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WARD BROTHERS,
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OF THE

State Laboratory

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NATURAL HISTORY,

Urpana, ILLINOIS.

VOLUME IV.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL
Hisvory or ILLINOIS.

1892-1897.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
H. W. Roxker, PRINTER AND BINDER,
1898.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Article I.—Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of Hemiptera.
BEG os te UR UE iN ERTUVERE YS: (NGOS e, wets nam wie mR Rie Sine are «

Article II.—Description of two New Deltoid Moths. By G. H.
FRENCH, Carbondale, Illinois. March, 1894..............

Article I1I.—The Life History and Distribution of the Prothon-
otary Warbler in Illinois. By W. E. Loucks, Peoria,
UTTTLORS Gee UINCs sel OF. seaeens ew eitre 2S ot Grerecaieravem icles ocasucieekeiaiars

Article I'V.—List of Altitudes in the State of Illinois. By C. W.
LOEB INOVEMDEE) 1 G94 cc6 tre cnc Sie cererate cleo s crs baeleiehs

Article V.—A Preliminary Account of two New Oligocheta from
Tilinois. By FRANK SMITH. January, 1895...............

Article Vi.—On the Entomology of the Illinois River and Ad-
jacent Waters. First Paper. By C. A. Hart. Decem-
[Neiiy Tet D926 Fate OO Abd Alo er Dinca ODS OCCA SIGS Surat

Article VII.—Descriptions of Three New Parasitic Hymenoptera
from the Illinois River. By WituiAmM H. ASHMEAD.

TD ereres mal o Gael wd PCS aNs a Mowe, laces SN a an es OR Pe ata et ice ae :

Article VIII.—Notes on Species of North American Oligochxta.

HytaANR: pMrre. )Mecenter,: 18985. cgi. evict h c's a. ce :

Article IX.—Some Notes on the Brain and Pineal Structures of
Polyodon folium. By H. GARMAN, Lexington, Ky. April,

Article X.—Descriptions of New Species of Rotifera and Proto-
zoa from the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters. By

ADGLED HEMPHI: . sales VONGE lt Mow eae sah oe owe. :

Article XI.—A Check-List of the Coccide. By T. D. A. Cock-

ME ATES TEMS OO. ersiciire ovale eae atatctoust erst otusts. deters ais ascites 5

Article XII.—On a Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug (Anasa
tristis DeG.) By B. M. Due@G@AR. October, 1896..........

Article XIII.—Descriptions of Five New Species of Scale Insects,
with Notes. By WILLIS GRANT JOHNSON. October, 186.

Article XITV.—Notes on Species of North American Oligocheta.
LE By HRANK Smrrir.. December; 1896... gees 05. be See

Article X V.—Contribution to a Knowledge of the North Ameri-
can Fresh-water Ostracoda included in the Families
Cytheride and Cypridide. By RicHARD W. SHARPE.

LENEV ST HTT UCT EAE A St ee EN ae oS ot = a a NE RE) Me

1

149

298

340

380

396

Gat
bata te

BU Li Babbin

OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY

NATURAL HISTORY.

VOLUME IV.

ARTICLE I.— Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of [e-
miptera. By 8. A. ForBEs.

In 1833 Léon Dufour described and figured in his “Re-
cherches sur les Hémiptéres,’* under the non-committal
name of “cordons valvuleux,’ some curious appendages
of the alimentary canal in Scutelleride, Pentatomide,
and certain Coreide, misinterpreting their structure, how-
ever, and expressing no opinion as to their function,
which, in fact, he called a mystery.+ These organs had
been previously distinguished by Ramdohr (1811), and
they have since been several times referred to by ento-
mologists as glands or follicles secreting a digestive fluid,
presumably pancreatic. My own entomological studies
did not make me particularly acquainted with structures
of this class until 1888, in the autumn of which year,
while studying the contagious diseases of the chinch bug:
(Blissus leucopterus) I made some dissections of that
insect, isolating the alimentary canal and searching dif-
ferent parts of it for the source of a bacterial infection
discovered in the fluids of chinch bugs when crushed under
the microscope. This bacterial development I thus traced
to certain cecal appendages of the small intestines so
unlike the ‘‘cordons valvuleux’’ of Dufour’s descriptions,
that it did not for a time occur to me to connect the
two; but in the course of some general dissections of

* Pp, 149-151, etc, and figs. 1, 2, 6, 13, 19, 21.
+ Vp. 150, 171.

2 _Lltinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Hemiptera made at my office this summer by my as-
sistant, Mr. John Marten, and myself, it became evident
that these dissimilar organs could be connected by in-
termediate gradations, that they had substantially the
same anatomical relations and histological structure,
and that all were alike, wherever they occurred, in the
highly remarkable fact that they were invariably loaded
with myriads of bacteria, differing in genus and species
in the different insects, but always confined to these
organs.* We further observed that in Coreide and
Lygeeidze these ccecal structures might be present in
one genus and absent in another of the same family,
only the higher Hemiptera (Pentatomide, Scutelleride,
Corimelenide, etc.) invariably possessing them, and
the lower Hemiptera invariably wanting them. In case
they were absent, their bacterial relationship was never ~
assumed, in whole or in part, by any other organ. The
occurrence of ‘‘masses of motile vibrio-like objects’’ in
these glands in a Pentatoma was noticed by Leydig in
1857, but I have found no other mention of the matter
than that on page 337 of his Lehrbuch der Histologie.
There are certain coecal appendages of the alimentary
canal of other orders of insects, which have a general
resemblance to these in Hemiptera, but can be consid-
ered homologous with them only in a very loose sense
of the word, since they are certainly not homogenous.
These gastric pouches in grasshoppers, cockroaches, and
carabid beetles do not commonly contain bacteria so
far as we have been able to determine. In fact, the only
other insect structures in which we have found bacteria
normally present with any constancy, were the fatty
bodies of various species of cockroaches. It is not ab-
solutely certain that these objects from cockroaches are
bacteria, as they have not yet been cultivated, our
own recent efforts having failed, as did Blochmann’s.+
* No hibernating specimens have as yet been examined, and it is possible
that this phenomenon will be found to disappear with the functional quies-

eence of these glands.
+ Biologisches Centralblatt, Vol. VIL, p. 606,

Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of Hemiptera. 3

Balbiani’s observations, however, (reported in Comptes
Rendus, Vol. 103, p. 952) to the effect that bacterial
forms introduced in the blood of insects are taken up by
the cells of the pericardial tissue and destroyed therein,
give a certain probability to the hypothesis that these
seeming bacteria of cockroaches are really such. It is
true that Balbiani’s statements are limited to the peri-
cardial tissue in the vicinity of the heart; but as Kowa-
levsky has shown* that this tissue is intermingled in
many insects with the so-called fatty bodies, it is not
unlikely that a more general and critical search would
have shown the cells in question to have the same func-
tions wherever found.

There can, however, be no doubt as to the nature of
the objects found in the cecal appendages of the Hemip-
tera above mentioned. They not only present every
visible characteristic of micrococci and bacilli, but by
their reaction to stains, their resistance to prolonged
treatment with solutions of caustic potash, and espe-
cially and conclusively by the success of our culture ex-
periments with both fluid and solid media, they answer
to all the tests applicable to the recognition of bacteria.

These cecal structures are probably shown in their
simplest form in Pyrrhocoride (see Dufour, p. 171, and
tigures 17 and 21), although in the absence of speci-
mens of this family for microscopic examination I can
only repeat Dufour’s surmise that the small and variable
ccecal pouches of the small intestine in these Hemiptera
are homologues of the complicated apparatus of Anasa
and Euschistus. The next simplest form of this organ
which I have thus far seen, is that of the chinch bug;
where it consists of five to eight large coca radiating
from a common point of attachment on the intestine
about .2 mm. behind the third stomach. These coeca are
about .12 mm. in diameter, and average 1.5 mm. in
length. They are straight or slightly contorted, with
smoothly rounded ends, and are nearly filled, when in
normal condition, with large, pale, loosely-attached, sub-

ee

* Biologisches Centralblatt, Vol. IX., p. 44.

4 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

spherical cells, similar to those of the gastric epithelium,
and like them usually binucleate, but containing more
fatty granules. These cells are variable in size, and in- ’
dividual ones become greatly swollen, and probably break
down in secretion. The lumen of the tube is an irregu-
lar linear space, not always readily distinguishable in
the midst of the cells. That these tubules actually com-
municate with the intestine at the point of their inser-
tion, I have repeatedly demonstrated under the micro-
scope by carefully readjusted pressure on the cover-glass.
By this means granules may be made to pass freely from
any one of the coca into the intestine, and even from the
third stomach into the ceca through the slender portion
of the intestine connecting them.

The microbe of these coeca (in the chinch bug commonly
Micrococcus insectorum only) occurs primarily in the inter-
cellular fluids of these structures, and was excessively
abundant in every one of a great number of specimens,
the coeca of which I examined separately. My specimens
were from all parts of the State of Illinois and from
Kansas, and were of various ages, from young immedi-
ately following the first moult to the adult. A thorough
exploration and examination of all the other organs of
these chinch bugs failed to discover any trace of this or
any other bacterium, with the exception of an occasional
infection of that part of the intestine into which the
ceca open.

Examples of five other genera of Lygeide have thus
far been dissected by us, in three of which (Lygaus tur-
cicus, Nysius angustatus, and Ceocoris uliginosus) there is
no trace of these ‘‘pancreatic” organs, while in two oth-
ers (Trapezonotus nebulosus, and Myodocha serripes) they
are present in a’stage of development quite above that
of the chinch bug, but far below that characteristic of
the higher Hemiptera. In Myodocha, for example, they
are made up of numerous ceecal tubes arranged side by
side in a single layer, in flat, leaf-like lobes, three in suc-
cession, the largest leaf anterior, and the middle one of
the series the smallest, the three being bunched together,

Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of Hemiptera. 5

wrapped around the stomach, and imbedded in fatty
tissue in a way to require careful dissection for their dis-
play. The tube-like structures of which these leaflets are
composed are thickest distally, and are attached by their
narrow ends to the alimentary canal, which in the first
lobe is indistinguishable from the edge of the sheet itself.
This anterior sheet is irregularly palmate, the longest of
the finger-like coeca measuring 1.1 mm. and the shortest
(those most posterior) about .7 mm. The transverse di-
ameter of a single coecum at its broadest end is about
.OT mm. This lobe is partly folded together, the folds
being held in place by branches of a large trachea, which
is distributed abundantly to all parts of the structure.

The second or smallest lobe is attached to the intestine
by a narrow insertion about .1 mm. behind the preced-
ing. It is .6 mm. long by about .2 wide.

The third lobe, of medium size, ts also attached by a
narrow insertion to the intestine immediately beyond the
preceding. It is quite regularly palmate in form, is sup-
plied by a single much-branched trachea, and measures
about .7 mm. long by .5 wide.

Crushing successively and separately all the portions of
the alimentary canal upon cover-glasses, and treating
by the usual methods for the demonstration of bacteria,
I found all the preparations quite free from them, with
the exception of those from the above-described leaf-like
coecal structures; and in these, and in every part of them,
immense numbers of a minute Micrococcus occurred (not
M. insectorum), situated, as in the chinch bug, chiefly be-
tween the large spherical cells of which these bodies were
principally composed. Several repetitions of this exper-
iment with other specimens gave the same result. In
Trapezonotus this organ has the same structure and
general appearance as in Myodocha serripes.

Among the Coreidew I have seen it in Anasa tristis,
Alydus pilosulus, and A. eurinus, but have found nothing
resembling it in Corizus lateralis. In this family it has a
much more considerable extent than in the foregoing,

6 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

and now takes the form of rows of short, transverse cce-
cal tubules, standing in general at right angles to the
small intestine, but with their inner ends the smaller.
They are fused into a continuous layer, and make by
their arrangement a broad plaited border on each side
of the intestine for its whole length, from the stomach
to a bladder-like expansion into which the Malpighian
organs open. A large trachea runs along the intestine,
and its branches are very liberally distributed, right and
left, to all parts of these gland-like bodies*. The tubules
are lined with a single-layered epithelium very different
from that of the part of the intestine into which they
open. They may be easily demonstrated, by pressure
under the microscope, to open separately into the ali-
mentary canal running along between the rows, and the
same fact is evident in stained sections. In every case,
again, the intercellular substance within these tubules
is little more than a mass of bacteria,—micrococci or
bacilli, as far as determined.

The same may be said of the Pentatomide and Cori-
melenide dissected,—Corimelzna, Peribalus, Mormidea, —
Euschistus, and Hymenarcys,—except that in these fami-
lies there are always four rows of the short transverse
tubules instead of two. In Capside, Nabide, Reduviide,
and Aradidze—the only other families examined with this
matter in mind—we have not found these structures, and
Dufour notes their absence in examples of these families,
and in Miris, Phymata, Cimex (Acanthia), and the lower
Hemiptera generally.

In every case where they have occurred in our dissec-
tions, we have made exhaustive search for bacteria in
other parts of the alimentary canal also, and in the sal-
ivaty glands, the fatty bodies, etc., and in all these
Hemiptera with only negative results.

* The abundant tracheal supply of these organs and the minute distribu-
tion of the tracheal branches—secarcely less abundant than in the fatty bodies,
and much more so than in other portions of the alimentary canal—hint at a
peculiar function for this so-called pancreatic apparatus.

Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of Hemiptera. T

I have no present desire to speculate concerning the
meaning of the bacterial contents of these glands, but
limit myself to this preliminary account, and await the
completion of the several investigations in which we are
now engaged,—upon the distribution of the coeca, their
variations, and their relations to the habits of the spe-
cies possessing them, and upon the kinds and nature of
the bacteria constantly harbored by these interesting
appendages of the alimentary canal.

Concerning their relations to insect disease, I will only
add that in chinch bugs perishing gradually but rapidly,
we find them varying considerably in number in the cecal
appendages; and that where they are most abundant,
the epithelium of these structures is completely disorgan-
ized, only the basement membrane remaining, in the
form of cecal tubes filled with a pure culture of Mcro-
coccus imsectorum and a little granular debris, the latter
apparently the product of the decomposition of the epi-
thelium.

ARTICLE II.—Description of two New Deltoid Moths. By
G. H. Frencu, CARBONDALE, ILL.

PSEUDAGLOSSA FORBESI, Nn. sp.

Similar to P. lubricalis, and probably heretofore mis-
taken for that common species. In size and color more
like P. scobialis, but smaller. Color dull brownish black,
with very little of the lustre of P. lubricalis. T. a. line
straight in its course, slightly wavy, black, preceded by
a pale line; median shade forming a distinct black line,
curved outward through the cell; t. p. line black, ex-
tending obliauely outward from the costa to subcos-
tal vein, thence nearly straight to posterior margin,
slightly dentate, followed by a pale line that is very fine
except on costa, where it is quite prominent; a subcostal
pale line that is obscure except on the costa, a terminal
black line cut with pale between the veins; fringe dusky.
The pale part is paler than in P. lubricalis and less yel-
lowish. Hind wings blackish, the basal portion pale, the
lines of the fore wings, except the t. a., continuous across
these but parallel to outer margin, the pale lines white
and prominent; discal spots of both wings obsolete. Un-
der side gray, from a mixture of black and white scales,
the lines of upper side, except the t. a., repeated. Head
and thorax above solid brownish black, the tip of joint
3 of the palpi pale; abdomen concolorous with hind
wings, annulate with pale.

Expanse from .70 to .75 inch; length of body .25 inch.

Described from 4 females collected at Savanna, Iil., in
1892, two of which were taken at sugar, and two found
upon the flowers of sweet clover (J/elilotus alba) by day.
Three of these are in the collection of the State Laboratory
of Natural History, and one is in the author’s cabinet.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. OY

PALLACHIRA HARTI, 2. sp.

Male attenne pectinate, female simple; fore wings nar-
row, costa but little falcate, outer margin rounded; in
color darker than P. divittata, a dusky yellow, more
dusky than eliophila phragmitidicola; a blackish stripe
below median vein, and another from middle of cell to
outer margin, a series of blackish points, tending to tri-
angular shape, in a slightly incurving line from apex to
posterior angle, the spot located midway between the
veins and followed by a few pale scales; beyond the pale
spot a few dark scales in the intervenular fold to outer
margin; terminal row of black dots; fringe dusky; two
black points at end of cell, on each side of the blackish
stripe. Hind wings smoky. Under side darker than the
upper; fore wings immaculate, hind wings with a discal
dot and a dusky subterminal line. Body concolorous
with wings, palpi dark, with tip of terminal joint pale.
Hind tibiz with two pairs of long spurs, the proximal
pair much the longest.

Expanse from .90 to .93 inch; length of body .35 inch.

Described from two males and three females in the
collection of the State Laboratory of Natural History,
and one female in the author’s cabinet. These were all
taken at light in Champaign county, Ill., from July 27
to August 20, in the years 1886 and 1892.

ArticLE Il].—TZhe Life History and Distribution of the
Prothonotary Warbler in Illinois. By W. E. Loucks,
PrortA, [LLINOIs.

INTRODUCTION.

During the latter part of the year 1892, Dr. A. C.
Murchison and the writer issued circulars to some two
hundred persons in the State of Illinois who were
known to be interested in ornithology, soliciting their
cooperation in ascertaining the distribution of certain
birds in this State... Though at first the response was
very light, it has since proved highly gratifying, far
exceeding’ expectations. The object in view was to ob-
‘tain by means of codperative labor the present range
of certain species of birds in Illinois, and to issue monthly
reports, based on the contributors’ notes and such in-
formation as could be obtained from lists and catalogues,
both state and local. By January 1, 1893, we had the
‘assurance of aid from about forty ornithologists, taxi-
-dermists, and collectors residing in Illinois, or in adjacent
states, in close proximity to the Illinois line. Through
the kindness of Mr. Frank B. Webster, the first paper,
by Dr. A. C. Murchison, treating of the long-eared owl,
appeared in the February number of the Orndthologist and
Oologist, together with a reference map, an incomplete
list of the contributors’ names, and a few introductory
remarks by the writer. Up to January 1, 1894, articles
on the distribution of the long-cared owl, Cooper’s hawk,
bobolink, mockingbird, black-crowned night heron, and
yellow-headed blackbird, had appeared in the above
magazine.

In preparing the present paper, the seventh in the
series, the writer has relied chiefly on the notes of his
correspondents, especially in that portion treating of

Life Listory of the Prothonotary Warbler. 11

the distribution of the warbler. He therefore has the
pleasure of acknowledging his indebtedness to those who
have contributed, and thanks each one for assistance
received and courtesy shown. He feels under especial
obligation to those along the Illinois River, Dr. W. S
Strode, W. S. Cobleigh, B. F. Bolt, and R. M. Barnes,
Esq., who have so kindly given him their time and _ will-
ing aid. Nor should the valuable papers of Mr. O. Wid-
mani, of Old Orchard, Mo., be forgotten, nor the kindness
of Prof. 8. A. Forbes, in the loan of lists and in assist-
ance rendered.

LIFE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION.

A most attractive and abundant bird in certain por-
tions of the Mississippi Valley is that beautiful feathered
gem, the Prothonotary Warbler. Its biography, prior
to the last few years, has been somewhat erroneous and
fragmentary, the bird being to many only a dried skin in
the cabinet drawer.

The subject of the present sketch is a difficult one to
trent; and notwithstanding the copious notes so gener-
ously furnished me by my correspondents, and my own
eareful observation, it is with considerable hesitation
that I begin this paper. This warbler is so at home
in the prevailing river bottoms of the State, that ample
opportunity is offered for a thorough study of its
habits; and yet the most versatile pen could never
portray the natural elegance, the charming grace, and
the exquisite beauty of this -fascinating swamp warbler,
as it appears in the willow swamps of Illinois. I feel
the impossibility of doing my subject justice, and this
bit of biographical sketch is presented, not as a complete
and final result, but merely as material for future elabo-
ration.

To one unacquainted with Protonotaria citrea its
distribution might seem peculiar; but a study of the
topography of the country in relation to the bird’s geo-
graphical range, will reveal the cause of the irregularity.

12 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Rivers, lakes, or ponds bordered with willow swamps, are
essential to its presence; hence it is not surprising that
in great tracts of Illinois the bird is wanting, while in
adjoining portions it may be present in great numbers.

Formerly Illinois was a typical prairie state, but the
rapid advance of civilization has converted the rolling
prairies into cultivated farms, has dotted the land
with villages and cities of wondrous growth, and has
utterly eliminated the characteristics of the western
prairie. The original timber is restricted chiefly to the
river courses and to precarious growths along the
smaller streams. The river bottoms, lying as they do in
many places between high and sheltering bluffs, and well
watered by inundations and the numerous tributary
streams, prove the richest portions of the State in vege-
tation. Their elevation varies from one hundred to one
_ thousand feet above the sea, gradually increasing north-
ward, the country also assuming a more rugged charac-
ter, until, finally, the southern type is lost altogether.
As I have stated, these bottoms are exceedingly rich in
vegetation, especially in those lowest portions bordering
the rivers, where are found vast willow swamps and
immense tracts of huge timber, standing through the
greater part of the year in black and sluggish back-
waters, and in many places extending over a number of
miles. These tracts are the home of the prothonotary
warbler. Probably in no other locality in the great
Mississippi Valley is this warbler found in greater abund-
ance than in the timbered swamps along the Illinois
River, and in southern, southeastern, and western IIli-
nois. Although a common and characteristic bird in
these localities, in those parts of the State wherein no
suitable environment for its nidification exists, the pro-
thonotary, or golden swamp warbler, as it is frequently
and appropriately called, is extremely rare. Its northern
range has never been exactly stated in any of the
standard works. Only by a comparison of local lists
can this be authentically ascertained or the distribution
of the bird definitely traced.

Life [History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 13

When migrating, the great Mississippi Valley is the high-
Way up which these transient warblers pass, until, finally
reaching the mouth of the Ohio, the hosts separate, im-
mense numbers traveling up the latter stream, and the
rest, perhaps the majority, continuing up the Mississippi.
Many of those passing up the Ohio Vallev find summer
homes along its numerous tributaries and around the
many sloughs, bayous, and lagoons in southern Illinois;
while the rest, pushing on, deviate from their course only
at the mouth of the Wabash River. But few, if any, con-
tinue up the Ohio, there being comparatively no attrac-
tions for them in its .walley east of the Wabash. In the
lower valley of the latter stream the prothonotary
warbler is exceedingly abundant, inhabiting the timbered
bayous and lagoons, the cypress swamps, .and the wil-
low-environed lakes and ponds. Mr. Wm. Brewster’s
account of this warbler in Wabash county, undoubtedly
the most elaborate biography of this species yet writ-
ten, gives some idea of its abundance in this attrac-
tive locality.* Mr. E. W. Nelson also gives it as a
common bird in the same locality in his excellent
paper, ‘‘Notes upon Birds observed in Southern Illinois
between July 17 and September 4, 1875.”’} As far north
as Danville the bird appears to be common, as Mr. G. C.
Pearson reports it as well represented in that vicinity.
In a recent letter, Mr. J. H. Hitt, of Indianapolis, Ind.,
informs me that the warbler is quite rare there, only
one nest having been found, and that at New Castle. It
extends its migration up the Wabash River to certain
points in Indiana, although at present it appears to be
very sparingly distributed in that State. The bird is
considered a “‘rare summer resident”? in Carroll county,
Ind., by Mr. B. W. Evermann.

Although great numbers of this species pass up the
Ohio, and thus to the Wabash, undoubtedly the ima-
jority continue up the Mississippi, some branching
off at the Kaskaskia and Missouri, immense numbers

*Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. III. (1873), p. 155.
+Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. IX., p. 34.

14 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

at the Lllinois, and the rest traveling north at least to.
41°. In the summer of 1875, Mr. E. W. Nelson found
it a common bird at Anna, Union county, Iil., but at
Cairo, just south of Anna, he did not find it so, as he
says: ‘‘Very uncommon, probably owing to the late high
water. Only a few were observed about the borders of
lagoons in dense bushes.’’*

Mr. Philo Smith, Jr., writes that he has found this.
warbler in abundance in certain localities alone the Okaw
River, and also in St. Clair and Calhoun counties alone
the Mississippi. From a most interesting letter from
Mr. Lonis Fuchs, of Belleville, Ill., .[ extract the follow-
ing: ‘“‘In 1849, I commenced collecting here for a French
firm. My particular attention was to the golden swamp:
warbler drawn on account of his peculiar and sedate
habits, and no inclination to observe danger ahead. I
found him and nests only in the neighborhood of streams.
(This was Kaskaskia River, at that time very abund-
ant; more so near Green River, Kentucky.)’? In his own
locality (Belleville) he considers the warbler a very rare
summer resident, having procured cnly two specimens.
within five years. Mr. Fuchs, with his forty-four years’
experience with this bird, might reveal some interesting
facts concerning it, and the writer regrets that the
manuscripts are so brief. The bird is undoubtedly
abundant along the Kaskaskia for some distance north.
In a recent communication, Mr. E. F. Steinhaur, of
Vandalia, informs me that the prothonotary is an
abundant summer resident along the Kaskaskia in his
locality, and that there is a great deal of rich bottom-
land and quite a number of small lakes in the vicinity.

The bird is given as an abundant summer sojourner
in Madison county, by Mr. J. Hurter,+ and is reported
by W. L. Jones as an abundant summer resident around
St. Louis. In a valuable communication from Mr. O.
Widmann, of Old Orchard, Mo., is the following:

*Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. IX.. p. 52.
+Ornithologist and Odlogist, Vol. IX., p. 86.

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 15
‘*Protonotaria is a denizen of the wooded borders of
lakes, and it does not matter whether they are in the
midst of the deep forest or only fringed by a few rows
of willows, provided that the bird finds a suitable hole
for a nest. It is one of the most abundant birds in the
swampy lands of 8S. E. Missouri, where it was apparently
in full force and pairs, visiting tree holes as early as
April 12. Around St. Louis, in ordinary seasons, it
does not become numerous before the last week of that
month.”

As far north as Muscatine, Iowa, the prothonotary is.
an abundant summer resident. Mr. E. 8. Currier has
found it breeding commonly in the vicinity of Keo-
kuk; it is abundant near Warsaw: and Mr. C. P. Fore
writes me that the bird breeds around the mouth of the:
Des Moines River. From Mr. D. L. Savage, of Salem,
Iowa, I have the following: “‘I have found it here about
the middle of May, but have never found it nesting in
this county, although I have no doubt but that it does.
in favorite localities, as it nests in the adjoining coun-
ties, Lee county especially, which borders the Mississippi
River and has many favorite localities fcr this warbler.’
A large and valuable series of eggs has been taken near
Burlington, Iowa, many of which are now in the posses-
sion of J. P. Norris, Esq., and are described by him in
the Ornithologist and Obdlogist (Vol. XV., Dec., 1890, pp.
177-182). An interesting article by Mr. O. C. Poling, of
Quincey, Ill. appeared in the same publication* in 1887,
in which, of the bird in his locality, Mr. Poling writes:
“The Golden Swamp Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) is per-
haps the most abundant bird in the bottom-lands on
either side of the Mississippi for about twenty miles
north of Quincy, ape in Missouri, it is most plentiful
just across the river.’

Mr. B. H. Wilson has found this species breeding
abundantly in the willow swamps near Muscatine, Tae
but he considers the bird a rare summer resident at

*Vol. XII, x. 160.

16 = _Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Davenport. The comparative absence of the species in
the vicinity of Davenport would seem to indicate the scar-
city of suitable places for nidification, but, unfortunately,
data is meagre from this point, and having never in-
vestigated the locality in question, I can give nothing
further. From Davenport to the northern part of the
State, I have no information whatever, which will ne-
cessitate our leaving the Mississippi and tracing its dis-
tribution elsewhere.

Retracing our steps to the mouth of the Illinois, we
find the golden swamp warbler one of the most abund-
ant birds in the rich bottom-lands of this river. It is
reported by R. M. Barnes, Esq., as a very common sum-
mer resident as far north as Lacon, but the writer has
found it considerably north of this. South of Lacon, the
bird is exceedingly plentiful in the prevailing willow
swamps, and around the numerous small lakes and la-
goons which are found bordering the river. Dr. W.S.
Strode writes that they arrive at Thompson’s lake about
May 1 to 10, and that they have greatly increased in the
last four or five years along the Illinois and its tributa-
ries. It is reported from the vicinity of Duck Island and
Spring Lake as very abundant, by W. 8S. Cobleigh; and
also from Peoria by B. F. Bolt, who has made some
valuable observations on this species. The writer has
found the prothonotary warbler very plentiful at all
points along this river as far north as Senachwine Lake.

About fifty miles north of Lacon, the prothonotary
seems to decrease in numbers somewhat abruptly. From
Ottawa, Mr. A. Hamfeldt writes: “The prothonotary
warbler is quite unknown hereabouts. I saw only one two
years ago in May, and this must have been only a strag-
gler.”’ Evidently the limit to its abundance on the Illinois
is reached a little south of this point, the essential bottom-
' lands and willow swamps being here practically exhausted.
Although with us the vicinities of Ottawa and Daven-
port are apparently at the extreme northern limit of
its breeding range, the warbler certainly appears much

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 17

farther north as asummer resident. Mr. George C. Cant-
twell, in “A List of the Birds of Minnesota,” says of
this species: ‘Common along the Mississippi in the south,
as at Redwing and La Crescent, breeding at both places.’’*
These points are certainly localities well suited to the
bird, as it passes over a great amount of territory in
reaching them and yet remains. at few, if any, interven-
ing points. A record was made at Shiocton, Outagamie
county, Wis., May 4, 1832, a male bird being takemwthere
by F. L. Grundtvig.+

A rara avis is the prothonotary warbler in northern
Illinois, the few records we possess being only of strag-
glers. Mr. J. E. Dickinson, of Rockford, writes that he
has never met the bird in that part of the State. It is
not likely that this warbler will be found in this part of
Illinois, as the elevation here, especially in the north-
western corner, including Jo Daviess and Stephenson
counties, is the highest in the State, rising some two
hundred feet above the surrounding country, or about
1,250 feet above the sea.

The prothonotary warbler is given aS a rare summer
visitant in Lake and Cook counties by Mr. E. W. Nelson,
and he mentions taking two specimens in that region in
the summer of 1875.t Mr. W. E. Pratt informs me that
he has found no suitable locality in either of these coun-
ties for the prothonotary warbler. Mr. B. F. Gault, of
Glen Ellyn, Du Page county, gives me but one record, May
13, 1893, as does also Mr. L. W. Nichols, of Somonauk:
“June 27, one male bird.” These two records were the
only ones which I procured out of the notes of fifteen
correspondents in this portion of the State.§

*Ornithologist and Odiogist, Vol. XV. (1890), p..136.
+Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VIIL. (1883), p. 68.
t'Birds of Northeastern Illinois,” Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. VIIL., p. 98.

zAccording to a note received June 9, 1892, from Mr. Martin D.
Atkins, of Irving Park, a fine male of this species was shot at
Fourth Lake, in Lake county, Illinois, about April 27, 1892. The
bird was alone in the willows bordering the lake, and no more were
found on thorough search. The specimen is now in the collection
of the Jefferson High School in Chicago.—S. A. F.

i8 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural Llistory.

I am informed by Mr. W. E. Pratt, that he found this
warbler in great abundance along the Kankakee River,
near English Lake, Ind.; and Mr. H. K. Coale found great
numbers of this species some sixty miles southeast of
Chicago, in Stark county, Indiana, along the Kankakee,
which river he regards as the northern limit of its breed-
ing range.* Mr. A. W. Butler, in his “Notes on the
Range of the Prothonotary Warbler in Indiana,” an in-
teresting article published in the Ornzthologist and Odlo-
gist (Vol. XIII., March, 1888), propounds the question
as to what route is chosen by the birds in reaching the
locality in which Mr. Coale found them. He speaks of
the warbler in this region as follows:

‘‘For several years, since making the acquaintance of
this attractive bird, Mr. Coale has visited the Kankakee
swamps in Stark county. Each year the warblers appear
to be as common and as ready tobe studied as when he
first saw them. The northward range of this species,
however, does not stop here. Mr. Coale, in his persistent
searchings, has traced it to the shores of Lake Michigan,
along which he has occasionally taken it both in Indi-
ana and in Illinois.”’ He continues, ‘‘Whether these birds
pass the narrow and almost imperceptible division be-
tween the drainage of the Wabash and the Kankakee, or
also extend their semi-annual pilgrimages along the latter
stream, remains to be determined. It seems certain,
however, that they must pass over the indistinguishable
watershed between Kankakee Valley and the Lake Basin,
the waters of which, at certain seasons of the vear, find
common feeders in many swamps and lakes in north-
western Indiana. No barriers of any consequence being
present, it seems probable that the Wabash Valley is the
route by which this species is distributed over the region
considered.”’

So far, the distribution of the prothonotary warbler
has been traced only along the courses of the larger
rivers. Were we to follow it up the numerous tributa-
ries of these larger streams, its range would be consid-

*Nat. Hist. Surv. Ill., Vol. I., pp. 199, 120.

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. LY

erably increased and, in some instances, penetrate far
into the interior of the State. Preéminently a bird of
the timbered creek and river bottoms, its geographical
range is coextensive with them, the records of its occur-
rence elsewhere being limited to an occasional stragegler.

The arrival of these birds in spring is scarcely noted
by the casual observer. No heraldic song proclaims that
they are here, and were it not for their bright, gleaming
color among the trees, they would be entirely unobserved.

In the latter part of April or the first of May, as the
locality may chance to be, if we paddle the canoe along
the willow-fringed banks of the river, or among the trees
in the back-water, we shall be very sure to find a few
early-arrived prothonotaries—probably old birds eager
for their return to a northern clime, or perhaps hasty and
impatient migrants, far in advance of the hosts which
are to follow, but shy and silent, seemingly ashamed
of being so premature. Their numbers rapidly increase,
however, as that wonderful and mysterious instinct which
prompts birds to semi-annual migration brings hosts of
them northward and drops them here and there among
the willows. Timidity wears away as their numbers in-
crease, and they may be seen now clinging and creeping, in
creeper-like Imanner, on moss-covered stumps and trunks
of trees, sometimes head downwards, now expanding their
steel-blue tails, and greatly contrasting with a background
of bright green moss or gray-colored bark. The males, as
is customary with most mirgatory birds, arrive first, the
females making their appearance shortly afterward.

I have no data of their arrival in the extreme south-
ern end of the State. Mr. O. Widmann writes that by
the last week in April they become quite numerous around
St. Louis, Mo. It arrives at Mt. Carmel, Wabash county,
Ill., about April 23, according to Mr. Robert Ridgway ;*
and April 19 to 27 is given by Mr. Wm. Brewster, in his
charming account of this bird in Wabash county, as the
period of spring arrivals.t In central Illinois, the last

*Nat. Hist. Surv. I!l., Vol. L, p. 32.
+Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IIL, pp. 154,155.

20 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

days in April generally bring a few of these birds, the bulk
of them arriving, however, between May 1 and 10. It is
reported from Davenport, Iowa, about the 10th of May,
and I find a record of May 3 for its arrival in the vicinity
of Burlington, Iowa.* Northward, the arrivals are a lit-
tle later. Mr. H. K. Coale found a few of these birds in
Stark county, Ind., on the 11th of May, but they became
more abuudant on and after the 18th.

Their departure in the fall is as mysterious and as
quiet as their arrival in the spring. There seems to be
a gradual falling off in their number after the breeding
season, until but few are seen, and when these depart,
the ‘vacancy caused by their absence is hardly percepti-
ble. The last and lingering individuals take leave in
central Illinois about the first or middle of September,
but whether they linger in the southern part of the
State or pass directly south, I am unable to say.

Soon aiter the arrival of the females, mating begins,
and at this time they are the most interesting to observe.
Many a love match takes place in the willow woods.
Should another male intrude upon the scene, a conflict
is certain, and should the intruder be victorious, he im-
mediately makes love to the fair one, and indifferent as
she is, it ‘is readily accepted. These conflicts are frequent
between the male birds, even though no female be at
hand, the males seeming to have a fighting propensity
wheneyer they meet. I have often stopped rowing my
boat to watch a couple of them battling in mid-air, and
not until they had fallen into the dark, murky-colored
water below, did they cease, and dart off in opposite
directions, apparently much startled by their sudden
plunge. At other times, a mischievously inclined little
fellow will dart reckiessly at some unsuspecting one,
who, being startled by the onset, will at once retreat.
The pursurer gives chase, and away they go, not far
apart, over the tree tops, through the underbrush and
thickets, now darting directly along the surface of the

*U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Economic Ornith., Bull: 2, p. 239.
+Nat Hist. Surv. Ill., Vo'. L., p. 119.

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 21

water, then among the trees, seemingly to illuminate the
dark shadows beneath, until they are lost to view and
one wonders at the finale. The courting of the ma'e bird
is a pretty sight. Swelling with pride in his bright,
golden coat, this little lover in feathers presents his case
in the most loving and winning manner, hovering around
or perched near the object of his adoration with spread
wings and tail extended, fairly outdoing himself in his
efforts to make an impression. She, with bewitching in-
difference, seems to care but little as to the outcome,
but finally matters are amicably settled between them
and household duties are almost immediately commenced.
The birds, especially the males, have a pretty habit of
carrying their tails spread, much in the manner of the
redstart. When the sexes meet, a tender note, that of
salutation or recognition, is barely audible.

The most difficult feature to describe in the biography
of a bird is its song. Even the most elaborate treatise
fails to bring to the unaccustomed ear a true conception
of it, and as I pen these lines, I feel my utter inability to
convey to the reader’s imagination the notes of the pro-
thonotary warbler. True, they do not vie with the melo-
dious ditties of some other woodland songsters, but they
are very striking, even pleasing, and when once heard are
not easily forgotten. Six or, sometimes, seven syllables,
uttered in rapid succession but with an instantaneous
pause after the first note, constitute the regular song. It
much resembles, peet, tsweet, tswect, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet,
tsweet, uttered in a ringing or penetrating tone and ona
tolerably high pitch. At a distance, it much resembles the
notes of the solitary sandpiper, and I have frequently
found it somewhat difficult when the two species were
in the immediate vicinity, to distinguish between them:
but upon a closer approach, the resemblance is lost, the
penetrating ring in the warbler’s notes being then audible.
The male is an incessant sinver, caring not for the ele-
mental conditions nor for the time of day. He is as
likely to be heard in the early morning as at noon or
in the evening. Frequently he will sit amidst the green

22 = [llinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

foliage, dividing his time between adjusting his plumage
and singing sweet little dities to his mate, she, more
than likely, being just within the entrance of her
domicile on her eggs. Occasionally he remains perfectly
motionless on his green perch, probably deep in thought
or in a reminiscent mood, but suddenly bursting out
with pee’, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, he darts
away in search of some fat unsuspecting spider for his
better half. 7

The notes of alarm, anger, or distress, are somewhat
sharp, being compared to those of the large-billed water
thrush by Mr. Wm. Brewster. According to this author,
there is another song, which might be termed a love
song. He describes it as follows: ‘In addition to the
song above described the male has a different and far
sweeter one, which is reserved for select occasions,—an
outpouring of the bird’s most tender feelings, intended
for the ears of his mate alone, like the rare evening war-
ble of the oven-bird (Siurus auricapillus). It is appar-
ently uttered only while on the wing. Although so low
and feeble as to be inaudible many rods away, it is very
sweet, resembling somewhat the song of the canary,
given in an undertone, with trills or ‘water-notes’ in-
terspersed. The flight during its delivery is very differ-
ent from that at all other times. The bird progresses
slowly, with a trembling, fluttering motion, its head
raised and tail expanded. This song was heard most
frequently after incubation had begun.’* I cannot remem-
ber ever hearing this song. It certainly must be quite
rare, and, as Mr. Brewster says, kept for select occasions.
After nesting, the males gradually stop singing, although
a few persistent ones may be occasionally heard quite
_ late in the season.

The fast decaying driftwood, tossed among the trees
by the surging waters of a spring freshet. and left float-
ing or partly submerged in the stagnant pools or back-—
water, contains myriads of insects upon which the pro-

*Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. III. (1878), p. 157.

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 23

thonotary warbler feeds. Now he may be seen flitting
from log to log, pulling some unfortunate spider from a
crevice, and scanning every dark-looking cranny in search
of the coveted bug; then away he darts to a water-soaked
stump, where, in spiral like manner, he winds his way to
the top, frequently turning his golden breast to the sun,
and glancing downwards as if to catch a glimpse of him-
self in the mirror-like water beneath.

These birds confine themselves almost exclusively to
decayed stumps and driftwood in search of food, but
occasionally venture up the trunks of trees and hunt
for insects concealed in the bark. I have never observed
them feeding among the leaves, as is the habit of many
of our warblers. The flight of the bird is swift and de-
cided, slightly undulating when crossing an open or fly-
ing for some distance among the trees.

There are two kinds of bottom-land in which the pro-
thonotary breeds: the willow swamp consisting entirely
of a heavy growth of large willows, interspersed here and
there with rotten stubs; and the bottom-land covered
with a forest of elm, oak, cotton-wood, and maple, with
an occasional willow and many decaying stumps. While
both of these are acceptable to the warbler for nesting
purposes, I am inclined to believe the latter situation is
the more often chosen. Throughout the greater part of
the year, these bottoms are overflowed, making it im-
possible to visit them without the aid of a skiff or canoe.

As previously stated, soon after mating the birds be-
gin to build their nests, usually, in central Illinois, about
the middle of May, although many pairs do not begin
until the latter part of this month. I have found nests
under construction on the i2th of May, but this is ex-
ceptional in this part of the State. Mr. Wm. Brewster
says in his account of this bird, that Mr. Robert Ridgway
found a nest with four fresh eggs on April 27, near Mt..
Carmel, Ill. He considers this an exceptionally early
date. The greater portion of the nests Mr. Brewster
found in the same locality between May 8 and 12, con-

24 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

tained fresh eges.* I find that the precise time of nest-
building along the Illinois River depends upon the water
level, the bird being seriously delayed some seasons. The
lew cavities that are not submerged are quiclay taken,
and birds not so fortunate are compelled to wait for the
receding water, unless, perchance, they steal a site from
another pair.

A typical nesting site is in the cavity of an old water-
soaked stump, either standing in or projecting over the
water. Occasionally stumps containing nests are found
on comparatively. dry land, but in these instances the
nests were probably built at high water, which, upon re-
ceding, left the stumps high and dry. The stump selected
is generally a short, smooth one, rotten, and so water-
soaked that it can easily be torn asunder with the fingers.
The heights of the cavities vary from a few inches to
twenty-five feet or more, the extremes being exeeedingly
rare. In fact, nests more than ten feet above the water
must be considered exceptional. The only reasonable
conjecture I can offer for the high positions, is that they
are due to the receding water. A low position is preferred
by the birds, but if one is chosen, a sudden inundation
often canses the destruction of the nest. I have frequently
found submerged or partly submerged nests, with the dis-
tressed parent birds flying around. The birds seem in-
different as to the condition, depth, or shape of the cavity.
Every conceivable kind of a hole or crevice to be found
in stumps, stubs, or snags, from a rent in the side of a
stump to a deserted woodpecker’s hole, is acceptable.
Generally, however, the selection is a cavity once oc-
cupied by a chickadee or small woodpecker, but now
long forgotten by its previous owner, and open to any
tenant vhancing along.

In the construction of the nest, the female bird works
alone. I have never yet seen a male really aiding in this
task. He frequently accompanies his mate on trips after
building material, hunting here and there for choice pieces

*Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Ciub, Vol. III. (1878), p. 158

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 25

of moss, or climbing a wild grape-vine with the view of
getting a strip of bark, but always failing to bring it
home. However, we must not censure him too severely,
for he apparently takes great interest in the construction
of the nest, watching for the return of his mate and ac-
companying her to the entrance of their domicile, perhaps
following her within—but here we are intruding upon their
private affairs. If the cavity be deep, it is filled up
to within a few inches of the entrance before the nest
proper is begun. The materials used for this purpose
are various, probably those most convenient or accessible.
In one case, I took from under the nest proper a quart,
or more, of moss which had been utilized in filling a cavity
nearly a foot deep. The foundation of a typical nest is
composed largely of green moss, intermixed with pieces
of dead leaves and rubbish. A few nests that I found
had a foundation made entirely of large burrs and a little
moss. A female was once timed to ascertain the speed
she made in gathering material from a moss-covered tree
trunk some seventy-five. or a hundred feet distant from
the cavity in which she was building. She was very active,
and evidently desired to get the cavity filled as quickly as
possible. No time was wasted in idle loafing or wandering,
for she went from tree trunk to stump, carrying huge
bunches of green moss, depositing them in the cavity,
and returning within a minute. Frequently she made it
in less time. On every trip, she would alight on a small
limb of an adjacent tree before entering the hole, and
utter a ¢chip now and then, even though her bill was
full of moss. Almost immediately after her entrance, she
would reappear, apparently only dumping the moss on
the bottom, as she seldom remained within long enough
to arrange it. Very unsuspicious of us, she worked
steadily for the half hour we remained. Where her hus-
band was, I am unable to say, for we saw nothing of
him during our sojourn.

The materials in the nest proper are various. Bark
strips, fibrous roots, pieces of dried grass, small weed
stems, bits of decayed wood, a few wisps of straw, in fact

26 Illinois State Laboratory of Nutural History.

almost any bit of vegetable rubvish the builder can find
near at hand may enter into the make-up of the nest. The
moss is frequently lacking; sometimes fownd only in small
‘quantities; and at other times in large bunches. The
lining is chiefly of rootlets or fine dry grass. The nest is
generally very compact, although sometimes so loosely
put together that it falls apart on removal from its rest-
ing place. The shape and size correspond to that of the
interior of the cavity. Some nests, taken from particu-
larly deep holes, are five or six inches deep and from three
to four across. The interior of an average nest is well-
rounded and cup-shaped, from one to one and a half
‘inches deep, and about two in diameter. A nest taken
from a very shallow cavity will prove a very flat affair,
frequently not more than a lining. The top of the nest
is, in nearly every case, within three or four inches of
the entrance, and often the bird can be seen sitting on
her egos. At least a full week is consumed in building
‘the structure, and a few days intervene between its com-
pletion and the deposition of the eggs.

Within the last few years I have found and heard of
some very curious nests of this warbler, which were pe-
‘culiar either in their position or construction, or because
of the materials used. I have read of its nesting in an out-
building, and also in a tin can. While this is certainly un-
usual, it is not to be wondered at, for this species is as
apt to deviate from its natural mode of nest-building as
are others which have been found so doing. I have never
noticed a prothonotary around a house, but they are
frequently or continually seen around the ice-breakers of
one of the old wagon bridges near Peoria. These may pos-
sibly be only wandering males from an adjacent willow
swamp, still I should not be surprised to find a nest in
one of those old piles. Mr. Otho C. Poling mentions
finding a nest in a bridge pier near Quincy, IIl.*

Two curious nests, heretofore described by me,f+ are cer-
tainly worth noting here. One, placed in a cavity of a dry

*Ornithologist and Odlogist, Vol. XII., p. 160.
+Odlogist, Vol. X., p. 20.

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 27

stump, was composed partly of cast-off snake skins; and
the other—the finest and most beautiful specimen that
1 have ever seen—was built in a cavity of an old water-
soaked stump, the entrance of which was within a few
inches of the water. This nest was composed entirely of
bright green moss, kept fresh by its damp and low situa-
tion. It was slightly lined with grass, and contained five
beautiful eggs. A nest was found several years ago about
twenty-five feet above the water, in a cavity of a live wil-
low tree. Another was discovered in a bowl-shaped cavity
in the top of a small stub, the entrance being at the top.
‘Occasionally nests are found in huge stumps two or
three feet in diameter, the bark of which still remains,
environing a mass of decayed and crumbling wood. Un-
der this shell-like covering, in pocket-shaped cavities, I
have found their nests. In no case, however, should I
have discovered the nest, had not the golden-colored head
‘of the owner popped out of the small round orifice in the
side of the bark.

As previously stated, a few days elapse between the
completion of the nest and the deposition of the eggs.
As far as my observations go, an egg is laid daily until
the clutch is complete. There has been considerable
controversy regarding the number of eggs laid. Four,
five, and six are the usual numbers, sets of seven being
occasionally found, and sets of eight and nine in extremely
rare instances. Many regard the set of seven a rare find,
but I do not consider it so, having found it frequently
around Peoria. Mr. W. 8. Cobleigh informs me that he
found a set of ten eggs in the Mackinaw Creek Bottoms.
This is the largest clutch that has been reported to me.
The first sets of the season are probably the largest, con-
sisting of five, six, or seven eggs; the second laying is of
four, and frequently five eggs; and if a third, it is very
small. During the month of July, 1 have found nests
with one, two, and three incubated eggs, undoubtedly the
third clutch of the year, and probably belonging to
birds repeatedly robbed of their previous nests. If un-
molested, the warbler generally raises two broods in

28 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

a season, but if deprived of their first and second sets,
a third is deposited. In the series of seventy sets of
prothonotary warblers’ eges described by J. Parker
Norris, Esq., in the Ornithologist and Odlogist (Vol. XV.,
pp. 177-182), nearly all of which were collected in or
near the State of Illinois, there are thirty-two sets con-
taining six egys each, eighteen containing five, fifteen of
seven, three of four, and two of eight.

The coloration of the eggs is a broad subject, and were
I to do it justice, the text would be voluminous. I have
examined many, and have found a limitless variation in
their markings. I find two, three, four, and even more,
types of coloration in a large series of eggs, and have
selected for description, from a series of my own, seven
sets fairly representing these types.

Ser. I. Six eggs. Ground a glossy white, blotched at
larger ends with chestnut and lilac. Rest of surface more
or less spotted, speckled, and seemingly streaked, with
light chestnut. Two of the eggs have the larger ends
entirely covered with large blotches of rich chestnut.
and another has a large blotch of light brown overlap-
ping lilac, producing an intermediate color.

Ser. Il. Six eggs. These eggs resemble those of a
wren in their markings, the whole surface being marked
with light chestnut and lilac, not blotched, but so finely
speckled that the ground of the larger ends is nearly
obscured.

Set iil. Four eggs. Ground glossy white, covered with
blotches of pale lilac and light chestnut. The former are
large, lilac being the predominating color on two of the
egos. The chestnut is streaked and daubed on in very
small blotches, one of the specimens, however, having:
two large chestnut blotches on one side. The colors seem
to run into each other, giving the eggs a daubed ap-
pearance.

Set IV. Four eggs. These are beautiful eggs. The
colors are a rich chestnut and a shade that is nearer
lavender than the lilac of other specimens, a purple effect

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 29

being produced where the two colors combine. The mark-
ings extend over the whole surface in small blotches and
_ spots, and at the larger ends are so confused that the
ground is partly obscured.

Set V. Six eggs. Ground glossy white, spotted,
speckled, and minutely blotched with varying shades of
chestnut and lilac. The markings are thickest around
the larger ends, but they are defined, and nowhere do
they obscure the ground by blending:

Set VI. Four eggs. ‘These specimens are not pretty,
but are smeared and blotched with light brown and buif,
the ground, where visible, being of a dirty white. Very
little, if any, lilac appears.

Ser VII. Four eggs, These eggs have comparatively
few markings. Each of them has a wreath around the
larger end and a blotch on one side. The wreath in two
of the eggs is quite distinct, and the blotch quite dark
and bold, the latter being dark lilac overlaid. with
‘dark chestnut, and the former light chestnut and pale
lilac. The third specimen is semi-wreathed, and has a
trace of the blotch on one side; while the fourth has a
distinct wreath of lilac blotches, and, the china-white
background sprinkled all over with light chestnut. The
ground of the first three is of a pinkish cast, the slight
marking being at the larger ends.

I have never found the markings to consist of more
than two colors, lilac and chestnut, each varying in
tints and sbades in the different eggs. The lilac mark-
ings are often styled ‘‘shell markings” from their appear-
ance of being within the shell, and are frequently so dim
that they are barely perceptible. In the majority of
specimens having blotches, the chestnut overlaps the
lilac, producing a purple effect.

The typical shell is china white, very glossy, and quite
thick and strong. Occasionally a calcareous shell is
found, but these are always of yellowish cast, and very
slightly, if at all, marked with pale lilac. A fresh egg is
of a beautiful pinkish color, which is lost upon blowing
the specimen. Albinism frequently occurs. I have found

30 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

numbers of white specimens, and Mr. R. M. Barnes, of
Lacon, Ill., reports taking a whole set of white eggs.*

The endless variation in the coloration of the eggs is
only equaled by the vast variation in their sizes and
shapes. The extreme measurements of an exceedingly
large series of these eggs are .62 and .79 in length, by
.50 and .62 in width. In the Ornithologist and Odlogist
(Vol. XIV., p. 38), R. M. Barnes, Esq., writes: “I have
in my collection one ‘runt’ egg of this species that is
not larger than a pea. It measures 48 x .40. The
other four eggs in this set average .73 x .55. The ‘little
fellow’ is in every way as perfectly marked and formed
as any of its larger brothers.’’

As a rule, the eggs are blunt at the smaller end; and
while some are quite elongated and others approach a
spherical shape, probably the greater number are ovate.
One egg that I found in a set of four was ovate pyriform,
the other three being normal.

Incubation is carried on entirely by the female, andi
extends over a period of ten days or two weeks. During
incubation the male spends the most of his time ex-
ploring every nook and crevice in the vicinity, often
meeting another husband on a similar foraging expedi-
tion. He keeps his mate well supplied with food, but
should there be any spare time, he indulges in singing.
After the young are hatched, both birds are kept con-
tinually busy filling the hungry little mouths with insect:
delicacies. After the nesting season, the birds are usually
found in small flocks, consisting of the parents and the
young, and so they remain until their departure.

Frequently these birds are found breeding in colonies,
and many nests are found in a surprisingly small area.
In some localities there are more pairs of birds than
there are holes or cavities to nest in. This scarcity of
nesting sites is undoubtedly the cause of the large sets
of eggs and double nests that have been found. The set
of ten eggs, previously mentioned, taken by Mr. W. 8S.

tos)

*Ornithologist and Odlogist, Vol. XIV., p. 38.

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 3r

Cobleigh, certainly must have been a double set. I can
think of no warbler that lays a corresponding number
of eggs. Mr. B. F. Bolt, of Peoria, Ill., found a double
nest a number of years ago, the lower half containing
seven eggs, and the upper five. I am therefore quite
pusitive that two females will lay their eges in the same
cavity, and that one pair of birds will deprive another
of their nesting site, and build another nest over that
of the original owner, in localities wherein nesting
sites are few. I have never noticed but one published
account of such a procedure on the part of this bird.
Mr. O. C. Poling, who found double nests and sets of
the prothonotary warbler near Quincy, Ill., says:*

“It is also characteristic of this warbler to remain
close about the nest at all times to avoid being deprived
of its home by some neighboring pair, for there are.
more birds than nesting places in the localities searched.

“On several occasions a hole would contain a nest and
fresh eggs, with still another nest built on top of it, also.
containing eggs, thus showing that some pair had driven
off the first occupants. Several of these two-story nests.
which I brought home with me got somewhat crushed
in packing, and the eggs were found broken within them.

“Still another nest was found, in which two females.
had laid, containing nine eggs which were of two differ-
ent types and piled up on top of each other. Both
females were near and they appeared quarrelsome during
the time I watched them.”

Another interesting feature connected with the nesting
of the prothonotary warbler is the imposition of the
ecowbird. It is not universally known or believed that
this parasite will enter a cavity to deposit her egg or
egos; but it isnot unusual to find one or more eggs of
the cowbird in a prothonotary’s nest. Mr. R. M. Barnes
informs me that he has in his possession sets as follows:
two eggs of the warbler and three of the cowbird ; three of
the warbler and two of the cowbird; four of the warbler

*Ornithologist and Odlogist, Vol. XV., p. 92.

32 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.

and two of the cowbird; five of the warbler and one of the
cowbird. Some have expressed their belief that the cow-
bird only deposits her ev@ when the nest is in a large,
natural cavity, and that she never enters an excavated
hole for this purpose; but the entrances to many of the
nests containing the parasites’ eggs are so small and
round, that apparently only the owners can slip through.
How the large and awkward cowbirds deposit their eggs
is a question yet to be solved. .

The warblers never wander far from the location of their
nest, and the song of the male bird can always be heard
in the immediate vicinity. In fact, when looking for a
nest, I invariably listen for the song, and with a little
searching, I soon have the cavity located. When a
nest is molested, unless it contains young, the birds
are very indifferent and seldom come near. The female
sits very closely, and can easily be caught by clapping
the hand over the entrance.

Perhaps the only enemies this bird has to contend
with, except the ege collectors, are the snakes. I have
had many fine sets destroyed by the intrusion of a water
snake before the clutch was completed. The first nest of
the prothonotary warbler that I ever found, was dis-
covered by seeing a snake crawl slowly out of a hole in
a stump with a beautiful ege in its mouth.

A memorable visit was made, a year or two ago, in
the congenial company of my friend, B. F. Bolt, to Spring
Lake, a veritable paradise for the golden swamp warbler.
This lake is one of the many lying along the Illinois
River, and has gained the reputation of being one of the
finest fishing and hunting resorts in the State. It is
situated between the wooded bluffs on the east, and the
river on the west, bounded on all sides by miasmatic
swamps, luxurious growths of aquatic vegetation, im-
penetrable and vast in extent, interspersed with heavy
willow growths, miniature forests of dead and lifeless
trees, in many of which are visible, for a great distance,
the bulky nests of the cormorant. Isolated patches of
beautiful and graceful trees, some of them venerable forest

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Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 33

monarchs, give a pleasant diversity to the monotony of
this marsh, and afford summer homes to many woodland
species. At a low stage of the water, the lake proper is
comparatively small in area, and has no outlet save
the canal cut some years ago from the river to the lake.
Nowhere is the water very deep, in many places not ex-
ceeding a foot. Its surface is bordered by a dark, rich
carpet of the leaves and blossoms of the water-lily, among
the roots of which brilliantly colored sunfish, palatable
bass, and the wary pickerel play.

At the time of our visit, the water being at a high stage,
the aspect of the country was far different. As we stood
early that morning on the high bluffs overlooking the
whole river valley, an immense expanse of water met our
view. No small lake was discernible, as that and the river
had joined as one, covering everything from bluff to
bluff except the timber.

Our arrival at the small inn-like hotel the night previ-
ous had quite astonished the natives. The month of May
was far too early in the season for fishing and too late
for hunting, and what else did we desire. The object of
our visit being made known, they were equally aston-
ished to learn that we had come for the sole purpose of
seeing a cormorant roost. The landlord’s wife being busy
in getting our supper, we chatted with the men on bird
lore and kindred subjects, and soon had the exact loca-
tion of the roost. By this time a great number of the
surrounding farmers had dropped into the tavern, and
invariably each one had a cob pipe fixed between his teeth.
While in Rome, do as Romans do, so we procured cobs
and did likewise.

In the morning, an early start was made. Paddling
northward to avoid the driftwood, we struck across a
broad expanse of water some two miles distant, beyond
which lay the desired roost. The early start had enabled
us to reach our goal in a much shorter time than was an-
ticipated, and investigations to that end being completed,

34 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Iistory.

we turned our exclusive attention to the prothonotary
warbler, which we found in great abundance.

It was the most attractive inhabitant of these pic-
turesque woods, flying hither and thither, flashing like
a golden streak, brightening the whole scene before us,
the males making the woods fairly echo with their pene-
trating notes. All day we idled in our canoe, watching
this bird in its native haunts, now and then peeping into
a nest to learn of its household affairs, or following one
on a foraging expedition. Occasionally one would treat
us with a special concert, or two males would exhibit
their courage by entering into combat. The females ap-
parently perform all drudgeries in nest building; not
once did I observe a male lending the least bit of aid,
and yet I have no doubt but that perfect felicity reigned
in each household.

Aimless paddling had eventually brought the canoe
into a beautiful sylvan retreat, a perfect prothonotarian
haunt. Seemingly all avian songsters had centered in
this wood, each striving to contribute his mite to the
chorus. The monotonous drum of a woodpecker on a
sun-bleached limb of a tree, the incessant singing of the
warbling vireo, or ditty of the nervous redstart, with
now and then the harsh guttural croak of a heron, or the
booming of a bittern which had by the inundation been
deprived of its abode and was now the occupant of adja-
cent driftwood, gave a sort of zest to this scene, the
home of Protonotaria citrea. Above all songsters, the
clear, penetrating notes of this interesting warbler were
audible, now coming from a point behind and echoed
and re-echoed by other individuals throughout the wood,
Even at noontide, when otherwise a silent hush prevailed,
the oppressive heat seeming to have dampened the spirits -
of the most ardent singer, the drowsy drone of insects
being alone wafted to our ears by an occasional breeze,—
even then the persistent prothonotaries still continued
the avian concert. We lingered till the waning of the

Life History of the Prothonotary Warbler. 35

day, long after the golden sun had sunk in the distant
west, and not until issuing stars cast dim reflections in
the dark waters beneath did we resume our paddling,
loath, though now compelled, to depart from this bird’s
domain. Nature was hushed in slumber, and not a sound
broke the enchanting quiet save the splash of the pad-
dle, the weird hoot of an owl, and the notes of a whip-
poor-will in the distance.

ARTICLE IV.—List of Altitudes in the State of Illinois.
By C. W. Ro.Fe.

PREFACE.

Most of the elevations in the following list were col-
lected during the years 1889 and 1890, as the basis of
a model of the State. The others were gathered during
the progress of a barometric survey of the State, made
under the auspices of the Illinois Board of World’s Fair
Commissioners. The data were derived as follows:

From the Mississippi River Commission were obtained a
line of levels from Cairo to Dunleith, a line of levels from
Fulton to Chicago along the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee,
and St. Paul R. R., a series of charts of the Illinois shore
of the Mississippi, and the low water slope of the Missis-
sippi; from the U. 8. Lake Survey, a series of geodetic
stations between Chicago and Olney; from the Illinois
and Michigan Canal, low water levels of the Illinois River;
from the U. 8. Geological Survey, a series of charts cov-
ering a belt of country about fourteen miles wide, be-
tween Chicago and Peoria; from the U. 8S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, a line of levels from Olney to St. Louis,
one from Centralia to Cairo, and low water levels of the
Ohio and Wabash rivers; from the U. 8. Engineers, the
preliminary survey of the Hennepin Canal; and from va-
rious railway companies, profiles of their lines.

In order to test and correct the railroad profiles, the
bench-marks of the lines of levels and the geodetic points
were connected with the nearest railroad stations, the
results being used to correct the profiles of these roads:
the elevations of the various railroad bridges over the
Illinois and Mississippi rivers above low water, and hence
above sea level, were obtained and the railroad profiles

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 37

checked by them; and the relations of the railroads at
intersecting points were ascertained, and the profiles of
the roads checked on each other, using those that had
been corrected by U.S. data as master systems.

Barometric profiles were made, with stationary and
moving barometers, of such roads as had no profiles,
and after the profiles of the other roads had been brought
into agreement, these were added and corrected in the
same manner.

To the outline thus established, the details of the surface
between the roads were added by traverses, with bar-
ometer and telescopic hand-level, arranged to intersect
railroads as often as possible, and practically to bring
the observer within sight of every section of land in his
district. Prominent points either of elevation or depres-
sion were visited, and observations made upon them.
Many cross checks and other means of correction were
applied to overcome errors due to changes in atmospheric
pressure, instrumental irregularities, and observation.

In regard to the accuracy of the barometric work, it
may be said that a county was made the unit of work
in these surveys, and that the results obtained in each
county in no way depended upon those arrived at in ad-
joining territory; in fact, the observer was generally un-
informed as to what had been done in the surrounding:
counties. When the results of these independent surveys
were brought together, it was found that a difference of
more than twenty feet in the elevation of points along
county lines but rarely occurred, the average difference
being less than ten feet. The cost of the survey was
twenty-four cents per square mile.

