the insects were in the act of feeding. A block of wood containing the setz was cut from the tree and sec- tioned with the microtome (Plate I). The accompanying photo- micrograph illustration shows a section thus prepared with the beak and setz inserted. The beak, in this case, was taken from a male feeding on the Carolina poplar. Many sections have been made, and show no appreciable points of difference from the one illustrated. It will be noted in the illustration that the sheath penetrated somewhat into the bark, but is not pushed into the harder wood. In all speci- mens examined, this seems to be true, the beak being pushed only slightly into the outer bark, while the sete are thrust to variable depths into the cells of the plant. Despite this evidence as to the fact that the adult cicadas feed, which in the case of almost any other insect would have been convince- ing, doubt has recently been expressed as to whether it could be con- sidered true that the cicada feeds in the sense of taking nourishment. The use of the mouth parts as above illustrated was considered to be the result more of hereditary instinct than anything else, and, while it was admitted that the beak might be thrust into the tissues, this was considered to be simply a sampling or tasting of the juices of the plant on the part of the insect. At various times, but particularly rather late in the evening, both sexes of cicadas have been taken from trees in the act of feeding, and quickly opened, so as to expose the stomach, or so-called crop, and this has been found in many instances to be distended several times its usual size with the sap taken from the trees. According to Marlatt (I. c.) the alimentary tract of the male is con- sidered to be rudimentary, and no food is taken by this sex. As shown in the foregoing, males have been observed many times in the act of feeding, and the photograph to which attention has been called shows the seta of a male in the tissues of the plant. Males, as well as females, have been taken in the act of feeding, and their stomachs found distended with sap. Furthermore, dissections of the alimen- tary tract of the male shows that it is not rudimentary, but apparently normally developed for this group of insects. The intestine, while small, is continuous to the anus, and is reasonably large for insects subsisting on liquid food. The csophagus and salivary glands are well developed, while the stomach and crop is rather large and capa- ble of considerable distention. The setz are long and tubular and much coiled with the intestine, all being more or less bound together with tracheal threads, so that dissection is rendered somewhat difficult. On the whole the alimen- tary canal of the male seems to be as fully developed as that of the female. It may be mentioned as a point of importance in this con- - nection that both sexes void quantities of fluid excrement from the 94 anus, as I have frequently observed, and which is very noticeable on the lower foliage and on the ground, under trees inhabited in some numbers by the cicadas. This discharge of fluid could not reasonably g@o on without the insect’s taking food from time to time. From the evidence in band I am led to believe that both sexes of the periodical cicada normally take food in the usual sense of the word, and that in the case of young orchard trees, at least adjacent to woods, where the insects are likely to be abundant, injury may result to the plants attacked. In discussing this paper Mr. Marlatt said that he wished to con- gratulate the author on having presented the first really thorough and careful observations which had ever been made on the feeding habits of the periodical cicada. Referring to the published statements in his Bulletin No. 14 on the feeding habits of these insects, he said that at the time this bulletin was written it was impossible to make field observations, and that most of the statements relating to food habits were drawn from general literature on the subject, but they included the reported observations of some of the best entomologists which this country has had, namely, Walsh, Riley, and Smith. In his own per- sonal observations he had never noticed the cicada giving any special evidence of feeding. He was very glad that Mr. Quaintance had gone into the matter so fully, and felt convinced that it had been demon- strated that the cicada does normally and frequently, but perbaps not invariably, take liquid nourishment from trees and plants. Mr. Smith thought that Mr. Marlatt was justified in his statements, and it was his opinion before hearing this paper that the digestive system of adults of the periodical cicada was rudimentary and not adapted to carrying off food stuffs. He had observed it feeding and had some twigs punctured for feeding purposes, but had often examined the digestive organs of both sexes and came to the conclusion that the cicada did not feed as a rule. Most of his examinations, however, had been made on specimens that had been dead for some time, and it was probable that the digestive organs had quite collapsed. Mr. Quaintance stated that the intestine of the cicada was very small and thread like and was closely attached to the inner surface of the dorsum of the abdomen of the insect, and unless the dissections were carefully made, and under water, it would be readily overlooked. Mr. Marlatt, in further discussion of the food of cicadas, said they fed quite industriously during the warm season of each of their seventeen years of underground life, and that it was, therefore, not unreasonable to suppose, in the absence of direct evidence to the contrary, that for the short period of their aerial life the nourishment previously gained would suffice, and hence the feeding in the adult stage might reason- ably have been supposed to-be a matter of chance. In his own obser- 95 vations he had never noticed the cicada feeding, and he thought it still open to question whether it was always necessary for the adult cicada to take food. That they did take food Mr. Quaintance had clearly shown. He doubted very much, however, whether the puncturing which they did to trees and the small amount of sap taken caused any special damage to the plant attacked. As an argument for the neces- sity of feeding of the periodical cicada might be mentioned the fact that when kept in confinement for a few days without food they invariably die. Mr. Hopkins called attention in this connection to certain insects that can live a long time without food. Both the larve and adults of a clerid beetle, collected by him in Germany, had lived several months without food in little vials. Mr. Quaintance queried if the feeding habits of adult cicadas might not possibly vary with different broods. He asked for information as to the relative abundance of the dwarf (cass¢n7) variety. Mr. Marlatt replied that he had had at different periods opportunity of witnessing three broods of the periodical cicada. In the first two of these he had failed to notice any of the smaller form, all of the specimens being of the normal large size. The present year fully 50 per cent of the early appearing individuals were of the small form. He had been informed also by Professor Galloway, who had made a trip through the West to St. Louis during the cicada prevalence, that the woods were filled with the deafening noise of a cicada, the song being entirely different from the ordinary one. From Professor Galloway’s description the small cicada was undoubtedly the one heard, indicating its general abundance this year throughout the range of the brood. Mr. Hopkins stated that in 1897 the small variety was very abundant in West Virginia, and that it came later than the others. Mr. Quaintance remarked that the small form came after the large form had disappeared to a considerable extent in Washington County, Md. The meeting then adjourned to reassemble at 2 p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION, SATURDAY, JUNE 28, 1902. The meeting was called to order by the president, who called for the report of the committee on membership. The committee reported as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. Your committee to consider the question of membership would report as follows: We recommend the adoption of a by-law to the effect that it be the duty of the officers of the Association, each year previous to the annual meeting, to carefully examine the list of members and recommend to the Association the dropping of such 96 names as have in their opinion no further place upon our roll; such recommenda- tions to be acted upon by the Association, and a vote of two-thirds of the members present to be sufficient to drop any name. That in the interpretation of the paragraph of the constitution regarding the election of new members it be understood that an ‘‘economic entomologist’’ is a person who has been trained in entomological work and whose known work or published papers show him to be capable of conducting original work in economic entomology. That the term ‘‘ practical entomologist,’’ referring to associate members, be held to indicate persons who have done general work in entomology and who have, by published papers or otherwise, given evidence of their attainments in such work. That associate members be listed separately in the published roll or the fact that they are associate members be indicated in the list. HERBERT OsBorn, Chairman. Joun B. SmirH. 1D dey el hioveint This report was unanimously adopted; and the report of the com- mittee on resolutions was then read and adopted, as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Whereas, the effect upon fruit trees of oil sprays for the San Jose scale has been very diverse in different States, and a study of the chemical composition of the petroleum oils used and their physiological effect upon fruit trees seems desirable: Therefore, be it Resolved by the Association of Economic Entomologists, That the attention of the honorable Secretary of Agriculture be called to the desirability of the Department’s undertaking a joint chemical, entomological, and physiological study of the problems involved. Resolved, That we appreciate most fully the past favors of the Department of Agriculture in publishing the proceedings of this Association, and respectfully request that the proceedings of the present meeting be published as heretofore. Resolved, That the thanks of the Association be tendered to Dr. W. J. Holland, and to the citizens of Pittsburg, whose favors have rendered the comforts and pleasures of the members in attendance at this meeting a feature to be remembered. Resolved, That this Association has listened with great interest to the report of Mr. C. L. Marlatt’s explorations in Japan and China to study the San Jose scale and its natural enemies, undertaken largely at his own expense; that we feel that the subject of applied entomology in America has been greatly developed and advanced thereby, and that we asan Association hereby tender to Mr. Marlatt our thanks for his generous and unselfish labors. Respectfully submitted. F. M. Wesster, Chairman. HERBERT OSBORN. W. E. Rumsey. ~ REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS. The committee on nomination of officers for the coming year reported as follows: Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y., president. Mr. Wm. H. Ashmead, Washington, D. C., first vice-president. Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Lincoln, Nebr., second vice-president. Prof. A. L. Quaintance, College Park, Md., secretary and treasurer. Of The report of the committee was unanimously accepted, and the secretary was instructed to cast the ballot for the Association. The secretary presented the name of Mr. E. G. Titus as a candidate for membership in the Association. This name was proposed by Mr. Webster, who explained somewhat at length the training which Mr. Titus had had, the work he had done and his eligibility to memker- ship. After some discussion by members Mr. Titus was elected to active membership. There being no further business before the Association, the regular program was resumed: NOTES FROM DELAWARE. E. Dwicur Sanperson, Newark, Del. At the last meeting of the entomological section of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations the writer described the differences between the more common species of aphis affecting the apple and pear, and a further report concerning them will be found in the 13th report of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, now in press. Our most common species, usually written Aphis mali Fitch, is entirely distinct from A. mal¢ of Fabricius, which is a syno- nym of A. pomi De G., and the name A. mali must therefore be abandoned. I have consequently described Fitch’s species as Ap/is jitchii n. sp., in recognition of his very careful description of it. This name must be regarded as somewhat tentative, however, as Prof. Slingerland is of the opinion that Ap/ds annue Oestlund will probably prove to be the same species, in which case it would have priority, and there are certain European species which further study may show to be identical. Meantime the name jitchzz will clearly designate the species discussed, and the confusion formerly existing will be obviated. This spring I again attempted to breed this aphid in the insectary upon wheat and various grasses, but seemed to fail entirely, none being observed to reproduce on them, either when inclosed in glass cylinders or when free. I also carefully examined a number of wheat fields and various pieces of grass at the time the aphides were migra- ting from the apples without finding them on the grass. Having found no aphides on the grasses in the insectary up to June 1, they were not examined again until June 25, when I found one of them well covered with an elongate yellowish-white aphis which had caused the leaves to wilt and become streaked with white. These apbides were decidedly elongate, with cornicles and cauda concolorous with body, cornicles tipped with black, antenn and eyes black, and some- times with a greenish and sometimes a reddish splotch at the bases of the cornicles, but usually without such marking. A few pup were observed but no winged females. It is possible that this may be the sane species as the spring form on the apple, as it has certain ‘* ear T196—No. 37—02——7 98 marks,” though in general it is entirely dissimilar. Should it prove to be the same, there must be a very enormous and decidedly remark- able mortality of the winged females migrating from the apple in May, for which there seems no good reason. Aphis pomi DeG. seems more abundant than usual this year and becoming more widely distributed. It is unquestionably one of the worst insect pests of the young apple orchard and of old trees being top-worked, and how best to combat it is somewhat of a problem. It should be noted that some varieties of apples are decidedly prefer- red to others by the aphides, trees of another variety next to badly infested trees often remaining unmolested. Very frequently this season I have found colonies of this species of a bright orange-yellow color instead of the typical bright green, and also intermixed with the green forms. This striking variation has not been previously observed so far as recorded, and I regret that I have been unable to ascertain whether the yellow aphides reprodace the yellow form. Owing to the manner in which they curl the leaves, Ap/is sorbi and pom are exceedingly difficult to combat; Ap/is jfitchii rarely does sufficient damage to warrant treatment. Washes of whale-oil soap, 2 pounds to a gallon of water, and lye 6 pounds to 50 gallons have both failed to destroy the eggs. Prof. Aldrich reports having killed the egos with 33 per cent crude petroleum with water, using a heavy western oil of .954 specific gravity. We have sprayed several young trees with pure crude petroleum (** insecticide oil”), and though there seemed to be fewer young aphides on these trees, there were enough to soon stock the tree with lice. It seemed probable that the gummy residue left upon the surface of the bark was fatal to many of the newly hatched lice, as the crude oil had undoubtedly had a beneficial effect. Fifteen per cent kerosene mixed with either water or Bordeaux mixture has not proven very satisfactory for destroying the aphides; 20 per cent kerosene seems more effectual and fairly satisfactory; 15 or 20 per cent crude petroleum is quite effectual and does no injury to the trees. When mixed with Bordeaux mixture it tends to make the latter collect in drops, and this is therefore an undesirable combina- tion. Kerosene mixed with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green gives as even a coat upon the foliage as without the kerosene, and would seemingly form a perfect insecticide and fungicide where it can be used to advantage. I am inclined to the view that in many cases the kerosene sprays are not effectual owing to the improper working of the pump. Kero- sene emulsion made with soap and diluted to contain 15 per cent kero- sene has failed to destroy the lice. Whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 6 and 8 gallons of water was ineffectual, though 1 pound to 7 gallons was fairly satisfactory. The latter is rather too strong, however, to use 99 on tender foliage. Rose-leaf insecticide, an extract of tobacco, one part to from 25 to 40 parts of water, is the most satisfactory spray we have used against these aphides. It is, however, most disagreeable to apply and rather too expensive for extensive use. Undoubtedly tobacco water made by boiling 1 pound of refuse tobacco in 1 gallon of water, with an equal amount of water added, will prove to be a good remedy, though we have been unable to give it a thorough trial. The most satisfactory method of destroying these aphides on young trees is by fumigation. In 1899 we made several tests in fumigating them with hydrocyanic acid gas and found that they could be readily destroyed in ten or fifteen minutes. This spring we had a fumigator of the Geneva type constructed, covering it with strong muslin, which was thoroughly painted with thin glue, and it proved entirely satis- factory. This frame contained exactly 200 cubic feet. The aphides were entirely destroyed by burning 2 ounces of tobacco leaves and fumigating for fifteen minutes; also with one-half a roll of ‘‘aphis punk” for twenty minutes. A larger amount of the latter would probably be as effectual in a shorter time. ‘‘ Aphis punk” is simply paper dipped in a tobacco extract, and is in a handy form to use, though rather expensive. Nikoteen and Nicoticide, both concentrated extracts of tobacco, were used very successfully by diluting with water and evaporating in shallow pans over an alcohol lamp furnished by the manufacturers. One and one-half cubic centimeters of Niko- teen diluted to 15 cubic centimeters with water killed the aphides in fifteen minutes, as did 4 cubic centimeters diluted to 15 cubic centi- meters in eleven minutes. It requires about five minutes for the Nikoteen to evaporate. Five cubic centimeters of the Nicoticide diluted with 5 cubic centimeters water killed the aphides in ten and twelve minutes. The Nicoticide ‘‘is a very strong solution con- taining 40 per cent of nicotine” (quoted from a letter of manu- facturers); it is a thinner and more volatile liquid than Nikoteen or Rose Leaf, evaporating over the lamp in about three minutes, and seems to be more rapid in its effect upon the aphides. We are inclined to regard this as the most satisfactory method of fighting these aphides upon young orchards. Usually but a few trees are infested here and there, and as the lice do not spread very much until the trees become overcrowded, by fumigating these few trees the injury can be almost entirely checked, as the fumigation destroys practically every aphid, whereas the best spray can not reach a very large percentage of those protected on the curled leaves. A plain box or bell tent made of heavy, tight-woven muslin (we found a brand termed ‘‘ Cast iron,” in use by hot-air balloonists, very satisfactory) and painted with glue would be fully as satisfactory for use on small trees, and much cheaper. The materials for a tent should not cost over $2, and the making is a simple matter. With a dozen 100 of these 2 or 3 men could get over a considerable number of young trees in a day. The strawberry root-louse (Aphis forbesi.)—Various means of destroy- ing the strawberry root-louse upon plants prior to setting have been thoroughly tried. Sixty thousand plants were fumigated in two lots in a nurseryman’s fumigation house for thirty and forty minutes with 0.2 gram KCN per cubic foot without injury to the plants, and the lice were killed as far as observed. The plants were laid loose, one or two layers deep, on frames of wire netting. Subsequently 7,000 were fumigated in several lots in a small box containing 10 cubic feet for thirty minutes with 0.2 gram KCN per cubic foot and 0.3 gram KCN for twenty-five minutes without injury to the plants. From 20 to 75 per cent of plants dipped in whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 6 gallons of water, were killed, as were from 50 to 75 per cent of various lots dipped in kerosene emulsion diluted 10 times. Tobacco water (1 pound of stems boiled in 1 gallon of water, used undiluted) was this year used as a dip by a number of large growers with marked success. The beds of one party who has used it for several years showed its good effect. Plants dipped in Rose Leaf insecticide, 1 part to from 20 to 40 of water, were uninjured and the lice were killed. The main difficulty in fumigating or dipping prior to setting is that growers are desirous of setting early, and as with many insects a few of the eggs do not hatch until unusually late, dipping or fumi- gating at the time the growers wish to plant does not destroy these. To destroy the eges we have tried burning over the beds, as the eggs are all upon the leaves as far as observed. By covering with straw or similar material which will make a quick fire and burning over just as the plants commence to grow in the spring, the foliage can be burned off without injury to the crowns and the plants will shoot out again, giving a good foliage by the time it is desired to set them ina new bed, and producing fruit the same as 1f unburnt, except perhaps being a trifle later. The burning should also be of value against other strawberry insects and diseases. The codling moth.—In experiments with remedies for the codling moth in 1901 it was found that two bands ona tree caught 15 per cent of the larvee infesting apples upon 5 trees, the percentage varying from 8 to 25 per cent, varying almost exactly inversely to the effectiveness of the spray used. Numerous larvee and pupe were collected from these bands, and it was found that a very large percentage hibernated over winter, there being, therefore, but a partial second brood. Our chemist has kindly analyzed samples of two lots of arsenite of lime and one of arsenite of soda, made according to the usual for- mulas, with pure arsenic and boiled by steam, and in each case they contained but three-fourths the supposed amount of arsenious acid. The arsenite of lime was used last year at a strength equivalent to 1 101 pound of Paris green to 215 gallons of water, with a benefit of but 20 per cent over untreated trees for the whole season. It is believed that arsenites of lime or soda should be used at the rate of 1 pound or 1$ pounds of AS,O, to 160 gallons of water to be effectual, and they are being thoroughly tested at various strengths this year. Paris green, 1 pound to 160 gallons of water, and Disparene, an arsenate of lead, manufactured by Bowker Insecticide Company, 3 pounds to 150 gallons, were also tested upon 5 trees each, with 5 check trees, the dropped and picked apples being counted on all. One spraying of Disparene proved as effectual as two of Paris green. It will be noticed that the benefit derived is not so much in the smaller per- centage of wormy picked fruit, though that is marked, as in the very much smaller percentage of wormy fruit dropped, the perfect fruit dropped being approximately the same for all the sprayed and unsprayed trees. With 60 per cent of the apples wormy upon the check trees, a benefit of 87 per cent for the season was secured by spraying twice with Disparene, of 60 per cent by spraying once, and of 61 per cent by spraying twice with Paris green. Of the dropped fruit, that sprayed with Disparene twice showed a benefit of 75 per cent, against 52 per cent with that sprayed with Disparene once and 54 per cent with that sprayed with Paris green twice. Likewise with the picked fruit, Disparene applied twice produced a benefit of 96 per cent, against 66 per cent when applied once and 69 per cent with Paris green applied twice. The periodical cicada has been present the past month in northern Delaware, but so far as ascertained has not occurred in the two lower counties, and I have been unable to secure any records of its occur- rence there in 1885. The pup first emerged in numbers on May 22, and continued except on a few cold nights until June 2, the most ascending on May 30. Several dogs and cats have been observed to relish the adult cicadas. The turrets or mounds of the pupz were observed under pine and spruce trees on several old lawns and ina piece of pine timber burned over about the middle of May. The largest turrets were found under a small outbuilding, the floor of which was about a foot above the ground. Here the turrets com- pletely covered the surface of the soil, reminding one of a house-top view over city chimneys, and were from 3 to 6 inches long. The cicadas have been most abundant upon the lawns of several old estates around Newark, where in some cases they are more numer- ous than in 1885. The woods around Newark are now brown from dying twigs, and one or two young peach orchards have been prac- tically ruined. The injury is only local, however, and not serious generally. It was observed that the pupze upon emerging from the ground were strongly attracted by an acetylene bicycle lamp. On changing its position the pup would at once turn toward the light, 102 often going around a circle. Even their strong instinct for ascend- ing the nearest tree was thus overcome, and in several instances those upon the base of the tree descended toward the light. Though I was unable to make a trial of it, this suggested that a bright light in the center of a sunken pan containing water and kerosene might make an efficient trap upon badly infested lawns. During the season of 1901 the white-marked tussock moth and fall webworm were unusually injurious and seem to be almost equally so this year. The apple-tree tent caterpillar was more abundant this spring than for many years. Apples have been unusually injured by the plum curculio, eight or ten scars on an apple not being uncom- mon. Arsenical sprays seem to have no effect whatever in preventing this injury, apples being badly stung in an orchard which has been carefully sprayed for many years. On the same place, however, the fruit of an old cherry tree, which was formerly entirely destroyed by the curculio, is now untouched, owing tc its being sprayed with arsenites and Bordeaux mixture. Crambus caliginosellus continues to be one of our worst pests of young corn. Systena teniata often destroys replanted corn and is our worst pest of newly set tomatoes, one for which we have as yet no very satisfactory remedy. The strawberry weevil (Anthonomus signatus) was excessively inju- rious this year for the first time since 1898, and cut the early staminate varieties about one-third, and in some instances practically ruined the crop. A remedy for this pest would be of great value to berry grow- ers, but it seems invulnerable to attack. NOTES FOR THE YEAR IN NEW YORK. By E. P. Frxt, Albany, N. Y. The season has not been marked by any unusual demonstrations by injurious insects, except in the case of a few species which will be noticed briefly. The grape root- worm, /7dia viticida Walsh, has caused a great deal of injury in the Chautauqua erape belt during the last two years. It was estimated last spring that fully 80 acres had been practically destroyed by this insect and that at least 200 acres were more or less infested. Subsequent observations have shown that, in all probability, the infested area must be greatly extended. The insect has been so very injurious during the spring that certain vines which developed leaves in an apparently normal manner began to wilt about the middle of June and by the latter part of the month had died. This was attrib- uted to the grape root-worm. ‘The depredations appear to be more serious upon gravelly than upon heavy clay soil, and some recent experiments would appear to indicate that a considerable number of 1038 the pups may be destroyed by plowing the soil away from the vines and back while the insect is in this stage. The grapevine leaf-hopper, Zyphlocyba comes var. vitis., has been exceedingly abundant and destructive in the Chautauqua grape belt last year and early this spring. It caused a great deal of injury in the fall of 1901, and present conditions are very threatening. This insect is now being investigated by Professor Slingerland of Cornell University. The apple-tree tent caterpillar, Clzstocampa americana Fabr., has been conspicuous by its absence in certain portions of western New York. This is probably due, in some cases at least, to the very heavy snows of the preceding winter, which allowed mice free access to all roadside trees and shrubs, which were very largely girdled by these michievous rodents. It thus happened that the tent caterpillars found very little of their favorite food and undoubtedly many hatching on these unfortunate trees must have perished. The forest tent caterpillar, Clistocampa disstria Hubn., has been present in comparatively small numbers and its depredations during the last three or four years appear to be on the decrease. It is hoped that this year will see the end, for a time at least, of serious injuries by this pest. The fall webworm, //yphantria cunea Drury, has appeared in the State unusually early and indications are that it will be more destruc- tive than usual. \ OBSERVATIONS ON CERTAIN INSECTS ATTACKING PINE TREES. By E. P. Feit, Albany, N. Y. The work of several species of Tomicus has been very apparent in the Hudson River Valley during the last two or three years, and at our last meeting the writer placed on record his belief that species belong- ing to this genus were responsible for the destruction of many white pines in New York State. More extended observations have but strengthened that opinion, and this paper is really a continuation of the one published on pages 63-68 of our last proceedings. One pine was found which bore no signs of injury, although its branches were sparse, which had been entered in large numbers by Tomicus calligraphus Germ. The needles were rather thin August 5, 1901, but practically none were brown, although pitch tubes were very abundant and many small masses of pitch had dropped upon the foliage of surrounding shrubs. At this time most of the beetles were running their primary galleries in the living bark along practically the entire length of the trunk and many eggs were being laid. The next observation was made September 26, and then two-thirds of the needles were brown and the remainder were changing rapidly. 