The figures at the right of the page indicate, in feet,
the elevation above the level of the sea. Where the lo-
cality name in the left-hand column is followed by the
name of a railroad, the locality is a station on that road.
Where it is followed by a personal name in the middle
column, it is the name of a small town or other rural
locality, and the personal name is that of the observer.

38 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

By the elevation of railroad stations, the level of the
track at the platform is intended. Jor each town not
on the railroad, the location of its post office in the years
1891 and 1892 may be understood, and for sections, the
elevation of the highest point in the section is given.

Grateful acknowledgment is here rendered to the offi-
cials of the U. 8. Government, as above indicated, to offi-
cers of the railroad lines of the State, to Dr. J. Lindahl,
ex-State Geologist, for many courtesies during the prog-
ress of the survey, and to Mr. J. G. Mosier, whose intelli-
gent assistance aided me greatly in the collection of the
material.

C. W. Roure.
University of Illinois,
April 10, 1894.

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

ADAMS COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Pes; BB. Me 22.
Bolt in ninth course masonry from top
in west abutment R. R. bridge, West

PVC AMO seh cccs cane dees: canes onae scabs sven sv ostauts tees
MIRO. “ctor kt. Adasdabovesaes Wises Eves 3.oocu eckacls ]
"pili pea 3 E21) Re a @.;..B: & (ibe Rae: eed laces:
MRRP CULE So. daeanct nom oc eT riteates eee see
ALT ETEI 6) nee Pa a Ge aA Wabash Ra Rifas... antes
“TTT. ARS ee CRE cee (ha) cite as PM
PRR acon oe deta sassndeae ce Wabash Ri ieee
DOTA OE OD oeoeeccveliectdcs Ors B: & ii linereeacee ease
OIEINTICIS eee A ck A ee eur are 1 hut uae. Pah poche noaeites
WG PPE ee occ ee aciabveess MARL SESE Oy Oia shi
MIEN door a Foor lates ese sats a: A ates en RR cee
(Lh 277 ate ee ea Leeder vi eee ® POR
LEC yan 1 Bape gee ee Ie A, ett eee eRe
Pea PAITIO SA: « Beiccsk dodohes sos ae PRC Pee Set ee
OU ee SON ie Wh Sac charts TAS
Marble Head ..i2<...002.-00c50 SY ES Ge See cae ee
TS aN Aine os Ona
PEeeAPCRMANR: So ooh icas esanenseees SET ai ae SEN eM ene a
MY be sie stent Ate see oboe sans SS ies) Werte hase
MVOC Creek :< 2.2.55. :0lacssscse HCL Dae cHsD i MPOEtE AS 2 9,
WOR oe core sous os 5 Gao J Iai Ga) ee pera f
WV ROOIV IOs cccecsscockoacnsas. HOES es Baas aes se See:
FATA 8 (C0 Se eae eee oe Be Cs Biche a aout seein
PM INI os ei cack oe tees sides aches PEP athe hie alee LS
APIS hos aos ote bes can tebe CREED 9 sete 3 ic9- Meee.
BOSE seis vase scoee ts Faaseaees Ceara er aah raN cede 330 tp 3.
BOGe rt. Ncssaaresanne SEs SY) 1) INES sae Shed nee a
prrrevie: A Mie ees ee eo Fo Gir 5 eWne we ihe oan PENG Bt
WOVEHEDIS...<csscnccievscseaomaee Bing! Sl Le OR ine
APPT. 2) vasccscenswes vison bs cL Fea a a et ee
ODE TO VO ois cance coxosssnodee ae ee EUR cis
MA RMMV EEN OTD 202,002 cneskceo seed. SPN Me iret ioe h ee oi 8d: 40
earn Weather... 2. .<0.ce. ge nn Pet gett Fs |
PP EEIW OOO» sfocsccs see wcedse UU ee Sint eee

See as te rl Pees! Fas SARs ey eee renee
Kellerville SR diets Sea eos Pia PP SF MRM SN a ool ck oR es
PAR eo os as oes SR Ot RE AES pee

30

40) Llltinots State Laboratory of Natural History.

PG VAG ets .civcctcencoesteseeeee i, Od Mann, celts ccens eee 710
Plainview v8 ke. cee OBST) Est Sie ee ee eee 660
Birchfield 4. 3..3,:5052.2) eee OBS 2 se eee eee Bae 725

ALEXANDER COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
PB. Mie64.

Bolt in stone post, 1260 M. back from
river, 1 M. north from fence, on north
side of road leading east from Goose
Island P. O., and about 19 mi. above

CIPO ners thats baie niendessensep ane niecaeaeaeaeueentaagae 851.51

Stone post in woods 1500 M. from river,
and eight and one half miles above Cairo
P. O., 26 M. from levee, and two and

one fourth miles below Speis’ s Mills...;..:.. 318.25

PB Mi 66:
Stone post 61 M. east of a point on
I. C. R. R. that is 3891 M. north of the

three-mile post north from Cairo............. 311.28
GeS? Pa bieMinsk:
Bolt in N. W. side of Custom House,

BET 6 Lame ae GN AEN TAR We a Cran oo | bene nee! 317.8
Lowest Gauge Mark, Ohio River....................006 268.58
(SANTO sasiwierbee ete va oa havent eas Li GeR. Ree eee 321
Beech: Ri@@e .... esesncvacesce M..& ORR ae 328
HG ae Bees otis oe ake Rog. iets 2 eae a ears 379
E. Cape Girardeau......... Cid BIE enh Cai G4 ar eta met 342
Hodes, Park): .2.2 2.005: Me SO) eR eet an oan 337
WQNGRVING ssc. ek tee ca toeteeene PAY cy Te 3 rare eA, 341
MCC TG oe ens G4 BN aah Oia] Bf aaa ei 337
AMG Vac cats. eh Seseee My 3800. Re Rios ass ce
Commercial Point.......... C. B. Klingelhoefer.......... 320
Gouse Island ese. (hoo ok ane 325
Olive VBraMeny sc 7.382 .cse08 6s Es era eae 325
BTU Hic E35 A RAL age Se ean PuneRAERC ES Sateen’, .> 326
Wheatland) ke cies cme rei A |) 330
Theles: Mere oe oss Pama cnt | 337
ey Z BON 62 RA 6) Sas oA ren AN CO Oe) aM Me Rete Oe 345

Sec.17, F.148., R. 2 W. sebteme ate 3 cectees ys 631

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

Sec. 28, T.14S., R. 2 W.. (CB. Klingelhoefer Ue 583
a 26, ef res W. aa 560
[aire F.15.8., BR. : W. Resi e it eet. B55

BOND COUNTY.

Lyte ae aR ee ded > Fae 9nd |: Ag SAE RR eae 563

Demremnrinte ee Oe Wie 4 LAO es ses st eclonee SOD

500) (1 a ee E., Fics Eien eae 503

Maple Grove................:. aay die See acs ha mon S, 586

Mulberry Grove............. AES WERE D4 02 Re a 549

DTT eee pe BO ay ia ake aca na ola ORC LT

erations 2 o270520.... 5.020: BE dee ge aahotabcsareeer ieee 498

2 310 see Soe » oR et oe 4 EAC SOE cP ae 9 ae | Renee ee ie 2 585

Ree T OW, te re es, alk) 5 | aoeeP ease RPE 591

Simbpleneld ........-....c..c00 EEEGLS Manns. te eas 510

Smithborough................ Ca, oad cn aie amine a pete tha 548

Meng lr Pe TB Op ol ae 465

Beaver Creek.................. | Vegeel 15 100) | Seen Re etd 490

Baden Baden.................. cal 7 MaDe, Setar eT 495

Dudley ville. .i2..22.52045...000 Pe abr mallee goth Rs atadae eRe 498

vol LO ee cas Res ais de a 2 ioe 59Y

EO Y S25 5225550. cccdaceus PEN s vintv an Saeeaoseeae ne eee 540

Pleasant Mound............ SS ot. ee ee Ly

Sec. 30, T. 1 N., R. 2W.. Shp tee ee ih Serr tA deena 650
a 27, es SOP 6 ohh putes eee ten. 630

BOONE COUNTY.

MSOC WIOCTO ooo. caescece odsse.cehs C.& N. W. BR: Re 792

Caledonia............ Serene erp ee. Ocbep

DE eee ee ener Behe RUNDE pence srecrtee 917

Garden Prairie............... Syl ets ln ts ae 730

PO 5 25. ckesheevadihecde yc Sear Petes hie rat es 877

NRT? OPS.) ab oy ala yO Sis be cea chee eet 8i7

Poplar Grave ip ert aes I Sel fags ee = al 0s as $02

Reed’s Crossing............... ONY gee poorer pe 845

EMME GOLD 55 co. becaesncdcceveve 1 2 0 ee ee 980

ee 28a 4 89. Fo ees Seay Peete A oo: 1005

12. Oe eee ane og Se See ins te ae ae A 828

PE rar ee es Sdeds sa A ete aes tlt | 1010

Sec. 26, T. 46 N., R. 4 E. AL Te ee pee 950

41

42 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Sec. 15, T.46N.,R.4 B...W. M. Hayes sone 1000

15° 'T AGN. ROSE bee ee 990
“ 16,T.44N.,R.3 5. TOM BOR et ress hy 850
“ 157.43 N.,R.3E. C007 a ee 920
“« 96 T.43N.,R.4E eT ee ee 890

Gilbird’ sce eee Wabash R. Riace8. oe 659
Hersman 2 ee eS Sa ee 693
Mounds 3:27:03 ces BE RN 2 eae (5d
Mt. Sterling 33 B61, 9) OR kere a ae 716
Perry Springs.) is.ccsasetes OF daigitgteaeg slat aaae aaa 436
Versailles a see OF cg) a Pines el er 584
Benwyalle v3 cea eas ee Bs J OTTO Y sc) .000 Ses eee 610
Bucks Horn oa CS eee 721
Cooperstown ..............660- Cage etka eeeid ene 615
RUE Oceana ion a concee te aesigee bas BE ee ce eRe eee 715
Morrellvillesccscccccte che 66 nS i ak aed 575
Ripley ere sean. che. os Ot Cpidatg Ghee ce eae 525
Seat Mall ieee we oe ah ystntecial 22 A eee 590
Silos: 2 Seated nc, AEE DES Se ENTE SANS 660
White Oak Springs........ Cn) ataae Math ee eo ae cae 625
Sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 4 W.. He ee cr ceL aN Bh Uae a See mer)
20, es oe BaY oe a GR ee ol ae ae 769
were 2k es ae BESO Ue eee 807
oe aa ne as Birgu ve et eee eae 715
$s) DOE es R. 3 W SSUES SRR IOR ERS No. Cie
Pais) ee a MRR RS sel oh 650
Pr tep ie ss oF BER A Re SR a ee en a 770
ss rea ee i NR ROR: ENCE cay SL a 610
yeild Ubon! Wee Etre Wie Sa Soe Manta tH Dies SARI 620
oie AS NS Wee s OST aCe ate cha theca eee 649
gs es R. 3 W Oe 1 ER CEA CLES at ce eae 720

A TNA ONA SY oo cre Sewers cates C2 eB: & Oo Rea ane 763
Buda. La Renna ea Nam ae Semone, ya T amity Puma ie so 761
C., R. I. & P. Junction.. er ht 7 eeAG er Mer ae kee 645
Grover pe eMeb cele I os glide arcs A Cory Ba Real viene Gee 729
Bureau. Junmetion..025..... Ce Rak & eR iB acacat 479

List of Altitudes in Lllinors.

MOR URNEE eo. Sook acces poets Gee br aie Gla -Rey URN cc ecks a. cick:
ies rIN NO 2526 5. Chic cce lactase’ Came OW Cacibea Seda s
Lele ca 2, a1) eee Cee dice. ibe Eee acea:
CST] eae eS Ree ROA Ay Hee mI Nae
MUUSRIURUD Guaseseveleckcacccasewces GC. Bit QR. Wiaaione
PIEDOMBEE 5. ..c0sstsvcceneevecttes Ses AaEW Aaa icv eens
OTS aa ECDs CoN Os Sine eee
PER ROGOHON ©. A ossndeeca ce acowe aa ary atid es Ree
SUM Valley ::...c05.50s.005- ee art eee Aes
SC E61 B aera AS bee ie th iis pies (ae
VU OPITs Sccskeee csi hea. OF Be MOOR oA tct9.
VEU i reer oe ae Fa Saba igre err
WVMRELERE Gis 2S, tia ceeae abo al'chs SPS aad It) Fig hee es
LOT: RS eS oe Le elie Cmaeree ts Fie oye
4M CA | ee een lice Ie Re %
(Lh SA oe A «Oe Wow: Danley Aiea
jin?) TOL ORR ee SSUES OE FA ee
Hollowayville................. oe) oid ceed ee: sven 8
PREP ooh ae cave hoes CaS ihe 5 went RABIN NR
LA SCTLTI TTS eee ae ee CBs) Meir a a eG ae ae
MeN ML NOC codec: oe deaie ceret,-teisde's Cae bik hich ee reeds Beams
[UCL SE ae oe eee ge a Sy a en
New BegiOrd ...5.6..208. ee: SO Ma fa a alecedtteh aes
Sa ie MeN Gye Of ae a A WOMADIR VAL <2) Eeea eae a
MUCUS 2s iSedodad esc vse. esse i et Mid a 22
IPEGWVIGCIECO. vi 5ccbccdeedecscese Wey AR tehtcn tees hos ot
Noy 6 yg 1 A re ee Re CEE Maes ee chee st
Sec. 23; 7. 18 NS RSA26 Eh: oe a Pots the) ee.
2. et coer. mete oy re: ees Pee
SG: es Rei eh Be Ch? eR ae AR? © ea Bae
ee E a Re. be SEE edie. AOA RR Teh 4
cc 636; sé us PORTE os PARSER Eh Ra OR
“YA, + jee al Seed TRAE Te
ie ae; 6 R. 10 E. DUG, A tS Ss Bits Pea
fo, Be fF KR. 12-E; CP Thai oe st Sane boa a hd
ee. A EN:, ek REE SPST 354 0 Ste See
iS) DD. R. 9 E. SRSA), A FPa EES
Ses ee R. SE. GOI WY OSA ahs
220, as 7 SF Tipe SR AI Ay
4. ci ce CE NMARY. AO eo a RS
See iey, ns Re ee Jy 0 MLN iis BLE Ea a ae
25), Fs : Scr Nei eA at Ry A a
ike: cf Be oO Dart) ne eae Aiaeate Mea
a | 2 {3 3 oe SANA Recto ALEC LE
SOT ks N ێ EY CMAN SVE ee Tse
ce a4 oe ce

t+ Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

See.16, TTS NOR... We. W. Danleyers acne
pares) PAR eee Re, OE. enh be L Aieic Pere:
66 OP MEN See 00. OP 4 RE a) ee

CALHOUN COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Calhoun Point at mouth of Illinois
River, 60 M. from edge of woods on Illi-
nois River and 150 M. from edge of woods
on Mississippi River. Top of stone set in
TOWING s ccvend ss sivavensetoasleceras dpuvaaperayeiah ceeenceeee

US Po BRB. Meg:

Bolt in stone set in ground, 5 M. east
of Sny levee, opposite Clarkville, Mo.,
and about 50 M. east of ferry landing...

‘ Dicsarevaieed Baek vere Lengo 108

Stone post east of Sny levee, and three

and one half miles below U.S.P.B.M. 29.
Sek ta wt ME. ake

Stone post at base of levee 175 M.
northwest of house occupied by Mr. Cain,
and owned by Rock & Baker...................

eS. Baie,

Top surface of rock on hillside, 50 M.
east of shore of Hamburg Bay, side of
WACOMCTORG hassles qsneneseansuesasnearann tae eeaeaee

UAS.2.B. M: 33.

Top surface of natural rock, east side
of wagon road, and four miles north of
EE io Oa AS Ay alte chal Nak alsa aoe ekaes gaaciene ole Bee

UsS.2. BB. Moe.

North face of natural rock forming
south side of first exposure south of Ham-
burg, 120 M. east of sharp bend in road,
one foot below top surface of rock, and
four and one half feet above creek...........

UAS. 2. BoM. 3b:

38 M. east of bank, and 250 M. below

island: NO, 482) 2. e.ctsnce vac Gaeenseme eases
WeS.iP.2Be Mi. 3G:

Stone 8 M. from river bank, 1190 M.

above warehouse at Red’s Landing.........

420.41

447.63

447.56

494.77

466.71

513.84

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

Has) PB. M. S87.

Stone 10 M. from small house opposite

Mie OL, tering Leland: isi. <.vdnscbeiwtasaeds: er
Gat s BM. 38.

Stone 50 M. east of river bank, 800 M.
south from Church’s Landing, and 400 M.
MeCch, OF LLOY Ville: amine Ii. welesactsssxeusss

Pa. £..B..M. 39.

100 M. north of upper landing, ware-

house, Turner’s landing...... eee ita gedon wales «
U.S. P.B.M. 40.

90 M. back from bank, 600 M. soutll

en Woot lsland: Not POG, cc..5 Sikes itccaesse
USS Ba By M,) 41.

74 M. east and below top of hill at West

MANA eet caue cass S~Guctemenetenedaeeeae Joanaanteonetatancs

Boulder 225 M. below warehouse at
Pastimes, Landings Cis. 4 5 79.c.0cesi teh ditsen:
U8 P. B. M. 438.
Bluff rock, second exposed place north
LPM T a el ATTN 2 0 ca cess cccancecsanttoeeeed 3c
U.S. P.B.M. 44.
Upper layer of rock, 900 M. south of
Martens Prev TG MOF sis a, Wes.daidbccaslaws. Mesa notadoniens
U.S. P.B.M. 45.
Bluff rock. Thomas’s Landing. Between
east end of coke furnace and river...........
Bier. es Dy Me. 46:
Bluff rock, 1 mi. below Dixon’s Landing.
We: PB. My AT.
Bluff rock, 350 M. north of Pount Land-

Meee ry SASSI SS Se EE Shs. IS: gh. TREAT HED, Doe a atdteatied hones
TACHTOWN -ih.0cccbscesececes ell UPTO Yea eerie cos
PSCCOM WUC. cos cccdadesecdeheet Tr iac ee Vibe ee whicedestecceceee
MEMO VIOW «onc ficcdisvasuessvexe Sa Se NS OEE hla Sine ae Sch
BTUHSRONS 5. 5c -cospesecscicaces Goa MRSS AR! Noo AR re
RMSESINSTN Se ccs else dunt eheces Ee PN: MR a A A dae
OUR a a Be FISD ya ae aie ee
71 PS Se ek eee AE ECM fas hur ice sods
(92 EE Nic a eae ee Oa Sea nea a
Rp io ic ac cvcsckcacetes 3 el lade ols Atpler S Aen See
Golden Hagle.........:..... Ee ON Ree ahs tale RR
LV in)0) (eine FART CE ae
Jal 3h eee ee SCN ae SW ABS ea a ee

436.58

433.81

435.64

433.81

444.89

442.

46 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
Miep pen. chi ker eeceecas: J.C. ‘Turner i Meuse tioatehcaiee
MOZIGr 03. ice ERD SIE Ce “tad
Silver Creek.................. FEO Ls A ee ae
Sec. 22, T.88S.,R. 3W $8 A eae ee
5° 19.T.8S.R 2W WE. St) OL ee eee eine
SFB LAOS Re 2) A AMEORLP ETAL ASE EHO EEE |

CARROLL COUNTY.

Bench-marks.

U.s. FL Be M:.. 60.
Thomson, foundation wall east end of
Christian Church, 250 M. east of C., M. &

1 mi. south of Savanna, in middle pier

of. RB: Re bridae,,.No..B,, 8925 iii eee
U:-S. 2. B. M:. 62.

Savanna, door-sill engine room of ele-
vator, C.,M.& St. P. R. R., on bank of
river. South end, south door, east side.

U.S. F. B. M. 64.

Savanna, 2% mi. east of Junction House,
50 M. south of C., M. & St. P. R. R., in top
of west end of abutment of wagon bridge
over Plam, Rivers ieee, 80.0, 5) idee Se

U. S82 RP Be iM: "65,

300 M. north of 1-mi. post west of
Hickory Grove station. In east side
stone foundation of barn owned by J.
Fish, 5 ft. south of door, 3 ft.from ground.

U..S..P. B. M.. 66.

Mt. Carroll, 100 M. south and 40 M.
east of depot, in stone foundation of barn
attached to elevator, south face, 3 ft.
BOO VE: -STOWUMA eal cocncceres cis sacdidesiavedenatee sheeee

GA8:22..-Be My Gh:

4 mi. west of Lanark, north end east
abutment of R. R. bridge, No. 454, in
second course of stone from top...........66

Ur S.2. B. M. ‘68:

Lanark, upper door-step of brick build-
ing occupied as bank by Walf Bros., cor.
Carroll and Main streets, 1% ft. above
TOWN Hiss eee esnae et asaeecessy noe kee een ea eRe ERE

604.48

585.74

590.64

595.57

672.39

816.10

787.36

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 47
Ub: LP. BM. 69:
24% mi. east of Lanark, coping north
end east abutment R. R. bridge over
REP APCD IG: 20 eee valde Succes boasantns aces sens paebee 839.35
Pos. e. b...M. 70.
3% mi, east of Lanark Junction. In
east end north face stone foundation of
barn, owned by M. Crabtree, 14V0 M.
south of track, 2 ft. above ground.......... 946.51
WIG acca. cacacs toccedessas C.. sb owe N: R. eee See eae 785
DLS a ae eee ae eee eee 749
Hickory Grove..:............ C5oM., & St | Sees ee ee 696
Lo) SG eae oak ae in Seer ere 850
_ ae GT te 881
1 Er Oo) Sek RES a Ost veer Nea rea Ets ot ake 604.
Milledgeville................... MP Ache suet ties T6L
JA ATE 6 | a OC; Mo& St-BagliR.B.... 816
LSD ha re Py Mee | ey ee 919
TSS ae eee ci A ae eee Are 592
UG EPDS SS EST ; Ot Male, Bla er ee 605
EAMES GO Op ccna ctesscsctvess See Seer ere 611
UT 2 a er WY AM TAA icv ane yncttaetscuaanas 660
Blkhorn Grove...........02.. a Ala i eA Re Serer ere 740
Loris Dh: a OFF Negi ine Sole ee 875
PRM Re Sooo wccecbacucucetovdecheas Core, eautn, eat ees 750
ST et ae ee ae eee cit aR Ae Pik te 2 880
PMBEBORY . .cauecnneneccesvqnh venose PTS gait RRA tats. 935
5 1 Ce a ea ee SOR we Peer cee ects 915
Sec. 1, T. 25N.,R.4 E. tC ate oe ae 920
“2S, ue “ pins Mae e's! OF reap eC ae 890
BS 19). ae 4g Me UN eat pc kee &60
e234, ( t SPT aie, MOSER ot ee 09 a 6 910
beh ey, S Re 5 Es CRUD 2 Prk Soc? Vk ot SE Sea 870
ees sie ss Shit ROS Set es ae ee aN 930
pool 108 5 R..6 E. peau ris tras eet ae 1005

CASS COUNTY.

Low water, IlKnois river, Beardstown.................. 43,7
POTIMEMPRATICE cc oncdnasecivdeéecaes penta ery Etre les Sarcancgnssree 585
PUT CTBMIIE 50 ckovccescctcsccnce Gs. Bk a. en ee eee 472
a to)1) se re re CGA TB oe necssacee 634

lift C10) co | ae a eee 446.

48 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

PVUTMPICAIMNIGscseiecscnaaes scene: 0. & M. RBar itt 626
eae Springs... oli Cedscresbhbeme 510
SR eae ace eae ss Jevdesss odes ten
Ghataierville Deer: AEN. cee JS." BR Bees ee 476
CUR 11 Lge AT dae ie O..& M. Rave ee 637
[Ey (112) eee Pe ee CG. Biiké:Q. By ieee 475
Little Indian.................. J. Soh: RRA eee 615
Philadel phie:../..2...0%23 Or7& “MMR. Gi Sees 623
Virginia Junction.......... FO VE le a ee 614
WAI MAE c sdecececees'. Ueecseas: EG 3. 619
WICKOTIB: coeerves-ssvecse0e0-ct-0. 0. Ee Ry 585
LOY LE Sy ARES ne Meee ae oe Bie SOGrey). ..iccccssces os eee 620
Newmansville................. Bho) i) cal bee eee: ea 615
POW LW ied crs eas encees casseaecotneses HS Ni nguedaei cena eee 615
Sec. po, F.1ON., Ri WwW. Bete Me, Bree 460
ls 1s SN ke COW. Ee ree es - 650

s 17, es R.10W. £0.) Acdeee ee Renee 620
33070. 19 NR, 8 Wi: SEP ee ea 532
fC pee LehiG iN, oh 20 WW Oe each eae eee ae 630
oOo Maltese Avadig Ne, at Vy hi. ee ene 574

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

Geodetic Stations.

Sec. 35, T. 22 N., R. 10 E. The center

of this section lies 274.67 M.S. 79° 22’ FE. 819.98
sec.7,. FE: 19° N,, Ro 107 EK... ‘The Seve

corner of this section lies 236.21 M. .

rece ean MP ae era Ree TE Ls Sei Si a a 705.18
Sec. aL, T. Ve N., R10 BE. "Thess, W:

corner of this section lies 1144.4 M.

RT Pe eed tO NLA ce til os olacic cg ECR mre ou cece T1158
Bongdivalle see ccohoeees UG Be Stan pe ae oi rae es 718
Brondlands 2026 cee: Cee ae RN. oS ae 682
Champ aims ectetitis secs. AS Ore SOM 1 eee se eon i 737
Deere rete beaten tee: Wabash Rei eacc:2:.caee 688
DEWEY sic ee ee be PRS ee eee Pa Oe Tol
Pilcher ee hecse none oes SOU RY, eee eee 744
Dickerson NRO AE AL RE aie Rea ny carmen Se ere 745
Edi Ste oie ae nn eral aE a LB bch tad ity: > Tea ae Suid D6 721
EO GSTAIG dey tee wen ie ect Wabash UR.Ro es ne 737
Giordani et eae TRS UR TR ees beter ong 810
Homer Goa eee ase 1 a vptey ape ai 661

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

BWORUAICL ©... .c0.0-cn0: chccasick DR lve te Bue FU. egcdsesacdegec.: 679
PRIOR OG... <2. : 5. 22ceseececees ba AA TS] 50h Hi aes teh ea Toe
SES ee a a Se ad as aarti Reema LU
EIGGAVIOW ..222.52220.052005580-- Vy ie DSM Bi Re eee 675
a ee eee ee (re uanbe Gcistrs brcutys Lyne. ¢ 2: 687
lo Sh rr ee f AMRE piety tel aR 709
MS oe LEA: as sa Soka dake vis Lesh ck ne & Ad 9 tae ee hee 684
<1 SE Ceres eeit. eR. Bo 673
EG ee eee CREA cic Sa ea area ie ne 728
LSS a Pe hace cae 727
2 SA eee ee ee OD eye Riee Fane aah ete Be KAS
Ns sick Poccaceavia dk foCs Seed We oibebe cet. > Fwctec tet teatoce (27
LO to 2 eae eee ee ee Pee thee Cb. as .Scte..ccsstcec ees 756
Soe eo Ssoecnossin ais CORE Greet OR att mean atl a He Smee yg
SS 9S ree Wabash Bye eae fabcets 691
RN el a echec acc aise s TC: ‘AR. A RS, lye ae nado
eI see am ene a ahah 700
St. Joseph.......... 5 aN C.; 0. Ceacer ie tas Relpuskes 671
1 ee eee | a4, Pa Gal Sep Paes eer odes ne Pee 745
Sidney 2S a de eR Wabash eects: nt fo. 649
Thomasboro ...............-- EG CR | fae Rae i ee 134
SNIPER ec 50 EA ek ae ee Pei keol fie 133
0 a ie ) CP NOR? RR tee Ree Ae 4 ue
DI oo sists cksensns shan OPC Ouest: Lika... 718
1g oe ere Tie Coe armeticst eaten 710
Pariowile e628 22 bua. oer ins Wal tars Sane aes 660
LESS RR In ora eS Sa RPS Ji Site Shab r ne eu 725
| A Sea eine eee ei are cee ee re ee 718
Sraron Centers: 2.2.8252242. 37 BN FY Ba eee a 730
Sec. “7. T3292 N. R.108. Cie a a deAte Rays SM 820
13. a BAT E. ame aint Ys tro es 750
Peon ae Nien AW. 6. (pl tee 820
e 3. PDE TSN: ie Bs. BP sonst) gecth aera iste}: a)
or Veen, te Re OFS. Ot patient ke Br 6 ood bi 690
fea: Rs R. 9E. BY aU ce nu crs 770
patves, ks Lh Ns Rew Rh Ciigan cbeecOe eee ey rues a. 731
CHRISTIAN CCUNTY.
APPA TILION 34. 0.040c825-2..05 ed Si "9 3 636
IANO ic. ocene Roscoe Wisibasit- VR. "5. ...../.- 621
J 5 a: fr UE 2] a Rh alae ee 656
UT 07: a a ORY tel 1 Lal ae | ee eae ae a 576
Taylor ville ee ee ES a Fo) 9 Oi a ere an ee 620

49

50 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Grea WOO ce fesSilc ceed ebese O08 MiB Rate 575
MITIORSVELIO te cecerec sled kas. BRN +1" tN aman ie augtee 648
Morrisonville: :i..i..6..:.25065 Wabash Ry (Ritieeiee 632
Oi SPS, 070m he O> &/ Me Raita: ee 619
Ou gM Crossing’: ...)..2.. Wabash ‘Ri Raters 616
|S BERS ne a ee ee OO. & MR Rae 695
‘Seeril 778) pee eget ek Re i Rees a Wabash: Ri: Reman ae 622
VEMERNOUTUR oe. costccsccoeccsuosetene TG. Re Rs eee 622
ros amon... .5.0..c0seteaaee C., C:, C. & St. Raine
Sharp's Station:::::..ctc.., 0. & M. RB. Bea eee 597
BEOMING TOM 5... .ioccatecvese »,.WabashsR. Raia 580
Velma... ed h OoA VON N Se eee ae Ore Mo Ri Rast keeee 629
IW GUE, 45). svavoetnee tate cee ete Wabash R-vRi..c sche 629
Blackburn Avni eee ncllisons:.Abeie eee 615
LEvC aig ts Wea eet eae ae sas ae Pe Dy hoi iee Oe, oee 564
Grove i City sie: caeecececaet oe eS ea 620
Morgansville.................. eG aids ae ea 580
Nts A Durie ee eee re Pe ee ea ee 627
County Line, Christian
and ‘Sangamon suieehs Onan 0. & M: Bo BR... ee 584
Sec. 23, T. 14. N., R. LE..E. Ellison Jaddvcustnestee ae oe 684
a 31, T. 3) N. B.1E. ce ee inl ae 630
622, Tio Nea hd RIG Dery MOR i 665
OP O2 0 seh ae WW, COC SS et Oe Re 660
$e i hep We al aN, eee opr atmihemtatnt ses! (S. 651

CLARK COUNTY.

’ Geodetic Stations.
Sec. 16, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. The center
of the section lies 237 M. N. 29° 82’ E, :
TPOM: “SUAtOM sci Lis hs hea han ce ee 677.48
Sec. 82, T. 9 N. R. 18 W. The corner
of sections 4 and 5, on the south line of
this section lies 559 M. S. 86° 28’ W.

FLOM: STATION \: :. soe eiescca nen ec ae eee 587.28
Nh 608 6): a RAR ae apy Vande thanest) 23 cee 616
STAB OO ete ca coee ence cs O25 & 0: AR WORE so eee 655
GIES TAA RSP ge ee COP ab Sian te A ein 656
Darwin Station.............. CC. C.,, Ove St he Ba 570
DAMES OT Re ee er Vand. NSH het ed heh PEL pein an ei 574
Farrington lei aioe el Pee Ls Rates eye eh ee 570
Grr ha this see eee SES CML ST We aN AEA AS YEA ia

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

SSE ee Vand. PAM Ge, Geeta hee wa,
Son | eae RE a Se ae ee ee
PLL (2 xno CG; ©. & St. ETHOS
SME USAGIO: scce-ceset re ee ee
BV G8) PINION coc; ses ccied sce. bd ae ss.
AES 22 6 a SOs Aue FER ideaid ho So Sua
(CCU i a a ds Hallinen ee AE 4
LES le TAS LS EDS eas Mie ie 2 OR lass A Mee Br as cee
LNCS STS a es Wen Ae bob! SOAR eames
NOTING fos see eves eeetene Ta ea Dee atnarts bran FARES |
MACRO ci OS, etree: CCAS CR PCM:
MIGONSHING. ...)...020.0c0s05.0 aki ADI £rh: Beh Seb OR
PURE ICING occa iecn ie howint dwn cee 3: HARI ME hremccan tt altoe
Oa 6) ppd i” dota PR MPR kA Aa
ST aa Rae ae are MED ala IAN ede Aare
ae FING, 5o0cse cea x nncden cee rj AT ED tA i IC oe

CLAY COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Clay City. East abutment of O. & M.
R. R. bridge, 1% mi. east of city. B. M. 3.
Flora. Southeast corner school build-
ing on front basement window. Cs B. M.

aL 3, Se a i EE Be Oa VE Bet. Brot oe) eeecatis
1 PE" oe ree, 2 has Rane ie URRY NE Se i,
van a oie A th fais ted Sa in
\-CECATTTE ga = is" Sa elt he 9: eter ie
_S COUT) aS a Soa wg Cea VA CON Pe ar
reselbeis:5.c2 ee. LOR MONG SH A RGAE TS oe
Es fois dadecteconch sacs ccaas Sey rope heel tmehe § 42 3b:
MeN CPOVE: 23 cccccessicoc 2200 1 een ea o alors Coen epee peepee
MRP ATLIN $2502 vace voce. e048. ge lag We 7 aR not
Hoosier Prairie.............. Day NRT ae PERE ea
MPIC OSE: 2... bodcecessdesesdes Ser cig Huped Ae NP hs eA eka
Semler Springs. .:...../2..2:.. Bg) OI Se eee be
County Line Clay and Ef-
fingham...... i errire rs Ge Dee aso Rhy eee
Sec. 34, T.5 N., R. 6 E...R. M. Hood ARS, Sah cas
MURS Ne TN COR Eta AN fins.) Naas ehanveanap ices ens
Ls i ee ie 8 Co LT ro ae oe ee

lad

18

52 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
CLINTON COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
Collins (Huey). West abutment of O. &
M. R. R. culvert, 4% mi. east of Collins, B.
MF ccccselet eee a es cece 448. 5
‘Carlyle. Pier of O. & M. R. R. bridge
Kaskaskia River, 4% mile east of Carlyle,
Be aor a ieat caceben cocucces sec) eee ee 470.35
Aviston. West abutment of O. & M.

R. R. bridge over Sugar Creek, U.S.B.M.8. 4684.6
ACVASE OTe. heehee eae O..& MRR eee 4.57
Bawbelsae tras actrees: LOE S&S Stile hates 456
Boulder a A LS Oe Reon er 471
TeeGRe teeta. coe eee O::.& MOORS Reoae eee 450
BSW 4 oa seeeakeceanecneeees PERRET) 458
Cate eek cc cantst erecta (On 450
Damiansville Station.....L. E. & St. L. R. R....... 434
GERMAN hOWI. soc. orcs. sere PS ae 436
1B Ween gcv5)) slide a ae necator CS 461
FRU Y ts. 2c dt Bho tenntesres On So, Mia AR Ran ee eee 448
Kevyesport 4. thes ces. to: dinjee Hy RY Rok ae 458
New. Badienit: feantiaee ccs legit. Stade Reais 443
New Memphis Station. .L. & N. R. RB....... eee 411
P OB GYR y Shia cee eran Lb & StL. Reka 455
Queens hakes i285 4" Le &-N: Bi Root 409
NSIS VEIL GLU A Cheat et aeamraen ie BEC JSS BECRS Ree eee 469
ET eMiOni HR ete oe Oo & Me Rae c anes 490
VOY Gl 121 ch eae rae hue ee See eet L. E. & Sts Lb R. cee 430
Damiansvalle PO. oar ECU bidmann::.... eee 44.0
HES TOW Mites ee esa, Ce er) ae ca 44.5
STINGS iO Vay orga eter ne aes 460
St, SINOBEt Steen tee eaten ee Ce. ts re 480
New Memphis P. 0O........ RR CUORPR SC OS 423
mec. 14 PS Ne 3: W... AS og 478° qj

alii | 6 Re Sia at 600. IN he 480 !
aD). ae Rea Wes (hits 540
Ea UE ge Reels Aes fe OUT SS Ve DS ae 507
tne Leh Af CORE ind Obs de cue abate ie eee 506

POO ee suit A BESS ee RRS Oe 5 kG ae 544

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 53
COLES COUNTY.
Geodetic Station.
Sec. 25, T. 12 N., R. 10 E. The corner

of sections 25, 26, 35, 36 lies 531.7 M.

UR STENT NY woes ee ee Bee: eR MAT T7248
LDU ED ae AO oe ee TGR: AR an ro ss 659
RUEMEEINRERSS en cae cknc es acces nooks Os, GC. &: Siti Ra Rok: 691

_ Bie Four Junction........ Pian Dei: Tuk, Beet 734
SCS 1 6 61 RRM Ae Ps Pa Sebi Ke Cy. Rik) 3668
PPIOSTOM.. 210 F Ae as 5 665
Doran’s Crossin@............ BAER PE aes ete. 3 680
Embarrass Siding.......... He GG Se Stein Res 704
Loy lig 12 ne Ob. ee Ove RR. 680
1S 122 a Ae C. rie (ORR RM BL Ae 8 ee ME) oe ae 698
2 110} 6) 0 eee POs LEE: SATS oc ste 658
JAMeSVILIE.............0c.0cceeee Bast Sealey ie He se 8 692
ED fe Ree eee Py Stila de yi Rik. a Tod
SS Ra ee Oh eel Blake Oe sah ck ed RRR a 6 gg 672
MeO... ttt ed Lunay: I. C. RE ieussO 8 a 733
Montgomery .................. Pai Ge Te ee Rice ats 7150
oe St ee ee T. Stik: & K. Cy. R. RB... 6538
Wee sce ISS. 3 ... 662
L2G ail ae eae Epa ... 654
VIEMBG GL. co 5 gnc utcccycnct seen ene Pek b. R. iE hnemchs pe TaD
W ater Tank at Embarrass, A ol iain: vin. ASOT 652
Campbell Reap hchGak Pues avestod Ets My ELOG EY Sorsene cacae sete ees 700
ge 1 Det Bie DRG 2s ean 630
OT 2 Ae a ar ae Osta ah Sai ae et bona 650
Ballers POmt :2....... 000000. Fe MPO hacen Sat ens 660
LEED Ca ee BOWE Wee ae bee a 690
eI AIRGs ade Ais sbdyas Bete h SH ee ee us. ys 650
Sec. 29, T. 14.N., R. 9 E. : as ATM Tapes! UES ee Da 700

LS) LT 13.N R214 W ST Ray OR Celery ee ae 720
aa, P211 N., R.9 E. tary ME: (Rate Ane ARR: TOT
eso, bl? Ni Ri? BE. APL. Ce Pe T94

54 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

COOK COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Mean water Lake Michigan. U.S. L.S......
U. Sc Piso 7 389;

Bartlett. 150 M. northwest of depot
C.,M. & St.-P. R. R., on east face south-
east corner of stone foundation of Con-
orerational chureh 17.0025. .30vesaenee

URS BSB. NG}. 95:

Manheim. 250 M. northwest of depot
of C., M. & St. P. R. R., in south side of
brick chimney, C. H. Bossenbarg’s Cream-
ery, © leet above sround..... icc... <dedarae

US) PabaM 194:

Cragin. N. E.cor. Grand and Armitage
avenues, 150 M. north of line of C.,M. &
St. P. R. R., in east face of Jennings’s
brick saloon, 4 feet above ground.............

RES) es tae Mi os:

Chicago. Corner Dixon St. and Bloom-
ingdale road, 20 M. southwest of crossing
of C., Mo2& St. Pv and C. &N. W. KR. Ri
in west face of L. Epps’s brick malt house,
6 in. from northwest corner, 2% ft. above

foot of Lake St., east face of foundation,
1 foot south of northeast corner, 2% feet
ABOVEVSFOUNG cas... see srses ima ee pt a ai 4

Geodetic Stations.
Sec. 3, T. 37 N., R. 12 E. In the N. W. ¥
OL; Che SECO scccvecscths .colstieeeteeatel cout aes
Sec. 13, T. 28 N., R. 12 E. The center
of this section lies 37 M. N. 80° 44’ W...
Sec. 27, T. 38°N., BR. 13 BE. The Nie
corner of this section lies 580.6 M. N.
Ste bee: Oy Kas Opies ine MUN, SLC AEE NO PER NOE OES
Sec. 19.7: S37 N.. Roi# Be The Nay
corner of -this section lies 637.8 M. N.
BA SCABL IW. «ns. ssocceesoemecee teen tare eee meeeen
See. 28, T.-56 N., R12 hehe ek:
corner of this section lies 285.88 M. S.

581.28

802.2

649.39

616.52

590.27

590

728.58
618.88

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 55
RMT css haa's Dannsee che LO CUS. Cae | eee 400 |
Arlington Heights.........(0. & N. W. BR. R............. 697
po ee eee TN ST SP |e ee 615
er eee Gla GaN Wis Ee Bae coos 593
Baremeton.,..)............-20: ee eae Nicer seen 818
RENEE, oo evivecnatacles-tdesece CMa St.F oR. h...... 802
Bellewood..::..........:........ C., St. P) & K. Cy. R. RB... 640
_ Ot RSS SS SRR a er bBo 7g) enc SEP ee ea 686
Blue, laland ..6..2...:.. 06.5063. See 2S IBY ag) Sg 2 a ve 606
ee i hiee ae Pe 699
Srieiton Park. ..)....)..<c.d era athee eet stccacctescies 602
PSPGREMIOW «3.522 .0s2s0nc0cdecus PO ssbhcs tbs ahust dee scuzc cebedsces 625
ES, gaa OR a Dens Wo Re Re ccuteae 616
TS) TR aes Se oT AR eee A 661
[SET eR nae Sean OS Gg 11 BRR 1S eee eee 587
IAPR Hh... <3 aes A | UOGNS CAP. fal OFA aie eee a 829
51 2: SY Ne 2 DN Se ey 0 al 2 | ee 608
eS ene Re Se aun ee So ibe Ben csc cs: 586
UMMM ETS Goto oct ns nn Fag Weabashily, Toi. sults 636
pa 30? SR ee ee an oe Ciesbe i -OL Ron... 603
RIEL orci 5. sors Fons dhe? Cy ais & eb Py Re Bis:. 614
DSOLTT 2S a ee ee DE oe FE a 5 eee 618
SS Dn: AWitee<C. Fe a io ivcsacseast! 641
(DDS eee ee 58s OT 2 ee al 605
WN con oan nt ase ows Orie (Gio. hb. Le telecast 648
jC ee ae ee Soret. bole... 606
LOR 76) ee ee SOT sep eg at en a ee 601
VET P01 oe rc Bee Ns IW Re wi eo. 608
Feehanville .......0.0.2..0..06. AY tei ORs Bite hee ces 646
Wrereet Glen. .2!....2..csacks see OF Mi ee Shoe wks We... 612
U0 3 i | Wapasbg lt.sR iene 605
Forest Home.................. C4 Sich wk) Cy BR. BR. .-650
Prank: Park... ...)...-<: Wits a te ahi oecn sree setae cct 2 635
Eo NR eee ee Caste i. oe CR. Re... 604
ECMIIVOMNG 5. once vans noonns kee Ah See 9) A) Voie 8 ee ea 628
OS ERR airs aie + Bee Bry Os oc es ho: RRs, Od
Grand Crossing.............. Pai aie seein chee 590
SrPermwrOOd ..-....88. at... Pea Ol Git. te. Fes i GOO
SOUS °01 1 Re Be arb bs Boelitacuss. 746
TE CS Se ae [IB Rede Si 2 eee Ee ae a 603
ROBE... 2. 5ccle eco k- vot s8s20e: Us Met erot: bh. Ks: 612
2 RY RS ee RATES ASC | ire a a ean 665
PIGMEWOOO...........0..,440+45 ATS] RT) Pepe tat SAR ie 656
Deve ark.,.... .:/0221...! C. & N. a yea a Se pe 608
PE or | oe OS UN |S 2 618
Kensimmton ..........1)..204... 1G ok: R AIC ee eo ea 592

56 Lliinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

La BAN Pes. ssccce ees CO} By @Q. Ravi sew 642
TBST 5 She ccc MeL P., Cs Ov & St: Shae Re
Laverone.. icici keene oe & Qs Ri sees 610
DETUNING «oscil as tee ee eee C., St! FY @- Crake 593
Manheim ~..0.0g ees CG... hy. & St. Pees 641
Matteson: Lcietbtes trode L., MR AE JS aes gaa TOT
May wOodertrtnistetectece C., St. P. & K.. Cy. RB. BR..9Gae
Mont Clarence, C., M. & St. P. Babee 653
Montrose. .cccaeoe eee Se ee ee See 613
Morgan ales... nics. censs P., C., :C..& St. LR. Ree
Mortons. jai ee on M.-&'St: P. Rukia 626
Mount Forest................ Gd AL Ri Ria ee 585
Normal Parken. 22" ORO. Pa RR See 600
NOrwOOGonisiiiwencsesie cts CG. -& N.. Wi2 Bee. ae 640
Oak "Forest. incarnate Co.) & Po Re Ricteeee 688
Oak Glen: eee C., M & St--P. BR 631
Oak Wa winches eee Wabash Rit eae 611
Oak! Par kisc.0 2a eee Ciao NW. Ro ae eee 628
Orehand: Place. ok. ST a Oa cate cep 637%
Orlatmidie sos 28 whe ool Wabash R. R.. ee ee
Oy ition. s heen C. & N. Ww. R.. Rees 635
Palatine on io ss i ied, Cho OSE a oad ee 748
Park Mid@e wis ease SCAN ie foe ieee are 660
POSDECE eons teres nae Bits iB OM cae eee ees 675
Ravenswood. tcc ec oA big ea Teves Rod aety eat 609
Rexford osc Oe Kil. & Posh Rao: bigs 629
Rhomescccee cee, PTV a 2 IRR cok ee 631
RIChtOn es ce eae ees | Dies ia) Cts eee tae ere ie, 728
Ridmelanday sess eer CacoNW: Re Rieke ee 630
Riverdalessjc ote ee oh P°.C.,. ©: & St. lin Re Rw oe
River? Forests ee Wisi-O. Ru Riixd eee 630
RiVersidens ie bie ee Cf Be GQ. Ramee eee 617
Rovers Parkas: aA oS IN OW BR Rs ee Ge
Sag PIG BEN Ae yee oes Ce: Ci A cB Rea esata rome 591
Schiller’ seParbe: 0 ogee Wis. Cl RoR Aa he 60
Shermervilles? s:0025) 00.0) sMeve St Behe Rage 645
Shoots vParkie.2 ks Pp. C., C. & St. L. R. BR.’ 624
South Chicago............... LoS & Mee Rodi 586
South Hvanston............ CoS NOW. Re Bele 615
Souuh awn :cciseke heGe Re Rah ee ee 605
Othe Muy nme; 268.2 PoC. Co & St: bothers
Pe] OFS TK (IL Aap REPRE Sy CML -&).St.-P Ree ee 769
SLEW GOCE T Cee ta eee RRR RPE aie: ALS SR SRE eee 585
Thatcher's 2Park) 2.25004 Wise GBS Ria. 627
Thompsons es. hee: Pi. Co & Ste oR. Re Soe
Thorntomey ese Ce Bde: TAR er 5. 621

Thornton Junction....... LU RR ea ug, 2918s Ran .. 608

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 57
BOT EIVIGT G2 osesk yin ccteehegeeekt od Of Cex Sit Bo RB: Re 595
Washington Heights...... Aled ie APE: Teen 621
WentwortD......cccecseeese. C Te tial Seats ap Nay acta (Aone, 608
West Maywood.............. Cy bt. ee Ki Ore Ri Re 638
Western Ave........ccccc0- Gy ih GS StP: BMRA Ye 602
Western Springs............ Gabo Gor Ris iee8. 4, 671
| he 6 ae ee Wiles cr (ey. tee? Bas ca hen te Aho 647
Willow Springs .......0...... 6 ot idl Drag og BRS a oil 0 eae Been 599
U7 8) oe ee eS C. igi cy "aed pal 6 Ana aegu ee 618
VTS | ee Ge NeW oR Want ee 658
Crd ae aes Wavtusm bo Revo 630
CRAWFORD COUNTY.
Geodetic Station.
pete o2, 7 NN. Rao Ws The -S.. 5.
corner of this section lies 325.6 M. 8S. 73°
“1 RS Re nt aR 8 ng 499.68
Ger A NGANE. o.oo (ears aay eds read (eagles aan 465
GATE VINE 235 ons occarnie C6226. & St. Die Rah.2e. eae
TEI EE a A Re el AR a 497
DOUG Gt--52.5. on esec ce Retake ees hee Nye stk Se, 8s 476
HItBODVIlle oN. :. 6. cce.csee.. COAG CY Soba bees: os 441
AALS: ee rE ea I. & I. 5. ewe perce: osc ee 463
PCTS INES Na arse eh a ru taal Rae nh 514
Palestine LE a Le ae i gle ig eins St felt a 443
USC STIDTS |S 1 ee ne a a lhe, ait a Statin Mid seni:
“| ia) 2] | is A ae a CC es & St. d Dyed Fad Fe 486
(ORGS FES 290 ANTE ape a ae AO lon ea 462
[ETL § ay 0] 5 [Seana Ne be Ms PUT MOR et ck lot ewes ts 565
PRONG AE oe ove cele cas Reig ak bree cre Co ee a 55)
ATA ciao cos cin Yeneta oe vi 5g Niet Pena Oe alee 490
2 eae ern Ba BP Site ofl a ee aaa 430
PPSPdimsville .......0.c<c.c05:-s 3 a tac AE nee ela ae 425
MERINO 52) ck wcidp one ons Calan tre ae ad tak 435
[TEER eeaiags Ve aie ae Oe idalon Oat hal a alia ae
|) a ee ee 2 ith SONS a en one 430
UPR ce cdce vents SOMES SOA Seat ee 510
TET LESS A aa a hy alee ae i i 470

58 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Bench-mark.
Seei18, TT) QiNe Ri tk Ey Thesis,
corner of the section lies 1092.1 M. N.

BT OSD O Wi, iclbsinlcodk Matlos tae es tabs tae eee 630.18
PSPAO DUTY o..>---+-sedsaspmarrecg B.Di de a Re eee 601
GROBUU ID. g5s--<css enmeun ree sete if Bites) des 544
eGreenu pm Hill ees wpa peepee ie Pes So. 5° 595
azel Dell. socket esccaent ee OREO. SOUR, on aay ae 609
A251 CR Re a isan 82 Pee Dine 27 eee 584
NCOP A ncsscauspoassagetascaneonees iG, cabs the we cckee. cane eeeeee eee 657
Moledo ee eee p. Dose HRs Bae eee 600
Wevyay Parks: tien. oc cnte Viens Tinea, .as-see-ce ae 631
Winslow. cccsatec acu caeeeettes PEA air Qader ae cc sink ee 595
WOo0@DUry,<.-5..-.0snrccsceaus SF NT WM ee ceee eee 580
Cronke eo ey. tsenccesnee Res Me Hood 3.8 thane 600
JSOHMSUOM acc sean see suaes Se PA MRESAT EE R NPee 640
Neal. ii: PERS Nee Se BE Cah Sat ih ee ea 610
Roslyn een eee SM IRE re 615
Union *Centers...200.0.4..8: fF UP Lo uene eee eee 645
Walla: Wallace scics:.. Panimacen est rr ects. 565

DE KALB COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Das gd Db oM aoe
Fielding. 10M. north of track of C., M.
& St. P. R. R., in south face of stone wall
of elevator, 25 ft. west of S. E. corner,

and 2% it. ‘above OTOUNGL: Kees os ctreeeeatenee 784.78

U.S. 1.5 M80:
Kirkland. 175 M. south of depot, in
west face of stone foundation of brick
building owned by Dean & Rowen, 6 in.

from N. W. corner, 5 ft. from ground........ T73.4

Efe ene! aie 5 grit! Diag cc
Kingston. % mi. east of the depot, 10
M. north from track, in west face water-
table of brick store belonging to Julius
Chapman, NOW. |COrmer.:.;..2: ccc. iseceeee ee 803.6

UeeeP. 3B. ME S82.
Genoa. 100 M. south of track, corner
Main and Emmet sts., in south end of

stone door-sill, on east side of brick store. 837.07

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

on Sg OS 0 Rae ge, La EN NS SS
Charter Grove............... I. ST] Tern § fata eee hie Pain
UN tae eRe ene aaa, 3 ae Si. bee me. Uy. be. B..
i er 4 | aie ARIE eh Ra as eae
Wea MEY ako case ocicdecccesees Pee Merae MN a RhcieE iccee ties. ace
(7 AS) SR a aan Sogh! Nala Ck a ipa
2s ER ee ner ae i lst eS et iy aah te
PIERS «5c cs0 225-10 cae ie om Date yee ery e tbe
LLL ea a W.. Memb. re tik.
2 eA eee RRL Ce PEO takec tae:
(2 nts aan 2: SR a a me Dette ue, Wie abe Sts eco coc
ET ee eee Uuer 20) ae Sae Vee ees Eee ae
MR oe ncaa i88 On ME Stok Be Nin eks. 2
Mar) «as fae vss o os ccs et iat: Sheer
(ore ae ae NDS Ce ree ye, se ie ee ce ee
(EF a Dns Oe eae INC We Rete oa
New Lebanon...:.:.......... ie Mage Sto bP naRe tes
oC) SS a iid el e e ere Gre ie ah aoa Bed Ets ty sccecu:
BNERIIEIWVIOIL. 2 => caccocosecvtcess Capa cTeey a 8 ec al & a ee oa
Shabbona...... Ries he eae iets pt aed 6) vane
Shabbona Grove........... omni uWire bho... eke
PHPRYOOTIR:. 2005500. 2. oSee.+05- bee 9] ie en A eal ciel 0 ee alee
PEWRATIOTC «2002, vctcsvck cdo ve Bee We Gill tA oe
IMGT ©. 2. no 2 soak scones: rantrel abe. dees ieslx Bese
PVRS. 5. i2cccesesngstien ti: \ coeagl PS 6 (2) Seep Rte eee
Pe AE boost eee Silay TR ie sersrrig ae taki
PRG re. Sock cat s'sced eee PA ek eH tceas Nearest 3
PiGPOU VO: <6 05c5365eeee Sig Wn eer 08a bak 2)
ane (Grove s.cisci fits Pemy Mamata ds ee vers
South Grove ...scc.s.cs.0cs-s Be tile Ue SE Ce
Sec. 19, T. 39 N., R. 3 E. 1D he Se MOEA re eres

se 8, PT 37-N: i ae OF eS CE ee ee

DEWITT COUNTY.

OS es ee Ses mete i eT ek G5 AR | oR Sis MO ae
ME PAICHBNIN Soo coos Nsidstissddvedavtec Se POs hak eek vite cee cok
Ey oe eee ee gS aie Oar a ee
Parmer City... 2........5...... et ees 1 fee eos
Te 29) | ea LL? EA eee ee
Gravel Pit Siding........... kL Sats ee ee ee
(E22 OT he ee =e NED Eat Se AE
Cems 88.0 voice sieeseskes ee Be et RE os, gn aches

59

60

MidhamdeCity ys nase 1 UR. Bot ees
WS PREMERA aevswanes ehices Mesa ren ccaeO ae rays sy yee ts cana tee mepeeene ae
| sess ies Vj ep al Na ve PMR HE Mics? nd RSE
UOWAT SR ete e. tek ene Oe! GEE ak, SP Teeter
Salt Creek Siding........... TO. Re REN eee ee
f AEST oy of ma SR ea A nee THA & PA eee
Wee a ees hatte ane vos Baie Ray Rea eee
Waves Ville. 3... ac -Specs acess TU ao eee
WW UM s uc Pe Sac gins danacleeace TC RR a cee
POLOMMON 27) ee Bod: Burt. 2A eee
Swisher fn. toss tae tase hake nih a 7a!) 8 CANT
Sec. 2, fT) 2i N., BR. aE. CR ot TR Raed gore cake a

Ge 66

a5, 1.22 N., R.3 EK.

DOUG

Beneh-mark.
Sec. 36, T. 15 N.,

corner of this section lies 528.6 M. N.

Hugo

See eeoseeseseeessesseseses

OO eter eee sere eessaeeee

LAS COUNTY.

R. 10 E. The N. W.
te,

5 5 Yee! 9: mae ecceaTa hs 1 Wie 2 HAR SEL” Sek ation eat meted i
ATCO ee ear ee eee JEEC SARC s ys ccc coar eee
SAG WAS OM ie ee teks oe eee ceee | Ep aeeeas eas i ened & Meera ae,
BOUEbOl aes kee Cr ubn a Ra a ee
CaN O 2 hacen Seats ee ES a Aa Noe Ras oe trae
Cheste rville Re Re Ease ea Ties alas das bre kets IR eee eae
CHANTS... teeta ia eee es C. 86 Fis U, Ré Rye eeeies
Dera tie: tee Recreate ume T: EL c& Pe Reh See
ERPS Wc ace pl tik eee anes cer Oa JE oR RE eee
Pickin’ seve ky. cae Te De Woo Ree eae
ison 39): Sebo e ee eens TREE i cea akc. ober. sconce
Cra —e, Sasa eee eae A ORS GRR & a Fp ene es. ak Ooh ee
Garretiivss-isio05 .ackene EEA Shy 0 Fl cod \ ad att Cee
TTAViCS so ic bres ceteee DEAS ON) CDE Eee Diese Seen
Hindeharo s.r ees fi RUA GARR et | eal iB Yoeee sen
LEGS) U1 Ce Se Ae tere ar a Br decal. dhs ga tide ae
MR ENE ies ssoc3sceeos dace 1. DiGi WORE i ncoassen ee
Ne@ WHS cishadtersucte neces PE i aN hy
TirsGalaie socio ahs Ae ee LCA RR oe eee
WillapeGrovecice. dee orp CO. & ER. Re Rose
West Ridoe rs o.2. 0s aeecee i ip pe ees a
Broughy? Poth... .c.c2-:. RM ep Od site vere ne cee:

Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

692.28

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 61
DU PAGE COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
um -S:. P. B. M. So.
Roselle. 80 M. north of track C., M. &
St. P. R. R. North face foundation wall
of Mathew Secker’s brick building, 3 ft.
from N. E. cor., 2 ft above ground......... TTLG
he oe. BoM. OR:
Itasca. 80 M. north of track, N. FE.
from depot, in foundation of frame store,
Pa Fey APOMEL W..xE COPTER erie ss econ vac Sals '. 698.25
Peis. Pi. MO,
Bensenville. 40 M. north of depot, in
south side of frame store, 2 fit. from S. E.
hie) 2) a oe Nee Ot od ee en ee OME V2 5 2 679.76
Bensenville 26.2200. tL Mw Sh: BARR evox 677
PEMe Vile. o.oo. cecnnker Ce eibe die wee Gr, Cg Ray oar 610
Clarendon Hills.............. ORG 33 fon 2 ood i) eee eee 730
Gioverdale..04. 2. $056k: | a BES RS oe ee ee (Es
DHowner’s. Grove............. Ss, & Q. | a9 ct Taye eye 718
DoS C ee a A ge ee Sets eect fits
OST UT i a re ee UO PacuNs We OR. is oes. 688
Dye, a ed Sees ee eee Rt Pet hs cke Pucacxncn seek (ahs
WPGALCHAG 65.2 e551 002 sos Rs de Ge ia Ree...) ee TO9
SR RMMET Ligcsiiiite ss hi ARAL RS ie: ater’ enorme Reg Oh ke Be Toor)"
Grego’s SE Pre ORE es es RS a 9G ia @ Ses 22 753
OE 1 Pee eee ee A C., otek. & kK. Cy. BR. Raei88
PU BI asic 2 on och kee nace C.. EeGaieahs Boece. ee 691
PPR G ODS Foss co so ots conte G. Subse Cy. R..B.ast8ih
Ce 2 ee Ba CAMO Sh.JPi Ro Bic. 692
WS fee essed eo AR ctdcoticatt. UR oR oO ie 2a) SO 684
THOM DAFOS: 325552580028. C, bo. P.&. Ki Cy. R.. Bias 727
Naperville: 2).0h 0G... tae bcltvrite es ec 714
North Glen Ellyn........... O.8bP & KO Cy. RB an748
North Wavne...:2..4....... AAS tee sen ee 785
CONTHTIOVING: «..2355084.000).7 A SIND Ge ertiotk bia, Bases: 813
Prospect ‘Park. :.:.(3...:5... test, BON RR Saal oe 744
(712 ae > ares Baer C., M. & St. i Spee oe: 770
“Lurid Bly ee Sa ness at eae aa ailal CIN i aoe 695
South Addison............... s | Oe! | eae 703
oo sal aA A Mol ete pies eu Ue 600
ELS SEES cra ean Co A AA Gl EEN 2 OEE 766
Warrenhurst..2:..0:....3--+. E., J NAR ORs... sect 727
Vgc gS ee <A UE Eee - 76V0

62 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

West Hinsdale............... CL B& - Te We eee 710:
WG AGO Mi. dick in sseeteossaesck C. '& N. Ra rae aa es See 751
WR AAOUG oo slew Cekeh ee Ys once Ieee eee nese 735.
TAGIONSOT Oyo tigiaphsccdagte ale fi Barclay ie Eh eH Ao 670
PIGOMINGIAIC§. 0.2. sccecos0tkd. hy ce hae eas eee Ee 770
Fullersbure ARN i A 9A AB eRe ere hie) 87.59 ok ag 670
NE ONWIET <ck sos oc ssn tad eesennce 5 aes or Se ane a aMee ceeeee 665
MERCIA jf. fcrscesseherenscorees Oe Tea va entese ct eee 735
Warrensville........ saactmeere oS si eslont'e's ol oe 685.

EDGAR COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Sec. 6, T. 16°N. RB. 43 W.. The Nove:

corner of this section lies 1283.6 M. S.

ERO SG tic) ac ean 28a. Perak al Poko mice vies SOU veers $41.68

Sec. 4, T. 12 N., R. 13 W. The S. W.

corner of this section lies 510.2 M. S.

FOE yi WO ot ok, OVAL 2 elena te beh eae wifes: Gels
Borton Junction............ A Ua © Died Geketne 5 ta G eee, 662:
IB GwiItadl sock hokktohe eee AD tro rae By & K. Cy. R.. RR... 3638
BROCTOM....csscceeneernorneae . 661
Cherry, .Point...........-.c0b: cole Ges Wie RE es ot ae 625
Chrisman...... rieeh gabe arb ae BSSY ote. Bhs 2a aoa 650
Color ine Bees Meek tet Cones, C. & Sto. RoR 714
Dudley se ARENA cites clea An AR Wat) fos ale xt Wie te uM ee 713,
Bidar... cca Pei ets. cto ie Be es A ee ia 642
Mertell seek. teachers AMES) Fake cama) condi! capita at a 581
GOWER Yo. cdec sabe daeeosdanoet Ca. AO eS Sib. is eis. ne 640
ald retha $4. holst toece Cte OR RoR. cates 725
WPT ACR. .ccsesesfekeed cee CHU208 StL. Re Rate 648
EMRIOUIOS | 22 2 Jon eke ata caee eee CS Oa TR. ARE ade 658:
1 5 TE 00s ROAR i Sollee 2 Ee DaGaw Re Be ace 653
Asaleed 1. see ee oe TD EARP aR OR. ete 663
TOTS AIS 2 occuclnuceecondees eeee CG) x Of BR. Ru Rega mer 708:
Male Vie onc 2e5-hx.nachcostenemrs TT MRAP sR ces cece 620:
NIGIN ESO Sedaris temacccege trate MMR Oe fc 684
MGIWOOG sos... 23iciscadeeks T.,St.L. &K Cy. R. RB... 662:
Metes Mises gticctt sack cece 665
Mortimer 225. .22e..e8is ii,. a 702
Neeley iicaiecec ie oeto tinct # TT. BGP. Rook eae 734
Nevins Ben ok Sache Nemec eee & 674

List of Altitudes in Illinois.
LSE Se eRe Ee Cire eC ast. oR. Bias TOT
ee iO SRy Ag) Cay SoA 5 SR 2 Aas Fs 687
MEW OT ferocs ccs cvnccecctse tinue EO BWV, Ro Reeenl Pati a 631
LS di 0)) ae ne NE SA OR Ea | a 2 See 680
RPI E ee sacs cccads vs adaeten ec Cay Crée Sts aR RAvuA 627
2 LU i ee PD NG WAAR Rivesh een 631
EWEN LO: 65.3 occevecsddeesedcesase Cr C20-G Sti. baR Runs 636
MEP THOM ss).5 soaccscdstss PEI setters: tee 663
WHE TINO COM. . sce i8e:ioecaaes CAR Dl Ga Gates ea 692
1 EEL Oe eee ee ae 05,0:,:0..@ St: ER. Res 653
YOU Gb ES gs A eae SS SR, eA 673
Clay’s. Prairie................. a: Ee Hallinenei..csa 575
LCST 0) ee Misa PL a At aceenes stay 667
PPHIAMIG Ses. 2c os scczccnes. Ps: a) BM cerca renee 762
ReteeMlela WIC Wo. wccn.tesdo ic lab et hit) he ay RRC Reon 738
2 EE AS ee > Ala © DR Sit pear em 566
LSE SSS ee ener AS MERI BEN rece 600.
EDWARDS COUNTY
RIPPER occ orts cc sperccct sds fi ee ae Oe bs Fe 464
TN eae ae a POD) acd bisths: Evoseconn aces ate 475
[ofa 51 Chien sea eee for at Mano gales Sey ea 404
Lil cish GCE ges 2a ea Retin Pe Fe este baw cis 441
Grayville Junction........ P.. Dy: & OBE! 3 nl ears ee rene 398
SEE Tepe dg OO RMR abe Reed Wiehe renee Fa 431
Mean palentsy ieee. Sith es mes Abte svar hs)! 515
Maple Grove..............5.:. oh iG AUS ssc, 54ee5 85 55s<-s 475
PRD OE AITO) bac ceun0snpecerene Cc, Se Cae Se nen eer 480
PIEMMMIR WENN cec2cccecc. cece. seeee BER Sts sch are Seams oh: .. 490
Sec. 34, T.28S., R. 10 E. BAVA AT Nrdds Sines iN Fine ssn st 530
Sec, 21, T.158., a PRSSRAE es seecere a tahoe ene 540)
EFFINGHAM COUNTY
PM UIOID 28226 0528:453.505.552 Rp AMER S Phe Rtatcestiss2esteaate 624.
WENCHOE. oi 5o88a522 561s. c2ha0ks~ Le els ose are 611
Weber Oat oi ici) 206. sctees.. Wabash) Bi Hise fa8. ds 633
Do eee ePrreee Wand Aneen.cs Oise. 593
De precte checkin hoes dak (Ter 70S Se SN I | A 589
EL els SO eee ae jas R. JERS oC ie 580
OPENER ee tee tee TIN A LN cidee cdaa ne taeoste 517

63

64 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Piinmwoh ari. Ob hie pee We Oe BR ee ee 595
EOS DI BIL. 35,5 -e6t ochre i & Th SS) RoR ae 605
WemkKNOUSED, .0ikc neh as ees ae Vand) Lines. ee 586
RREIMIOTC oy 5 cocsgcckec-abbe cea O. & M. R, Rie ee 581
Moacéasin (6.66. id. Ae 6 eee 618
MOET OSC). ansehen dasseteee Vand } Line. ,2.3 ost. cee 599
SHUM Way-icl iets Wabash BR. Roache 657
MENbO POlls: -awvisese eee Vand. Line...:. si... pee 605
Watson 66a Ao dk’ ©. Re Biel eee ee 562
Hiberier ee ce leccce ee RR; M. Hood 2.3 575
Ehottsto weiss ssc -deetes C6 css) EONS Se 588
Winterrowd)..:.. cnn ats fs t,he 535

Wags e\ 11s Rpeebaee ees oD RRR Aan ere yond. Line. a.ctenaeee 570
yen Mian oar senha . ob. L..& K. Cy. BR Resiaes
Dinghamis. i... sae ceataere Se ... 600
‘BrownshOwihi. 2s eee Vandy Lines). i... 2. 564
PYGERRET tyes wee outa oN T., St. L,& K: Cy. Ro Re eee
Bara oe Native Wa is: Oa i rem coe eerenenan tame 584
Hagerstown.........2......060 Vandig Lime, 2S.0.35o0: Ra 525
Holliday Puae cit da oot ee meee Or 8 Mo IR ies. ke ree 569
ya Clede ices, 28.28 cate ens PAO RS Re kets o..c cee 574
Raansenns..) Stk. Seats SARL ‘ives shy pour os Sea 611
Sho iWOMIen. v2 occ caswenacees ae BO Co Sana nee rr 514
roy es D1 0010 oe een a Re DE Cee Vand “Line 2250: See 600
LAE YTA 6 Ee) 112 ee aE bale eC: CR. Race 502
MOTE, EA fia ietaicaa SAGE ail NPE ROE) whoa ae 552
LE EVES) 65) air ae eee ee BMG. Hoods: si. 4:.... ee 490
TMISA OND been. ee tet eignosd Oe Rey Fite ee te ee 550
WOOP OOLEC. ce .cectvs-. een? oo ceak Lue cae 565
ti: MRICS sence oe eee ON aR as a 565
Ra lise de ULL <, cose ee ek cee eee EY Abs eee care 560
Wondon. City, evectes oe: ee he ee 580
WV TTD ePLOT: .). «te CREE ee Ait el Es teen 560
Becion. L. ON, no Lah 6b oe ae 630
ND 9" ee Reig? Se deck ee 650
Fe Qh, ve BR 2h OE sh ieee ee 52)
a6 14, T.8N., RB. 2 W. pe) a a ia aie 490
River bed, Sec. 12, T. 7
MOR: Ch eee SAE Sn ORE eh ae sabe 470
ween Zon oT Ne Rh: ASW PPR et SOA year 540
eit OE SAG pas Wey Ean Gen (Be Rene PRE 560

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

FORD COUNTY.

Geodetic Station.
Sec. 14, T. 28 N., R. 101K. The 5. W.
corner of this section lies 460.4 M. S. 87°

on Ay pee pe DE Be 2 aioe Sa ee eS
2" SS eee aera Rar (AR ee ee ee oe
SVE a en ee Bh ae We RR. 2s
REE See Ce ee cscs VV eb Delis Pee wit, eos aav vere ce
Sete OIG Ys 2.5... SA TG: CR Le 3 6 ae e eae
co TES EAD sas 1 eset ea eT > ar eae
(TS 75 See eee Cee ern Spina REET eo erree eee
PIGHMEYRON «..5-....0<0ccus-ccce: Pei GW. be Ree
oo a ees | Ad 0 5 eee eee
USOT WES ETT 1 ee ee ere iackee doe, A. Prk creakces
WN oo ooo os cd eae 29) GBs PRM | NOR eg eenag eet ae
ve Py ee eer a ee ne eats
PA POR ALY. oxi ca0s6tas 355.05: Uc) Gar Wet cuales. os
EMER ses. 2. od2cc tc esekksoads Wabash Fes ehe ei sccsccedtacs
BVGIEEES «2. orci. cdocktiaets tok | Oe) AP | -R): eeene eeee
2k eee ere Wreailbsighis Fee: Secs casas seex
peer. oN. Bo B.Ry M. Hood vires cecccsoses
gary Pe bers Be EGOE NG (5 Se hehe eae HERE
ae 5, T.Q7N., EBA ME ON es cadet acd
Sabha Lead Wey? | oe, Pe ere eee ea ts or eee
Siemon be AoW. yer’ 223 es ee ee
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
SST AT eee eR eee Sh At & POR S RE R:::
PeCRIOE oo 2 ae : a sit
Olirintopher.:..-:..23--.22-.25 es
Mulkeytown.................+. =
“PS ope a eS ESS es
Smothersville.....;....;....:. RE
Thompsonville...............
DUTT ht SA ee | ea Ghee Cite ant: rc eee ee
iG DS ae oe 8 STL ticte cheeses £6
Crittenden .2:.:.........-:; ILE eee ern tt ee en
7 errr ere 7m eyes eves Zetekaea ches
A, 0 27 ee at Bek orga ery een
Mp siya 720. hee et OUTS oy Cea ee eek

(poe) 38 Ss oe te ee ce eee oy oe eee

66 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

DecusteGrove. i835. EH} C: Eidmann 44328... 420
INURE OTS fo So ls tnceenccmst one e AO he oa,
OSL 2 eg tole ne DF i sh Saleen 440
1 Rel (vii oit e122 eee a aa a 665, > oi: Sees eat 350
Pore ith oii. aes manne cer ah Silt «Ls 455
Prosperity... .F..0l2.cb kt hu ie ea ies ae 458
Ar TAM es Sev atscansees aa) nee ee ee 475
PILGINVS UMEUIKG, : = snscceksaratatines SR Ne ee 574
Webb's. HUI... | pipe Rt erro sors) 440

ASTOLIG: Aci cecust cece C228. & Q. RoR 660
AN OMe iscian ree ee eet eee oe Ca nae rake 741
Brecdigs. 2 os aeet een A kc Wee aes 4.94.
Bry obec eee rece ORR opel tgh aaa He Bopha a ma 616
Bear aah ee Ef CovNY GeR Rs ae 708
Cantiemendsiiira ck cain nel aae Cy Be ORR ae 661
Giga licen 5 2 Dit abies tare oe OP oct ce WW ahs seers 678
Cabarete ee Dem Saya ic to 677
Diunierminec.se ee + bits Reed RAY aor! atari ey Takes 6381
POIs le Ne eee oe eels Oe Evo Ne GY Re Ree ae 543
EF’ SIENTCW 3s eas Me geo ie ae (57
Farming tom 30.) cca: Co aBr & Qs Rak... peda 737
ia Ries So iG wee EiCo; Ni G- RS Race 694
TAME Riss encndsdavaeacdts OB. & ORG Re tee 650
ive Silane hee seas ie ee Ts+Po iS Wisk ee Del
IGE WHASC OMB Li. Sachse ieee C3 Bie QR Res sro 584
Mondon Witises.. cusses Hi Go. Ne GRR aes 560
Maple Mills...... OORT SP oy 24M Ae Bi Dew yee ok ei alanine gtr STD
Lal) [GNATET ES Fs eyes a pee ews BIRR Te ee GW whine aoe 549
Mingle (Grove.-....5 so fa CO RR eee 726
J SIGE RTS a gl en a ES ©.) Bik Gin e 726
Oyrike WOM 2... c.cscecesseore FP Co. NsGaeae ts 538
FMGUUOS cc duscecavcees ou sasacee ES GATE IES Caicee ORE 516
AUANSAUEC sc ctcesscivvonetcntecceaee LaCie eae 689
Rawailts...;..:..... Palade Ort fl lie eames gl Papa] Gee 633
hy esi LS TAG P= a C.. Began es 625
SC) 0 (Ct eee ann Pe Ke Cos Ne G. whee 464
DOV cloc ttc. van remeen TD ea &e- Wa ees eee 494
Ginnie doo 2 2. acuee Se Oils eae 648
Table MGT OVG....<,.ss00-c0e. CicB: &-O BR eee 744
Vera ie see cece cakeies a ae? gare 664
Westishisweama.:..vsccssoe Bi: Cou N: Guerre 448

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

LUO (Ce a eer nae | | Fell Eg gee iene Ree
LE CUES) ing Sh ee Ee ad 3. Wi I, is 2S Peele ner ee
(YS als (6) 4) re Gh oA, ies ae pains oh chee cleat
LC Sie ee nee ae Be a | igen ena Bae
Weaican Millsi ic. COMP terre ree tcc

PORE Ie en oes acs Sacre coe tance ae Tee eae ees.
TES 2 Shs a a ai ede ae pilenS aker Ahto nS
L222 he eee es ek) PAS eee errs
MRPERMRUSY, Sos coicwteccon ies csweee? cima apne acs AE
Wiehe. Poe Ooze ccxdcseseas eat CPTI OR RARER
101 £07 3 ee a a geen ae nee
“1S (UE 3 a ie en giana aor alata f
EATITFRIPUIIEID oo 0c. <zccceectek ects SLES oh A ie Re

5211162 peek ape Ra Re OR REM MROER tacos Ae
Cypress Junction............ nis PN > Rec aerate
120 Uy 2 ee a ee Tere ING Sin Ee sick soe
LO Re poe Sime eke Sake died cxson toes Oe
shu agi a ae ON cre ag its aera eee
BE Wayiaserctesencosieecns- ses Dey Cee Phas Utne nae
Shawneetown................. ES oo ty 2 <Miaaa ata OSE

Gauge Mark: "Wabash River’... :cc cokes

Binnie Weber LOC e. ss icc pesevsoossadedscrteseascaniateies
WOU DOM WOOT seccssecsiiedssceas B.C, -Eidmanms: i255.
Weber yeeress irese ss. 82h rae So ry aS aed ate yae Ns
| LOS bent he pian er ai ek eatin trees
3.0 0 1 Sane Ee ined ne re REE) © Wis ovarnea sey etaes.
Pe aINIMN LOM: s).52.5 oc k3ee3 Sek cate ca anteea
IEW TRAV CNN: 5. ces .cczeeh de dee IVE Ta) ae
Saline Mines................... rah li Dies | Loe hat
pecetG, ©. 6 8:,.B..)9 EE elena token ee

Serocr. 8:5: Rh. 10h: pe De Pokaan Sng cee

em ee As oO. kp 1 OF kg Macau esbssisiene:

ates A DOs Wee oe o BO A Rn reer eereper eee

ee, P-108;,R. 9 E. PS A epee

67

68 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

GREENE COUNTY.

BRE lGeeteitent. os os cane eeesa as Cee: & Q. Fucceansaenead 654
PR RTTRON fcr clio aioccanscccesde ly? Cig Re Gd oto tee ee 650
Py OMUIIe ataiee cos eclaes ce wewess OEP. can R 5 Hiei ARR 507
GES r6 a) 1 0) 1 eae a Og ERE Bes ee ae eee 617
Columbians... od Se ARR Nee 423

Low water, Ill. River pnemnai Re Ra)! 2 | 404
UES E08 REA Nera Rat fer iar Vd ae 627
DP AR Co iscackhel se OS. Ow gc ols HR OURS. eee 542
LEM Ve bore e Rammer tee be Wind ee J So. Boe 44.7
ay ETL cee seeped Oh cota. Wandeeet ean ocd Sea 559
Greenfield). oe C22 Bh Si Oo RRS eee 586
Happy ville: ics rele. (es ek a ee eee 445
EL urricame: ose ee ee Se See” BO Ree ee 519
Kaien ea toe ee Ak ie ae Ci CoAe Rit Re tae Sa ee 584
Kaser so. RN ei IEE Mee ew icc ee Be at oeeace oe eee eee 594
Rivercdialey aie enc horns ie Ox QA SRE CIRES Coe Sea raeee 487
Rockbridge eee. is. coe Cs By GQ 2 Ry Rew ccd
Roodhouse Saat ha Be CP & A. Revkas nse 651
Whitehall, oe ik DRIP OERR SAF gearh b 2. 573
Wricktevitles 2 ais. 2. Dae) Ei cat GPa Riad iehee one oe 575
Athensvilled. is. cccccseencsoncseee er OMT MOT igs oh ae soeeciae 580
Bhutidalessn cee i a, RUS KE 2 FEARS 4-75
Bridge. Water, i sns.cssdelee ya Spe ess Renee eR 625
ONG Or patel ceria cencmkads PRT OW: a ahs Ac Lk a 565
| EAEW ETS) SY OI Glatt a ame mae Na COR ese Pevud baton Sone eee 600
ehatey: Mise oo ek outraade ay Ree rete 530
WiOGGY LSB Pi chopiasseciceacsanas Hei: Live detente ere 555
Wraleer Villers. .s1.-caueetee CEE ONY, seas ee een 520

GRUNDY COUNTY.

BY) CJ 1:05) a aaa ne Re Soo ie Sin eae ce, Cocca 572
| sige 5270 2 eee Ch AD ES ee, ee ce 575
ASV STEV NGS. 6800s neces mnee Bid. EEUU eee 572
OL TU 5 2.01 0 ees ane a a EAN) hip ene nce eee 562
CO ARMIN E ye isesvevescdatcas pate ORL Sin ar he 2 570
Coal Mine Switch........... KG 8s Bees 586
GIVE terete tied een as: hee Maa ecru 620
Deli Ate yates ee keen | Dee Barco OH ata biplens ons hea 545
Diao e certs eo wales C.'& A. US CEUR eemenee ates ce 558

DEV THES oe ee ae ee Un LER ont A ee eee ae 524

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 69
NRRL AVE ee 25. on lod oh ec acaniceas Dak. el ced 2 aes aa A eee a 586
CAN IY coon ox ce eee G.; St: Fr. "oat Oe, WL ae ae ere 655
ST Ee POR RIS a Nee se Sd te 590
DOE ARIT Sos 03. aS es caveseecs secs LEA & Grube usevcs ase cee aye
060 3 ea eee ee ae Gs =f. I. & P. tae) | eee 614
(EE ERE Sa Bi te a en ed Pa Sa 522
rma eee 855.7) |. y. ceeasne C., St. FE. & C et 632
WP GDONBER 355.18. 1 Gos. on Be a Corer tae 611
Nettle Creek .::........00c0ce. We Aol Dinewayniraeecs. 648
HAMILTON COUNTY.

EV OGMHIGN .......5-..-.02.00038 Desh, Wade uscedct cae de ccunee 360
Dahlgren Rae a ene | OPP art ote ee 508
(Let 2 ES ee © aie BY Se CE lee Aeyice heed. en che 376
2) i a or rs Eee ene b> prada tre Rg tain 2 427
Je V5 31a ya (eee a ee oe ce RNY Brie i cee Be ckee 400
MeBeanishOro ics.:0.0002..027 A ee ee a 483
fe a on i Hee SPER 505
Jes, seu ed ey Co oe | NRE Aa es as 70 een ee 400
yk TNs ON) Ses a Se | ae bane an are a 440
123531 beans ee ee aie BL ee earn oS 500
Billig) Mound .....23:..4..25- See mht ae ee ee 405
| 2h. Ti 7h Seen A 8 Weyl 9 eek 3 Sa ce rte a ac te
I PTRINVOCK <. 200. 02d--5 246c0 deka s ee oes Toya 7 2e 430
TROP AMS POPU. cc -622.-0c20%s co SNe hic ree cide 475
Lower Hills.:.... peut ease es ye OR ee 390
WE 25 (OG ire Te a ecstnctea esau’ a US
Martin’s Store.....0. 0.6 Ae Prmtab eee iatchidc ott 410
CSS OS oO BEE I Be ioe VC) yt adhe UR ase 400
TIED. soe edu watetodestte ht homer) Mer eck es eee 470
PGS ad shh doiao tet Pi hutvbatndkouegtccatee 4355
erie) Gale C1 BBs area ne Hee oh OR: 2 ora
WY RERRRNG Y ferucd sini .008.Fesetd Sat eee 380
Sec. 26, T.6N., R. 7 E Pa TNE ott cate st 530

Oto 5 ie: Bee ic Poe ES SAS Eh ccant 460

70 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural Llistory.

HANCOCK COUNTY.

5 11 £1 ee amr Uae = A O34, 7, gear e. cece 705
POMS viaccess dap tennssexohe BD 16S aR asad 675
Basco cis, sews niidtnesks cobenteeas Va Bae hat sft te 650
WIBIGIEY casistsi-ss5-onsanerhbesoebon Wabash Ri: Reee eee 665
TAG WARL.. cick... ankceasthcael Sd) ie a ee 688
BUPNSIGC ca5cnnticdees ee easoeen AP 8G Wn: ene 644
RARGW AGE, . jcacesnevee, ane seantes Wabash QR. Aten wcweereen 678
SOIas 5% cc eee C. 2B: & Q. aR Bekele 653
De AS ooc.0 2) asc ee kc | i eee eee 589
Dallas City 1:25. .ceMetobsadeha CO, SiE.& © RR... scams 530
Dem Verso eee eee Wabash: RR fe eee 674
DISCO ate ie sche ee ear OY 8 Ps Gi Weilvs buss cass caeee 671
WIVASbOM se: .cisdecsucketettactees SS aneyy een tensa 669
EME, ih hic Me ee Te Te ee Os 5 ithe Ye koe acai Pa 684
Ft. Madison, high water.C., St. F. & Ci Re Bscccees 519
Mississippi Brides. 32.20 8 3 Bee etnias 540

Le isi ccy Ueno): Crepe ear rerer heer A bya baer W. RB 2Recacseee 518
aatCROSROist i csaeceeccissteosnscse Sem ee TEAR 3! 648
[ii Pla perictetniseetscossece sss Bn Ne ra es 694
MeCall a ae: Sos cot ean car Fags he te seme e 697
Ni Ota cscs sestecbes suet Ch St. eC, RoR ee 520
PU yint OU tl saosckssectemgesnmnenae C3 Bs Gl Qe Re Riceccacc tbh 642
IP ORTOOSUCH ssc lieitecset reese! C7. St. Beak Cais ese ee
Stalwel betetitacmendscccetece2 O° BE &:Q. 8. Base ee 669
WANS ELV cibicihihcastevecseeneni'ss DPW.) Te cere 493
Wiest POutitieius est. cceseeesse CC) B&Q; Ry Renae 667
MOP e nT 8 ve 3k cess aeeee FC, Hidmann....2eee 670
B15 5 CHT 0 OEE oe oe er SAMEERA Le US a 685
TENMOC ILO. sicetcentee teucsseeoeet CE te Re OPTED ae 675
Fountain. Creek .:......:..:.: RMN Ree ANA Peers 545
Hickory. Ridges... cicqc.e0ne Sia Magee ks en cnc 650
| FEC) 2 Pe Nae eis Cae Poe ae et ae 525
1 Sst] es 270 PR eee ae ene ale Me et ew. ot 500
Mireles reek seecateens TAS Tat UE IER 645
IVUMURPNAINN Sos crovasbatee scone see Wns Maer sas 685
IN GWAR) f=, o0 cence cnerset does Br tk eae 500
PO Welln ts: retest eaeoneee MEER PE 405. 683
SOMOLA Me ee, cocks. tte. SPM RR eh Be 510
Ee Hige ae is igh OI ie pec me arr SPMD IP foi te} cy 540
oY DO Se a Ss A RN ee APR mo es ak 18 aaa 700
DA OD'A secestecn cane nate seer setae pte aro thee here 700

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 71
HARDIN COUNTY.
High water at Elizabethtown..............c.csceeeeesess 354
Low water at Elizabethtown...:............cccccsceeseeeee 299
Mae an-ROEK ©.,...0.20<0ase00 C.-B: Klingelhoefer SaheenoerA 350
SIDES Oreo. kore eg gr) Ee 375
RERUISEIVINIG <. 50. ccncdecadd-oskebs Biro Se Me oes 575
AY SS ae oe ee ae mb hth e Soe aad 650
Karber’s Ridge.............. |: eee Cyst 550
ST) TGR A Re ee ah) URL te orn 400
Roek Creekecs.::35335000.2 b iploteadary teens 465
WROHENEN ATO . si523 855. Se isks csaees bh stains § e-dueans See 325
BHeGET VANE ts2i0526256.0256... ED ght relate Seite 375
S)ie iste a bt ee ee Seen act OP RWE Creer. 530
Weta be Millsivsc: 222036255 Siti veer Sabehes ee es 600
mea 82 R. FEE aot toi ale: HEL Len aentan 810
aD: ASS. Rh. OTK. hla Saket ee Peer 726
HENDERSON COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
| GAGS Pee voaags oes | aa 3s
East abutment of C., B. € Q:R.R. bridge
padi ERA MURR O SEE ae seas caine woth wwtas sateen ae: 541.15
Rs. PB MoM. 75:
East abutment of C.,B. & Q.R. R. bridge
over Prairie Slough, two miles above Bur-
TE ag So Cn ee am ae 530.26
Eee. Me
West abutment of trestle No. 59, 4 mi.
north of Burlington bridge....................... 528.94
Hoe Pb. MS TT:
Oquawka. Stone pillar, S. W. corner
Robert Moir’s brick building..................... 530.26

eS. Po Bb. M. 18.
Oquawka. 8. E. corner Third and Schuy-
ler streets. W. side, N. W. corner of brick

building, 24% feet above ground................. 547.

72 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Biowawille 5. ctssnert. eters: Ci (B88 Qe Baise cen 646
Burlington Bridge......... eee na: na stoeat 544.37
@7eirig Tile) Poeeee nee Maemo AB ahah BAe Ke 9 RENE 537
Carthage Junction......... Oh 0 crt Bava es aaa 534
Decorra Patibde ere x beta fay aye NE C., St Fi ae Cams Revie 682
GIMGBEOIG coco. cdecececedsedesd ey B. & Q. Re Be. as ee 546
EOWA UNCHIONsc..sceeccese | oe a ee eee ee 552
HUOUBAX occJsssa ees eS! OF 5. Gabe ee 549
IVR ays hcaaesecc tienen doe soresees C., St, F. &C. RAR eee 709
IM TIP OM Ro nscacvonesedev ts aa Recees Cc. ; Bs &'*Q. Re Ree 570
Wanaka. cssocscavhegeee Hiv co Diba we geod 540
Stronehurstissc. jester. C., 56. & CB Rae 671
Hopper’s Mills............... M.AG Harlc. iiss c:. ee 555
Olena... éccicsbec eter Boh Be cs oF A ae 600
3 May eT irs eR RIAN ee Wn, TTR a Gi ok es or (22
South Henderson.......... Shi Ree ak a er 682
Meprewt alec aes eerne $0) ie lk Coe Ne 738
W ali aac sera. ja eo Be eich see ae 660
Dec. ls, Toa Ne 4 W. ie CRA We te Sot 750
ye 36, ee a OE hn” Ba, eee 734
eel Wd Bic at Ae eee PP a he ae 750

HENRY COUNTY.

Alpha tuners ieee CB AGO CR gece cae 802
AMMAWAM. cu eh <3 teeters BA eset Bety(.era! euskal! aval aeRO 629
A INNSOM sfc teswieceekec ces cepa AT ENS. 649
BisShOpe eal. enascccnechoeks RATA @ AP TR. eae eee 750
CIAL Bll ctv sete. C..cBik&. Qos ee 574
(atl OTA CN. co :d0.. sc ances: Rb ee Wacscaaee oe 805
POMONA sin conesceee oncom eRe C2 Ree Dra vy cee, shat 585

Bridge over Rock R... Pa ee e. 580
Cramp iON Mee. psecscoes scars Roce POR Bi ee 738
Gally a 228 Pete Oh oh Senate ae 845
GENESEO .....65622:8ccbscasdeciees CPR: & PPR Rae 643
GUCCM ARIVED ss icc hiesceageeeck OU) ae ee ee ee 582
TRE WACO Gis beKton ee caste CzrB: & Q. RR. RA 847
HV TMIARS o. s.\sevetersee-saecnczededeselHAIME 41h ay Slee 739
INEIMOM A racet sites cocdes totaeees “8 Tt 813
OHSAS sess oh deckeen bets SE ep Uieeiaeaues eae 704
OTON , eeskieicalal ty. cigeqaiete Chile. Als apheeeeeees 750
OBC be seasoned edicacstateess Ril PRB 770
LL Geplniae eeeeeetetesaccescevevsss OS tLe a rea aa e 727
Witter On patos ee ascends been GiB: & Q. Eupiversieccelvcoes 641

Woodall eek Oe ea aan 820

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

1 ESS 2) Se ee? 2 ee ol eas Wed err kh 3
OS Ss ee ee gt Lakeman CTW ALTE
2) ee ee aaagiie Mets a ere NE
BEIT ee ctcn ion exch ocnatt GALL ED Ea aR UNS RSC
2 Se eR ees ee nt at aA Yerkes A hat
To 1 er ree Ags ENT PET RE Daas eet tee
Lg ae BE U. kk. Wien daars be, oe cia
REE vere av Cenccicowscanecatl Bb? My iy Aiea cetera
EMMMTNE LAA ycsuucds. cots. cc deke. hig Speen 88 San. a eae
RMON Sheco- Ghee. case cecccan es Det Sy a: A Rey fn ae
Rock River, N. W. corner
BRIER Vibes ven cshvccec essence tail Niue pasaatinste tera
peer nL aN RAE SH RES a OT
amet. LGN, be. on Lue eh ab NA tet athe re
eee GIN: Ri 5 fe. eek hahas eh Met See
sigh oP RR Sa a Poke: EO [eb (ie anes men TT,
Swe bo to IN... dy. 4. Be: oboe fare E Shed detcenne
re. To 1G N. BR. B. se ore pe eet 5
Saray ttt NR, SU ley Pe eae Re ee
eis, 14 NOR EE et gil pe Ao ah sc SNA I

IROQUOIS COUNTY.

Geodetic Stations.
pee. AT ON. bh. is |W. De: NN. Eo.
corner of Sec. 2 lies 2174.4 M. N. 3° 39’

meee, -. 28, Noah: 14 W. The N: E.
corner of the Congregational Church lies
I SIRE oa aac: CAS RLS AZ RAE SOAR CDS eae en Ba

Beet. bo 2b NS. BR; 1s We The Ne EB:
corner of this section lies 1003.8 M. N.
“SAREE, 2 DES Ee alae 2 ie eee ner RMU AED Be BRP eae

Sec. 6, T. 25 N., R.14 W. The middle of
the south side of See. 31 lies 1588.9 M.

Bc etc eee ds coc Wadena ater ese akk ees
RMPIMERTAE ed 1 C58 VE AU AR | bs Sea ee a ete
Joe ne SE Be ath Woes taka Me
Lj Rea Rape Lge Cs Sis» Rca a ea

Chemeneet 2. eon os Bee eee ee eee

668.85

661.08

665.78

665.48

74 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Cissne ue ark... .0stcustheee, C. & E. L eb scosa teen 674
Cissna dunetioné..<...4:... Ceara” 695
Clam TOU VAUE: «5..5~ 52 20-2500-50 REPO LES Seria OPE 668
“GUIVT Fe ieee eee er T..O RR Ree, ore 657
Crescent: CiLy....5:.52---.s0.005 DUP a ec ae 645
AAU AGEN Sic ooos sk vneweseweees | Rs See Ras cides Oh ora CS 647
PD OMUGINGAARTS foieG suciocscacaaen se na C., C..& St... Li: Be Reaver
PRE hiont scdansscousarabaaeesl C. Re Byles 665
LENE) Ua Oe ni epee 2 t. PP Se We eeleeee eee 683
AULA Soc sienna seer acetentenes oF hk On eee 650
GU IWINE oi tecantecemeceunens C. & E. i BiB. eee 674
Miek mia’ bic beckett ea Ry a eee 673
TPOGWOIS «ces ceeseneeteetes Cts 0. & St. L. BR.) Re bia
WOME Scots ee eel C. RR ew eee (74
Lathoruesii aes PES SE ee ee 668
Martinton Pie tial is hk aah OG Eel hve eee 629
BAU GICs 6 epee A ee Ah ant De Sand May A Sy 666
Wellington......:... Sahl a ihe Poca Were see. Por 700
OM SERB ceases cree sees TC. ese ee ee 676
Papibanitimecucseecess4e0e<0= CS TORR i eae 635
PitGtwyoOdiee Basccctsskenee vee FE ee 645
Rideren tle Cetra tesctensns TGR. ee 671
Sty Mary cele eecene tvs. CGO: & St. L. Be hioeee
Sheldionsc 3 ee . 688
Spring, Creeley. :t:esecee ste Ay eee W. Res iene 630
State | ict er A ae el 3 C., C., C. & St. bb. RRA gee

sugar Creek. .502c02.c. eos OP RP Ses a ss oo eae 625
Thawville Meola es eeee teas ee Re Bee pecans 692
Watseka sesetcds.c estes Pe & Wo. Heike ee 638
Wer Glenna aio eee esses ince CO. Ee BR eee 639
Li) Dy oes a! (opener eee ees to asa R. M. Hood Pk PRIA es Py be 640
LEAIET Gc ste ae PPE muh Racer ech ah Mas aa Sa a 635
SCM WEE ii cttccates csbekeds ae Ge ietana aisha smn ate tenes 655
SE OCK LAG Yoxt. ce 4c. te gekeaeee POE ane arn eet ae ae 700
WiGodworth.:..c¢iccus sets OO OP ass ee ee 675
Sec. 36, T.29N.,R.13 W. Coa GL ee ame UNE YS) 660

S236. 1. 2OIN: DR bOnE: STN ARR al 655

196, T28.N., Re 10H: Me lee: Nae eat A 640

Do DeQO'N.. Rea W, Eh od ce a 650

GE Oy 28 N 3 eel We aie PRM ar Ss 720

en 26 Ne ly. ee MRS NS ca 710

oa P25 Ni Re We Raa RES IBC 8 oS Lo 720

fe 23. 1, 24 N, ae 11 W. Bk iy he ena nee 710

List of Altitudes in Illinois. i
JACKSON COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
Be MM. 'T.

Carbondale. On stone sill under east
window of brick store owned by Jacob
REMMI ee er oc cinn St totes at Pa iee Aecendd itenveeca ne ces 414.

BAM: UU.

Big Muddy Creek. West end of south
abutment of I. C. R. R. bridge................. 384.8

eel! Bea

Drury Creek. 8. E. capstone of south
abutment of I. C. R. R. bridge No. 87.. 430.5

1 sts) Goes

Grand Tower. Stone post, N. FE. corner

office lot St. Louis Ore & Steel Co........... 363
B, MW. : 2.

Grand Tower. Foundation stone, depot

Sid EME O% Sigil aD I ae Nae I eR 363

BUMMER sade, arent chats canescens re IN eas Gogh 3 a Sse oe Seeeeta abi 610
C21 CN a a ara Meledied RADE SIGS ptaeels ied ctl ewe 3 I oad gree! 2015)
Be LIU os 3éc ec eseusrcens RiGee ook Uk oe 410
Ls (573) oe eel aene Ree eee aes 1 Ipiayel d sead Svalg Shapira en ete 412
Campbell’s Hill.............. r piidgaos Waihi Soe acne 555
PED ONGGIES ooo canes vices se EU pd otal Abr Ree aor harap 412
reer ee MAN esc 2208) ccseces es 1 ie Fall A lb alan ee hear meen 605
ETC RR ae Oe SRE eT Rea g as 089 <0 505? §. | 402
BUENA 3s Gol cecien nai fies deb notch ag Were ana ee re aens 404
Fountain Bluff............... Se blair. 7 OR © 7s ee 393
PTLPMNNS Ih) sen avs dco vunese sass Sto Ag TH RoR, 405
SEPANG, TOWEL. ;.2..05.5:-80-<: Gr. Pied Cx BL Bicsscest tas 371
feanee Hall... dks. Bt.cL.A. & T. H.R. R...408
Great Side No. 4........... Moa Ore, Boe 416
PET IBOM 0c desonn de> saceb asses Sho. A. &. To H.R. R419
0 GE ae ere EOC oe ae 435
Mount Carbon................ 8 1 Nao i 9 & ene om 372
Pe PlCHSANL ....:.00060s00000 Gu DS GO Rik Agee! 425
Mantey Valley.....c....c0...: LOR DLR J ee eae ees 375
Muepbhysboro .....4...2...<.1 Mie) aOR escs occa beenst 421
Bridge over Big Muddy = dad spatidenisnss: 376
PERM noes sdeeatdeke dt 16 PeaRR OPE Reed Pp a 400
ORI aoa scl sent scosness ty by As eb. HR, BR... 804
Be OU oe a3. cde ese kcpanees a 8 Gd 410
S201) Mel ah (2.2 eee a Gt Te Ge Oe Re Roy cceces dover, 387

Or

76 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

lis ica cet csadiversnsechesoaces M. & 0. Lies eee st 475
pumar tOreek ie. INGO), ee ain ee ae 399
Vergennes pure betnesacveatne St. L., Aw & T. HR Ree
DICE GONG |. 6c. vveeeoros oer cen% Cc. B. Klingelhoefer sspepneene 695.
UMUC st easiest sno-seiespeenesyate 47. «oes ie ec ae eee 400
GOO. sit Fetes hassse eee MMR Nba SAE 390
Muddy: Valley ..5..448: $8 ANA i? tie: 0 eee 375
Raddieville ssc. : nsec. Sh Peas eae 365
Wagner’s Landing......... I Coe 350

JASPER COUNTY.

Geodetic Stations.
Sees, TESS Rev tOr Ey Whes Sco
corner of this section lies 966 M. 8. 1°

© Ladi) Gena diiar Pea eke cbs BR ir mcr aa BY 520.88
See. 21, “Po 5 Ns JR.o10 a, hese
corner of this section lies 727 M. N. 67°
1S a AOE RRM Ice AeM aN Hua eM PMN 485.98
See. 23, °T 5 Ni R. 10H.” The sNee:
corner of this section lies 712 M. N. 66°
Fe eaeh sO ROR ote PUN ect eae Sa Tr ren ule ha Cty. 477.98
Sec.. 19, Tb N;, B. dt yh: The N. We
corner of this section lies 105.4 M. N. 77°
2 as OAD ERIE NE ROY TN GeO iia Ae SUR SS 485.98
See. 0 7, TTA Ba) ee aN. “hee Nee
corner of this section lies 747 M. N. 67°
[15 I SOON eS) RST USE ASI PART 5 Se UCD 550.58
ACV ANCE 4c eee C.-& 0: By RoR eee 575
OOS Ae ite Ks ae sina eet eetees Ps Dyi& E.R Ree eee 510
Palmitate sx. ies breccte ee BE Re cid 1 Oe bot
Mort (hist eo PGi hotSs RoR ee 547
Hida oo ndi..e. ste Po Di be Re Res eee 570
einb *Citiy: soe hes CO. & OW Be RR... nee 525
ING WEG Tf i528 ecccghe eee: Poo De Ee Re Rice 484
Rose Hill....... Palghat leant ee Nae ens S Hod:
St MATIC. eo ciwenccceaesess Co & OFR. Bo R.. Yee 478
Water Tank, at Embar-

TAS CRIVED Sees ese ceeedss ToM&- a, 82 Re Rice eee 4.64.
West hiberty. s...2.00-2.<c. Oy &:0- BR. Ro Recast see 485
Wihtteeler. ice ats TE. & 1, Si Ry Ree ae 579
Willow Ghill ote ee iia.) C: & Ow Re Re Bineesn ves 492
Valera ett ote OF ms ee LO Rarer tc tlt tche 55a
BO SOU vatesciysnesiubteseoiesact de, Ge Mosier 5 pms aneveee 533

AF Teas: sone SO obanee aahtcesptneee sage) bed.” Dee aR ERE Ren mee Rene 580

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

CEO ae aa ee rs A pel Gs Mosier Ea ne Oe 440
TE a at oak he pa a rely rb a sacaandat caus onge 530
BRATEUO WHlos 5. cccsassnavenscaes 55 1h ey gee ONE Ra 435
LSU ig) 1) 2 a Ay PPE a ONE REC ov 525
Sec. 28, T.8 N., R.8 W. FE MaMa Se cescGuneude ene 665

JEFFERSON COUNTY.

Welle Riven iia fled Tire cot NG RS Bae 470
SLUT rats Se Sa ee cee eh. sha Rake :.02 530
BN eos on cis sacle coconuts TARE Hast os. .RRENG.: 519
Us oe Ce bie) Ee Ste eR. RAS 546
LUD oe ee | Be eae) ooo Cr eg ad cca | See ee Rae 443
ilewood 2h. citi. Lae Grst.cok. Raw. 551
WU Meh. Fa, eas: Wet. ci WIRY Rs... se 474.
TAMMIE 89 east nick hiaatnrcwtcrnk Beets Lac. Rae: 522
REG VICPNOW 2.5. e. oases oes Teme ING ie AB a hohe 506
MIO 850 I 0 38 BT NO Roncateeette: 509
JOU PTSUC NEG Meo Oe SOR PUSEE ORT count ee 498
ELL ns EM Gok ee eS Seas Buk ce. et 518
Wood Vaww 7.0)..i80e. RY See ie Bee ti! 496
Little Muddy River...... Wes REG WR BCs, ches 446

Top of Divide between
Big and Little Muddy,

Sec. 11, T.48.,R.1 E. paael we Hind ae heeeaabe ee 538
W. Branch Big Muddy... Foys ibn Maen ee Rane oonc Hale 431
E. Branch Big Muddy.... Secvab tute Pro taeeunea gene 434
PPR 8 00 od.c sav oe oeac una Be Gs Ha ty entice seccc.vse- ccc: 520
MER so Srianiespacacotitcn.ccea Cdl lip gnytey rena ee 545
LCL nr re BEM Piet OO Susy a otis at ash 490
LOLS Shy 2 Wn fis» DR me Men arr 460
SURO AIG 3.024: <cde0spdosdne0 Rae ms on sens nee hss 470
MUN > crass coaavin's awake FILE are ae en ieee 5O5
NON os ak occisaaa? sen aecand? Re eA | a ceek ta oie aed 530
Moores Prairie..........s RDS ee Lea 500
PRISE sveicin suite e ese senessacs Ri ASR ee alee as 545
NNN as ae 05 you vne vac Ssuciaey Ta (MM hac ee Ce 559
(TT ee a asa cia habeas SAS cc sains 540
PEEIVIOOU. 2.0. aile..05 ch0cce8-<- Meme BOYS Muleaeccat Ad, 485
Mods occa scodonieto ts oust Secctecite et OE)
Sprime, Garden...........-... Bea nity. een sae aa' 435
Sec. 18, T.3S., R. 1 EK... COOL Patra ae cane ae ee 600

ee ee. 1 ot | vea wees 7 array 548

agh : Sd eid Be ame 5a Oa is Lehr ances) MO

“pliiies Ui) Gia RN 5 Aer Sv 2.) il RPS a ene 565

78 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.

Bench-marks.

JERSEY COUNTY.

Uijs.P) BAM 3.
Top surface of door step of Catholic
church: Grafton, WN): 488 Ae eee

WSs3P, oM.. +4,
Doorstep of eastern door of Allein’s
brick building, adjoining Grafton Flour-

Pee Cee O HEHEHE LEHR HEHEHE EEEHE HEHE EH EE EEEE HEE EES

Natural rock, side of bluff above high
water mark, 450 M. below flouri ing mill at
Jersey Landing, and four miles below

Grafton

POPP OO eee HEHEHE HSSSOHSSEHOEEE SEEK ESTEE ES ODES EE OSEEE

x53 PB; a6:

Natural
ground ;
5600 M.

flat rock, near surface of
also near high water mark.
from flouring mill at Jersey

Landing, and 9 M. west of small ravine

Opposite luacle a INesh. us ii cneccctee teen oceee
Low water, mouth of Illinois River......

COS rae ee oe Te Cate Sto Ac & Si Re Ro
Detainee oe re eee C. & Ne R: Bike LA ee ae
Pls eee eee St. linc& S&S. RR See
Wide litingce2).- iecscavancones oc Oo Oo ae
6 ere Wi (| Bea eget bbs al atm ASS oy won dts eye ee aa
bay iieae. reece eee eins Mute ae AR Ss
derseyivillenc. 4 crake os. CE: Ne eget 5 AS CAN
Kiernpen cota tata Ce BAe Qantas
Lock Mavens ot eee Sb. iy Aw Si Re Rave
WeCiugky ch): oarot ie asa GS charms be te a
Ji (23) 5 0) 5) of Bap aeerepae pementnr ane ber SES AS) NET coe eae
Newbern Brickyard........ sah ineR IRA MS =
Masi New Wert rece -ccteces: FC Turner ete
| EBV TS) 18 (70) ¢ Rae A RP AME ANE V2 DA SEMPRE strc oo
Oppel Lees cree esse SaRPRMMEE ITE Es sy) Co,
HOYT EIG ea W (Segal aa star hrs! 1s | eee an
oa (2 1S a PE pee: 5a ee
Sec. 33, T. 8 10 W CBs Pity Ae reer giene Gie Sm

eet LACT 10 W 663. de Oe ae Ole cee

fe ely ee 12 W soe MeL ee, ME Mica eae

435.76

445

443.1

“94 T 99N., R.2W. abate Pea Wate 72) 910:

List of Altitudes in Illinois. ras)
JO DAVIESS COUNTY.
High water of 1880, East Dubuque.............0...... 607.27
Zero of Dunleith bridge gauge....................secccceee 584.6
TU C.,. B. as PNR ath cc acne cence 610
Pepe. RIVER e235 :2 660 ees 1.6. lic oe See ae cennee 981
PE San ee CB. ‘ INGE Eine ectecent ee 636
Soe Phi So. ... jos A ee ee 721
Jyh tl) 2 Ne ee et ee PN AS eh eee ee eee 611
East Dubuque................ Ge S6..Fi. & K. Cy..R. RB... 611
[00 2d ee BFE
Galena...... .... ee 8 VRE 3 OE): Say es MO he eee ee 605.
PIB MO VOR ssc bo obs id sce leks PEROT Rarer rt Tire ls 615
Menominee..................... LE NS ok) 2 aa eee is ae 607
EL 1 4 | cae eae eee a reo NIN We BR Rive cece ath: 630
| (1c: ees ae an ee 1 SES) | eee ern oe Rms 0 1002
Portage Curve.......:....... Ranta GEIS Eos ER Sar ocaesehes 611
a Sa ee anced C286. Pg. K CyB. E...0685
Seales Mound......:...:...... WAG ECSU Eesioce tuastaeeeseaed ae 943
PUR ERNIE 822555 Shoes lecdcads Ci 50:E: & K. Cy. R. R..1009
, Trousdale....................... .. 644
PuUuneL Siding. :....i2i.55-:. fs “i OL
ET SR a pee re ore | 5 SSR oe Se sting hy Nad 1005
CS 1G ee ee ee ebb. Oo IS. Oye. Be Ot
ORAM IE coc cecsecd vcsasadses tact Wea SIME 2S iy ores cettectccay 800
pu a § 07 | ee Oh SE | iiiol 3a 3 Rea arte 900
ALS TE Se ee eee A Mien ¢ ge hat he Dbl dele 1050
Derinda Center.::....::..:26 skit Set BOE 5 ee pea 850
eS eee ee 2 eae 2 SOR a A les § sea 960
Bamaver 2) Obeiknk! By a. Sit eee ee one 620
[FRESE OF eee ee ee LAR eae) Or rae 1000
Pleasant Valley ............. Be Le Jip. Deere eye ee 675
HOTA ERIVGE 020. coro sScctecxss OR Me He aS Sie oe ea 900
TiS let = Seer eae a ELS IO eee SA a 1025
PTUELERV LLG 22) Joos cece eee ot Ri Pasa meee c cit aan ee 830
IAW onto Sone eck sxe ping eae ae oe er Saad Bee 975
) 7 FES plea a Ran ok a8 eA Pi Pat, Ahk Lintime td Seoes 975
Woererinne (Pe One slg ee AL ally MERA BARS 850
Yankee Hollow............... pS Ra Sia ARE er ee 850
Sec. 33, T. 29 N., R.1 W. FOr Wh Ne erate reece 840

80 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
tO Ge Lao Ns, Ek, oo: Be OO ie neo 4 Sar 1060
2 46, TO28.N., By Agi. LEM UR Gre. 1000
sera 1 0 Yas Wie Pal Pipi «ara ys I COT a ree <5 970
Be A DOU Meg kee ee EC Ss al ea ace a 1160
roe TT, 2ON. Re ae (Highest point
in the State.)1257
JOHNSON COUNTY.
Bellamigiy: 2) ites aeesee see C., @..C; & Stu. Rhee 363
Blo@nnielas. 42 a ok ae miei fe 419
Collinsburgiie3.8). 223030 -se08 PS pry Sn al 379
Granta une snot, alee ee St. L.A. & T: H. RB. eee
New Burnside...........:....: CO: CC & Stids, Realises 588
D7 ET esate es is Se Stib.,Aj& Tab: Ries 698
Parker City.i.c.5ab<cator. 4 C. #026 28 St. las yb 536
Reevyeswalle.wiods cencaac. cee Sizib.j Asoc Fe eae 366
San Dw) teh cnn css chat eben CG), C30, & St. Ree 625
SUMPSOMes lee wire aes Ht lee Oo iia 412
Punielh se ee as C70. 0.4% St. 1, Rae 661
Viennanl.c oN. eke ee a a a 389
Buncombe. cas -.cceee see J: C.: Taner no ..c. cece 575
Cypress Creek .............064. CR Meg PRBBorEe AT 475
EoLyinelige ee cee care setees cree Fae hase teiccne ene 430
CTANMEOWM 2o.cc:.secnesee ates Ae ete comet aa ee 440
AS OTON UNG: ofr eee e2- sre neiecee ee fiiee |, eases ee 700
Laincolm Green......-.-.0sccc.55 St oN bade tense 440
ROG CMM tessa setsccceetaayi,sneeae OR oe Se ee 779
Welds itech soca soreaee an scaeet Gots. Meee Ree eae 510
Sec. 10, T. 11 8S: RS E.. ney MCS a fe 5 700
KANE COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
aos. 2. 9B, Bi eo:
Hampshire. West face, S. W. corner, of
Phillip Shultz’s brick drug store.............. 898.71
U.S. P. B.M. 84.
Pingree Grove. 100 M. N. E. of depot,
in north face of foundation of store owned
by J. B. Schedden, 5 ft. from N. W. cor-
ner, 1 it. irom CroOunds.. 5 svcd enema teas 916.88

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 81

Bo S.2PoB. M+ 85.
Dumser. In coping stone, east end,
north abutment of culvert No. 19, *% mi.
MRR CIE SUELO co sis ca so nins Sent eas awa Anagces sie 848.91
Bem. B. M86:
West Elgin. In north face of Waverly
House, corner State and Highland Ave.,
in water table 6 in. from N. E. corner,
Bec UR WEN OR OME GL: ore. Sasca nducsee asics odovenwaiaacte 714.9
bes. t. BM. ST:
West Elgin. In east end of stone door-
step in north face of Robert Beckwith’s
brick and stone building on River St...... 714.3
ioe 6B. MM. Ss.
In west end of south abutment of C.,
M. & St. P. R. R. bridge over Fox River. 719.96
tors. Ps. B..M... “Neweome:”’
East Elgin. Center St., in west face of
brick foundation of Elgin Scientifie Build-

WM eee iti. Lp needa he ep Gags sb decent peed -addaie tee 744.06
RUINS Erie, Aes te ss ee ti Meare clr | eid ee etl | 7g i aia 835
+) Raat a Sp i ae ae Lita Shae sigh Tah SAB 8 Seaphee inte 648
EGS 7 Ee SS at iets 2S yal bea Sed 5 ena Secret 710
je ad ss a ee a oy aM te Ge EL Bree ou 974
POUT COM. . scecerss oc ees | getal Deh 5 ig Bee AR i A ok a ee 919
Carpentersville it Petites aN: W. Been 731
5 UES P RS LS ened ae A Ameen WM eran ac eS 740
ECTS Vi ee en Bee es er eee Tou
Deemer 088) fos2 erat hee gk lal! Daa (jel 6 All & epee ee 127
NOES A Ed 2 ee RR OR 2 tl RA ne seen Sa 864
| TES ees eS 2 Ci ds SOW! Fe te 853
PR odo sedis abs coscne=sehs C., M. & St. P. R. TAs 713
“on aaa C. & N. WW et Acs 909
ECE EER ele re NO an ne oe ee 720
JEL ES go ee eee ee th geek ig, SA ea nant ae 29" 9OT
BPM PIRITO 2. oo? acess: J 2h Gwe Shoah gs: 891
DUNN Sa eae a Disamey Net WW ckbe bese cscs, 807
Papediake -5, 5.55. 1:)35-41---} Cy St. P. & Ke Cy: Be R.. 925
Maple Park...............004. a RG Biers Soe 870
PeanIrOMery....<.225--55--4 voles mene Per ieg os ec) 644
Pingree Soe RA pan op Pa c, Me deme bbe RS. 914
Eis CONTE... -.4).2.1.8.-.8. 70 Ny Sai ae 920
SCC 2 0): a ee C, St. P..& K. Cy. R. R.. 890
SUP OT) Co eee eee a - . 134
SOU AMTOFS.......,-.5.--25- Cd ON 0 a 644
Bugar Grove....:.:,........1. ie WIE a «ee 724

82 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

WE ACED cenacen sacncncrovarcsnewene C., St. Pi & Ke Uy. Ri Rae
West Batavia.............3.. C., B&G ie Rites ace 718
Voume@sdale ts. jis Agvetscres: TC ROR, ee 808
aide Mount :..2.2.5.0.shere Te Barclay Ve oeatectibes ite geee T47
Black berry (::42.4.4...10c Ja) th TN Dae eee 749
East Burlington............ BOY | hel bop eae ede e sya 896
Grouse... S92 con ee Boe ne eee 730
Knnbyille. 252 eee eee 6 eee 742
North Plsto:...cscse ens 6b eee 910
Sunset... sere to: 9 tin ee ee 900
Udind 3.12 See ae Airy ‘Ciudad Sdaa earls ae 820

KANKAKEE COUNTY.

Geodetic Stations.
Sec. 19, T. 32 N., R. 11 W. The N. E.
corner of Sec. 20 lies 1,853 M. N. 73,°

Bb Hide outdo sendce adehipatcouaie ck ed aeesrens 26. aeeeee eemeeee 715.28

Sec. 22, T. 32 N., R. 12 E. On Chest-
nut St., between South and First sts.,
near the EX.. dh. trails afer anc ote senteeee 690.28

St. Anne. Near the center of the village.
The S. W. corner of See. 4 lies 961.9 M.

Spc Pasa dis Men As Nena tory nde es Mies aan IY 675.78
Kankakee. Upper step, west entrance

Enel School, nuildan gy :.3.1.05; .cserenacee pence 641.18
AYOMAL: s3:2i8cissacsescieazeseane G.; C., C..& St.-L: Ro BE. G86
Boneless: sccsc.stsenssecesceee Ki. & Si BoB ace eater 632
Buckwoham...4.0006 BR ae ayaa eter pppoe reper ee Lt 649
SAG 3) 6 eee ner reres. Wey ane PT! @ oR iis eee 657
CATROW s.tciasisstsatadsccces-esee Seta ? oth aieias ss a 647
Castleton: ssi: sivsis22 2 ccecdaee. a Rema ce 627
Clarke: City :i3...t08tesce ce. TC: UR. Riise 585
DICK CY «22: .s22iosthsdteetheceguene) 1 ol, 7+ Wee acensseeane ohne 647
Rilamid Gets, co cehsssse tees 1 L & Ty RoR Ae 623
MISSOX 0. scscezss1sstse se cebencsecet Ke @ Se Bie eee 583
| Oy. 8 (2 Waar ae en re Tee eR eee 630
LS fe 0 (Ola (C11 h Rees em ete Bs e456 nea eae ss 634
GYaWW Salissessciscesticssteceee Ce) Te: det sere pct eee 693
Greemwichy .: ren lcsr ae ates KANG Si i eee eee 646
GT OUSD Pere neice anteg te snes Wabash Wiocaitercccs sce 586
Herscher............... et OS Fie Piscthee secre eee 654

HG@pkins s::csc322s.csrstes fentee Ce BYE Re aes ee 676

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

ST ee eee | Sad CR. R

NEE ee Aes

OES 2s ee ir
a aS eae C.

ee aes ats €

HEC UIMOEM EOL s-ccv cece scck :
SOT ee ee eae ae
STS ee en a

eee eee ee ee

(ORS 7 2 1 Ree ee eae Fk

eee eee eee eee ee eee eee)

eee eee eee eee ee

eee eee eee eee eee eee

eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee

teeter eens

eet eee eee eee eee)

Peete meee eewnee

R
Summit of Gravel Pit Hill.C., C., oe ee Bak. Me:

Rockville........ 4 eta RAR be
St. Georg (Oe be iehenl eb ea ea a Re

eee ee eee eee eee eee)

ee

eee eee eee eee eee ee

eee eee eee twee ee neeeee

CO ree eme ener eeeeees

“DOTA Et gh ee a Ae CB. & Q. | Fe] a Nee rete sere
OST 1 pans IE TOE Ae oe ENS A gala Mee: aaeo i ie oie
ERMIITOVOK 2. <.-o on scnvcsanedses Sa we ae: deceent cos
EVIE OM ...5..--0000 80 s0c0scne Pige nee 1 yacahasvaer see
Norn’ Opwero.............-:. Fated eAtaeeeer ts
Nena aaron noceccoSenrses be A. tArcekss fee
5 OED a ar Eg gs int tale cen ia
Mem ie see ea eee Cae EL ee ee se
0 | Ee Rs ORS are ee hoes
_ 2S I eee 47 Ob Pe ot i Se noe were ae
a A ETc) Sea GF eS eee eg ass otal aac:
Oy) Re eee ity QE Bee eae ee ee
Pavilion....... anes Peis > A! Ek eye USS tree) Ped ae
IN oo ion cc dacnkas ATES RY Me) EE SE
Sec. 13, T. 37 N., R. 8 E. SN REM iia E aia R card eS

med. OG. N., KR. 8. E. RAE ECS ea Om +

eee Dee. INS, ey He ci VROS, GRO eetnReT Fe mbrr

eee 1s Nae es eer ae Oe RS ahs URGE Sree

Ae Ole ao.N., BR: 7 EL. ea 5, WER Se) Se

St BL Ea IN Sy Le. bo. ARM We! ON Gs intace

84 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

KNOX COUNTY.

A DINE TON 6.54 s5e0cictpepcanes wen: Ci. eB 4a Q. A EMIS TAT
Altona sec aG cha teabbatae Picatin GtOLGRAS: 4k Gey at ce akan ea ieee a FHS!
AB IOLON vccascecrch neteeate: C., St. Fr. & CeR Ecce 604
1 Fei ch 106 fz Pea gies Maer Meee Vane OREN Ra acne hee Fo 595
WS PONG sv acpetcectes aaideroases Ie; (Co. IN. Gis dee 689
Galesburg Relates atid NA 7 5 Ae (C5 St. FF. & Clo eee 755
Gil e@il oc cacenteoe eet on bee ©. BAk& Q. Ry aR eee . 682
FIOM GEESOMA Gok csccsthcecseeee eS ws oe eee 824
Hiern @ninteeee ones Ta: AG, JR GR eee 651
TIO Rah eeseteneanen cnmene en ae CG. St: B.& iC. Baie 672
Kenoxwalleitgicoctk cadecken “a 1B. 3& Oo Re Roe 769
Livingston... ceed Co NOG Rs Rise 770
NE OPO ores snetohb sees votmataley C B. & Q. Bix. Rit roca 621
OUWGIC Aiceck sce poootad ee Bikees sea ee ee 810
RTO eee eee teadaeens OB Re (ore |
St sAUomstine. sk. CO) ON a 741
Pests 11 [iC 1s Ro eee a a POG RAR er SEO I 764
Wierd too eee ceca cst sete MEIN ROL DE F058. 829
Willianisfield ......2.0...:..... ©.) St. Pak Oi. ieee 708
Vertes sity wt gesseeeicc ae. Cy BQ ih. eee 665
CMTATIO bine aN A BT I ona 790
"Tri RO x) Bio cbe ees Geog) a 700
ViGhOIaGh cccee sccbisncrece eee. REE EDR NRISID Sf. 835
Sec..162T. 13-N., Ba 2h. Se Le 730

ue 15, PSE. hie Rin es 854

ois aie, LONG Fee: Boor MT 834

See EON Rees £6 OSS eee 816

god, 2 Na Ry oe: Reis) INTER. eal abe 833

OT 10 Nes Be: Bw, SG ort awa ae 733

LAKE COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
N. W. quarter of the N. W. quarter of
see."7, Benton: townships. vice 793.88
S. E. quarter of sec. 27, Antioch town-
BHT] io cs ss an eaehleate anne ceeaeatie sea nepteyeeeen eheaaneeeaeaee 860.38

S. E. quarter of sec. 24, Warren town-
ship. The 8. E. corner of this quarter-
section lies 94.04 M.slightly west of south. 728.66

List of Altitudes in Lllinors.