104 October 16 practically all the needles were brown and dead. The bark was entirely dead, moist, and its inner layers consisted of little else but decaying borings. Practically all of the living Tomicids had forsaken this tree, though some were found in one near by which had been less severely injured. The limbs were entirely bare of needles early in this spring. This rapid destruction is also well shown in two other trees of which the writer possesses photographs. These pines had been under gen- eral observation for four or five years, and early in 1901 the foliage of the top of one may have been a little thinner than normal. This was noticed in particular August 5, at which time the lower limbs were nice and green, though the upper portion of the tree was then dead. An examination showed that the latter had been attacked by Tomicus pint Say. The work of Zomécus calligraphus in the living lower portion of the trunk was very evident at this time. J/onoham- mus confusor Kirby was also very abundant about this tree. It had evidently bred in considerable numbers in the upper portion of the trunk and then attacked the lower part. The needles had practically all fallen from the upper limbs September 26, and those on the lower were brownand dead. Early in 1902 nothing but bare limbs remained. The companion in misfortune stood close by, and August 5, 1901, bore many pitch tubes above the middle, the work of Zomdcus calligraphus. September 26 all its needles were browning fast, especially those of the lower limbs, and all were dead October 16. Its condition early in 1902 was the same as that of the trees described above. Both of the last mentioned had been attacked by Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv., but in small numbers, and most of the injury was undoubtedly caused by Tomicids. The destructive work of Zomécus pind was further evidenced by a complaint from Jeremiah Day, of Catskill, N. Y., December, 1901, to the effect that 50 young white pines 25 or 30 years old had been killed during the preceding summer, and specimens of bark proved this species to have been the depredator. The above shows how quickly a tree may die and lose its foliage in the Northern States. The dates given above indicate that a pine may be destroyed in about ten weeks. The rapidity with which such trees yield to the elements is well shown in this photograph, which repre- sents a tree that was probably attacked early in 1900, because Septem- ber 15, 1900, it was ina dying condition. Zomdécus calligraphus was present in immense numbers at the base of the trunk and in smaller numbers higher up. Zomécus piné was found in the lower middle part of the trunk, in the upper portion, and also on the undersides of the limbs. It was found almost exclusively wherever the bark was too thin for the larger form. : The pines along the Hudson River Valley have suffered severely 105 from these bark borers, which apparently have been the primary cause of the trouble. The reason for this outbreak is not known, although it possibly may have some connection with the great drought of the preceding years, which may have weakened the pines and ren- dered them easier victims of their insect enemies. EGG-LAYING RECORD OF THE PLUM CURCULIO. ( Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. ) By A. L. Quainrance and Rapa I. Smirn, College Park, Md. The accompanying table requires but little in the way of explana- tion, aside from a statement of conditions under which the work was done. On the morning of May 13, 1902, a considerable number of curculio were caught from Japan plum trees in the college orchard, by the usual jarring method. At this time egg laying had but just begun, as very few punctures were to be found in the young plums. Ten females were taken in copulation and each placed in a four-ounce bottle. Three or four fresh plums were supplied daily to each insect, and the number of eggs deposited was determined by dissection of punctures in the plums as removed. It was found necessary to exam- ine each puncture carefully, as a considerable number of punctures and crescents were to be found in which no eggs were deposited. The bottles were kept rather loosely corked and bits of filter paper were placed in bottom of bottle to absorb any surplus moisture from the plums. A review of the table shows that the greatest number of eggs deposited by any one beetle was 436, in the case of No. 5, with 276 as the minimum for No. 1, of practically the same age. It is also to be noted that the egg-laying period lasted for eighty days. The death of beetles Nos. 1,5, and 9, about August 1, would indicate that females may live approximately twelve months and that the broods would overlap somewhat. Table showing egg-laying record of the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar), 1902. | Cureculio— Be No.1. | No.2. | No.3. | No.4. | No.5. | No. 6. | No. 7. | No.8. | No.9. | No. 10. 1902. | | Maye? = oesce 2. | 2 4 | 07 9) 8 7 0 | 3 8 { ily SOS eee 0 | 10 0 | 3 4 5 0 3h) 1 10 Teer as se | 8 | 6 0 9 12 12 | 3:1 9 10 13 9 Dy Sree aoe 7 9 0 | 9 12 | 9 | 0 | 3 | Gee 0 9 1S eee 6 12 0 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 3 6 9 13 HOM epee See 5 12 0 | 8 9 inl 3 7 8 13 ee 9 12 0 1 15 10 | 9 13 16 13 Di ee ee ei el 15 9 | 0 17 | 17 11 | 8 11 16 13 14 14 12 11 15 12 14 12 No. 10. No p. ODnwot tert KON NMMONHAHTWEAMANNMOGOHAOMMAODT SCC CC Cc eccesc Cc st 14 18 19 11 Yooorrnoaowtrtaoa nin mt Wt nmnnNnoHntANOANOTHHOSDSooOS 13 No.8. | No.9. uM 8 | No.7. 13 | 5 | 10 | u No. 6. SO si B= EC ee OOo Oo Oo fo o-oo co oOo oo fo oo Oo oO oO ofS 3 4 5) 4 4 3 2 Died. 13 11 15 i7/ 18 13 5 10 12 oO WH re MWwoO ere troweatsy HNO DMO HNO HtM OAH NTONWBIO AND AANNOCOC CC OWN Cureulio.— No. 5. 106 15 4 17 13 M4 13 No.4. ~ oOo mW 6 NHN DO ON N 9 6 10 Died. No. 3. IS}lecancss 1s) Sacer ALOE ite cneiovere 1G a Ee Seenene LY 3 eee No. 2. Diese i\<: 42% 52 |aossa-= 1 14 | No.1. cS OHM NN wD WOAH AMMAMANANATAANABON HHA ANH nA oOo oOo Co Fr Table showing egg-laying record of the plum curculio, ete.—Continued. 1902. Date. May 22.... 8) Sacenpenoses OY SHAE Ee Ne a Escaped. 107 Table showing egg-laying record of the plum curculio, ete. —Continued. Cureulio— Date | | No.1. | No.2. | No.3. | No.4. | No.5. | No.6. | No.7. | No.8. | No.9. | No. 10. 1902 | Uullivpesldee en nan | 2p Oy eect lerean a fereral|lars ctetneieie 7) eneaciacn Maaonse| Heraeseas 0 1 ihe ae needa Gale fe eee Goa ae | ine Po te Pe ck elle 0 1 ROWE ase f fe | Sob esecey:| ORE Mea TR | el aie |e ae Re 0 3 bee eee: ig || erect | te ER a eae | seh | a ee ere 0 1 Gis eee ee fl ase eee |. ae Ne Be! ith aes ce co el cea es 1 2 ig ee eee vor uae SS le ilet o hale taee el (Lah a Re ve: eneob 0 1 Di zueeaee Gate! iL | Roky rey (a RU Ce ZG Nsee el eee! Wit So 1 2 hs Es DA ee |e eal ie Bil dene they el eaten cele ea 2 3 Doe Seer ae 5 2 Dae Ar MER EL ea Aral ares ae | een Wet tee 1 1 On nee py l Bee Sal mee aate ne 2a es 71S hae Pero NG eae Fal be 2 2 sith = Seen Naan Ap eaten [Se teete eal ae Pee Se Ses all caeee sae 1 4 ip Silas eat Eh, ieee Sif, oe eae 21 abet Se io ee 2 | 4 pee aes = ie Cen Cader eet eleatctas yee eee |S cok ee ha J 3| Died Dh we asia aa ae DUAR Sas eveca| eros Seeealince as aes 19 pee Beran ede OP os cel a ig eee AO ie Pere eee Mal ees Srtetaalls sistas oe clleccatee 3 Dy Be reae rail ses ein ci ovcreilierne isha ane 3 lee ge DO werte te ah Tee 3 Le erat baleen are 2 awlarcet AR emit ee ese Reeeees ORlGaweeee RN eee 0 aie ieee ea Poe NG, Se deta REP Meck ie fae oi hags eee iit erie oa Reetunere [elements Ai Ie ee eta ha Ae DME, |nascose NUTS ZG erase Spat Seely ued aad Ws So 183 Salearneee {cep eSNG ENE CURR eee ae Oy tae ee 1B YReY0 Ea eee rs a ee a eee Died. pees GaSe eee Sonera Bernneee Eeennnee Ota 22). 276 2309) |e bai 2s | 294 436 | 270 | 62 142 396 348 The following papers, which had been sent to the secretary, were read by title: NOTES FROM NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. By T. D. A. CockErRELL, Hast Las Vegas, N. Mex. Nothing especially remarkable has occurred in the field of economic entomology during the past year or two in this part of the country, but the following records are not without interest. COCCIDA. Parlatoria blanchardi (Targ.).—Professor Forbes (Johnson, Fumi- gation Methods, p. 229) has recorded the fumigation of about 400 date-palm suckers infested with Parlatoria. He determined, experi- mentally, that palms would stand a strong dose, and accordingly treated all those received at Tempe, Ariz., for the date-palm orchard of the Ari- zona experiment station. In the spring of the present year I inspected all these palms and found that the Parlatoria had been totally destroyed. Of course, there are parts of the palms which can not be examined without pulling them to pieces, but I feel quite sure that the Parlatoria would be in evidence upon the visible parts by this time if any had survived. On one palm I found a small quantity of Phuwnzcococcus marlatti, Ckll., alive and healthy. 108 APHIDIDE. Chaitophorus negundinis Thomas, on box-elder, and C. populicola, Thomas, on narrow-leafed cottonwood, are common in Las Vegas, N. Mex. LEPIDOPTERA. Clisiocampa constricta Stretch.—The larvee of this species defoli- ated great numbers of cottonwood at Tempe and Phoenix, Ariz., in March, 1902. They were full fed, spinning up at the end of March, and I noticed that they often wandered 100 yards or more from the trees. It would doubtless be easy to trap them at this time with gunny sacks tied around the trees. I bred several moths, but got no parasites. The larva is quite variable in its markings. I made the following notes at Tempe, March 29: Larva, wandering, ready to pupate; 38™" long (smaller ones, perhaps males, 27"™"); general color the usual light blue-gray, with long, white hairs, those on dorsum about 5™"; a broad black dorsal band, constricted somewhat at the sutures, on each segment bearing many erect, rather short, orange-ferruginous hairs; sides minutely speckled with black; an elongated irregular subdorsal black mark on each side of each segment, its lower edge bordered by a small, pale mark; extreme sides with denser tufts of white hair; under surface black, clouded with gray; abdominal legs pale ferruginous apically; head spotted with black and beset with erect, black hairs. Other speci- mens have large more or less dumb-bell shaped orange dorsal patches, one on each segment. COLEOPTERA. Galerucella decora vay. salicis Randall (det. Schwarz.), was found May 24, 1902, injuring willow in Gallinas Canyon, New Mexico, at a place called Trout Spring. Lina scripta Fab., was found this year in Las Vegas, N. Mex., but it is rare and not destructive with us. Probably it has some natural enemy to keep it down. Anthrenus scrophulariz Linn. has been abundant this spring on flowers in Las Vegas. The first specimens were found by Miss Flor. ence Mair, on flowers of cultivated Berberis. fHaltica_foliacea Lee. (det. Fall), was found at the top of the Las Vegas Range, New Mexico, at about 11,000 feet, at the end of June, 1901. What could be its food plant at this altitude? Epilobium, perhaps. Chrysobothris mali Horn. (det. Schwarz.), was received from Sim- mons, Ariz., where it was reported to have killed a two-year-old apple tree. The species was originally found infesting apple trees in Cali- fornia, but it has occurred also on native trees and shrubs (though not bred therefrom) and is presumably native. See Fall, Coleop. So. Calf: (1901); py ire Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv., occurs at Phoenix, Ariz., and is not 109 replaced by PD. soror until we reach California. From San Ber- nardino westward soror takes its place completely. A PARTIAL LIST OF THE COCCIDZ OF OHIO. By F. M. Wessrer and A. F. BuraGess, Wooster, Ohio. In connection with the following list a short explanation is not inappropriate. The supervision of the work of nursery and orchard inspection was placed in the hands of Mr. Webster in 1900, and the original intention was to gradually collect as much data as possible while carrying out the work and later to publish a report that would be of service to the people and at the same time contain matter of value to the science of entomology. With the retirement of the board of control and the resignation of Mr. Webster, as well as the placing of the inspection work in the hands of the State board of agriculture, the original project had to be abandoned. But we have thought that the fragments obtained during this time were worth placing on record and whatever of value they might possess made available to other entomologists in Ohio or elsewhere. We do not present this as a com- plete list of the Coccide of Ohio, by any means, but rather as the possible basis for a better one, and which will, beyond a doubt, be the work of others than ourselves. We are greatly indebted to Mr. George W. King and Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, who made most of the determinations for us at the expense of much time and labor, and without their aid we should hardly have attempted the list at all. Dr. Howard and his assistants have also aided in the same manner. We have also included such species as were con- tained in Prof. Herbert Osborn’s list, included in his ‘* Remarks on the Hemipterous fauna of Ohio with a preliminary record of species” (Eighth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science, pp. 60-79, 1900), and also species collected by Professor Osborn’s assistant, Mr. J. G. Sanders. 1. Eriococcus azalez Comst. .......--.--- On Kkhododendron catawbiense, Wooster, May 29, 1900 (Webster). This shrub was planted on north side of experi- ment station building, and the insect had withstood winter weather in the open. en OSS DATUM ULE OMe = ee 226 sane See On elm, Columbus, June 4, 1902 (Burgess). 3. Phenacoccus osborni J. G. Sanders... -- On Platanus occidentalis, Columbus (J. G. Sanders). eM HENACOGCUSACETIS SION es a aac) 2 see oa On maple, New Philadelphia, July 13, 1900; Springfield, Oct. 3, 1901. De I Dexcinilojonwis Gano lore & ekeasooue- sae0e Common in greenhouses. 6. Dactylopius adonidum Linn. ...-..---- On roots of plum and Carolina poplar in insectary (C. W. Mally); feeding in insectary on canna, barberry, rose, onion, tobacco, and poplar (Wilmon Newell). 7. Dactylopius longispinus Targ. ....-.--- In greenhouses. 110 8. Kermes gallifornis Riley.-..--------- On oak, Wooster, Sept. 29, 1899 (Wilmon Newell); see also American Naturalist, XV, p. 482, 1881. 9. Kermes trinotatus Bogue. -.--.-------- On white oak, Georgesville (J. S. Hine). 10. Orthezia americana Walk. (?).------- Georgesville (Fullmer). 8th Rep. Ohio State Academy of Science, p. 71. len Ortihecrannsionise) outs ase eee Wooster; Columbus (Osborn). Common in greenhouses. 12. Lecaniodiaspis celtidis Ckll. .----.----- Sandusky (Osborn). Given in Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci. Rep., p. 71, as a Le- canium. 13. Asterolecanium variolosum Ckll. .-- ~~ - On Quercus aurea, Mentor, Feb. 7, 1900 (Wilmon Newell). ; 14. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rath. - ----- Common and sometimes injuriously abun- dant on maple; Wooster, July 2, 1901, on elm (Burgess); Shreve, July 5, 1901, on pear ( Burgess) .@ 15. Pulvinaria acericola W. and R. ..---- Cleveland, July 11, 1901, on maple. Co- lumbus (Osborn). 16. Eulecanium armeniacum Craw ..----- On Spanish chestnut, Painesville, Feb. 5, 1897 (Webster), on plum, Richland, June 28, 1900; on plum, Bowling Green; peach, Mentor (Burgess). eee hecancumcaryccuuitG hae == aa On American elm, Wooster, June 4, 1902 (R. L. Webster). Sine econvunn jletchents Cll Seer ee On Thuja occidentalis, Columbus, Feb. 27, 1902 (Sanders). LQBeElecaniiumolee Dern. 2 see eee 8 ee Columbus (Osborn). 20. Hulecaniwm cockerelli Hunter --.------ Lakeside, on peach, Dec. 1, 1900, and Shreve, on pear, July, 1901 (Burgess). Zi ELeCaniim FiiCchiy Sion. ae 4 eee On blackberry, Minerva; premises of H. H. Altfather. 22. Hulecanium canadense Ckll. -..------- On American elm, Wooster, July 2, 1901 ( Burgess). 23. Hulecanium websteri King ..-...------ On mulberry, southern Ohio (Webster). 24. Eulecanium tulipifere Cook.....------ On tulip trees, Wooster (Webster); on tulip trees, Cincinnati (Burgess); on same, Avondale (R. W. Braucher); on tulip tree, Lodi, Aug. 1, 1900; on tulip tree, Painesville, July 17, 1901 (Bur- gess); Warren, July 10, 1901; Weston, Sept. 19, 1898 (Webster). 25. Eulecanium magnoliarum Ckll. ------- On magnolia, Cincinnati (R. W. Braucher), Feb. 19, 1901. 26. Hulecaniwm nigrofasciatum Perg. --- --- Wooster, Mar. 26, 1902 (R. L. Webster); Cleveland, Dec. 24, 1899, on Norway maple (Webster); Mansfield; Wells- ville, Mar. 21, 1901. 27. Eulecanium nigrum var. depressum On California pepper tree, Cleveland, Targ. Feb. 6, 1900 (Newell). “Young, probably of this species, were found on Virginia creeper, at Mentor, Noy. 2, 1901, by J. C. Britton. Immature specimens from maple, resembling a Lecanium but having the antenne of a Pulvinaria, may, perhaps, prove to be a new species. 28. 2S) 33. 34. . Aspidiotus ostrexformis Curtis. ---- - - - 36. 37. 38. 39 side (Burgess); on quince, Lakeside. Eulecanium persice Fabr. ..-------- . Hulecanium prunastri Fonse. .------ . Calymnatus hesperidum Linn. .----- - 2. Saissetia hemisphericum Targ. ------ Aspidiotus hederx var nerii Bouché. - Aspidiotus juglans-regiz Coms. ..--- . Aspidiotus ancylus Putn. ..---.---- Eulecanium quercifer Fitch...---..-- Aspidiotus rapax Comst. --..------- Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. ------ Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell ..-.----- gS -- Syracuse (Osborn); Dresden (Webster); Norwalk, May 21, 1900, on nectarine. -- On oak, College Hill, May 22, 1900 (Webster). -. On plum, very abundant at Gypsum, 1900 (Webster ).@ . Wooster, in greenhouses on lemon, fig, cinnamon cassia (Webster); oleander. . Wooster, insectary, on chrysanthemum, Sept. 17, 1897 (Webster); on Pteris sp? Jan. 1, 1900 (Newell); on Crytomium balsatum (Webster); Ashland, Mar. 10, 1897. . On yucea, Cleveland, Feb. 6, 1900; Cincin- nati, Feb. 13, 1901, on palm; on oleander, Dayton, Aug. 12, 1901 (H. E. Maxwell); Columbus (Osborn) . . On maple, Kinsey, Aug. 4, 1900 (Hine). On plum, Danbury, Dec. 13, 1900 (Bur- gess); on snowball, linden, and orna- mental maple, Cincinnati, Mar., 1901 (R. W. Braucher); on Carolina poplar, Cleveland, Apr. 4, 1901 (Webster); Massilon, Aug. 2, 1901 (Newell). . On bay tree, greenhouses, Soldiers’ Home, Dayton, Aug. 18, 1901 ( Burgess). . On all kinds of fruit trees except sour cherry; also on currants, gooseberries, strawberries, grapes, raspberry, black- berry, elm, maple (rarely), poplar, wil- low, catalpa, etc. There are over 125 infested localities known in the State. . On orange tree, June 30, 1902, Columbus (J. G. Sanders). .. On currant, Bridgeport, 1895 (Webster) Clyde, Jan. 18, 1897; on Cornus variegatus, Cleveland, Feb. 7, 1900; on Clethra alnifolia, Painesville, July 17, 1900 (Bur- gess); on Norway maple, Perry, July 19, 1900 (Burgess); on quince, Lakeside, Noy. 15, 1900 (Burgess); on plum, Dan- bury, Dec. 1, 1900 (Burgess) ; on maple, New Antioch, Mar. 25, 1901. Occurs also on apple and peach, seldom in injurious numbers, and is general over the State. ? « Eulecanium species not determinable from material at hand are as follows: On rose, Rumley; on peach, Lakeside (Burgess); on Osage orange, Lakeside ( Burgess) ; on pear (George W. Gill), Columbus; on apple, Mentor (Burgess); on plum, Lake- What is likely E. pyri Schr. was found at Shreve, July 5, 1901 (Burgess), but this should be verified. bAspidiotus perniciosus and Mytilaspis ulmi Linn. have been sent me intermixed on twigs of an unknown shrub, from Sandy Bay, near Hobart, Tasmania, by Mr. vel orace Watson.—F. M. w. 40. 41. 43. 44. 45. ol. 52. 53. 59. 12 Aspidiotus forlest Johns. ...--.------ On currant, Mertz, Apr. 12, 1896 (Web- ster); Frogys, Mar. 9, 1898, on cherry; on apple, Painsville, Aug. 22, 1900, (Burgess); on walnut, (J. C. Britton); Solumbus (Osborn); Mentor, Cheshire, and elsewhere throughout the State, on cherry and old apple trees. Aspidiotus cyanophylli Sign. .-------- On Pritchardia filifera in greenhouse, : Columbus (J. G. Sanders). Aspidiotus obscurus Comst. ---------- On oak, Catawba Island (W. H. Owen); on hickory, Danbury, Dee. 20, 1900; Columbus (J. 8. Hine). Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson... ---- - On maple, Columbus. See Bull. No. 6, NS:; USS: Dept; Acr5 ps (Gn @WeaGe Johnson). Aspidiotus uve. Comet. . 222222522522 On grapes, Cincinnati, Feb. 15, 1901 ( Bur- gess); Pomeroy, Apr. 15, 1901; also on grape. Asmidioius jicuseNshmAes.25- 2525-6 In. greenhouses, Wooster (Webster); Columbus, in greenhouses (Osborn). Aspidiotus glanduliferus Ckll....----- On Pinus sylvestris, Columbus (J. G. San- ders) . Asics craw iCKll.. 2.22. 2en-2ee2 On Satania sp.? MeGregor’s greenhouses, Springfield, Feb. 15, 1900. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Morg. - - - - Jolumbus (Osborn). Chrysomphalus aonidum Linn. . - - - - - Reported from Ohio by Mr. Geo. B. King. Diaspis pentagona Targ.....---.----- Painsville, introduced on double flowering cherry from Japan. Died out during winter of 1898-99 (Webster). DiasmsicachiiC omstaee pee ee aera In greenhouses, Columbus (Osborn). Diaspis boisduvalu Sign. ....--------- On palm, Wooster, station greenhouse (Webster); on Seafortia sp.? Cincinnati, Eden Park conservatories, Feb. 19, 1900 (Newell); on palm, Columbus (Hine). Aulacaspis:rose Bouché. 4252252. -— On rose, raspberry, blackberry, common, Wooster, Columbus, Mentor, New Car- lisle, Berlin Crossroads, New Antioch, Perry, Portsmouth, Eaton, Cleveland, Toledo, Xenia, Fruit Hill, Cincinnati. Aulacaspis bromeliw Kerner -..-.---- - Columbus (I. E. Bogue). Parlatoria pergandei Comst. ...------ On Croton, Painsville, Sept. 22, 1900 (Webster); Columbus (Osborn). Parlatoria zizyphus Lucas .........-. On oranges in market, Columbus (San- ders). Mytilaspis inearis Mod. ---.--.------ Reported from Ohio by Mr. Geo. B. King. Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché -.-.----- - Abundant and destructive, especially in the northern parts of the State. Seems to be increasing in abundance and se- verity of injuries, especially on apple, Carolina and Lombardy poplars, wil- lows, and lilae. Manlaspis cuncolasPack.2ss.--24-- 2 On oranges in the markets. Not known as established in the State, in conserva- tories, and greenhouses. 113 COo-Muhiasms wlini) Linn. 2: 2.522226... On maple, Dayton, Aug. 19, 1901 (Bur- gess). Received from Sandy Bay, Tas- mania, on apple (Webster). 61. Chionaspis biclavis Comst. .---.------ Columbus (Osborn). 62. Chionaspis euonymi Comst. ..-------- On althea sp? Spring Hill Cemetery, Cin- cinnati, Feb. 13, 1901 (Burgess). 63. Chionaspis furfurus Fitch -...------- Generally distributed over Ohio on apple, pear, quince, and currant. 64. Chionaspis pinifoliw Fitch ..--..----- On Pinus austriaca, generally over the State where this pine is grown. 65. Chionaspis corni Cooley ....--------- Sandusky (Osborn). 66. Chionaspis salicis-nigrx Walsh .-.-.-- - Not uncommon on willow; Wooster, June 14, 1901 (Burgess); West Carlisle, Oct. 4, 1901, on poplar ( Burgess. ) 67. Chionaspis americana Johns. -------- On Ulmus americanus, Columbus, Feb. 28, 1902 (J. G. Sanders). 68. Chionaspis ortholobis Comst. --------- On Gleditschia triacanthos, Columbus, Jan. 21, 1902 (Sanders). 69. Howardia biclavis Comst.....-------- On Hibiscus aculeatus, Columbus (San- ders). (One Kermes angry Kane sos 228-822. . e ce On Quercus prinus, Columbus, May 30, 1902 (J. G. Sanders). 71. Kermes pubescens Bogue....-.------- On Quercus macrocarpa, Columbus, June 18, 1902 (J. G. Sanders). OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MOSQUITO, CONCHYLIASTES MUSICUS. H. A. Moreaan, Baton Rouge, La. Along the creek bottoms of the uplands of Louisiana this mosquito is not uncommon, and in these regions is frequently called the ** swamp mosquito,” a name which is misleading, for in alluvial marshes and swamps it is seldom seen. The female is fierce in its attack upon mammals frequenting wooded regions in the vicinity of creeks. Marked swellings usually follow the attack upon man. Nothing has been published relative to the life history of this mos- quito. In fact, we are not aware of any observations upon the stages of its development save in the adult. Dr. J. W. Dupree, of the city of Baton Rouge, captured April 30, 1902, a female which he permitted to feed upon his hand until fully engorged. On the morning of May 1, 40 eggs were found, some at the bottom of the glass containing the water, while others were resting upon some fibers of cotton which had accidentally fallen into the vessel. Dr. Dupree thinks it altogether likely that the eggs, which are depos- ited singly, under normal conditions rest upon floating débris. The eges resemble somewhat in shape those of Stegomyta fausciata, though larger. Short spines pointing toward the so-called head of the egg are uniformly distributed over the entire shell. The egg has a flat and a convex surface, and with the latter uppermost presents a dis- tinctly fusiform shape. Unless débris or a strong film floats upon the T796—No, 37—02 8 114 surface of the water, all the eggs sink to the bottom of the vessel, which accounts no doubt for the irregular periods of incubation. Of the 40 eggs deposited during the night of April 30 a few hatched on May 15, others hatched on May 30, and still others of the same brood on June 10. It will be seen from this that a wide range obtains as to the incubation period (from fifteen to forty days). The larve are active at the surface of the water for the first twenty- four hours, after which they move to the bottom when disturbed, and can there remain as long as forty-seven minutes without coming to 7 SES FiG. 1.—Conchyliastes musicus: egg, at left; lar- Fic. 2.—Conchyliastes musicus: head of larva above; va, in middle; pupa, at right; all enlarged inner mouth-parts of larva below; much enlarged (drawn in Division of Entomology). (drawn in Division of Entomology). the surface for air. Larval growth is very rapid, most of the speci- mens bred reaching the pupa condition in five days (120 hours), though as long as seven days have been spent in this condition. The larve are not ‘‘wigglers” in the true sense of the term. They jerk characteristically when suddenly disturbed, but ordinarily move from the top to the bottom of the vessel at an angle of about 45 degrees with little motion save the rapid movement of the oral cilia. The passing of the larve from the top to the bottom of the water with apparently little effort gives them a graceful appearance. While at the bottom of the glass they catch large bundles of Spirogyra, which are broken into smaller pieces as the surface is approached. The vertices 115 caused by the movement of the oral cilia bring the small pieces of food to the mouth. The pupe are extremely sensitive, shifting position from the surface of the water with the slightest irritation. Length of pupal stage, twenty-four hours. The peculiar conditions best suited for the development of this species of mosquito have not yet been found. Females fed in confinement upon the blood of mammals in most cases died in a few days without depos- iting eggs. Eggs procured in two instances were from females which were engorged with blood a few hours before oviposition. To Dr. J. W. Dupree is due the credit for the information contained in the above article. SOME NOTABLE INSECT OCCURRENCES IN OHIO FOR FIRST HALF OF 1902. By Herpert Ossorn, Columbus, Ohio. The season is not far enough advanced to enable us to, say what its character as a whole may be from the entomological standpoint, but already there have been several species appearing in such numbers as to attract more than usual attention. The clover leaf-weevil, Phytonomus punctatus, has been unusually plentiful, and during the middle of May the larvee were to be found in large numbers on the university farm. This is, I believe, the first time that this species has been destructively abundant in this locality. Its work will therefore be watched with interest, and it is to be hoped that it will repeat its usual history of being destructive for but one or two seasons. The chinch bugs were flying in large numbers during the month of May, being especially conspicuous from the 15th to 20th. This abun- dance was to be looked for, as they were very plentiful last autumn and the winter was fairly favorable for their hibernation. Some reports of destructive work in wheat have been received, but since the heavy rains of early June these have been fewer, and there is per- haps no very serious outlook at present writing for the remainder of the season. The cankerworm continues to be a menace to the orchards, and in many a very serious loss has occurred. There are a number of places near Columbus where this insect is defoliating the trees each spring; and while its work is much commented on at the time destruction is in progress, there seems a decided apathy on the part of a good many of the orchardists with regard to suppressing their onslaughts. Ina number of places I have noticed their work also on elms, and the increase and spread of the species certainly merit all the attention they have received and a little more of vigorous treatment on the part of owners of orchards and timber plantations, 116 The horn fly, //Zematobia serrata, bas been noticed as very plentiful, perhaps not so abundant as during one or two summers after its first distribution, but in such numbers as to prove a serious annoyance to animals. The fall webworm, //yphantria cunea, has appeared in very great abundance and, it seems to me, much earlier in the season than usual. One colony was noticed in the latter part of May with larve already nearly grown, and during June numerous broods have been observed, some of which at present, June 26, appear to have completed their growth and entered the pupa stage. I have noticed the cuckoo feed- ing on the larve, tearing open the webs in order to get at them. The occurrence which has doubtless attracted the most general atten- tion and received the most extended popular notice is that of the peri- odical cicada, the eastern border of the brood passing just east of the city of Columbus. The first occurrences noted in this locality were May 20, while reports indicated it two or three days earlier at Cincinnati. ‘There seemed to be a fairly well marked early and later wave in appearance separated by a period of about two weeks, a second very abundant occurrence coming in early June. Inanold orchard on the university campus this was particularly marked, as the early ones seemed to