LEN ia a Wis. C. ‘R Hatteras ot 763
RUMIRR ISRO cans ceces casks ened | PPP OA dh Oh bixctwinweses venues 682
Benton ......... PR» Bch a0 Ce N. VAS, Cd Se thes Sena ve nS 13
OCs Ch) Sa CeuM IGBtieP « Rama 681
Diamond Lake... ...:.:..... CBee) OI cl eae 0 aid a enon te 765
Fort phetidan:.....2.::....:: Ceri Ni Weekes hist 690
Soy ats | GC) i SPS SIRs Nace tantra mae es 655
EUG \ ksh 8 ee Nts Pa SINR Ce el ie deel bot heee 783
2 Ce aaa apa a a ai Cai sie ia eres: 676
Highland Park........ seed i Gl. ks FB one Ge 692
TO Soe 0:1 07 eee eee 3 Tatecet ser zeteess 683
Meeiicee! OP ECs si licscaekes:’ i Mea es at ret ath TO4
U0 SLE 21 LE ee WS BCH 8 sR 2 ve enka ge ren taat 792
Pee TIGHT 5 sScc lace ce bec | irae legato Obie wobie) Rene eat gee 880
(OLA 5) a ee ee Coe eonsus Oi Reece 680
WCEP RE TND hoes eons oek Zee ast i. A tec iat Read tea beer eels 721
Gre ruy Valle soso Seats ene Meet es eke. deste 670
Rrerie VG Weis ooe.ccais cae Wis. (Rr fated (vena septs ie ase 694
LOSILUS IG an See eae ee Cothay sod OR | GSS hig] aS peed 695
BE aT RE REIIOE os) ss 5cscecegecaeoio: AVES M Te whl te SEU see tear enee theme Tos
[aC iL (ote he aa ee eee ea Ree eereeran sere te Sew eae 15H 815
PRIEIONONIEL, ofa ccseccesn cece sseed cn LN Gies erro iowa) aan peeeey ea eeeeeee 675
ESS, 5 baa Ae eae eta pts RA Weetred eee ate oie pepe ate 673
els 124 (Ana ee Cae No WER Reece 595
Se Da 2 ae ee TOT fal Oeil Sigel beak ea eich can ORD 802
Wieileworth.. .2.cccicac css: CM & St. Petia seco 670
UES 3a VBE epee Sh gee AI A el em a ae TOT
WBC AT cn 5. 505000 ccavcrncccs, By are) eG las oat ures sane csetes 594
BUral@! GEOVE...0.:sc0c00<06 T Barclays. cnnc eens 690
BOOP UENO, Soc cccvdcscdescteees dat Rear (se ep Maen ope 840
Mom MUR Re ch cade ibs Sih Ss see aes hack TH
Fremont Center............. So MD echo s Roe Sige nde 815
SCT 00) RS Se dp Sa) Peed tye AE CN Re 820
Sige fail Fells ae ee Sead ln Gah ti Dat kb Re he a ea a 760
AIMS WILLE se. oes ol eecath eas tM ket ee eee 805
BREEN GY <5: ..c0sneccicvas sin ves ST ee, Ae eee es sne te 660
Hickory. Pee ue adavcaieuvccice RE Vy ati Se Lae ELT 725
Nemec Als be ra SED NASSAR EEO NE 793
MrT CT OVE, «500005 -0cevose a ma MEL! el el led A TO5
Millbur Bien ck cee aes sudeues cit Ta Se hos Were ane we 723
DEESID K-00. cess scoesesooe NO SA cavacd chars. snsaecnes st 760
PTET ANIG. 2.32.00. cesacss esses Lat pum ae abe Renee tr - 720
WOMAN fa onicsiccdobecsas boss cee i 3 ERD RR aap ea we 88 890

86

Lllinois State Laboratory

LASALLE COUNTY.

of Natural Hiei

Low ‘water,. Illinois ‘River, LaSalle.c..c..ticc.ccos--sseet 441
PROT aia .ss. sccsscccasasndoe: 8 ibe 8 Ra Jeg 6S cA 2 674
BES asiace 3) cpoeee ts cet acs zak wae ger ea es, Se * 605
IBTIGIREOUS....cc-ncaccseae ees Ge Ba DSP eee 480
Coal Track...... Tibia rs acces Te ol Re eee 633
Maan sce lckee te CG. Stal 6& (Ones 670
DAY HOM once sucten estes Sioa se Can? & Q. BR. eee 543
Deer Rawk jo cosceucnceeusces VME eZ a a ee 490
Dinimick 0 eas eal’ Rov eee: cae ananeaee 661
Martvallenic. suc aoe Cac dN Wie Bo. soes. eee 702
Garfieldit 4.07 eo see eek Oe A. cee en eee 670
Grands we. 1..2.4%ens6e--: C..aB.5& GR Baye 663
FiiGhisee 3 oe ee ee ae PR NOR sR Pe! 602
Koa ple ccc. ssccvocces dio ie SERN SE Re 2 640
Kernan HAN eek SAB AP gs atte CG: Stiok 1& C. Re Bee 668
Jia alll c cee tak eaten CR. ea&: Po Re 467
Welaiadies se ences ccs scnccatea On BR: & Q. BORG eee TOL
LO GMO. coo voc soe cc a OG eeeeaeeeaee 620
LOStanat ac oakee ears cues Oo Re Ryton ce ae es 693
Merseniles.. oe cae s a ‘ Bohs ie) APA Pc ee 493
MenGotiane.ciccuctcnsccaee C. RE ees: ce eeetee 747
Meni GG tices. cncsen see ienpeieae es A Bigé Qi Reve sac 731
Mun Geis vccscs sc sen sce Ci@0A Ro Retieee 635
Oplesbyaiv....... cf sdby.beet BOS RR Risa -ccevenn see eaeeeree 539
Otiawhert ct ecete ces eee CB. & Q. Ri Ree 484
OttawarSprings......0..0 2th Oh, denen 499
Perl ee eae ee teeaee C., Ril. & Pack 468
| Bee 1 ¥=10') 07 ie Aas ee cna Sipe CG; Sti Boga eves 7038
Richand hac bccn osetvose C:. B&G. RRs 644.
Jee noe ji CG Meee halen te Mena TCO ROR tee See eee T04
DIGIC Abs ctsccneeshenrouetec-toe: C2 Re Geb. Rie hee 5G
SET CHAI ad cctuansat ame ener C.; Bick QR co ae 635
SORIA osecs. ccs seeet caensceass SMa ont rs Spee 591
Sheridan Junction......... Es Man Le AE 641
SERGAEON .ssnackdtucmaccdodonns Be ha cya 622
BESO Mtean eo: scan nacre Rane oan fle ehh 651
POMICEE Sacschietaietaeiwensoors’ TO Ra Ree eae 654
Bg) 181111 9) 6 Rane sa C. & N. WW). Bpiessgesaee 698
IT PONM TOV Gs sscrseiecedetio Or 1) tapeaneaeee eter tae 628
RS (5d 00 f= ch Cahier & egal ee) Cyne eee 490
Utica heme ea ada ee eee 4.82
W cdrom alee CB: & Q. | Heo: ihe eT 529
AV YEU TT cates 1 a Keeble MBians ee teeUR CoS MEU ee re eaiaitin lS et neltay sa 3) 625

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 87
OSV AOES or oe eee eer eer W. A Dunnaway............. 685
Mere arkeer . (O's accssedted BaP MN ti alg ece sen yc: 610
POPE MALS sci5cske05p ons 0ee de Se Te tae oe ee 680
Freedom............. SER hes Cg ae Nee Ronee eto 652
OO WELY fcr ocntoancnadacntisso ee cL > A Eee ee ee 612
iifierci a| ( ee re eae RET ae wen eet 655
Of Se re Dees een ect a 620
WO TRINA isi. cocabh aonb costes: Re Tre eg altel ct 660
Praime Center:....s...0.s000. MET SRS ie 2 eae 685
RAMAN OO 2.) ockncnsksssnbonsue oh tng aly fap 675
aU RM eo. Saccwes aupmias > arnnnt 7 Ua Nerne | eye ee aie 705
Wat an Sab banat ee oans CS We Wiis Rl ataer ka des TOO
VermierOn VAG... sccis0ch. sed dM terrae eee a 620
LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Low water, Wabash River, O. & M. R. R............ 399
Low water, mouth. of Embarras River................ 395
Low water, north line Of County ............0.:.00ccesee0 408
Maweter. cot... EVAMCURNIUIP «dis siccnecnqeitnntancsudaieie 391
SURE Sice ec icra chs ci@olaonseakt yA Me Eee iF uce acid cs staus 418
FEN) 2 Fh A nN C250:.C: & St. keh 4a
SIGUE tS eee ean . 428
, Brid Seport w.....:e.. ss eveees... OVS M, Re Raecxace 448
Lawrenceville................. C2... C. & St. L. R:-R.... 454
Lawrence Junction........ ww. 434
EINEM LE sac occ se a0 ah inc eeee es 432
mc, Prancisville .::....:..... ss ... 460
PRITIRTIOE ta. uce ee saeeescswbivecsss Os! & ME Rites stee do 457
nity tg ere i WS PMO rs oad eekeace os 4235
PNVAMIMICE Yc cecnasredasstuaccesads PMA Be cht: bese oer og Sere | 430
PENANG © OMG oi3iccs becdsden cbs So Oe ates Wrenn tte nN) 445
LES geri eit.) (0 ee eee een es LAR wed AREY CES ER rae Be 420
pers eae ac cas ace erdontaee Wd levee Gayo, Sid. chesodne Ae
EPS SE Aa lode PERO Sorin emery ee aod S 450
BI OMSOULVINE. Jae5 cai. bes ecb) Ne ng: he Se Paige am 420
WVEBLDOEU..05..c006) castesdoat [ty al ae a la aa 440
BE Sek vest Nahe PAA od We oan aslcbine so scnasspinn nos bennstne 440

88 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

LEE COUNTY.

=

PAVIA ONE. 5 Scsvutoursantina se aneeans C5 Bo: Qt canes 778
NS CY 0 | pO IR ES SE 0. oN Weer ieea eee 832
STOO. oliecepecesnasnonesed C.. B. .& @ 4B Niece 963
Bureau ri Ce i Te eeiigaeee Pea nade I: C. Ri. Ree 870
ear GAT oo eeenc es cacectook? C..48: & Q. Tis iectysctaustiee 1017
COMPTON ficcceaciseedetgceewds 1, nd “ieee 982
DEO E eC cease bck eteeee Ci -& Ne WR Ree T45
1 OU CG eS 1s Ree ae or mee SPO Go RS Ro ea ae 830
Franklin. Grove:..........-.- C..&. Ne W..RaR eee 826
EAMG I 3.5. ba secehy scicaneees CB) & (i. Rinccevcinctesee TOL
DG Ri. Crosses. is 6 4 fas VO a ho ae een 772
IN SiGINIS Ganon oe eae C. & N. si ) Re Smee 809
IN hen 2 ascey ce eee eae a ois gM EE ei ie eee 676
North: Dixon: .3cceeee 1 OF Ee R renee Meee ey 735
AWE seacacet ace enon ocak Gi Bek Q. ye RR ee 930
PR MOTE cases ciavcop er acecsap aedgatce) Seti ogee Nee moon et eee TS.
SHAMS clic ce Chia “Cates Aha ree 826
PUGOMWEIEO occccesnusannccter nes C2 ebiRe Re. Bae 858
SOME eae ee tli ck coven couews Adee Ci Bois QURy Rake ae 679
SSO vote edt et Serecee TC. RR ee 935
Wreilisomies foie cose acten eats C. Be. & QR. Bev ae (isa)
Karly Dawns. Nic-4:. 42a. Wiech CET: <i etnnssvoneenpeee 785
GaprGMrOVe® :. aoesss names: Se tu at swokeeehoeeleee 770
Hee Center ei pictesvecctherett Be Ue: cab vole apalee eee 800
Prairievatlen:. hy Ae es Bia vo) Cee uin st eh 720
sec.. 6) 0.29 NR. TEE, BE Te eee aaa 850
oe OS a Ne Re ee. era a hae eee ee 850
(20. a BOON, at, 2 ok: CO UW Latte Ai ec aa Oa 940
bel eo ONS, Re hO: as Ber Va, 5 ae eRe casey 900
Hes TOUS nay OPN. ye) ae RE Ree PTA LADS NAS 780
BO Os TP cbON Bes ole Bo @ Gizrx mera aca eae 740
petted LON sO. La, Lam Re aT UA mR a 720

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.

MRAM S: ooniysssechansseesthanes tee. Lid ke Toe Re Ree 678
AMICON beh leen assets mens C., Stick. & CRrRinses 626
BIBCESTONE .c.005..00c0sceueeees C&G AY RAB Ae eee ae 733
Ul Meh eee craeg eat ek ann ace TW oe EG a ee a 702
OS Ay CLOSSIDO . vsiicses ine Ti. de eRe aa es 624
CAMBS cetnitaiisissesrce teens Wabash Reena. coms ance 647

Cay Wiad. oi hen tenossceenes es ct Wants ae cc Aen ae 683

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

MEPPPAP GUO... a). ccaces-sscaceevess | ial & 2 CR. PAAR LA le an net phate 8
POH IRIN Ssh ch goog es an Sus) Bp lbs astias euuwatulicn caceeavads
Coalville Junction.......... Bap St. yA Ads CN 8 a Vp
(OYSTER a Wiabeeh Bio ic ccscccstcecsecess
Si co) ce Tis MR ctcitcdedecescesedents
(2 0 ee Micsoaaae MO OT co Ba Te Rada
Emington eta eee Wabash Re Revsdccedvosernc
Eylar. Pee caties eve dona.'et 1 ORs Re ee MER ee eR AE
SEPT YF 3s dads odcy ds etd AA) Pe Se Wie dive Eeccsott thet
Pima AT ccc.oectee. eee et Gi Re ARG a ccoeceenitie
PP OPTED sedi cuseetect odes saleeeee eR Se Wea Ba Wececoetseets
PERV ENO IG. do2.cc6<stee ace scien LIS Dae once yank, PReReree
CTO ONG ios c secs. ssecee cee iaee SAT Mel aca 5 0) cher sees had
[a ee ee eee Pen Ras car nitenadies areas
Kempton Junction........ Sy Mere ee
Lodemia...... Bate ed i) ashe Wabash) R: Revie.
AGES Oe OUT. see sc csets Leder: OCA StiR& Ce Re Resands
McDowell Bie ore Oe or} Tie W abash ResRes eke se
RTL oxen tre far ssht oe SA DF Ie olin We eh oth Sloan ed
LTS] ae aed Ree ree Ns Re Ber socal ove es
STEN 200 ee ane Oey ALOR: Resist.
Ne tirete aes Sees nets 28 ips Mi gchn eda. te euch ts Aa
Weel ister ses casts tore nad» Or a cael te cnr tted ec eman
1 Aah] 2 See Re Pee Eee TG: Reisen 2 eras
ReMi dna Coon cnessaah CPPS Lag! Maral Ome apa nyganee eae
| TIS | ee a ra aS kta A iia C Rest ae eee
Rog « Ofbeke os. a ERIN re ird bE LS gy
(dofo 120 9 71 Sapa a ee a a a RO Vodhasat oat tere Sareeeeree ee
1 Soh Cy Lh GS Seed pt appeal tat Be Wiatbaislt hae, kpoee teas te
TT 2. a ita eae yaad 1 0 el sR te ec ainne AS
SELECT STi Wabash: JK. Rates
SOS y ee a ESTE air ee | Re OS 5 oat bee Rae San yl
STC 3 63 eee a ee Coe ects eel eal & tire See yee ieee
SLT UWVAN ce con cic cha SUR CAE Re: W aaBlinky a Ricee. cele cen
Streator Junction.......... 1 Os Ol 2 ane i eRe hoe ea a Ss
PTOAUIY, ccc covccoca sie srdelencss eS leg Goals nS eee.
si 702 a ee | DaPd Dn | ste eens ee pet Ce ae
MEA GRIY- co. casccs~ adewcbecacshes Ne. irl Ee Bic scsteaesacsees
AMEE S cca .tesdeclntarerscdecont Wei ehte Ee css tees rouse
tt OO No i. 1 eV. A. DOMAWAY 2.5253 .c.-s es
ogee. aN RT EE. A ink dla da) 2 ee
5 ae 1 Pa es el Oe OT ed Salt bh Ang ts
Seton) Sle die i and tess 3a A ERA uae ae Re
eA ent IN. bk dy as HALON aioe Aira te ES
$a ON. be. Oxta., Ll acta airing den or eta
obi 5 lina a baad Ate a DY pam, Pentti, Lee

89

90 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

LOGAN COUNTY.

MAN PMAMAMIEUS ksi sce denn au caneabape® TT) WE hee AP. es sc 728
| EPEreT SUC | 1 Ae aa ey ee Lis Re Ree es 645
1572) UT Se ao ee 2 ea Ney par Beare ege Ae cate een oe ev 5)
PSPOSERVEN 2 oe oc oe a G. iG-0At: TES eee ks oie 597
BurtowmV 1OW sss.chb vette. 82. De Ot Rots Sete ee eee 568
‘Chestervalesc.. acer nrecuat P 2D: Gach, i ieee 614
Chestmitt..2 ......4.-6)4.. wre Les eR AR. ccleaner 619
Cormlangd sce eee CAD gs es eee 595
Bikshignet vk. arenes Cx. & Av oR Rte eee 592
| Dyce iG (21s eee atic ee aes eae ae is Poo @ Bie ie eda 598
PEVATS NUL cc von saaecaceedet came Geet en ery oA 600
1. Ci. RK. Crossing .<. pO Rel) a ena 638
luaket Mork: Utes obey Gs UR Roe. ae 596
Lathe). cacscect eee sot Pigalle oae e 611
Roa Wandiale’.. 2. Jscst scan ecko OG AL Re his eee 614
GMC OHI. hice so ok vee aee ok. TC. AR ea ee 591
MoumbeJiov: 5 0.cc..<ctaboce AD lis: Soe Re ees 741
MG Raskin. eu ces anat IO, Risa ee eee 638
New Holland. ......:..0.4..--. Oe TM teiate waca eae eee 547
PRC MOM iss eicanans cua cee phot ee A ae 9 BRN 614
Middlebo wii: tice seca oe | a PRS fag 0 845) or RN Rona RG BTS
Bee SOR Bile No ee ec cee hee poem Ga

OF oe aD OnLOIN aobue ena SO Pal sc wece hicks ee 744

(10 20 Ns, Rede AW se pera en ea 650

be i dee Nes hese” Wu: Bet oe awiceraaa sh ener eee 664

46 TA ODN, kt Ae WN DE Ula usuoe tae cee 600

sh Me si cd aca lenin hd ate ear AA Ca pce he Re ee 645
aA Ol Ou. o cel Aes cere ph acai Rt Eee, 671
Blandimsville x 2c assesses. AR Pee Wie Eee 730
1b OT Si6) 115) | Reto am gee Renee a SOS SVEN ee 658
COGS TON 5.1250. scuovencuetten On7 BR: & Q. Re Re fase 694. -
CAR io cowiexd somapccncessawncsse uh TOL Lu Oh Ren eee oeaeenee 549
1 Ey Gy, 0211/5) 0. 01) ean Rn een IIE. eae ee 648
GOOGAEVODC 2... .5 scence. nens Te Bit Be Wee Bic IR cee eae (ge:
Malcom eee aise scot Cu B® Qe Uae te es 700
New Philadelphia........... Bog) DP Re Wists ei ea oct see 673
PRAMRIOMCUDY scout cocscvdes ce se Oi, Bs Ge) One Bet ces cueasce 659

List of Altitudes in I ae

RORONT Soe Secc wei ccna cdisanacnes Ake Ey & Ww. hi fg Soe a ee
UNE Po EESTI soe mn RG a acl ae
‘Tennessee.. Pe te hs 2 Cy Be & Q. 1 Poodle opera :
Walnut Grove .2iic5.205:3.2. Oh eo eed Oa SRA 5 ate oat
POO LIC. reeds sssicakeczasdens He Babe keateenentetests
WANG Gi iictcssicetisscctcaceess eine ake. free Ae ee
DRAPER DEY .caccccst.sasciscctsacces Shia | ame Rt Es atthe wn a
Pennington Point.......... ey A ee AER hah ESC ce
pea4, Ti 7 N., Ro 4 W.. She BEE adenine dean Teeac sine
casi. TN. BR. B-W.. Apa ati ere, tay ey Oa
Sau T<G.N: Re: W., PRE Pe tee Meee aN ee
erie. bos N. R.A W.. Nae, Reo eeeic anastance sos
Sie eS Ne, ROA W. ere BE cLUa aseoniea vance sss
Seer DAN: ROS We ig Pk Pee SSL ee tp
rie PN We, Be AN teacceres setae daca,
McHENRY COUNTY.
PMG S ccs ccstes iss agiecsieu® Cack-N: W. hel (eee aes?
PORPAGRIRCIMIUN aac thes dee eee yh REL oo... keccacapistns
WEE rete tisnscden3? SET ita. ; Oe
PORN io a2 nsec 3s ehis it) me We Beerca acters
05 aS cern ee gare meme aaenen HL:
Aryeh Lip... 22 23555605552 a Tr Sree:
Jt. 1C Od eae ae aaa sg epee hanes See
ERG U BLO so 25, son cee Since econ aes Om | ate ee te ye
VE Ran a ge a Raa aes
EPO TMDIAW «ooo aa faisscet doses oe ee eee
LES a ee ee Se Serle
MGHGOry. :..i034..32.:.3. 02x 2 RAGS Dyer
16S hy 2 A LAA kee Ona eae
MUNGMMIGUC. ser-sbt.satacceens 2 er ieee ei
Lg (6-05) 112) | | Ca een ee
PUNE WOO. 3.34..4o-nct p35 eas i Sst oaso
Terra Cotta.......... coeeatecd se eee eee
LUE SR RS eS BE Fie ee ae
WOGKSLOCK 1.23.00 ..ch.0aies0: Zeng AS
PSRETEMING ooo s5tiiincrdcvenisvecs YAR GTi Fa gPtopmer hey one Pen
Big Foot Prairie........... ce) fa cae ee ee
Coral...... Bet eerie hes aad ake ple LO. le eC eta
English Prairie.............. VN ol ape de ae Upsala 2
Greenwood ...5.2..000.08 al sh badhnd eee le arene ay
PIB Ee his i2ek isd atlils Sn speed os pa en :

92 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.
Try@ns Grove .i.cciscevenss phmetarice eer A emer 920
Soloms Mills. ccs gv. cess Me Disha Tetaset Areas 795
SPTins Groves... sees ae ace a ebie wie oe! Ca ee ae 770
Stone’ ss WOPRNGiS ..c.2cc3c2505 PIS), abies Mae ga A 890
Sea sage TD. 45: No, KG We po SRE Te Ce ana 2 al 980
KS 12’ TAA N: RR, 5 EE: B6r Ahi’ ns Sok re tae ae NA 950
vi 31. T. 45 NR bE: oa Reema te Ae AEN bang 890
a ges L. 4a Ne Rb EB: Fe ne oe eca eee eRe 860
McLEAN COUNTY
ATIC OME sea see aoe Li Cas. WR aise oe eee 772
APPOWSIMIGD .. :hcdccemtoorn ei & Woke Be eae S77
Beaker 32 4.55. . Seer Jey Oty O56 “Sb lay Fe weaee 844
Toe a EN rac ccee atetonarse ee Oe. AG CRs Re degen (137
| B03 7c) (21 <1 oe a nea ee SE PG aR MR vcs hoes dk See 833
Bellefliower s..:..ccieieteconke BROWN. nd Bie Ras ocachas awa 784
BIOOMMIMETOM Es scincpsescccous OF Mein idatia cla tHe aaee eee 821
Brokaw oie ceca by Sow «Re Renee 855
Ce SPAS Crossine: cis: Cs Os, ©: Gust: sb ice 775
Carlock Wistee eee. LB. & W BRe Ree TTS
ChemOmi isc eee eta T., Po& Wake Reverie (2S
COLTER Lavra te tes cine ee DAC VR Resecie are 742
Cookevalles.cieeve Cie Gamma gl es Pony Pree rit, 763.
eee RU bs SPN SPRANG AE cate Bert MpeanE UTR aN eewes anaes 802

, OCS Stik. Ry RB:

Cr CSS ere Ae esec cas BRT wa sigan ven ame ne aan 852
COVE eset eee CO & Aw RRs eee 718
Gieiab cil CPTI Tepe seneee ema To Cp Re, Re even eee TRE
DD ETIWERS 22 eS sie 0005 00s open seme C.,.C., C2: & St: Ri Rix. 808
Deletes Sees eared cscetens T@r Bie Recast 784
DV ONWINS ee dehe das iekosanonaniae C.. 0, CG stulbe Re Rie} 794
INGO IG nse dssorbiccoccoaceues Te eae We Ste eee 863.
UNUM Sede stciccdotsacesaeee es C.-C, Cc Sts bey Rik Tice
Pe HOMO hip hsiiieds..sc.ceeees ) ial OMe c Pael opener nernere ries Bh 817
Funk’s Grove........... een Oecc Re RieReees eee TO05
CE ii) Ay 00 yh cere C., CC. C & St. EO: Riss 820
evel Cover sesh ec hve c5uceoostede car OR Pua Ga Win ht nles ee eeene 756
RAMI fo. oso c 5 o pa been eee. Ray ce once ee eee 778
TG yO Gls. s..c.c codons es: PGE Ra CHen aad cotanerte oeene 742
FGI ee eee eet Tay: eo OWE eee 834
Pid ont e esse soc Es Cech sas ieaeeeereneee 766
Kemer eee oan sacs es aeke ai Santee cs Bea N LR A li AN 736
Ta umetiterncrcus tect cess steouse Daeg aR ERENTI I rot cil Cec aes 754
WeOXIME COM teeen se cnesatensce ess OPiS Ae Riesace eer 750

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

WI ishac wna dtas aoa vstite sah OF OU Car sae a Yee) 3 ee 778
Maes... o> eee. ston < *& eo Poca bcsctccsaecs eet ee: fs
Me@aMOWS....:. ...-: Pe res Tee & ah | Fi i Ren ee Ny 762
PURSE Wl os oss vacsvirsuie tek fe hes CR Fiae! eR, en) a 1 758
orc is chi hd Bed TI, | daxcn deacons htes 802
ECT i a ee 2 PRIM aah ced cn a tut ouaas 778
NORBERT de ccc Sats stoves Wynee Wi eee Etice esate ine dee TAA
TO a de srbiervcs aavasios | Dia ra sgh ee cael bint Pee 846
PMG OIDD 5. ecscceesciccesebes E.G; R 1 ARR IRAE OP Foy. 773
PPR MUMEU EA sees vide Ceca cg De AA F,, s coeisteoseinihcceeeease 783
PERE OOK. oc cg2rh0ncs bac stBvee ‘DO ENE” at as earn ta 786
Shirley Lop ACL renee ORE Gags I) 5 Ns Fee Re i rane 779
Sta eee Taya AE DME tg 708
cS ULL LPT) 2 A aie i ea ato | UAT Gia i ted a RISE > RR eae a ate 743
CATR EL yd oct < redone ocwacei'ce Sida ceabrs C 2 Gi 2 a ee a 783
RPM Bs LEEIIN Cb niece) secedscdease OX. Ciechote Lae. 812
RECIANAEL 0. Shc sw od ecbncccceee | et Wg) Be al rie a a ae me 722
ANE elec cates ss cxSuvdar: | Bahia Gait Gh Vee 5 fia Behn oe TO8
BDSM GER tere os oe. Saaanerees 1 SS COR cal ee @ (ie 24) Renae aaa 784
So ee Sat i ae RO ae eee | 5 Oat! ISS bor eg, Me nae ire ee 754
Sec. 36,T. 26 N., R. 2 E. So Uc eras etna T50

é OP Nes Bis Sl Neen Toten ss Oa Greene aoe TS6

Mave. Lo oe N., Nee Olu: Fee Oe ts apne 8 18 Ui 840

rae Waid ahs? Peet PR is aA se) cote Sse ee 820

Seg 22 NN. i: LW. ah REP ET ann Tay pate a iere 710

MACON COUNTY

PE POAC.» cea. csioessssetencadecs 1 Eig Ce api 673
PSSA ae ss 235.0050. cosacas ct , Ree OY As! CD ea eae 684
Teles NOUN <...c050daeccuaess Wabash Eee uastesetcirss co 601
LPS TT a pmethids een pans Ck eS ae a can cueeaelance ss 684
OEE 72) aia ciea alas SRA RCL eee eV he ERs ee eteccs 718
PESTS TG oe Ee Ue eee oe Teg: UR. 1 PaaS A pie Sapte 666
TELS i Gloss alal Rauae S ob bad Ua) NOR a a Oe 708
SCT 2: ations ade cbenes toh ta ah) RRR ess re ae 683
RMN GH: oni ot sve dstessasaates 6 OWE senceare ee arene 674
HIArristOwn é..<<.00<ene0n.ceess Wie. I etscs sc ccccses 688
miervey City: ...... i000 Psa Ple epee de ES ER. 5.2 c0 ai oe 692
Pac; B..K.. Junction .::. RT Rss 646
PENRYN, 55 oid so $e nics «andes WWaalomela Ey. Bic. cceccdcccss came 660
Lone GROGK. 2.245.546) 0a 8: Pera oe Ys wEW. DNceccancecoses 677
Macon SS ER aS lee TS [. | ee Bn 0 a a Wee aan ae

ETE a Aes ae Rae re Bia PUL eee Ne ie sca bene WLS

93

94 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
i mA Fe 0 Re le ve tp che Ra PD EO ae 681

NAO ULE css -rasegecep epswees es Wabash Re Be. site 599
OERIOY cel i cstee acess pune Fer ace eae el ee 685
OVPAMaiy. cccsepassties fe raves We epee Cos Asis td 684.
| Ege F eit bs (2 os aorta fA TR cad eatin 90 i Baan sate 2 706.
Sangamon Station........ Wabash A Ree eee 653
SUMMON crete een gre cass ceun a Pi. Do & ER eee 665
UUESUUL retest pee tes oe snk agin mae teh ira) 670
S SEEHIEG Ss daa ha iil etee ei Ram pelt Ook Rhee 647
Wrerrens Durer c oi cng s- P:, D&E Ree 699
Wve kere. (500, -ut..cleesee eae Wabash Ria hive 673
MGI ONO ince pesetenenseacecgs Bed Burt. ese eee 705
Sec. 15, T.18.N., BR. 1 FE. ped ora renancometeer rie ~ 650

Fe£8, TL: 17 Ns, RIA POW EN ACE an Ae 700:

“ 10, T.14N.,R.3E Ae Tor sa sess teens eae 725.

MACOUPIN COUNTY.

AN TAEMS OI oe eee oe eateries Ce 8 ACORL R aeeeeae 665.
AUWaLElco ce ere 3 eesti <Dphabd EN Bele Raita A oy 652°
i512) (0) 0 Re eR oes CR A cele Pao erate sangre 661
Buren Shin eet nee Gin0, Caa® tot hie bee Buse ee 656.
Carlinville ress oe ee Fao eee eae til a tae eee 626.
Chatlacommbe..:2icsiccccco see Dt. ae Aree er ts eveeeeee 529
Chesterneld 6:5 tosses ce Voorn. a ee pee 594
(Clay de: 7S. eperes se tesaen-apeneee ee C..C ie Ciogot. Ta. ee 688.
Women, see tele eect A Tams Pedi piel mics pCR eh 619
WineWester., eccsacsecrssceeee C., €.,.C. & St. 1. B. Boat
BO Sic. eer ey acere ceedee ots A fells ae Std Bel Rhine hh he Dre 616
Gillespie........ Sseatteeeceteeses Cr iO Rb ERED: cee 679
AMI Ulee ees see, roee code ee enecee CHER ee OR ee eae 692
EAM ATI. Sos0 leavenasensenge td St.) T.5, A ae i eli cee 514
1 2316s TG Fea ABR Sp Pre a lh te Bay SACRA EAR ee 609
MTC G TIO .\.se-ccesccnrpene ese ee 5, Oc CARs cee aeaee 528:
ii C0 2S eameioreetpremnh remareier ite Bil DR bia wheter g ash 611
Wenlard: cose eee ©. B GQ) Vive Sesame 621
SET ES tan ig etsegeesce aca ROAR TRIM TOAD REE Ge 667
IMOMESEO ieee. eee cewte pence Sti oA eS ha 695
INGROOVES eos ccct node ncct senor Wabash Rik cee. 686
INGdiWO@Ul te ve scsakee- ape. ae CS AU Re eee ences 686:
Panny eas oo cop snag steed eT DTS: Ghia Bade Om ea 691
PISA rea ones eecesy Co Beg Q Re aes 619
PIAL VIOW bess seeee reese cece Ce AIR eee ee oe 619
Reeders... eee cates aes Sac TER see reso sone 586

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 95

PABIPSVVERERS gcc ih u- sie sup inch ae -0- C2) GO ts SEO Bhs ta seadgoassacuree 630
PS PEMPIPV GOIN oo aci cco \ vadeewardes Wisse Eee buts. ccsracakee 621
Be MER Gris = ot: «ost mad eatacssce EC ete aa «fia 5 ee ee 692
WI GPADGIe oie hads cheer 1 WS nad Poe coe | QO ee pS 651
PE se UOTE: | cis 5.5 cbecs scan an OM Turner See ee Rerccen ek: 615
Sr ae 1 AS PEI SO? SA Ta LS eae ae eee meee Oto
Mierep Grove ......2:...4- BaD yo oeah cee ative cto 665
WV I WET foc ccc onacssevvasen SePae wae tht oe A, eel Page 655
paseo, Th; 9°N..:R.'7 W. S| Pia ee ee 2. aoa 690

MADISON COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Me seee: BM.» 7:
Natural rock on hillside, in woods, 19
M. above high-water mark, and 3,150 M.
below* mouth. of Piasa Creek..................00: 450.07
| as aces Sag © ee Gaal
Alton. Window of waters-works build-

U.S. P.B.M. 9.
Alton. Door-step in northwest corner
Sr German Cathone Clrarch:.:...205.02562.22ee.00 485.25,
pe ee be An:
Top of stone post in woods, 5 mi. be-
low Alton, and 500 M. from river
bank, on land of Gringering, and 300 M.
PHO Or Tipe NOUBEs cre. -orcasasectatie ts oeeecacees 424.87
Peas. bBo Me rt,
Stone post in woods, 11 mi. below Al-
10m, and, LOOM: north oF roads... i..c...04... 412.49
Pes. bb we ee
Stone post in grove, 20 M. west of Co-
lumbia road, 12.8 mi. above bridge at
St. Louis, on Chambers’s land, and about

opposite lower end of Wilson’s Island..... 456.91
(UTE Ce See eee i Bty es ee Cy Re Rh... STL
5 ae a ee ER Ae, Oc 56 ORB 3. 440
Arve SUDIIDIG 3... 622.6602. C. & 7% Ree ioe fen etc oy Oe
Beery lie ee eke ees Hs gt ed 708) EA ie eee 410
Dette ek Ca wee pb. lie Tk... 535
Reel CR sc eo Soe, ae Vand. piers sietr et ee, 485
Carper eect. 302015 se heges! NV EAB ey Rel cciteeedeseene 533

Clifton’ ‘Ferrace:............-. Brit bse Noes) Lee dacs vces 430.

96 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.

Callinevilie haem ca Satie Vand. ‘ine. 28. 3 kee 465
COMBTOCK 0.8) cee. eo eee C.6., ©. & St. | Bs Rowe 420
DD GUBEY ics fiscisicchiissatce by oe ee ee 604
Edwardsville .........0..0000 Fria Be P K. Cy. R. Ru.oeo
TOM MUGS Cui mieccccoec hc ceeaas eee : hey Lane Chea ee yr
OOO ce chvciecsnce ares ete Ts St: Lb & KK: Cy rR. haa
Glen Car DGisekcons cactace JS Bokeh ae 476
CPOOIN CY ).230rghieteecadeseoroves CG. :& A. “BR Ree ee 626
io Wlamd:sissstee trees tess Vand. Line.s.cs): Gao
Horse Shoe Lake.......... T).St. b. & KoCy Rae
ECHL AATUEN rR On ACE ne «sie eee
Winer ee eee Wabash (BRaiao eee 49

Madison... 3.ch cease ee 5 Py E. Bi Ba rdsdaaees ideas 420
IM ae a OU ene it et ee ne tree ee 548
Mitchell 3. ace ee. Gane One, OF & St. | Pa ie PP. 425
MOrot Ask Ae Ae NS ET ae 563
NatmecOKiae Seek ore Of tani ee 423
New Douglas sic: 4.eaeceeeee Ty. St. du& KoCy, Ru ke see
NG@MWONE ceccs.tecetsesbeae an Wabash«R. Re o...ic5c:oapeeee 412
PETERS fue cce canon eee T., St. Lo & K. Cy oR Rae
GAO eh eG ae Ales. Wabash Ru: Bite. ..caenes 433
ibe leie OWS vcsdecsc art nets Viaid : duine@., oc. See 505
SilvercCreele. ose eee, BE Hoos aul a ee 493
LEU Se eae ons ee T., St. L»& K. Cy. R. Runes
MTOM ec, Ccc5c Ge eer eae Wien IUGR. ise ata assat ee 539
Upper As LGGIL, cote: seeker ean Os, Bi & Oa RAR. ae ee 448
Venice eke eee Cs CC. & Bt. I: Re Ree 418
WW ei sone couse canoe Em pie se Se oe ae 448
WO OCIS eae estas tc oe Ci JS Gey Qs Ee Re a ee 480
WiORG Cie ciyesacceke een ee Wabash Beak cia ee 570
HOSbe OU Mol curt, Ee He Ellison. acs se 575
Giseimi) OV Ke, bo: caceceresous ee Mie cian ile a edad eee 542
1‘ eS 4 04 2) MRR a ae ae a a at eS ait AR testa AA, 550
intherty, Prairnie@e. 3.0. ve. a - alkane dilewat - agen
UEUING = ot. acwerte ecersecencccetaa oie, Sri nas ache 556
Prairie: LOW Wescc. cee Be ec uae ee 567
So MOTOE Ms i v.ceecat teres lan 5 MPR NMR RIERA... 500
MOC UASLOPOL .f1...ccce.ccetacmas a URE eM ARS. 490

‘lis. 0,5, 08) egal OR ie a ee So anaes cine dae 540

List of Altitudes ir Lllinois. 97
MARION COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
Sandoval. West abutment of O. & M.
R. R. bridge 2% mi. west of depot........... 491
Odin. Capstone east end of O. & M.
RR. culvert nead Station 2.5..,.<0c...0..00ees0: 526
Odin. S. E. corner of Craig’s brick
2) SETS Ns igeame aie SA Rea aS AfS5 Sieh Ts BE ee ae 527.2
Salem. E. corner of Court House.... 545.8
Tuka. + est abutment of O. & M. R. R.
bridge over Skillet Fork, 2% mi. east of
Pee econ eK tbe ae ot ect ce ate ote ead ns Rico daseuekpell edes 472
Centralia. On stone sill of south window
Bids Plait s-druce BUOTE! AA eicis eed ed 493
Centralia. On north abutment of bridge

over Crooked Creek, 2 mi. north of Cen-

BS See Re os, can oe ott so eee aad rapse aan tee 469.5
JTS le Re A Bile RAL st aN ee St Bs Mra Be 626
MATHER. 3b eco vcdinecencne: OR ACRE Re a. ete SOG
Central Citys. ..cscccctevccss TE, UR. |e oe Beer, Mie Ree 493
Ut 5 a epee Rts SORE ES ae oe oa a ac Ve een ene tac 493

ae Che Re ie ct Oe ent my Nn, le Mi ad BSS
Shi tas): ei eer Oz < M | Sha a eae Ag a aig PCA
PS SCS ae deiada ee RaeMte, Se AS Me Mi ie ce CS Sere 515
MOTO Y-: cccds.s 8s cess 5 EAC: UR. Le carn ee Une 607
Of oe aes Deere Pee 19): SEORB Eo 357 Dae
PAPE cs os coco s cates aes CEN CS Jeet eaten a 5OL
nd RS De a OE PRN lead Os lt eee eee ee NT a ca 8
BeSMIREL GEV CUES ox Seus es aches doce i be Oe CR. ARG sbene hers et An 28 « 507
TE 5 SR RN Ae Ae erat th pated peels tae ae ye, Die
IGTNIGMN = caste. dee Hann scadossnaxt ee Ua rtec een a dees Cea BL 518
Walmart Hall. cece see. | dims! Ores ct) Wed FA 5 a8 553
DGG 189 Se ee BoC hidmantts: 2.08.8 480
RRNA opt inex Seki An, ots ehac. eke, Ran Lol) nabel- ebke sean pes ondces 530
[sic der ml sd] i rae pL nee eae a 475
Ug Sth sock ihnesisen es 2hcnes Tih a! ae ee ae Baldy
A EENID roo io ee wee ceicoccnsnesea 5s Dy an ae cea S85 545
RN S85 tere cvdeow shies Epatls Viddsneinnieteob 563
[ies 2 1 De ee eR ae Reo ios Ee
5S 7 LPN a a EE EA Rae ae 575
Sec. 31, T. 4.N., R. 2 IK. a ee ol ae D
12.1. 4.N., Re4 Ph TR Reena eves 650
o> Ts LN. Ree Ee Re tap iei ne bc geauene LD

98 Llliinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

MARSHALL COUNTY.

Caton 2.25 reais C28 te C2 Baa 718
EW ates teen eas ce SA. Rs BE eke ee 702
| 8) i ee ie Soh a BGO see arc Gee es ees 485
LUE UGS id Aaa A net ee tae Onde Ate Ria dhe ea ee, eee 490
Daiase.(2 cere eek C2 Str Bis®: CO: Rie 642
APIA 22 dediccsevecdescoses To Cr ARS Reese ee 450
MOURA cS so sacrterist eect tee C.J Sti Po: 6. Bae TOL
Wari 2 ed ees CO! SUA RE iia 2h es 716
Wena net: Mae ae C.So A. (BR ae eee 691
WP RE nyo Oh oitedweee unas C.. Si. & Re ee 518
CUS PE LAIT o5.o.cecsescoosncse Wii W.. -Danlevs nix ee 660
Camp Grovescict-te:-$ ees Oye Et Roe ee 825
La Prairie Center.......... 66 owl ho Leledouisaaemaeecan 790
Dawa RiGee 5. cihseses artes Leh a TNT oe Ss 830
Sec. 9,T.13N.,R. 8 E... OF os Sek she ee eee 820

Ce aw abies ty dies Ney de Oo aeunas ERR e poe RT 620

OS COON, dhe ae. Diciis iG ee ee 682

36, 029 Ne ket OOo 2a et eae 720

MASON COUNTY.

Low water, Illinois River, “Havamiass..:%:...0..2. cc 430
Bers ies: ees ince cn oueheceres A Dare rd LOA! BRS SAEs. 455
ROUSE eee wages tus crakds Se LOSE Crane correc hamaant rales ae 22.4 491
TBSTST ITO; 6 efit Snape er aOR Bess eel Chea Wha) EGG ele nb la hai 490
WOMO VEN. osscde vonsacs sae. eeeeces aeRO ENA AEA: OSM hth dds 505
ASO 52s: Gek isi Ec Sectgetet LC ea eo eee eee as 505
Maresh Cicy o:ncc1 vede-ssesenace Se SV AB ee ee ee 486
AVE). ve eieceta Se TACO TR eee at cco ee 460
AC SPiN cyte cs hs oekec ce senain eS.) aH Re en re 494.
RTT OUEAICS oc obawcstencarasences Be at Seu Nes, aoe ee ee 508
NATO Rk he sche eee ek eMail ay Cesar iN. 503
WE GENZAS Micedeacdenndesecnpenee CLUS Yash Voce ine Sa ae Eee 465
Mason -Giy ch. octc2. sede shea: ae ce! ta PE 575
WM At@ IG Accsthilecoesscsteseeee Rte iy ee ted a Oca eg 578
POMBE ACT cctascanentessoss5e Tos Oy Roan ee ese aa 497
(Gy U2) ih ee eek AR eae peas Mes RIE) aE edo eet <i a ne 480
Sal OSG eredacscaceuwaease cust C2 BeBe Tes SPE oe bo 601
SPA HcccececGeecnestaneseceeae 7-8: Siege ee 462

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

0 2 Re eae epee tae ee Doge Buh cee coneativudvenadt 541
OME a o5 »cnasesicness iscsi > Sa Os en aaa eee 480
[OSES SR ane Me NOE Be eh NS debs ces alan oka aes hee 495
oT 0S To eee aeetaat ote ae Ks. Jerrey PP ER ne One OF Se 450
Saha Ne, Beek Ws ge Ng tiaphosckaecaneagideasske 548
+ 23, Sts “Be ao Ay a aes ee 530
eRe eto NS hs, GWT Si eE8? eos ceacesasnsaciescgiencolon: 570
SRM Ther eke Ne ERO Whee) ey FR es cd gekcesectaxpanes 553
WT AD! UG a RY | CO SS ee ae 601

MASSAC COUNTY.

High water, Ohio River, Brooklyn................c..0000 341.48
High water, Ohio River, Metropolis..................0.. 339
Low water, Ohio River, Metropolis..................... 285
Low water, Ohio River, west line of county...... 280
BSG nF cones sn cesiiuts evoke St. LA. & TARR gaaseh 369
REMEDIES ta ate Bel gee ha Bey cain holes d 344
Metropolis...........0...000000 “Rcesbistisyel tesseels 346
MOU, KNODS:.. 5... 00502-0000 es OES ae: See 374
Lot: PERE 5 EE erie ae El 04 Klingelhoefer eas 410
PE UES OE ate reac ac lia SEPT 350
PSUS irs 1 1 een nee apg ae tale et pee a 420
ES) ee od lee ra EA es iy: aaa terror 340
Massac Creek P. O......... eRe Ya Hen |News 460
New Columbia. «...........:.. hoes aad tea et Sepeas 566
aI MOPI GAs. fi eenstesctccescenes So Bon ae a eh al > oh ei 485
Dleetepre vile t5 8 cn 5c. cc cexccess SIPS tet hes FS 0 392
Sec. 4, T.15 8., KR. 5 E.. as Seeecaens 500

MENARD COUNTY.

MRP octig sos bes te Jd. E. Hate ies oa opts. 641
RANT teas ea Ss testi a)! Vly Sh EIU, Ls codaaniiontonth 8he5 622
OED Se RC Sa RN A Ae ee. ee tesa, eet 602
Re VOW Sr ee ska oat 5 vee On 5 Pal a 559
RUN SIE OD 3c. 5 sowtesoscbacicssdaess SSS SPO sae 13 Oi (POCA See ree 623
MUMDNIEG <<: os) ade ecbntes<e.cden x pen aes 2 Peeters 13 0.7 | 509
POUGES DUDE -.2.<0,-000s20+ide00s bE eee ee S17
igs: eRe ae eS Se I GENE Eee, Eicee aceon eo dli 1... 629

Pesala snd = with santana ha 2 2 Re 644

100 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Fancy Prairie.:.::....:.0:.-.. Eh Perreyyseek Sano canoe
| ode ee ay eee eee ts ei Ah said esta nares tne cts ett
Sweetwater................0006 of RSL aE ene Noe Ao
eect TT 19 No RT. a ediatete Resa ans eta
ed 1 NRO We Se eS ae en.
yeti ig lanes cS Pav ef oF. ripeaaeeanre cee nese caree
TO LO INE te oy Si" febanbangie he deraeeeaaas

MERCER COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
eS. Po Bee aoe

Stone step on south side of brick build-
ing on northwest corner of Main and
Second streets; Ketthsbure ati. aie

Ui. S42. BoM. 20.

Step of Mr. Rife’s brick building on N.
W. corner of Main and Fifth streets, south
BIGE Od OUTING 5) .....<sccctsoustuearsonetceevactonn ees

GE SeeR By AE eon,

On foundation of water tank, 2 mi. east

of New Boston, west faC@.........cc.c.cssceseees
Wes. Po Bae 22.

In top stone of foundation of north wall,
near N. E. corner of Keokuk Northern
Line Packet Co.’s Warehouse at New
BORGO 55 ssc fes oes oa Bees de ee ee

USP. Ba Me 28:
New Boston. Union Hotel, in north

wall, near N. E.corner 1.1 M.from ground.
RN ioe ss snenves ek .sxvueteeemten Os, Side QO iessesccsacee
IDIOMA, ir toloccowaas daradne betes BR soe PPAR Ri eer as
CGMGISh :..;.:..<ccrsceses seaeoee GB: & Q. Re Rink
TOG SEE ies essen ecatcnseevecdtacettd Sekai agi OP Nae Re Ec eRaEee
Meets ccs ec cece cat ovr oi ini ple See eee
Keithsburg Junction..... Bi Reh hotel eee
WespeBGB LOD: .i.cscc.cccesca Oa Soy cere
NeweWindsor ......-2 55.0000: £8 icy Rar eta
North Henderson........... OF lis cl ae ee
(Vo GER Meciee ee icas, gbis wrrs seein Ta CR, ivaeteeteeaeec eee
Pre OTO We sous cased -isee RAL? Gt BGR a sGeaeeeedosts
Seaton... ceeeeeseeeeereees Lal: Gye, Bi cateroee neta tau

538.87

548.84

553.59

543.59

569.87
738

List of Altitudes in Lllinozs. 1U1
SU ee eee | A. Earl Wee eat cies 615
CSS ASRS? x gl a PS A) Be Te be ee ee 670
TS ee ee ete ak, Sa eae tn SIG Bie Stee 830
ee Bees ae ata eR ee ee ae 555
een 3). 0. FaLG Ree et es ee 750
Millersburg..................... AU ae OE CoRe A Tree 710
NSO eo occ es Ay , Sy) Ee en ee Oe 680
PPOMPEGVUIC.. <a. scascscecsceeees 3 Fai ot Ce een 655
PMO Yass cen gmniy soar teases Sit Of Ie. REEL eee: 680
SSPMEMGET As ose 8 nn tisewknt sn eh Sop eet Sack ee eeereee 730
Se 1] ee ee oe 30 Ae tance ee re | aee 670
Ea eIRED occ ce bal vs fesedetas dens pnd ie * Sn Ree eee 752
MONROE COUNTY.

LETT. GCE LS eee ie deeper i ays a Reel (et) (ears pean sree 672
AS CT 1 Sees ened aan pean aastae scat sacs 503
Millstadt Junetion........ eRe tee C so OE 444.
NeW Hanover:. 2212-26704. Saat ig ast ot Rae he ee 601
DRM Mac ia iavicsasesccokee- sale 1 Charen Seed sos 4. 0 O76
a) ee Re Set assay eee ona nec aene 654
PY oe Se hose. SEA ete GC. B: Klingelhoefer Per eres) 500
AUP TL Es St 9) RS A Se » Pe Te a se ee 695
Chatfin Bridge............... ere i ere cpr 400
Namner FP OGG...: 3. ..cvsccsscke BEAM Bees he 610
Harrisonville....c....s..s.c<c Batis vite. Seiarec cet 400
MS oor oes ancuncs fount LOTS Me | Bh lipek snes ates 475
Aa PU GW ee SOMES phe Sivas gv nin 380
Madonnaville................. I Se Bie irate giao 675
POO TE TE) 9 | a eRe ee ene SS ev lew ky ¢ Gieeins oxach 600
Merrunac’ Point: ::.....<.:: = thal eens: 385
EE CS RAE Eee ee Eee J CPt cect etter tee 380
Bhonroe GILy .:..<i5.<06ssce5 042 of LE Rt are ete 600
New Hanover P. O........ Site” ald Fie Cee 570
INERT oo scccc bev ecucdedot ant RSET IA Th so 675
Sec. 29, T.4 8., R. 9 W eae YS... TO8

Beek. b.4.5..,.R. 9. Wi. es igecoko OO

A. Lae iz Le. Wiz BOMB Se ret Pay uCets caidiss 440

‘ieee, L.2.., bb. 9 W.. Mae al | VE Sic cccci ou 610

102 J/illinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

OE viel Ff SAM ee a eo KE CON Ql eDIRa amee naveans fy st 672
Bartle, « AU enia cttw tees C., C., C0. & Sti. Rae
CGE ea TE BUEN 06.62. Qa di ese ons i St. L. & K. Cy. R. Rh... 640
COSCON, ccs nit recustodeonshaewecee 636
Donnellson:.cdvancni t¢ 02 O28
Parnrersville :csccscdeetescas J.9.-Be Ruckus 657
Fillm OF yssuoro Hever eeeees T.. St. L&,K. Cy Raia
ar vel 2.:ices Stee ee Wabash” Rui Resin 646
Hillsboro <asecicsewencs C., C., C. & St. L. BR. Rees
Honey ‘Bend... iescc.vess Wabash Bo Ric) ce 656
Trevis. ee eon re nmeny OP: Opin Oe & St. L. R: Rassee
Litchfield CIR Se RN ee RS .. GOL
Lynn yas esa eee nde JR Res eee 675
McWilliams 2.¢-c:i0cce Oat Poh ele 2) ca eee 595
NOkGniisie eases cers Cocco: & St. Le RoRs ene
Ohl Mame ice RES 3: 438
POBGE eee Be ees ee ~ OLS
Ra yisiom ae ieee c ke Wabash Ry: Ritu Mapeiaee 651
Sh opr eeka veces tees ce 8. E. Re Ra iahceae 663
Thee aie Baas Maga tee alli ae ars omar iar eer a Mile ve 687
War roerns Vides: sates SP ree rer ISAS EL 668
Wealshiwaille: 223.500. crete SE lat So eva alee ee 605
Waitt eas eee C403 0. & St. L: Bi. 6
ViARCRV WAG. Sarccernc eoseeeene A s. E. RR. i ee eee 672
PAUUCEIGETIC so sec asks sacecoseeces BicGs Bidimann, 0... 605
White Oak........ SPAR ea tae § pictetomn tie, iene fra tht 620
Sec. 14,T.10N.,R. 4 W. Ue iae Dresnin pia tein sian 8s 716

ely ed ON ad, Ve EBM ah ea Nei: cel! 705

Se eyey de ING gene WV gs SUNN AL AbD der, ote Ub 680

ee TON: eo We a TRG 2 Mere eee en renee 639
eA Ny Ec ee We Se OR MARL aN. Lats Si 742
Se LON Bcd Wy Mares cabs pencil trek Fe 640

Wa (25-5) 016 (oh ee Be Wabash: Ri. Boe 657
Arnold ens ee REO? eae ee eee 640
CHalpina eteetenvee: erect eeuiaes ae Laren ee 625
CONCGUMS Statin hese: C., B&Q Wh ieee 599
PW ramiim tees yo Bo Rea ae saree 696

Jacksonville etcensis leis Wabash) Ra Bs wae 602

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

DAGEEN OTE! fio ocecccsusessdeese A ep Pe. Dou spa (eee ee
a 1 oe Wabash ARMED Ao teaueeohedivaes
1 ENE Sas sae nanraaee ie Ly AFG ¢ 3 18 oak Sh Ne ees an
IR RGIE Sse sci ciecesedeooedcvies LEW” 5 Sicbe tgren tute dap
MPrayWAWle ....0...000cc0.000.- C. & A. Bote cccdeya tana
LE UA LCE ene ie a so nA es | eco CRMRE RP
a eae eee Wabash POR es
aes A ee eee ea ae eS Hl PRS A) SN Sa) Se ea a
nl Utes Coe i ee ee Rc hae oad es Ae Aree ae
MO eos cnvesscidesvavaudees Siler eens ere cen ee sahs Le
oot Ee a ae Oita Ale Be do Bi cehecseveess:
Wreaverlycsie eo. ats Le. ie Ou Se RL eae
PVUIUBONT 7 Je csuveccdccssectcdees (Oia Ain S008) 8 er ee ee
| ITE ERS ea A eer Ane | EOS [05 fo Sa BR Se
fet 1 2) Sy See eee Ra EG bor set oe Fa
PRET ATS VUNG 2 cep esd cen czxedls OOF Vin AAT rahe kos
MORIN TCS, ook vaheaeaaseessansks SO Geb lied dS bed
Sec.19,T.13 N.,R. 3W. La ay 2g | WOr state Coe
ee 17,T.13 NRW Spee Lary ith 15 | ARRAS A ere
ba a Ne Ris, SAV: POPU 2. 20s Aime) enh oa
Sethe). bo Na, io ver Wee TTA Le RT Lee ee Pe eE
“150, T. 14.N., R11 W. BOWE ytensebayas tee iyie ky
¢14;T.16 N.,R.12 W. Woh hai Seana da tdenadthont cons

MOULTRIE COUNTY.

Rt LCS oss naaae eck ss cmass’ | eae |) ea oagel Spies | ial 3 a
“Ng EOE 2 i es i a a a LA os Le cal & 50) San eee aa
PRETIP EY) coe neo: sec eeaceeeensene as | eae Ue. gad St 5 Al 3 Gee ne ee
LTE CRE EN eee Wiryesliwly. ht... cccsee,<stesres
MOROMONT: mkt er een C. & E. i | ead BNC om a oper
SEAN 28, eaeenace ean RSE ESSN Be ad ds AE es inne ns wan
TE ie a Oe pe ob Poe & RR 2 ea 6 a ea
CULTIST GRO 6 9 0 Ree ae a ge Weel WSL Riawlt 4 toate, coves:
MPO OUGNG i nntiedenanias | Seed Uta ORS a 5
LTE Arg] 672 91 ots Gia a a Bee fs rs Bi 2 alba Set
a en 8 PEA ee eee ke tod, Nas in Eeine
SMEs LOU eects. sce. 1 O(a DN ies
WP MOAD (2 nok Ses e0e8 ose tenatte ADORE Eoverea gl eee Gal a
PaIPMTLON 6-.650c00-5 00460353 Wy edare Tr Gated ae ane
SUT 5) a a ae roa | at poe ee
Ulrich ETS ialeant a PE Be Ea Gey be Ree IS Movessaees

103

616
590
4
649
688
5+
654
687
630
702
616

“691

686

608
645
610

104 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

OGLE COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Bes. bo Baki sie
Forreston Junction. In lower step of
west wing of south abutment of viaduct
under I. C. R. R., fourth course of stone
rom); DOttOM). 4:6 AG. 2 ie ee ee
eS. P. BNE sok
Adeline. In 8S. E. corner of east face of
- stone foundation of C., M. & St. P.R. R.
ClOV UOT sci s cto eh ees he ee eee ee

Leaf River. In east end of south face of
stone foundation of D. Sprecker’s elevator,
TOM: Cast OL. We po tie. .diiwsicisdescaste oneeee

We. 2b. Me 4s

Byron. 560 M. south of track on Wal-
nut St., in northeast corner of north
wall of J. F. Spaulding’s hardware store,
11 in. from corner, 4 ft. above ground...

es.) P. BoMacdo.

1¥% mi. east of Byron. In south side of
west abutment of R. R. bridge over Rock
TRI ViOR sictcaenscau a meecarabenes teregee tek nore a aan See

Stillman Valley. 50 M. east of depot,
20 M. south of track, in west front of
foundation of White’s elevator, 11 in. from
NEW SCOT MOT carob acdc cep ox cena cane cee TeIaE

| BRS ae) ens Biehl: ise on i fs

2600 M. west of Davis’s Junction. In
coping stone of north end of west abut-
ment of small bridge of C., M. & St. P.
R.

POPP eee eee HB COE EERE EET EH HOOT ESEHES*CESES HOHE EEE EE SED ES ESES

Monroe. 24 M. west of depot in south
face of stone foundation of elevator, 1% ft.

north of S. E. corner, 3% ft. above eround.
Adeline ogee es ent C2 MEG St. P ive ivers ae
DAME y VNC estate antec tecsnu se TG a as eerie ie
Byron ee ooh: Ci Mi i Stu ase: soe:
Cham biti tenvensccsscccwse cess OS CAI Bas tingeetaminsen tat oa:

CREST. eee erased cent GC, & No Wr aa

876 05

749.69

707.35

728.06

692 25

705.38

807.42

841.74

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 105.
Davis Junction... CE SCP ns by Es ckaen aie 789
[OS 0 a ae Get. Pie Ee -Oy Re Ri B10
Boi sisican ss sctnank sath. coke ER Gea EME Rs sosit 796
(2s 2: eee ne ees ee 1 fl oF Sal ° 2 0 SR a aero = 927
RR EEIIIE oo acs cacucebess second PAE eee one wena 906
LE.) sane eee Ye eR GE Gi St Po Re Rac 937
Pavers 6.628000 Ped Bi al id | oa 6 aneneee 880
Jer 0) nee ie ares Cy. Ste Ps GK. Cy. Ry Ry 8387
Bomoey Creek ........5.<s.00002 Ruthin Lee ee a aka Fak a 705
LS | anes Senet Be Mt ch < Aten En hs Rice ee | 870
Kyte BR Renae aa tacscna sande Sd voices own aten eee 843
Meareriyer 6 et. LOA Sora ecb eed cae ig) tees T05
Pangenwood .....50.. 01... 40. itch wee ee Oy. RoR ETO
2 2) (RO a a A ET hy eae ea 880
RING ES oes cence sends «4c Git & StrP sy Rahs 840
WIRE PMULOEPIS,. <8 oes ond ave: rte Mra Fh os ocduscaenssaukacs 910
21510 5 RRR ES Sane we @. 8t. Pik K sve Rob sei
POE I tn Sc cach catsnee¥s O. IB eI Bh hs, cceeucas 703,
BRM rot gaes cuakanphe sath coed audes- “Mg RY ena eee 841
PROOG 5c vc aca<ccuce cod dcadce od GENCY. Tis ican ccaketes 815
Soliman, Valley..2...0..2002 M..& St..'P..R. B.....: 706.
BPCTSMEEILC. ca ccvccthccut lees sth xe Ors Cer NW. Rinaenshe' 820
Betis CIO... 2.0555-...% ce PSG WS ey dee haben cut 837
VTS ee AN Cail 3595) hie nee ene MT 827
BS PERI WUC bce ca unaavaaesies. WY ed OE ew cacs chereccu cues 790
| Of vealed S08) 11) ee a Cir OV ahi ER AP Ment 780
Fountain Daile............... BS Weare chen ticmiasanecn. kocee 810
Ted DECOM cco. cke.zges. ROS Dam tacerucsete ater, cuss 690
BA EROUGE < foicsscascdcasece hes Me eeese eres 825
Rr PONG, cavecsasactoud cd tie he aise ee eee 920
woh 2 Og 2) ARN por Talis Oe te Gan 795
(eS ea ay Peet Re ea 805
By Ede ENOCIS, 5. csvesssvenledees IIA! ar Ore ee 830
See. 16, T.24 N.,R.10 E. Beit eaten) Maite Be ciarg nsf be 900
ere, T2324 N. RL EK. Fey Sha leues ky cpeoihete hand ee 900
paeg, | 4-1 NR. 2 By HAL adhe darn eraceomesce tee: 820
Gaur. 25 NR. BE. Br Boles Cokspatayecehe teat 830
PEORIA COUNTY

Bridge over Kickapoo Rivetr................sssscccssssseeees 470
PANE ese gira oie Sanaees vo ewdces | iia HE Yl BOS) Sn 763
22 Lo (2) eh Heer Ee ies a deave le dvcosuesss 461
PRUE os sch cu lect ete ones a eee Qtcne Hidwlcsssiveys 721

106 ILllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

ACTEGROD: Sees cdessteecateek aie C., St. F. & ON ug Bag be! Cs 730
CHMIEOCHS 25.8 s ik eae te PE gree nuance: ease 5a
Goliers! + civic ate eee TT. Pig W. Teo heckceeceted 485
Cramer ’s.34. dante tt Tat CP OR Reo 752
DUTTA ee eserves bonaeenees Bo) & Psi Aceon 727
Hdelstein seth te. oes tte Ci St. FE L& CARR cee 778
Eden. Ha teh ARs YB a Se Sa Ta. His Re RE Rice 727
Hd wards Acvinyisl. .xestie! C.)B: & Q. RvBessnee 508
PMI WOOG vpicceeecosriwe hes Se De Oe Ne ace eee 619
Glastor d.ccrepearerceosorncce TD Rha: We eee eee 618
HallteiCreekinncckcskeccec la. CB Rie 647
Hammack 8st ’ 66) Nidal aan een ee 714
Hollis. cree ae et PB ct Ge We Re Rea eee 4.54
Kellar Bah aisetetssccoet RC EDAG AER. (BG Ric Gecee 817
PART io ceterb centers eee ©. 3B eh Qe Te. Rtowesneeeee 540
DFAT. odecesenseeyuns eee C.356. BC Rake eae 730
Mapleton cf iit. aet a. °C. Ps & Ws This Bee AT1
Masawelle) soak ake es fa) 20... BBik eee 660
AUST U1 os ee een aay eit OP C:, St. PGC) Re Ree 772
Mase vallerieccinc.cGaevecnr CxvRe hk QP RR eee 485
GO 7oh 4435 09) eae aie ne Ne ha ie C., B&Q) Ri Ras Bon
Orchard: Mines .23..4 5:02: DP WW Re eee A457
PCO: 28. ERAS. fa ne ee ee 465
POEUSTOW I soive tiene netaces Ce) BAGO Ri ete 476
Pringewille:t Aue ees ee Oa S tomer Ci Ria eee 743
Homie hee ee ree CaRy ia PSR ieee 485
Sirois et eee eas De ees Qe NW oA he teak eee 468
uA Ie cries sae aie crane’ Strand die Ea a SO Re ee eae tae
W OlGa tiie site ones oD IP a WW: ee 471
AKI 2ressiaccs xdeceecton Ted. Butt ccs coset 775
IHU cayeigs epee ree ras hea MnnOn i sclaatlia a Seawater aaa 672
Mrench AG@Owegas.toeeee oe BE ok Corbih aniesee eta ae ere 680
rites kl. Ge es eau een ee Pe ROO P Ps APRN LY. F 719
VEY 1G 76) an ear emer iy ean wal Deel eed bf tos 700
Harker’s Corners............ avicaaet, Wie Boe aii ARNE Te 640
TIPSADOO: 1.1: iissdceiaccsacsss ME GN iaas aed ane eee cee 650
Northam pton.....ccvc.-<-.0 A Da aga deaseanc dec ek een 525
Orange Prairie...c..::-5.s Set la gaan eee ete 720
IMME VALLO® <:.;5 wasn oceespeeaise SN Te ARE 730

West Hlallock:.ii..cccteorats ‘ ois BA aa PE Re te eae Rr RI 760

List of Altitudes in Lllinois.

PERRY COUNTY.
Bench-mark.