be completely destroyed by the attacks of the English sparrow so that at one time, about June 1, no individuals could be seen or heard, while the ground was completely littered with the wings and other fragments of the dismembered cicadas. The later appearing forms, while not so completely destroyed at that point, were, I think, mostly destroyed before they had succeeded in laying eggs, and for this particular spot it would appear as if there would be scarcely any to appear in another seventeen years. To some extent this is true of the wooded tracts near the city, but a few miles out I have noticed that the timber is pretty well marked with wilting leaves or drooping twigs which indi- vate the deposition of eggs. A very noticeable feature, especially striking to me since I have never encountered it so conspicuously before, is the very large propor- tion of the small form of the cicada which has been recognized under the name of cass/nz. I have improved the opportunity to secure meas- urements of a large series, but this forms the subject of another paper and need not be further mentioned here. An interesting occurrence noted this spring is Gossyparia ulmi, not hitherto recorded for Ohio, but found in sufficient numbers to be worthy of mention. As yet 1t can hardly be counted as of destructive abundance, but, taken with other coccids onthe same tree, it must cause some injury. A Pulvinaria has been observed as quite abundant on elms also, but lack of time has prevented any careful study of it. 117 Following the reading of these papers, they were opened for dis- cussion. Mr. Fisher asked how the cankerworm was most successfully treated. He stated that there was a very serious outbreak of the cankerworm in his orchard in Canada and that he had used bands, saturated with a castor oil and resin mixture, around the trees. Sev- eral thousand trees had been banded and on these trees, so far as he knew, there had been no cankerworms the present spring. It had required some time to inspect them and some experimentation was necessary before the effective proportion of the ingredients had been determined. It was extremely satisfactory as far as his experience had gone. Mr. Quaintance inquired what proportion of oil and resin had been used, to which Mr. Fisher replied that 3 pounds of castor oil was used to 5 pounds of resin. The materials were warmed to thoroughly break up the resin, but were applied cold. Mr. Osborn stated, in reference to the treatment of the canker- worm, that it was the practice to spray the trees with arsenate of lead or Paris green as soon as possible after the larvee had made their appearance. He stated that at this time the insects were much more susceptible to treatment than later when the larvee were more nearly full grown. Mr. Smith stated that Dr. Howard had desired the observation of members in reference to the elm leaf beetle, and in regard to this insect he stated that it was more abundant in New Jersey the present year than for some time past. Four years ago there had been a great scarcity of the insect and two years before this it had not been neces- sary to do any spraying at all. Last year the insects began to increase to some extent and it was necessary to spray to destroy the larve. This year they were in large numbers and it had become necessary to spray while the beetles were feeding. By this means the beetles were largely killed off, but quite a number of larvee had come through from the egg. In speaking further of shade-tree insects, Mr. Smith stated that the fall webworm promises to be more abundant in New Jersey this year than last. There had been a very great increase of this species the latter part of that year, and trees were considerably injured. The insects were not especially abundant in the early part of the season, but this year they had been destructive already. They had appeared so abundantly at the experiment station that he found it necessary to spray with arsenate of lead, and he thought, from the present condition, there would likely be a great increase of this species throughout the State before the season was out. Mr. Felt spoke of the increase of this beetle and of the work of the green fruit worm. Mr. Smith replied that he had not observed the green fruit worm 118 to occur in New Jersey as a pest, but very early in the spring speci- mens had been sent him from a greenhouse man in Morris County. There were quite a number of specimens sent, and he had been informed that at various places there was a considerable amount of injury that had been done and was being done by this insect. Mr. Smith said he was much interested in the remarks of Mr. Sanderson concerning the chimney making of the periodical Cicada. He had never seen more perfect specimens than those exhibited by Mr. Sanderson, from Delaware. Mr. Sanderson explained that these chimneys occurred only under buildings. Mr. Scott at this point called attention to the coming meeting of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations to be held in Atlanta, Ga., during October. He extended an invitation to the section of entomology and to the horticultural inspectors who might be present to take part in an excursion over the State, for which it was his desire to arrange. Mr. Quaintance referred briefly to some of the entomological fea- tures in Maryland for the year. Attention was called to the straw- berry beetle, which had been very abundant in the strawberry fields in Maryland and had cut off a considerable quantity of the bloom. The growers had estimated that from 35 to 50 per cent of the flowers had thus been cut off. At Greensboro and Ridgely they had adopted planting certain varieties which were very profuse bloomers, and the results were that the effect of the insect was rather beneficial than otherwise, as it tended to thin out the fruit, giving a better size and quality. Another insect that had proven to be somewhat injurious locally was the New York plum weevil. It had been reported by one orchardist as attacking the opening buds in the spring and doing con- siderable injury. Beetles were confined in breeding cages, and eggs and larve of the insect had been secured in considerable quantity. The eggs were deposited on leaves and protected by a fold. They were laid in masses of from 6 to 30. The larve inhabit the soil, immediately penetrating beneath as they hatch from the egg. They had been observed to feed on the roots of grass. Another insect that had been locally abundant was a species of grasshopper, J/elanoplus bivittatus. An outbreak of this species occurred in Washington County, and it had been very injurious to clover. In one large field the clover crop had been largely destroyed. Adjacent to this field was a newly planted apple orchard, and the trees were doing nicely. The cutting of the clover forced the grasshoppers to the apple orchard, and the insects had attacked the trees, chewing the bark. In many cases the trees were entirely stripped of bark. The pea louse, which had been quite injurious in former years, was not now considered of great importance from the fact that growers planted only early varie- 119 ties. The pea louse was not observed to be present in pea fields until after the middle of June. The fall webworm was quite abundant in Maryland this year, and was generally distributed all over the State. Mr. Burgess stated that the plum curculio had done considerable injury to apples in northern Ohio the present year. The plum crop had also been severely injured. Mr. Smith stated that there had been considerable injury in the southern part of New Jersey from the strawberry weevil, but it had not made its appearance in the northern part. While the injury had been rather extensive, he questioned if the loss had been of much real importance, owing to the beneficial effect of the thinning of the fruit. In reference to the pea louse, Mr. Smith stated that in the past some of the pea fields suffered quite a good deal, but up to this time in the present season the insects had not appeared in any number. A species of louse has been abundant on clover, but he did not learn of this until after the clover had been cut. He did not know whether or not there was any relation between the insect on clover and the pea louse. Mr. Sanderson stated that the only information in reference to the occurrence of the pea louse in Delaware that had come to him was from reports, but it was his opinion that the insect had been of but little importance. Mr. Hopkins inquired of Mr. Quaintance if the early planting of peas had been the result of entomological investigation. Mr. Quaintance stated that he was not able to say, and referred the question to Mr. Sanderson, who replied that he did not know who had first suggested the plan of planting early varieties of peas to get around the injury from the pea louse. He thought that possibly it had been done by Professor Johnson. Mr. Sanderson stated that early peas both this year and last had been practically free from the insect. The remedy had been brushing, following by a cultivator, and in New Jersey a sprayer had been used. Mr. Webster stated that the planting of early varieties of peas was the practice followed in Ohio. Mr. Smith remarked that he had given the advice to plant early as soon as the life history of the insect had been worked out and in his first publication on the subject. In New Jersey he found it was safe to count on practical freedom from the insect until the middle of June. Mr. Bogue, in speaking of the melon louse, thought that this insect could be readily killed by fumigation. He was much interested in the matter of parasites of this species. In regard to the grapevine- root worm, he thought that possibly the farmers had a remedy in the use of chickens which would help them some. Fowls had been used with good success with other insects. If the beetles were knocked off, he thought the fowls would destroy a great many of them. Mr. Smith stated in reference to the melon aphis that fumigating with carbon bisulphid was common in New Jersey, and that a number 120 of growers had a considerable supply of caps or covers for fumigat- ing their vines. A close lookout is kept for the insect early in the season, and they endeavor to destroy the first infestation. Covers to the number of 10, 20, or even 50 were kept going for two or three days, and in this way all early infestation was destroyed. Mr. Marlatt, referring to the reports on the periodical cicada, stated that the cicada turrets were very rare in Washington this year, and had only been found in a single instance. In this case they occurred in the woodshed of a gentleman living on Washington Heights, on the outskirts of the city. This woodshed had an earthen floor which was slightly moist, but not more so than the ground out- side. The cicadas had come up in this shed in great numbers, and in every instance had built a turret varying in height from 1 to 6 inches. Without the shed the cicadas had come up in equal numbers, but through simple holes in the ground, without any sign of a turret. The explanation of the presence of the cicada turrets within this shed would be somewhat difficult. He had suggested that perhaps it was due to the darkness in the shed which led the cicadas to build their galleries above the surface of the soil in the effort to reach broad daylight. Referring to the elm-leaf beetle, he said that Doctor Howard had already called attention to its practically complete absence in the elm grove on the grounds of the Department of Agriculture this year. This elm grove, he said, had been filled with beetles every year since he had been connected with the Department, and before it became the habit to have it properly sprayed the trees had been regularly defoli- ated. The complete absence of the insects this year was, therefore, rather remarkable. They were also very rare throughout the city, not doing more than one-tenth the damage of other years. Mr. Hopkins stated that Doctor Felt’s paper on pine insects had interested him, and it was his opinion that the collected beetles had not been the cause of the eradication of the insect the following year. This species is attacked by a parasite, Bracon strobi, which reduces it, and he thought probably this should be considered an important factor in their scarcity the following year. In regard to the pine Tomicus, Mr. Hopkins stated as a rule it would not attack perfectly healthy trees. In Germany there were two or three species regarded as injurious to pine forests. They prefer to attack injured trees, espe- cially felled ones. He spoke of the new field of investigation to which he had been assigned with the Department of Agriculture—namely, the study of forest insects—and solicited the cooperation of entomolo- gists of the different States and expressed his own desire to cooperate with the entomologists whenever possible. He considered that there was much room for original observation and thought much good would likely result from cooperative work. Mr. Webster observed that the use of the term ‘* States” he con- 121 sidered to be wrong. He thought too much distinction was drawn on State lines. Insects occur all over the country, and he thought life zones or geological boundaries were more proper terms to use. Mr. Webster further stated that refined kerosene had been used exten- sively in southern Ohio without injury to apple trees,”but applied in less quantities in other parts of the State trees had been killed. He spoke of the need of investigation of the effect of mineral oil upon plants. He thought there were factors that were not understood. Mr. Smith remarked that he agreed with Professor Webster in reference tothe word ** State,” but it served in another way to express the actual facts that different workers had obtained varying results, and was really a designation of a worker in any given State. Mr. Sanderson called attention to the fact that a record of the weather as made by the Weather Bureau was conducted somewhat along this line. He stated that he had had occasion to look up the weather record, and was able to secure the data from the State bureau. Mr. Smith stated that in New Jersey there was a tabulated record for every locality at which a station is established, and that he was thus able to secure the weather record for ten or more years back without much trouble. Mr. Hopkins observed that in West Virginia he had concluded it was not safe to base conclusions on the work of voluntary weather observers. Stations were at different elevations along the line, east and west. He considered the influence of climate as shown by the difference -in flowering periods of plants to be of considerable use in- this connection. The president called attention to the matter of a small assessment of the members present to meet the current expenses of the secre- tary, and on motion it was voted to assess each member 50 cents. It was voted to hold the next meeting at the same place of meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, namely, Washineton, D. C. After some discussion as to the exact date of meeting, it was voted to leave this to the officers of the association, the date to be announced by the secretary in the preliminary notice. The meeting then adjourned. CALLED MEETING, SATURDAY, JUNE 28, 1902. A called meeting of the association was held in the Schenley Hotel, June 28, at 5 p. m., to consider the matter of electing representatives to the council of the American Association for the Advancement. of Science, the association being entitled to this representation. Mr. Hopkins moved that two fellows be elected to the council, and a ballot was taken, with the result that Mr. A. D. Hopkins and Mr. C. L. Marlatt were elected. A. L. QuaInTancr, Secretary. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Aldrich, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho. Alwood, William B., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Ashmead, William H., U. 8. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Baker, C. F., Stanford University, California. Ball, E. D., Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Banks, C. S., Bacolod, Negras, Philippine Islands. Banks, Nathan, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Barrows, W. B., Agricultural College, Michigan. Benton, Frank, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 3ethune, C. J. S., 500 Dufferin avenue, London, Ontario, Canada. Bogue, E. E., Columbus, Ohio. Britton, W. E., New Haven, Conn. Bruner, Lawrence, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. Burgess, Albert F., State Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. Buseck, August, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Caudell, A. N., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Chambliss, C. E., Clemson College, 8. C. Chittenden, F. H., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Clifton, Richard 8., U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cockerell, T. D. A., East Las Vegas, N. Mex. Comstock, J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Cook, A. J., Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. Cooley, R. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont. Coquillett, D. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cordley, A. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oreg. Ehrhorn, E. M., Mountainview, Cal. Felt, Ephraim P., Geologic Hall, Albany, N. Y. Fernald, C. H., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fernald, H. T., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fiske, W. F., State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga. Fletcher, James, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Forbes, 8. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Fowler, Carroll, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal. Garman, H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Gibson, Arthur, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Gillette, C. P., Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Gossard, H. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Lake City, Fla. Gregson, P. B., Waghorn, Alberta, North West Territory. Hart, C. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, III. Hargitt, C. W., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. 122 123 Hillman, F. H., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hine, J. 8., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Holland, Dr. W. J., Pittsburg, Pa. Hopkins, A. D., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Howard, L. O., U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hunter, W. D., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hunter, 8S. J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. Kellogg, Vernon L., Stanford University, California. Kincaid, Trevor, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Kirkland, A. H., Malden, Mass. Lochhead, Wm., Guelph, Ontario. Lowe, V. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Marlatt, C. L., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. McCarthy, Gerald, care of Crop Pest Commission, Raleigh, N. C. Morgan, H. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La. Newell, Wilmon, College Station, Tex. Osborn, Herbert, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Pergande, Th., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Perkins, G. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. Pettit, R. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College, Michigan. Phillips, J. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Popenoe, E. A., R. F. D. No. 6, Topeka, Kans. Quaintance, A. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md. Rumsey, W. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. Sanderson, Ek. Dwight, Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, Del. Saunders, William, Dundas street, London, Ontario, Canada. Schwarz, EB. A., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Scott, W. M., Capitol building, Atlanta, Ga. Sherman, Franklin, jr., care of Crop Pest Commission, Raleigh, N. C. Simpson, C. B., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sirrine, F. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Jamaica, N. Y. Skinner, Henry, 719 North Twentieth street, Philadelphia, Pa. Slingerland, M. V., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. , Smith, J. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Stedman, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo. Summers, H. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Titus, E. G., Urbana, III. Walker, C. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Albany, N. Y. Washburn, F. L., St. Anthony’s Park, Minnesota. Webster, F. M., University of Illinois, Urbana. II. Weed, C. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Wilcox, E. V., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Woodworth, C. W., Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Adam, M. F., City Bank building, Buffalo, N. Y. Beckwith, H. M., Elmira, N. Y. Bullard, W.8., 301 Lafayette street, Bridgeport, Conn. Campbell, J. P., Athens, Ga. Collins, Lewis, 177 Remsen street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Doran, E. W., Champaign, Ill. Forbush, E. H., 13 Stanwood Hall, Malden, Mass. Frost, H. L., 21 South Market street, Boston, Mass. Gifford, John, Mays Landing, N. J. 124 Gould, H. P., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Harrington, W. H., Post-Office Department, Ottawa, Canada. Hudson, G. H., Normal and Training School, Plattsburg, N. Y. Johnson, W. G., 52 Lafayette place, N. Y. City, N. Y. King, George B., Lawrence, Mass. Mann, B. P., 1918 Sunderland place, Washington, D. C. Mosher, F. H., 283 Pleasant street, Malden, Mass. Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., Kirkwood, Mo. Niswander, F. J., 2121 Evans street, Cheyenne, Wyo. Packard, A. S., 115 Angell street, Providence, R. I. Palmer, R. M., Victoria, British Columbia. Rane, F. W., Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Reed, E. B., Esquimault, British Columbia. Rolfs, P. H., Miami, Fla. Snow, IF. H., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. Southwick, EK. B., Arsenal building, Central Park, New York, N. Y. Southwick, J. M., Museum of Natural History, Providence, R. I. Stimson, James, Watsonville, Cal. Thaxter, Roland, 3 Scott street, Cambridge, Mass. Toumey, J. W., Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn. Townsend, C. H. T., El Paso, Tex. FOREIGN MEMBERS. Berlese, Dr. Antonio, R. Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura, Portici, Italy. Bordage, Edmond, Directeur de Musée, St. Denis, Réunion. Bos, Dr. J. Ritzema, Willie Commelin Scholten, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Carpenter, Prof. George H., Science and Art Museum, Dublin, Ireland. Cholodkowsky, Prof. Dr. N., Institut Forestier, St. Petersburg, Russia. Danysz, J., Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bourse de Commerce, Paris, France. Enock, Fred., 13 Tufnell Park road, Holloway, London, N., England. French, Charles, Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Australia. Froggatt, W. W., Department of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales. Fuller, Claude, Department of Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. Giard, A., 14 Rue Stanislaus, Paris, France. Goding, F. W., Newcastle, New South Wales. Grasby, W. C., Grenfell street, Adelaide, South Australia. Green, E. E., Royal Botanic Gardens, Punduloya, Ceylon. Helms, Richard, 136 George street, North Sydney, New South Wales. Horvath, Dr. G., Musée Nationale Hongroise, Budapest, Austria-Hungary. Lampa, Prof. Sven, Statens Entomologiska Anstalt, Albano, Stockholm, Sweden. Lea, A. M., Department of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania. Leonardi, Gustavo, Portici, Italy. Lounsbury, Charles P., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, South Africa. Mally, C. W., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, South Africa. Marchal, Dr. Paul, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, Paris, France. Musson, Charles T., Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, New South Wales. Newstead, Robert, Grosvenor Museum, Chester, England. Peal, H. W., Indian Museum, Calcutta, India. Porchinski, Prof. A., Ministére de l Agriculture, St. Petersburg, Russia. Reed, E. C., Rancagua, Chile. Reuter, Dr. Enzio, Fredriksgatan 45, Helsingfors, Finland, Russia. Sajo, Prof. Charles, G6d6ll6-Veresegyhaz, Austria-Hungary, 125 Schoyen, Prof. W. M., Zoological Museum, Christiania, Norway. Shipley, Prof. Arthur E., Christ’s College, Cambridge, England. Targioni-Tozzetti, Prof. A., R. Staz. d. Entom. Agrar., Florence, Italy. Tepper, J. G. O., Norwood, South Australia. Theobald, Frederick V., Wyecourt, Kent County, England. Thompson, Rey. Edward H., Franklin, Tasmania. Tryon, H., Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Urich, F. W., Victoria Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. Vermorel, V., Villefranche, Rhéne, France. Whitehead, Charles, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent, England. CONSTITUTION, ASSOCIATION ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. This association shall be known as the Association of Official Economic Ento- mologists. Its objects shall be: (1) To discuss new discoveries, to exchange experiences, and to carefully consider the best methods of work; (2) to give opportunity to individual workers of announcing proposed investigations, so as to bring out suggestions and prevent unnecessary duplication of work; (3) to suggest, when possible, certain lines of investigation upon subjects of general interest; (4) to promote the study and advance the science of entomology. The membership shall be confined to workers in economic entomology. All eco- nomic entomologists employed by the General or State governments or by the State experimental stations, or by any agricultural or horticultural association, and all teachers of economic entomorogy 1n educational institutions may become members of the association by transmitting proper credentials to the secretary and by author- izing him to sign their names to this constitution. Other persons engaged in practi- eal work in economic entomology may be elected by a two-thirds vote of the members present at a regular meeting, and shall be termed associate members. Members residing outside of the United States or Canada shall be designated foreign members. Associate and foreign members shall not be entitled to hold office or to vote. ue The officers shall consist of a president, two vice-presidents, and a secretary, to be elected annually, who shall perform the duties customarily incumbent upon their respective offices. The president shall not hold office for two consecutive terms. The annual meeting shall be held at such place and time as may be decided upon by the association at the previous annual meeting. Special meetings may be called by a majority of the officers, or shall be called on the written request of not less than five members. Eight members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The mode of publication of the proceedings of the association shall be decided upon by open vote at each annual meeting. All proposed alterations or amendments to this constitution shall be referred to a select committee of three at any regular meeting, and, after a report from such com- mittee, may be adopted by a two-thirds vote of the members present: Provided, That a written notice of the proposed amendment has been sent to every yoting member of the association at least one month prior to date of action. BY-LAWS. ArticLE I.—Of members. Section 1. The classes of members are defined in the constitution, as are their rights to vote or hold office. Members of all kinds have equal privileges as to presentation of papers and in the scientific discussions at the regular meetings, and may, by permission of the presiding officer, speak on business questions before the association. Src. 2. All members have equal rights to the published proceedings of the associa- tion and to any publications controlled by or distributed by the association, save that should any publications of economic interest be distributed by the association the distribution lists furnished by the active members are first to be regarded. 126 127 ArtIcLE I1.—Of officers and their duties. Section |. It shall be the duty of the president, in addition to the ordinary duties of a presiding officer, to prepare and deliver an annual address, to be delivered at the annual meeting over which he presides. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the secretary to provide the necessary stationery and such books as he may be directed to provide, the expenses for which shall be met by an assessment of not less than 25 cents on the members in attendance at the meetings. The sum so collected shall be used by the secretary to reimburse himself for advances made and to meet the ordinary expenses of the association. An account shall be rendered at each annual meeting, and, if needed, an additional assessment shall be imposed. Sec. 3. All officers shall be elected by ballot after open nomination, and this by- law shall not be suspended except by unanimous consent of the voting members present. ARvICLE II].—Of meetings. Secrion 1. Notice of the time and place of meetings shall be published in all the American entomological periodicals and in Insect Life. Sec. 2. Special meetings shall be called as provided for in the constitution, and notice of such meetings shall be given by the secretary by mailing to each voting member a formal specification of the time and place of meeting at least two weeks before the date fixed in the notice. The notice shall state the reason for such meeting, and shall specify the business to be transacted, and no other business shall be transacted. Sec. 3. The order of business at regular meetings shall be, at the first session: (1) Calling the meeting to order by the president. (2) The annual address by the president. (3) Reports of officers. (4) Reports of committees. (5) Proposal and election of members. (6) Written business communications. (7) Verbal business communications. (8) New business. (9) Programme of papers and discussions. (10) Adjournment. At the following sessions: (1) Reading and action on the minutes of previous meetings. (2) Unfinished business. (3) Proposal and election of members. (4) New business. (5) Programme of papers and discussions. (6) Adjournment. At the last session of the meeting the order of business shall be as at other sessions, except that after order (5) will come: (6) Election of officers for the next meeting. (7) Fixing time and place of next meeting. (8) Reading and action on rough minutes of the entire session. (9) Final adjournment. ARTICLE LV.—Amendinents to by-laws. Section 1. Changes in these by-laws may be made at any regular meeting in the Same manner and on the same notice as prescribed in the constitution for amend- ments to that instrument. O MOLOGY—BULLETIN NO, 38, NEW SERIES. f OWARD, Entdinologist rat ‘i: OF THE AN) iy OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. \ _ PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. , adie WASHINGTON: _ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. Dadi? ays wi ale dy a ON | / Be. ML ae, Proriogia in Se of pena) fel hts ss H. i eeneee erciogs in charge ef Breeding. experiments. , Pntomolog ‘ ke ie _ Boren, | Tomporar y 1 fel poate cS ee Artist. . Ae Pees OE PART MEN P-Or- AGRICULTURE, . DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. 38, NEW SERIES. L. O HOWARD, Entomologist. SOM E MISCELLANEOUS RESULTS OF THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. NZ Ee PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ANY WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. Bess AN ee LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division oF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, October 6, 1902. Sir: I have the honor to transmit the manuscript of several articles and shorter notes, none of which are of such a nature as to justify their publication in separate form. ‘The matter presented is similar to that which has been published in other bulletins of this series, namely, in Bulletins 7, 10, 18, 22, and 30; and I recommend the pub- lication of the present material under the title ‘‘ Miscellaneous Results of the Division of Entomology, VI,” as Bulletin No. 38, new series, of this Division. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Tue SourHerN Grain Louse (Toxoptera graminum Rond.) (illustrated). Theo. Pergande. Report oF AN INVESTIGATION OF DisEASED Cocoanut PALMS IN CuBa. August Busck. THE PauM AND PatMeErro WEEVILS (illustrated) ..--.----- FP. H, Chitttenden- - Nores on THE RatNoceros BeerLe (Dynastes tityus Linn.) (illustrated). F. H. Chittenden. Nores oN ENEMIES oF MusHrooMS, AND ON EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. August Busck. INGEST ONE OOLORADOOUNSECIS! <2 elon iS - east no bs ce oe Soe A. N. Caudell.- CRASSHORPER NOLES. RORR UOMO 220 the palm weevil is the chief cause of the great damage to cocoanut trees in that colony. Mr. Seay is of the opinion that the ambrosia beetles are more responsible as conveyers of disease than the palm weevil. Mr. Camp- bell states that the disease locally known as ‘‘ fever,” presumably due to the fungus Pestalozzia palmarum, or a similar species, is the sole forerunner of the trouble. He supposes it to be conveyed from unhealthy trees growing in unsuitable ground. On this head he expresses himself substantially as follows: From my own observation I am of the opinion that cocoanut trees are never attacked by weevils unless the plant is more or less in a sickly condition—a fever of some kind. This fever may originate from different circumstances, such as sudden cold weather, excessive wet, causing water to lie around and affect the roots, the want of good drainage, inferior soil, sudden exposure of the stem to the direct rays of the sun, or other conditions due to planters neglecting to clean their trees for months or years. * * * He is convinced that ‘‘no fly, bug, or weevil” will attack a perfectly healthy cocoanut tree that receives proper attention by its owner. THE PALMETTO WEEVIL. (Rhynchophorus cruentatus Fab. ) September 10, 1901, we received specimens of this species in the erub state from Mr. Lee Mulford, Fort Ogden, Fla., that had been taken from a 10-year-old seedling date. The entire trunk was found 26 to be honeyeombed, and fifty or more of the grubs were observed. They were stated to be quite active and capable of traveling some little distance, and to be noisy when at work, making a sound like the escape of water with an occasional screech like a choked hen. April 4, 1902, Mr. W. F. Fiske, Atlanta, Ga., sent fragments of this beetle, taken from its cocoon in the trunk of Sabal palmetto, the tree having died and the crown fallen. Other trees in the neiguborhood were killed and some showed evidence of attack. DESCRIPTIVE. The beetle.—The general appearance of the beetle is shown in figure 1, ata. The thorax, and frequently the elytra, are usually more or less reddish; sometimes both are decidedly red, marked with black spots which form a pattern more or less like that depicted. The under surface is also partly red and partly black, but frequently specimens are met with which are entirely black, some decidedly polished, and Fig. 1.—Palmetto weevil (Rynchophorus ecruentatus): a, male beetle; b, head and appendages of female from side; ¢, larva; d, head of same; ¢, last ventral segment seen from aboye; jf, pupa— a, ¢, f, slightly enlarged; b, d, e, more enlarged (original). others dull and velyety. The body above is depressed and, as with other weevils, the head is prolonged into a snout, which is comparatively short and very rough in the male, while in the female it is longer and more slender and almost perfectly smooth along the upper surface. (Compare a and 6, fig. 1, the latter a side view of the female head with snout and antenna.) The antenne are geniculate or elbowed, as in most curculios of this group, and the last joint is strongly expanded. The elytra, or wing-covers, are deeply striate or furrowed, as shown in the figure. The legs are fringed on the inner surface with long reddish-yellow hairs, and the tip of the tibia bears a long apical spur and two shorter teeth. The length, exclusive of the snout, measures from eight-tenths of an inch to upward of an inch and an eighth. A technical description is furnished on page 408 of Dr. Horn’s paper enti- tled ‘“‘Contributions to a knowledge of the Curculionide of the United States.” (Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 1873. ) The larva is shown in figure 1, atc. It very closely resembles that of R. palmarum, which is figured in both the articles of Messrs. Guilding and Blandford. It is of robust form and somewhat different from any other rhynchophorous larva that has 27 ever been under observation by the writer. Its color is rather pale yellowish-brown, with exception of the first thoracic segment, which is chitinous, and the head, which is dark brown. The latter is illustrated at ¢ (fig. 1). It will be noticed that the eyes compose a large proportion of the head, and are divided into irregular areas. As will be seen in the illustration, the segments are quite distinct, and there are 9 spiracles, including 8 abdominal ones. The length, when in somewhat retracted position, is about 1} inches. In many respects this species resembles that of R. palmarum; hence a detailed description is scarcely necessary, as nearly two pages have been deyoted to the description of that species in Blandford’s article pre- viously quoted. It should be stated, however, that Horn, quoting LeConte as authority, says that these stigmata are completely absent, because neither of these specialists had an opportunity of observing fresh alcoholic specimens, and drew their deductions from ‘‘a carefully prepared skin.”’ The pupa (fig. 1, f), in specimens which the writer has had under observation, is of a similar color to the larva, and is noticeably larger than the beetle, a rather unusual matter with pup, but readily accounted for because the pupa is necessarily rather delicate, while the beetle is decidedly hard like all of its kind and quite compact. The length of four pupze before the writer afford an average of 13 inches. This species appears to be most abundant in Florida, but is recorded as occurring from South Carolina to Louisiana. REMEDIAL TREATMENT. Owing to the somewhat peculiar habits of these weevils and their resistance to poison, we can not treat them by any single method, but must employ several, both cultural and mechanical. Perhaps one of the best preventives that has been suggested consists in cutting down or wounding several young trees or wild species of palm or palmetto which may be found growing in the vicinity of the date or cocoanut trees to be protected. The sap which exudes from the dead or wounded trees ferments and acts as a strong attraction to the beetles. Frequently a multitude are thus attracted and can be cap- tured without trouble and killed before they have had time to oviposit. The trunks of felled trees soon become filled with larvee, and infested portions should be sawed off and burned before the insects mature, leaving the remainder of these trunks to act as traps for other insects. It is also recommended that care be taken in the choice of sites for new plantations, undue proximity to what is known asa ‘* cohoon” ridge being avoided, and that all stumps and felled trees not used as traps be promptly destroyed. Thorough drainage and wide planting are also advised. The trees should be left as far as possible in a natural state and unnecessary trimming should be avoided. Wounds might be dressed with any mixture that would deter the beetle from attack- ing them and prevent fermentation, such as tar or grafting wax. The beetles can easily be killed by dropping them into hot water. Some of the remedies above described were first suggested by Mr. Blandford (loc. cit.) and others by this Division. Mr. Seay is most successful in the treatment of the palm weevil by the use of traps, which have been in use for many years by himself 28 and others, both against this species and related ones. The traps he uses are mostly what is termed the cabbage portion of the palm while it is fermenting. When fresh cut, the “cabbage” will attract the weevils somewhat, but when it reaches the vinous stage it emits a powerful odor, which the insects can detect from a great distance. They soar about for a while, then alight and proceed to work. After feeding for some time, they look about in search of a ‘‘nice heap of rubbish to hide and sleep in, but if no suitable place is close, they fly away. The idea of a handful or two of rubbish catching them took me five years to find out,” says Mr. Seay. ‘‘I kept trying everything I could think of to hold them, but as soon as the vinegar fermentation sets in, the weevils stop coming and the yellow bugs [ambrosia bee- tles| come; also several kinds of flies.” When the putrid stage arrives, Mr. Seay destroys his traps. The ‘salt-water pimento” is the palm most used, and one or two cuts of a machete an inch or an inch and a half above the ‘‘ cabbage” takes off the top, and with the point of the machete a hole is opened into the ‘‘ cabbage,” breaking it a little. Then the trap is set. The odor arising from these bruises attracts the insect in the vicinity, and the weevils enter the holes and also stow themselves in the leaf-stalks. In the afternoon of the following day until 2 or 3 o’clock our correspondent states that he frequently obtains half a dozen or more in such a trap. The trap lasts a week or two. When the trap has been thus used, it is cut off below the “cabbage,” and the scraps are burned or thrown into the sea. There seems little doubt that all of the flying species of insects— the weevil, the Histerid, and the two-winged flies—whose larvee were received are instrumental in spreading the disease or so-called fever which attacks palms grown both in British Honduras and in the West Indies. Mr. Seay is unfortunate in having neighbors who also grow palms and who do not take the pains to employ remedies against the weevils. He states that 3 or 4 miles is no distance for the insects to fly in search of a sickly tree or one that is beginning to bear fruit, because then the bark is soft and the sun will make cracks and the sap oozes out in quantities, which is liked by all of these pests. NOTES ON THE RHINOCEROS BEETLE. (Dynastes tityus Linn.) By F. H. Currrenpen. Few insects attract greater attention when they occur in any num- Pa) d bers than the giant Scarabeeid known as the rhinoceros beetle, Dynastes § > LY tityus Linn., sometimes called the spotted hornbug. In former years it was tolerably abundant in the vicinity of the District of Columbia, and is still to be found quite frequently in neighboring portions of Bul. 38, New Series, Div. of Entomology. U. S Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE II. Fic. 2.—Pupa: a, lateral view; b, dorsal view. RHINOCEROS BEETLE (DYNASTES TITYUS). 29 Virginia, and more commonly southward. It was not until the year 1891 that any considerable information regarding the insect’s earlier stages was published. In that year Dr. J. A. Lintner published in his Seventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York an extensive account (pp. 246-255), which included detailed descriptions of the larva and pupa by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, of this Division, with figures prepared in this office under the direction of the late Dr. Riley. These illustrations, not hitherto used in depart- mental publications, are now used as an accompaniment to the present , which add somewhat to our knowledge of the life history of this our largest and most striking native beetle. Recently Dr. A. K. Fisher, of the Biological Survey of this Depart- ment, furnished the writer with a pair of this species from Sandy Spring, Md., and from these July 16 we obtained the egg and later the young larva. As this stage has not hitherto been described, the following description is submitted with other notes: notes DESCRIPTION OF THE EGG AND YOUNG LARVA. The egg of Dynastes tityus looks precisely like a very small bird’s egg. It is one of the largest insect’s eggs that the writer has ever seen, measuring upward of an eighth of an inch at its widest diameter. In outline it is broadly oval and perfectly symmetrical, of firm con- sistency, and quite elastic. It is of a dull cream color and without polish or visible sculpture. The length of a freshly deposited egg is a little more than ¢ inch (38.5""), and the shorter diameter 3™". The newly hatched larva is nearly a counterpart of that of Lach- nosterna and related white grubs, being about double the size and width of that of Lachnosterna arcuata, which was figured and described by the writer on pages 74 and 76, respectively, of Bulletin 19 (n. s.), of this office. These differences, however, are observable: The head is larger, more globular, darker brown in color, and of firmer consistency, being more strongly chitinized than that of Lachnosterna; the mandibles are proportionately shorter and less sickle-like, and the teeth are nearly the same on both sides, the single tooth being placed nearer the tip of the mandibles. [In Lachnosterna fusca there are two teeth on the left side, near the base of the mandibles, and only one tooth on the right side.| The legs are proportionately shorter and the pubescence longer. DESCRIPTIONS OF LATER STAGES. For the benefit of those who have not seen this species, the accom- panying illustration of the male is furnished, slightly enlarged, in fig- ure 2. It measures from 24 to 2% inches from the tip of the horns to the end of the body. The female is similar, but is unarmed with horns. The general color above is a pale bluish gray in life, and the 30 elytra, or wing-covers, are marked with darker irregular spots similar to those on many kinds of birds’ eggs. The ventral surface is a bright mahogany brown, and moderately hairy. The larva, shown in Plate II, figure 3, at @ in natural position, is of the usual curved Scarabeid form, dirty yellow or yellowish white in color, measuring when mature upward of 5 inches in length when extended. Enlarged illustrations of the mandibles are shown at 4 and c of the same figure. The pupa is light brown in color and covered with a very fine velvety pruinosity. The male is illustrated in Plate I], figure 2, @ showing a lateral view and 4 the dorsal, natural size. The peculiar odor of the beetle is shared by larve and pupe and lasts long after death, preserved specimens seeming never to lose this strange scent, which also remains for vears in the insect boxes in which the beetles have once been kept. In the reports of Dr. Lintner rather full bibliographical ref- erences can be found. DISTRIBUTION. The exact distribution of this species has never been defined, hence the following list of lo- calities from which specimens have been sent by correspond- ents of this Department together with some recorded localities should be of interest, this bee- tle being so well known to collectors of insects: Fie. 2.—Rhinoceros beetle (Dynastes tityuws): male— slightly enlarged (after Riley). York County, Marietta, Lancaster, Wrightsville, Pa.; Cape May, Wild- wood, N. J.(Smith); Baltimore, Hughesville, Sandy Spring, Centerville, Md.; Wash- ington, D. C.; Amherst, Sewells Point, Bonney, Perrowyille, Gills, Friedens, Coffee, Culpeper, Warren County, Va.; Wilkesboro, Raleigh, Happy Home, Fayetteville, Hooverhill, Greensboro, Asheville, Laurelbranch, N. C.; Coozan, Coronaca, Beau- fort, Winnsboro, Pomaria, 8. C.; Molino, Liveoak, New Smyrna, Archer, Fla.; Smithville, Pearson, Albany, Ga.; Florence, South Calera, Birmingham, Mobile, Selma, Ala.; New Orleans, Cypress, Gansville, La.; Covington, Memphis, Claiborne County, Tenn.; Ojo Caliente, Grafton, N. Mex.; Louisville, Scottsville, Ky.; Hackett City, Ark.; Paoli, Columbus, Ind.; Missouri. BIOLOGIC NOTES. The date of deposition of the egg was not ascertained, but was about July 18, or a few days before. When examined a week later it was 31 found to have grown half a millimeter in diameter by a process of absorption well known in eggs of the beetles of this family. The exact duration of the egg stage could not be observed, but it was at least sixteen days and probably longer, the weather for this period being a little warmer than normal. Several years ago the writer received from the late George D. Bradford, at that time traveling in the South, a number of larvee of this species collected in the spring at Beaufort, S. C., from which material some interesting observations were made. For several weeks after the receipt of these larve they did not manifest any signs of feeding, but later in July and August they ate freely of the mold or dead woody matter in which they were sent. There was originally over a gallon jar full of this mold, and as that in the jar was consumed, the remainder, perhaps a quart, was added. Three larve were kept in this, and almost the entire contents had become consumed and converted into pellets, resembling on a small scale those of a goat or rabbit, when the larve became full fed. They ceased feeding during the third week of August and remained for a few days as if resting, then went to work to form cells for the pupal transformation. When larve are disturbed they roll over and over, like the larve of many other Coleoptera and some other orders of insects, and the same motion was continued by the pupa. By this motion, in time, the interior of the pupal cell is rolled quite smooth. August 27 the skin was noticed to be shriveled, and on the following day this increased. On the 29th all three pupated. One was still white toward evening, the other brown. Transformation to the imago occurred on the 20th of October, all undergoing this metamorphosis the same day. This gives a pupal period of fifty-one days, probably the longest warm weather pupal period of any of our Coleoptera. The pupal cells were coated externally with excremental pellets and bits of rotten wood, and showed an average measurement of from 2 to 3 inches in length and 14 to 1} inches in width. Hibernation takes place normally in the beetle state, and the beetles obtained in this instance were kept until some time in July of the following year, when they died during the writer’s absence. ; The rhinoceros beetle seldom occurs in such abundance as to be reckoned a pest. According to Dr. Lintner, however, the beetles are sometimes capable of injuries of considerable importance. He states (Fifth New York Report, p. 230), on the authority of Mr. J. W. Mur- rell, Perrowville, Va., that numbers of the beetles were observed feeding on the tender shoots of spring growth of ash trees, causing the leaves to fall and cover the ground as if a frost had passed over them. Their food consists largely of sap, which flows from the plants attacked. Beetles may be attracted by bruising ash twigs. The beetles are sometimes troublesome on account of their strong and disagreeable odor. 32 Ash, although evidently the favorite, is not the only food plant of this species. The larvee are probably not particular, as they live upon decaying wood and have been found feeding in decayed wood of cherry, willow, oak, and other trees. During June, 1898, we received a specimen of this species from Mr. W. W. Thompson, Smithville, Ga., with the statement that it had been found eating a pear, an unusual food habit, judging from records. In writing of the noise produced by this species when alarmed, the late Dr. John Hamilton says (Can. Ent., Vol. XVIII, p. 112): While no real stridulating organs are present, they have the power to produce a sound that may answer the same purpose, somewhat resembling that of an angry goose. The pygidium and part of the last ventral segment are very hairy, and by withdrawing the abdomen from the elytra so as to admit air, and then suddenly forcing it out through the hair by a sudden extension, a noise is produced that is rather alarming to one unacquainted with their harmlessness. NOTES ON ENEMIES OF MUSHROOMS AND ON EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. By Auvcusr Buscr. During the winter 1901-2 four enemies of mushroom culture came under observation: (1) snails, (2) roaches, (3) maggots of some unde- termined Diptera (not bred), and (4) mites. (1) Against the snails was used with perfect success the old remedy of trapping them under loose boards. (2) The roaches (Periplaneta americana) were quite troublesome, but were at least temporarily driven away by the pyrethrum and bisulphid of carbon experiments, employed against the mites and mentioned below. (8) The maggots, which in the cases under observation were scarce and of small importance, were not bred. They worked in the fruit bodies of the mushroom and of course spoiled such individual mush- rooms as were infested. Possibly the experiments with all kinds of insecticides, conducted against the mites, killed the majority of adult flies, and thus prevented egg laying and consequent injury. Reports from other places show that certain flies (Phora spp. and Drosophila spp.) way be very dangerous enemies of successful mush- room culture. The present experiments tend to show that the screening of all win- dows or beds where feasible, and the liberal use of pyrethrum, are effective preventives against these pests. (4) The only truly important and at the same time the most perni- cious and difficult enemy to handle which has come under my obser- vation hitherto is the very prolific and astonishingly destructive mite, Tyroglyphus lintnere. 33 It attacks the fruit bodies in all stages, thereby making these unsightly and unsalable. When present in large numbers it actually eats big holes right through them. It not only attacks the fruit bodies, but even feeds on the mycelium underground, thus destroying the plant entirely. : Many cases where beds have not yielded at all, and where the blame has been credited to ‘‘old and dead” spawn, are doubtless truly the results of this pest, which being so small has escaped notice. In two or three cases where the failure of a bed was attributed to poor spawn, it was found on investigation that the *‘ brick” had been all right and had begun sending out mycelium under favorable condi- tions, but that myriads of these mites in the ground actually consumed it as fast as it grew. In some beds they were so numerous that they covered the surface entirely, and any such bed might as well be given up at once, and the danger to surrounding beds somewhat minimized by the killing of all the mites. This may be done by pouring boiling water on the bed, using enough to reach the bottom and soak the bed thoroughly. The following remedies were thoroughly experimented with and none proved of much value: (A) Bisulphid of carbon.—Some twenty-odd beds, 3 by 6 feet, and two beds, 5 by 10 feet, were under observation in two different places. These beds were originally prepared with these experiments in view, and the boxes were made 14 to 2 inches higher than is usually necessary, so as to leave that much space above the ground. In other respects the beds were prepared in the usual manner, the spawn was put in, and in due time mycelium developed and mushrooms appeared. As soon as the mites put in their appearance (they were probably brought in the adolescent stage with the manure) the bisulphid of carbon was applied. From one-fourth of a pound to 1 pound was poured into each of three or four shallow receptacles placed on top of the bed, and the whole was then tightly covered with heavy oilcloth. This was done in the evening and the bed left overnight till the next noon, when the soil was examined. It is possible that some of the mites had perished from the effect of the poison. Several were found dead or dying, but many more speci- mens crawled upon and in the soil as lively as ever and apparently not the least harmed. The treatment was repeated next night on some of the beds, and for several nights on other beds, but with the same very doubtful success. A number of living mites were placed in a vial on a bit of mush- room and the vial closed with cotton saturated with bisulphid of car- bon. After two days several mites were still alive, and the cause of the death of the others may as well have been lack of moisture or injury in handling them as the bisulphid of carbon. 8258—No, 38—02-——2 34 One thing was ascertained through these experiments, namely, that the mushroom mycelium is not injured by the treatment with vapors of bisulphid of carbon; in fact, the growth seemed rather stimulated if affected at all, and such beds, when not ultimately killed by the mites, produced as good a crop as those not treated. The fruit bodies above ground, however, can not stand the treatment, but disinte-_ grate very soon, for which reason all should be plucked before the application. (B) Pulverized sulphur was applied liberally with a blower, and mixed with about 1 inch of the top soil by means of a rake. Aside from such mites as were injured in the handling, and such as were actually buried in the sulphur, from which they had difficulty in extri- cating themselves, none seemed in the least affected. (C) Vapors of sulphur.—The burning of chips of sulphur in proper receptacles on top of the beds did not have any apparent effect on the - mites. (D) Pyrethrum powder applied liberally with bellows had no serious effect on the mites, though they evidently did not like it. It did not seem to act even as a deterrent in such beds as were little or not at all infested. However, the undoubted beneficial results against roaches and flies, which might otherwise have become serious factors, would warrant the use of this insecticide freely in all mushroom beds as a good precaution. (E) Hydrocyanic-acid gas.—Conditions did not allow a thorough test of this, but I have no doubt, from what was done, that it is as ineffect- ive against the mites as bisulphid of carbon. One large bed in a cellar by itself was left from Saturday 4 o’clock to Sunday 4 o'clock, exposed to the fumes of hydrocyanic acid, produced in the usual way. When the windows were pulled open on Sunday strong fumes were still found. No living mites were noticed at the inspection on top of the bed, but digging into the bed the following day revealed them apparently as well as ever. Concerning the influence of these vapors on the growing mycelium this experiment gave no information, as the mycelium in this bed was already dead when exposed to the gas. (F) Zobacco dust was tried in a single bed, and gave the same nega- tive result as sulphur, acting at most only as somewhat deterring but not killing the mites. (G) Chloride of lime and gasoline.—Neither was given sufficient trial to warrant final conclusions. The former killed the mites which came in contact with it, but two beds on which it was applied did not produce any mushrooms either. The gasoline did not seem to have any fatal results either to mites or mushrooms. (H) Motstwre.—A mushroom bed does not allow much variation in moisture if good results are to come. However, it was soon observed 35 that the mites easily got too much moisture, and in this direction observations should be continued to find out whether it be possible to find a degree of moisture which will either kill or drive away the mites without being detrimental to the growth of the mycelium. NOTES ON COLORADO INSECTS. By A. N. CAupE Lt. Acting under authorization from the Department of Agriculture, I arrived at Denver, Colo., May 5, 1901, where I was joined by Dr. H. G. Dyar. With Denver as headquarters, daily excursions were made into the canyons and foothills of the mountains, and the life histories of many western Lepidoptera were worked out, notes being taken on more than 200 species. In the months of July and August trips were made across the divide to various localities, adding materially to our collections. According to instructions, I ‘‘collected such economic and other insects as came convenient and made observations on eco- nomic species whenever possible.” My first duty of assisting Dr. Dyar in working out Lepidopterous life histories prohibited my making large collections in other orders. Some 5,000 specimens of Orthop- tera, however, were collected, together with some hundreds of miscel- laneous insects, mostly Coleoptera, of which a few were reared. Such observations on economic insects as I was able to make are here reported. The minute false chinch bug (Nysius minutus Uhl.).—At Delta occurred an extreme case of injury to radish by this insect. The leaves were completely killed to the ground, and the shriveled remains were still covered by many hundreds of the little pests. Mr. O. Heidemann identified the species. The beet army worm (Laphygma exiqgua Hbn.).—This has become an important enemy of the sugar-beet industry in the West. Specimens of the larva in all stages were taken on sugar beets at Palisades in Mesa County, and at Delta. At the latter place they were taken also on the table beet, though they did not occur in injurious numbers. This insect is reported as having caused great injury to sugar beets in Colorado, defoliating thousands of acres of beets. It is also said to be injurious to potato, pea, and apple leaves. Professor Gillette, of the Colorado experiment station, has employed arsenical sprays against it with beneficial results. Professor Forbes concludes from data furnished by Professor Gillette that there may be expected at least two broods of larvee each year—one in June and one in August. But the broods doubtless merge one into the other, as larve in all stages were taken at Palisades on July 8. The bean ladybird (Epilachna corrupta Muls.).