“R.”’ DuQuoin. On corner of door-sill of
main door of DuQuoin Bank, opposite I.

Meee ole COPIO br cy skahskeseeneseccesasssectce sac Cccencaan pics
MOPEDS 82 ole adve tcc decasecses Ve tice VS ie hee ta eae
OTM ES ae eee eee Bee oer a amt eee
ON EB Re eee pe Seas Ug oy pS ee
OLE ee ee Stodu., Ae dL. Preah.
LS EE OS aE hee W., C. AW hee:
Ct ES Cae Pee lle, rie Saba Her Ase OE eee
U2 DEES SS Son neaeenes ane a es Ai aS. ee se:
UOT STG ae ai Ran eee ace.
RePOUI Eee Ee Soc. cocdesisstaaacss We es. BR Wace Paehe ee
PADEKNCY VUNG. ....400..05823052 St. 2 & ag a ig 6 se
Te eran NN Men Oe NM! oe eaate aubis oat
pe ero er ce ees Ex: R. | Ree Oe: ELEY,
PAW EDT WICK 5.5202 025, odd. .ueakes St EecA a& T. HR. Re.
PERU ET OG: bei d..0. 5.05.0 Akt Graig teen dee de
Denmark........................C. B. Klingelhoefer.........
CULTS GR se ARO rs MASE OA rasa,
Seer pi T4.8.-R:.3 W.. SOUT Lon ys me ote oe

eA GB, le. a: Wie. BP he Siv8 ca ae oats
put 4, SRW «SOND a poe oe
eno 55 Sh. 4. Wi. Reed sak ore tai eeeasetis
eee <5 S., Bob WwW. UE PR ey te eee

PIAtT COUNPY:

PO MEMEGEVT Sc csuadusdouvaccewaet SO ore eshte se dansaicoes since
RR IMIATE Fe coco cs cccsawidwccses Wabash 1 A pea eR AS Np
ELEC (AE PE aS el i rec eae ered Stans
PGIrOwsville.......:..cs.0<s:. ee GW Poctinecaes secs
Mere GOlGO «2.525 «0<s3s-008- W bas Te Bie. ccsstnsas
Ro co's ace ansbbee 1 Ok OE) 2: 32 | ee a a
7 7 a i TS a a oe a TaN ae, tet PRS el ER NSD
Bt (o 27 || a eee ae WNC OSCE Epis. 5 20... ts. 0.
WAS IMIOUIG. «oo os cue ce es.03h0e CEM Ae RS ie Se.
PPO es Soca nas cosceccshie<ck!. Cs xO & Sto. Ra R:..:.
SO En eee Mi Pe GW oe Ew Hives sipeencdes

PEER kiss deasisancsceasadk Lo ERORS SY ate CS an

107

108 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

WOO Ge oci5 iasa vote ceester ans Wabash RiiRi...,....csem
Mansfield Pelee Ra kee tas te C.. C30. @8t. L. Riis
Milmine 223535, Shoes Wabash Re iReo.c..3.c eee
Moanticelloiiciicctcd hoy ot eee ee
Pierson Station....%.... I. (D. & Wiis Beare
WiO@OTHIOS 0.5: asec ican one. Wabash Fa ban: ens ee
White “Heatly .s oo. kceckec babes MT SOP ANA YS!
@enterville::..2¢.3cbsctseee MSA. yar. eee
Segdib 2. 20 N.,h. 5 Ee Oe tit eee
SSE LO: IN, cts: 4s eae Ce eather
£2. TD. LS. IN,, de. Ee OO) ean ea
fOrietye hl (IN. sim. apes Peet ahh ae
fee He Foaee Near eel eal Siete | OO ab ear WE Se
O60 aa, 1). ee: Ne Ce eg Fh. tot atiena wun hn cee

PIKE. COUNTY.

Bench-mark.
Hannibal, Mo. Bolt in face of natural
rock at east entrance of tunnel. In rock
facing east on south side of tunnel, 7 ft.

SOUCHYOMCMUFANEE,.. cece. cscs ce ses baer een toons

Low. water at’ Bediord 4.858... aie eee

WG 0 | 5) 0 RR eRe MUP A. Wabash Be. Ry ae
BPR osavelies sa vcpmdlcioiiesaettoy Mek ero aa Olean
Peis oa pcbecvacetocs eee: CEN, SSS dee aoe
Brew eter sco ees eee Cr B&O Rohe ee
GTS Versi c kere Wabash One eee
TRACE 22.52 ccoscrescn SAREE Ry CELE Vice eeeee eoteae eee
Hannibal Bridge............ ah oi & Q. Rs Rae ee
POGOe ek, Get ee gh eee
1 Bi UPS tll ahs at rte tort ad SE Sarde De RETREAT Nes
Kinderhook.25 2 eee. FOS UNS Sk
Louisiana Bridge........... Seno np SSN
, Nebo Sten Le kins ra roti aah SO GO: .& ASR Res eee
“Wew Cantons: sc.c2htee Cr B&O. Re Ree
MIN GW SAN eI 6 2ci0iitesesebeoe tens Wabash Be Reet
TL Bde 1 itt ak ee EN MERE SIAN Saybia Uh Fes d-raercy eh
RRL Lo OWN 6 bee ea even ate C2" Bie GAR ee
IPVGESHOM a oact til eecerces Wabasha Riker ovis. cee
Pleasanton oie a. Cee AD ER IRE Sk e's ee
RGGkKMOrus ss ietcscss. ses coe C8. & Q. A ore kha %

SGOTOTIT erie hos sceddeceadie Ua O> Ce eae nee

468

459

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 109

RTO oe Perio sy occa wassadas Ce Ch Ebe Ten on. cots cacece 465
SUMMARIES «1 Secbs/o cucves <aéck- beat’ Ge AA REE oo ccceeciases 655
EW CLLY cacdsavavevastcogend co 1LSTs rol gi 6 eae Samana 435
ISOGTOTE .osisac-.2-+.. aaa hes © DS Sa OE CGISE. tema aage soe: 470
PROGR OOK. oc. ccs s0csicscucecne SUS ihe tle Sit A ed Mis 470
Champers Wure’.......-..-:.00- Sa taller NABER pe CRE 510
PG alse astovnnns ub ae sce ces Cs Beene Na ae CO Bi ap TOO
PE occ cco sce tide coece ses ss cay eel gh ge PRS AGERE SNE en 730
Bish Hook <......++ aa a LS dat Dik SORE en gies Fines isan 795
CITGO 5. Soc acne oop ckedee se 5 sah Sa AT LE iit en a 440
DER UIB SHUTS 5. -.0c.teen cece. PEP petal Resonate ita ta 665
CLE TRS ee SR VES S77 ih Bade es 695
Loti AN 0 a ne Spam WE mack cx oss Nalteadcisae cnt 450
New Hartiord .....5....0:,... eg age Me hk sae teet aah peice ee (es
PREG ey eye cates jaae sceaciess Pein veins tals coerce 610
GLE POPES. .c000s-s 0008s . ger aenoancetuaseaze ices gen
Sameer Elan 2.. .. :.kts- sss. Sie antl Se Aaa capa BE ea nh 710
PRRRN OMS Ciao case co aves eniseskex ae Foes Men, Mente ahs Mi saaoe san, 670

POPE COUNTY.

AMON SPridOs «..:.0.5:0..05803 Toda Klingelhoefer Romer die 505
COMITAG Ole: se2 dees 00 FPS pa MGs OSs PAS LEED Bye 675
MAU VINES. cleo case asstets actos ee The eee 660
MERE. 350. haces etn caes suse REGS Move Rods et 460
DERMMERINCE ER: Sc cek ccodoadaecccccades TVET DIN area ya os 340
PPMeESDUIS......0.5-seiscsss. MEPs Sins © ta) cowie v.. 540
“Ley gg heirs nat c eee etn stb 540
Herod Springs Basbesdasatécas Oe ahaa. 450
TLS See ee eee rene a a en oee 555
Mew UiDer ty ..0.:.csssccessseos Oey fonts wan Meee 340
AM rd ee asaietvndcoos cee Se Xe somabands 600
ENON So Pecans ieceals 2 PRES Tre Ty eI eee re 440
MUNN 2 DS Lo ccdacdiwiddesecsan Sat Diente AG aeatea 575
ee ee ae ee Oe hs Lae ibe rae 655
Lo cy VLE 0 Gy ee EN i edisesees 525
UE 5, ee eS Shing MahKas Fa vanaa dy albe AT5
Mere: TW. e020. at SAE EME COTE OE 540
peewee) Po 2b §..R. 5 Eh Seb yeped Waki hatet cacy 810
e 7, Pd Salts fe ‘* (Highest point

Ozark Ranye.)1046

110 JLllinots State Laboratory of Natural History.

PULASKI COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
“*X.”? N. E. corner of north abutment of
bridge No. 15, over Cache River, on I. C.
Rei 250° M. south orUilim ee 337
139. East end of middle pier of small
bridge No. 12, on I. C. R. R., 523 M. south
TAMMIE: OSH. ii aes viacaetens «aoceeheneheaenee nee eae 355.5
“Y.? In root of large birch tree, nearly
opposite 12-mile post, and north of Stod-

dard’ House, Villa Ridge... ..ciiscs..cseosaees 380
“VY.” In chimney of Stoddard House,
Mellley HICSS ee i3s. Ley sce ph atedestetseear sey ead ecee 385.5

“XII.” Near center of south abutment
of bridge No. 8, on I. C. R. R., south of

PA TALE OR coo ocet ved vogue ssace ve sone san eene dee eee 343
“TT: Abutment. of, 1. .C. RR. BR. bridge
over Cache (Creel: ...i. 2000. Sons rasesossboccseace arene 327
“TI.” Stone post in yard of section
house at Mound City Junction................. 322
AUNMENICH nncecewtecence-c sd seevaes CC), Cie st. LeRYeoe
Grand Clana te escc ss. ake . 424
Monnd’ City, 2.22422; 2seee oi . 3829
Mound Junction........... } Rese OR ee] Pee cad 322
Oaktown. 3g.5.iccs C;C., C. & St. L. Re Rageae
O]MSHEAE 55sec es i .. 564
SAV Ee) hc Reem en ae» La 5. LC. Be Range 340
UMAR orice ose nee ces whee ae Se aiuhaens shee eee 339
Villar dee...3: 5:5: 5. censanes tO PV a ibectasae eee eae 404.
Weegee oo... aasavdicee.ee Re ptt 46 inlets Basar ee 3595
Yates Wandine?, 0 2c5: 2.85. C. B. Klingelhoefer......... 330:

PUTNAM COUNTY.

PUTTAR te PA res sacl C., Re Tick: BP. Re Ries 540
Clemp iCreek....c.sicesca.iac2528 W .W:: Danley... eee 650
Cottage Hill................... Fee Yh ae oe 690
LIPO. ER ae aire eae rnare TE ER Bt TES Tobe aN TN as 2: 680
Grany Mesa ccieitesehs sat Bb Seo SP he nb ko eae 670
PAGS PUM: 3 awesiceacts-s.>es BEE ARO tetsacn cams ane aleee 450
Ma@in@liais siscc- os. hele ests ar 2 hy Sig atts co see 645
Meéy Palatine .-<cccie ck nes y SBE Aa ate 733

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 111
RANDOLPH COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
Se BM 38:
Chester. Bolt in water-table, N. E. cor-
ner Of menuchert’s DIOCK x. sicc.sseesecsgwevescccees 379.04
Vee bs BM. 2 39:
1240 M. below Chester. Bolt in front
face of Cole Bro.s’ elevator, 1.3 M. east
“=, ahead CORTE! inet oy eae a mse Pb RR ge ea RS 379,59
Low water Mississippi River, Chester............... 340.04
ALES A RR WO Ee. Racehosassseoeyee: 469
UTES) eae A a Se W., C. & W. R. Bit Bocas 403
DAKO ic? = ee pene kw eR @ APR iter atte C een eee 423
NGO PILERE VILIC jo cecscnnaceccs'sced es Bish Aide: (Pl SR RP 2 pas
dem Mine... cidcsisbes. ous VV 08 97 9 ON 82 Ral Ce Sea ah waa, AQT
100 11010 hee ae eee eis 8 CB ret Marie aie coh sabes vases 445
Kampenville....../........000 Whee cee WV a Eve ie cnagiere 534
BGR OY nose tathcsis idee afhitceesociash i a Mas) Cant eee 478
POL 3 ON et. eck. The MLTLT tees ota’ 429
Be LG. St cc ehisac sees Mie ern hye cease eee 452
Pe UIMBOT: Bis saris Rec baceasts (OB taal Gl Fae cae Oey hemes Se 525
RO@sSDOLOUS Ns .; «i. i. scsssseseo: AGE Gta, Wetguct. cbesccemaa ss 441
Sof 15 cS Se a thay Me ee Sea oe 546
PIGEEIE VILE 72s w oes bo vees Within TRE RG. 70) 449
J RT (ey eee ae ta Rea eS RepliasAcs Goll i By. 527
| OTC Ue See a ne Wee U.S Waite hee fs. 421
Wires POH... eeunthas anc 11 a 0) AR 3908 Sie ee 430)
WrisOtie 5. 2s ioe... Wat G Aa sie Ass. hss 520
SCAT Aw AGRE a bea Cab: Klingelhoefer Jaa! 560
* TNS Eh epee Milly era SORRY SSN RRR ET NL Ed Da a a
PUM EOV GL Pica occcccce dines A ae Nha ese ie a 548
EET gre i eae am a a SNEWS TAG Soir Roce 4.50
MP AGICHAKIE. <..c0cccen<cseccscets CEA DEE a eh Re 365
WOPAMOSTVAlle ,... 3b cccdececcces BOP PAIR AR Oe ak = 600:
SEE Aa ea ed Ee enallen Wl ans ag 650
MER, on) desde 7d a i 395
EE 11 2 eae ae BT oes al VEN Vi 610
Prairie du Rocher.......... Gia Stee (EY aaa aa 370
MBN ois cos cesnc ovode oAiesnce Pret are buena ria 500
EMIMMGE ES ooo keeaice dae vancedoe«edae Ai eed OM Seat ere eae 358.
IRGGEMOOG 2. oo. cccccencceiceans OO A tse catia diias 350:
ERMINE y 2.55. sntecesdaw cd fabAeccces ROR ee Ndi alee 482
2) TOUS! TS 1 | a eae SO Reo is Sida a en ines ASR Bae 565.
DN OE EVE E crs Gasescacts steles te aR coy 595:

~

112 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

RICHLAND COUNTY.

Geodetic Stations.
Sec: 2, T. 4 N:, BR. 9°. The N. cor
ner of this section lies 502. 7 M. N.: 62°

GIS DHERES EY eat ROEDER REP PM RPPR ARS tle Sere on 567.

Sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 14 W. The N. W.
corner of this section lies 847 M. N. 60°
We ce cA Se a 605

See, Bie Ts5. WN. eRe LOK, .ihe, Nase
corner of this section lies 727 M. N. 67°
AO TR Ee aR ee, 495

Secs 1 9.7R. Se Ns, Ri eh Theva
corner of this section lies 1054 M. N. 77°

8

38

ONY at Ae es OR a Ne hd eel ee 485.98
See. 2a, Do SN. R10: EH... Bhes Naas

corner of this section lies 712 M. N. 66°

a coin Chem eV CRON NERE? SOW IDA aety Mw (One roy ats Oc. 477.98
Seow 6: Tsaanes, Ri dd ee yy Phe Sau

corner of the German Reformed Church

tes 2OVe SEAN. ba OW apres enrsyssaanes 521.18
Sec. 21, T. 4 N., R.9 E. The N. E.

corner of this section lies 628.32 M. N.

DOS On SIO latte Meee re hceae akan 543.68
Sec. 30; Ts2 NR. AIS PhesNe we

corner of this section hes 848.5 M. Nv

‘YS CRW] 2 Leake | 6 (Ah) | PM ene ANTE RRR SE MCR STG A 567.68

Olney. S. E. corner school yard U. C.

band G. : cWabanime ieav ONE aR Melos Wir A487.
OLS NN TYG. 515 veep meee Me armen tet Pe Doe Rae 535
Claremont igi et aceon Oy Goes tie Ts aes gee bOT
LL AIT 040 FF en ee et OSE C. Orr Roe eee 490
RRM EW Ce cvnesteyucnarcenies On eee 480
[SIC (Coie otk eee emer aly nL ROR REP RN 451
UO Ado oe divas Panie? Cie OB Ree eee 480
IN Gua Lea e rhino vcscusnetiewies Oo Me Se Raion rein eee 476
OURS ides naniecaetewenes A Aransas Miahctateuoa inten US 475
ParKkCPSDULOrs .cniscaceodenee: Ps ADF, clay RE senseaane 487

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 113

PETER VEL. Covi sbvasstusts Nae J.C. Turnericsccssssecaseaisss 445
Ly at | Ra ee ROOM Pade © aoaa ce tat te stwebets 440
PROVE V OR fo ctoecieeewcoccs vsccascs FO) oe ola cyntaueaatesttecees 450
ETS) eo ee ne deo nihag bidvatetben vebaters 415
PPO ME DN 0h 5 bss «ans an calving oon Of. © vec nagzsdecuzeens intend 480
StringtOWN.....:.........s0000. My Wilts aceaaahdeteenastizce 490
Wakefield ......:..:............. OE VEL + sseabdsthweatevansetss 495
WR PEIOHO iistidscteatccenecs sous, OS Wh ah erea ds chokes vendact 465

ROCK ISLAND COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Der By M...40.
Lower end of Arsenal Island, East side
of stone tower of U.S. Arsenal, N. E.
earner: 4 fb. TOM STOUNG.. .. ....0.sc000<ceodsenes 576.1
fees: ©. Bb. M.. 41:
Rock Island. N. E. corner of foundation
SNAIL OIC, SILC WOE. (25 cccescs Stacssaccsccaseocseoses 579.72
es: PB. Mo 42:
South abutment of wagon bridge from
Moline to head of Rock Island................. 567.61
eo. FL Be M:' 43:
Watertown. Near N. W. corner of base-
ment of H. Smith’s dwelling..................0 574.12
eS PB M45:
Hampton. N. W. corner of foundation
of Baker & Haward’s brick store............. 568.96
U.S. P.-B.. M. 46.
Rapid City. N. W. corner of foundation
or Gienrist’s ‘brick: store:2en:.. Ahh 575.5
WS. Ps Be:M... 4%.
On west end of north abutment of
C.,M. & St. P. R. R. bridge over Barber’s
Dee rersnceccten fh. inte) hic, atcucnee onren site ns bok es omy 578.86

Port Byron. OnS. W. corner of founda-
tion of N. Dorrence’s brick store......2....... 580.05
Peto. M49.
Port Byron. In iron doorstep of A. H.
MBA a Drick SLOT. .....c.cctertecccscescesseeti ts 586.4

Low water, Miss. River at Rock Island......:..:..:3. 541.83
Bridge between Rock Island and Davenport....... 589

114 § TJillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

GAT STION .« iScnihccadeadeskontpeae Oe SCT RO ee 585
Garvan, Cliils<esiccasae Bhs WL haa P. aS eA 576
Coaly Malley cicecsch:cptieek PN eh ta ea eee 634
ROrma vars cos teconcantee C., M. & St. Po oBe a e 596
Pl ampbon wis scence iste Oe te eee ae 583
Ei rilementey fatten a... cet GC. B.'& Q. Rives ete: 580
POSIVOES soliton tasiesss sures eb a che nee nace 583
sl oa TPN eee cos ae ahaa se Rk &, Pike Re ee 566
MOLINE co. ctaee atom eves ca at C..R. oT. &eP ieee 572
OGDORHE4 hi coseess tee CG.) Bix&. Q: Ria 585
Port: Bynonec eed C., M. & St. PR. eee 578
Rapida City.ccst-corccones as ve 589
Reynolds 205.2) ce Rod. Sb. Ree eee 839
Rock Asland vee. eke. Co, Be. '&. Pon. Ree 569
Taylor, Rid@ess...tiesses) B.. Div Pe Rai oy... cee 796
W atertOwili. icc ciesece toe C., MS St. Pook Ree ay fi |
ATC QMIISIEL Siho.cetan sere hese 2 at Udden Fiona tates eee 640
Bullalo Prairies: sass ee eee aoe eee 740
PG CIN CTO. sacack epee sone: pe aWOnraay te PEPER aE 790
Dimes Citwe eis. EONS TSE he eee 715
Wea eae. ceseesestssasstescette Maa atom PR rc... 665
| 2:6 93 1 MRAM ee ere ane Nepe ae OE? UN A ane ae ee T15

ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Lebanon. Basement window on east
face\ol school buildimey). 6. fnaeeabe, sea eeee 459.5
Caseyville. East abutment of O. & M.
R. Rabrid te; 7) mi versibn. 200s ee. sare 451.98
E. St. Louis. East pier of St. Louis
PTUG D660. i2s. cn cct os seesteunccaereianseeesqep aren seman hte 416
PAULTAN GS ©. os cdeteedos eek. anaes @. Se. Revihss. ses oo ee 549
Belleville, uu even ti’ & Ne RoR ee 535
| Brita Fes (51 ieee ba DAD tatts hte te ts A 0 ee ak ee 507
“GUE a kG) Eels oe male Gk Slaw ener I Pervos Feu eal nmeac es et 424.
Onpeyville ......003).20cenenses ee Ob (Mc Riess ees 460
ACCRIET WII), os Svencetcsesscenees St..L., A. & T. dae Rh. R74
G21 ss as BLO ae mp Pee meg oN MeE&, On Re Rete 586
TJ AOUACG oo iocencccsasctotees BRET Oey sk Ee eat por? 679
Dy Kiera ace sescme sea ssapcoapon sts Bh 2 AD lg need 3 Se 428
East Carondelet pa Bete: Ris WPA APED sea iabetdess ave 421

List of Altitudes in Illinois. Ae
CARE iia ios 0nwnnisveccness Spewack. HE. Rw RR. - 520
Brench Village «....¢...-<<<-« eh ce (aged sce SAC a a 449
AINE gsiicicio <u cetease tess 1 de cp) SS ge | ee ee ave
DINER oo 2c 2ccvves 3nscdted de BG teas Be oR. oc 510
Che 1 a Sc ee nO tea oh tae 435
Griswold Place............... A NIT Lao cd cgantt cc dd 429
So is ee ee Oy es MER IRS RR ow ceed ce 494
PPANME Go coc csccvecacarccbcncenys Buu bAg eel. He RoR AsO
| EE ne eee ee ea ie eae, Ibs dks Fee Ri cece 441
Meee. bedhead OG: GM Re Re. ak 441
SS 517 a A or iba das ede, E.R Re:
PMI ooo 2505, oecnedokec' x 449
Eee an ae © Ge Se StatueerAt wi. Be RK. Ravaees
or pit L. & N. Be Weed 433
4 UT) SSE ae ae ee NEO Re Be ciccion 8kO! 626
INGWACENODS.......2<...<c<c0ee0e Silly S&T. H.R 410
SPM SMOM: .Ar ies. des Daehn eat 546
LES OS eae Re ere Sissy At Ge. EP ik: 600
cli ya he Pee Oks Stele. Reis 450
RM oki cavaccaveowieoess Bose Aw Gor Los Ele 540
oS el ee a a a | ces soil el oA | Pee TE AR A 2) 4295
DOS Te oh i aly) ake Gamersntee Ecce 475
Re CHEMONTIAND 5. o..0cccccswsvceess eB acne by.) RARE: 545
25) 2 os bi, bel To AOR: BR... 508
Shiloh Station............--. es ts Let RAR Ad. 4.54.
South Juuction.............. M. Go Gas Beta S od, 423
Stookey ............ Faarabarts me oes St. VA.& RGR? RR. 2. 500
SERATU Mt) aa OG NE iis vs acdc ccscees 480
PWPIMICTSON: J: i. <.0c0<inevswec Sb biel Get hc BE. i. OR 490
<o°F Tt en RE ) Beat) ota Pe) See ° pees 540
CESS Tg Sa EO a Re eae Spalie Aree, bee, kaw he 430
ES i ae a eee M. & | i eae a 420
LE SS ea aie ae ae» Ae DI Lid. & St. h AEST | 755) 2 eee 545
nO soso sdeedeancadaa et SB) Lad, Ay & T. Hee Be ATS
IO PTTL ELD isocniow-tawecse eves 520
PR ASIHAL fo tebacasevodenactotbncdt Tk; eS SELLER. cere 550
Beyetteville...........5....... HEC: Bidmann.............04. 390
(TL Aa i ene Cin he JESSE Tet. Se ee a ee 500
Beamon City .,.:.. 5.4.2.6. a oe ee src ae Te 475
PA MOE DONT 1460. 50c0500c-cedes« 2 > ee han ns ee tose Sane 490
DTS ee tie, Sas Sp [Pape aretr be oo 430
OC See pees ees 2 ORD RaRepsc eet ee Ae 660
PRIMI BBOVENG ooo csccesccscet<s Lo Fe encase rns 480
PORE PRUOIIEY, vec cssnivness1sde0e0t- A] latch eens spe REE 430
—6

116 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

SALINE COUNTY.

IBIWOKLVI: si ssscaievivcvencota een Ty. ON RR ee ee 402
Carrier’s Mills................ C., C.,C. & St. L: RB. -R.:..2: 410
Wldorade: isis iG: es N.. RoR a useeumeee 384
Galatia. cud St. L. & T, sR Ree 402
FL SPris burg. ccadeccart iets Gi, :C., U. & St. Li. RR: 371
LieGiord ds Ackecihischl eee ee oe ae 417
New Castle. nna: FE ee ts oo 449
Raleiodtts ith. won rk St. L A.&T A. ReRes 407
Riley ville in. cnt deo ee Pa 400
Stoner Wort. nica CCC: & St. Li. RB. -Roaete 439
TexadavCity.2). dec eees 6 SARC Oa: ae 378
WestGHng:..7..0.ccscasseeaetien St. ., A, & T. Bo Rie 426
Hartiord epithe ke. HC. Bidmann::..i::.ccae 415
Tone Branch. (25.20ces3e! Pe od hee 480
Mitchellsville ...,......0...<04- OB ch ot lal Teo 400
DOMMREREE o.cditesa Sexcnsesec shoes OR ig ae Oe 465
South Amerigack: 32288: My Mb or ake eco 510
Sec. 9,T. 9S.,R.7E 1 OENREER Sma R enti Nay os AD

m ay T. 108.3357 Bsc ilike ee 864

OD 10. 8. eds SBS) ioe een ae 860
Bl: TD lOus nai Feet ho oe eek aa 859

SANGAMON COUNTY

ANI UTIs. 0ccus hace oes esaceeee GC. Se tA GER olveeea eens: Skanes 662
MRALCIDY, <ijnck idee tet sere Dy COPIA ncccnesbanes scene 564
AGERE. coueescstders~ansceorce Wabash: By Biscscnsscesneeeee 637
IDCGCHIOY: .: ni berkh. neste tete: Pawnees Ry Rissa pecactocenter 641
BROTH ViB cuenstcrseenseeuccetestee Oo AT GR wconeee eee 585
SONGS vs. iscScneeecnbes ee ees COL do nested 594
TS PAMEONG: faisocs coasagceeen dees ces MRED MEE MERC cc. 602
Breck*Station: ..cci.csccece-ss eee Sama eres 09 5) 584
1 EPIL |: CRE ane anna OD Wabashs Risk ere 603
Bathe se att ic cccecees se scee Doel Gace FSi | APs Ra = re EVP Ma 622
Cea ta es tyes is civeceancauraes Ato SS eR ee sete craks 615
BP 564 (1.2 a eats ee COE A IR tisiteoceaunes acne 640
COal eel wicoinad scones: @ aay ats Fol tera 8 neh np 537
GOra ea te ette ete eet dios: i. RR eae cas 603

List of Altitudes ir Lllinors. 117
UL gL 11 eee Wabash Ah. “Hiciticiiva:. 620
LSS 1 ee AN Peeve pelt. Eye.
PUP RUT OD. ccacscvecsssecess cbse (Se Tube, tee ea A 608
PUREE CE oss Siac nns 3) sich be PA Wee) Rei Ev. ccccesteeeececac 628
Farming-dale.................. Oe ee RE i ie, eae 588
Gatton. eee Shes ctor sink yaactg Sieufee dee bys, hoes. cor hot ae, 584
etiam Prairie ....csacccce | GU i ais 6 ne On Sa er 576
RrlOMBT oc ciicscessc sce nawens A oe Mire VI a ee oe a 606
WOMOPONMS ..ciscsccccssescoss eas. Wabash Reyer sceeces tans feces 600
Bed HO WO ht Seovcucwenatre Ee in Soedteiae 655
cit oat | 7c a BR AVS fine otnne nh oo ATR AY 589
PR ReR IND estes ccdeecc xc too ece St.Ju:, Avg S:-R: Ras 624
LCA) 2 ea i A) isaac eee a 712
je 2 Sit. i: we. eT A RoR 634
NEWS CED i oecscesivessse.e Wabash RB. Rescue 649
[ocho co Pawnee Be -Ricccicescccees. 604
Pleasant -Plains............ iad Mey Roe 610
PPORIOCU..eveceeecse.a stews de po te tk oe encee 708
eM g.tecciccwee seas ones Or SM. Ra Rewer teas 612
1310/23 2 gee a te dae ai Dig a teat a traeeeh ort CO 597
PI VOR ON osc slacssscun ve sae AGEN OTs hat 0 0 Greil 9 Acne tte Rae a OIE 543
LOG) 0) a cn Braet ML Butink: yeecctose se tecns 570
PETITION (254, cseevarescenee« a: tat id A > SE Weenies an 562
Sanger ee ete ag TT NV pe ely. tes cares token: 604
Sherman SEERA SAY OR DR RS Fo) 6. ean 9 eee 2 a pen 581
3) LC 5) 0 ee ey ae Lip) 3-°Ca) EG tena ee creme 540
PePeIREIO NN, 3 2o5 cp sen2 dae scnrest OGM. Ro Reokeh deen 596
EL ee ee ee ne a Ha WG OR ARs k scan tacsete as aee es 586
PR SUMBEY spn ct tasnactens oo hence Sak (Bie recn es Bate) naa ee tie eee 586
PRIMIMGET 4 scJiancceaacsttace st Nets ea Euatth es Se ccises evecare, 580
Wilhtampyville:...-.6.5i..c-<4 C. & A. 1A. Re EE a prereae 604
SRG See ee ee ea on AT Tle, coe aaasseenenceeaet 625
PRCUMINIRY Chay dessvecs caveneveodoese. PPS OUrey .eeesiiesersisecvesasaaiss 648
DE Gyr tbacccsdsorersnteeecns PS.” betddeeeasbaseadedenetaes 550
CVCSS SE 1OING seksdocevesodecees OB eau lest sedeetsceastrea se 545
Mechanicsburg............0+. pie PN Bad Soe Abe cadets sca 570
INGW WIG Y diced tvcardecsccdesdees BOL Oc a: omaha 612
ESE) AS Seep oe entre BE A he AM IF Mad Sh ceates 580
PE MIEOMDCY: a ccecaosssraysandessss FR re PR Se SSA ONIN eS 580
er RERTNNED/ ss: is cdsassecvoudesees gh ©) TUE 6 ¥ Uc eee pee 625

118 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

SCHUYLER COUNTY.

BBG’ Sikander CoB & Q. Re Rei elas 580
BrOWUING alc ee eaters pa ek yt he eras 447
Frederick ETAL RRARR eee rir ARN Corgis Pade Loa 447
1th A ep a ane CA i ey tS Se 508
Ractville gene Jewey cman 4 aeee 4 ee Site ps ah eu Es sam 677
AGING Hos sesiccetuessacccdteeets E. Jerrey ie Sect ae 490
BinipMevem he.)o.scucdavec 1c OL 2 sade cesarean ee ee 500
Bluif City Nodettien Ge cacuee att OY WP aetentcerston sphere 470
Broaldl ym... is. ccscascdeoeet ASR SR eh: 610
Camden s55 «2h ob aioe: eee os ce he eb SE 670
Wenher Pe sti eaic ele tot i eR aa oy 5 alle Se eae 505
oryyilitne, ffs naee coven eesees eek Be ery aie eS A 560
Bountiswille sc. 32.635... 8.0e SE of Yadbind ots ee a Ree 688
battle pOnessvook tee Oa sean MN AS TARA ALY 2 640
Pleasamith Views. .ccscc cook ae A RSP 665
Wianyilenditirietsc. sco hicats it sae MMMM A eS 680

SCOTT COUNTY.

AIBC Yidhisa Sevecevose duce enacts Ce A Fe tO RS Rien claaawe 621
Bisel esc ee Walbadh (R.2Ri...ss..e sabe $54
Illinois River Bridge...... Eadie t vscenckernsccene 441
Manchester ...te..c0..tises sete Oat ae Ane aie) c epeere ye eee ts 696
Mie mrt ees fcct cass acmstee cocoa CABS GIO aR Recah eee 592
Nal PleS. 3 itecsctsencessvss cheese: Wabash Rah. cnnasiale 435
RAGS StOMy cicscs...siactacionas C., 7B. & @. Roni. 589
Winchester tisccceade | use ee en 531
MERC, Seree cies scat aeesetee | Deir IE) coh Gaaeemape ea meROeA Ss 440
ALAS OOW 5 J-usx Seer cseesscoueee WO AIR ORR eb tol cee ahaa 550
Oval Cievs se eceyegssaeenseecevces Bae et AR oa ata ce 550
Sec.15,T.14 N.,R.13 W. Ba Monee de racey Hest ene 650

sto, WL IN ie dal WN aE MONE ROSIN: 580

SHELBY COUNTY.

COMM. gis, snscocemece nels a WE inal De ig Ae Rw... SOS
| Da by aes 0 OC yee C. GE We) ARRpyalen reee ce acces 678
Waicher et ion ceccn senses T,, te L. ek. Gy R. BR... Ge
UOyt (oll eh eee ones ane reese C £ RO neh 677

PLanisO 2 te oes cent PGi: “ Rea ren Pein a 646

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

ee GRE eens coo ceees cipaatee es Wabash iy ai cie.:.:
(2 ica 9 (le fhe al & K. Cy. RK...
PON AT GS 6222. 600 yee 3h sohe8s
PIGCIN COG 0 ..sa5s ce neceseues's EF. act Rl ot: 2 eee eee
Middlesworth ................. Cle Clie etd iS Rises <<
Ee Ee ae T., St. Dy Oye Hea Rev.
ie eS Cs: 02 O48 St. TR R..:...
1 Co): 10 1: Es. CR. 5 FREER a eee
Ua) 12 EER ee ay cee nara aeter ee enna
BHEIDY Ville. ....ciscccceceesceess Or C Bit OFS oaks) 7h OPA ial ae
2 RAR Ea ER eee IS Ws Ty tc Bho teusiatad Sa IF. <3
BHO WATOSON ...... 1eccecs oveees: WY pe. om Ko Cy R.R,.
2) 0 ly ere e Wartraai lt, Boece sccecoss-c
ANB OLLIE s5oce ess tec ecsecees Oerace Nit es Rater) cic ees eee.
PE EGMEIEILO SS o25555c2cccc8s5c5.5 igh 5 ith ra Oe ea FER
WU WRI GEE ooh oes ict. cash. Oye OCS 5. Ie. Ro Re.
RPHMSWiIck .......0.).0. 2.0.00. 1 Go MGS 70 7s ie Alaa eee
| STG eee ae ec oy tet Slat Mee take Nid,
A I Aa Ch Aan 9 Beart Sib fe Baten aia
Pieak' s Corners .:...2).64..; Casta k diaote hs tee Sl eee
Pramie Home.......3.020.. Be URES ee ct, ae
TVS fa SS eg PB Ded Si goat le ae
pe) 2) 1 a A piven maser veren tet Shea Ue
SUE eS eR ey 2: TRS Gk lier Pemae pee
(for 3 MMe Soli: er oe Peete a 2)
bile That | ee a ae Cty Wee eat aie ee
Sece.a5, LT. 15 N.; R.2 E. LOM Wika Ge 4 Se eter
ate PD 1t Ne A, 2, patel SO RPS Ua ahh ae

STARK COUNTY.

PSR ENELEE <cc0...00s-cavceawsersene C255 & Q. | Tee ao
NElS: 5 EST Sas Oe Wk 2 te BO RG 0 ad ee
EM MMIRIAE soc ceewens cooe sis rhe dale 4 bd leaned e Te OE
PemPeavetter:...ci8..40 01. im base RS Beek
Rombardville...:..:.........: Cn) Bs. @ ORR. oe
TA 7 NS RE no OR Reet det ine eer erates ase 2
DN SMMMIN 5202), 2 coev os kes Sack case pet ok Share eee
MHL yi EP CULE... 22 .<th act 20s. Wedeielpraviivaceiescdetasns
MP RGQUBINS »....-..dd.03s05. 0040. tAuifahrrsciceree:

PRRIBN ath od. oon san ce ss cuwent. ade Wi aie Se DIO Y oct occcccowcces
UBIORE TE Oo ase izdoos ade o ebbise lig Mi ei ian
WE 2 eS eee eee ot alt 5S Ak er

120 Lllinors State Laboratory of Natural History.

STEPHENSON COUNTY.

POLUOM. csc eee ae sani luas UG, ne eas aeeatonn . 828
Buena Vista, .....0.0.......0.- d iidie OMG Eta A) etek teen conc CEaMa 779
DBR OURS icah. Mey sieec kar anche C., M. & St. Pen. ee 928
DDBIVAG. ssh soes ease ee OA, cokes oh eat pyee even ce Rhee aa 901
EGY cece eet thee ake ee TC: R. Recs eaeaay : <a. TONE
VEE aioretendicteeeienta, ok eA E ey arene meh 836
FIOTENGCE .....0..0cseteeseeisence C., M. & Si. Pe Be Rese 847
EOE SOI. yeete can tecely far ato! of SOE oe ia eae Se 758
se ta Winbleyrs: iar et: CEeSt ae: & K. Cy. BR: R.v B16

LR yeas A Sih tet eR Rr oe a . 903
De REE cana caer gene Wee Sea L PO RS Rete i eee 957
McConnell .....: .ces5.0..050.08 BO SS) os uanae Conrbliet ss ore Seana 768
Orangeville........:::....0..0+ 06) sastiear eater ler ieee 792
Red Oakkisisiche. ce ae. OG oo Ri naey pede dale ay seen 769
TiGOUh ES Jk ae GO. é&& Na WOR eae 754
FRO GACIGY 28 iacesncies eee U5, MoS Ste lees 899
Deroy MUls oe ccs LC. Bi Heo ee 760
South Freeport pe aeseteens Cie St. Pe ke ys R...R3.. 380
Waddam’s Grove........... 1. io Rs ie ss age 1018.
WMO We) seteend ince ote cues BE 0 DES SSR ini a ae 770
Wellley Greelersiicc.cnts..1 CSt Pe wk: a R. RB... 882
Afolk@y: sisacsetesscosstecie nee W. M. ERA sete seies eee 990
Cedarville :iss8 sich ae a e eeee e 880
DaAMASCUB::.:.s0ccccccscee.cecee ee J.kissseestiateeoeeem 800
Fountain Creek.............. ES Ta A ame oat ae A ORR Se 900
OTA iietistieeke eens Bee a Lam Che tS 800
(HECO. Seren tae ceo ae CE yy AN ey a 860
VOGK GOPOVE.cc0cs cess cts He aR aA Se ete er 940
Valley Creek P. O.......... TURNER Us, be Gees. cts oe teeta aeene 800.

TAZEWELL COUNTY.

Wllentown.cc RN Laie 2, Hi & BR. R ‘scared ae 684
ATMS COD: .Jcasvcweectdescmetecls: Sak. car tinid sdabdeudojaeesttennnaam 656
GAME aoe cieusscoteanaetceect OEY Cpe aee eae 680
CENT PETS i RRR AR tne Te i ieevanuuced eee eens 658
CP OPFON oer ceresdnsccote-eeseets Cy Sti 2k CR: laa ae 818
Oramall eee ea 1. Be & WR ee TA7
Deeranee ky... vebwccgesaes | Ore 0) Wi Racivan TOM
WMelaimness eset a cee Oy 8 3A Rasen
Waste OMeae ie salscikccsccas Ps Pa WR ee ese A479

Farmdale.:..:::...: Boreas cy . De Ger oes Bae

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 121

MRMOINCTR Gide <o dcc ca ceieanacends Os C2: 62 S864 boRoRivec 662
Proper: Valley 5. ...,........cee Pp. D. OF RRL ca een 938
OSS ETT! ae a ede C., St. | ao OR! al 5 ees 785
PU og. o och annonce P., |B eal ol aed «ee 499
MG VAGRVING 0... ceccceessses. eboiteny Bae Beh, tc cctecease ae 481
PLOMBUGIO. ...05<.csrssene GG PALL TEU TR tae Mas eae Sie os 668
Piet Mines... coo ieccccssesec- Crs, Cree St, ER? Best idole
RN, oe oo wacn nace COND eee d tal ee) 5 723
os Sones secksas sents pans SON > eopeced VMped ioe 804.
UO Saar Pare? en aa 647
Mackinaw Falls............. Pee De Ge i Rai. ren. 490
ES) Re Ae ee Sr Cay Ge. Ce dor Olan ie Re ects, 596
VIE) .2s....+- <0 2 Oe ANTEC A eteaG RN. CARN S ERE, OX tetas bicidats 660
MUMIA NREGO TTS ot on ck ids desces est Te ee Rieke 712
MUMIA tooo cask ceccdeaccoaseet Caete. Etee Coa ho bat .Je 476
aM EP RIPIC 25105 veces ..osse Pe ee G 7 Bae EY cadauacticews 492
TOUTES ANE Sie) E'S “See stk 5) 9 ea 500
TE Co CACC rae ste a ROR La 652
ETT 94 100) eRe Ae De Pec IWR? Red 745
Wesley City MAS Fe ceade nate |e Ge et glo Saree er 478
TVW eae et Mee aa 6 a PEs Biante sind artes 615

UNION COUNTY.
Bench-mark.

B. M.*‘W.”? On stone window-sill of S.W.
front of drug store, owned by Mr. Otrich,

Se AMINE ee EW eRe RS a wsiva Gat ecantare eticens 629
7.1 (6 bid (0 89 G. De -& Co -Re Biss ects. 346
Alto Pass.. ee al ae Mis Gah Be ex eeiitices vets 152
PRT ie eo oiloe cc ccnecrs cushion a BAe | a ne CD 628
SOU a ee eS, Ue ONS a ON 470
EERE ce) oe ces cee Gln Ai Steen eee slats Nave 594.
Ba ee. go ors ce ty Oy Oy Mac Rey csisdevecncoas de 439
PSO ei Pind snevies Ay Fey Ese ra teeta ys tana og 395
- CETEPES| AVG) i 0 Se Oy Sa 1) Wiper fed SS BS A ae 528
errcvlaay Oe aie 7: Sok Bee abe Valet a acids AY 478
MA Cree atic sects Best hada toleney 380
Mountain Glen............... Regal Pere ag ESR ee 455
Reynolds...... Sf Ae ce Gre BO tek ce douioe
Springville......... Ss napbeawel ME Orgs... .cc.c3t2e. J, 403
LS 2 a 1 | ea es i Bieta ee eer en: $4
WWAITIEMENTRGL) <5 05. ons o- sn souans code Gut, & C. Weheaschae ates 338
VUE 2 5 800 oe ela a eet ae ie 2 ae eee ee — B40
Weaver Hill oes ee An Renee C0 ieee SE neta £27

122 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Bald Knob (2ebest pont)» Turner Mah in
MOSCOW i esl) ere ete ay, Cane neouemetaiee soc nee
Mount Pleasant............. WP ieee bei
CUES TH Loe aR ee er i: Aa ee REE EARS
POST OSS iit teens ihene MRR eS IE
Western Saratoga......... OE oo tao se ea
Low water Miss. River,

south line county........ MR PATS ne
Low water Miss. River,

north line county........ OF UCR er
pees an, 2) dL SR We: te AS

ahade FE EAD Uistie io) 8 Re Seles Iso ht

SEC Me AD Sis sha le Meee Ate, sr

sito Fam Ores EB he wet ave bel wy Sep hn int

vik ta PR ai Ve ate Wi O60 CAE Ce

VERMILION COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
See35, T,- 235Ni Re ia W.. whe see
corner of this section: lies 4:33, 15 Moe
DHE ROA BiG 7s a. eo: Oe See he ieee ae
Sec.116, 1220 Ni Ras Wy Phe Nove
corner of this section lies 774.3 M. N.
pe hea b Fs edi | 0 Sulla eae ahi an Barr imtinpa ae fe Aceg
Sec. 8, T. 18 N., R.13 W. TheS. E. cor-
ner of this section lies 278. 5 M. 8., 86°

5) 0 el ORI hark ORY oR Ay Aes SRS Mea
Allertontre vcncals ls C. & E. A RR eee
Ws ah cle a2 bette Ys CRED NE AON Ra i alain eam Anan ie
ATChie... eee Onl Rh lc aes CPD
ATMS tT OMB es he peice ToC Ra huh .oer ecesesceseae eee
Bismmareke ce ae, C. & E. A RRS ee
IBrG wer eugene cette eee OP EE CO te
: OFS ol Duc emia pene pak hate Bete AL Wabash RsCRA Soe
Cheney Villess: icic:césss-.se0 02 Ti, Hs & Ws Re Ree eee
WOMMOIb esos rch sees C. & E. i Re Ra eee
Daarville she ee
Danville Junction.......... ap ay
Diamond Mineg............. On Cs C.-aSé: Lio Roe
VDE =| CNUs 2h 0 ieee mance eR aE Tae Be So We Ras
Fairmounti......64-0.080 Wabash: Rie ae
Pig hrerimetes hace ae Coke SD ESR eS oo ae
U 22 el cari pecorino C., G6 -C. Ste Ree
Georgetown ............ccsee8 is Dds

786.58

778.78

703.78

List of Altitudes in Lltinors. 123

Sarupe Creek.......:<.:.0-.00.. ON GR Cag) ded [Er Sa aie eee 538
PAAR ATEN Be 8c opra Oc Ange tenga em | So Bie POY le ea eee 695
Hillery .. MA Sr ag ee eae CG. UC G2isG. RoR... 631
BE GOpesGOM. < of ..ic.). sce CUES a ia 716
PANNINTON cook. 8c been aks onde of Listes cals pears gl fet By Ri... 640
MIMERPAIO ED scale a cuacckensenasers Co € E. i | Stays RRC ee ae 674
NEAR ert er ra tee AT euM meron eR ei oe ae 688
Mission Mines................ OE Bae . “Sto te Ren... Goo
11) CC etn ce s Be aby
Oskwood ..........- Bae orate “ 4a O40
UG Sb) ne | AG 8 ved 6 ah elec nates are Ae Si 682
USN ST pa ee Het SE ke OW Ay, okt eos be, 716
LESTE) Se RA Re | Fv: eae 2 ei eee eee 689
Ld) 220 OF 2.1 an rs CU. Ce Cae te Ls Bae. .689
Rossville PR rae rae ese 5) C. & BE. i. in ienees cae TO2
RR eae i Ed NEO wen buss ein cde eancbied 721
“SLE LS a gan ie aaa oh Res ie nra OY Fp 680
LCST Se Sas ee {IEA Scat BES) SAN a iene acres TOT
LEE Sa ee Orn eas tue. bie die: Ree 649
Vermilion Grove............ es ». S6L
BeGin NOWELL... 22855 ce0h-ccees aie ore re Hes ER dass cctece ees: 687
WV CRYING. .....0.2-51...520<25h6 tS VK yaeaente saan ener 669
i 1 a ere i eo 2 Stoddard Rie ee eee ee 730
ER Rk apa Sat eeepc Soa = SRS ae er 675
PVG MRTASS 5.0 oo desea dees s ccs Rona ue et Sat hee 703
DRAMA ooo. 2 c005 adie sere ssseccs et EER Bere Be 760
MERIT eco ocan nt scasevcsce ML iene Kater: peek ee 600
PEDIC UE... 020. sccedsces'coedecs 3S, Neg eR Re Sa 690
ueminsville ......2.....-..s.. Sp ene eee econ tee fe 630
5 Tl et Ra Re Be ON OT RRR Es ae eee ae 740
Mission Fields............... ee ee aie | 607
Ne ooo, boa tecinsiedceasnpddece hie Rot at ee ee ae 730
AMEE oe sce at vate asad Ct NRA Sing aca oc 680
2 Gaal Sai ae oo AR) ee pres rere ae 670
Sec. 32, T.23N.,R.18 W. is ac A ae 2 PONS eee Gao
32. 'T. J3N.,R.12W. 2 poy Coenen © 750
oon T QaN.. R. LL Ww. Lipari Seco Npmnarelt ape ae 670
¢ 3a, T.18N.,R.13 W. oN oes SIC RE ADE Pipe 680
aoe, to N. R14 W. Sg SEG Oe ees 690
ele, To t8N,, R11 W. Sees ine sucdastanisivacvas 650

124 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

WABASH COUNTY.

Adland ale Ae tase. cee caeens C.,.C., 6. 2 St. L? Ree
- BalagGHi:o0 5 rie tees oa E. & StL: RR: Ree
Glos kN ge ae oa Oates eae Gi Ossie & St. Li. Rete
Keensburg........ Pree “a
1 DS Wi 6 WORN ea ak a Pe LRGs Daa st. Le Ry Ree
Ma: Carmel fe; a
Pattom gee oe cee, ano he C., €: & St? Lae
Friend’s Grove.............+ a2 00. Turner .sivane eee
Priendsville- ei ose a er
Gard’s “Poh o7545 Beast OO
ancasher 26s sees SRP
aa ee enter eae ee PaO RES

NGEERANS. Sa tected, seerrcuiac Benoa yeahh C., B. & Qs Re Raise
Ber Wak it acwssemcaceeamce aaa fa GC. Re Res cic eee
QaahCr OB so iistie cores tee O29 Ba eh) AR Rs ae ee
WlCaMOn Gates weet cscs las CoRR Rea eee
Geer ays a eee ee ©. (Ba & OF ROR ae
Karr ow G2 kee eee REGS RRR Py
Warelalamn date 3 er nea entace erRNER Nipkaee eer Sao
Lite Moree ce ice cone Lac. Re Reo eee
Monmouth i Ss. C., Bo @ Qe hy hee
ING ITIO Re tere eee ee eee dae laxcGc ROR eee
OTMMOTGE $155 450 a pee sactes C7 St. PG iy cee
EAL 0) Vines eer eRe a ane ae Lae G. Ree
Pomeianeailaiets ssi e3 cesses CC. St: BE &- CPR Rie
J Be ae Fa eR etek AN oe Taz Ce Re oe.. 2eccidis eee
Rosevallie: seiscletsc.. ais C., B&Q. Ri. Thc
Sanbheiniree rea, ae C., St: Wig CR Rae
SUMS istee ye eecc castes esacieee aa Unni martes Ps
DWE My OTEK oer cea CO.) By & QR ike
PViGTIO WS GOW! I5e3 22 oo inn cane Oe hin fo eee onenad
Calde Brooks. .cicocsesuevese M.A, Wares 2 eee ance
GR Sead. hoe vewopacenvese CO Oe ttee Meare cn tlie
GTCCIIOUB Liss coeciceacssssvanens BSR aw Aamrat ates ic cam
WiGea ites ree cao hence vrs xecseek Om ky at: Re Pe a
Sec. 18, T. 12 N.,R. 2 W. fee: Wage neces dees atreneen

oC le ee NR LW Eo Re ey ae ya ea

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

125
Sema ers OLIN. Fe. 2d Won MES 2A: SAT) eo ccseecasescdennes 750
ee te CLIN. Roo WW. Ly Ra G6 Eee TOO
es et SN. RoW. tS) ee a Pa a 800
ee 8 NR. DW Pee sibs s eethctecncamheo cant 736
ieee, L.. ON. BR. 1 Ww. Be das yee cakiesieeonnencah 670
Pres POLO N.| RL We PONTE x Aneer antenatal 753
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Bench-marks.
B. M. “‘P.” §S. E. corner of capstone of

culvert on S. E. side of I. ©. R. R. track,

409 M. south of the 103 mi.-post 1 mi.

north of Richview Station ............ccccseceeees 542.7

B. M. “Q.” S. E. corner of culvert 212,
SOOM MOTEL OL ABNICY «scsi... <cccc--sac-deasege 591.2
B.M. “S.” N. E. corner of north abut-

ment of bridge over Little Muddy Creek,

Sent soietln Ol RAC GM se: .02.0-sccccssccsce caus 498.4
MOLE VIG cohcc2scoleaciese ses: LGN. Be BRiesscssieikecenk 475
(OER I ee BO. Re Retiveeaisnaete. 554
PRC HIR RUIN sso 25 255235seccs ea <<e Li. & No Re Ri: sic eeecit. 541
O00 Se eee ee eee DE Ope Risiitsitesieet 8 523
|e oN. 2) | eee peer, OGG. Re Rs cessstickk Rie 560
PEE OTN Ges 35 5oS255cha ss T, @.OR. Resssicssadisseacisses 534
PIR VG 22.2 ees casccscoswtees a :6c- IN. Ry Reezsdeseasztsaieecae 511
MIRE Gt fsukiesccoatteeeteets Core Re Rig iceset eieteetds 495
ES ow) Ge & Ne Re RG teecssestiaisz 458
RRELOUMI RBIS Seto eh Sc cn 283 isc edcas De iCeis Ete fe cahe tae. hoses 530
PROTNIOW .22ck.iossc8eee008- 520083 AO TOAD ie CPR te ee tt 541
| 2) Cee en Bcc dor IN eee stern: 2 420
Te ae BC. Endinamng,;. o.43..6%. 500
UNE ON o anck nnbauenceos ies iat he ie «ter ae RA aS 450
MUON 5 «cen adwnedaycoderessa ee ss CTH PA aoa te 500
POHsnnIsbUre’..............-:. Pe hd. atnasees sonese: 460
ively Grove «...2%...636ce0ss GAL SOL FSET IR 505
Mew Minden... 22....62....0+-00. Si afi h PAY patting eee 430
LL Pl 2 5 ee ay tae ene Reape 490
PEG VINO 5. dives 2c2--00 denny e hipaa teeta Lid i aa 430
Three Mile Prairie......... athe tie Miweucccece sec 485
MOMENAE \Oce,cxsutesnnsccteee “hSAgTA SSPE Sl oR 502

126 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

WAYNE COUNTY

A TINE ON esc cccthenasecenceer es L., BH: & 86. BR. Ree 431
Pe Prati ladle ig cccieuzacccseeesee ae OQ: & Mi Re sh 383.
I OMIERE ONG oy scrcgeesscte oe L., 'E. & St. Te Ones 446.
PNG hae ee renee roses O. & M. RacResccee se eee 458
Paarfield res csiectasacdieesecce bo ORO ei eee 452
CTE icop seats buen Seay . HE oy os FAT Lbs Ae ones eee 457
CrOldein, Gates. o.cosierscsasee L., B. & StL, 2 Bee 425.
Gb bard ccs eesceaace O.°& M. ROR. eee 410
Keene's)... .4a ea tecme: te Disp Hk St. Li. Bi gee 495
Merriaim..jtc cs. re ae 427
Rin ardsde pew ohne ke O.8& Mo Ba Bidisiccceeee 465.
Wayne Citys cise cence cess la. Be & Sted. Kh. ies 451
Olarksolil cesses cetaceans J.-C. Turners 3 eee 450
Elin SrA vecre aka es ee ee 490
Inter PlisOscccscmeys once ees Se ee 435
Hp Ime. osc eaass sack eto nes Pe tor Olid bya ye aaa 47
Johnsonville fs aes aig OR Ps 2 470
Keenwvalle occ. Side Matt BPM ss 475
omg EB rairies 2) oiss.naccee Sut 2. caveecee ee eee 475
Maasroenny’..2o-..0ues5.) 40.0 SO Pau! sees cane ee 425,
Mouwnty Pirie: .i5. 2.008 et oy ol bese 525
Orehard ville: 3. s:.2---.4ee2 Te Ron | Geentabas state 470
Pim BO giiaste si yaceas nace eee ie eee irpar we 300! 440
po Ge 1" Se a ne Ra I BE si Oo 445
Wai baiShitacts snsnicscsSessseGeess CRIS oh oo, Se wks he 470
VAT, BR i ier a eee of a” tye nee 445
Seegves Le 2uN., Ro oH: Se ey os conan eee 520:
ee OO NG. 6 OF) ey ae eee 510
ee, Ty QaNs dx. Oo We Tha ig cucnceeetee te ee 470:
cme 2 AE WO WS PR 1 RY i 0 Se aga an tenet eas ogee ee 440
66 UOT abs ea ee Neal as (es teense nesea tee Sean 490
| el MPa ree «ane od Oe ede dee feat ee coe 460:

Brownsville ..é...........2.025: ee Bice, Ge & St. BAB Roe 417
CHAAR ARES 6 ooo suisse oo So kcks ser euee aed kD. tee ae ae ase 462
(Carmate ose Tes NR es eee 401
Crassvalletin hse CC) CS Sie 379:
Enheldsngee kee see: O4EUM. Res co ee 435
Gossett. ste ete eo CC. €. & St. Ly BRS 460:

(GAY VALLE Srietaetaeeteeekcceeass case OEE:

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 127
PE WEHOTAG. <<. iceccccscccsecees (CBF age ie) SW pee Se Oe 395
SE eS ae 2 UR Panta Beers 370
UE TOBIAL oso ceecct/o0cee se GT" I 7 al FS ae Oe 381
STS A es CTY Reeves cesatr dense, 424
SL Se ee ae Jase bes Me ee 386.
BCP AMONILO.....ccccco-0serees eo eae ee ear re 409
Skillett Fork (bridge) ... OO Part ees Ore 363
SRNODE 27 odeduissdcocecdann-nvees Ee Sieh ae RS ACE ee a 381
SS Sa eee CG. Ce Sheba. B:... 427
LTO a a or CD, eet Nt Bis Ee cose cies 460
DT SU ee a ee ObrG MR etl cae ee 379
TU np Sa eh el ee oe PS LOOUSEGr.:2-. cones 378
arate rairie.....:..:. ele fed meee ey yas ee 490
(OEP Sie 3 eae Siar “Welge Sae eane ca it 380
oe ee Pere yaw BA ee Reese 400
EER scone tac ate snags oi z2 Ohi Sey be ero eee eos 445
MR 2 oes on ko cowaccewats o34 ei Pe IPM a Boy PE 450
PMMMBLOW!). 00... 200 <.640004e SY th oo aeedsiemenaeee 460:
NRE occ fis cust cewsdace MESS ENF ESE Rep NOs air? 440
D0) | a ee el Oi an eee eh ieee ae penn 532 15°
MUMREET ooo ca scc cons daeec daar: BON es wrsdgieesdsenescsee 375
e

WHITESIDE COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Mite: P. Bb. M. 52.
Albany. Near 8S. W. corner of founda-
tion of Harper & Son’s brick store.......... 595
Meo. PB. MM... 53.
Albany. On base of a large shoulder of
rock projecting from bluff, 14 mi. north
“aL Rein IP: SISTER ae 597.71
Hes: P..B.M. ;-54.
Albany. West side of south abutment
of ©., M. & St. P. R. R. bridge, 2% mi.
DETALED es i Sea 576.69
io. PB. M. 255.
Fulton. On south abutment of C., M.
& St. P. R. R. bridge, 2 mi. south of town. 579.69
es. Fb M56.
On north abutment of same bridge...... 580.9
Gh. P. BoM: :( 57.
Fulton. South face of foundation of
Northern Illinois College, 3% ft. above
ground, 14 in. from southwest corner..... 596.4

128 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

US. P:.-B. M2 58:
Southeast abutment of R. R. bridge,
north of Fulton Junction, 970 M. north
of junction with C. & N. WOR. Ressessce 581.22
U.S. P. B. M. 59. .
3 mi. north of Fulton Junction, in west
end of north abutment of R. R. bridge... 588.32

AMD AMC. 20: 3h ttl 8 CC) M. &-S8t..22-8, Radler 585
CSG Ae cick PS aseackh cok C., B. & Q. Ri Ro havaeene 730
Deer GEONG voids cacssacesdisonta Pc am Moa. eenden eee 656
Wentoek.<iaacs coc eee ae Sl ie 611
Mast iGlicon ise tet, Heo Se ee 596
PentOU sf Se A ee oe . OPO Ei Cay ace ee 609
Sal dncpinse Sepa aa ee Sew 3080 ae 594
Galke 22 e eee eee. O..& N.OWo RO Rae 660
Garden” Plain. o3 C., BoA& QO: heh. TOT
MOrrisOm fo ere: cock C.32&- No Wen hee eee 685
Prophetstown................ CB: & Q. Bie Ree 627
RiGee aller en Cs NSN oe 672
ROU OTOVE Tres ee C.H& N. WOR Ree 703
Sterling ......peeeceeeeeeees C., BiG QR Rs eae 667
WeananiCore kote er ER re 647
Union ‘Grove. C. SN. W. Re Re eee 690
pa ot: Haak Deane ge oe eo WoO. Hay 30.33 798
CONG AGN Aa eecceereibacsesaeeee Pee Ne ee 628
EEG eM ed oticace RS otoec sae eee eS Ane eee 610
eon eli: ne Riess his es OO. Ee 645
Mal WGPaiee ss cssssccc. ees Sri: es See eee Tao
New Genmessee .2.2.02...22.05.0 PNR SS) epee ties: SS: 785
Penrose... eee Shy arn Ne eee ae ee 740
pring EAMlitr eit esd ccese OF LEDONY2 2 a See 630
WBTIGKeSe sl bccksecceehceecasl CE i Fale i eC Oo ne 830
White Pigeon..............0. Oe a ek aeaunae tea aeiag he OS

WILL COUNTY.

Bench-marks.
Crete. See. 20, T. 34 Nii R, a We: 791
Garden. Sec. 15, T. 34.N., R. 13 W.... 800
BeGEHEI es cs inkecscccsceeebe C. & BE. ERY Baek 2 720
Bird’ 6 Bridge. Li ee CG. Re Bie Ra 545
Blodwett;) Brew aise: C,, StF) & CoRR Bigg 523
O.-& Ay Re Rocce 588

Braid Wood ssh b sti :

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 129

Bridge Junction............. Bee ee. Be veaRan 573
12 ET St ey Nee Pk Nc ae ee OE pe 686
ESR SE 1 EY cae oe cere 622
WET EXIMIG.......c0s+.5000-00- Cap Fg Tt PR Rte cisc 600
Coyne’s.......... Roe nasc Bie oie er a FUG he ee cas a. 645
CN ec NS ee: Daly eel a SR) 5 Sa eee 720
lO all gd ae Wabash tis tessa bot
Cb ane CSStoh. co. bons... Boe
hE ae fa) | oe Be Ge ieee Eee ce DOT
L579) SA 2 ee GS AAR Rees: 635
rr eeeerOr bic. c... <s cesscoe efits Bed) & Biche edt 759
Gauger’s a iestionuted 1902 ek a: & PBR 610
(eS TT Sr ORR 2 a 660
WeIUETIONW’ o.50locctccck ce cets ek B.C. Re Bathe ese 739
cde TLR en eS aan ae MSG AN: CEB a, ches eas nongs tsa 630
Mosse Creeks teik 8 Wabash RoBi
2 Ty ee a en ee ee GC. ptak. & Gi ReRoselen TY (
LETS eR ORS oe eT rs ee 569
Ae ee pes SLOSS DE a Was OU
SUE C22 2: | a or Wabash Geese Rts ioSees ces 665
EIN rss 155 0 Gacksaet ila + St Neo ly eevoeencveaisa dee 649
ST 25 2 a ie anne Ls de) TAL Tha a DS 2 324.
MGR IAN S35 2502) 35947 8000055520. Brae Gal err eee Sel pees 719
7 1 IN Re ee ae |S) AC! Svan 1 eed nee Pia eS BC td S804
NeW -DEBOX:. .oicscsss.< Re cenie Fest. G6 ikea Mae Bayes 629
Normantown.................. E., oe Ey Re Rees 669
A 0 a ee St F&C: Ronee 915
CREAMER 5s loves oes recess oecc [is Bed Nes 2 eRe et evra oe Mees Re
a OIG) 6s ees Bb. & Boe Beviceie:.s 609
NNN 8S 5587) Stet isiecnccends Ce AS Re Bite eo? a9
UVP ELT: nN i ence Wieabeeiy He turscses cschcke: 570
FTES RE eee Op poet tbs eum bee, Rec ious, 589
Ba ccna tes sp ee pane Oe Tae ab ck acre cos cckee aden s. ELL.
MRM ee oro os ie We chilean. Me duh so essai 655
UPRRPNTONEL 2. couse ok ek css soeme nse Beg 0 RAR Sado had 2 eine 720
SEMINIGE TONY Po 52- 032523 s5ics cee Wabash R. Ro... 642
OE, a ie ce ale Lb (gag Lay) ci read 9 ee 2 ae aatpa 612
= CTI g ¥ 6) ee RS. AR IRS AAS NO Arik Si 540
|S Dat SAE ie A lai rg on re LAN NS Bt Sgt fine NA TOT
ere HOT 2002.) occkb si ake PTB OVGLAN cits vccesniisctoassae 510
UE RE IES Cites BRE Ea ~ SE ce eee 640
Eagle Lake..................... ae Ligh Rh Sie SS RE 695
East Wheatland............. NE ie, neh Spe we EYE 630
a eS ies aie 8 OS (Ret a aS eam 9 PPE 685
Gooding’s Grove............ OGD i hn ethan, 730

Goeselville.......c.))..08. 0032. Set DO oe aire age P 685

130 = Lllinots State Laboratory of Natural History.