—An extreme case 36 of injury by this spotted bean beetle was observed near Fort Collins, where a large patch of beans had nearly every leaf killed by the larve of this insect. At that time, in July, the beetles were in the pupal state, hanging in great numbers on the underside of the leaves. Professor Gillette stated that no effective remedy for them was known, the insect being able to withstand anything that did not injure the plants. The adult beetles are said to exude a tiny drop of yellow liquid of a pungent odor from each knee joint when disturbed. The insect is discussed by Professor Gillette in Bulletin 19 of the Colorado Experiment Station. The apple flea-beetle (Haltica bimarginata Ml.).—July 19 a collecting trip was made up Platte Canyon. At Pine Grove, some miles up the canyon, the alders along the river were found to be infested by beetle larve which ate the upper side of the leaves, in some cases completely ~ skeletonizing them. An attempt was made to rear the adult beetle, but other duties interfered and it was not successful. A number of the larve were collected, however, and Mr. Schwarz identifies them as those of //altica bimarginata. The tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa fragilis Stretch).—On July 20 the ascent of Pike’s Peak was made, and here occurred the worst case of forest depredation by insect foes that ever came under my observation. The aspens were completely defoliated by the larvee of Cléstocampa fragilis. The imagos were then issuing, and, even in the middle of the day, they swarmed about the tops of the leafless trees like bees, thousands and thousands of them. The cocoons literally covered the twigs, one a foot in length often containing a dozen or more of them. So completely defoliated were the trees at this place that Mr. Dyar failed to find a single leaf with which to supply an aspen-feeding Not- odont larva which he was rearing. Our observations were made mostly at 9,000 to 12,000 feet altitude. The willow and rose were also attacked, but not nearly so severely as the aspen. Over what area this injury extended I can not say, being unable to make sufficient observa- tions. In the vicinity of Cripple Creek the aspens were also infested, but not nearly so badly as those on Pikes Peak. On reaching the sum- mit of the peak we found hundreds of the moths lying dead or helpless on the snow banks. They had evidently flown up from the timber line, and, becoming benumbed, fallen in the snow, there to die. The lilac borer ( Podosesia syringe Harr.).—In West Denver numbers of ash trees were completely killed by this Sesiid borer. The trees were small, about 6 inches in diameter, and dozens of empty pupal shells were protruding through the bark. The fruit-tree leaf-roller (Cacawcia argyrospila Walk.).—The leaves of living ash trees were badly infested with the larve of this Tortricid. A new tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa tigris Dyar).—The scrub oak in the eastern foothills, especially just west of Sedalia, between Denver and Colorado Springs, was badly infested with the larve of this new 37 species of Clisiocampa. Many of the trees (or more properly bushes, as they seldom, if ever, attain sufficient size to be properly called trees) were killed through repeated defoliation by the larvee of this insect. A resident farmer stated that the caterpillars were much more numerous some years than others. This beautifully marked larva was first found some 5 miles up Platte Canyon, back of Denver, but occurred there very sparingly. It eats only oak and confines its attacks to young, tender leaves. It seems unable to eat old leaves, and so must mature before they become tough. The eggs are laid near the ground on twigs at the base of the trees, — and have no frothy covering as have many species of the genus. The larve are gregarious when young, but soon scatter and feed singly. They spin no web. Trypeta galls on Bigelovia.—At the little station of Platte Canyon, at the mouth of the canyon of that name, there are great numbers of Bigelovia. During the latter part of May every bush bears a number of white fluffy but compact galls as big as hazelnuts. Often there will be found 50 or more galls on a single bush. They are caused by a beautiful little fly, Accura bigloviw Ckll. At this time of the year the pupz may be found within the galls, snugly incased in cells at the center. The pupa is about 5" long by 3™" wide, oval in shape, and varying in color from pale yellowish red to brown, probably according to age. The insects emerge by the first of June, the first ones appear- ing in the breeding cage on May 28. The cabbage looper (Plusia brassice Riley). —In the early part of July a few observations were made on injurious insects of the garden in the vicinity of Delta, in Delta County. Several interesting items were noted. The larva of P/lusta brassice was the main pest, and seemed to be quite omnivorous, eating not only the cabbage, but also the potato, turnip, rutabaga, lettuce, and table and sugar beets; it was also found on a prickly poppy-like plant locally called ‘‘ wild lettuce.” While the cabbage in some cases was almost ruined, it was on the lettuce and potato, especially the lettuce, that the most damage was done. Quite large fields of potatoes were so eaten by this larva as to be easily noticeable at a considerable distance, having something the appearance of being badly infested with the potato beetles. On the lettuce the damage was extreme. In some cases the plant was entirely devoured and was eaten out below the surface of the ground. The rutabagas and peas were also badly eaten. The larve occurred in various stages, some very small and others full grown. Specimens were sent to Dr. Dyar at Denver to be reared, but they failed to trans- form. An inflated larva was preserved. The cottonwood leaf-beetle (Lina scripta Fab.).—The willows in the eastern foothills visited by Dr. Dyar and myself were badly infested with a Chrysomelid larva which often occurred in sufficient numbers to completely skeletonize the leaves of large branches. The beetles were 38 reared, and were determined by Mr. Schwarz. The eggs are deposited on the leaves about the middle of May, and are continually deposited for two or three weeks thereafter, all stages—ovum, larva, pupa, and imago—being found on the trees in the earlier part of June. They remain in the pupa state about five days, specimens in the breeding cage pupating on June 1, and giving forth imagos on the 6th. The larval period lasts but a couple of weeks, and breeding experiments would probably show the insect to be at least double-brooded. The boll worm, or corn ear-worm (Heliothis armiger Hbn.).— Young corn a couple of feet in height near Delta was badly infested with the bollworm. ‘The leaves were in some cases completely riddled near the base, and the stalks badly burrowed and eaten. ‘This exceptional injury was probably accounted for by the nearness of the worst infested patch (a small area) to an irrigating ditch of considerable size. Corn in dryer locations seemed little injured. Corn on low wet soil is usually much more liable to excessive injury from the corn worm than on high dry ground. Some years ago in Oklahoma I saw a small area of field corn planted ina very low wet spot in the bend of a small creek that was completely eaten up by the worms. The stalks attained a height of only about 4 feet and were very weak and slender, yet 20 or more larve could be found in a single plant, bur- rowing the stalks so that many fell over. Some plants had all the leaves riddled and the stall so completelly eaten out that but part of the outer shell remained. So numerous were the larve that many of them were ina fully exposed position, feeding upon the leaves. Grasshoppers. —Grasshoppers were very abundant in Colorado this year. Several reasons may be assigned for their unusal numbers. The season was favorable for their development, and the increasing abundance all over the State of the Russian thistle, which is a food plant of a large number of species, may have had considerable influence on the matter. Professor Bruner suggested also that the rapid killing off of pheasants may be a cause of grasshopper increase. The prairie along the eastern foothills was swarming with various kinds of Acridiine. Melanoplus bivittatus was probably the most common species. At Delta this locust threatened to do some damage, and it occurred sparingly at Grand Junction, while at Palisades, 12 miles north, none at all were seen. This is a very injurious species, and Professor Gillette places it on an equal footing with the codling moth as an injurious insect. The saltbushes, Sarcobates vermicularis, about Palisades were infested with Lolophus chenopodi’ Brun. in large numbers. A small patch in the center of the little town was swarming with them. They were quite active, diving headlong into the prickly bunches of weeds, and proved quite difficult to capture. They were not at all common at Grand Junction, and were not taken on the saltbush there. 39 GRASSHOPPER NOTES FOR 1901. By Lawrence Bruner, Temporary Field Agent. Owing to numerous reports received at Washington from many localities in the central West concerning the continued presence in more than normal numbers of several species of native grasshoppers or locusts, the subject was deemed worthy of investigation. Reports coming from portions of western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, and eastern and central Wyoming seemed so serious in their nature that the writer was commissioned by the United States Department of Agriculture to make an investigation, so as to ascertain, if possible, the true causes leading up to this undue increase among the several species of locusts concerned, and to report the results to the Entomologist. Accordingly, August 8, in company with Mr. M. A. Carriker, jr., an assistant, who was to make some special observations and collections of specimens for the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, a start on this tour of inspection was made. The route chosen was first to southwestern Nebraska via the Denver branch of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, and the first stop was at McCook. From this place the party proceeded by short journeys to Haigler, then to Akron, and to Brush. At the latter place turning to the north, and passing through Sterling, Colo., Sidney, Nebr., Bridgeport, and Scotts Bluff, they reached westward as far as Guernsey, Wyo., before return- ing to Alliance, Nebr., and Lincoln, by way of the Billings branch of the same railroad. On this return journey the central sand hill region was crossed and some notes on locust abundance were there secured. Leaving Lincoln again on August 18, a second journey was made; this time via the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad up the Elkhorn Valley, the Niobrara, the White River, and the North Platte, to Lusk, Douglas, and Casper, Wyo., where investigations were made concerning the locust problem as it existed in those regions; then returning as far as Crawford, in which vicinity some work was done, and finally going on to Denver, Colo., where the annual meeting of the economic entomologists was attended. From here the return trip to Lincoln was made over the Union Pacific Railway down the Platte River Valley. Thus most of the remaining territory occupied by the locust pest under consideration was covered. In these investi- gations the writer was greatly aided by having transportation fur- nished him by the railroad companies mentioned. Other sections of the country were also visited and carefully studied, both before and since the period embraced by the commission men- tioned, and the results of such investigations have been included in the conclusions arrived at and hereto appended. The following notes pertaining to the subject under investigation were jotted down as the work progressed, and in part form the basis for the conclusions reached: 40) At McCook, Nebr., August 9, we collected some thirty-odds pieces of the native grasshoppers, which abound in this vicinity. Most of these were from common to numerous as regards abundance. In fields, both on the table-lands and in the valley, the Jelanoplus differentialis was exceedingly abundant; in fact it appeared to be the principal species that was causing the injury to crops and cultivated plants. It was alded, however, in this work by such other forms as JZ. bzvittatus, M. atlanis, M. packardii—of the form usually referred to as J/. Fedus—and M. femur-rubrum. Among the other species which existed in unusually large numbers were Deéssosteira longipennis, Aoloplus turnbullii, M. occidentalis, M. conspersus, M. lakinus, . Amphitornus bicolor, Aulocara elliotti, Mestobregma kiowa, ete.; but these latter were feeding mainly upon grasses, weeds, and special food plants other than cultivated ones. In trying to ascertain just where the insects which were concerned in the devastation of crops had hatched, it was found that old break- ings seemed to furnish many, while the forsaken roads, edges of fields and irrigating ditches, railroad beds, and like places, grown up to weeds, had provided still others with the required breeding places. Alfalfa fields growing next to corn nearly invariably occasioned much injury to the corn. Some of the fields of corn observed between Me Cook and Culbertson had been entirely destroyed, and in some instances even the weeds between the rows and about the edges were badly eaten. A few fields showed only here and there the remnants of bare stubs, just as I had seen fields appear in the early seventies after a visit from the Rocky Mountain locust plague. In observing what plants, if any, were free from the ravages of the various locusts mentioned above, it was noticed that sorghum in most vases had suffered but little, while Kaftir corn was nearly exempt. Only when Kaflir corn was wilted did the locusts seem to touch it at all, and then but slightly if other food was available. Millet, too, seemed to be fairly immune against their attacks. Of course most kinds of garden truck suffered severely. One feature noted in connection with the abundance of the sup- posedly harmless locusts was the presence in large numbers of JZ. lakinus and oloplus turnbullit on the Russian thistle and lamb’s- quarters. Nearly everywhere that these weeds grew the grasshoppers just mentioned abounded. Only a few years ago both of these species of locusts were rare, usually extremely rare, and at the same time very local in their distribution. Since they have already been observed to attack the beet, they may both prove troublesome in the future should attempts be made at sugar-beet growing in the regions now overrun. On the prairies and other uncultivated grounds two or three grass- hoppers besides those mentioned above seemed to be abnormally abun- dant. Mermiria bivittata, Opeia obscura, and Amphitornus bicolor or +1 coloradensis being the chief ones. These, with the exception of the first, are found upon the higher grounds among the shorter grasses like the Boutelouas. In driving and walking about over the country, in which move- ments 10 or 12 miles at a time were covered, few dead or sick locusts were seen, and inquiry among the farmers and other interested parties gave the same impression as to their comparative healthiness. No Empusa-killed “hoppers had been seen by anyone during the present year, so far as could be learned, and only a few had been observed to die from ‘‘grubs” and from what is apparently either a bacterial disease or such a disease in conjunction with a Sporotrichum. At least this last surmise seems to be warranted, since the conditions of death coincide with observations made a week prior in an alfalfa field on the North Platte, about 17 miles to the northwest of the little town of Ogallala, where the locusts of various species had succumbed in large numbers. When these were placed in a dish for the purpose of ascertaining the cause of their demise there was obtained a fun- gous growth, pronounced by Dr. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, to be a species of Sporotrichum. Several bacteria were also present in large numbers within the bodies of some of the above- mentioned dead locusts. Inquiries made among the railroad employees at McCook showed that these insects reached eastward as far as Red Cloud in numbers sufficiently great to perceptibly injure cultivated vegetation in both gardens and fields. In passing westward from McCook along the line of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, locust injury was observed all the way to Haigler, but seemed to be the most pronounced between the former place and Stratton. From different persons questioned concerning the various measures that had been taken to combat the locusts in this portion of the State, it was learned that the kerosene pan had been used in a few cases, while disking had been resorted to by some, and several had even attempted the use of poison in the form of Paris green mixed with bran. In some instances also large flocks of chickens and turkeys pro- duced some good results. Altogether, however, but little had been accomplished, and no concerted action had been undertaken by the settlers to rid themselves of the pest. It would require a concerted action over the entire area affected, for at least two or three years in succession, to obtain complete control of the pest. Whether or not the killing off of the native birds in this section of the State has been much of a factor in permitting this abundance of the locust is a query. One farmer near McCook remarked that a couple of years ago a certain locality near one end of a particular field of his had been protected by blackbirds, a hundred or more pairs 42 of which built nests and reared their young near by. Recently, how- ever, the small willows among which these birds nested had been removed, and the birds no longer protected that particular field. At Haigler it was ascertained that various species of locusts have been more than normally abundant for the past six years. At least this can be said of the species which attack cultivated plants like alfalfa, corn, wheat, garden truck, etc. If any change in their num- bers has occurred it is thought that perhaps there is a slight decrease from last year. As in the vicinity of McCook and farther east, they seem to breed chiefly in alfalfa fields, along readsides, and in old breakings. In addition to the breeding places here recorded, the Russian thistles, which have become generally dispersed over this sec- tion of the State, seem also to offer safe and desirable retreats for several species of these insects when laying their eggs. Not only is this true at egg-laying, but also at other times. These rank-growing plants provide shelter during hot, dry weather, as well as from rain and hail storms, and offer safe retreats to the insects, even when pur- sued by such enemies as predaceous insects and birds. Of the enemies to wild plants among these insects those which appear to be most beyond the normal in numbers in this vicinity seem to be Opera obscura, Mestobregma kiowa, Melanoplus lakinus, M. bowditehi, M. packardi, Mermiria bivittata, M. neomexicana, and one or two others. As noted at McCook, several of these latter are partial to cer- tain food plants which have recently increased enormously, which fact probably explains their excessive numbers. On the other hand, spe- cies like the Mermirias and other grass-infesting forms now abnor- mally abundant have become so from some other cause. Perhaps the nonoccurrence of prairie fires for a number of years may account for this, at least in part, while the destruction of such birds as the sharp- tailed grouse and Bartramian sandpiper, with the meadow lark, and a few other kinds of prairie-inhabiting species, will explain the excess in numbers of some of the remaining grasshoppers. Three species of Decticinz were also quite abundant here, as was also one of the walk- ing sticks. In journeying westward from Haigler grasshopper injuries were detected nearly as far as Akron, Colo., but beyond this point only about the normal numbers of these insects appeared to be present, since none of their injury was visible from the train. At Brush, where a great deal of alfalfa is grown, not many of these insects were reported or seen. Hence it was judged that matters here were nearly normal as regards locust abundance. From this point the direction of the journey was changed and we went north. At Sterling, which was passed before daylight and where considerable injury was reported a year ago, the condition was not ascertained, but judging from what was seen some distance beyond along the line of railroad toward Sid- 43 ney the locusts may be on the decrease—a result, perhaps, of some concerted efforts on the part of the farmers toward their destruction during the past two or three years. It was also found upon investigation that these insects were not nearly so numerous at Sidney as they were farther to the east along the Lodgepole Creek and the South Platte River. Still, even at Sid- ney, wherever and whenever cultivated fields occurred, more of these insects were to be met with than is normally the case in the region. They were of the usual species observed under similar conditions the present year, viz., various species of the Melanopli, as d/fferentialis, bivittatus, femur-rubrum, and atlanis. Some of the other forms that were not so rare as at times in the past were species like J/. pachardii, M. occidentalis, M. luridus, M. infantilis, ete., while a few of the prairie-inhabiting species mentioned before were also quite plentiful. In conversing with Mr. George Oberfelder, a merchant of Sidney and a ranchman, I learned that at Lodgepole the locusts were not nearly so plentiful on his ranch as elsewhere in the neighborhood. — It developed from further conversation with him that on this particular ranch are located several quite extensive private fish ponds and low and swampy ground, where two or three species of blackbirds breed, and were, at the time referred to, gathered in immense flocks. ‘The presence of these birds will undoubtedly explain this comparative freedom from locusts on the ranch in question. Mr. Oberfelder also mentioned the fact that a great destruction of the bird life, in general, of the region had been accomplished during recent years by local and other would-be sportsmen. While at this place, in conversation with a gentleman from Gering, Scotts Bluff County, it was learned that during the present year there were more grasshoppers in the Pumpkinseed Valley, to the south of Gering and Mitchell, than there were last year, and also more during the present year (1901) than at Gering and Mitchell. This he accounted for on the ground of a partial migration southward both by the old insects prior to their egg laying last fall, and again since hatching during the past spring and early summer. Just what species of these insects were present in this last-named region was not ascertained, but it is presumed that most of them were of the kinds noted at nearly all other points where cultivated vegetation suffered from grasslLopper depredations. It is also quite evident that several of the prairie- frequenting species like J/. packardii, M. occidentalis, the Aulocaras, some of the species of Trimerotropis, Zrachyrhachis kiowa, Opera obscura, etc., were present in more than normel numbers, since a searcity of food on the ranges is reported, notwithstanding the fact that more than the usual amount of rain had fallen during the past - spring and summer. In running west from Bridgeport to Guernsey, Wyo., it was observed 44 that locust depredations appeared to lessen materially as the train pro- gressed westward after entering Wyoming. Still even here more of these insects were to be seen among the weeds along the railroad track than was the case during {heir normal abundance in past years. There were a number of kinds to be met with in the grasses about Guernsey, but the prevailing species seemed to be AL. packardii, M. occidentalis, M. atlanis, Aulocara elliott’, A. femoratus, and still others, which, like the I. difterentialis and M. atlantis, seem to hatch among rank-growing weeds as well as upon cultivated or disturbed grounds. In trying to find a reason for the greater increase of locusts in cer- tain localities during different years, the matter of rainfall seems to offer an explanation for at least a portion of this variation. It is quite noticeable that when rains fall early in the season the eggs of these insects hatch much earlier than they do when the rains come later, although the temperature may be normal or even above normal. Then, too, after each shower during late spring and throughout the.summer, it is seen that additional young ones hatch. During some years it may even be possible for many of the eggs that were deposited the previous fall to remain unhatched for lack of the requisite amount of moisture. Should the following year prove to be a wet one these eggs might then hatch along with those deposited a year later. That the present year has been an exceptionally wet one in portions of the Northwest may, therefore, account for the immense numbers of grasshoppers that were to be found in that section. Still, there are limited localities even in this region where scarcely any of these insects were to be met with during the present summer, while immediately adjoining they were literally swarming. While returning eastward from Guernsey a severe ‘ainstorm accompanied by hail was passed through. Fully an inch and a half or two inches of rather large hailstones fell over a strip of country several miles in width and many miles in length. During the progress of this storm the thought occurred to me that possibly here was an explanation of the comparative freedom of certain areas right in the midst of others that were greatly overrun by destructive locusts. The hail in this instance certainly fell with force and in quantity sufficient to crush out the life of the majority of locusts inhabiting the region in ques- tion. Then, too, these sections of comparative freedom from the pest so frequently observed by the writer are such as are subject to severe hailstorms. As intimated on a previous page, the Russian thistle, in addition to affording an abundant food supply for certain species of the native locusts, provides excellent shelter for their eggs as well as the insects themselves. Tucked away beneath these formidable plants both the insects and their eggs are well protected from most of their natural enemies, as well as from sudden changes of weather. This being true, the Russian thistle no doubt must have had something to do with pro- 45 ducing the present conditions in portions of the region now covered by the locust plague. At Caspar, Wyo., August 20, conditions while rather bad were not nearly so alarming as they were in some portions of Nebraska, and farther east in Wyoming. In driving out among the ranches and over the range some new light on the probable cause of the recent increase among grasshoppers in this and other regions of the country was secured. Upon driving up to the buildings on a ranch on Goose Creek, about 10 or 12 miles southeast from Caspar, a very nice flock of sage grouse (30 or more) was observed walking about the premises and picking up grasshoppers. These grouse were so tame that they reminded one of domestic fowls as they worked about among the vegetation in search of grasshoppers. During the day several additional coveys of these grouse were seen and the remnants of several dead birds that had been shot and drawn by hunters offered opportunities for examining the stomach contents. Such examinations invariably resulted in the find- ing of large quantities of grasshopper fragments. By inquiring around among ranchmen it was also ascertained that a great slaughter of these birds had been going on for the past few years in the sections of Wyoming now most overrun by locusts. A careful survey of the field brought out the fact that a similar destruction of these birds, as well as of the sharp-tailed grouse, has been progressing over con- siderable country. It was learned that such slaughter had occurred at Chadron, Crawford, Harrison, McCook, Culbertson, Trenton, Haigler, North Platte, and Sidney, in Nebraska; and at Lusk, Douglas, Orin Junction, Guernsey, and elsewhere in Wyoming. At each of these localities the grasshoppers were more numerous during the past sum- mer than formerly. When this idea first came up in connection with other probable rea- sons for the increase of the various species of locusts found it did not seem at all probable, but the more I consider it, the more I am inclined to accept it as an important factor in the problem. When we take into consideration the fact that when man occupies a new area he finds the forces of nature nearly or quite in a state of equilibrium, no one form of life having much the advantage over others, then does this explanation of the matter appear quite possible. The country undisturbed by man affords food for a certain number of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects, all of which are more or less interdependent. If, for instance, man removes a few hundreds of the individuals of any one species, he soon finds a change taking place in the numbers of indi- viduals of some other form. The birds feed on both vegetation and insects. If grasshoppers are inciuded in their food a smaller number of birds will require a less number of “hoppers, and the latter will thus be giventhe opportunity to increase beyond the normal. This 46 surplus goes on increasing and very soon causes a greater drain on the vegetation that forms their bill of fare. Supposing that a single sage hen will destroy on an average 100 locusts each day during the months of June, July, and August, the removai of this bird from the field of action will mean at least 9,000 grasshoppers saved to swell the army of these insects that may go on eating and propagating. If half of these should be females, and each one should deposit its normal quota of 100 eggs, there would be a possible 150,000 more of these insects than if the bird had not been killed. But when we destroy the birds by the hundreds of thousands the possibilities become startling, and this solution to the problem seems more than probable. Aside from the killing off of these birds by man, it is stated that they are destroyed to a considerable extent by grazing sheep which break up their nests. While conversing with an intelligent sheepman and herder on this feature of the subject, he mentioned the fact that he had heard of more than a hundred nests being thus destroyed in a single year on Hams Fork in western Wyoming. Whether or not the destruction of locusts by the trampling of sheep will equal the number that would have been killed by the birds thus destroyed, I am not prepared to state at this time. The species of grasshoppers concerned in the depredations on culti- vated tracts in the vicinity of Douglas and Casper, Wyo., were: J/. bivittatus, M. atlanis, M. femur-rubrum, and Camnutla pellucida; while the ones most abundant on the range were Auw/ocara elliotti, A. femo- rata, Mestobregma pardalinum, Melanoplus packard, M. infantilis, WM. occidentalis, and several others. While occupied in other work in portions of Dawes and Sioux coun- ties during June, July, and August, 1901, the writer gave consider- able attention to the locust problem as it existed there. A couple of students who were engaged in making collections of various forms of the animal life of northwestern Nebraska were also instructed to pay particular attention to these insects in the region being worked by them. The forms that frequent both cultivated and uncultivated grounds were found to be unusually abundant over much of the country traversed. Still some sections were much more overrun-by them than others. Especially was this found to be the case in portions of Dawes and Sioux counties, Nebr. In the latter county in particular the insects were most plentiful on the slopes adjoining the Pine Ridge and for a few miles away; but not so on the table-lands nor in the Hat Creek Valley itself. In many places the insects were so numerous as to cause a shortage in the feed on the range notwithstanding the great amount of rain that fell here during the early part of the year. As noted in other localities, some species of insects normally rare in this section of the State were found to be present in large numbers. Not only were the ‘‘ native” locusts abundant throughout the western 47 * counties of Nebraska, but in many localities even in the central and eastern portions of the State, where they did much local injury to garden truck and some field crops. Some of the localities where such a state of affairs existed were in Antelope, Knox, Dixon, Cedar, Holt, Valley, Custer, Lancaster, and counties adjoining these. In these sections the differential, two-lined, red-legged, and lesser migratory species predominated, though others were also present in fair numbers both upon the prairies and in cultivated fields. A number of the local districts thus overrun were visited by myself or some member of the entomological department of the University of Nebraska, while others could not be reached for investigation. It was found that some of these outbreaks embraced only a few farms or several hundred acres of territory, while others extended throughout entire counties. The species of locusts concerned in these also varied with the districts and the nature of surroundings and crops grown. It was noted, however, that Melanoplus differentialis and M. bivittatus were usually the chief offenders. One of the most important of these local or detached areas of locust abundance was that in Custer County, with Broken Bow as a center. In this region the plague assumed really alarming proportions, and caused not a little uneasiness among the citizens, who earnestly sought aid from the State entomologist and all other persons who might be in a position to give expert advice. After carefully going over all the notes which have been brought together during the various trips made while investigating this and other insect pests and those accumulated in other ways, it is found that the area now occupied by these insects in injurious numbers has become much larger during the present summer (1901) than it was a year ago. Practically all of the State west of the one hundredth meridian is embraced, while the valleys of the Niobrara, Elkhorn, North and South Loup, Platte, and Republican rivers are all more or less largely over- run for 50 to 100 or more miles eastward. In some instances this is true locally, even to the extreme eastern edge of the State. In order to show clearly the principal species of locusts thus con- cerned, and their distribution over the country, the following list has been prepared: Mermiria bivittata Sery.—McCook, Haigler, Sioux County, and in the sand hills generally on unburnt prairies. Mernuria neomexicana Thom.—Haigler and other southwestern Nebraska localities, where it is found in company with the preceding species. Amphitornus bicolor Thom.—A plains locust which occurs from middle Nebraska westward to the Rocky Mountains, where it is to be met with in great numbers, especially on the higher grounds among the shorter grasses. Opeia obscura Thom.—McCook, Culbertson, Haigler, Sidney, Scotts Bluff, Craw- ford, and Harrison, Nebr.; Akron, Sterling, and Brush, Colo.; and Guernsey, Doug- las, and Casper, Wyo.; most abundant in buffalo grass, 48 Alpha occipitalis Thom.—Western Nebraska and eastern portions of Colorado and Wyoming; partial to gravelly and sandy soils. Alpha crenulata Bruner.—Southwestern Nebraska, western Kansas, and the plains of Colorado, in company with the preceding. Philibostroma quadrimaculatum Thom.—In the same general region as the two preceding. Ageneotettix scudderi Bruner.—This locust occurs throughout the plains region, but is most abundant among the short grasses on high grounds. Boopedon nubilum Say.—Observed in abnormal numbers at Haigler and Stratton, Nebr., and Wray, Colo. Aulocara elliotti Thom.—McCook, Culbertson, Haigler, Sidney, Scotts Bluff, Sioux ‘County, Nebr., and Guernsey, Lusk, Douglas, and Casper, Wyo. It was also present in abnormal numbers in portions of western Kansas and eastern Colorado. It isa grass-infesting insect. Aulocara femoratum Scudd.—With the preceding species, but most abundant southward. Camnula pellucida Secudd.—This locust was seen only in the extreme western part of Nebraska and at Casper, Wyo., where it occurred on low land about streams and in mountain meadows. Dissosteira longipennis Thom.—A native of the high prairies of western Kansas and Nebraska and eastern Colorado and Wyoming; not nearly so abundant as it was four or five years ago. Mestobregma kiowa Thom.—A grass-infesting locust that occurs everywhere between the Missouri River and Rocky Mountains, but chiefly on high ground. Mestobregma pardalinum Sauss.—A grass insect found chiefly in western Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and eastern and central Wyoming. Schistocerca alutacea Harr.—This insect was reported to be present in large numbers at Neligh, Albion, Haigler, Ogallala, and throughout the sand hills of central Nebraska generally. FHesperotettix pratensis Scudd.—Antelope, Holt, and Wheeler counties on the prairies, but usually on low ground, where certain species of golden-rod abound. Fesperotettix viridis Thom.—Eastern Colorado and Wyoming and western Nebraska, where it is restricted to certain localities. Hesperotettix speciosus Scudd.—Western Kansas and Nebraska and eastern Colo- rado, among different species of sunflowers. Aoloplus turnbullii Thom.—In the same general region as the preceding, where it seems to be partial to chenopodiaceous plants. Moloplus regalis Dodge.—Northwest Kansas, southwest Nebraska, and eastern Colorado, on rather high grounds. Melanoplus bowditchi Scadd.—Western Kansas and Nebraska and eastern Colorado and Wyoming on Artemesia longifolia. Melanoplus flavidus Scudd.—This insect was noticed in numbers at Culbertson, Sidney, Scotts Bluff, North Platte, Ogallala, and Neligh, Nebr., and at Guernsey, Wyo. It appears to be partial to low, sandy soil. Melanoplus packardii Scudd.—McCook, Culbertson, Haigler, Ogallala, Sidney, North Platte, Crawford, and Harrison, Nebr., Wray and Sterling, Colo., and Guern- sey, Douglas, and Caspar, Wyo. The rufous form usually mentioned as M. foedus is by far the most numerous. Melanopius coccineipes Scudd.—Fairly abundant at Culbertson, Sidney, Ogallala, North Platte, and Fort Robinson, in Nebraska, where they seemed-to choose the Cleome serrulata as a food plant, or at least upon which to perch. Melanoplus infantilis Scadd.—On the high prairies in western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. 49 Melanoplus femur-rubrum De G.—Throughout the region in cultivated districts. Melanoplus plumbeus Dodge.—At Haigler, Nebr., on weeds and other rank vege- tation. Melanoplus lakinus Scudd.—Western Kansas and Nebraska and eastern Colorado, on Russian thistle and lamb’s-quarters. Melanoplus occidentalis Thom.—On the open prairie, west of the one hundredth meridian, in all four States in which work was done during the summer. Melanoplus atlanis Riley.—Cultivated grounds generally, but less numerous than M. femur-rubrum. ~ Melanoplus bivittatus Say.—In nearly every locality where locust depredations were reported, and especially in cultivated districts. Melanoplus differentialis Uhler.—Possibly the most abundant of all the species of locusts mentioned in this paper, and present in all localities except those in the extreme northwestern corner of Nebraska and central Wyoming. The chief insect in alfalfa districts. Of these the following species seem to be confined more or less closely to special food plants, and are therefore somewhat restricted in their distribution: Hesperotettix pratensis Scudd.—On Solidago graminifolia or S. caroliniana. Hesperotettix viridis Thom.—On Haplopappus spinulosus. Hesperotettix speciosus Secudd.—On Helianthus, several species. Aoloplus turnbullii Thom.—On Russian thistle and lamb’s-quarters. Melanoplus bowditchi Scudd.—On Artemesia longifolia. Melanoplus lakinus Secudd.—On Russian thistle and lamb’s-quarters. Those which are especially noticeable as enemies of cultivated crops are Melanoplus differentialis, M. bivittatus, M. femur-rubrum and M. atlanis, along with M. packardii. The remainder are chiefly grass eaters or feed upon various uncultivated plants. WHY LOCUSTS INCREASE ABNORMALLY. After having carefully scrutinized the notes relating to the locust problem in the region embraced in the investigations chronicled on the preceding pages, together with all other available information on the subject in general, the writer has come to the following conclusions as to why grasshoppers increase abnormally: (1) The growing of alfalfa without regularly disking the ground each spring. (2) The abandoning of once cultivated fields, and permitting thereon the growth of weeds and other rank herbage. (3) The very general carelessness of allowing w aii and other rank growths to flourish along roadsides, irrigating ditches, and railway tracks. (4) The presence in great abundance of the Russian thistle in portions of the country year after year. (5) The non-burning of prairies over wide areas for a number of years in succession. (6) The undue destruction of game and other insectivorous birds over wide areas. (7) The recurrence of unusually wet years after several abnormally dry ones. (8) The absence of insect enemies and diseases brought about by various causes, chiefly climatic. It is but just to state here that lack of space prevents a very elab- orate discussion of these various reasons for locust increase. 8258—No. 38—02 4 5O KILLING DESTRUCTIVE LOCUSTS WITH FUNGOUS DISEASES. By Lawrence Bruner, Temporary Field Agent. The fact that various kinds of insects are at times attacked and destroyed by different species belonging to several distinct genera of fungi has been known to both botanists and entomologists for many years. It is, however, a matter of comparatively recent discovery that some of these fungi can be artificially grown and afterwards commu- nicated to the insects which it is desired to destroy. Numerous exam- ples of the propagation and spread of such fungi have been recorded in this and other countries. Some noted examples of this kind are the artificial spread of /suria densa Link, the fungus that attacks the European cockchafer and that has also been tried on the white grubs here in the United States; Sporotrichum globuliferum Spag. as used against the chinch bug and several other insects, and Linpusa musce, the common fungus of the house fly. Along with what has been recorded concerning these attempts at utilizing the fungi just men- tioned, it might be well here to outline some of the efforts that have been made during recent years toward fighting destructive locusts or grasshoppers by similar means. | It is not necessary, however, for one to devote much time in investigation to ascertain that the whole matter relating to this subject is still in great confusion. It will at once be apparent that nothing very definite exists in the shape of reliable infor- mation concerning the particular fungi that may be present and avail- able in each of the regions where there is need for waging war against the locust plague. Even the botanists who are interested in this group of plants seem to have done comparatively little toward isolating and separating the species, from the standpoint of the systematist. During the early seventies, when such vast swarms of the Rocky Mountain or migratory locust were devastating the country between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, attention was fre- quently called to an apparent disease which occasionally made its appear- ance among the devouring hordes of that pest in various sections of the country. After a little investigation on the part of members of the Entomological Commission and others, this fatality among the locusts was found to be due to the presence of a fungus which is now generally recognized as Hinpusa grylld, although it has been several times described under other names. While locusts in general are more or less frequently attacked by these fungi, particular ones among the locusts indigenous to each country seem to be more subject than others. These usually, though not always, happen to be the forms that at times become so greatly multiplied as to be pests. This fact would indicate that it is necessary for the insects to come in contact one with another in order to spread the fungus sufficiently to develop an epidemic. 51 These epidemics of the disease usually occur during warm, wet weather, or after such conditions of climate have been prevailing for several weeks in succession. They are also quite apt to develop among the insects living along the edges of irrigating ditches or on grounds which have been thoroughly watered, rather than on those which are comparatively high, dry, and more or less widely removed from water or rank, succulent vegetation. Early in 1896 (March) the subject of utilizing locust-attacking fungi as a means of destroying these insects came more prominently before the public. In South Africa, where two species of these insects had been a pest for several years, it was found that a disease of a virulent nature had broken out and was prevalent in the form of an epidemic among the swarms in certian localities. An investigation instituted at the time showed this disease to be due to the presence of one of these species of fungi. Armed with the assurance that other insects had been successfully inoculated and destroyed by fungous diseases in Europe and the United States, members of the staff of the Bae- teriological Institute in that country took the matter in hand and were successful in their attempts to isolate a fungus which was thought to be the one that was destroying the insects in question, a species of large migratory locust (Acridium purpuriferum Walk.). A brief account of the methods followed and results obtained from this work is given by Alexander Edington, the director, in his annual report for 1898 of the Colonial Bacteriological Institute, located at Grahamstown, Cape of Good Hope. A year or so later (June, 1897), during investigations that were being made at the time in connection with the large migratory locust of the Argentine Republic (Schistocerca paranensis Burm.), the writer dis- covered what appeared to be still another and quite distinct species of these locust-destroying fungi—a Sporotrichum. This discovery was made at Carcarafia, a little town in southern Santa Fe, on the Central Argentine Railway, and some experiments conducted later during the same year demonstrated its usefulness, under certain limitations, as a means of combating that insect. The South African fungus referred to above was also tried on the same locust, but with exceedingly poor results so far as could be ascertained at the time. Still more recent attempts at destroying various kinds of our North American locusts with both of these fungous diseases (South African and Argentinian) have resulted in no marked degree of success, so far as the writer is concerned at least. During the past two or three years other persons have been con- ducting similar experiments with these same, and apparently some other, locust-killing fungi. A few of these recent experiments carried on by other workers seem to have proven more successful than those just mentioned above, One in particular appeared to be very prom- 52 ising at the time it occurred. This was at Sterling, Colo., and was conducted by a Mr. George W. Martin, who obtained tubes of the fungus culture from the Department of Agriculture in Washington. The writer on visiting the locality found that, although the native locusts of two or three species were dying in large numbers, they all fell to the ground instead of clinging to the vegetation, as they should have done if death had resulted from the South African disease accord- ing to the account referred to above. Then, too, reports of similar fatalities among the “hoppers, coming from tocalities widely removed from where the fungus in question had been distributed, seemed to indicate the presence of another and entirely distinct disease. During the present year (August, 1901,) a culture of a species of Sporotrichum — has been secured from such dead insects gathered on the North Platte River and about 16 miles from Ogallala, Nebr. In Australia it is reported that a fungus determined as J/ucor race- mosus, cultures of which were obtained from South Africa, has proved so useful in destroying the destructive locusts of Victoria that it is no longer considered an experiment, but has passed into a matter of every- day practice. Either this same Mucor or a closely allied one is also claimed to have been secured from insects which died as the result of an outbreak of a locust disease in Mississippi, as will be referred to more fully further on. It will be seen from what has just been said that there are without doubt several distinct kinds of these locust-killing fungi, and that they are not the same the world over. The knowledge of this fact is per- haps very fortunate if we are to profit at all in our attempts to make use of them in dealing with the locust pest. Since each species of locust differs in structure and habits more or less markedly from all others, and the climatic and other conditions by which they are surrounded in their respective habitats are so dis- similar in many instances, it must be true that a great diversity like- wise exists among them as regards hardiness. Hence it is natural for us to suppose that the various fungi which are apt to attack and destroy them must also vary in these respects. That such a conclusion is warranted can be gathered from what follows. EMPUSA GRYLLI. Perhaps the most characteristic of these different locust-attacking fungi is the one recognized the world over as Ainpusa grylli Fres. It has been known, botanically at least, since 1856, when it was first described by G. Fresenius (Botanische Zeitung, Band XIV, p. 882, 1856). Not only does it attack the different species of destructive locusts (members of the family Acridiide), some of the hairy cater- pillars, and a few of the crane flies along with their larvee, but it is also frequently to be found as an enemy of various other Orthopter- 53 ous insects. Among these latter it has been observed especially as an enemy of some of the representatives of the two remaining families of saltatorial Orthoptera—Locustide and Gryllide. This malady is quite readily recognized, since the host when affected by it has a tendency before death to crawl upward upon the vegeta- tion where it chances to be at the time of infection. Here it grasps the leaf, twig, or stem closely and fastens itself so securely that it remains clinging tenaciously even after death. As stated above, all kinds of locusts and also their relatives are affected alike by it; and many of their dead bodies may frequently be seen still attached to the vegetation in late fall and early winter. Just what the pathological effect is upon the victim, which causes this tenacious grasping or clutching with the front and middle legs, may never be known. Yet, in a general sense, it may be remarked that all insects dying from the effects of any of the allied species belonging to the genus Empusa exhibit this same characteristic of climbing before death. Even such characteristically subterranean insects as the various species of Ceu- thophilus, or camel crickets, when attacked by this fungus, are known to leave their customary moist, dark haunts and climb up bushes and other vegetation even to the height of several feet, where their dead bodies may occasionally be seen hanging for some time afterwards. Whether or not the Empusz which attack the various orthopterous insects in different portions of the earth are identical in species is not definitely known, although they are supposed to be so by some of the leading mycologists who have studied these peculiar parasitic plants. Be this as it may, minor variations in growth and structure have been noted among the forms indigenous to the different countries where collected and studied. These differences have led to the multiplying of names, so that we now have at least three distinct names, if not that many actual species. An insect, when once attacked by this fungus, soon shows signs of unrest and ceases feeding. It shortly becomes ‘*dumpish” and in due time attaches itself to the vegetation as stated above. The whole body, but more especially the abdomen, swells greatly and seems to be lit- erally filled with a mushy, granular substance which, upon drying, changes to a brownish, dust-like character. A little later this dust, which is made up largely of resting spores, escapes through the breaks between the joints of the insect’s body and is scattered broadcast by the winds. Comparatively little is known concerning the life cycle of this fungus or of the methods by which infection of the host occurs from year to year. That it must be done by contact rather than through the ali- mentary canal is quite probable, judging from reports of experiments made by Dr. Roland Thaxter and mentioned in his Monograph of the Entomophthorez of the United States. The resting spores must also 54 be exceedingly tenacious of life, since several years may elapse between outbreaks of the disease. Still no such regular intervals of recurrence of the disease have been noted as would tend to show a periodicity. Neither does there seem to be a regular time of the year for its appear- ance, nor has ita preference for insects of any particular age, since those of all ages seem at one time or another to succumb to its attacks. Sometimes, though rarely, it may be noticed first in late spring or early summer; at others, and more frequently, during midsummer, and again even in late summer and early autumn, or possibly not until just before cold weather commences in late fall, when it seems to be most common. . Dr. Thaxter says: ‘* The artificial propagation of Empuse by the infection of fresh hosts I have found a much more difficult matter than one would suppose, even where the infected host was of the same species as that from which the spores were obtained for this purpose.” (L. ¢., p. 152.) Notalone has Dr. Thaxter found this difficulty in secur- ing artificial infection, but other persons have also learned the same fact fully when attempting to make use of the fungus as a means of destroying locusts. In truth, the writer has found it impossible to impart the fungus artificially to a single insect in either the laboratory or the field. It might be well, however, to state here that these exper- iments by the writer were purposely carried on in a very crude man- ner, since their object was to secure results that might also be obtained by farmers who are not equipped with carefully arranged laboratories. If we make an exception of the matter on this subject that has been reported from the Bacteriological Institute of Grahamstown, Cape of Good Hope, it appears that up to the present time all of the experi- ments that have been attempted for the purpose of growing this fungus artificially in the laboratory have been very unsatisfactory. After hay- ing studied the subject carefully by reference to the available literature, and noting critically such facts as appear pertinent, and which are given below, it is the writer’s opinion that the exception just suggested is justifiable. The typical region for Ainmpusa grylli is Europe, and in that country perhaps it has been most frequently reported. But the reader should not infer from this statement that this fungus is of rare occurrence elsewhere, for such is not the case. Herein North America it is among the most abundant of fungus plants, and it is to be regularly met with each year in suitable localities throughout the length and breadth of the land. In fact, it very frequently occurs as an epidemic among the locusts in regions where various species of these insects have developed as pests. This same or a closely allied fungus was occasionally referred to by correspondents as indigenous to Argentina while the writer was in that country several years ago, and quite recently notices of its occurrence in Japan and the Philippine Islands have been seen. 55 By referring to the annual report of the Director of the Colonial Bacteriological Institute of the Cape of, Good Hope for 1898 it will be learned that the much-advertised South African locust fungus has been determined by the working force of that institution to be an Empusa; and the name Linpusa acridéi has been suggested for it since it was reported to have attacked other species than the red locust (Acridium purpuriferum Walk.), one of the chief destructive species of that section. Plates I, I], and III, which are photographie repro- ductions accompanying that report, show these locusts as they appear upon the vegetation after death caused by the fungus. Judging from what is known concerning the actions of insects after having been attacked by different fungi, a person who is conversant with the sub- ject would at once pronounce the malady portrayed here to be that resulting from the presence of an Empusa. To verify this conclusion in part we have the following records: Mr. Charles P. Lounsbury, government entomologist, in the Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, February 2, 1899, says that the disease is apparently identical with Himpusa grylli, and quotes as authority for this state- ment Dr. Schénland and Dr. Black, of the Bacteriological Institute of Natal. Also Dr. Munro, in his book on the Locust Plague (p. 182), quotes from a Mr. Evans as follows: On the 4th of this month I wrote a letter stating that a fungus had been found in a locust causing its death, and it was afterwards determined by Mr. George Murray, F. L. §., head of the botanical department of the British Museum, as Hmpusa grylli. While the insects in question have apparently died as a result of the presence of an Empusa, an entirely different fungus appears to have been isolated from the dead locusts and afterwards grown in quantity and sent out from the laboratory to be utilized in fighting the same pests. In this report, referred to above, we find a description and illustrations of a fungus which in no wise resembles or approaches Empusa. In fact, both the descriptions and figures suggest a Mucor instead, and possibly the world-wide distributed Mucor racemosus Fres., which does not belong to the insect-destroying fungi at all, but to the ordinary molds. Strangely enough the tubes of the so-called South African locust fungus received by the writer, both while in Argentina during 1898 and here in Nebraska two years later, contained fine growths of what was evidently the above-named Mucor. In glancing over the files of the Journal of the Department of Agri- culture of Western Australia for July, 1901, a statement was found to the effect that ‘‘The destruction of locusts by means of a parasitic fungus (Mucor racemosus) has now passed from the domain of experi- mentation into that of everyday practice. The method which has been tried in various places where swarms of locusts proved troublesome to vegetation, notably South Africa, has been for the past two or three years successfully applied in Victoria.” 