Green Garden?..:i5..6)068.. T. Barclay: xe 780
Mt Porestivcst...ctaleoit ek aha eae 670
Wallingford .................0 Sen CARA epee 645
Wilton: Center...:....0.0.c:65. Fe Ea a Fea to ON 642

WILLIAMSON COUNTY

Baitibrid Oe occcieteent eooke Sit fi, AL. TR ee 454
Came ynallee ee ee cok: Sete). ae 464
Oartanville:..2bs 32h OF DUCE) anu Geen A474
Cremieiw ler ees Te estoy oan ae eee 494.
CrealeSprings 2k. ccscnwcvae: o iib i an 533
H PAGO oiiscdcoeneck ee TE ire sina ce 4492
1 ES he 1 eee ener 5 ier’ nt ODS, 458
New Dennison................ 6 Ni ese

DAE FS nt Ra men ae BO: hidmanns.. a 563
Blairsville. sc... 0sccs acess he ESR 380
(CH AIMMESS!. 555-5. o< coeaseteses sian he 480
Comitih 223 i ks TAME 480
Cottage Home............... is SUR PRE A 460
CrabvOrchartd es ae SIRES cng WRG 1 ee 499
(rains. eae eae, ee ee iS eh as a 520
Herrin’s Prairies...422%. aes ‘aka Cea 445
Take Oreek sh 2a Py. id RRR ae 430
1AM [eye 16 leeway Peele ecb aRi ee tae TOSS By Gaede ke 485
Publleyes: Mill sta ae. RS aie a 560
Wolk Greek 2 occu te oS ckt id TREC ors 650

WINNEBAGO COUNTY.

AAWOTE cartier teehee Te Cr Ripe Bivsitcica. kane caa 896
ATMOS. os ce conten dean eeceebe G& N: W. Re, Bs eee 878
Cherny. Valleyec... cece gai Paces) od atone 746
Duratd..)2).:0 hee C., M. & Bt. P oR eee 773
GGHIUEA (Rar aN Se ee HN aN BS fh oe ep ee am 730
LEIS LS CR geet Re Re Gi @ NEW Re Boosh. 775
PONPRW ULE 2 viardeaeeae CoM TR) GE ais aaaiesuce 712
Ligier ee ect vet Ee kak Beck Gy RE 724
New Mliord vo. cccstwens co Gos ge RL Leas 714
PO GRIDICE opi. ohs ban eveshewaek OO oake NS Wide ga lat those 759
PORES Bisuceesbeclbsdvven} rescaint St. Li, A. & TA RY Rai

RoOGEO?rG eG assiccassaneeoes Cs gO UN ANY casio. pln nasoneeetee 728

List of Altitudes in Illinois.

2 (as 1 ee C., M. & St. | Gael acyahel y Pree
FOSTER, Bas oT age a a a ea a aR eee
EY 1a ae a ene i bs We CHE 5: a) ASS Sakae ae Sena
UPA CL 1 9 RRA ea ONS MOR. atts Ta aad aval 9 eae
WP PPBCDE SO. 5. <4: <cceoncreseees Mi Vor Wo hk? Bint! Sean ouc
ea ces AS POEs Sy Wreabitl nyt cesiiss 3. tavcise.
PP AUPIBOM 02s ks ad Inge eae Cer te Eee
Wishwaukee...2.20..0005 PEARY AMMAR MAAC Laer dd Vn aie teh oh
Mem pletvon! cle scseveadeee EN baer sO. cheeedr hg ree
Sec. 28,T.29 N.,R.10 E. jaa Lani torches cee ea Peer
12) 1.46 Neo Re - 2B: BE fap Se atamers OF Aen at

eines aad Ry es ed a es 0 pea tia etekiny Ue eee Cae &
RES) sed OF a fel 3 a (lH Me pl) fe Rea CEE EEE
pose g TI BB eN Riv key: Batt bw, cuavens VeLraR ts ir
Beit ee ee NR 2: BUS NSASTS< unre on er Rtas San
Reon eo NO 2, Pry sister eteene teeta ed, cha

WOODFORD COUNTY.

LS UTTSYS ba ee ae ee Ce sbr ee ose He se cic
RAGTNOW 1A 0255 cces 0a eS OD Gea CE FES cess cokes
Doneerville \.. .cc.icccesc tes Ne or a) Wee vs Re Seo
ohio 2 Ea Nan eee a oh YA zr oa Gea 6 oS pee
| Wiidyl SA (0 Lae es Be ea SN od Bib tan apna
RepI TO ee fe ee! Soe a ee SEN Crain aaa) or
PPCM NCLCh: secs. cotet oe PGES, Tee Eas Wis ice tee
Kankakee Junction....... Lec: UR. [peas ee ries heap inate
TM 255 MRSS ct oie PIC Pa. Sei ata Gaede es valats
PEWULE GUN bees os ke C. & FT Sih F eae eae ce aa ea
Mackinaw Dells.............. digxesaders Wee ce sie et eG
PORE ORG yutaivsdeecesesveniae (Ae liner rsstatctceees:
| [aC ROE ee en Sos al OS CR. Di peaer ee ee © aR eee Bo
RRR E Tha eet cere ORCS oe ONT deg San gS aoee o
Bd PTVSIC OS ait So secen vsneeoeene Oe St. BAe Ooh
LO) GR eg en A STR Ae eh es 9 ew a
Streator Junction.......... C., Shige Oe Ree ees
LU 10 | ee re Ophelia 1 eal Ae ey eee et se
MECOVOLION Uses 2scccescisstectesee? IL; had 5 ead La aa Bane Sak Se
MEI ss ok Shea eka a 56 Pele oak W. W. Danley Bs oon be
OUTS Sr Dns operacas ees ho i aL Ae BORO CORR ORRE
Sec. 24.T. 28 N..R.3 W RO Uemsibgtet nc oc a.Uy ventas |

ne ee ING Fe. kW. oS adalah RS i
ieee 26 N: Rot EB LADY YEE? ESTES EPR

132 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

RIVER SLOPES.

Big Muppy RIVER.

IV RG orcs cae saciaic ocd oeeak Cohn ph alec eee are 818
M. & 9. R.R. ee vehst bse hes dog yeas eaermane gee 351
North of Benton. 227730 a ee eee 390
Hast of Mannen: 5.2 c. i 4 ee eee 430
Wrest. OLVboydietoccciieiccseta satay Bee oe "ial aoe 500

Bic VERMILION RIVER.

Hast’ line: Vermilion county .)..:0i05. 4 oh eee 480
Junction. of Middle Pork...c3. 02s ee 530
West of Higginsville............ fe SURES nate 600
West line of County.................. tang het kE satiate a 650
MastehsemdersOMn'.. sco: ic.2e. ayes scsse ue} cece eo ondeane aaa 750

CROOKED CREEK.

WG hee aecscees cobra nz dede ee erences wee ek hones 427
South line McDonough COUDLY 2ii0c. cco 500
Mouth of “Prairie Creekicini ooo... sos cect ie 550
Westiot La Crosses ne oes Ae Sa e a SS rae seco 600
S Girth: OF SDISCO soso 2. Sea ease v sto wagons ee 650

IM Oats ES EAS SEE RE 490
Qne mile southwest of :Patterson’s..:.......:...2.-s.:..08e 500
GOR POL. ..oA cise. scectnenacalaseesssee adeeaccarhermesiag reese aman 550
Pi@RAOIG oc cs Hoc ee Es I ae od le noc 580
West of ‘Thatcher's: Park ste. fio... scenes ee 600
Westcof Gurneei7..3.. ie es cee eee 650

EDWARDS RIVER.

PSE TCL ARR Bae ta OMT A cn aI shirsie nil Seton dae eee oa 523
Near cP Omer Oy ccc. so.5.cdecdas coh cest a Abe Oat tv gdcoe amen eae 550
Neer se. acces eae ce cick ne, See eee eee eae ae 600

Near vAmGo Vein ci cc ccsscdens cn obser sb esetnc ot ee ne eee 700

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 133
EMBARRAS RIVER.
2 LE se ARES ae MSS tine ae ee ihe Aaah hae se: 395
south line of Jasper county ..2.....0).csc.ccciccscceeecase 410
LF adn Sy oy PS ae Ret Sal ORNS RR ie dere et ap A OO 460
North line of Jasper county ............cc.cccccceseceeeees 510
ete AEG» CEPCCI UND) soc -< Sassaes Focestcdesvoleoieeuciecuioacalbaans 530
North line of Cumberland county ...................... 575
South line of Douglas county .................cccceeeeees 620
PRATT ESSE SST 3 eg ea ee RD i ea ea et 3 635
LS PTET CUES TEN C0) ROB eee RAEN SAL Oy eae Rete ORES 700
Fox RIver.
(UCT 1 PEERSERTSSIE SSSR Sap pvr mene dt PCE LE EES Wee bc Ss Re 453
rE MPORNY CONT ISIN Riese) saci isc co acca eidccnc odor Wow nae 500
West line of Kendall county.................00cccceeceoe 550
Two miles North of Yorkville.....2....8...6004...83. 600
REE IEE nis. NS AUS arenten i NAIA). LE FE FO 650
One mile north of Clintonville .....20. 66.0 220..68.. 700
2 TRA GLS CO iea GSR IES ie ern Oe Bees a 750
GREEN RIVER.
bE) Ea hE hak RO aA AE eter A ne et DER ELEN DEAS COR 563
NeEsEe litte OF DUTCH COUNGY:: .ccces cnssigndecdecwss esd eS ae 600
Three and a hali miles west of Walnut............. 650
eee EPRLYG) ¥ ) ote Iy op wield. Save e wt svtaasie wand ven Ragan wens stows 750
ILuinois RIVER.
MEMEO C1550. 28 Bt So Bee ne i BROAD: 4.00
A ormmbianine LOO SUNOS POMEL Agate Teas 404
+ Ea RSE SIR es Sine Went MUSE £14 2 oto a wt 415
Bae RSE CN GOWER. cots ces cad Selec vhsenaasudesekasmvccensdeb MICE 427
“Dig eh. 2: 11: ae ar nee OPEN SoM aes NG Salo T) eee, Siem at ee 429
(SORES ATT: BS BE kd OO Dal OA ee pe ee Se ces Re Ae OE MEN 436
SLES Tp, ge MSS lapels a ies eae Mebane te ae pee 441
1 vi Ge 2: ae CEE Os Fo 6 A ek 4.53
PROT ATHOUIOS >. vipers cekesccscscsacuecce (tpn OP Ue aaa 460
REE TRE TR Rg RIS URC SERIE APE er Ee 465
EOE ecdigss «cn ceed acetnach see cetis Cearncteoninkcantanp sons . 480
Junction of Kankakee and Desplaines rivers............ 490
Troquois RIVER.

RANEY pho egy or foc phens Cuebios cadence cétaeiacaese 595
peaeRRE REINER ends on oT fp gti2s, econo soeckbnicis choc ces ce 645

134 TJilinois State Laboratory ‘of Natural History.

JIKANKAKEE RIVER.

WER SAA ED: 256.55 Ceca died ocon oa vwas Sangean neo sxaoe back eeoredeees eee Terie een 490
Near southeast corner of Will county..................008 550
WISE TOD cc docee setcedecoanstwoces vas anboeeare eens tame eee ee nena 600
Hast line Kankakee county. ...:2c.0.si0 Qa. Assocs 620

NG pTEIN adits ites tat sishs «cas Swen teers wencp von tem supa tae (Olean eee 342
ME: AO): abs Ta SOTOSSLM OD’. U2 e8ith cose ys deeb «beat etek ee 375
Neelre Calg plesk cS sco: Aacluee cts See cicatea oee e AIT
North of Shobonier.. 25.23 05s. BN ac os oe 450
North’ line of, Favette County 03.6 205.0..cssccccoscetecmneeeene 490 :
Oke Mi RR Croseitio. chs oe. otann: ane ee 500
Near Shelby villesc. ic cil. vessws coscumasacein. da taarensbeee oe 525
South line of Moultrie county .......0..... cc eeeeeeeee mere 560
Kast line of Moultrie county............ MRP ce -- 615
North line of Douglas COUN scecss.cih-t sys Maver 650

KISHWAUKEE River.

Whaat Po ae EP SURE eR Se ee 685
North branch:
West line: of Boone* county 2..0..20055).. 000.22. Ss 720
One and a half miles west of Belvidere............... 750
North, or Marengo cco ectisiaisosen cater 3a 800
Two and a half miles south of Alden.................. 900
South branch:
Southeast corner of Winnebago countiy.............. 725
Neary Koel ham dig. oe cai ents Conus sehen Se ee ios See 750
IN esx GOTO A welvvads Aas cha donek ecancanten ees aacds tenon re ae 800
Two miles southeast of DeKalb............c.cecscseeees 850

LirtLe WABASH RIVER.

Ee] RR A ei donee Sa a 323
Base dine: of Wayne COUntY..7:5 ico, cccpeee eee 368
Westwline- of: Wayne COURLY, se: nscescs ssp eee 396
Hast or Russell......:..jc.0sctsesasae ARMM RIE, Sins Py Ep 450

‘Norél dine cofClay COUNLY .) <teviasscecsscseeee erent ence atten 478

List of Altitudes in Lllinois. 135

MACKINAW RIVER.

(5 ie cea) CERRO AR Se RES yn 0 Sn GU PDE 4) 436
LO SUPSCHT} 0S 11102) 1 ks peg ee el as BARA Corts WI oh Re Oe en 460
Three miles east of Mackinaw Falls.......................... 500
en at EPERPeAIICs CONEOK 2 cnoce cidade jews cebsitecseviciermevesces DOO
Pee WE GUGIEETINW) DIGUIG 375 .iiccdecetecoa, chk cohescclicdeccgeecceceves-s 620
2 CLUS gal Bas) |S aa 1S ey a 700
North..of Colfax ....0.Akd.sednus GREe PST? Ned Oke CITA te Ane aR 750

DUPRE Ue os ne ceo Sesh dc Setar nasoiomc a ide By ewe blood 404
(oe DESTRESS ER DS ORCL MIE UIE 450
Peeling: Of Macoupin, COUNLY 2.05 .f.cccLsdevetpenates cbawees 500
PURAE EdD IN Po VERIER TOW. «25 coe Coots eons cava dca cadoensoctnetaune PaO

MississippPr RIveR.
Low water levels:

CLS op SRS SAE ARE eI PENRO ge el Oe 268
Nionbh--line of, UanOr OWI Gy Ae. caste cased wenn ne 318
ULAEU ERTS AS aa Hae Sd lars Oa Sana NL SP I PN one 340
SLA 11 5 (1 ce RE haa a? A CS 380
ERTIES TU Lhe Lana fea a Se ee i pet Go ae Ra oe AREDO ENN i? ele 400
LS TUUVETE: CES AS 11 oaa ee oae a -Mr SE ials 437
EPS Tagd 8 Seis ur La so aaa ah al ae ee a a eee Se AR 450
OIL Ley gabe Roc ENG," CRE ROR Ss ET OS Re Er A A 458
1S Coin Tell 6 6] 0 ean ante 0k RA ce ham tie SP rn i eee at et ATT
11. 5. ya Pa ery ee Rea cae ase ree canst Syke 502
Barlmeton, * Tas.2, ee hee jn Me PENSE Oe 511
I PS) Es 1 a 1 oe ane Pee ata Rie) na LU AC Ear oe RR 523
LSE OTE C11) CRO RRs SIONS LUNI DERE ADC DIS, Ge ORNL ICT ae 542
Ue COMETE QD =o sonic Soe ch ig seth eu romney cabin Poe GeEe 9. tees 566
SEE TGS 1170 Cs RUE Raina See SS or OAC ia Seema Ear eS #9 572
ete DLO WUC costar gical cineca vanes eanetinn ebhihee “sane t t= 585

Onto River.

Nie TERETE aA ape ae RE a hd a Oe ee 268
PRS TATED crac noc wnc.cobia ead ovancenmceceencaaavin Eater A 280
RR TRTOMARS ACO caday acu cca canes onnttcoces sucess SUM se AI. “QOS
MMMM rcs Ft. cee Sr cane aA clack sucks odd seid dtdidlient ited OS
PREPADE RN LOW... <i J.02..-devcs scavsevct au Riot. 90. 20s, (29g
Pe CI MLCCLCINUEE ASTI eS ALONE ice ell cel 307

(ETI E22 LOLS jp ee elle ae een 24 § SY EL ROE Sm OR aeRO me Siil.

136 =Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

PECATONICA RIVER.

PRECHI GD. 5:i525Dospaes ioe ceased seep sheinentnaeae puncaceee te meeee neers oe eae 715.
Weat line of Winnebago county .............6..ceccseblideedes 735
North line of Stephenson county................cssceeecseuses 764

Rock RIvErR.

MO UG oro oecie hele. Sasnean cenioe secure pices caleneneie acne ann 541
West line of Whiteside county: -.2.0 i)... 5... ..cspecdeeneemae 575
AG GV OD cn. soi cees tn cb emeeeas a onan eoswn cose inosine ee 600
At: DEX ON ee ie Ciciee tesa a ae RERAS hoce sono ue 650
AG ROGKIONG 2. eG 5s estat ost ssndad oo oeen 700
North line of Winnebago county ........0..3.2...cccessteeeaee 728

pA BEG rls Speer oo tS Re ae Fane nh eeu tr a acim 304
North: Of Meamine tom. c. avecetcsvess cc Jeanecont loess en 350
Hast of Newcastle c..trosn.ck.c-sceae contest akease nee eaeeeane 400
Bast of Caney ville -:. 5. Joccci.ccccc-disis-cascdeae co eee 450:

ME oi rec, reed nee cere ataac act een code eater 430
Northwest corner of Menard county...................c0000 445
South ‘line*of Menard county... 2v...<c.00 tone te cee 512
Southeast corner of Sangamon county.................... 550
Hast line‘on Macon county i. 020000- esos: ete eee 600
Hastalinevor Piatt) Counby .0.8 Ace hee 665.
SHOAL CREEK.
A CMU Se nei epee heh rs Haha Ais Alli aA am ea SPERMS emg 381
Northline of Clinton eountiy 27s: oe can ee 445,
Bast tof “Old Ripley oie es eae anes eee 490
Nest HillsborOe vi 2ic voces ice ; ae cetceen cece chee ata eee 550:
North line of Montgomery county ...................cceeeeeee 650

Spoon RIvER.

TORT CAN scones. dunes cokevaanneneeerereesae adi ne sean nt peak ene 429
Wrenn 8: Mills. ici vcc,senaeacsncderadecdoee cuntenies ons Re eeeeeEEammmeS 450
NMeaar aD W LOM.) .5.os125cenasecesceewabens succes nen cceee meee eerste 500
Sobltor Magu on: oo. csuktsphesuesonaeceneresessuemesaeteans «ssn eeam 550
West Jine of “Peoria. COUDLY «..:.2:<-.nsc+degscaersshvedoepeeaes 600
Two and a half miles south of Wyoming................ 650

One mile west: of “Modenacic.cis.is cop et ee eee 700

List of Altitudes in Illinois. 137

VERMILION RIVER.

MLE PUM sha ti Sm Le gee tee rea eathsdane 441
Pewee moles Sout Or MIOUTD (ibe eS clicks 500
2) RES Gh ETI See ease ean Rene oY GPE eae Bee 550
East of Reading ee cea ok) ame ice amen Ars, 600
East line of Livingston CLL N 1 See ape iy a OR ea 650

WABASH RIVER.

BNE ads has hc Faces eee Ue ns S22 S535 Sadi os dws caeaa iaeas headed ach 311
arta ULE, VV RO ASD osc2 ci oars dev} oe sntbacdasadostooascceacene 323
TT LLIEA Ts ae acd i Pa Ree Rs Melb ae iS AD dl 365
(ile! Ge Toh at RA ee ee ls SUR RR SG deed cr le 376
PVE HEDINGIES VILLE Face cioe once occu ueths Aen othe eles See AU ES ATE aes 391
Mp paste Vincennes.) a ean il.d als we 397
Preeiesteb gl AICREING, 2220 5k cunt asskw hv sves aabhaceatsbeeseauazeineans 419

ROE lRenOL CrawiOrd COURLY .:. ....:s0.dsasecsessorsadesanase 426

ARTICLE V.—A Preliminary Account of two New Oli-
gocheta from Illinois. By FRANK SMITH.

Several species of Oligochzeta were collected by the
writer during the past summer at the Biological Station
upon the Illinois River, at Havana, founded early in the
present year by the University of Lllinois, with Prof.
S. A. Forbes as Director. Since it will be several months
before a full report on the Oligocheta can be prepared,
it seems best to publish this preliminary account of the
larger forms collected.

In the vicinity of the Station, the linois River flows
for the greater part of its course between low banks,
which are overflowed during the higher stages of water
that usually occur in the spring or early summer months.
They are covered with the usual bottom-land forests and
other vegetation of the region. In those portions of the
banks that are above water during the greater part of the
vear, were found many earthworms of a species closely
allied to Diplocardia communis Garman. which was de-
scribed from Illinois in 1888* and is abundant in the
soil of the prairies of the State. Reproductive activity
was greatest throughout the month of May, when
cocoons were abundant in their burrows.

Diplocardia riparia nov. sp.

This earthworm is quite similar to D. communis in
general form, in relative length of somites in different
parts of the body, and in the plication and encircling
lines of the somites. The number of somites is similar,
the average of ten specimens being 150, the minimum
and maximum numbers respectively 136 and 157.

The ordinary length of well-extended specimens is 22
to 25 em., with a diameter of about .3 cm.

: *“On the Anatomy and Histology of a New Earthworm (Diplocardia com-
munis, gen. et sp. nov.).” (Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III., Art. IV., p. 47.)

Two New Oligocheta from Illinois. 139

The color is somewhat darker than that of D. communis,
which is flesh-colored. The difference is very pronounced
on the dorsal surface of the region anterior to the
clitellum, where the surface becomes dark brown, this
color being usually retained in alcoholic specimens. Pos-
terior to the clitellum the brown dorsal vessel and its
lateral branches are very conspicuous through the body
wall of the living animal.

The clitellum is of a dull copper-color, and extends
over somites XIII to XVIII, inclusive. As in D. com-
munis, it is absent or but slightly developed upon a
narrow median ventral area of those somites. The sete
have the same arrangement and distribution as in 2. com-
munis. The first dorsal pore is near the groove between
X and XI. The number and position of the gizzards, in
somites V and VI, the character of the typhlosole, and
other main features of the alimentary tract, are the same
in the two species. The nephridiopores are in the vicinity
of the outermost sete.

The generative systems of the two species are alike in
main characters, but present specific differences. Two
pairs of ciliated rosettes are present in each of the species,
occupying the usual position in somites X and XI.

An anomalous position for the testes was ascribed by
Garman to PD. communis. After having sectioned speci-
mens of that species, I find that some of the reproductive
organs were misinterpreted by him. Two pairs of digi-
tate testes are present in each of the species. These
have the usual position, being attached to the anterior
septum of each of somites X and XI.

In number and position of sperm-sacs the two species
agree. There is a pair of pre-septal lobulated sperm-
sacs in somite IX, and a pair of pgst-septal lobulated
sperm-sacs in somite XII. ‘The latter, in D. communis,
were described by Garman as testes.

Somites X and XI are filled with developing sperma-
tozoa during the reproductive season, though no definite
sacs have been observed. The situation of the sperm-
duct in D. riparia is like that in D. communis. The

140 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

male pore is also upon somite XIX, in a longitudinal
groove, but is near the anterior margin of that somite.

Two pairs of prostate glands are present in each
species, having their external openings on somites XVIII
and XX. The species also agree in having two ventral
erescentic longitudinal grooves (their convexities in-
ward), which extend from the middle of somite XVIII
to the middle of somite XX, and have modified sete
and the external opening of a prostate gland at each of
their extremities. In each species somite XIX is with-
out ventral sete.

On the ventral side of alcoholic specimens of D. riparia,
an area extending from the middle of somite XVII to ©
the anterior portion of somite XXI and bounded upon
the sides by the two longitudinal grooves, is depressed
to a depth of about one fifth the diameter of the worm.
‘In alcoholic specimens of D. communis no such depression
is noticeable.

Two pairs of spermathece are present in D. riparia,
one pair in each of somites VIII and IX, with the ex-
ternal openings at the anterior margins of those somites
and in line with the inner rows of sete. DD. communis
has in addition one pair in somite VII. Although Gar-
man makes the possession of three pairs of spermathece
a character of the genus, I feel justified in including the
new species in the same genus, especially as other genera
of earthworms include species which differ in the number
of spermathece.

The ovaries and female pores are in the usual position,
the former in somite XIII, and the latter upon somite
6 Oe

The vascular system of D. riparia is much like that of
D. communis, except that in no case has any trace been
seen of the double dorsal vessel, which is so constant in
the latter species. The presence of a double dorsal vessel
is included by Garman among the generic characters of
Diplocardia, but I think without sufficient reason, since
in other instances species differing in this respect are
assigned to one genus.

Two New Oligocheta from Lllinors. 141

The new species, then, possesses all the characters of
D. communis which are regarded by Garman as generic
except two; viz., three pairs of spermathece and a
double dorsal vessel. Not regarding these characters as
of generic importance, for the reasons given above, I in-
clude the new species in the genus Diplocardia.

The more obvious external characters by which this
species may be distinguished from LD. communis are
smaller size, darker color,—especially of the anterior
portion,— the presence of but two pairs of spermathecal

pores, and the single dorsal vessel,

which in the living

animal is plainly visible through the body wall.
Tor convenience of comparison the following table has

been prepared:

Diplocardia communis. Diplocardia riparia.
MGUAS ee wot acesinecacse secs Four couples. All ventral.|/Four couples. All ventral.
Prostomium............ Partial'y dovetailed into/Partially dovetailed into
peristomium, peristomium.
MBIG: DOLE Hs ccc wcewie ss x UX. Anterior part of XIX.
Testes and funnels....|X and XI. X and XI.
Sperm-sacs...........5. Sacculated in IX and XII. oes in IX and XIJ.
X and XI filled with sper-| X and XI filled with sper-
matozoa without special} matozoa without special
sac. sac. ;
Prostates. ..eccessceeees Two pairs, with external|Two pairs, with external
openings in XVIII and XX.| openingsin XVIIIand XX.
Copulatory fosse# or/One pair, extending from|One pair, extending from

of XVIII to middle
with copulatory

middl*

of XX,
setz and prostate pore at
the ext:emities of each

longitudinal] grooves.

groove.

_ Ovaries.......... Aboo0ed One pair in XIII.
Female pore............| XIV.
Gizzards .......4....... Two; in V and VI.
Myphlosole..........<2.. slight dorsal fold.
Subneural vessel...... |Absent.
Nephridia..... Gaeakdeks Meganephrie.

ee opere in line'Fourth seta.

Tee e ewe wee ee eens

Clitellum...............-| XI II—XVIII, Incomplete.

middle of XVIiI to middle
of XX, with copulatory
setee and prostate pore at
the extremities of each
groove.

One pair in XIII.

XIV.

Two; in Vand VI.

Slight dorsal fold.

Absent.

Meganephric.

Fourth seta.

XIJI—XVIIT. Incomplete,
or but slightly dev eloped

upon narrow median ven-
tral area.

142 = Tllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Diplocardia communis. Diplocardia riparia.
First dorsal pore...... Between X and XI. Between X and XI.
Spermathece.......... Three pairs;in VII, VIII, IX.|Two pairs; in VI{[ and IX,
Dorsal vessel........:- Double. Single.
Length, well extended. 30 cm, 22—25 cm.
Color anterior region.|Flesh-color. Brown.
Color eclitellum......... Dull yellow or flesh-color.|Dull copper.

Geodrilus singularis Ude, described from Illinois in
1893,* has several characters in which it resembles
Diplocardia, but the position of the prostates and of
the male pore is different, and no mention of the longi-
tudinal grooves is made nor is there any indication of
them in the figures. Unfortunately Ude was unable to
describe the generative organs fully because of the
condition of his specimens.

Sparganophilus eisent nov. sp.

The second species to be described is very abundant
in the mud of the Illinois River and of the bottom-land
lakes connected with it. Dredging shows it to be dis-
tributed over the entire bottom of these bodies of water,
although somewhat more abundant near the margins.
Specimens have been taken at all times at which collec-
tions were made, from April to December inclusive.
Their cocoons were most abundant during the month of
June, while the clitellum was well developed two weeks
earlier. ;

These worms agree with Sparganophilus tamesis Ben-
ham? in all the characters given by him as generic, and
in a number of others as well. The table at the end of
this article will be sufficient reference to many of these
resemblances, while others deserve more special mention.

*Britrdge zur Kenntnis auslandischer Regenwtrmer, (Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool.,
LVII. Bd., p. 69.)

+“A New English Genus of Aquatic Oligocheta (Sparganophilus) belonging
to the Family Rhinodrilidw.” (Quart. Jour. Mier. Sci. Vol. XXXIV., p. 155;
Plates XIX and XX.)

Two New, Oligocheta from Lllinois. 148

A few points of difference seem to sharply distinguish
the two forms. The worms from Illinois are the larger,
_ and have a length, when moderately extended, of 18 to
20 cm. I have alcoholic specimens fixed after being
anesthetized, which, without being unnaturally extended,
are over 20 cm. in length, and average .26 cm.in diameter.

The arrangement of sete in the two forms differs
chiefly in the position of the outer couples, which are in
the dorsal half in the new form, instead of in the ventral
half as in S. tamesis.* Sections have a quadrangular
outline, with a couple of sete at each angle, tlie arrange-
ment being similar to that in Criodrilus. The distance
between the outer or dorsal couples is one and a fourth
times that between the inner or ventral couples in the
region posterior to the clitellum, and about one and a
half times as great in the region anterior to the clitellum.
The distance between the outer couple and the inner
couple of the same side is slightly greater than that
between the two inner couples. ‘The sete of a couple
are quite closely approximated. As in S. tamesis, the
outer setze are missing in the region where the clitellum
is fully developed. Specimens taken late in the season
have sete in this region.

The spermathecal pores are in line with the sete of
the outer couple, as in S. tamesis, but in consequence of
the dorsal position of that couple in the new form, the
pores are upon the dorsal half of the animal.

The forin of the region of the clitellum during repro-
ductive activity is different from that at other seasons
and from that figured for S. tamesis. At that season
the ventral part of the clitellar region, including the
ventral setze and the tubercula pubertatis, is slightly con-
cave downward, and forms two very conspicuous ridges or
actual folds where it meets the lateral walls. This
concave appearance, though intensified by the action of
alcohol in hardening, is not produced by it, but is
present in the living worm.

*Benham, loc. cit., Pl. XIX., Fig. 8.

144 TJilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

The male pores are situxnted opposite the anterior part
of somite XIX and upon the ventral crests of the ridges,
being immediately outside of the tubercula pubertatis,
as in S. tamesis.

The last point of difference to be mentioned is the most
remarkable and unexpected. WS. tamesis belongs to Ben-
ham’s family Rhinodrilide, in which, aecording to him,
prostate glands are absent.* There is no mention of
any such glands in his paper upon Sparganophilus, yet
glands that I consider to be homologous with them are
present in the form under consideration. These glands
require a somewhat detailed description, since their
number and position, and even their occurrence, is rather
remarkable. Each gland is tubular and of two well-
marked divisions; the true glandular part and the duct.
The former is more or less convoluted in an irregular
manner, and if straightened out would vary from .5 mm.
to 1 mm. in length. Its diameter is fairly uniform, and
usually about .13 to .15 mm. In a cross section of the
eland the lumen is nearly circular and about .015 mm.
in diameter. It is surrounded by an epithelial layer
.006 to .01 mm. thick, and outside of this is the layer
of glandular cells, which is about .05 to .06 mm. thick.
Many of the cells of this layer are club-shaped, and
extend from the epithelial layer to the exterior, while
others extend only part way through the layer. This
part of the gland is surrounded by a plexus of blood
vessels from which many minute branches penetrate the
gland. The duct has a nearly straight course through
the body wall, being but little longer than the thickness
of that wall, or about .382 mm., with a diameter of
about .06 mm. The inner two thirds has a lumen much
smaller than that of the gland and often nearly oblit-
erated. It is surrounded by an epithelial layer as in the
glandular region, but this is surrounded by a layer of
circular muscular tissue about .02 mm. thick, which
replaces the glandular layer of that region. The outer

eI Te ARCs Se ee ee
*“An attempt to classify Earthworms.” (Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci, Vol. XXXL,
1891, p. 221.) ;

Two New Oligocheta from Lllinois. 145

third of the duct has a lumen somewhat flattened and
.004 to .008 mm. in diameter, which is lined with a cutic-
ular laver continuous with the cuticula of the body wall.
Its epithelial layer is also continuous with the epithelium
of the body wall, the cells becoming longer in the outer
portion of the duct, and partaking of the characters of
the columnar epithelium of that part of the body surface
which is immediately adjacent to the prostate pores.
The muscular layer diminishes in thickness and disap-
pears in the outermost portion of the duct.

Usually four pairs of these glands are present in
somites XXIII-X XVI, a pair in the posterior part of
each of these somites opening just outside of the outer
sete of the ventral couple. Tne pore and the two sete
are nearly in line, and the distance between the pore
and outer seta is about one half as great as that be-
tween the two setz. In one example two glands were
found in one side of a somite and none in the other, the
opening of the second gland being between the sete of
the ventral couple, but much nearer the outer one. In
another example but three pairs were present—in X XIII
XXYV.

If these are prostate glands,—and I can see no reason
to think that they are not,—they are very far removed
from the male pore, and are of an unusual number.

Benham has called attention to several features in the
structure of S. tamesis as being quite remarkable. In
these particulars the resemblance of the new form to
that species is striking. (1) The sperm duct has the
same superficial position and inconspicuous opening, the
only difference being that it does not leave its position
at the base of the clitellar layer to pass outward until
it reaches the septum between XVIII and XIX, where,
curving quite abruptly, it opens at the male pore upon the
ridge already mentioned and opposite the anterior part of
somite XIX. (2) In each species a pair of ovisacs
occurs in somite XIV, in which were found ova showing
karyokinesis. (3) Longitudinal tegumentary vessels
passing forward from somite XIV are present in both,

146 Jilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

being readily seen through the body wall of living
specimens of the Illinois species. The dorsal one is con-
siderably larger than the other. (4) A perienteric sinus
occurs in each species.

From the similarity of the characters just mentioned
and of others referred to in the appended table, it is
evident that the two forms are very closely allied. Were
it not for the presence of the prostate glands in the one
here described there could be no question about their
belonging to the same genus, and, as it is, I do not feel
justified in creating a new one, but prefer, for the present
at least, to associate the new species with Benham’s by
naming it Sparganophilus eiseni.

The chief characters by which it may be distinguished
from S. tamesés are, aS already mentioned, its greater
size, the dorsal position of the outer sete and sperina-
thecal pores, the latero-ventral ridges of the clitellar
region during the reproductive period, and the presence of
prostate glands in some or all of somites X XHI-X XVI.

Necessary figures and additional details will appear in
the more complete report to be published later.

Sparganophilus tamesis. Sparganophilus eiseni.

Clitellum .....e.eeeeee-.;somites XVI—XXIV. with) XVI—XXV with part of XV.
part of XV and XXY. Dim Sg on XXIV and

Prostomium............-,Not marked off from thc|Not marked off from the

peristomium by a groove.| peristomium.
Male pore....c.coosee.-|Lnconspicuous. Between|Inconspicuous. _Upon an-
XVIII and XIX, without} terior part of XIX.

accessory Organs.

Sperm-sacs .coeceee.--.|LWO pairs; in XI and XII. |Two pairs; in XI and XII.

Spermatheca®..........;5i1mple. Three pairs. Simple. Three pairs.

Gizzard and esophag-|Absent.

Absent.
eal diverticula........
Typhlosole.............| Absent. Absent.
Vascular system.......|Perienteric blood sinus.|/Perienteri¢ blood sinus.
Twolongtegumentary ves-| Two long tegumentary

sels on each side traverse
the anterior somites with-
out communicating with
the alimentary tract. No
subneural vessel; the only
commissural vessels situ-
ated anteriorly.

vessels on each side trav—-
erse the anterior somites
without communicating
with the alimentary tract.
No subneural vessel; the
only commissural vessels
situated anteriorly.

Two New Oligocheta from Illinois. 147

| Sparganophilus tamesis, Sparganophilus eiseni.

Se ute on ventral|Continuous but thinner, Continuous but thinner.
MPPTRGO i.e 55 sek po asiccles

Lateral set@..........6. Absent in fully developed|Absent in fully developed
clitellum. clitellum,

Alimentary tract...... Abruptly widens in IX, Abruptly widens in IX,

Nephridia............../Large. First in XIII. Large. First in XIII.

Nephridiopore......... In front of seta 1. In front of seta 1.

Testes and funnels..../Two pairs: in X and XI. Two pairs; in X and XI.

Sperm-duct...........- Subepidermic. Subepidermic.

Ovaries and female|In usual position. In usual position!
pore,

Ovisaes with ova show-| XIV. LV

ing karyokinesis,....

Spermathecal pores...|In line with lareral setz,|In line with lateral seta,

which are ventral. which are dorsal,
Dorsal vessel...........|Dilated in IX—XI, Dilated in IX—XIL.
Lateral hearts.........|{n VII—XI; large and monil-|In VII-XI; large and monil-
iform. iform. Course more tortu-
ous than figured for S.
Jamesis,

Tegumentary vessels../In XIV and backward, one|In XIV and backward, one
pair from each of dorsal] pair from each of dorsal

and ventral vessels. and ventral vessels.
COGOODS ..-e....e00-....)ausage-shaped, with one|Sausage-shaped, with one
end frayed. end trayed.
Length.......cceeess.ss-|3 to 4 inches (7.5—10 cm.). 18 to 20 em.
Outer pair of sete....|/1n ventral half. In dorsal half.
Brdstatesc.ss co ceseass = Absent. Usually four pairs; in XXI11
i—-X XVI.

CHAMPAIGN, Dec. 10, 1894.

Since this paper went to press, Michaelsen’s descrip-
tion of new earthworms from Florida and Georgia* has
been received. One species, described under the name
Geodrilus eiseni, is very closely related to Diplocardia
riparia described above, but differs in several minor

*Die Regerwurm-Fauna von Florida und Georgiz (Zool. Jabrb. Abth. f.
System. VIII. Bd. 2 Hft. pp. 177—194.)

a

148 Jillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

characters and seems to be a distinct species. Michaelsen
states that Garman’s paper upon Diplocardia communis
was not accessible to him. If it had been, I can see no
sufficient reason why he should not have included the
new species in the genus Diplocardia. If I am right in
not regarding the presence of a double dorsal vessel and
of a fixed ‘number of spermathecz as necessarily of
generic importance, and hence in including DP. riparia in
the same genus with D. communis, then I think the new
species ascribed by Michaelsen to the genus Geodrilus
really belongs to the genus Diplocardia, since it has all
the other characters of that genus, as far as can be de-
termined from his quite full description, and has no
characters that in my judgment are to be considered
generically different. I think, therefore, that the new
form should be known as Déiplocardia eiseni.

If Michaelsen be correct in his assumption that Ude’s
description of Geodrilus singularis was erroneous in cer-
tain particulars, and, further, in placing his species in
the same genus with that of Ude, then it would seem
that G. singularts must also be regarded as a Diplocar-
dia. I do not, however, believe that this point can be
actually settled until G. stngularis can be more fully de-
scribed.

The following are some of the differences which dis-
tinguish D. riparia from D. eisent: (1) The sperma-
thecal pores are in the posterior part of the somite
in the latter species, while in the former they are near
the anterior margin; (2) the ventral sete of somites
VIII and IX are modified in D. eésend and not in D.
riparia; (8) a glandular thickening of the ventral sur-
face of somites VIII and IX is present in LD. edsend and
not in D. riparia; (4) sete 2, or ‘‘b,” are present in
somite XIX in D. ecsent and not in D. riparia; (5) the
first pair of nephridia in D. ezsent is found in somite
III, while in D. r‘paria a pair is present in somite IT; and
(6) the first dorsal pore seen in D. ecsenz is in the first
clitellar somite, while in D. riparva it occurs in the an-
terior part of somite XI.

ARTICLE VI.—On the Entomology of the Illinois River and
Adjacent Waters. First Paper. By C. A. Hart.

INTRODUCTORY.

This paper gives a part of the results of our observa-
vation and study of the insect fauna of the Illinois River
and adjoining waters in the neighborhood of the Uni-
versity of Illinois Biological Experiment Station, at
Havana, Illinois, during the first year of the Station
work, as a preparation for further and more detailed
observations in the same field. In order to make the
account more complete and useful to Illinois students,
and to give a general view of the relations of the species
studied to the aquatic fauna of the State as a whole,
the data concerning these forms afforded by the note
boxes and general collections of the State Laboratory
of Natural History are also here included.

Distinctive characters, when known to me, are tabu-
lated in the form of keys. These are necessarily imper-
feet because of the small number of immature forms
now known, the difficulty of determining the true rank
of the differences observed, and the frequent impossibility
of harmonizing the grouping with the present classifica-
tion of the imagos. I hope, however, that they may
prove useful, and suggestive in further studies. It is
evident that a knowledge of all stages is necessary to
the formation of the best natural classification.

Special thanks are due to Prof. S. A. Forbes, who
originated the Station and has planned and directed its
work; and to Messrs. C. H. Fernald, W. H. Ashmead, and
W. A. Snow for determinations. I am also under obliga-
tions to my fellow-workers at the Station for their
kindly codperation, and to Miss Lydia Moore Hart for
the accurate drawings herewith presented.

150 llinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

GROUPS TREATED.

The insects treated in the present paper belong to
three groups: the aquatic caterpillars (Lepidoptera), the
hymenopterous enemies or parasites of water insects,
(Hymenoptera,) and the aquatic flies (Diptera) of several
families, those including the larger forms of the Ortho-
rhapha, or “‘straight-seamed flies;”’ especially the crane-flies.
(Tipulide, Pl. V-IX) the soldier flies (Stratiomyiide, PI.
XIV) and the horse-flies (Tabanide, Pl. X-XII), the
larve of all these families being largely aquatic in habit.
The distinguishing characters of these groups are given
in the keys which follow.

THE LOCATION.

The Illinois River runs through one of the most re-
markable and interesting valleys in this country. Al-
though this valley is from one hundred to two hundred
feet below the level of the surrounding country, it often
reaches a width of ten oreven twenty miles between the up-
lands on either side, rivaling in extent the great trough
of the Upper Mississippi, and containing alluvial deposits
- of great depth and of enormous extent. In striking con-
trast with these evidences of vast erosion is the quiet
river that lazily winds its way through a network of
shallow weedy lakes and intricate sloughs—a paradise
of aquatic life. It is evident that some greater stream
once occupied this valley, by turns, no doubt, the outlet
of Lake Michigan and the drainage channel of the great
jce-sheet which is supposed to have thrown up the princi-
pal drift ridge of central Illinois.

Away from the low muddy flats along the river, with
their lakes and sloughs, this valley is very generally filled
in to aconsiderably higher level with extensive deposits
of comparatively pure sand, alternating with sheets of
clay. A well at Havana seventy feet deep does not reach
the bottom of this formation. The surface of these sandy

Entomology of the Illinois River. 151

areas has partly been blown into undulating mounds
and ridges, and occasionally presents expanses of barren
_ sand. They are quite peculiar in their fauna and flora,
which are very different from those of the uplands. At
Havana the width of the sand deposit between the river
and the eastern upland is about fifteen miles.

Just above Havana, Spoon River enters the Illinois
from the west, and the sediment brought down by it has
raised the bottom-lands below its mouth to a higher
level, narrowing the river, and forcing it for a short dis-
tance against the margin of the sandy plain.

Above the mouth of Spoon River the bottom lands are
lower. Here wide stretches of shallow lake and marsh
appear, with bottoms of soft black mud, and com-
paratively narrow intervening wooded ridges, rarely
sandy, except at certain exposed and wave-washed points
‘or along the margins of the sand plain.

THE SUBSTATIONS.

In order to cover a variety of situations, a number
of typical points or substations were selected for special
study and periodical examination. Each of these was
regularly searched from the shore into deep water; but
as the forms here treated are essentially shallow-water
forms, the characteristics of the marginal surroundings
will receive special attention.

Three of these stations were located in Quiver Lake.
This is a permanent arm of the river extending north-
wards along the margin of the sand plain above Havana.
The natural drainage of the sand escapes in large quan-
tities along its eastern side, keeping the shore con-
stantly saturated with cool percolating water, to a
greater or less width, according to the level of the river.
Beyond the head of the lake, this drainage forms a con-
siderable stream, Quiver Creek, which empties into the
broad shallow head of the lake through a muddy and
weedy flat. Near the place where the clear waters
of this stream cease to follow a definite channel, Station

152 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

A is located. Not far below this issues the most ex-
tensive flow of water from the muddy and sandy shore
on the east side of the lake, maintaining there a consid-
e-able variety of plants and animals left upon it in spring
by the receding waters. This is Station B. The lake
itself is moderately shallow, and is filled during low water
in summer by a dense mat of Ceratophyllum, Anacharis,
(Edogonium and other alge, with areas of Nelumbo,
Nymphea, Vallisneria, and Potamogeton. Through this
mass of vegetation the clear water of the lake slowly
moves towards the river, reinforced by the constant in-
flow.

Station C is located near the outlet of the lake, the
shores here being near together and sheltered. The east
bank is sandy, with a muddy coating over the part
which is exposed at low water, while the west shore
is of black mud grown over with willow trees and over-
flowed in moderately high water. The water on both
sides is thickly filled in summer with alge and other
aquatic plants. Here during the first season our cabin-
boat was located, giving us a greater opportunity to
make observations at this station than at some of the
others, to which fact is due a slight preponderance of
data from this place.

At the opening of the second season (1895) another
point, Station L, was selected in Dogfish Lake, a branch
of Quiver Lake on the west, also matted with vegetation
but without flow of spring water.

Near Station C, in the river itself, is Station E, a
gently sloping muddy shore with but little vegetation;
and in a weedier but more exposed position at the side
of the broad expansion of the river known as Havana
Lake, is Station D.

In the narrower and more rapid part of the river
below the city is Station H, with steeper shores, sandy
and gravelly on the east and muddy on the west.

Between Havana Lake and the margin of the sand
plain at the east is a low bare island, separated from

Entomology of the Lliinois River. 153

the sand by a small grassy and weedy slough, sparsely
grown with willows, through which the escaping spring
water makes its way to the river. This peculiar slough
is known as Station I.

The three remaining stations are on the west side of
the river, in lakes which have no noticeable inflow of
percolating water: Phelps Lake, temporary in nature,
now open water, now dry, communicating with the river
only at rather high water, gives us Station F; Thomp-
son’s Lake, large and permanent, with almost constant
river communication, mostly open water, affords us
Station G; and Flag Lake, a broad swampy expanse,
widely margined with club-rush (Scirpus), and with a line
of open ponds, is studied as Station K.

The location of the different stations and their char-
acteristics at ordinary stages of water may be summa-
rized as follows:

A. Junction of Quiver Creek and Quiver Lake; shallow,
mud and sand, grass and floating vegetation, variable,

B. Wet springy shore of Quiver Lake; sand and mud,
grass and coating of alge.

C. Near foot of Quiver Lake; shores moderately slop-
ing and sheltered, the eastern sand and mud, the west-
ern mud, low, and wooded; water clear, with dense aquatic
vegetation, having little or no current in ordinary stages.

L. Dogfish Lake; arm of Quiver Lake, shallow, very
gently sloping, mud, much floating vegetation, dead
water.

E. River near Station C, somewhat narrow but deep
at middle; margin rather shallow, soft mud,little vege-
tation, current slight, bank wooded.

D. Exposed shore of Havana Lake (a broader part
of river); moderately sloping, mud, considerable grass
and aquatic vegetation, very little current, not wood-
ed.

H. River below Havana, narrow, east bank steep and
sandy, a layer of mud over sand at lower levels, water

154 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

quickly deepening, considerable current, a little vegeta-
tion, west bank of mud, low and wooded, steeply slop-
ing, water almost without vegetation, decided current.

I. Bed of the ‘Slough,’ with grass, rushes, and wil-
lows, and a very shallow stream of spring water when
river is low.

F. Phelps Lake; very shallow, often entirely dry
mud, almost no vegetation, dead water, shores densely
wooded.

G. Thompson’s Lake; exposed sandy shore, moder-
ately sloping, grass and considerable aquatic vegeta-
tion, bottom of lake muddy, dead water.

K. Flag Lake; shallow, muddy, bordered with rushes,
thick with floating vegetation.

LIFE AT THE DIFFERENT STATIONS.

It is not too sweeping a statement to say that the
full lists for each station of every species observed there
during the year do not conspicuously differ. On the
other hand, variations in relative abundance of the
forms at each station and of the total life at each,
with the presence or absence of some prominent species
or group of species, impart an individuality to each
station. These lists are unusually large, and I have at
hand a much greater variety and number of species than
a single locality will usually furnish. It will be best
therefore to point out merely the leading differences, with
special reference to the forms herein reported upon,
leaving the full treatment of the subject until the
material collected has been more fully studied.

Evidently the main requisites of insect life are food and
protection from enemies. An abundant growth of
aquatic vegetation, therefore, supports a large number
and variety of insects; those which find in it food and
shelter, as do many Diptera and the case-flies, and
those which prey upon the plant-feeding forms and upon
each other while sheltered from vertebrate enemies. The

Entomology of the Illinois River. 155

stations in Quiver, Dogfish, and Thompson’s lakes (A,
B, C, L, and G), and D, in the broader part of the
river, are situations of the above description.

Station A has no definite shore, but because of its
shallowness exhibited many features of shore life, and
varied greatly as the real mouth of the creek shifted up
and down with the changes in the height of the river.
Aquatic caterpillars found food here, and horse-fly and
crane-fly larve lived in the mud; certain case-flies were
more common because of the running water; soldier-fly
larve (Stratiomyiide), well protected by their tough
skin, found appropriate food; and predaceous bugs and
beetle larvee also abounded. Surface-beetles (Gyrinide)
were seen only now and then as single examples, and the
larger surface-bugs or water-striders (Hydrobatide) were
never very numerous, though the smaller ones (Veliidz)
were often seen on the floating vegetation in immense
numbers. Water-beetles, except the haliplids, were as a
rule comparatively few, seeming to prefer grassy margins
and sticks and logs. Chironomid larve were abundant
in the vegetation and the mud of the bottom. Top-
minnows were seen gliding about in the little clear spaces;
leeches and mollusks were plentiful.

At Station C the life was quite similar to the above,
but the muddy west shore, often flooded and washed bare
by the river, seemed inhospitable to shore-loving forms,
beetles and dipterous larve of this class being noticeably
few, although small surface-bugs, stratiomyiid larve
and aquatic caterpillars were common in the abundant
vegetable growth. The neuropteroid forms were here
unusually abundant.

The shore of Thompson’s Lake at Station G, although
exposed, was protected during the summer by a belt of
algze and ‘‘moss” (Ceratophyllum etc.) and differed from
the west side of C in its sandy shore, favorable to the
development of dipterous larve generally, horse-fly larvee
and Stratiomyiidae often abounding in the rubbish

156 Jllinots State Laboratory of Natural History.

washed upon the shores at times of higher water. The
definite grassy margins also favored water-beetle life, as
was the case at Station D, which became very similar to
the west shore of C as the river fell and the current
nearly disappeared.

Station B and the east shore of Station C, also
belonging to this group, located on the east shore of
Quiver Lake, introduce a new element—the belt of satu-
rated sandy shore, uniform in temperature, coated with
algal growth, and teeming with life, including vast num-
bers of Asellus and Gammarus and an abundance of
dipterous larvee. Leeches and spring-tails (Podura and
Isotoma) were unusually common.

At the upper station, B, the surfaces of bare reeking
mud were inhabited by soldier-fly larvee of the genus
Stratiomyia. The little hollows produced here by the
tramping of cattle quickly filled with water, and in these
hollows, as well as in similar protected depressions along
margins everywhere, the mosquito larvee were noticeably
abundant in due season, occurring also less commonly
in open pockets in thick floating vegetation. Lack of a
suitable food plant prevented the occurrence of aquatic
caterpillars.

Station E is like the west shore of C, except that a
great reduction in the quantity of vegetable life cor-
respondingly reduces the number of the more delicate
shallow-water forms. There is a considerable amount
of sticks and rubbish, and the harder-shelled water-
beetles and water-bugs are therefore more numerous.
Gyrinidae in small schools also appeared.

The most aberrant station of all, Phelps Lake,
the bottom of which was almost as bare as a floor, was
apparently equally destitute of life. Close search, however,
revealed abundant Coriside in the deeper water; Berosus
and other small water-beetles in the shallows hiding under
fallen leaves; Notonecta about a fallen branch in the
water; and Heteroceride swarming over the mud at the
margin, in their tiny mole-like burrows.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 157

FOOD RELATIONS OF THE GROUPS TREATED.

The plant-feeding aquatic caterpillars seemed to occur
wherever their food plants grew. They are pretty well
protected by their habits of concealment in cases or
between leaves, the Hydrocampa apparently being kept
in check largely by its hymenopterous parasite.

The sand-wasps (Bembecide) and the spider-wasps
(Pompilide) were frequently seen flying about. The
former provision their nests with flies; the latter
with spiders, which are themselves predaceous and abund-
ant along wet shores. The effect of the sand-wasps on
aquatic Diptera is presumably injurious, and that of
the spider-wasps beneficial.

The larve of soldier-flies (Stratiomyiide) herein
treated seem to feed on minute plant life, Odontomyia
as a rule taking that on aquatic vegetation, and Strat-
iomyia that on wet muddy surfaces. Their tough skin
efficiently protects these species from insect enemies, in
both larval and pupal stages, and it is probable that
like the Hydrocampa, they also are kept in check
largely by their hymenopterous parasites (Smicra).
Megilla maculata, a coccinellid beetle, has been observed
feeding on the eggs. I do not know of their being eaten
by fishes.

The larve of horse-flies (Tabanidzw), except possibly
the little Chrysops larve, are active and rapacious,
They apparently do not attack operculate univalves,
but are known to eat those in which the opening of
the shell is not protected by an operculum. I have net
noticed, however, that they have any preference for
these. They did not attack the blue earthworm (Spor-
ganophilus eisent)—so abundant in their usual habitat: —
when placed in confinement with them. Breeding-cace
experiments lead me to think that their chief food is
soft larve. They are usually found in the light or
sandy substance of wet shores. Although crane-flies
(Tipulidz) oviposit freely in such places, their larvae

158 Ttlinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

never become excessively abundant, being probably
a@ prominent element in the food of the horse-fly larve.
The latter, when washed out of their positions in the
soft bottom of shallow waters or in the sand of the
margins, float exposed upon the water and become an
easy prey to fishes. A very efficient check on their in-
crease is the hymenopterous ege parasite, which often
destroys a large percentage of the eggs in an egg mass.

The aquatic crane-fly larve (Tipulidee) feed as a rule
on minute alge and the like, but one species observed
is in all probability predaceous. Their probable relation
to the horse-fly larvee has just been mentioned. I have
not observed any hymenopterous parasites upon them.
Predaceous Coleoptera and their larve are often asso-
ciated with them and other small dipterous larve on
wet shores.

The food of the larve treated under the name Leptide,
I am unable to discuss at present. A careful study of
stomach contents is of course necessary before the food
relations of the above forms can be definitely and fully
described.

METHODS.

Collecting.—Insects in vegetation and on or in the
bottom were taken by means of a dip-net—a net of
about equal depth and width attached to a strong semi-
circular ring firmly fixed to a long handle, the straight
side of the ring being opposite the point of attachment,
(See Plate XV.) For the larger and more active forms, a
coarser net of minnow netting was used, and for smaller
forms, one made of bobbinet proved most durable and sat-
isfactory. To collect from the mud of the bottom, the wa-
ter immediately overit was violently stirred and then swept
with the net. The surface layer of mud,was also scooped
up in the fine dip-net and then allowed to wash through,
leaving the coarser contents in the net. In a similar
way, insects on the bottom in deep water were secured
by using a dredge, and washing its contents through

Entomology of the Illinois River. 159

@ series of net sieves. The aquatic vegetation, when free
from mud, was violently washed in a large pan,
many smaller forms being thus dislodged and coming to
the surface. Insects occurring in open water were taken
in drawing an ordinary towing-net.

A whole world of minute insect life largely passes
through these nets, which would clog up badly were
they made of finer material, and a set of wire sieves was
therefore used, the lowest one of very fine brass wire
gauze, through which the mud or sand of the bottom
and margins was sifted, the washing in the fine sieve be-
ing diluted and examined; or the bottom of the sieve
was held slightly below. the surface in a large vessel of
clear water, and the contents gently stirred and closely
examined. These fine washings from mud or thick vege-
tation are often well worth saving in bulk. The minute
life of weedy waters may be well collected by means of a
Birge net, which is a small, deep, fine net, the opening
guarded by a coarse wire gauze cone, its apex outward,
which parts the vegetation as the net is drawn through
it. The contents are removed by unscrewing a small cap
from a short tube inserted at the narrow bottom of
the net.

Preserving.—Methods of preservation have very greatly
improved of recent years, but much remains to be done
before all kinds of material can be satisfactorily pre-
served. The best results with most larve of any size
were obtained by heating them in water, not too rap-
idly, to about 200° Fahr., and setting aside tillcool. A
small percentage of acetic acid will prevent the collapsing
of very soft larvee. The principal trouble with this method
arises from the expansion of the air within, but a slight
inflation, especially in the crane-fly larve (Tipulide),
is desirable, as it fills out the anal prominence and its
soft appendages. This method is not suitable for pupe
generally, nor for ephemerid nor perlid larve with their
flat gills. As ageneral preservative for material so pre-
pared and for other large insects. we have depended

160 ilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

chiefly upon 80% alcohol and water. Experiments with
formaline indicate that it will satisfactorily preserve
small and easily penetrated forms.

Breeding. —For merely rearing insects, the best cage
proved to be a wide-mouthed glass vessel varying in
size according to the insects to be reared. The mouth
may be covered when desirable by a piece of ‘Swiss’
or cheese cloth held in place by a rubber band. For
most work, cylindrical battery jars five or six inches in
diameter and about seven inches deep were very useful.
In these, by attending to a few simple rules, one can
rear successfully almost any kind of aquatic insects, ea-
cept such as require running water. Direct sunlight
must not fall on the vessels, as it often overheats the
water; and hard water should not be used. We repro-
duce so far as possible the natural surroundings where
the insect occurred, using material from the place where
it was found. The water need not be changed if no film
appears upon its surface and healthy animal and plant
life are present; but if a film develops and a foul odor
becomes noticeable, actively decaying organic matter is
evidently present. This should be immediately removed,
the water being frequently changed for a time. <A very
little water is often better than a large quantity, and too
much vegetation may be a disadvantage. A foothold
above water for emerging imagos is desirable. Those
forms which leave the water for pupation, such as the lar-
vee of beetles, horse-flies and some Neuroptera, (Sialide),
are transferred when full grown to clean damp sand, cov-
ered with light, fresh rubbish for shelter and moisture.
Beetle larve will often pupate under chips in such a
place; and pup in puparia may be placed on damp
sand. Pupe will often be killed by suffocation if collect-
ed in a bottle of water. Some isolated individuals should
be reared to verify results.

For keeping insects under continual observation and
in natural conditions a square box, eight inches each
way, was used, two sides and the bottom of wood, the

\

Entomology of the Illinois River. 161

other two sides of wire gauze. The upper rim is all of
wood and supports a close fitting glass cover in a wooden
frame, overhanging outwardly, so that the whole in-
terior is visible through the glass. (See Plate XV.) These
cages are so placed in the lake or river as to be about half
full of water, thus maintaining the quality of water and
the temperature natural to life occurring there.

CHARACTERS USED IN THE KEY TO ORDERS.

A typical insect larva or pupa has about a dozen
usually well-marked divisions. The first is the head, the
next three constitute the thorax, and the remainder the
abdomen. In the stratiomyiids the thoracic segments
are closely like those of the abdomen, but there is usually
a noticeable difference. In most larve the thoracic seg-
ments are readily distinguished by the pair of jointed
feet on each, and in the pupa or older nymph, by a con-
spicuous backward extension from each side of the second
thoracic segment, more or less covering a smaller pair
of similar extensions on the third, these being the two
pairs of wing-pads. The second pair is rudimentary in
the Diptera. The distinction between the larve of
groups A and B is not applicable to very young indi-
viduals, but one will easily learn to know those of the
first group, as they closely resemble the older stages,
and the inter-resemblances are quite marked in each of
its subdivisions, which are not numerous.

The spring-tails are minute wingless insects, many
of which frequent wet shores, often hopping on the
surface, but rarely discovered beneath it. The next three
orders take up air from the water, usually by flat mem-
branous gills upon the thorax, or the sides or the end
of the abdomen, or within the end of the alimentary
eanal. The terminal sete are long antenna-like tails.
The true bugs breathe air directly, those which swim
in water coming to the surface for it.

In group B the abdomen often bears beneath fleshy
jointless prominences, used as feet and called false feet.

-——

162 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

When gills are present they are usually filamentous or
thread-like and borne on the sides or back. The spiracles
or stigmata are the external openings of the internal air-
tubes or trachee.

The separation of the pupe of this group has proven
difficult. The dipterous pupa when it develops within
the old larval skin usually gets air from spiracles at the
posterior end, but the free pupa, with legs and wing-
pads visible, receives its principal air supply from the
spiracles of the first thoracic segment (prothorax).
These are usually well up on the dorsal surface, large or
prominent, and very frequently borne upon long antenna_
like prolongations. On the other hand, the prothoracic
spiracles in the remaining orders are on the sides at the
hinder edge of the segment and never very conspicuous.
The antenne of the pupa rest against the surface of
the body, but may be known by their origin on the
upper surface of the head.

KEY TO THE ORDERS OF IMMATURE AQUATIC INSECTS.