56 The Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales (vol. 10, 1899, p. 1213) contains ‘*A brief report of locust fungus,” by D. McAlpine, in which the writer says that a fungus which has been used against locusts at Cape of Good Hope with good success has also been intro- duced into New South Wales and identified by him as I/ucor racemosus. In looking up the bibliography of the fungus called J/ucor racemosus it was found that two quite distinct plants have received this name. One of these was described by Bulliard in Hist. Champs., France, and is said by DeCandolle to belong to the genus Botrytis as now limited. The name of this fungus would then appear as Botrytis racemosa (Bull.) DC.; while the other, which has been the one under considera- tion, should be known as J/ucor racemosus Fres. (Beitriige zur Mykolo- gie). The Botrytis has been found upon putrid, oily, or greasy substances in France and Germany, while, on the other hand, the Mucor occurs quite generally over the world as a common mold that attacks decaying, starchy, and other substances. Being so generally distributed, and withal so readily grown, there is no wonder that this last mentioned should have been the fungus isolated, as heretofore stated, instead of the Empusa, which is extremely difficult to gow upon various culture media, such as are used for the artificial propagation of bacteria. It might be mentioned also that in our experiments here at the University of Nebraska we have experienced great difficulty in isolat- ing any particular fungus, and especially with recognized insect- attacking genera like Empusa, Botrytis, Sporotrichum, and _ Isaria. Almost invariably these would be accompanied by saprophytic fungi, such as Mucor, Fusarium, Alternaria, Macrosporium, Aspergillus, ete., which would very quickly crowd the others out. If the reader will take the trouble to refer to the instructions which accompany the various tubes of this South African locust fungus when they are distributed he will find the following directions given for securing an abundant supply of the material: Collect a large number of grasshoppers which have died from the fungus. Dig a hole in the ground about 18 inches deep and | foot wide. Strew some grasshoppers over the bottom, then sprinkle some water over them. Repeat with grasshoppers and again sprinkle until the hole is full. Do not press the grasshoppers in the hole, but leave them lightly packed. Then cover with a piece of tin or board and keep the hole thus carefully covered for four or five days. If warm weather, four days will be sufficient, but if colder a longer time will be required. At the end of this time remove the grasshoppers and spread them out in the sun for an hour or two, or until thoroughly dry. Now grind them into a meal. Of this meal, which may be kept dry for a long time until wanted, take two tablespoonfuls and add it to a large tumblerful of water, into which some sugar has been placed. Leave this ina warm place for twelve to forty-eight hours, and then treat live grasshoppers by dip- ping, ete., just as one does when using the fungus when supplied in tubes. If such a proceeding as that just described does not result in the growth of a variety of common molds, J/ucor racemosus among them, 57 nothing will do so. Even had the insects which were collected and buried been killed by poison, boiling water, heat, or in some other violent manner, and treated in a similar way, the result would in all probability have been quite similar. But when these insects die from disease and drop to the ground in a variety of localities, and later are gathered together, there is no telling how many different kinds of saprophytic fungi may have come in contact with and adhered to them. Even Empusa-killed insects, attached to vegetation a considerable dis- tance from the ground, would themselves become infested, and under favorable conditions support a great variety of these molds. In our experiments with the fungus mentioned in this paper as Mucor racemosus we have found that such locusts as have been dipped or sprinkled with sugar-water cultures of it are killed; but when turned loose in the field there is no apparent spreading of the fungus to other *hoppers. Neither did we have any success in destroying them when the inoculation was attempted by feeding the fungus to the insects along with bread crumbs, etc., that had been used for culture media. It is surmised that by thus dipping the insects into the liquid containing the fungus some of the mycelial threads and spores of the latter enter the stomata, as well as the sutures between the rings of the abdomen and thorax, and start to grow, and in a short time use up the fluids and vital tissues of the body sufticiently to cause death. Since none of the other fungous diseases of locusts, aside from that caused by Hinpusa grylli, seem to have received much attention heretofore, it has been thought best to devote some space to their dis- cussion here. Especially does this seem warranted because of the numerous references made to them in these pages. SPOROTRICHUM Sp. The first of these other locust-attacking fungi that deserves mention was discovered by the writer in 1897 while investigating the destruc- tive locust problem of Argentina, South America. In the month of June, when the insect then under investigation was hibernating, or, more correctly speaking, resting, and confined chiefly to the more northern districts of that country, it was thought best to occupy the time in gathering data of various sorts. It was on one of the field excursions which were regularly made at intervals, as this work was progressing, that dead fungus-covered nymphs of the destructive locust were discovered securely tucked away in dense bunches of a species of grass common to a large portion of the open country. These dead sa/tonas (as the nymphs of these insects are called in that country) had evidently been destroyed by the fungus in large numbers during the previous year. Still, so securely were they tucked away in these clumps of grass that fully eight months later they not only remained nearly perfect in form, but also retained their colors sufli- ciently to make their identity certain. 58 Having had some previous experience with an insect-destroying fungus of a similar appearance in the destruction of quite a different insect in the United States, a preliminary examination of these fungous- covered locusts at once suggested a Sporotrichum. But in order to obtain a verification of this surmise, or to learn definitely the nature of the find, specimens of the dead fungus-covered insects were sub- mitted to Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, who reported that the identification was correct. Although tbe genus to which this South American locust-killing fungus belongs has been definitely settled, various unavoidable circumstances have thus far prevented its specific identification. Locusts that have been attacked by this South American fungus, instead of climbing to the top of various plants so as to get as much air and light as possible, creep away from the light and seek dark, moist places in which to die. Consequently they are most often found hidden away near the roots’ of bunch grasses, in the midst of dense, juicy foliage. Here, after death, their bodies become entirely filled with mycelial threads and spores of the fungus. In many cases, under certain conditions, the fungus growth also appears upon the outside and almost completely covers the dead body of the insect. Some breeding-cage experiments attempted later in the year indi- cated that the fungus could be quite readily transmitted from these dead fungus-covered saltonas to live, healthy locusts of the same species. While out in the open ‘‘camp,” the invading swarms soon began dying in rather large numbers in the vicinity where the fungus had first been discovered. On gathering the dead bodies of these latter and pulverizing them, and afterwards strewing this powder upon others along with their food, the result was that they too were found to sicken and die. The action of this fungus upon the host is similar to that of Spero- trichum globuliferum on the chinch bug. At first the victim becomes restless, ceases feeding, and begins to wander aimlessly about, and, shortly before death, it seeks a secluded spot in some dark nook upon or near the ground. Quite frequently, after a passing flight of an infected swarm, the ground was found to be strewn with the dead bodies of such insects as had succumbed to the disease. These soon turned bright pink in color, and where they failed to reach a suffi- ciently moist and shady place shortly became quite hard and leathery in texture instead of rotting and breaking into fragments, as is custom- ary with dead insects of this class. Also at the ‘‘ roosting places” of such swarms many of these pinkish-colored locusts were found upon the ground, having succumbed and dropped during the night. Some of these latter, although winged, have been known later to exhibit the characteristics of those shown in the illustration already referred to. During the period in which this fungus was epidemic among the 59 locusts in the southern portion of Santa Fe, and while under the obser- vation of the writer, only four distinct species of locusts were found that had died as the result of its attack. These were the large migra- tory species of Argentina and the neighboring countries, Schistocerca poranensis Burm. , Zoniopoda tarsataServ., Diponthus communis Brun., and Dichroplus elongatus Giglio-Tos. It might be of interest, however, to know that each of these, aside from the paranens/s, becomes locally destructive at times. This fungus, like Empusa, flourishes best during warm, humid weather. Having obtained such satisfactory results in transmitting this disease to other locusts while conducting experiments in Argentina, a, quantity of dead fungus-covered insects, like those described above, were gathered and brought back to the United States for use in attempting to destroy our North American species. Accordingly, in July and August, 1898, large numbers of several of our most common Melanopli were gathered and placed in breeding cages along with a goodly supply of green food and the bodies of the dead fungus-covered insects. The powdered bodies of such dead locusts were also strewn over the food and moistened earth at the bottom of the cages. In addition to these, similar experiments were attempted in fields where our native locusts were exceedingly numerous, but in all cases these experiments failed to show a single instance of the possible transmission of the fungus to our native species. More recent attempts at obtaining an artificial growth of this South American locust-killing fungus on various media in the laboratory have likewise proved utter failures, the reason for this being, no doubt, the great age of the material at hand. Notwithstanding the failures in the experiments just recorded, this, in the opinion of the writer, is one of the most promising locust- attacking fungi, since it was found to withstand considerable variation in climate and to attack at least four widely different insects. Then, too, its close relationship with the so-called chinch-bug fungus (Spo- rotrichum globuliferum) gives us some reason for encouragement in the future. On July 17, 1900, a letter was received from Mr. George W. Martin, Sterling, Colo., who had undertaken some experiments with the South African’ locust fungus, a supply of which was furnished him from Washington. This letter reads as follows: Dear Sir: I have succeeded in killing a large number of grasshoppers on 60 acres of alfalfa, covering the ground with them for one-fourth mile. The disease is still spreading and is now 500 yards from where the infected ones were placed. I do not see why it will not kill all of them. I use corn meal, 2 parts sugar, 1 part, for dose, feeding at 4+ p. m., again 6 p. m., putting them out at 7. I drive over the fields to be infected. The fungus seems to be better a week old than earlier. Yours, truly, : GEORGE W. MARTIN. 60 A visit to the locality, as already stated, revealed the fact that although several species of native locusts were dying in large numbers, yet, contrary to the rule with insects that had been attacked by Empusa, these Colorado “hoppers all fell to the ground instead of remaining fastened to the vegetation. About the same time, and also somewhat later in the season, other reports were received of similar epidemics occurring among the grasshoppers in localities where no infection of any kind had been distributed. This year again other reports of. similar epidemics occurring among these insects were received here at the University of Nebraska. One of these was so remarkable in nature that a representative of the experiment station visited the locality to make an investigation. He was also requested to secure specimens of the dead and dying insects so as to ascertain, if possible, the cause of the epidemic. Other material was received at the station from corre- spondents, and from both of these lots of dead insects there was obtained, among other things (as Spirillum and Bacterium), a Sporo- trichum, the specific identification of which was not ascertained at the time, as the botanists were then all away on their summer vacations. Since their return school duties have prevented their giving the neces- sary time to the matter, hence we can only suggest that this may be a second species of the genus which attacks locusts. While most of these local outbreaks among our native locusts occur in moist localities, such as irrigated fields and bottom lands, the one near Ogallala, Nebr., was in a field which irrigation did not reach, and came at a time when little or no rain had fallen for several weeks. The species of locusts found generally among the dead were J/e/ano- plus differentialis, M. bivittatus, M. atlanis, M. femur-rubrum, M. packardii, Spharagemon, collare, Brachystola magna, and Dissostetra carolina, these were numerous in the order named; a very encourag- ing record when we take into consideration the differences in the habits and structure of these insects. All the occurrences of this last-named disease were in fields of alfalfa. The isolation of this fungus came so late in the year, and at a time when other matters were so pressing, that further work with it was, for the time being, Hpraclicibke It is impossible, therefore, to predict its probable future value as an artificial factor in the control of the locust pest in the region where it was found. : The Sporotrichum globuliferum is reported as having been success- fully used against the different species of destructive locust in Algeria during 1899, but whether the identification of the fungus concerned is reliable is roe known. CONCLUSIONS. After having spent considerable time in experimenting under vari- ous conditions and in different regions, as well as in the study of the researches carried on by others, it is the opinion of the writer that 61 fungous diseases as a means of killing off insect pests is greatly over- estimated. Especially is this true with reference to their use against destructive locusts. The chief objections are the difficulties with which pure cultures are obtained and later transmitted to the insects to be destroyed, and the frequent adverse influence of climatic conditions. Much of this false notion as to the absolute effectiveness of inocula- tion as a cure-all, which has gained a firm lodgement in the minds of so many people throughout the land, is, no doubt, due to the careless way in which agricultural and other newspapers of the country make definite statements on incomplete information. Then, too, very fre- quently contributors to such papers write concerning matters they know little or nothing about. This sort of business on the part of the press certainly places the economic entomologist in a peculiar posi- tion since it creates a misunderstanding between him and the people in whose interest he is supposed to labor. Were the writer required to give his opinion as to which of these different fungi seems the most promising, he would, without hesita- tion, say, ** The native one.” He would say this, because the impor- tation of these locust-killing fungi from one country into another depends greatly on the similarity which exists in the climatic condi- tions of the countries concerned, in the relationship of hosts to be considered, and in the ease with which the fungi can be handled in the laboratory. Between the HEmpusze and Sporotricha the latter seem the more preferable, because they are more readily handled arti- ficially, growing, as they do, quite readily on different culture media. THE CONFLICT OF THE RUSSIAN ZYEMSTVOS”’ WITH THE ENEMIES OF AGRICULTURE.’ By V. MoracHeEvskt. [Abstract by Dr. Peter Fireman.] Not the measures employed by the individual farmer in his fight against the animals and insects injurious to agriculture are described in the present article, but those adopted by the local self-government organs in Russia. GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDIID/). (a) Pachytylus migratorius. It is at present accepted as proved that the islands of some rivers (Ural, Volga, Kuma, Kuban, Terek, Manich, Egorlik, Don, Dnieper, Danube, and Sarpa) serve as nurseries for this insect. Such islands furnish an enormous store of food for grasshop- «Zyemstyo—A governmental body in Russian provinces and local districts, elected by the people. It consists in each case of a council and an executive board. b(Syelskoye Khozyaistvo e Lyesovodstvo (Agriculture and Forestry), vol. 193, 1899, April, pp. 183-208; vol. 194, 1899, August, pp. 193-226, September, pp. 445-454. ) 62 pers, sufficient in the great majority of cases to maintain them from the time of their hatching to their death. Moreover, on these islands they are safe from their natural enemies. Therefore, the investigators of the grasshoppers, as well as some of the zyemstvos, have arrived at the conclusion that radical measures for preventing the calamities caused by the incursions of these insects must be directed not so much toward the destruction of the insects as toward the conversion of these islands into cultivated lands. In the appearance of the grasshoppers in enormous numbers some periodicity has long been observed. In the Taurida government some of the zyemstvos took up the com- bat against the grasshoppers in 1877. The rules which are at present obligatory in the contest in the whole province were elaborated by the provincial zyemstyo and confirmed by the Minister of the Interior. The work is paid for according to a scale fixed by the district zyem- stvos. For the performance of the work all persons of the lower classes are required to present themselves (peasants, workingmen, and the like, not excluding the women and children above 10 years of age). Each relay of workmen can be held not longer than three days. The council of the district zyemstvo elects special organizers for stated sec- tions of the district, whose duty it is to watch the appearance of the grasshoppers in the district, to study the extent of the area infested with the eggs of the grasshoppers, to keep the district as well as the provincial zyemstvo informed about their observations in this regard, and to personally participate and superintend the work of destroying the insects. In 1896 there were 17 such organizers in the Simpheropol district, with a compensation of 3 rubles per day during the time of fighting the grasshoppers. The Bessarabia government began the contest in 1876 and stopped it in 1887, since when the grasshoppers have not appeared. In the Kherson government the provincial zyemstvo conducts the fight against these insects as well as against others, and sussliks (Spermophilus citillus), covering the expense by collecting a tax of one-half cent per dyessyatina (2.7 acres). In the Voronyezh government the provincial zyemstvo in 1882, in view of the fact that the grasshoppers deposited their eggs in the autumn over an extended area, especially in the Novo-Khopyor district, petitioned the Imperial Government to defray the expenses of fighting the grasshoppers from the general funds of the Empire, to appropriate for this purpose 1,000,000 rubles, and to impose a natural tax. Mean- while the Novo-Khopyor district zyemstvo was directed to urge the land owners to plow up those places where the eggs were deposited. The Minister of the Interior, however, refused to grant to the pro- vincial zyemstvo the subsidy of the Imperial Government, but agreed to loan that sum to the zyemstvo. In 1883 the grasshoppers made 63 their appearance in the spring. They were combated very energet- ically, with the cooperation of the police, local population, and six battalions of soldiers. At an expense of 52,000 rubles the zyemstvo destroyed completely the grasshoppers in the province. In the Oryol government all the work directed to the destruction of the grasshoppers is divided between the provincial zyemstvo and the district zyemstvos, the duty of the former being the ascertainment of the places infested with the eggs of the insects, the instruction of the population in the methods of combating them, and a general super- vision over the carrying out of all the operations, while the duty of the distric zyemstvos is the immediate execution of those operations. The Tamboyv government in 1893 petitioned the imperial administra- tion to consider the destroying of the grasshoppers as a duty of the whole nation. The minister of the interior replied that similar peti- tions were received repeatedly from zyemstvos, but were invariably declined by the minister of the interior, with the concurrence of the ministry of finance, on the ground that, according to the existing laws, measures for the destruction of the injurious insects are incum- bent. upon the zyemstvos. The executive board of the provincial zyemstvo then organized the fight against the grasshoppers, a fund of 100,000 rubles being appropriated by the zyemstvo. The wages were fixed as follows: To a workingman with a horse, 12} cents a day; to one without a horse, 5 cents a day; for 36 pounds of grasshoppers collected, 124 cents. The zyemstvos of the Ekaterinoslav, Chernigov, Kursk, Ryazan, Samara, and Penza governments had also to fight grasshoppers, which they did more or less successfully. (0) Caloptenus ¢talicus (Italian grasshopper).—This insect appears in some places in enormous quantities. In three districts of the Sara- tov government the peasants destroyed in one season 36,000 poods (1 pood = 36 pounds); on one: estate alone during five weeks 15,000 poods were collected; in the Bobrov district 40,000 poods were destroyed. In 1897 the following regulations were adopted by the Bessarabia government, with the approval of the imperial administration: A natural tax and a money tax are fixed. The natural tax is imposed on persons belonging to the lower classes (peasants, workingmen, ete.), not excluding women and children; all these persons must do the work of destroying the Italian grasshoppers, without compensation, within a radius of 7 versts (1 verst = $ mile); if called to more remote places they receive a certain compensation fixed by the provincial zyemstvo; each relay of workingmen can not be held longer than three days. The money tax is imposed upon all the landowners who are not subject to the natural tax. The money so collected goes to cover the expenses incurred in fighting the grasshoppers, in payment to the 64 owners for their crops destroyed, in payment of the workers who — same from places farther than 7 versts, etc. For the crops destroyed while fighting the insects the owners are reimbursed to the amount of the value of the seeds, the cost of cultivation, and the rent for the land. In the Orgueyeey district, over an area of 2,000,000 acres, the fight against the Italian grasshoppers in L897 required more than 26,000 adult workers, 20,000 boys, and over 2,000 wagons. In the Kherson government the Odessa district zyemstvo spent in fighting the Italian grasshoppers in 1895, 4,000 rubles; in 1896, 20,000 rubles (paying to the workingmen 25 cents per day, young lads 125 cents, to children 64 cents, and for man and wagon 50 cents, and 124 cents, besides, for each pood of grasshoppers killed and collected); and in L897, 9,500 rubles. In the Taurida government the Dnieper district zyemstvo reports that the fighting of the grasshoppers pursued by it ata great outlay of money during three years is quite successful, as witnessed, among other things, by the considerable falling off of the expenses: The expendi- tures in 1894 were 37,000 rubles; in 1895, 9,000 rubles; and in 1896, only 2,760 rubles. The Kursk, Ryazan, Voronezh, and Saratov governments fight the Italian grasshoppers by similar methods. (¢) Gomphocerus sibiricus, Stenobothrus elegans, Stenobothrus mela- nopterus, Psophus stridulus, Bryodema tuberculata, Stauronotus cruci- atus or Stethophyma flavicosta, Stethophyma fuscum, and Pezotettix pedestris.—These do much damage, chiefly in the east of European =) Russia, in the Ural region, and in western Siberia. The zyemstvos of the Ufa, Vyatka, Perm, Nizhni Novgorod, and Kostroma governments conduct the fight against these insects on lines similar to those described with regard to the grasshoppers. MEANS OF COMBATTING. THE GRASSHOPPERS. (1) Shallow replowing or harrowing in the autumn of those places which are infested with the eggs of the grasshoppers, ete., is one of the best and most effective measures. By shallow plowing, 2 to 23 inches deep, the eges are turned out to the surface of the ground and perish, partly from atmospheric conditions and partly from birds. (2) Burning up by means of straw is practiced with great success to the destruction of the larvee of the grasshoppers. The straw is usually piled up in the field ina few places; the larve gather to these piles toward evening in large numbers in search of drier places; the straw is then ignited simultaneously from all sides. In extreme cases, when it is too late to drive out the insects from among the crops, the crops themselves are burned up. For cereals thus destroyed the owners 65 receive from the zyemstvos an indemnity, which is usually somewhat less than the real value of the burned crop. (3) The larve are sometimes destroyed by crushing with shovels, rolls, bundles of brushwood, etc. The brushwood drags give the best results. The laborers surround a certain section and drive the insects toward the center. When the circle becomes small a few brushwood drags are drawn along the circumference of the circle, describing circles of smaller and smaller diameter each time. (4) The driving of the larve into ditches and destroying them there by crushing or burning is not effective in the case of adult insects or too young larve (the latter remaining immovable when the attempt is made to frighten them up by brooms, etc.). Protective ditches used for preventing the insects from passing over into the unattacked fields must be deep and well guarded to be effective. (5) Collecting by means of bags, sheets, etc., is also much practiced. Certain trap bags have been invented and are very effective. (6) Some apparently successful experiments were also made in destroying the insects by infecting them with the fungus Aimpusa grylli. OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS. The zyemstvos have so far confined themselves principally to the combating of the sussliks and of the grasshoppers (including in the latter a number of allied insects), not taking up at all the contest against other insects equally injurious to agriculture, or taking it up only now and then, without regularity or system, in years of very great ravages. (a) Agrotis segetum and Agrotis exclamationis are the most danger- ous and most common enemies of the winter cereals. Their caterpillars are usually called (in Russia) the winter worms. Against these insects a fight is conducted only by the zyemstvos of some northeastern goy- ernments—Kostroma, Perm, Kazan, and others. Only the provincial zyemstvo of the Kostroma government has imposed a natural tax. In this government peasants have to appear with plows, brooms, and shovels for two days; within a radius of 7 versts they get no remunera- tion, but beyond that distance a certain daily wage. (0) Anisoplia austriaca (grain beetle).—The Imperial Government proposed in 1879 to all the southern zyemstvos to hold an extraordinary meeting in order to discuss the question of the grain beetle. All the zyemstyos (viz, of the Kherson, Poltava, Bessarabia, Taurida, and Kharkov governments, and also the Don zyemstvo) gave their opinions in favor of the mechanical methods of fighting the beetle, and peti- tioned the Imperial Government to prohibit the use of ropes and to declare the measures obligatory for all the southern governments. The Imperial Government granted the petition, making the following tax, as a temporary measure, obligatory for the enumerated govern- 8258—No. 38—02———_5 66 ments during a period of two years: Persons of the lower classes must appear for three days’ work without compensation at a distance of 7 versts and with compensation at a greater distance, not exceeding 20 versts; upon persons of the higher classes, on the other hand, a money tax is levied, the amount of the imposition per dyessyatina (2.7 acres) depending on the value of the work performed by the persons of the lower classes. The use of the rope was prohibited by the same law. After the lapse of two years the law was not renewed, each govern- ment conducting the contest according to its discretion. The Taurida and Ekaterinoslav governments leave the fight of the weevil to the population, and allow the use of the rope. The Kharkov government has imposed a tax of | garnts (2.88 quarts) of weevils from each dyes- syatina (2.7 acres) under rye, wheat, and barley; for each garnts not presented a fine of 125 cents is imposed. The means of fighting the weevil employed by the zyemstvos are almost all mechanical: (a) Collecting the weevil with the hands or with specially designed machines, and (b) frightening off the weevils by means of a rope. (ce) Cecidomyia destructor Say.—The only measure enforced by the zyemstvos in fighting the Hessian fly consists in not allowing the early sowing of winter crops. THE TOBACCO STALK WEEVIL. ( Trichobaris mucorea Lee. ) po ee — By F. H. Currrenven. In a consideration of the potato stalk weevil, 7richobaris trinotata Say., which was treated somewhat in detail in Bulletin No. 33, new series (pp. 9-18), it was remarked in defining the food habits of this species that tobacco and tomato appeared to be exempt from its ravages, although nearly all other Solanaceze growing within its range were attacked. Before the bulletin in question had appeared in print we received a communication from Mr. Lawson H. Shelfer, tobacco expert of the Bureau of Soils, and located at Willis, Tex., that a related species of weevil was greatly injuring tobacco in that section. Our correspondent first wrote in regard to this species, transmitting adults, and in the following months sent much material and many valuable notes on the habits of this insect and the nature of its ravages. The remarks which follow, on the insect’s life history and habits, are based mainly upon Mr. Shelfer’s letters and the material received from him. The larva of this species also, as might be expected from its close relationship to the potato stalk weevil, inhabits the stalk of tobacco and also the main ribs of leaves, sometimes completely severing them or injuring them so badly that the winds which blow almost constantly in that region break them off and thus greatly weaken the plant. 67 This weevil first appeared, according to the testimony of residents of that vicinity, in 1898, and has become more numerous each year. At the date of first writing, May 20, from 2 to 6 beetles were found on single plants, frequently in pairs. It was concluded, as a result of conversation with many local growers, that the tobacco crop had been attacked even earlier than the specified date, but the cause was not definitely known. May 28 some tobacco plants showing infestation were sent to this office. It was discovered a few days before this time that nearly every plant in a four-acre field was affected. In some neighboring fields it was impossible to find a stalk that did not contain one or more larvee, but all fields were not so badly affected. The larva is locally known as *‘ pith worm,” from its habit of boring through the length of plants. The beetles were also stated to be doing great damage to tobacco. June 12, Mr. Shelfer stated that the beetles were still cutting the leaves and depositing eggs. Owing to the fact that twenty-six days had elapsed at that time since rain had fallen and many nights were without dew, the tobacco crop suffered much, and more especially when this insect was at work in the stalks. During the last week of June and first of July we received considerable material from our cor- respondent, the insect being present in the three stages of larva, pupa, and adult at this time. In some stalks the pupal cell was constructed 4 inches from the root system, while in others on a level with the surface of the ground. It is evident that in tobacco this insect works in a different manner from that which it employs in other plants which it may infest, the reason being the very woody condition of the lower portions of the stalks. It is evident also that the larve, after attain- ing maturity or thereabouts, turn and bore upward for the construc- tion of their transformation cells. The lowest individuals will mature first, and those which form their cells higher will mature much later. As a consequence there will be intervals of a week or more between the time of their transformation. Thus it happens that the older individuals must wait for the younger ones to make their exit, since there is hardly space for the former to pass the latter. Some of the insects penetrate to the very tops of the stalks. Jamestown weed, which we have record of this insect attacking, was a comparative rarity in that section of Texas, and no other solanaceous plants could be found growing wild within half a mile of the infested fields. At other points (Liberty and Woodville, Tex.) this weed was found, but no weevils, this verifying an opinion hazarded by the writer that the insect was local as well as periodical as regards injuries. Mr. J. A. Blohm, of Willis, verified Mr. Shelfer’s account as to injuries of this stalk weevil, his experience practically duplicating that of our correspondent in most essential particulars. Attack was at first attributed to improper farming. 