In this key extensive use has been made of the chapter
on Insects by Dr. E. Schmidt-Schwedt in ‘Die Tier- und
Pflanzenwelt des Stisswassers.”” The eggs can best be
determined at present by an examination of the various
ways in which they are deposited, as illustrated by the
figures which will be published in the course of this
work.

Nymphs (larve and pupe) similar at all ages; wing-
pads present except on very young nymphs,
wanting in Thysanura; thoracic legs always.
present and functional; no abdominal legs....A.

Larve without wing-pads; pupe with wing-pads and
with thoracic legs visible but not in use;* pupa
sometimes concealed in a hardened footless
daiwa) “skein, fee 4, ee SE, Se eretent ane B.

*The pupe of Phryganeide use their thoracic legs on Jeaving their cases for emer-
gence. Other exceptions to the characters given in these keys will probably appear as.
our knowledge increases. They can only approximate the truth at present, but may
serve as a stepping-stone to something better in the future. Although they are drawn
up for aquatic forms exclusively, it seems to me that the natural relationships of the
different orders are here very unmistakably exhibited.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 163

A. Nymphs.
With biting mouth parts.
Maxille and mandibles retracted, apices only visible;
minute semi-aquatic air breathers.
(Spring-tails) Zhysanura.
Maxille and mandibles prominent; water breathers,
usually with tracheal gills.
Abdomen with terminal sete.
Gills on thorax; sete usually two.
(Stone-flies) Plecoptera.
Gills on side of abdomen; sete usually three.
(May-flies) Ephemerida.
Abdomen without terminal sete, and with ter-
minal flat gill-plates or internal gills.
(Dragon-flies) Odonata.
With jointed beak; air breathers.
(True Bugs) Hemiptera.

B. Larve.

With jointed thoracic legs.

False legs wanting (except in a Philhydrus, which
has six pairs present); not living in a case.
Filamentous gills wanting—present but not seg-
mented in Berosus and Gyrinide, segmented in
Cnemidotus, in which the legs have but oneclaw;

abdomen usually with terminal spiracles.
(Beetles) Coleoptera.
Body withsegmented filamentous gills; no spiracles

at apex of abdomen; two claws on legs.
Neuroptera.
A pair of false legs on last segment, each with one
or two strong claws; usually in a tubular case.
(Case-flies) Zrichoptera.
Five pairs of false legs, provided at their apex with
numerous hooklets; no spiracles at apex of
abdomen. (Caterpillars) Lepidoptera.
Without jointed thoracic legs. (Flies) Diptera.

164 TJillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

B. Pupe.
Prothoracic spiracles small and lateral, or wanting.
Appendages mostly free from each other.
Pupz formed on land; without gills.
Antennal joints fewer than twelve. Coleoptera.
Antennal joints numerous, more than twelve.
Neuroptera.
Pupe formed in the water in a case; with filament-
ous gills. Trichoptera.
Appendages, head, and thorax all united.
Lepidoptera.
Prothoracic spiracles dorsal, prominently developed,
often borne at the end of antenna-like
appendages; or the pupa is concealed ir the
hardened last larval skin. Diptera.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Two groups of this order may be considered here; those
species which feed internally on aquatic plants and breathe
by spiracles, probably making no use of the air contained
in the water, although it seems that some can swim
from one plant to another when occasion requires; and
those which feed externally, being provided with means
for appropriating oxygen from the air in the water, at
least inthe earlier stages, and therefore completely aquat-
ic during a part of their life; living in cases or shelters
usually covered exteriorly with green plant tissue, and fill-
ing these cases with air during the pupal and sometimes
also during the later larval period. To the former group
belong certain Noctuide, such as Arzama and Nonagria,
and a pyralid (Pyrausta) herein treated; to the latter
group belong the members of the remarkable and inter-
esting pyralid subfamily Hydrocampine.

Entomology of the Liltinois River. 165
CHARACTERS' USED IN TABULATING AQUATIC LEPIDOPTERA.

The characters separating the Noctuidze and Pyralidze
in the following key are those developed by recent at-
tempts at a more natural classification of the Lepidop-
tera, and are of wide application in separating higher and
lower forms. The distinctive features of Cataclysta are
taken from Guenée. A piliferous tubercle is typically a
darker and slightly elevated spot, bearing one or more
stiff hairs or bristles. In a typical noctuid larva the
first and uppermost of these, as seen on one of the
middle segments of the abdomen, is on the middle fold
of the segment, subdorsal in situation; the second is
lower down, and on the posterior fold; the third is be-
neath the first but above the spiracle; the fourth is pos-
terior again; the fifth beneath the third and below the
spiracle. In the pyralids the arrangement of the fourth
and fifth is different, as shown in the key.

KEYS TO AQUATIC LEPIDOPTERA,

Larve.

Middle abdominal segments with the fourth and fifth
piliferous tubercles approximate or united.
(Pyralide. )

Ocelli five.

Body with long respiratory filaments. [Fig. 1.]
Parapony.

Body without respiratory filaments.
Elongate, moniliform. Cataclysta.
Rather thick at middle, slightly flattened, ends
tapering. [Fig. 10.] Hydrocampa.
Ocelli six. Pyrausta nelumbial’s.

Middle segments of abdomen with the fourth and fifth
piliferous tubercles distant from each other. (Noc-
tuidsx.) Nonagria, Arzama.

166 IWinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Pupe.

Seventh abdominal segment freely movable in male,
appendages sub-external, separated from internal
cavity by well-developed partitions, and breaking
away from it at time of emergence.

Developed spiracles present on segments 2-4 of
abdomen; its apex merely pointed.

Spiracles of abdominal segments 2-4 about equal
in diameter; ventral sheath surpassing sev-
enth segment. [I ig. 6.] Paraponyx.

Spiracles of second abdominal segment much

smaller than the next two pairs.
Ventral sheath long, nearly as long as abdoe
men.
? Hydrocampa icciusalis, ? Cataclysta.
Ventral sheath short, not surpassing seventh
abdominal segment. (Hydrocampa, jide
Guenée. ) Hydrocampa obliteralis.
Developed spiracles present on segments 2-7 of
abdomen, its apex flattened, with mass of recurved
chitinous filaments. Pyrausta nelumbialis.

Fifth and sixth abdominal segments freely movable,

seventh and remaining segments united in both
sexes; appendages sub-internal, with only a slight
separation from internal cavity, and not breaking
away from it at time of emergence.

Nonagria, Arzama.

No Arzama or Nonagria were collected at Havana
during the season, and further treatment of the Noctu-
idz is omitted at present.

Famity PYRALIDA.
NYMPH#ELLA.

The wings of the moths are rather long and narrow,
obtuse at apex, the primaries without transverse lines,
and more or less spotted or tessellated, the hind wings

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 167

whitish, faintly lined or dotted; ocelli wanting. The
larva is unknown to me.

NV. maculalis Clem. (dispar Grote).

These pretty moths were common about the small
lakes in northern Llinois August 4, being taken at Sand and
Fourth Lakes. They also occurred at Cedar Lake June
19 and August 11, and at Fox Lake June 22; and were
taken in Urbana July 8 and 22 at electric lights.

PARAPONYX.

The reasons for using this genus name are discussed
under Hydrocampa. The moths are of a different facies
from that genus, having narrower wings, and longstraight
dark lines on the posterior pair. The larve differ from
all other known forms of the order in being provided
with filamentous tracheal gills. Their habits are hence
completely aquatic.

It is stated that when the cocoon is formed the air
vessels of the leaf to which it is attached are tapped,
and the water in the cocoon is driven out and replaced
by air.

P. obscuralis Gr. [Fig. 1-7.]

The favorite food of the larva of P. obscuralis is the
leaf of Vallisneria spiralis, and it has also been found
upon fotamogeton nutans. The Vallisneria grows freely
at Station A, trailing in the slow currents at the mouth
of Quiver Creek, and here almost all our larvze were
found. They feed at first exposed on the leaf, but later
two or even three leaves are loosely webbed together
face to face by each larva, between which it remains con-
cealed while feeding. They are therefore hard to dis-
cover unless their hiding places are broken up by
seining or the like, when the larve may be seen swim-
ming about. In these retreats a fine but dense cocoon
may be found spun by the larva, in which the pupal
stage is passed. Full grown larve and pune were
obtained from these situations in July. In August, how-

168 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

ever, large quantities of detached cases |Fig. 2] were
found floating at the surface in the same vicinity—rough-
looking oblong or triquetral cases about an inch long,
formed by severing in a ragged way the connections of
the larval retreat at either end. In these were pupe
and good-sized larve, and it must be the usual habit
of this species to come to the surface in this manner
before pupation, and live in a detached case, like other
Hydrocampine. In single instances, pieces of the leaves
of Nelumbo and Potamogeton entered into the construction
of these cases, and a side of one case was smoothly
built up of Lemna trisulca, which was abundant there at
that time. These cases were seen also in smaller numbers
in September and October, at the same place. The ima-
gos were quite generally distributed and abundant
along the lake and river shores in June, July, and the
first part of August—an earlier period than that of
LHydrocampa obliteralis, which was still common in Sep-
tember, while the present species was not noticed after
August 24. In the breeding-cages they emerged July 18
and 26 and August 1. They have also been taken in Ur-
bana at electric light August 18 and 19. Young larve,
doubtless of the new brood, were seen on the Vallisneria
July 28 in great abundance, and it is probable that
the species hibernates in the larval stage, a medium-
sized example having been taken at Station A De-
cember 17.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 169

The recorded occurrences of this species at Havana
throughout the year may be tabulated as follows:

RECORD OF PARAPONYX OBSCURALIS FOR THE YEAR.”

Dates. A. | B. | CE. | C. W. | D. | E | Woy |G | B.-C. &e.
June 1... Sercaeld | th ices | I-3 | Sa endals | Brwdete | sie si | ddebae | Zante |. ATat bvleaslel ate wee
Beret Oe Potten 8 loos vnc lenestevarlicasailaces 1 [RSE ee IR wed

It Gl ce cdaacendldecs Bae! Bae did | adses to sae| scacs loc melns P, I; B.-C

Sees ies, koh oseccis E=O) Wetccsucalisesealeswccs lie oc Bele ets | octane sae seicele see

OR PA) Sate ae sic cacieliecilitseisiesqcl vecuicdicn|ccteeellesascalenadecl wastes I; B.-C

SN tl) PR Rte ee Sen seats iteral| Saintes Sal Maecel ax eeesllnaette lsacers L; B.-C
AUR: Hl wa ssddecs|concctlaseetllcclecstecaslonae Tailisteetcnats!l wraterclatel|icare swe I; B.-C.

Se PAG 1e-3, PO) |) SYST) tei. $23] eee Fe Saeed ebcckll the cl 3/15 543 48) RASA ERO Aen Re ee

+ BO Seach com | ctoroei sallittoae Soicllle ticle wots Fede eorc talteacec lex Kaa lie WICC COA AOSHOROE -

PUR Mesl cektestecelicese wes esbaleete eenidlnei BSE Ne caltdares bes I-1; Matanzas L.

|
Sept. a WE. nea esa lade codrd Sdaasescal Mondo. | aeseqdl aude Srasorl iaspeadunndr aoosccd .
Suen Aiea an Noreh at eh Mees onl bale noddatian :
Os eas 2 ar a in ee ie ema

Larva (Fig. 1-5].—Length 15-20 mm., breadth 2-2.5
mm. Whitish, slightly tinted with yellowish testaceous,
surface subopaque, covered with minute shining points
when seen under the microscope; provided with the usual
piliferous tubercles, which bear light brown hairs, and
with ten long branching filamentous respiratory append-
ages on each of the middle segments, transparent white
in color, their bases tinted with yellowish. The branches
of the anterior supra- and infrastigmals arise from the
anterior side of the main stem, while those on the

*In this and succeeding tables, the dates of recorded occurrence of the species are
given, each being followed, in the column headed by the letter of the station where
found, by the initial of the stage (E, egg; Y, young larva; L, older larva; P, pupa; I,
imago) and a number indicating its abundance (1, rare; 2, infrequent: 3, common; 4,
abundant; 5, excessively abundant). The last column is for breeding-cage results and
miscellaneous locations.

170 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

remaining gills arise from the posterior side, the branches
leaving the stem at approximately equal distances on
its basal portion, each branch being about as long as
the portion of the stem beyond their point of union
{Fig 4]. There are just one hundred of these filament-
ous gills. The head, prothorax, and terminal segment
are destitute of them, the mesothorax lacks one pair,
and the penultimate segment lacks all dué one pair; the
remaining nine segments have the full number of ten to
each segment, five on each side, which Miiller* desig-
nates as follows; an anterior and a posterior one form-
ing the suprastigmal pair, a similar infrastigmal pair,
and a pedal gill below these [Fig 5]. The number of
branches of the different filaments may be expressed by
a definite formula for each stage of larval life, notwith-
standing the fact that a slight variation from it is very
common, there being often one branch more or less in
one or all the filaments of a series. By studying a
number of individuals I endeavored to eliminate this
variation, and the branches in a full grown larva may
be tabulated accordingly as follows, the segments back
of the head being numbered consecutively:

Segments. | a. s.t

‘ond she
ofiae
lian she 4
om
Beals
rake

ne
for)
~
Ot
or

*Zool. Jahrbuch, Ab. Syst., VI., p, 626.
+a., anterior: p., posterior; s., suprastigmal; 1., infrastigmal; ped., pedal.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 171

Since the number of branches is proportionally
nearly as above in all individuals examined, it will be
sufficient in the following comparison of larve of differ-
ent ages, to state the formula for the first four abdom-
inal segments, adding also Miiller’s figures for P. stratio-
tata, a European species.

Species, Larva. BS Pe Senleeead | p. i. | ped.
Length.
1.5 mm. ing 1* oS: | r 1
3-6 mm. 1 2 | 1 | 2 | 2
a
3 7.5 mm. 2 3 | 2 | 3 | 3
5
FA
2 10-12 mm. 3 4 | 3 | 4 | 4
15 mm.t 3 5> | 3 | 4 | 5
15-20 mm. 4 6 | 4 | 5 | 6
x Second from last.} — 1 | 2 | 1 | 2
3 LEAR
)
S Next to last. 2 2 | 3 | 2 | 2
E bee
n
Last stage. 3 2 | a | 3 | 3

The head of the larva is pale, faintly mottled, Y-mark
light yellowish brown, sete long, surrounded by light
brown ring at base. Clypeus margined in front with
dark brown or blackish; labrum deeply but obtusely
emarginate; mandibles toothed, tips blackish; palpal
joints darker at apex; mentum transversely corrugated ;
basal antennal joint truncate-conic, variable in appear-
ance, second joint slender, about four times as long as
thick, with an apical seta of about equal length, and
minute terminal articles; ocelli five, with black angular
pigment spots, four in a vertical row, lower three spots
contiguous, the fifth lying behind the upper one of the
four.

* Short. + About to moult.

172 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Thoracic segments very finely granulose, darkest at
anterior margins. Thoracic suprastigmal gills rather
near together, and at the same distance from the median
line; posterior infrastigmal directly beneath the posterior
suprastigmal, the anterior infrastigmal higher up, and
close to the anterior margin of the segment. On the
abdominal segments [Fig. 5] the anterior suprastigmal
is nearer the median line than its mate, and it will be
noted that the latter has the more branches, instead of
the former, as on the thorax; the anterior infrastigmal
is lower than its mate, and more nearly in line with the
anterior suprastigmal as compared with the arrange-
ment upon the thorax; the pedal gill is on the latero-
ventral fleshy prominence just above the base of the
leg, and is wanting on the mesothorax. The ninth ab-
dominal segment bears only a single pair of gills au
the posterior margin, which appear to be the posterior
infrastigmals. The first piliferous tubercle is imme-
diately in front of the anterior suprastigmal on the tho-
rax, and just within it on the abdomen; the second and
third are in their usual places, the former not far beneath
the posterior suprastigmal. A pair of short sete, one
above the other, placed between the infrastigmals, appear
to represent the fourth and fifth tubercles, and the sixth
or seventh is immediately in front of the pedal gill, re-
placing it on the mesothorax, and bisetose on the pro-
thorax. Spiracles minute, oval, anterior ones slightly
elevated, those at middle of body in a more or less dis-
tinct yellow-brown spot, often enclosed by a darker ring.

True legs rather stout; sutures brownish; claws black-
ish, base paler, a small basal lobe; tibiz with a subapi-
cal verticil of hairs. False legs short, five pairs as usual,
first four with an oval entire circlet of hooks, the hooks
with longer bases alternating with one or two shorter
ones, the whole surrounded by a variably distinct fine
blackish ring; circlet of hooks on posterior pair diminish-
ing back of middle on each side and coming to an
end at the middle third [Fig. 3].

Entomology of the Illinois River. 173

Pupa [Fig.6,7].—Length 9-11 mm., greatest diameter
2.5 mm.; spiracle-bearing segments broadest, slightly
swollen dorsally, body with sides gently curving, and
tapering gradually towards each end; rather soft-bodied,
pale yellowish white, eyes darker; surface smooth, subo-
paque, and nearly naked. Head small, with two small de-
hiscent spike-like porrect sete on the vertex. Spiracles
of segments 2-4 of the abdomen large and conspicuous,
about equal in size, transverse diameter slightly greater
than the longitudinal, borne on rounded tubercles. Ven-
tral sheath reaching a little beyond end of seventh seg-
ment. Apex of abdomen subacute; ninth segment beneath
with a faint elevated line at middle, and a small eleva-
tion each side. Anterior margin of ninth segment con-
spicuously elevated into a broad transverse ridge, bear-
ing a row of seven sharp brownish or blackish short
longitudinal carine; ninth segment beneath with a Y-
shaped impression [Fig. 7].

P. albalis Rob.

The larva of this species is doubtless very close to that
of obscuralis, as the difference between the imagos is
slight, though constant. One of the moths was captured
Sept. 11 at Station C. They have also occurred in our
collections from the small lake region of northern Illi-
nois and southern Wisconsin; at Cedar Lake June 19;
abundant at Sand and Fourth Lakes Aug. 3 and 9;
Aug. 30 and Sept. 3 at Lake Geneva, Wis.; and at Dela.
van Lake, Wis., Sept. 5 and 6. Aug. 4 it was taken
in Urbana at electric light.

P. allionealis Walk. (plenilinealis Gr.).

This is closely related to the European P. stratiotata,
whose larva has long been well known, and which differs
from that of P. obscuralis in the lesser development of
the respiratory filaments, as was shown in treating the
latter species. Moths of allionealis occurred at electric
lights in Urbana May 29, June 7 and 29, and July 6, 7,
23, 27, appearing in numbers on the evening of June 29,

174 ilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

CHRYSENDETON.

The moths of this genus and of Cataclysta are of
similar appearance, having rather narrow wings, the
hind wings with a series of small patches of metallic
scales surrounded by a black background, near the
posterior margin. Ocelli are wanting in Cataclysta,
present in Chrysendeton. The immature stages are in
all probability much alike, and the larve aquatic.
Cataclysta has not been taken by us in Illinois.

C. claudialis Walk. (medicinalis Gr.).
This graceful moth appeared at the electric light in
Champaign June 21. Grote’s types were from Illinois.

HYDROCAMPA.

The moths ofthe three genera Hydrocampa, Oligostigma,
and Paraponyx show but slight structural differences;
the latter has however been usually maintained as
distinct because of its remarkable larval structure, the
larva of Oligostigma being hitherto unknown. In
Smith’s Check List, on the other hand, Prof. Fernald,
doubtless appreciating the undesirability of separating
these genera by means of the immature stages, at least
so long as our knowledge of them remained so glaringly
incomplete, has placed all the North American species
of these three genera under Hydrocampa, together with
some which had previously been included under Homo-
physa, among them Z. obddcteralis. Our studies show
that two very distinct types of larve are thus included:
one represented by the species previously assigned to
Homophysa and Hydrocampa; the other, by those assigned
to Oligostigma and Paraponyx. The general appear-
ance of the adults would seem to confirm this group-
ing. There seems to be a clear generic distinction pres-
ent in the immature stages,—not only in the develop-
ment of respiratory filaments, but also in the structure
of the posterior feet of the larva and the spiracles of
the pupa,—though perhaps not manifest in the imago,

Entomology of the Illinois River. 175

I have therefore restored Paraponyx, including under it,
as did Lederer,* the species of Oligostigma.

Packard has figuredt+ the transformations of what he
supposed to be ZZ. zcctusalis—a typical Hydrocampa.
We have bred all stages of HZ. obliteralis, which belongs
to the group of Hydrocampas once classed with Ho-
mophysa. There is no trace in our larva of the posterior
pits figr--d by him in zectusalis; and while the pups
seem to agree in relative size of spiracles, the ven-
tral sheath in his figure is made very long, as de-
scribed by Guenée for Cataclysta, this character seeming
to be correlated with the length of the wings in the
adult. The sketchy nature of the figures makes further
comparisons uncertain.

The wines of the Hydrocampa moths are broad or
moderately so, the hind wings crossed by a pair of wavy
lines near middle.

Hf. gyralis Hulst.

A single example was taken flying about the cabin-
boat July 19. The species had been previously taken
by us at electric lights near the University June 17 and
Aug. 24, 1886. The three examples thus collected ara
all males, as were also Mr. Hulst’s types. We have in
our collection also two undetermined Hydrocampas,
both females, which, although differing greatly in general
appearance from the preceding. and somewhat larger, are
in all probability the other sex of this species, as the
pattern is essentially the same, and the hind wings
scarcely differ at all. The white lines of the fore wings,
however, so sharply distinct in the males, are here
obscured by a tawny yellowish suffusion, and the dark
shades are indefinitely outlined. These also are from
electric light collections made near the University in
1886, on May 28 and Aug. 23 of that year.

* Wien. Ent, Monatschr,, VII., p. 452.
+Am. Nat. 1884, p, 824.

176 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

H. ekthlipsis Gr.
Taken by us but once, July 5, at an electric light in
Champaign. ;

H. icciusalis Walk. (genuinalis Led., formosalis Clem.).

Although the moth of this species is the most common
hydrocampid about the University, it was not seen at
all at Havana. The probable differences between the
immature forms of this and the next species have al-
ready been mentioned.

We have found the imago at electric light in Urbana
May 19, 31; June 3, 15, 26; July 5, 6, 7, 20, 21, 28;
Aug. 2, 17, 24; and at Lake Geneva, Wis., on Sept. 3.

HT. obliteralis Walk. (proprialis Fern.).

The favorite home of this species is among the float-
ing leaves of Potamogeton nutans, which often thickly
cover the surface of quiet water in large patches. The
amber-colored eggs [Fig. 8,9] were first noted June 1,
and are laid in a long band just within the margin, on
the lower surface, of some broad floating leaf, usually
that of P. nutans. They are closely placed in a single
layer, in rows running parallel to the margin, the band
being about 3 mm. wide and including usually five or six
rows of eggs, the members of each row alternating with
those of the adjacent rows honeycomb-fashion. Their
long axes point to the margin of the leaf, and each egg
slightly overlaps those adjoining it on the inner side,
showing that the moth probably rests at the edge of
the leaf above and extends her ovipositor beneath it.
The band is usually an inch or two long. One leaf of
P. nutans in our collection, over three inches long, is en-
tirely margined with eggs, except a short interruption
at the side and another at the extreme base of the -
leaf. These egg bands were common in July, and a
few were seen in August.

Larve were obtained from them in the breeding-cage
July 18. The next day they had cut out minute oval
disks from the leaf, and webbed these to its lower sur

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 177

face, secreting themselves in the retreat thus formed,
and feeding upon the substance of the leaf. When a
little older, the larva cuts loose the portion of leaf
surface to which it has attached its shelter, and is
thereafter found traveling about like a case-worm in a
lens-shaped case, formed of two irregularly oval convex
pieces of green leaf attached at their sides and open at
the ends. In the larger cases made by older larve the
posterior end is narrowed, giving the case an ovate
shape, or is even provided with a projecting median
lobe, like the neck of a bottle, in which rests the pos-
terior end of the larva [Fig. 11]. A case found by us
in September had one side made of the fronds of Lemna
trisulca, and another was entirely formed of these little
fronds. The pupal case is similar to that of the larva,
but is smaller, oval, and more convex, and the edges
are apparently strongly webbed together throughout,
though the anterior end is easily parted, revealing an
oval cavity with closely woven silken walls. When quite
young, the larva is submerged and water-breathing, but
soon fills its case with air and breathes it directly. In
this respect it differs from Paraponyx, which remains
submerged throughout its larval life.

The larve [Fig. 10] were common in July and mostly
reached the pupal stage during the first part of August,
those seen towards the last of this month being fewer
in number and mostly full grown. They continued to
appear, however, and still occurred in the collections
made in October. The presence of more young larve
than usual was noted Sept. 20, and a young example
taken in Flag Lake Mar. 23 seems to be of this species.
A few imagos were seen at the time the first egos were
collected, and they continued to increase in numbers,
becoming most abundant in August and September,
when they were quite common on plants over water and
often settled abundantly upon the sides of our row-
boats. A few were seen in October. They emerged in

178 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

the breeding-cage Aug. 8-10, having passed through the
pupal stage very quickly. Examples of the moth have
also been tke in southern Illinois, at Cobden, June 12,
and one appeared at the electric light in Urbana Sept. 4.

RECORD OF HYDROCAMPA OBLITERALIS FOR THE YEAR.*

Dates A | p. [on] o.w.| | E |=] >| B.-C. &e.
May i Weldiaiesis seme | Pewes | L-1 | sie eionane | Kegendnn | mintioe tlh ssiaigasie seen Shaineeaaate
Nl ted Tela Lae | JOP se) Se rr a Lp a
June J NAopoonoridoc | Steisisie's | aeieielen | dseceests | notseiada | Polenie’ Bake E4&I-1; Dogfish Lake
eee eee es eee
July OQ} HaBi THs, Tile soss. | less «i]'oa sence sifiee cles ecie|leciiciel|iecciellloele\s| decisis sieisledanaanioe est
<< 10 eee eee eee leo eees eee ses eeeeeeerieseseseeesiseeeesieese E eevee seeeeeeeeeee eeee
BBY CRIS |e pata aiclotcte | Sole satel clote io eselfletelel dtelste/aifialeie\eja'e/sis)| ainjetere'ei| Inlet dll elele)s E & L; B.-C
as TPR deaoocogD| |sdecen ddcace Tin B) il sisic'c ciete'e lIeeselele «|| oforacnsl b's 'ais | vroelaiete a'e’sisleaiaituiatataleint
SoD pO eeipte etolaieteieicte|| i> vies tell eicteinierell sie sila siete 1 WA a | loatel pans becorcoar sc saee censor
m4 23 L-1 eeceselecscce [ee eeveeeleeessssri[eoeses (sees! sees ooeseseeeeesessese eeee
SUE STIR EOS eeae b
Aug Yee ee Se R | edcel bacode oeosdosalosodbesdlloodacellosnal lente I; B.-C
Of COIS IS a at ee oad adlonilsoddoonalladaossildeen| base I; B.-C
ciclatt aA O | etavetaratatovalsrete/’i|ieiaiereiet| | steretaiste SEI eratstataietarel orereretete]| elsiata| (sletate P&I; B.-C
Un 14 pee eeeeeseseleeeserisesser| tees et iseeeeeeeiseseesi sense L CCOCeeeaeseeeeee eee
bs 16 5 OES oat Pare sede | a eae | bear era sae So6l boeineal onda) oaad Soadaddscidciongcacc rr
Mee HHO | erenietciec aisie.s||cicleaisr ll aneteresl| neteieielaieye Li-Po 1B) och ccllcctel ececleccecscccbicsuanameanee
JO resid ss dla nid iNegeedl |Gounnbon| landcoded||sucono||[boo0) |edac I-1; Matanzas L
OO Balague Gonood||oatincdl Iaogdan Waa? HE tse Fe cil sre c'e cell lao sei] Bo ais | sla raietetefoc/ocetulerotateinteteleielate
a
Sept: bol Ol sei iepremisrae «i [eiceiag c| neo ciel sinee siete |losieieeiee« T=2 {| cassiells dies listens cenit ta aie:
se 14| L-2, I-3 Tih] cys Beira atetefare,cteoil tote votetereteyel|/s/ere wists) |iuierm si]iats ehull’slejess eiafa(aveysiatahetataistat staan
peut oO lates eres teietsteisiail niassjepeinilister cae cf Vi M5 Dia) ie ossuaje a'lla'eaveie s||'e a 0jlievelatell ale/e,osbigiate re pratviere ee rere re
TEN REE aeoonDp Ad sGdope TB 1s, cissetace7ers|| sibie.0 6isTais | oferasstetell\s\s acyl evoyecs'| lain ccaipecs ara Riera Ghatetetete teem
Oct. u| Sisieinistele(ersiele’s | doacde | T-1 |L & I-2)........ | walsaeall sores je aie oiclnie,c(ele eata\mteinetaretsiaetes

Parasites. Indications di parasitism were sometimes:
noted, and a small parasitic hymenopteron, determined
as Cryptus cyaneiventris Riley MS., by Mr. W. H. Ash-
mead, was constantly present in August about the spot

* See foot-note p, 169.

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 179

where the largest numbers of the Hydrocampa occurred,
flitting about in an investigating way over the floating
leaves, often disappearing in the water beneath the
edge of one and soon reappearing at some other point
of its margin and flying to another. This Cryptus has,
in fact, been previously bred in Florida, March 26, from
a Hydrocampa on water lily, supposed to be odliteralis.*

Fog (Fig. 8, 9].—Length 6 mm., width 4 mm. Oval,
amber-colored, flattened, one surface broadly gummed to
the leaf, the other finely longitudinally wrinkled, a longi-
tudinal elevated ridgeat middle. Described from examples
laid in a band on the under side of a floating leaf of
Potamogeton nutans, near and parallel to its margin.

Larva, first stage.—This does not differ markedly in sur_
face, structures, or color, from the mature larva; the sete
are more conspicuous, especially posteriorly, and the
ocelli are closely approximate, the lower three in a solid
oblong black dash, with the other two just above.

Larva, mature [Fig. 10—-12].—Length 13-14 mm., width
2mm. Fusiform subcylindrical, slightly depressed, broad-
est at middle, uniform dirty whitish. Surface subopaque,
microscopically granulate or scabrous, more noticeably
so on the anterior part of the thorax.

Head rather small, light brownish yellow; Y-mark
narrowly darker, bordered each side with whitish; a
lateral brown stripe from base of head nearly to ocelli;
labrum deeply and rather acutely emarginate at middle;
mandibles sharply toothed; sutures beneath more or
less darker; first antennal joint truncate-conic, whitish,
second slender, very pale yellowish, tipped with a seta
and three minute articles, the middle one of which is
deeply cleft; ocelli five, four in a slight curve just back
of base of antenna, the middle ones contiguous, their
pigment spots large and confluent, the upper one
smaller and more isolated, behind it and similar to it,
the fifth one.

*“Bred Parasitic Hymenoptera in the Collection of the U. S. National Museumm.”
Insect Life, Vol. III., p. 154,

180 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Cervical shield semicircular, anterior margin straight
and distinct, median lines usually narrowly but sharply
whitish. Piliferous tubercles of thorax indicated by dark
ring about base of hair; those of abdomen very indis-
tinct. Spiracles of anterior abdominal segments more
distinct, remaining ones minute and inconspicuous.
Ninth abdominal segment with hind margin above
broadly retuse, tenth feebly impressed above at middle.

True legs stout and very broad, claws small, with
blackish tip and basal lobe; posterior pair rather distant,
three or four times as far apart as the middle pair.
False feet very short, with the hook-bearing area very
narrow and inconspicuous, with two rows of light colored
hooks; last pair with merely a straight band of hooks
[Fig. 12].

Pupa.—Length 6-8 mm., breadth about 2 mm., rather
rapidly narrowed behind; smooth, pale yellowish, wings
and head darkening. Head with two small dehiscent
black spike-like porrect setee on the vertex. Spiracles
of segments 2-4, round, elevated, reddish brown, with a
pale center, and surrounded by a blackish ring; very
large, the anterior pair much smaller. Ventral sheath
reaching the seventh abdominal segment; ninth with a
sharp tooth each side above lateral margin; last two
segments grooved and impressed below.

H. peremptalis Gr.

Examples of the imago have been taken by us at
Savanna, Ill., in the immediate vicinity of the Mississippi
River, at lights and sugar, July 20-27.

PYRAUSTA.
P. nelumbialis Smith.*

* Additional information concerning this species has been recently secured, and I
take advantage of an opportunity to include it here. .

In the latter part of August, the larve were common upon Nelumbo near Station
G. The younger larve were feeding upon the upper surface of the leaves, especially
near their margins, beneath a slight web. The older larve were mostly hidden in a
short burrow just large enough to contain them, excavated within the upper end of the
leaf stem; the opening of the burrow, in the center of the upper side of the leaf, being

Entomology of the Illinois River. 181

A larva about an inch long, with dark piliferous spots,
was found Aug. 11 in Quiver Lake, boring in the large
receptacles of Welumbo lutea, the burrow ending at the
side of the receptacle in a circular opening 3 or 4 mm.
in diameter, about which some frass was adhering.
Aug. 29 the larva was found to have deserted its bur-
row and spun a white cocoon in one of the upper cor-
ners of its breeding-cage. The imago emerged Sept. 8,
and is identical with those described by Prof. J. B.Smith,*
under the name nelwmbialis, having been reared from the
Egyptian lotus, at Bordentown, N. J. The descriptions
here given were prepared before I was aware of Prof.
Smith’s article, which contains biological details and
descriptions of larva and imago, with figures of each.

surrounded by excrementitious matter. Others had burrowed into the receptacle, often
hollowing out the interior of the nut-like fruit imbedded in it. One burrow was
noted in a young bud.

The cocoon was sometimes formed in the receptacle, firmly webbed to the walls of
the burrow, but more usually in the short burrow in the leaf stem, the opening closed
by a thick ivory-white lid. Several pupze were found. The terminal chitinous tuft
above mentioned is easily broken off in removing them from the cocoon.

One imago appeared August 18, and another on the 26th, both clearly of the above
species.

The smal] white cocoons of a braconid parasite were frequently noted within the
webs of the younger larve, from which an imago parasite was secured on August 20;
and on the 22d a secondary parasite, one of the Chalcidide, came out through a smal]
round hole inthe side of one of the braconid cocoons. One of the cocoons of the Py-
Tausta was found packed with smali parasitic cocoons.

La: va.—Length 25 mm.; diameter3 mm. Subcylindrical, thickest near middle,
tapering gently towards each end; above grayish, paler in the sutures, beneath white,
Head pale testaceous, marked with chestnut-brown; labrum and second antennal joint
brownish, clypeus and first antennal joint whitish; middle triangle brownish anteri-
orly, paler posteriorly; lateral plates margined with brownish adjoining middle trian-
gle, and mottled with dark brown; ocelli bordered with blackish, a mottled band
extending back from them, beneath it a blackish basal spot;enear the middle line
above, a broader pale stripe each side, the two converging anteriorly, and ending near
the posterior angle of the middle triangle; a broad pale space each side in front, sepa-
tated from the end of the pale stripe by a dark spot. Cervical shield pale brownish
gray, nearly semicircular, hind margin dark, sharply interrupted at middle; a more or
less double dark spot, and a row of three irregular clusters each side of the pale median
stripe. Piliferous tubercles pale to dark brownish gray, margined with whitish, the
thoracic darkest; the posterior pair on each abdominal segment quite small; sete
brownish. Anal plate darker medially. False feet with a black apical dot and a cir-
cular ring of small black-tipped teeth, the ring broader inwardly, narrower and inter-
rupted outwardly; last pair with a lunate band of teeth, and a scabrous surface between
their bases.

*Ent. Amer. Y,, 6, p. 83,

182 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

The other imagos in our collection were taken at electric
lights in Urbana May 19 to Aug. 6, with the exception
of a single well-marked example, bred July 21 from a
larva which was found near the University July 9, boring
in the stems of Polygonum incarnatum. There is no Ne-
lumbo near Urbana. The moths taken at lights were
all more or Jess worn when captured.

Larva.—The cast skin shows that the larva had six
ocelli on a side, three ina vertical row behind the antenna,
the adjoining surface slightly darker, one above these but
a little further back, one directly behind it, and one
directly behind the lowermost, all equidistant; apex of
mandibles nearly truncate, with five nearly equal blunt
teeth; skin minutely granulate; spiracles surrounded by
prominent brownish rings; claws lobed at base.

Cocoon.—This is grayish white, densely woven and
papery, thickly covered without with small woody par-
ticles firmly attached to it, propeply gnawed from the
Side of the breeding-cage.

_Pupa (described from cast skin of female).—Length
12 mm., greatest diameter nearly 3 mm. Subcylindrical,
‘tapering posteriorly from fourth abdominal segment;
entire surface very minutely scabrous and subopaque,
finely transversely wrinkled except on the wing-pads and
apical part of abdomen. Head rounded in front, wing-
pads extending about to apex of fourth segment, hind
wings narrowly visible on dorsum from their bases to
the third abdominal segment. Segments 2-4 of the ab-
domen are one half longer than segments 1 and 5-7,
and segments 8 to 10 somewhat shorter than the
latter; segments 5 and 6 are free. A row of four dark
minute shining piliferous spots, each with a fine yellow-
ish hair, extends across each segment anteriorly, the
outer ones just above the spiracles. Spiracles of second
and third abdominal segments large and transversely
oval, surrounded by a sharp raised margin; those om

Entomology of the Illinois River. 183

segments 4-7 similar but smaller; that on segment 8
closed up, forming a rounded tubercle. Last segment
darker and rougher, flattened, about as broad as long,
shield-shaped, with a broad truncate apex;-base more
convex above; sides with a sharp margin, rather nar-
rowly deflexed; beneath, it is longitudinally sulcate each
side; at its apex is a bundle of thick chitinous fila-
ments, whose tips are curled up outwardly and which
enable the pupa to attach itself firmly to the silk of the
cocoon.

Imago.—Ochre-brown to ochre-buff, abdomen and hind
wings paler. Ocelli present; maxillary palpi porrect; eye
bordered above with white scales. Fore wings moderately
narrow and slightly rounded at tip, not pointed; lines
obscure, but not obliterated as in penztalis. Anterior
transverse line waved, crossing wing at basal third; a
dark point in the cell; exterior to this a small pale spot
bordered outwardly by a distinct short transverse
dash; a brown shade across the end of the cell; posterior
transverse line nearly parallel to outer margin, angula-
ted on the veins, very deeply but narrowly indented on
vein VII,*, and about half as much on vein IX; bordered
with paler ochre within at middle; the space between this
line and the outer edge also somewhat paler, through .
the middle of which runs the obscure zigzag subterminal
line, more or less broken up into chevron-shaped marks.
Terminal line nearly or quite wanting. Hind wings pale
whitish or yellowish ochre, a brown discal dot, often
indistinct, and at the distal third a short transverse
fuscous arc, present in all the specimens; a fine wavy
marginal line often present. Beneath whitish with o-
chrey tint, the dorsal markings vaguely repeated in light
brownish, except on posterior part of fore wings. Body
beneath, and middle and hind legs white. Unusually
variable in size; expanse 22-35 mm., body 10-15 mm.

* Comstock’s nomenclature. (Manual for the Study of Insects.’’)

184 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

DIPTERA.

From an aquatic point of view, the immature Diptera
divide according to their habits into three great groups.
The first is the perfectly aquatic Orthorhapha—the
Micro-orthorhapha, we may say. This group is represent-
ed by such typical families as Culicide, Chironomide,
Simuliide, and Blepharoceride. It contains genera rich
in species and individuals and constitutes one of the most
prominent features of the aquatic fauna. The larve
are provided with a well-developed head, are usually
fully aquatic, and subsist, as a rule, on minute organic
objects. The second group includes the remaining Ortho-
rhapha, such as the nematocerous families Tipulide and
Psychodide and the brachycerous Stratiomyiide and
Tabanide. A large part of the larve of this group are
semiaquatic, crawlers rather than swimmers, most at
_homein or upon wet shores of mud or sand, amongst mar-
ginal vegetation, or burrowing in the mud of the bottom,
finding in these situations a varied diet. When in open
water they float at the surface and are apparently out
of their element. The head is chitinous, usually incom-
plete, not including the brain, and more or less immersed
in the prothorax. The third and last group is the great
army of cyclorhaphous Diptera, of which a very consider-
able number of scattered forms are more or less perfectly
at home in the water or in wet places. Their food is
usually decaying animal or vegetable matter. The head
is incomplete, and membranous above. The families here
treated are those which contain the larger forms of the
second group.

Entomology of the lilinois River. 185

In the following keys | have freely used the valuable
generalizations of Dr. Brauer,* modified by the studies
of the wing of the imago recently published by Professor
J. H. Comstock.+

KEYS TO AQUATIC FAMILIES OF DIPTERA.

Characters used.—Orthorhaphous larve show a great
diversity of external appearance and structure, (due to
their environment,) which masks their true affinities; and
therefore a key based, as the present one is, on the more
evident characters, must be more or less artificial.

The true legs of the dipterous larva having disap-
peared, they are replaced as occasion requires by vari-
ously developed false feet on the prothorax or on the
anterior or posterior abdominal segments. The head may
be perfectly developed as in other orders [Fig. 16], or it
may be imperfect in structure [Fig. 51], not including
the brain ganglia, and strongly retracted into the
thorax, as in all the families herein reported on except
the Ptychopteride. Respiration may take place by
tracheal gills, usually filamentous or branching; or
through the skin; or the insect may take in air at the
surface through posterior terminal [Fig. 15] or anterior
thoracic [Fig.19] spiracles. These are often elevated or
variously fringed in order that connection with the air
may be readily secured and maintained, and are usually
chitinous and finely sculptured.

The pupa may be soft and enclosed in the last larval
skin, which becomes hard and usually barrel-shaped; or
it may be exposed and hard-shelled, with the appen-
dages visible, resembling a lepidopterous pupa, but
distinguished by the development of the thoracic spira-
cles. The feet are folded beneath, the tarsi pointing
backwards and in contact along the middle line beneath;
the anterior and middle pairs each individually in con-

*“Die Zweiflugler des Kaiserl. Museums zu Wien.”
+“Manual for the Study of Insects,” pp. 413-489.

186 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

tact, or one or both of these separated by the hind
tarsi, making a group of four to six tarsi in contact
side by side.

Head chitinous, either imperfectly or fully developed.
Pupa exposed, or concealed in the last larval skin.
The latter opens for the emergence of the pupa or
imago by a longitudinal dorsal split, enlarged by
transverse splitting so as to form a T or I-shaped
OPM MAO AL Scie eeceiscacetecteceushpersacteee enters Orthorhapha.

Head feebly differentiated, membranous above; body
generally twelve-jointed, with only posterior or with
anterior and posterior stigmata. Pupa concealed in
the indurated subcylindrical last larval skin, which
opens for the escape of the imago at the anterior end,
either by a horizontal split over the mouth extending
back to the fifth segment, or by a vertical entire or par
tial encircling split also, so that the anterior end, or
only its upper half, comes off like a cap.. Cyclorhapha.

Orthorhapha—Larve.

Mandibles opposed, with biting horizontal movement.

[Fig. 16.] (Wematocera.)

Body ending in a chitinous respiratory tube; no false
feet on prothorax. (Moth Flies.)........ Psychodida.

Posterior respiratory tube, when present, not chi-
tinous.

Head incomplete, small, retractile, not containing
nerve ganglia; body segments twelve, abdom-
inals in part often divided by a pseudo-suture
into two divisions; posterior stigmata usually
protected by fleshy teeth. [Fig. 24.] (Crane-
POS, Vict ce avas'es gba aeeacmeteer ecu aendet eaag eeetaces te Tipulide.

Head fully developed, not retractile, containing the
first ganglia. [Iig. 16.]

Last segments drawn out into a very long mem-
branous respiratory tube; false feet on some of
the anterior abdominals.............. Ptychoptertde.

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 187

Respiratory tube wanting or rather short.

A row of ventral suckers and of lateral tracheal
gills; body onisciform (sow-bug-shaped) and hard-
shelled ; living in running water.. Blepharoceridea.

No such rows of suckers and gills, body elongate,

soft.

Larva moderately slender, with false feet on
some of the anterior abdominals; swim-
ming ina U-shape. (Dixa Midges.)..Diaxida.

No false feet on anterior abdominals.

Body without false feet.

Body not very elongate and worm-like; tho-
rax thickened, its segments more or less
connate; last segment with a longitudinal
fan of swimming hairs beneath, and often
a short respiratory tube above. (Mosqui-
MOSH esa cek Meech eee renee ea Culicide.

Body very slender and cylindrical.

Last segment with two fleshy points.
(False Crane-flies. )..............664. Rhyphide.
Last segment tapering, entire, with some-
times a circular fringe of hair around
posterior tip.
Chironomide ( Ceratopogon).
Body with false feet.

False feet on prothorax and on last seg-
ment; body subcyiindrical. (Midges or
Gnatisy) adoalieanais caloysccitn Chironomide.

A single median false foot on prothorax;
abdomen much broader posteriorly, foot-
less, with a terminal sucking disk; head
with a pair of fan-like organs. (Buffalo
Gnats or Black Flies.).............. Simuliide.

Mandibles parallel, their motion vertical or obliquely in-
wards. [Fig. 51.] (Brachycera.)
Posterior stigmata very approximate, placed within a
terminal stigmatal cleft.
Stigmatal cleft vertical, head retractile. [Fig. 50.]
1) SVE GSYCS INTE PACMAN AiG GaN SETS ana nin aL Tabanide.

188 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Stigmatal cleft transverse, head not retractile. [Fig-
585) 0 1Goldietflien) ais Jee soe, Stratiomyvide.
Posterior stigmatal tubes or plates separated. (This
includes all the remaining orthorhaphous families,
of which but one genus belonging to the following
family has been reported as aquatic.)
Head long, pear-shaped, retractile, ventral profile
straight; 11-12 body segments; posterior stig-
mata on last segment. (Snipe-flies.)......... Leptide.

Orthorapha—Pupe.

Prothoracic spiracles borne upon appendages. (em-
atocera.)*
Not in a cocvon, sometimes in the old larval tube.
Prothoracic respiratory appendages simple, slender.
antenna-like.
Body subcylindrical.

First abdominal segment about as long as those
following it; each pair of tarsi separately in
contact, overlapping the pair next behind it.

Psychodidae.

First abdominal about one half as long as those
following: it.

Prothoracic appendages symmetrically devel-
oped [Fig. 31]; tarsi all in one group, side
by side and not overlapping......... Tipulidae.

Prothoracic appendages very unequal in length
[Fig. 19]; anterior tarsi in contact, over-

lapping middle pair................ Ptychopterida.
Body convex, oval, hard-shelled above.
Blepharocerida.

Prothoracic appendages simple but not filiform, some-
times compound.
These appendages more or less clavate.
Last segment large, ending merely in two pointed
prolongations; prothoracic appendages short.
Dixida.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 189

Last segment various, not as in preceding family.
Prothoracic appendages short, simple, situated
on the dorsal aspect of the thorax;

pupa free-swimmMin@................ssseecceees Culicidea.
Prothoracic appendages many-branched (Chi-
ronomus) or simple; situated on the anterior
aspect of the thorax; pupa in the larval tube,
or resting just beneath the surface, or float-
ing (Ceratopogon) ................cee8 Chironomide.
These appendages short and pointed......Rhyphide.
Pupa in a membranous cocoon, which is_ tapering
behind, open in the front, attached by ventral

surface; prothoracic appendage few-branched.
Simuliida.

Thoracic spiracles sessile. (Brachycera.)

Pupa enclosed in last larval skin............ Stratiomyiide.
Pupa free, not active. [Fig. 43.].....Zabanide, Leptida.

Famity PTYCHOPTERIDA.

The immature stages of the genus Ptychoptera have
long been known to science; and I have now to add
some observations on the life history of the remarkable
and interesting zttacomorpha clavipes. Baron Osten-
Sacken’s statement that the relationship of these genera
is ‘‘very great and evident, all the differences of the out-
ward appearance notwithstanding,” is abundantly con-
firmed by their immature stages, which are very much
alike in structure and appearance.

The larve [Fig. 15] live in shallow waters filled with
dead vegetable matter, leaves, or rushes. They are not
predaceous, and probably live on the minute growths
_ which would form in such situations. The head is well
developed, the body elongate-cylindrical, some of the
anterior abdominal segments bearing well-developed false
feet, and the posterior segments drawn out into a very
long partly retractile respiratory tube. In the pupa
(Fig. 19], on the contrary, one of the usual prothoracic

190 Lillinors State Laboratory of Natural History.

respiratory appendages is developed into an extremely
long and slender breathing tube, while the other remains
more or less rudimentary—an interesting modification.

The structure of the larval head [Fig. 16] separates
this family at once from the Tipulids, among which it is
usually included. The larve and pupe, however, as well
as the imago, have a tipulid habitus and mode of life,
and the two families should not be widely separated.

The larva of our American Ptychoptera is unknown.
The European species of the genus, according to Dr.
Brauer, have false feet on the 2d, 8d, and 4th abdominal
segments, while in Bittacomorpha they are borne on the
Ist, 2d, and 3d.

BIrTACOMORPHA.

Bittacomorpha clavipes Fabr. [Fig. 15-22.]

Station I has previously been described—a shallow
swampy slough, bearing a considerable growth of wil-
lows, and full of rushes, Sagittaria, and swamp
grasses. In the exceptional spring of 1895, the river
was not high enough to enter this passage, and in
March and April it remained choked with a mat
of dead stems, grass, and willow leaves, through
which a broad stream of spring water from the
bank, a few inches deep, slowly worked its way towards
the river.

In this mat of dead stems the Bittacomorpha larvee
{Fig. 15] were abundant March 17. Their cylindrical
form, rusty-brown color, and the absence of sutural con-
strictions made them look much like a decaying piece of
grass stem; but they usually revealed themselves, when
a mass of material was being searched, by their habit
of coiling up when disturbed. The larve were still
abundant March 28, and stomachs examined were
found to be filled with a solid brownish mass, largely
diatoms, the remainder mud and dead vegetable tissue,
they having evidently fed on the brownish diatomaceous
growth which coated the decaying stems. April 9 and

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 191

15 larve were still present, though in diminishd num-
bers, but careful search failed to reveal a single pupa
or imago. In the breeding-cages the larvae spent much
of their time in the deeper water, their tubes extended
but not reaching the surface, and at other times were
hidden near the surface, the tubes extended, their tips
making a minute hollow in the surface film, but instantly
withdrawn if the cage or its contents were disturbed.
Towards the end of March, the larger larvein the breed-
ing cage began to show a swelling and lighter color of
the thoracic segments, and on March 29 an examination
of the cage was made which revealed four pupe.
The loose skin of a larva about to pupate was removed,
revealing the soft white pupa. [See Fig. 18.] The left
respiratory tube was rudimentary and crooked. The
other was coiled between the larval and pupal skins,
forming first a double spiral on the right side, then
’ passing around beneath to the left side, where it formed
a similar spiral, then crossing the dorsum to the right
side again, and making a turn or two there, among the
first coils, finally ending at the middle of the under side,
having extended one and a half times around the seg-
ment. In making this extensive growth it seems to
have crowded out and dwarfed its fellow of the left
side. The tube rapidly straightens out after pupation,
and soon becomes quite straight and bristle-like. The
pupe [Fig. 19} are able to move a little by efforts at
crawling and by side-to-side strokes of the posterior
extremity. One was isolated and rested quietly in a
vertical position, the end of the tube just above the sur-
face of the water. April 6 this produced a fine female im-
ago, and another emerged a few hours later iu the stock
cage, each leaving its empty skin floating at the surface.
Next day a male appeared in the cage, and a number
of pup were found to be present. One of the examples
which emerged had had the greater part of its breathing
tube accidentally broken off several days before. Pups

192 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

were still being formed April 16 among the few larve
which remained in the cage.

The imago is said by Osten-Sacken to occur early in
spring, and also, but more seldom, in autumn. Septem-
ber 3, I saw a number in flight over a shallow reedy
flat, bordering Geneva Lake, Wis. Their singular and
ghostly appearance as they floated slowly by with
their black and white legs radially extended will never
be forgotten.

Larva [{Fig. 15-17].—Full length 50-60 mm., diameter
2.6-3 mm., an elongate, rough-skinned larva, with a
smooth retractile respiratory tube about 20 mm. long
when extended; tapering gradually anteriorly to the
short broad head; pale rusty brown, surface coarsely
granulate, granules blackish when in liquid; covered:
with regular rows of small setiferous tubercles.

Head [Fig. 16] fully developed, broad-ovate, convex
above, constricted at base; light yellowish brown, lat-
eral plates with four more or less curved oblique bands.
of confluent black dots at base above, apex of middle
triangle filled with black mottlings, in front of this a
median double row of dots, and a spot each side; eyes
at about middle of side, inconspicuous; antenne in the
angle over base of mandible, short, first joint about
twice as long as thick, with a terminal seta, second joint
very minute; labrum transverse, with two blackish spots;
mandibles very short and thick, exterior outline strongly
rounded, apex pointed, a prominent tooth within, with
an exterior fringe of ciliz, and an oblique cutting edge
at its apex; maxillary palpi small; mentum bidentate.

Thoracic segments short, each but little longer than
the head, roughly tuberculate; first six abdominals
with very inconspicuous sutures and covered with small
setiferous tubercles, arranged on the dorsum and venter
in regular transverse rows, slightly interrupted on
the median line, limited each side above and below by
a longitudinal smooth line; on each side between these

Entomology of the Illinois River. 193

smooth lines three longitudinal rows, with two interven-
ing rows less plainly indicated; behind the middle of
each segment the middle row rises, and in the greater
space between it and the lower row, the intervening row
becomes fully developed. The first four abdominals
gradually increase in length, the first one being about
as long as the thorax; the first three bear near their
posterior margin beneath, a pair of prominent false feet
[Fig 17], each with a sharp slender claw or hook at
apex; the fourth and fifth are about equal in length;
the sixth is about two thirds as long and conically
narrowed towards apex; the seventh is much narrower
and shorter, scarcely half as long as the fifth, at base
about half the diameter of the main body, and narrowed
to apex, reddish brown, granulate and sparsely pilose,
the setiferous tubercles almost wanting; the remaining
two segments form a long and very slender partly re-
tractile respiratory tube with the stigmatal opening at
the tip. dirty whitish, smooth, and semi-transparent,
the eighth segment short, about as long as the seventh,
the ninth extremely long and attenuated, as long when
extended as the distance between its base and the third
pair of false feet, bearing at its anterior third, beneath,
a pair of slender tracheated filaments about one half the
length of the basal part of the segment.

Pupa [Fig. 18-22].—Length 20-25 mm., exclusive of
the long respiratory tube, which measures about 35
iim.; diameter of abdomen 2.5 to3 mm. Cylindrical,
thorax slightly thicker; abdomen dirty whitish, with
numerous spots and transverse bars of brownish fus-
cous, which bear minute cylindrical setiferous projections;
thorax light to dark fuscous brown.

Head quadrituberculate in front. Respiratory tubes
arising close to anterior margin of prothorax, unequal,
one of them greatly elongated and bristle-like, about .2
mm. in diameter, slightly tapering, finely annulated,
ending in an oblong yellowish brown knob, with a flat-

194 Tllinots State Laboratory of Natural Peston:

tened button-like apex having radial slits, apparently
closed by a delicate membrane; a longitudinal row of
- minute brown thickened rings (one ring to every ten to:
twenty annuli) extending from near base to apex. Irom
each of these rings protrudes a delicate membranous pa-
pilla, and a short membranous tube unites it within to the
trachea, which extends the entire length of the respiratory
tube [Fig. 20]. The other tube is usually only about 2
mm. long, slender and twisted, but of similar structure,
tracheated, and with numerous lateral papilla. The right
tube was developed in 23 pup, and the left in 3; im
one, both were developed, but still unequally, the right
21 mm., the left 13 mm. long, their combined length
thus about equal.to that of the singly developed tube..
Thorax and base of abdomen above transversely wrin-
kled; tips of middle and hind legs closely applied and
ending equally at apex of second abdominal, anterior
legs overlaying the middle pair and shorter.

Abdomen similar in vestiture to that of larva; dirty
whitish, with brownish fuscous closely-set transverse
plates above and below, confluent towards its base, each
bearing a row of cylindrical tubercles with a stellate cir-.
cle of acute diverging teeth at apex, and a central seta
[Fig. 21]; lateral areas with longitudinal rows of fus-
cous dots, bearing similar setiferous tubercles; position
of larval false feet feebly indicated; sutures marked by
a broader whitish line; segments increasing in length to
the fifth abdominal, which is nearly twice as long as
thick; sixth and seventh indistinctly separated, together
shorter than fifth; seventh with the dorsal and ventral
transverse bars broken up, and a semicircular fuscous.
apical area above and below; eighth and ninth very
short but distinct, yellowish fuscous, pallid near the
sutures, eighth with a few setiferous tubercles and a
spinous hook beneath, ninth with a fleshy projection
above, and a pair of small spinous teeth beneath, ending
in the female with a pair of conical contiguous projec-

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 195

tions, each with a small tooth at outer side of apex; in
the male [Fig. 22] with a thicker rounded apex, bearing
small lateral teeth and another pair behind the dorsal
fleshy projection.

Famity TIPULID.

This family is largely aquatic, especially among the
Limnobiine, no less than fourteen genera being more or
less definitely known to live as larve in water or bur-
rowing in saturated earth in its vicinity. Even a con-
siderable number of species in the genus Tipula have this
habit. The diet of most species is probably vegetarian,
although Miall has described* a carnivorous species of
Dicranota which burrows in muddy shores, preying upon
Tubifex rivulorum, a small aquatic worm.

The larve are usually pubescent, with a few small
bristles which assist in locomotion. The last segment
generally ends in fleshy projections of various forms,
often as prominent fleshy teeth protecting the stigmatal
openings. In both larva and pupa each abdominal seg-
ment, except the first and the last, is frequently more or
less divided by a pseudo-suture into an anterior and
posterior portion, the anterior division differing from
the posterior.

A very remarkable piece of work has been carried on
by Th. Beling,t who has reared and described in three suc-
cessive articles immature forms of seventy-eight Kuro.
pean Tipulide, including twenty-nine species of Tipula,
He has arranged a key to the genera and species de-
scribed, but this being somewhat artificial and based
largely on the characters of the last segment, does not
work very satisfactorily for the American genera. The
primary subdivision of the family into two parts, which
seem to be of subfamily rank, is taken from Brauer.

*Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 235.
+Verh. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Ganaliodh. in Wien, 1873, p. 575; 1878, p. 21; and 1886, p. 171.

196 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

KEY TO GENERA OF AQUATIC TIPULID LARVE.

I have carefully translated here Brauer’s statements of
the characters of his two subfamilies, but have been
unable to verify them satisfactorily from my material.

The last segment is subtruncate above the anal prom-
inence, and at the center of the truncation is usually a
pair of brownish stigmatal plates, often protected by a
ring of fieshy points or teeth. In the Limnobiine [Fig.
24] this ring may consist of five teeth, the odd one at the
middle above, changing to four teeth by the disappear-
ance of this middle tooth; or in some there are
merely two large teeth below the stigmata; or the teeth
are very blunt or wanting. In the Tipuline [Fig. 33]
six teeth about the stigmatal field are almost always
pvesent.

Mandibles hook-like, slender, usually not toothed, max-
illary palpi long; antennz small; last segment often
with single or double stigmatal tubes, sometimes a
pair of stigmatal plates; apex never distinctly stel-
late; often with false feet on prothorax or abdomen.
(Limnobiine. )

Body with dorsal respiratory filaments....Phalacrocera.
Without dorsal respiratory filaments.

Last segment ending in a pair of long tail-like ap-
pendages, with the stigmata at their base, above.
(Amalopint and Gnophomyia.)

Abdomen with false feet.
Pedicia, Dicranota, Gnophomyia.
Abdomen without false feet..................... Amalopis.

Last segment [Fig. 24, 27] with five teeth about
the stigmata, the median above being about
equal to the others in size; dirty yellowish or
brownish, usually roughened or pubescent.

(Teeth all striped or blackish on inner face.
Erioptera.
Three upper teeth brownish on inner face; lower
pair brown-margined..........cccccceeeeee! Symplecta.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 197

Last segment with tubercles or four short thick
teeth about the stigmata; smooth, often shining,
transparent white or yellowish. (Zimnodzini.)

Rhipidia, ?Geranomyia ?Dicranomyia.

Last segment [Fig. 30] with a lower and upper pair
of fleshy teeth about the stigmata, the median
one above wanting or much smaller than those
of the upper pair; or the segment rounded off
and entirely without teeth; teeth often bearing
long hair; dirty yellowish or brownish, usually
roughened or pubescent....Zimnophila, Gonomyia.

Mandibles thick, toothed, maxillary palpi short, antenne

longer and distinct; last segment [Fig. 33, 36, 37,

39] stellate, with radiating teeth, usually six or

more, about the two round stigmatal plates; pro-

thorax without false feet. (Zipulin@.)........000 Tipula.

Subfamily LimNopuna.

ERIOPTERA.
E. graphica O.-S.

This pretty little tipulid was taken twice upon the
eabin-boat at Station C, flying about a lantern, and
the larva is very likely similar in habits to Symplecta.
The dates were May 3 and 5, and we have found the
imagos also in Champaign county May 28, July 2, Aug.
5-17, and Sept. 14. According to Beling, the Erioptera
larve live mostly in wet or moist earth.

Erioptera? sp. (a). [Fig. 23-25.]

An interesting larva was found this spring (1895) in
Flag Lake, where floating rushes had collected by drifting
against standing stems. On pressing down and submerg-
ing the floating mass, these larve were seen struggling in
the water, conspicuous by their very dark colors. Their
structure evidently locates them near this genus. They
were found April 11 and 138. They are very active
swimmers, and as restless as a tabanid larva. Their
development in the direction of abdominal prolegs,
jointed anal appendages, and double prothorax shows a

198 Jilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

relationship with the predaceous genus Dicranota, and
suggests the possibility of a like habit of life.

Larva [Fig. 23-25].—Length 12-13 mm., diameter
about 1 mm. Cylindrical, elongate, body tapering slightly
near each end, densely covered with fine silky dark brown
or nearly black pubescence, not transversely arranged,
with only a few erect sete, surface of body fusco-testa-
ceous.

Head oblong, retractile, depressed, prolongations con-
verging behind, surface mostly dark brown or blackish;
antenne short, first joint oblong, pale brownish, second
very small and slender; mandibles dark brown, three
large blunt teeth near apex, and a few on lower edge;
remaining mouth parts testaceous or whitish, labrum
whitish on disk; mentum blackish, trilobed; gular mem-
brane rather long’ and narrow, a pair of curved points.
invading it anteriorly.

First four segments about as long as wide, first long-
est and divided into two parts by a well-marked suture;
next six about twice as long, divided by pseudo-sutures.
into two divisions; eighth abdominal narrower, broader
than long, last a little shorter. Body each side with an
indistinct lateral line above and below the lateral area,
consisting of whitish dots. Dorsal and ventral surfaces.
of first four segments and posterior division of next six
with a small central bare spot, from which arises a dark
seta or bristle; thoracic segments laterally with a dark
seta, first abdominal and remaining posterior divisions
with two lateral sete. Anterior divisions with a short
transverse pale line each side above. Divided segments
(second to seventh abdominals) with a prominent large
transverse elevation beneath on anterior divisions, lighter
colored and bordered by a pale line, covered with minute
scabrous points in close and regular transverse rows;
lateral areas with a few large wart-like paler tubercles.
near each suture.