68 September 5, 1902, Mr. Shelfer called at this office and furnished the writer with some additional information on the insect’s occurrence and life history. ‘Tobacco was first set out April 8, and the beetles were observed at work the following day, as a rule in pairs, attacking the leaves, which soon after attack began to droop. After the mid- ribs had been eaten for some time the leaves curled over, and under this protection the beetles congregated for feeding. The beetles, as well as larvee, were still in the field the first week in September. DESCRIPTIVE. The tobacco-destroying species of weevil, Zr/chobaris mucorea Lee. may be readily separated from the potato species, 7) tr/notata Say, by its much larger size. The former will average one-fourth of an inch or a little longer (5-6™"), while the latter does not exceed three- sixteenths of an inch, averaging about one-sixth inch or a little smaller (8-4.5""). The tobacco species is, moreover, a little more robust and of more uniform size, and is distinguished, according to Casey, ‘‘ by its rather depressed upper surface and the subdentate area at the sides of the prothorax beneath.” Also by the ‘‘pronotum densely and confluently punctate, sometimes longitudinally rugose, the sides more or less feebly sinuate just behind apical third; antennal club more slender and elongate, less abrupt, the outer funicular joints more transverse; pronotum with a narrow impunctate median carina.” In 7. trinotata the pronotum is simply punctate and without an impunctate and subcarinate median line, as in meuwcorea, and the anten- nal club is robust and abrupt. Ina large series of specimens, such as the writer has at the present writing, it is seen that there is alsoa difference in color. All of the specimens of ¢r/notata are darker, the pubescence being darker gray than in mucorea. There is no observa- ble difference in specimens collected in the field and those taken from the stalks of eggplant the first week of September. In hibernated individuals of #uwcorea the scales are very pale, nearly white, while in those which have recently issued from stalks they are dull, some- what yellowish brown.” In all specimens of mwcorea there is an api- cal line of yellowish pubescence on the thorax, forming a collar above the head. This collar is scarcely at all indicated in ¢r/notata, and the color of the scales here are of the same uniform gray as of the entire upper surface. INJURY IN FLORIDA BY A RELATED SPECIES. July 14, 1902, Mr. William M. Corry, Quincey, Fla., wrote, in response to inquiry, that at various times in previous years—though not in , «This difference in coloration has been noted in another species of scale-covered weevil, Ceutorhynchus rape Say, Bul. 23, n. s., p. 48. 69 1902—he had observed affected stalks in fields of tobacco there, and when the leaves were broken off it was found that a hole was in the center, caused by a small insect known there as ‘tthe borer.” The insect seemed to start at the root and inake its way gradually up in the heart of the stalk, its presence being indicated by the leaves dropping and the stalk gradually withering and turning yellow. There can be no reasonable doubt that the species in question is Trichobaris insolita Casey, 1 species rather commonly found in that portion of Florida. DISTRIBUTION. In defining the distribution of the potato stalk weevil it has been said that that species was rather generally distributed throughout the Carolinian and Austroriparian regions, and that it was found westward to Texas. Such a statement has previously been made by Casey and probably others, and it may be that the insect really inhabits Texas, but in a series of 34 specimens at present available Texas- labeled individuals are not in evidence. Trichobaris mucorea is represented in the national collection and others at present under observation by upwards of 50 individuals, from which the following locality list is taken: Columbus and Willis, Tex.; Los Angeles, Kern County, and elsewhere in California (no definite locality); Tucson, Galiuro Mountains, San Rita Mountains, Catal Springs, and Oracle, Ariz. LeConte records the species from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, and there is little doubt that it occurs elsewhere in Mexico. The type specimen was found near Fort Yuma, Cal. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1858, p. 59.) METHODS OF CONTROL. In spite of the close relationship of this species to the potato stalk weevil, it is very evident that we have an entirely different problem to solve. The similarity of the insects is structural. The habits are materially different; for whereas the potato weevil has a definite time of appearance and disappearance, from April to May, and again the following year at the same time, we see no more of the insects until after they have laid their eges and the larve have transformed to pupx and thence to adults in the stalks. Here they remain during the winter. The tobacco weevil, on the contrary, evidently escapes from the stalks after the tobacco leaves have been cut, and hibernates in other places. Paris green, Mr. Shelfer has observed, applied as a spray by means of a knapsack outfit, will kill the beetles, and he is of the opinion, in which the writer concurs, that if an arsenical is used at intervals during the season at the proper time, beginning with the time that plants are set out, the insect may be kept under control. 70 The following suggestions for another season are made: After the leaves are cut the stalks should be destroyed as promptly as possible, and the entire fields should be cleaned of refuse; and this applies also to barns and other places where the tobacco is stored. If this be done systematically over the entire affected area it will leave very few insects to combat the following year. The first appearing insects could be attracted and successfully dealt with, there is no doubt, by setting early plants as traps here and there over the area to be grown in tobacco. Their growth could be stim- ulated, and they could be protected from insects and the weather until ready for use, by covering them with square frames covered with cheese cloth or similar material. A few days before planting the main crop the covers should be removed and the plants thoroughly coated with a spray of some arsenical. Before setting out the main crop the plants should be dipped ina solution of arsenate of lead, prepared at the rate of 1 pound of poison to 100 gallons of water. This would not scorch the plants, and it would be preferable to Paris green, as it remains longer, requiring more rain to wash it off. In a week or ten days, according to the growth of the plant, a second spraying should be made, and for this purpose either arsenate of lead or Paris green and Bordeaux mixture can be used. It is suggested by way of experiment that one plat of, say, 25 or more plants be sprayed with arsenate of lead; a second with Paris green, 1 pound to 150 gallons of water; a third with Paris green at the same rate, with the addition of Bordeaux mixture used instead of lime as a diluent; and the fourth, with Bordeaux mixture alone. It is not known to what extent Bordeaux mixture would prove repellent to this weevil (possibly not greatly), but if sufficiently distasteful it would drive the insects from the plants treated with it to others which should be poisoned with Paris green alone. THE LEAF-MINING LOCUST BEETLE, WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES. By F. H. CHirrenpen. The foliage of the common, yellow or black locust tree (Ztobinza pseudacacia) is subject to the attack of a leaf-beetle, sometimes called in literature the locust Hispa (Odontota dorsalis Thunb.) and which we may call the leaf-mining locust beetle fo distinguish it from several other forms of insects, mostly the larve of Tineidee, which also mine the leaves of this tree, and from other beetles which attack the trunk and other portions of the tree. Injury by the species under discussion is due mainly to the work of the larvee, although the beetles also assist. val Damage usually becomes manifest some time in July in the more northern States, and southward earlier, in June. In cases of severe attack the leaves turn brown as if scorched by fire. Injurious attack is not often brought to the notice of economic entomologists, which is rather remarkable considering that the locust is of great value as a timber tree, for posts, etc., though of less importance as a shade tree than elm, oak, maple, and others with which everyone is familiar. Thus it happens that although year after year this insect has done much harm to the locust, where this treé is of value, comparatively little has been published concerning the insect’s ravages, its life history and habits. Like many other insect pests, it is subject to considerable fluctuation in numbers, in some years being quite destructive while in others it attracts little notice. It is nearly-always more or less troublesome to the locusts'in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and in recent years has been reported as more or less destructive in neighbor- ing States. Injury has been reported in West Virginia from 1890 to 1897, in New York and New Jersey in 1896, in Maryland from 1896 to 1899, in Ohio and Kentucky in 1897, in Pennsylvania and Kentucky in 1898. These reports probably do not by any means sum up the entire area infested during the past ten years. In 1898 this beetle did more than usual damage over a considerable portion of this territory. In most seasons this beetle does little more harm to the locust than to mar its beauty as a shade tree, but in years of its greatest abun- dance it is probable that trees are so badly weakened by the combined ravages of this and other leaf-miners that the result is practically the same as that of defoliation and the trees are so weakened that they readily succumb to disease, to unfavorable atmospheric conditions, and to the destructive work of different species of borers, such as the painted locust borer (Cyllene robinizw Forst.), which is of still more importance as an enemy of this tree. In the vicinity of the District of Columbia the damage effected by this leaf-miner is frequently as bad as reported elsewhere, and we have observed locust groves where the injury was almost entirely due to the work of the beetle, while in others the Tineid leaf-miners were more numerous. As a rule, however, this locust beetle is more abundant about Washington than all of the leaf-minine Tineide, as well as other locust pests, taken together, and its importance in eco- nomic entomology is deserving of a more detailed consideration than has hitherto been given to the public. Injury is usually most severe to young trees and to such as have low, vigorous branches, and to others growing on the edges of sunny lawns and in similar locations. There are, however, some striking exceptions. In many localities such plants suffer greatly year after year. ‘Taller trees, on the contrary, are much less subject to injury. 72 In speaking of damage effected by this leaf-miner, Chambers (Amer. Ent., Vol. III, p. 61) says: The young trees seem to suffer most, as the insect seems to prefer their foliage; and large old trees seldom exhibit the burnt appearance of the young groves. Young shoots growing up around an old trunk will sometimes have nearly all of their leaves blistered, while few, comparatively, on the old tree will be injured. DESCRIPTIV E. Few species among our native Coleoptera exhibit more striking coloration than Odontota dorsalis,“ so that with the accompanying illustration (fig. 3, 7) and description even an inexperienced observer can not fail to recognize it. Fig. 3.—Odontota dorsalis: a, beetle; b, Jarva; ¢, pupa— times natura size (original). The beetle.—It is elongate in form, moderately convex, only moderately shining, the color of the dorsal or upper side being bright orange red with the head and a vitta or stripe along the suture of the elytra or wing cases black. The ventral or under side, including the legs, isalso black. The black sutural vitta occupies usually about one-third of the width of the elytra and widens behind, but sometimes it is much narrower and of equal width and still more rarely widest at the base. The structural characters which, besides the coloration, distinguish O. dorsalis from other species of the same genus are as follows: Form rather slender, not cuneiform; elytra of equal width, each having ten series of punctures and three of the interstices form- ing elevated costie. It measures a little less than a fourth of an inch in length (5-5.5 mm.) and is less than half that in width (2.2-2.4 mm.) at its widest part. The egg is short, oval in outline and flattened on two sides, its color when freshly a Ae Phage species has been given other names aan ie one here pea a ee should be added in regard to nomenclature. The specific name dorsalis was proposed first by Thunberg in 1805 (Gétting Gel. Ang., p. 282); in 1808 Olivier redescribed it as Chrysomela scutellaris (Ent. Hist. Nat., Coleop. Vol. VI, p. 771), and Harris also described the species as new, using the name /ispa suturalis, which was first intro- duced by the Rey. F. V. Melsheimer in his Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Pennsyl- vania, published in 1806 (p. 15, no. 308), and seems to be based on an erroneous identification of our species with the Hispa suturalis of Fabricius. 73 laid being milk white, with the shell extremely thin and pliable. J ’ At the Pittsburg meeting in June last I presented some notes on the use of the lime, sulphur, and salt wash as a treatment for the San Jose scale in Maryland. Further observations have been made on these tests, and it appears desirable to briefly present the results, particu- larly since the conclusions reached in June as to the lack of efficiency of the wash now appear to have been premature. urperiment I.—Twenty badly infested Japan plum trees were treated at College Park, Md., on March 4.. The last examination before the Pittsburg meeting was made on June 2, practically three months later. At this time the young live scales were very numerous, crawling around over the limbs and branches, and many had already settled. Live adult females were also very abundant even where the wash was still adhering to the trees. Scraping infested branches with a knife blade flatwise pressed out an abundance of the oily fluid from the 37 bodies of the insects. The per cent of scale killed by the treatment was carefully estimated at from 55 to 60. Examinations of these trees at different times during July and August revealed that the scales were gradually becoming less and less instead of more numerous, as would have been expected from the large per cent of adult insects that had escaped treatment. By the first week in July the over-wintering females were practically all dead, having given birth to their young. The young larve to a considerable extent failed to permanently establish themselves, and practically ali of those which had settled soon afterwards died. Only here and there could a live maturing insect be found, and these were mostly on the terminal growth. By the middle of August the old scales were peeling from the trunks and branches, and on September 6, the date of last exami- nation, the trees were noticeably brighter and smoother, owing to the general falling off of the dead scales. But comparatively few live scales could be found, although these same trees were alive with the crawling larve in June. Experiment [1.—This test was made at Annapolis Junction on 225 10-year-old apple trees and about 50 2-year-old peach trees. The wash was applied. March 27 and 28. An examination on June 13, about two and one-half months later, showed young, crawling lice in great abundance, and the mature breeding females were so numerous that but little good appeared to have been accomplished by the treat- ment. The percentage of scales killed was placed at from 45 to 50. This orchard was not examined again until September 8. Instead of finding these trees badly infested with scale they were found to be remarkably clean. Live scales were really hard to find even this iate in the season. The old scales had largely shelled off and the trunks and limbs had taken on a slick, healthy appearance. Even on trees that had been encrusted with scales the results were apparently equally good. The final outcome of these tests of the wash was quite a surprise. It would appear that results have been expected too soon after the application of the wash, and it further appears, as has recently been shown by Mally” in the case of Diaspis pentagona, that a sufficient amount of the wash probably remains on the trunks and limbs to destroy the larve coming from those females which escaped the treat- ment. The final effect of the wash in the two cases cited and in other cases that have come under my observation leads me to believe that we have a most valuable treatment for the San Jose scale in the lime, sulphur, and salt wash. «Entomological News, vol. 13, p. 223. 38 Following this paper the secretary read a communication from Mr. W. E. Britton, as follows: THE LIME, SULPHUR, AND SALT MIXTURE IN CONNECTICUT. By W. E. Brirron, New Haven, Conn. In the spraying experiments conducted by the station during the spring of 1902 the lime, sulphur, and salt mixture was given a trial in three different localities in Connecticut. April 1a pear tree near New Haven was sprayed with a mixture containing 50 pounds of lime, 50 pounds of sulphur, and 50 pounds of salt to 150 gallons of water. Another pear tree was sprayed on April 15 with a mixture made in the same way. On May 23 a careful examination of these trees showed that less than 1 per cent of the scales were alive. The same formula was used on one peach tree and one cherry tree at Bridgeport April 16. No living insects could be found on these trees when examined on June 23. The trees were very late about putting out their leaves, and on April 18 six Japanese plum trees and one peach tree at Terry- ville were sprayed with a mixture made of 30 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of sulphur, 15 pounds of salt, and 60 gallons of water. On June 24 the trees were examined and the percentages of living insects were found to vary from 0 to 7, the average of the seven trees being 3.36 per cent. In each case this insecticide was used in comparison with 25 per cent crude oil mixed with water and several other mixtures. It proved to be as effective in destroying the scale insect as any of the other prepa- rations employed, and in no case did it injure the trees, while some harm followed the application of crude oil, both undiluted and in the 25 per cent mixture, in several cases. The largest percentage of living insects on the sprayed trees occurred on branches which were very badly infested, being covered several layers in depth with the bodies of the insects. The insecticide in some cases had not penetrated the mass sufficiently to kill those at the bottom. The lime, sulphur, and salt mixture has also been used in several large Connecticut orchards the past season, and has given satisfactory results. It will be employed much more extensively the coming season. At the conclusion of this paper the subject was opened for discussion. Mr. Alwood remarked that for some years he had been somewhat of an advocate of both refined and crude oil. In Virginia they had sprayed thousands of trees with these forms of petroleum, and in the main good results had followed. In some cases the results had been remarkably good. He desired to call attention to a case where the use of oils had been very beneficial. This particular case was a young 39 orchard of about 500 winesap applies. Scale insects were discovered on these trees, he thought in 1898, about three years after setting. The insects were discovered in the summer, and five trees out of the 500 or more were quite badly coated. There had been, of course, some spread to other trees. The young orchard was in a very beauti- ful condition, and the owner had appealed to him to do something to stop the spread of the insects. He had already been making experi- ments in the way of summer work, and so he recommended spraying these trees with pure kerosene, 150° flash test, and this had been done. Three of the trees had died from the treatment. They were covered with the scale, and of course were weak from the effect of the insect. Two of them had lived through the application of pure kerosene in the summer and are still living, and up to the present time were free from scale. He further stated that he had applied kerosene to some thousands of trees in the summer time, and in no case had trees been killed by its use except where he had killed them purposely in order to determine how much oil the trees could stand. In the case of the young orchard cited, the insects had not all been exterminated and the oil was again applied in the dormant season, and this was repeated in 1900. In 1901 the application had been changed to crude petroleum late in the winter season or early in the spring. The scale was not eradicated by this treatment, and crude petroleum was used again in 1902. He thought the last application had largely eradicated the scale; but he had visited the orchard the Ist of Septem- ber, 1902, and had found a very few San Jose scale on five trees. The infestation was chiefly at the base of the trees in the region where the trunks of the trees and soil come together. Some few had been found in crevices of the bark. He explained that this instance was mentioned because that orchard to-day is a remarkably fine one, 8 years old, apparently uninjured by the treatment, and the scale, while not eradicated, has been so thoroughly repressed that it had accom- plished no harm. The trees that were first so thoroughly treated with the pure kerosene are apparently free from the scale. There are a few trees in the orchard which were never badly infested, probably six or eight, which are still slightly infested. This is only one of a good many cases in Virginia which could be mentioned, but was to be considered illustrative of the work where intelligently done. Mr. Fiske stated that in Georgia the San Jose scale had been the chief feature of the work of the department of entomology for a good many years past. They had been obliged to fight it with every known means, and for some years oil had been recommended. In a way the oil treatment had been successful where applied correctly. Still there had been a good deal of complaint from growers that peach trees had been killed by the oil and that the fruit buds had been injured. He had found in comparing the published results with oil in the different parts of the country that a considerable difference of opinion prevails 40 as to its value. Last winter, in order to straighten out certain vexed points, a series of experiments had been instituted by the department. Several different orchards had been used, embracing trees in different stages of growth and in different conditions. These had been sprayed with oil, with the lime, sulphur, and salt wash, and various other mix- tures. A few points had been cleared up, but the results of these experiments had raised numerous other points, so that on the whole, from his standpoint, he had not been much enlightened by the tests. In Georgia at the present time the question is not what is the best general treatment for the San Jose scale, but what is the best treat- ment for any particular orchard, and the conditions in every orchard are different. In the experiment work last winter two orchards had been used, one of which was two years old, containing large trees for their age, healthy and thoroughly infested with the scale. The other was an orchard of 4-year-old trees, healthy, rather mature, and, if anything, worse infested with scale than those of the younger orchard. The experiments were duplicated on these two orchards, which were situated about half a mile apart, the soil and weather con- ditions being practically the same. Frequently the same insecticide had been applied to the respective orchards on the same date and by the same hands. G6 yotEaw ea uae, Y Po Tee it GR ee Bae Ld ate xe SWRA AS BRL: ie cok or ET ee Se Re CK BS Barre Herel s : tx PM Ser kao atc tes e ee States Wei auf X pie Bete Bi ie 20 ow MIE Le h ¥ eo Y Hf “ ee ape z wow Se + — pe ibityn. +r = nie ae ae RRS se SE Me per ad —— i) ae f ee Ss 23X75 ) BS Srrs x) © sili aveseti(Xd) T witals Seti eet ; tt alts Ba pp Naming ake (XK) 2 2 sv Si RS bee SSN = = te (ox A) = waking Se gx's4 i = Gonl ¢ sean Seen QR cate TYE Kx wmicis ERs {E| > ste dtcar * eohe ym {es (( y ak t eh SA ag Jit RE JAPANESE INSECT PLACARD, SHOWING ENEMY OF RICE PLANT. > ” es pees . i 59 and has devoted his life to this work from pure love of the subject and with very little aid other than the laboratory fees, and the results which have followed from his industry and enthusiasm are truly remarkable. In recent years the Government has recognized the extreme value of his work in education and the study of economic problems in entomol- ogy, and there is a proposition now on foot to give him a regular sub- sidy, small in amount but sufficient to enable him to continue his work with greater confidence. At the time of my first visit to Gifu an annual provincial fair was in progress, and Mr. Nawa was also giving an entomological exposi- tion for which he had been preparing for a number of years. This exhibit was open to the Japanese public, and streams of visitors were going through the gates and paying the small fee to study it. It comprised very much such an exhibit as would be made at one of our general expositions, filled several large rooms, and included cases illustrating the life, habits, and means of control of injurious insects, many illuminated charts and photographs representing insect work, life-history studies, and classification, also models of machinery for the collection and destruction of insects, and, in fact, a complete exhibit of a most creditable order. The work of Mr. Nawa and his school finds its popular exploitation through a monthly magazine edited by Mr. Nawa entitled ‘** The Insect World.” Mr. Nawa also prepares and publishes large charts, each representing one of the more important of the injurious insect pests of rice, mulberry, or other crop or fruit. These charts illustrate in color the damage to the plant and the insect in all stages, give a com- plete record of the insect’s habits for the year, and detail means of control, and are designed to be posted in public places and offices for the benefit and instruction of the rural classes. (See Pls. I and II.) A great many such charts have already been published, copies of most of which were giventome. Theyare examples of the practical nature of the work which this school is putting forth. In technical entomol- ogy some very important monographs have been published which, unfortunately, are sealed works so far as the western reader is con- cerned, Mr. Nawa is very materially assisted by his daughter, Miss Taka Nawa, an only child, who has inherited her father’s love for the study of insects and is endowed with very decided artistic talent, and is to be credited with many of the beautiful illustrations of insects which appear in the magazine referred to and in the economic circulars and other publications. If space permitted, mention should be made of several of the assist- ants and associates who are most efficiently aiding in Mr. Nawa’s school and economic work. 60 TRANSLATION OF PLATE IT. TirLe: ILLUSTRATIONS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS. 1. Eda shakutori—Food-plant, Mulberry. [Translation.] 1. Hda shakutori (Hemirophila atrilineata); food-plant—Kuwa (Morus alba). DESCRIPTION OF INSECT AND ILLUSTRATION. The Eda shakutori belongs to the scale-winged class of insects or moths, and causes great injury to mulberry trees. It occurs throughout Japan, but is not always recog- nized, because in the larval stage it mimics a dead branch and is with difficulty seen. There are numerous methods of getting rid of this insect, but the best one consists in collecting the caterpillars in early spring about the time when the leaves are coming out. In doing this the specimens which have been killed by the parasitic bee should not be destroyed. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATION.—a, eggs of this insect on the lower surface of the leaf; b, egg, much enlarged; ¢, larva after second resting stage, as it appears in early spring about the time the buds are coming out; d, larva after third stage, illustrating manner of traveling by looping its body; e, larva in resting position, resembling a dead branch attached or steadied by a line or thread running from the head to twig; f, cocoon secreted in decayed hollow of tree; g, chrysalis; h, male moth; 7, female moth; j, larva killed by parasitic wasp and inflated with cocoons of latter; *, male ‘and female parasites; /, calendar showing yearly cycle of this insect [outer figures representing the months, counting from the top of the calendar from right to left; inner figures, counting again from right to left, representing (1) egg stage, (2) larval stage, (8) pupal stage, and (4) adult stage; in other words, representing the winter in the larval stage; May and June, pupa stage; July, adult stage; July and August, egg; August and September, larva; September and first of October, pupa; October, adult and egg stage, and winter, larval stage again]. [Japanese lettering rendered in English. ] LETTERING OF RIGHT SIDE. Third edition. Copyrighted. Printed Meiji, year 31, February 25, issued Feb- ruary 28. Second edition same year, printed December 10, issued the same date. a9 Third edition, Meiji, 33d year, October 10. Price, 15 cents. Illustration by Shichiro Ito. LETTERING OF LEFT SIDE. Author and publisher, Yasuchi Nawa, Prefecture of Gifu, Gifu City. Printer, Matsutaro Okuma. Place of publication, the Nawa Insect Laboratory, Gifu, K yomachi. Bul. 40, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE II. “pa El ek BR BFL NV porvir rh BF No.l. Eda shakutori (Hemrornta arrives Food plant-Kuwa (Morus ALBA 2 i ~S