Last segment [Fig. 24] with posterior face whitish,
surrounded by five subtriangular fleshy teeth, somewhat.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 199

longer than broad at base, a continuous close fringe of
soft hair about as long as the basal breadth of a tooth
extending along the margins of the teeth, over their
apices, and across the intervening spaces. Teeth sooty
brown within, with a median pale streak; upper tooth
slightly smaller, with two minute dark rings on inner
face, lower pair with a seta attip. Stigmatal plates broad-
oval, with dark brown centers encircled by two yellow-
ish rings, the outer paler, anal prominence elevated:
membranous, transparent, with a pair of transparent,
tapering appendages each side, distinctly two-jointed,
tips visible from above [Fig. 25].

SYMPLECTA.

S. punctipennis Meig. [Fig 26-28.]

The pale cylindrical larva [Fig. 26] of this common
little tipulid seems quite at home in the shore of Quiver
Lake at Station C,examples being found at the same time
with Zabanus atratus larve by passing the sand through
a sieve. It was perhaps this that the tabanids were
feeding on. The larve were noted as especially abund-
ant on May 17. A single example was taken near the
margin of Matanzas Lake, Aug. 24. Larve taken May
17 gave imagos within a month. Dec. 13 an imago
was taken at Station D, another was seen Mar. 26, and
at Station G, Apr. 10, a female was noted flying about
on the shore, patting the tip of her abdomen against
the moist sand, presumably ovipositing. Oviposition was
still going on freely Apr. 25. Our general collections show
that adults are very abundant in April and May, nearly
all our specimens being taken in these months. Again,
July 23, one appeared at Station C; and our collections
contain two taken in August, and two in October. They
occurred mostly in grassy places, in meadows, and in
fields of grain, but one example was taken at an electric
light. As regards distribution in the State, they wera

200 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

from McLean, Champaign, Wabash, and Clark counties.
The later broods, if any occur, must generally be limited
by the lessened extent of suitable places for the larve.

Both larva and pupa [Fig. 26-28] have been care-
fully described by Beling.* The brownish inner surface
of the fleshy teeth is quite pale in my specimens. The
anal prominence is prolonged each side into a long taper-
ing filament. The pupa has distant respiratory tubes
and feet ending unequally, the second pair being short-
est and the third longest.

GERANOMYIA.

Two species of the genus were taken at Station C,
and an observation made on one individual indicates
semiaquatic habits, although nothing is known of the
larve at present.

G. rostrata Say.
The only example we have is a male taken July 28.

G. canadensis Westw.

The imago was seen flying with a short and rapid up-
and-down oscillation over the wet sandy shore, at each
descending movement tapping the moist surface with
the tip of its abdomen. This possibly corresponds to
the dipping flight of Chironomus previous to oviposition,
but it seems more likely that the female was laying her
eges at the time. This was on July 16, and collections
made July 23 show that adults were abundant at that
time. We had previously obtained the species April 30
and May 18 in Champaign county.

LIMNOPHILA.
L. luteipennis 0.8. [Fig. 29-31.]

This is another form which seems to find very favor-
able surroundings in the swampy slough already referred
to, among the Bittacomorpha and small tabanid larvae,
very possibly now and then affording a meal for the
" *Verh d. kK. Zool-bot, Gesellsch. in Wien, v.28,p.50

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 201

latter. The larve were first noticed there on March 17,
1895, their dirty brown color rendering them difficult of
detection. They werethen about half to two thirds grown.
More were taken on the 28th, from which a pupa [Fig.
31] was obtained April 13. Two days later an exam-
ination of the original situation revealed an abundance
of mature larve and several pups, which were placed
in breeding-cages. April 20 was warmer than usual, and
the majority of the larve then pupated, while the pup
all transformed into males of the above species, agreeing in
every detail with Osten-Sacken’s description and figure
in his monograph of the Brevipalpi. The first pupa
mentioned had already transformed on the 18th. During
the next few days most of the pupe allowed to remain
reached the final stage. A sing'’e pupa had been pre-
viously found in 1894, Aug. 16, at Station B. The
imagos are said by Osten-Sacken to be common from
early spring through the greater part of the summer.

It was ascertained by dissection that thelarval food was
very similar to that of the Bittacomorpha, the intestine
being packed with a cylindrical mass consisting largely
of fragments of dead vegetation, with a great profusion
and variety of diatoms and a quantity of peculiar ta-
pering filaments which seem to be minute alge.

An interesting feature of the species is the high devel-
opment of delicate fringes about the respiratory openings
[Fig. 30]. As seen in the water, the larva apparently
has a tail-like appendage on the last segment; but the
moment this is brought to the surface, it opens and
expands, forming a broad fringe about the spiracular
disks. It can then be seen that the latter are protected
by four narrow black lamellate appendages, a shorter
one on each side and a pair of long ones just below, their
edges closely fringed with long fine hair, very long
toward their tips, the fringe being continued across the
intervening spaces, so as to completely enclose the stig-

202 = Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

matal field. This fringe takes so strong a hold on the
surface film that the larva cannot release itself by
swimming’; it does so by looping the head and anterior
portion around the posterior extremity, and withdraw-
ing the latter through the loop, repeating this action
rapidly until it has sunk beyond reach of the film.

The anterior respiratory tubes of the pupa are dilated
and membranous at tip, and provided with a terminal
pair of membranous flaps which spread out on the sur-
face film, thus maintaining communication with the air
while the body is concealed in floating trash. Many
pup crawled up on the sides of the breeding-jar when
about to transform; others remained floating. One |
pupa cast its larval skin by simply working itself out
below through the anterior dorsal split, as the skin hung
suspended by the posterior stigmatal fringe. As the lar-
val skin is delicate and elastic, the contraction of a few
segments sometimes causes a surprising dilatation of
one or two adjoining.

Larva [Fig. 29, 30].—Length 15-18 mm., diameter
1.5 mm.; tapering gently forward from the anterior
third, and slightly narrowed at the posterior end. Light
yellowish fuscous, or olivaceous, posterior end and ap-
pendages more or less thickly mottled with a sooty-black
incrustation, extending forward a short distance upon the
dorsum; surface with rather long silky brown pubescence,
attached in transverse series, and sparser long erect hair,
grouped in five transverse rows on each segment above |
and below, indistinct except near the posterior end,
where these hairs are blacker and more conspicuous. _

Head depressed, oblong, middle internal posterior pro-
longations broad; black, antenne and mouth parts
testaceous, except mandibles, which are black; antenne
slender, first joint with an apical seta on each side;
second joint cylindrical, very slender, a little shorter
than the first; mandibles with two narrow apical teeth,
lower edge serrate. Thoracic segments each about equal

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 203

in length to width of the prothorax at base; fourth seg-
ment a little shorter; remaining segments except last two
equal and distinct, about twice as long as the thoracic. |
A dorsal small bare spot, at base of a long erect brown
seta, on middle of first four segments, and the posterior
division of remaining ones, except last.

Last segment [Fig. 30] whiter on posterior surface,
which bearsfour narrow elongate lamelliform appendages,
black and transversely striate within, with narrow pale
margins, their exterior surfaces whitish fuscous, their
margins densely fringed with long fine brown hair, that
from near the outer ends very long; fringecontinued across
intervening spaces, so as to enclose completely the stig-
matal field. The lower pair of appendages are below
the stigmata, their bases connected by two dark brown
streaks angulated forwards at middle; they are about
as long as the apical diameter of the segment and the
apical part of their fringe is two or three times as long;
above these on each side are the other two, about one
third as long, their bases partly surrounding: posteriorly
the large pale testaceous stigmata, with large dark
brown centers. Exteriorly, the lower pair bear several
black sete, and the upper pair a single seta near tip.
Below these appendages are two short setiferous fleshy
tubercles. Surrounding the anal opening beneath are
four long tentaculiform appendages, about as long as
the last two segments, the two anterior directed later-
ally; the posterior, backwards and outwards.

Pupa (Fig. 31) —Length 10-13 mm., diameter about
1.5 mm. Subeylindrical, slightly depressed, subopaque;
thorax slightly thicker at middle, reddish brown to
black; abdomen dirty whitish, surface with light fus-
cous-brown transverse bars above and below. Pro-
thorax with a pair of dark brown or black respiratory
tubes, near anterior margin, not distant, about as long
as the distance from their bases to the apex of the first
abdominal, finely annulate, curving downward and in-

204 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

ward till side by side, then parallel to their tips, which
are membranous and dilated, with a pair of mem-
- branous terminal flaps; prothorax strongly carinate
on median line; mesothorax nearly smooth, a pair of
small tubercles over bases of wing-pads, latter ending
at apex of second segment; legs blackish apically, tarst
side by side, their sutures and tips quite evenly in line,
latter near apex of third segment. Third to seventh
abdominals with transverse chitinous darker bars, stud-
ded with small pale conical spines with sharp blackish
points, each tipped with a hair; anterior divisions of
these sezments with four ventral and three dorsal narrow
bars, each with a row of spines; posterior divisions with
a single broader bar, bearing a row of spines near its
anterior, and another near its posterior margin; first
abdominal, and posterior bar of remaining segments
except last two with a pair of black dots each side of
middle, exterior to which is a short longitudinal slightly
oblique line; a similar marking beneath; lateral margin
irregularly spined, posterior angles of each segment
rather prominent.

Eighth abdominal whitish, a few spines above, @
narrow and sharply prominent spinous ridge at apex on
each side beneath; last segment with a pair of small
dark finger-like appendages at base above, apex ending
in & in a pair of long, slender, tapering, connate, recurved
reddish brown projections, each with a minute spinous
tooth at outer side of apex; beneath these and applied
to their under sides is a similar but shorter bifid pro-
jection. In the o&, the upper pair are diverging, and
beneath them is a smaller and more obtuse pair, con-
tiguous throughout, resting against the bases of the pair
above.

Limnophila? sp. (a).

A single 2 pupa was found Aug. 24 in White Oak
Run, at the head of Matanzas Lake, which seems to be
of this genus, and I[ therefore describe it here.

Entomology of the Illinois nde 205

Pupa.— Length 13 mm., exclusive of respiratory
tube, diameter of abdomen 1.6 mm., thorax scarcely
broader; abdomen depressed, with prominent margins.
Dark chestnut-brown, wings and thorax blackish, sides
of abdomen paler, covered with an opaque ochraceous
crust when dry, shining above and on appendages where
denuded.

Head with a row of four minute setiferous tubercles
above antenne. Prothorax anteriorly with a pair of
porrect cylindrical respiratory tubes, finely annulated,
about 2.5 mm. long, sinuate, and darker and a little
thicker at base, outer portions parallel and contiguous
in fact, about as in luteipennis; median line aboye
them strongly carinate. Mesothorax nearly smooth;
wing-pads ending at apex of second abdominal; tarsi side
by side, with joints and tips evenly in line, latter at
apex of third segment.

Abdomen not barred, anterior divisions of the second
to the seventh abdominals with two dorsal folds, each
with a pair of small sharp teeth; posterior divisions
with a similar pair of teeth on the anterior and posterior
margins, the latter pair included in a close-set row of
minute teeth. Beneath, except under the wing-pads, these
segments show the same structure, except that the ante-
rior division has three folds, the teeth of the middle fold
nearest together. The lateral margins are rather sharp,
and bear four sharp teeth, one opposite each set of dis-
cal teeth.

Penultimate segment very short, armed with two pairs
of dorsal teeth and a prominent lateral tooth, beneath
smooth; last segment with three elongate conical re-
curved projections nearly as long as the preceding seg-
ment, an upper pair and a shorter cleft one below, all
closely contiguous.

The abdominal sculpture is quite distinct from that of
the pupa of luteipennis.

206 Lillinors State Laboratory of Natural History.

Subfamily TiPuLinez.

The larve of this subfamily seem to be for the most
part terrestrial, living in damp situations and feeding
on living and dead vegetation, especially dead leaves
and roots. A number of species of Tipula, however, are
more or less aquatic, some being quite at home in shal-
low waters and on wet shores. Pachyrhina is scarcely
distinguishable from Tipula in the larval stage. It is
not yet known to contain aquatic species and so does
not appear in the key, but some species occur in the
bottom-lands of the river, and both genera are therefore
treated in full. There are a large number of species of
Tipuline, and the differences are often very slight. Some
have soft fleshy tentacular appendages about the anal
opening [Fig. 33] which assist in progression, and very
likely act as tracheal gills—as do similar appendages in
Bittacomorpha and Chironomus. Many of the preceding
subfamily (Limnobiing) also possess them.

COMMON CHARACTERS.

To avoid repetition and as a general description, the
characters common to all immature Tipuline studied
are given here.

Larve —These are about an inch long (20-80 mm.),
rather thick, cylindrical, tapering rapidly in front to the
head, and suddenly truncate behind; dusky gray, often
tinted with brownish or vellowish, covered with micro-
scopic short dark pubescence, sides paler.

The exposed part of the small head is proportionally
broad, flat above, dark brown marked with a whitish +
mark. The transverse bar is at the base of the labrum, be-
tween the antenne; the labrum is conspicuously divided
into three portions; the narrower middle portion is pale
forming the anterior arm of the +; the broader lateral
portions are dark brown and bear stiff hairs or spines
and often a small tubercle. The antenne have a broad

Entomology of the Illinois River. 207

conical whitish fleshy base bearing a reddish brown
eylindrical joint about four times as long as thick, and
slightly curved. At its tip is a small hemispherical
whitish joint, and beside this a pair of minute points.
The mandibles are broad and usually bluntly toothed
on the margins. The maxille are also broad and thick,
their palpi resembling the antenne, having a pale coni-
eal base and a chitinous short joint bearing a minute
terminal joint. The membranous area of the throat
(gular area) is A-shaped, and the mentum has a slender
trifid or many-toothed apex curved up into the mouth
and often concealed.

First four body segments about equal in length,
gradually thicker, next six about twice as long, divided
by a pseudo-suture near middle into two divisions. The
anterior divisions are divided above and below by trans-
verse impressed lines into three or four folds; the pos-
terior divisions are less distinctly divided into three folds,
the middle one of which is usually larger and with a
darker transverse ridge, bearing above and below minute
black stiff hairs or sete, usually four equidistant ones
in a straight ljine above, and four below, the middle
pair further forward than the outer pair. Often a close-
set pair of sete appear in place of each seta beneath.

The last two segments are not: double and are about
half as jong as those preceding. On these segments and
on the thorax the pubescence is thicker, and the same
setee are present, but more numerous on the thorax. At
the apex of the last segment [Fig. 33,36,37,39] beneath
is the soft fleshy anal prominence encircled by a fine
dark line, variously shaped according to the species,
often with long appendages, and used in crawling. Above
this the posterior side of the last segment is abruptly
truncate, bordered by fleshy or horny points, enclos-
ing the stigmatal field, in the center of which is a pair
of large brown or black round stigmatal plates.

208 JTilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Pupe (Fig. 34].—Color dark brown or black, cylin-
drical, slightly tapering behind, the surface more or less
finely transversely wrinkled. The base of each antenna
bears a small tooth or angulation, and a pair of small
teeth lie between them. The prothoracic respiratory
tubes are rather distant at base, divergent, and not more
than twice as long as the distance separating them.
They are finely ringed and are knobbed at tip, with an
apical vertical slit, apparently closed by a membrane.
Between the tubes the prothorax at middle is carinate.
The mesothorax bears a small tubercle behind each re-
spiratory tube, and a more acute pair at middle of disk
above. .The wing-pads attain the apex of the second
abdominal segment. All six tarsi Jie side by side on the
breast, nearly or quite exactly in line, and attaining
apex of third abdominal.

The abdominal segments are proportioned about as im
the larvee, segments 2-7 being double. Each bears near
its posterior margin a row of short thick spines. The
lateral margin is narrow and prominent, and also spined.
The last two segments are closely united, the last one
bearing four spiny teeth above, and a prominent large
pair behind these. The end in the female is conical and —
pointed, being apparently composed of three, united
slender tapering prolongations, two above and a broader
deeply bifid one below. In the male the end is thick and
more or less truncate, each side bearing three small
tubercles or teeth

KEY TO LARVE OF TIPULINE.
Anal prominence bearing six finger-like appendages.

Stigmatal teeth six, broad, rather short, about
equal. [Fig. 33.]

One or two irregular stripes of brown pubescence _ |

each side of back. Aquatic............... Tipula eluta.
Back not striped with pubescence. Terrestrial.
Tipula bicornis.*

~~ #Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. 78.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 209

Anal prominence broadly tuberculate or with a short
horn each side. Lower stigmatal teeth small, dis-
tant from the four above. Sete of posterior divi-
sions about equidistant. [Fig. 36, 37, 39.]

A pair of acute fleshy teeth anterior to the outer
pair of stigmatal teeth; anal prominence quadri-
tuberculate......... Pe lignee dace ccoctcantdvemascstesccs .Larva (a).

No teeth anterior to the stigmatal ones.

Upper four teeth very long and acuminate, the
ends overhanging stigmatal field; anal prom-
inence with a large thick acute horn each side,

ACUATIC:, [HIG GO: [eeccccscecunt eeroanes CULE WA ( 0)

Upper four teeth straight or recurved; anal prom-
inence broadly tuberculate. Terrestrial.

Inner pair of teeth above not longer than outer
pair, pale on anterior face.

No black on four upper teeth except sometimes

at their bases.

Teeth all pale except a black dot at tips of

lower pair; outer twice the length of in-

LITE) NG 01 1 Ory Pa eo a oy ed sasss-» Larva, (¢).*

A black stripe at base of inner teeth and

often a black line on base of outer teeth;

upper face of lower teeth broadly black.

Larva (d).t

eS ee a ae es
*This larva, taken from amongst the roots of wheat near Urbana May 4, is shrunken
by alcohol, but quite a distinct species.

Length about 15 mm. Dark fuscous, pubescence scarcely visible, indicated by
short microscopic transverse lines; folds distinct, three impressed lines on anterior
divisions; usual sete present. Upper stigmatal teeth whitish posteriorly, their tips
rather slender and pointed, the outer pair about twice as long as the inner pair;
lower teeth distinct, whitish, a minute black ring at tip, and a pair of brown dots
at their bases; some dots between the stigmata] plates, the latter no: distant. Anal
prominence with two broad tubercles below the anal opening, and a pair of lateral
tubercles.

+This was also collected near Urbana, under the bark of old logs in woods, and
seems to be quite common there. The specimens examined were collected April 6 and
12.

Length 25-30 mm., diameter 3.5 mm. Transverse pale line of head rather broad.
Yellowish dusky, pubescence distinct, transverse arrangement well marked;
folds of segment evident; middle one of posterior divisions bearing above and below a
narrow low transverse darker ridge upon which are the usual four sete. Upper teeth
of last segment nearly equal in length, the outer pair distinctly thicker and less acute,
inner pair with a lunate-triangular black spot at base of each; apex of lower teeth
white, remaining UPI er surface broadly black or dark brown in subquadrate form.
Stigmata large, black, not distant. Anal prominence with a lateral and inferior pair
of broad tubercles.

aes

210 Lltinors State Laboratory of Natural History.

Inner pair of upper teeth black posteriorly,
lower teeth blackish at base and apex
above. [Fig. 37, 39.}

Black line of outer teeth nearly reaching
apex; lower teeth not blackish margined.
ish Seis WB PBSC ye Tipula sp. (e).

Black line of outer teeth not extending beyond
middle; lower teeth blackish margined.
WOO ce csreceetsnans Pachyrhina ferruginea.

Inner pair of teeth longer than outer pair, entirely

black, smooth, slender and hook-like, with

sharp recurved points; stigmata distant;.
lower teeth with a short black line. Larva (/):

PUP OF TIPULINZE.

The pupa of Zipula euta [Fig. 34] has a pair of
spinous teeth beneath in front of the usual row. In
Tipula sp. e¢ the ventral row on the fourth abdominal is
complete at middle, as on the segments which follow,
but in another species and in Pachyrhina ferruginea
this row is interrupted at middle behind the tips of the
tarsi.

Tipula eluta Loew. [Fig. 32-34.]

On the clean sandy shore at Station C, we noted
March 10 an occasional tiny ridge near the margin, like
a miniature mole-hill. Such raised lines are due to the
burrowing of various aquatic species, but in this in-
stance each was traced to a plump grayish larva [Fig.
32] looking much like the Tipula larve found in grass.
lands. These larve were again seen April 14 and 18,
being moderately common on shore under high water
drift, in rubbish near the margin, and among the floating
vegetation along shore. They were pupating at the
latter date, and imagos were obtained May 4. Young
larve were abundant late in May and the older larve

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 211

were found in diminished numbers in late July and
August, while pupe occurred in August and September.
The imagos became common early in May and con-
tinued so for several weeks. None were seen later until
copulating imagos were noted at Matanzas Lake Aug.
24. Others were occasionally observed afterward, speci-
mens being taken Aug. 30 and Sept. 15. The same
interval occurs in our general collections, the imago
having been taken five times between May 1 and 23,
five times between July 18 and August 16, once on
Sept. 19, but not at any other time in Illinois. We
have examples from New Orleans, La., collected April
23. Our other material is all from Peoria, McLean, and
Champaign counties. The above data would indicate
that the species is two-brooded, hibernating as a larva
and emerging early in May, the second brood maturing
in late summer and early fall.

That the larva is by no means limited to a riparian
range was shown by the occasional finding of a larva
or pupa in the extensive areas of shallow water at the
head of Quiver Lake, one being taken with a dip-net
from the bottom where the water was entirely free from
standing or floating vegetation. The long fleshy anal
appendages are doubtless analogous to the posterior
filaments of many Chironomus larve, assisting in the
aération of the blood. The movement of the body-
contents of the larva in crawling alternately relaxes
and dilates these appendages and as they project ob-
liquely backward they help in locomotion. The imago
flies by night, and is one of the species attracted to
lights, where much of our material has been obtained.

212 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

RECORD OF TIPULA ELUTA FOR THE YEAR.”

Dates. A | B | Cc. E | Cc. W | D | E | F | G | B.-C. &e.
Feb. 20 eeeeeeseee | eeeeee | L-2 | seen eeee | eee eee | eeeeee | eeeeee | eeeeee | eeeee See reeeeeeeveee
Mar. 10) ...ceesccs|sesees F428) | eeialalae'e's|||ce's ein) sont ani|iesi ital edtele sie] a/c eater ee eeeees

SS UPuML d||(- os reiats'sraveia cll omictuietell ere aie bieie's1| ciate tafe eiarll staieleverei|iorareterel| stoteteretall stetereiets L-1; Slough

ea 18 eee eweesesleeeoes L-1 Cee eee eel soeeesl|eneser|eeeseri|seeser|eeesseeeseee sees

te 22 1 Vo hi Aal haacaadellipdic Peerlooeses|ceeeer|seceesleuseer (sees eeeeseeeeeee eoes

ee arllasiaitaierasi sie L-1 Pe ee reer eesreess|seeees|sesse=|saeeerieseserl|seesseeeeeee eoescces
Apr. 14 seeesesecerieccces L-3 PC eerereleseseel|seeees|sessorl|seseee|sesesesee ee, eeeeeees

rhe 1S | Wecweisae allsetersiste Tia 8 iI arasnieterclavsi] oles: < esail aivicteswe| watesciolell tere wialerell te misramee eeeesesoescce
May Di heeielsteicininerell eistetevale Dine) ll vvereseiererele |fatevere’ sje; s etaretain||/erersrays en evesorerels| (eis ata eimetetetea mea wears

ne 4 sees ee esse lee esas | seeeeees| seeeseesl|seeees| scene aust |ecoeee 3.2, B; B.-C

oe 5 L-1 seeeeeleececces| soccer erlooeses|sesess|seeeesieseees|sae- ees eeerveeeceoes

|
July iL etatarstaversicrel| (ateveraiste L-1 ceeeeseslcoeese|socoer|secesrisevese| eos eecees eeeecesoore

a“ 23 eeeesccees|seneee d-1 seco eeeslceeeer | cesesslresessi|seseue|essesseeseees eeceecce
PN he RUBS Append scones MEP lleadh naa bodouc |boneon|psooo0| jagocod! | aoGor besccecccces ee

oe tl sepanccbos|foeaone BaVAl siais v-oieieisl| sels «.s'e||a1s'e/e(e'e)] «/s\staininl| e/sieloinc| (fjale)=teefetetetate et ieme nae

——

Se ee EE ARES raha aconas | ice nbon |aactodenl nocodol saddad toca tell bareteiers o 2; Matanzas L.

em SO SUAS | erro I aatsialsiaieiel|iisietaisiotse | mieveaieclliasipietere|osteisieie eeisieiacs| wtaletste eteteieteies pesleiesias
Sept. 14 1 fet RR So Soe onécol looododas honodal looonb5| |acksida| lsoonbel dar feecces eeerescces

Oe OS Ee stigodagh| bda6.cal lao a7eana] leadood04 lndobodl la scene Me aidaca]pencse eecees eoeeeees

Larva (Fig. 32, 83].—Length about 30 mm., diameter
3-3.5 mm. Head blackish, transverse pale line not
broader at middle, second antennal joint minute, man-
dibles with four or five blunt teeth.

‘Body whitish gray, more or less brownish, especially
on the thorax. Surface covered with fine short brown
pubescence arranged in minute short transverse rows,
which is aggregated on the dorsum into two wavy
longitudinal brown stripes, interrupted at the sutures,
beginning near together on the mesothorax, bounded
externally on this segment and the next by denser

* See foot-note ,p. 169.

Entomology of the Lltinois River. 213

brown pubescence, especially behind the middle of the
segments; diverging till they reach the fifth segment,
converging inwardly just back of each false suture;
traces of an outer pair of lines present, which at these
points curve outwardly and become stronger. These
stripes are not evident in young larve. On the posterior
portion of each double segment are six black sete on
each side, in small bare spots surrounded by heavier
pubescence, the bases of the larger ones in a distinct
brown or blackish dot. Between the posterior ends of
the curves above mentioned is a transverse elongate area
containing three of the above sete, the two uppermost
close together ; some distance in front of the lower one is a
little tuft of pubescence, beneath which is the fourth seta;
and on the ventral surface, in line with the transverse
area mentioned, is a conspicuous dense dark brown tuft
of longer pubescence, half surrounding a bare spot con-
taining a long seta, behind which, and one half nearer
the ventral median line, is the shorter sixth seta. An-
terior divisions with four folds.

Last segment [Fig. 33] with whitish stigmatal area
surrounded by six nearly equal broad fleshy teeth about
as long as their basal breadth; a marginal fringe of
minute ciliz encircles the area, carried over the margins
and apex of each tooth; upper four teeth pale fuscous
within, paler along the middle of each; lower teeth within
pale, with a brown longitudinal streak, and an apical
seta; three dark dots at base of each; spiracles large,
fuscous brown with elliptical blackish centers; often a
pair of brown dots between them; exteriorly on lower
teeth several sete, backs of upper four nearly bare, with
a subterminal and two basal sete. Anal prominence
bears six long, whitish, fleshy appendages, a pair each
side, about as long as the diameter of the segment, di-
rected outwards and backwards when in action, and a
shorter pair on their bases beneath, directed backwards.

Pupa (Fig. 34].—Length, ? 20-22 mm., 018 mm.;
diameter of abdomen, 2? 3 mm., 6 2 mm. Reddish

214 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

brown, varied with blackish. Respiratory tubes with @
blackish suleus dorsally. Mesonotum with rounded dis-
cal tubercles, and more pointed humeral ones behind each
respiratory tube; transverse suture deeply impressed
between the humeral tubercles and the tubes; wing-pads.
dark, paler medially, reaching apex of second segment;
lees blackish, usually attaining apex of third segment;.
middle tarsi a little shorter than the others.

Each abdominal segment or half segment with three
blackish dots on each side above and below, in a row
directed obliquely inward and toward the nearest true
suture, variably distinct, lateral margin bearing a small
tooth on each anterior, and a minute one on each poste-
rior, division, posterior divisions above and below with a
transverse row of eight or ten short spinous teeth; be-
neath, a pair also in front of these, indistinct anteriorly.

Last two segments closely connate, bearing anteriorly
larger spinous teeth, four ventral in a transverse row,,.
two lateral, sometimes blunt, and six dorsal, arranged
like the fleshy teeth of the larva, anterior pair approx-
imate and smaller, terminal cone of female scarcely
longer than the pair of teeth just above it; male with
corresponding area strongly protuberant, median line
impressed, a pair of sharp lateral teeth, and a pair of
obtuse tubercles above and below these.

Larva (qa).

One example was taken May 18 in bottom-land earth
on the bank of Spoon River. It is probably young.

Larva.—Length 16 mm., diameter 1.5 mm.; gray-
ish, covered with microscopic short dark brown pubes-
cence denser on thorax and last segments, in transverse
arrangement; folds very distinct, each slightly trans-
versely carinate and crested with darker pubescence, four:
‘folds on anterior divisions; each segment with the usual
four setee, prothorax with several seta. Last segment
with lower stigmatal teeth very small, triangularly black
on upper surface; upper teeth slender, pointed, whitish,.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 215

outer pair nearly twice as long as inner pair; a similar
tooth anterior to each of the outer two, near the an-
terior margin of the segment; a blackish spot at the
base of each upper tooth, and one below each stigmatal
plate; anal prominence with four blunt tubercles about
the anal opening.

Larva (6). [lig. 35, 36.]

One example was found May 16, in the wet sand of
the shore at Station C, during the interval between the
larval broods of TZipula eluta. The last segment is
extremely different from that of eluta.

Larva (Fig. 35, 36].—Length 30 mm., diameter 3.5
mm. Head with larger pale areas, transverse line very
broad, otherwise about as in euta.

Body pale dirty yellowish, surface scarcely pubescent,
evenly covered with minute brown points or very short
hairs grouped by twos and threes in transverse arrange-
ment, confused on sides of body. Last two segments very
indistinctly separated, noticeably pubescent and darker
above. Transversed impressed lines of anterior divisions
well marked, three in number; posterior divisions slightly
swollen, with two distant indistinct lines; first four seg-
ments and posterior divisions bearing four brown sete
with thicker blackish bases in a straight transverse row
above, inner sete less distinct, and a curved row of close-
set pairs of long sete below; on each double segment
two lateral sete, one on each division, thoracic seg-
ments with two lateral sete one above the other, or only
one. Prothorax with an anterior elevation, bearing a
short transverse darker ridge each side in a chitinous
area.

Last segment [Fig. 36] with concave transverse stig-
matal field, and overhanging it above four very long,
slender, tapering, nearly equal teeth in almost a straight
line; below it two short rather distant teeth, each with
an apical seta; all similar to outer surface in color and
vestiture. Stigmatal plates nearly black, three deep-set

216 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

black dots below each, one above, and four in a square
between them. Anal prominence very large, bearing on
each side a very thick, subconical, pointed, recurved fleshy
horn.

Tipula sp. (e). [Fig. 37, 38.]

A lot of larvee from which the present species was bred,
were collected from some leafy hollows in the black soil
of the higher bottom-land on the west side of the river,
below station H, on several dates between April 18 and
23. There were two sizes of these larvee, so closely simi-
lar in all respects that they were supposed to belong
to asingle species. The pupe from these forms, however,
maintaining the difference in size, differed distinctly in
certain structures, although for the most part apparently
identical; and they were accordingly bred separately, and
each pupal skin was removed with its imago, as they
emerged. The remarkable fact now became apparent that
while the larger pupe gave the above species, those from
the smaller form were not only of a different species, but
of another genus, being Pachyrhina ferruginea.

Both larve were probably feeding on the wet decaying
matted leaves at the bottom of the little hollows in
which they occurred.

None had pupated when examined April 26, some were
pupe May 1, and all of the present species had reached
this stage by May 3, from which the imago was obtained
May 7, thus making the pupal period about a week.
The same larva has also been taken by us at Urbana,
April 27.

Aside from the fact that the size of this species is
about twice that of the Pachyrhina, the two larve are
almost identical. Inthe Tipula, the transverse pale line
on the head above is broader, the darker transverse bars
of the body are more distinct, and the lower pair of stig-
matal teeth are larger, with a more extensive and darker

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 217

border within [Fig. 37]. As to the pupe, I can only
compare the females, as I have not the male of this
species. The row of teeth next behind the tarsi—that
of the fourth abdominal—consists in the Tipula of about
eight small teeth, the middle ones distinct, and directly
back of the tarsi. In the Pachyrhina, those directly be-
hind the tarsi are wanting, leaving only a small pair on
each side, as on the preceding segment in both species.
The conical mass at the apex of the female abdomen
[Fig. 38] is prolonged in the Tipula, greatly exceeding
the posterior pair of dorsal teeth, while in the Pachy-
rhina it is short, not extending beyond the tips of those
teeth [Fig. 40].

Larva (Fig. 837].—Head with the pale transverse line
rather broad at middle; last antennal joint larger,
brownish, mandibles with the blunt teeth larger and
longer than in eluta.

Body blackish fuscous with a brownish tint, covered
with very fine brown pubescence. Anterior divisions
with only two distinct transverse impressed lines above
and below, forming three folds between the true and
false sutures; first abdominal and posterior divisions
elevated into a low transverse ridge of darker color,
bearing the usual four black sete above and four pairs
of sete below, each pair appearing like one seta; anterior
divisions with one lateral seta, posterior divisions and
first abdominal with two, thoracic segments with three
or four, vertically arranged.

Last segment [Fig, 87] with stigmatal field and anal
prominence whitish; above the former, four narrow erect
fleshy teeth; the inner pair sharper and slightly re-
curved, posterior faces black, narrowly pale margined;
outer pair more slender, diverging, with a black streak
on posterior faces. Stigmatal plates black; below them
the other pair of teeth, short and inconspicuous, not se-
tiferous, tips blackish, sometimes slightly margined with
fuscous on inner face; in front of them a black dot;

218 = Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

anal prominence large, with a lateral and inferior pair
of broad tubercles. 2

Pupa [Fig. 38]—Length 27-29 mm., diameter 5.5
mm. Dark reddish brown, more or less blackish. Re-
spiratory tubes slightly longer than in euta, longer than
the distance between them; prothorax with middle of
anterior portion depressed and blackened. Mesonotum
with a pair of acute teeth at center and a similar tooth
behind each respiratory tube, the transverse suture
deeply and sharply impressed and blackish, in front of
each of the latter teeth. Wing-pads and legs black or
dark brown, middle tarsi often shorter than the others.

Lateral margins of abdomen bearing a sharp tooth
on each division, and numerous black dots above and
below; posterior divisions above and below with a trans-
verse row of sharp spinous conical teeth, small anteriorly,
more numerous upon middle segments, larger and fewer
posteriorly, middle teeth of ventral row wanting on third
abdominal, fifth to seventh abdominals with six to eight
teeth in ventral rows, those of dorsal rows more vari-
able, and unequal in size; no other teeth outside of
these rows.

Last two segments [Fig. 38] bearing anteriorly large
spinous teeth, four ventral in a transverse row, two
jateral, and six dorsal, anterior inner pair very small
and blackish, lying between and in line with the outer
pair; remaining four about equal in size. Terminal cone
of female long, projecting beyond the posterior dorsal
teeth as far as their distance from the base of the eleventh
segment.

Pachyrhina ferruginea Fabr. [Fig. 39, 40.]

As stated under the preceding species, larvee of this spe-
cies were taken April 13 to 23; the first pupz were formed
after April 26, and most of the others by May 1, when the
first example, a female, emerged, another imago appear-
ing May 3. The larva had been previously found at
Urbana May 7 in a corn field. The imago is common,

tn

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 219

and we have collected it four times in May, once in June,
once in August (on the 6th), and three times in Sep-
tember, in central Illinois. It would therefore seem at
least two-brooded. One imago came to a light at night.

The situation where they were found at Havana, habits,
differences, etc., have already been fully discussed under
the preceding species, which it closely resembles in the
immature stages.

Larva [Fig. 39]—Length 20-25 mm., diameter 3.5-4
mm. Transverse line of head above rather narrow, each
fold of body with more distinctly darker transverse bar;
anal prominence rather small, pair of teeth below stig-
mata rather prominent and not very short, above
fuscous and margined with black, more strongly on
outer margin. Otherwise almost exactly like the pre-
ceding species.

Pupa [Fig. 40].—Length 19-21 mm., diameter 3.5-4
mm. Yellowish brown, varied with blackish, wing-pads
and legs yellowish brown, former with narrow dark
margin, each abdominal posterior division with two or
three blackish dots on each side of disk above and be-
low; row of spinous teeth of fourth abdominal wanting
at middle behind the tarsi, two small teeth remaining
on each side, as on the third abdominal. Last segment
{Fig. 40] with smaller lateral teeth, four larger dorsal
ones about equal in size, terminal cone of female short,
scarcely or not at all projecting behind the tips of the
posterior pair of dorsal teeth; male with corresponding
area protuberant, median line strongly impressed, ter-
minal surface broader below, with a sharp recurved spine
at the outer inferior angles. Otherwise exactly as in
the preceding species.

Larva (/).

A very common species in the light sandy soil of the
sand plain at Havana, under the deep layers of dead
leaves which accumulate in the woods. Larve were
collected May 26 and June 1.

220 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Larva.—Length 25-30 mm., diameter about 4 mm_
This looks very much like the two preceding species, and
is of the same color. The pubescence is -distinct and
dark brown; the anterior divisions show but two im-
pressed transverse lines; the middle fold of each posterior
division bears a darker low transverse ridge with four
setee above and four pairs of sete below, each pair very.
approximate; posterior divisions with two principal
lateral sete, anterior with one, thoracic segments with
three or four.

Last segment quite distinct, the upper teeth rather
long, strongly diverging and recurved, outer pair dis-
tinctly shorter than inner pair, latter entirely black,
forming a pair of slender tapering sharp-pointed re-
curved hooks; outer pair with a posterior longitudinal
black stripe along nearly the entire length of each. Stig-
mata large, black, distant, separated above by the black
bases of the inner teeth; lower teeth small, with a dis-
tinct black j-mark on their sides and apex; anal promi-
nence tuberculate as usual.

FamMity TABANIDA.

uniform in structure and appearance, and are easily
known by their glassy, whitish cylindrical bodies with
similarly tapering ends, a retractile chitinous head in
front, and a retractile short breathing tube at the tip of
the last segment above, seemingly an additional segment.
The smaller species and the young of larger kinds are only
faintly marked, but the larger larve are distinctly ringed’
and laterally striped with dusky or blackish. They are
predaceous, restless, and active, and thelarger examples use:
their mandibles freely as a means of defence, readily punc-
turing the skin and producing a momentary sharp pain.

Some are terrestrial, but most of the species live in
the wet sand, mud, or matted and drifted vegetation of
shores, where they are sometimes quite abundant, bur-

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 221

rowing actively in search of food. This probably con-
consists largely of soft larve, and they have also been
known to devour water-snails not protected by an
operculum. In open water they project themselves for-
ward by horizontal strokes of the posterior end of
the body, and are often found floating, making
efforts at progression, but acting as if out of place. Ac-
cording to Garman,* they are eaten in quantities by the
channel catfish and occasionally by bull-pout.

The eggs [Fig. 42, 55] are deposited in summer in
masses on rushes and other smooth surfaces over water
or wet ground; the larve hibernate nearly full grown
and transform in May and June.

The pupe [Fig. 43] are also very similar to each other
and are formed on shore, concealed in damp rubbish
They resemble lepidopterous pup, but may be known
at once by the large somewhat ear-shaped spiracles
[Fig. 45, 53] on the back of the thorax.

COMMON CHARACTERS.

All the larvee and pupe of Tabanide studied, agree in
the following general characters.

Larve.—Body cylindrical, 11-jointed, not counting the
head, tapering at both ends, which are somewhat pointed;
skin shining and glassy, more or less striated, whitish,
with opaque markings of a microscopic felted pubescence,
variably present in the form of rings upon the sutures
and false feet, and lateral stripes accompanying the
four punctate lines of each side; areas between these
lines longitudinally striated, remaining surface often
striated, at least in the young.

Labrum and epistoma [Fig. 51, c] forming a median
partition anteriorly, upper edge grooved, lower applied
to the bifid tip of the mentum [d]; a pair of long claw-
like black mandibles [e! each side of it, each with a short
subapical groove; exterior to these the pale maxille

*Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. ITI., p. 156.

222 = Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

[g], brownish near the acute apex, and bearing anteriorly
the palpi [f], which have thick short joints; antenne
[b] slender, directed outwardly, attached to the anterior
angles of the head above the palpi, three-jointed, basal
joint quite short; a bunch of stiff diverging recurved
hairs between each antenna and the median line above.

Prothorax grooved below; dorsal and ventral areas
of each body segment (limited by the upper and lower
pairs of lateral lines) alike, longitudinally striated or
nearly smooth, the striation greatest in young larve;
those of thorax with discal punctures, abdomen with a
Y-shaped group of punctures on each side of the dorsal
areas, and a short oblique row, similarly placed, on
the ventral areas; lateral areas always regularly
longitudinally striate between the lines of punctures-
The upper and lower of these lines are distinct,,
with numerous punctures; the two intermediate ones
have fewer punctures, are often indistinct, especially upon
the abdomen, and are wanting upon the prothorax.
Abdominal segments except the last with a circle of
fleshy tubercles or false feet near their anterior margins,
consisting of two transverse dorsal, one lateral each
side, and four rounded ventral ones. Last segment
with a bilobed rounded anal prominence beneath, and a
subconical retractile short prolongation at apex above,
with a terminal vertical stigmata] slit, from which a
sharp compressed spine often projects [Fig. 48].

Pupe [Fig. 43].—Subcylindrical, rather abrupt in
front, tapering rapidly behind; ferruginous-brown, often
tinted with fuscous; finely wrinkled and subopaque, each
abdominal segment with a fringe of slender spines pos-
teriorly.

On each side of the head anteriorly are the short, thick,
appressed, antennal sheaths; between them, a little above,
a pair of prominent setiferous tubercles; a little below,
a pair of transverse elevations, crested with a sharp
transverse ridge, separated by a narrow deep cleft at

Lntomology of the Lllinois River. 223

aniddle, each divided by a notch into two lobes. Beneath,
the head bears on each side a pair of setiferous tubercles,
and between these a pair of short closely appressed
palpal sheaths. The three small tubercles supposed
to represent the ocellar triangle lie at the point of
separation of the head and the two halves of the thorax,
one on each, and are indistinct in smaller pupe. The
upper margin of the head is angulate at middle and over
each antenna.

Thorax obsoletely wrinkled; pro- and mesothorax sep-
arating and splitting on the well-marked middle line
above at time of emergence. Prothorax about as long
as the anterior surface of the head with a setiferous
tubercle each side near the ocellar triangle and another
at each hind angle; an impressed curve originates above
each antenna. Mesothorax one half longer than pro-
thorax; its anterior margin extended angularly forward
on each side, bearing at this point a large darker spir-
acular prominence [Fig. 45, 53] with an arcuate rima
or air slit, closed by a thin membrane; inwardly from
each prominence is a deep closed notch in the margin;
disk with two small sete each side; wing-pads attain-
ing second abdominal. Metathorax very short at mid-
dle, sides a little longer and with two angles in front; a
seta each side.

Abdominal segments about equal in length, the first
obsoletely transversely wrinkled, one seta, or more, each
side on an obsolete ridge near hind margin. Next six
segments distinctly transversely wrinkled, encircled by a
continuous fringe of slender spines, borne upon a slight
ridge near the hind margin. Lateral areas of first seven
segments limited by sharply impressed lines, and slightly
elevated, each bearing a rounded spiracular tubercle
[Figs. 44, 52]. Last segment short with a truncate tip
[Figs. 46, 54] margined by six acute teeth; anal tuber-
cle beneath large in the male, with a fringe of spines
in front of it; small in the female, the fringe broadly inter-
rupted at middle; a few lateral spines on this segment.

224 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

CHARACTERS USED IN TABULATING GENERA OF TABANIDA.

Larve.

The larve and pupe of Chrysops, as well as the imago,
are distinguishable from those of Tabanus by the anten-
nal structure, as stated in the keys. Otherwise the
Chrysops larve closely resemble in structure small or
. young Tabanus larve. The dull pubescent annuli are
partly present in Chrysops, but the longitudinal lat-
eral lines, except on the prothorax, are shining and al-
most entirely without pubescence. There is very little
pubescence here, however, in some young Tabanus larve.
The species herein described [Fig. 41] is easily recog-
nized by the dark patch on the last segment.

The Tabanus larve and pupe studied form two groups,
which may be called the déneola and the atratus groups.
The larvee show the most distinctive characters in the
sculpture of the surface, especially that of the prothorax,
which has lateral, dorsal, and ventral shining areas,
limited in front by an opaque pubescent annulus. Com-
paring the anterior extension of these shining areas, we
find them all of about the same length in Chrysops and
the lineola group of Tabanus, although this length
varies in the Chrysops. The lateral prothoracic areas are
extensively invaded by the anterior annulus in the atratus
croup of larve, the striated shining space becoming ba-
sal, being not more than half as long as the dorsal area.
The upper lateral space of the mesothorax is not very
closely striate, and quite shining. In all except some of
the atratus group the remaining lateral striation, in-
cluding that of the prothorax, is not much finer, and
is also shining, but in the others (as in atratus) the pro-
thoracic and abdominal lateral striation becomes micro-
scopically fine and even subopaque. A smooth spot
near the lower hind angle of the prothoracic lateral area
also gives good characters. The dorsal and ventral
striation varies in extent according to age, but the tho-

Entomology of the Illinois River. 225

rax is striated above in Chrysops, and smooth or nearly
so in Tabanus. The three types of coloration observed
are well shown by the three Tabanus larve ficured.

Pupe.

The little Chrysops pupe have longer antenne, and
the thoracic spiracular prominence is more nearly in a
vertical plane than in Tabanus, its inner edge being
more strongly elevated. Its lower free edge is crossed by
sharp folds, making it serrated. In Chrysops, the abdom-
inal spiracles are subcylindrical near the apex; the spi-
nose fringes consist of long teeth only; and the terminal
teeth are long and rather narrow at the base.

The great difference between the abdominal spiracles
and terminal teeth of the déneola group [Fig. 44, 46] and
‘those of the atratus group [Fig. 52, 54] is evident from
the figures. In both, the thoracic spiracles are in a plane
nearly parallel to the adjacent surface and the spinose
fringes contain long and short spines. The preanal
fringe in the dineola group shows more or lesss of a chi-
tinous web uniting the bases of the spines.

A pair of short appressed palpal sheaths on the lower
surface of the head, resembling the antennal sheaths,
differ slightly in position in related species of the atratus
group.

Pangonia is unknown to me in the immature stages;
it would probably group here with Chrysops.

KEYS TO GENERA OF TABANIDA.
Lgqs.

In one flat tier, forming an oval or diamond-shaped area,
pointed at one or both ends. [Fig. 42.]....... Chrysops.
In an elevated, thick, subconical mass of several tiers,
ee nis tnsss trates sats nesaresdsatsvebiaiombaradiespee .... Labanus.

—15

226 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Larve.

Last antennal joint much longer than the one preceding,
dorsal areas of thorax striated like those of ab-
CG URGING io tes is J, dee onspss ed sasaas seep aseppamienes toxvixgsaeem Chrysops.

Last antennal joint not longer, usually much shorter,
than the one preceding; dorsal areas smooth or
striated, but those of thorax nearly or quite free
FROME, SAGTIE. vnnis sacehocchasarssens sedthon ce bev axapeenecangeaeeene Tabanus.

Pupe.

Antenne surpassing adjacent margin of head; fringes
of abdomen of long spines only; inner margin of
thoracic spiracular prominences sharply elevated,
lower margin serrate-edged; abdominal spiracles
slender, subcylindrical near apex; size small.. Chrysops.

Antenne not attaining margin of head; fringes of ab-
domen of long and short spines; inner edge of thoracic
spiracular prominence not, or but slightly, more prom-
inent than outer edge; abdominal spiracles subconical
or rounded; size medium or large. [Fig. 43.].. Zabanus.

‘PANGONIA.
P. rasa Loew.
Illinois (Ze Baron*).

CHRYSOPS.
C. excitans Walk.
One example, margin of Grass Lake, Lake Co., June
22.

C. mitis O.-S.

A specimen with all the characters of this species, but
nearer CO. fugax in size, was taken June 15 near Sand
Lake, Lakecounty. Dr. Williston also mentions the small-
er size of a specimen in his collection (Trans. Kans. Acad.
Sci. Vol. X., p. 132).

* Osten-Sacken, ‘‘Prodrome of a Monograph of the Tabanidze of the United States,’”
Part I., p. 366.

Entomology of the Illinois Rwer. 227

C. niger Macq.

Taken along shore at Station C on May 16, 17, and
18. It appears in our collections from McLean and
Champaign counties (central Illinois) and from Union
county, in southern Illinois, on seven dates between May
16 and June 15, being apparently earlier in its appear-
ance than callidus.

C. estuans v. d. Wulp.

This northern species is common about the small lakes
of northern [Illinois. They were noted Aug. 3-10
flying among the marginal rushes of Fourth Lake,
Sand Lake, and Slough Lake, in Lake county, and
ovipositing on the stems of the rushes. The flies have
also occurred about Urbana June 8, 16, and 17.

fgg (Fig. 42].—Length 1.6 mm., diameter 25 mm.,
Cylindrical with rounded ends, straight or slightly curved,
smooth, slightly opaque, cream color when laid, becom-
ing dark fuscous brown, placed in a single flat layer,
obliquely stacked as in Tabanus, about one fourth of
the length of each egg being visible at the surface, the
remaining three fourths being covered by those stacked
against it. The mass is about 10 mm. long and 3 or
4 mm. wide, its outline variable, usually diamond-shaped,
both ends pointed, or one end short or truncate, making
it more or less triangular.

CO. callidus O.-S.

One example was found flying along shore at Station
C July 16. We have collected this species at Urbana, in
the vicinity of a small creek, June 8 and 16 and July
20; and at Savanna, on the Mississippi, in Carroll county,
August 1.

C. pudicus O.-8.
Illinois (Xennicott*).
C. montanus O.-S.

Ogle Co. ( Osten-Sacken).

C. flavidus Wied.

* Osten-Sacken, *Prodrome.”’

228 TLilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Taken July 1 and 15 at Urbana, also near New Orleans
April 28.

C. univittatus Macq.

This species is very common about Urbana in woods
and orchards, and appeared in twenty-two collections be-
tween June 8 and July 28—most abundantly about
June 21—from Champaign and McLean counties.

C. vittatus Wied. [Fig. 41.]

The larve were found in connection with those of
Bittacomorpha, Limnophila, and Sialis in the weedy
swampy little stream at Station I. They were quite
common here, occurring in the mud and the mats of dead
stems, rarely floating at the surface. The first were
seen March 28, but they continued to occur up to April 15,
increasing slightly in size. In the breeding-cage they
burrowed in the mud and through the vegetation. In
the latter part: of May the water was allowed to dry away
and on the 28th all that remained was poured off. June
1-8, three pups were formed in the damp mass of dead
vegetable matter resting on the mud in the cage. Two
imagos emerged June 9, both males, the third failing to
transform. The coloration of the larva readily distin-
guishes it.

Larva [Fig. 41].—Length 10-15 mm., diameter 1.6
mm. Head light colored, mouth parts pale, tips of
maxillary palpi in line with end of labrum; body whitish,
a mottled appearance within at middle of body.

Dorsal and ventral areas striate, strice entire, distinct,
and not very fine; lateral striation a little finer, that of
prothorax very fine, with a small smooth spot adjoining
the smoother surface of its ventral area; latter shorter
than dorsal, not including anterior pair of setse, median
sulcus scarcely dull-pubescent. Meso-and metathorax with
lateral impressed lines, and dull-pubescent pale annuli,
but the lateral lines almost without pubescence. Fleshy
false feet of abdominals rather prominent, dorsal pair
united into one, there being no narrowing near the

Lntomology of the Lllinois River. 229

median line; annuli very pale except on the last two
or three segments; last segment white basally, remainder
covered with dull blackish microscopic pubescence reach-
ing forwards to the anal prominence, a triangular ex-
tension each side of middle above often a small spot
accompanying each; respiratory tube whitish, spine some-
times projecting.

Tracheal trunks sinuate posteriorly, crossing and re-
crossing in front of middle.

Pupa.—Length 9-10 mm., diameter 2 mm. Light
brownish ferruginous, obsoletely transversely wrinkled,
head and thorax shining, abdomen duller.

Antennal sheaths not very thick at base, surpassing
the marginal angulation above them; carinated tubercles
not prominent, lateral notches broad and shallow, palpal
sheaths indefinite, rather distant; setiferous tubercles
scarcely darker; ocellar tubercles replaced by pale dots.
Rima of thoracic spiracles strongly elevated from inner
side, so that the flat top of the prominence is nearly
vertical, the upper edge of the rimal border forming a
sharp carina and its anterior extremity ending at the
tip of the marginal extension in an acute angle; the free
lower edge is crossed by sharp ridges, giving it a serrate
profile; rima less curved at middle, more strongly at
each end, scarcely hooked; inner notch with radiating
striations.

The abdominal fringes consist of a single row of pale
spines on each segment, rather long except dorsally on
the second, where they are shorter and thicker. The ab-
dominal spiracular tubercles arise from a slight eleva-
tion, tapering from a comparatively small base as far as
middle, thence nearly cylindrical to apex, which bears a
subcircular rima; on anterior slope a small transverse
groove, not Jonger than the rima; tubercle about as high
as its basal diameter. Last segment with six nearly
equal terminal teeth, their points marking the angles of
a hexagon; slender, even constricted at base, twice as

230 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Sislony,

long as their diameter near base. Lateral spines almost
wanting; ventral fringe in front of anal tubercle in male;
a tuft of about five spines on each side in place of this-
fringe in the female.
C. striatus O.-S.
Illinois (Ze Baron*).
C. obsoletus Wied. ia
One example from Urbana, Aug. 3; two from the Mis-
sissippi bottoms in Union county, Aug. 11.

TABANUS.

On account of the general similarity of habit and struc-
ture among tabanid larve and pupe, the discussion un-
der the family heading covers all points to be mentioned:
regarding this genus. There are many species, and the
separation of their immature forms will be at best very
difficult. Those known to me represent two quite dis-
tinct groups. The species preceding Z. lineola perhaps.
compose a third group, their immature stages being:
unknown to me.

The larve differ from those of Chrysops in the greater
variety of striation. That of the upper mesothoracic
lateral area is more noticeably coarse than that in the
other lateral areas; in the dorsal and ventral areas it is
usually wanting or sparser on the disk, at least on the
dorsum of the thorax, and more or less restricted to the:
margin of each area, except in young larve, in which the
strie may all be entire, as they are in Chrysops. The
dark ring encircling the membrane at the base of the
respiratory tube is not wide and is usually parallel-sided,
not reaching forwards to the anal prominence, as in.
Chrysops, but often joined to it by a lateral isthmus.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF TABANUS.
Larve.
Lateral shining striated area of prothorax nearly or
quite as long as dorsal area; lateral striation not

* Osten-Sacken, ‘‘Prodrome.’’

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 231

very fine; dorsal and ventral areas of abdomen

stronely but rather unevenly striate. (lineola

group.)

Upper and lower thirds of prothoracic lateral area stri
ated, middle third smooth, without striz; only no-
ticeable marking a fleck of light brown in front of
the outer end of each dorsal false foot...species (a).

Middle third of prothoracic lateral area striated like
the rest.

Upper thoracic lateral lines, at least of mesothorax,
accompanied by pale brown opaque stripes of pu-
bescence, which are slender, not dilated posteri-
orly, lateral edges of thoracic dorsal areas di-

Wereine ties Wh WI AT] so... osstet oe eaebsennc cosas: lineola.
Lateral lines of thorax without color or pubescence.
costalis.

Lateral shining striated areas of prothorax short, not
more than half as long as dorsal area, thoracic late.
ral darker stripes present. (a¢ratus group.)

Lateral stripes of meso- and metathorax slender, pale
brown, scarcely dilated at posterior ends, lateral
edges of their dorsal areas diverging. [Fig. 47.]

Lateral striation of prothorax scarcely finer than
that of mesothorax.......s..000400.-: nigrescens, stygius.
Lateral striation of prothorax microscopically fine
and opaque; that of mesothorax much coarser,
ISHN AWA SWIMS. |. scty vysyserteaccuscr esos: species (0).

Lateral stripes of meso- and metathorax dark brown
in adult, dilated posteriorly on each segment, so
that the lateral edges of the dorsal areas become
parallel behind middle of segment; lateral stria-
tions minute and subopaque except in upper

, Spaces on meso- and metathorax; markings dis-
tinct at all ages, annuli well developed. [Fig. 50.]
airatus.

232 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Pupe.

Abdominal spiracular tubercles subtriangular, narrower
behind, obliquely subconical, much shorter than basal
diameter, bearing a short arcuate or subcircular
small rima [Fig. 44]; middle upper pair of terminal
teeth much smaller than the lateral pair [Fig. 46].
(Lineola group.)

Tips of four upper terminal teeth in line [Fig. 46].

lineola.
Tips of middle upper pair of teeth well above a line
connecting tips Of OUtEr PAiP........ccccccccccsvers costalis.

Abdominal spiracular tubercles rounded, broad behind,
low subhemispherical, bearing a long rima with
curved ends [Fig. 52]; terminal teeth marking the
angles of a broad hexagon [Fig. 54]. (Aératus
group.)

Spines of fringes pale or blackish tipped, short spines
Very WHE Wal triteii ic, ees. ober cok eae nigrescens, stygius.
Spines of fringes distinctly annulated and tipped with

Subgenus Zherioplectes.

T. trispilus Wied.

Illinois (Le Baron Collection.)
T. lasiophthalmus Macq.

Two from southern Hlinois, in May; two taken near
Urbana, also in May.
T. epistates O.-S.

Credited by Osten-Sacken to Illinois [‘‘Prodrome,” p.
467], although this locality is not mentioned for it in his
Catalogue [p. 56].

Subgenus Atylotus.
T. bicolor Wied.
Four specimens, all taken about a piece of wet ground
in Champaign county July 24 to Aug. 29.

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 233

T. reinwardtii Wied.
One example, Urbana, July.

T. cerastes O.-S.
A single specimen in our collection; Illinois.

Subgenus Zabanus.
T. cymatophorus O.-S.
From near the Mississippi at the southern border of
Jackson county in southern Illinois, Aug. 8 and 26; mod.
erately common. See also remarks under 7. abdominalis.

T. venustus O.-8.
Not rare about Urbana; taken in June and up to July

20; also Aug. 16, on flowers.

T. turbidus Wied.
A specimen from Illinois doubtfully referred to this

species [Osten-Sacken, ‘‘Prodrome’’].

T. abdominalis Fabr.

While in Grand Tower, on the Mississippi, near the
southern boundary of Jackson county, I secured Aug-
ust 26 a quantity of Tabani in really good condition
from the boys who were tending cattle. Every specimen
brought in was a female. The list is as follows:

T. cymatophorus, 5 examples.
T. abdominalis, 56 6 ‘
T. exul, 3 a
T. giganteus, 29 ae

The fifty-six examples of the present species varied ex-
tensively in quality of abdominal color, but all had a
narrow front and a closed first posterior cell. Females
have also been collected by us at Grand Tower Aug. 8.

T. exul O.-S. |
In addition to the three examples mentioned in the

preceding list, we have three females and a male (the lat-
ter as described by Osten-Sacken) from Urbana and the
Mississippi bottoms of Union county, Aug. 3-Sept. 6.

234 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

T. sulcifrons Macq.

Two males, one from the Union county bottoms, the
other from Urbana, not in the same day’s collection with
any female Tabani, Aug. 1 and 11, are clearly of this spe-—
cies according to Osten-Sacken’s description. They have a
slightly different aspect from the two preceding species,
but show close resemblances. Possibly some females of
this species are included among those of 7. exwul. The char-
acters given by Osten-Sacken for their separation do not
seem to me very satisfactory.

This and the two preceding species seem to appear
quite late in the season.

T. trimaculatus Pal. Beauv.

One female was collected about May 23 at Station C.
We have taken this species also at Pekin (Tazewell Co.)
and Urbana July 19 and Aug. 15.

Tabanus sp. (a).

My two examples of this peculiar species are from very
diverse situations. One was taken under bark in woods
near Urbana April 6; the other, from a prairie ditch in
Kane county which was swollen by a heavy rain.

Larva.—Length 19 mm., diameter 2.5 mm. Last anten-
nal joint short and very slender, epistoma not sulcate an-
teriorly, but with an elongate puncture. Whitish, lateral
pubescent stripes wanting, annuli much reduced and pale
except upon false feet. Prothorax shining, with anterior
opaque annulus; lateral areas as long as the dorsal,
their upper and lower thirds rather coarsely striate,
middle third smooth, with several punctures; ventral
area smooth, middle groove with three striz, dorsal area
nearly smooth. Strize of upper lateral spaces of meso-
and metathorax and of dorsal and ventral areas of
abdomen moderately coarse; those of lateral areas of ab-
domen somewhat finer; dorsal and ventral areas of meso-
thorax with a few striz; of metathorax rather sparsely
striate. All areas more or less shining. On the anterior
side of each dorsal false foot, at its outer end, an opaque

Eniomology of the Illinois River. 235

light brown elongate fleck. [False feet shining and
rather finely striated on each side. No projecting spine
posteriorly; only a narrow pale annulus on last seg-
ment, at base of breathing tube.

T. lineola Fabr. [Fig. 43-46.]

The larva of this species closely resembles the young of
nigrescens, and was not separated from it at first. Hxam-
ples were taken at stations C,I,and H on April 14,15,and
30; and in Flag Lake April 27—as shown by specimens
preserved. We have also taken the larva April 8 and
June 15 and 24 in Sand Lake, Lake county, and in
ponds in Kane and Champaign counties. Three pupe
have been obtained on May 18 of different years. Ima-
gos were obtained from these May 27, 29, and June 6.
The tabanid pupe develop much more rapidly in hot
weather than in cold, and to this fact is probably due
the difference in time of emergence. Another pupa was
found at Matanzas Lake Aug. 24.

Imagos were also collected in the vicinity of the
cabin boat at Station C May 17, June 13, July 14, and
Sept. 9. In our general collections they have been taken
April 23 at New Orleans, and in Illinois on fourteen occa-
sionsfrom June 2 toJuly 28, also Aug. 38 and 13 and Sept.
27. Whether there are one or two broods remains to
be determined. These imagos were from Lake, Cham-
paign, and Union counties, being obtained once at sugar,
once at an electric light, and several times found visiting
flowers. The species is a common one in central Illinois.

Larva.—Length 20 mm., diameter 2.7 mm. Prothorax
with lateral shining areas about as long as the dorsalarea,
striation about the same as that of the upper mesotho-
racic area, no noticeable central smooth spot, a small
one on lower margin posteriorly; remaining lateral
areas a little more finely and closely striate; dorsal
and ventral areas of thorax nearly smooth on disk,
with basal strie; those of abdumen with moderately
close striz, more or less interrupted on disk; all areas
more or less shining.

236 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Surface whitish, dull pubescent markings very light
brown but distinct, annuli narrow, crests of false feet
also dull pubescent, their sides striate; lateral stripes
of thorax distinct. slender, not dilated posteriorly, lateral
edges of dorsal areas of thorax diverging. An
opaque dark ring about base of respiratory tube, and
another encircling anal prominence, above it usually
three light brown spots.

Main internal tracheze rather thick and noticeable,
subparallel, not strongly sinuate, at least back of the
middle. Terminal stigmatal spine often protruded.

Pupa (Fig. 48-46].—Length 19 mm., diameter 3 mm.
Light ferruginous brown, shining, abdomen roughly
wrinkled and subopaque. Palpal sheaths indistinct, not
distant; tubercles not dark; ocellar tubercles indistinct
or wanting; thoracic spiracular tubercles [Fig. 45]
slightly but -nearly equally elevated, free margin
rounded at tip, rima not vertical, evenly arcuate, slightly
hooked in front.

Abdominal spiracular tubercles subtriangular, nar-
rower behind, obliquely subconical; much shorter than
basal diameter, bearing a small subcircular or short
and strongly arcuate rima [Fig 44]; on anterior slope
a transverse groove, usually longer than the rima; -
fringes formed of unequal pale spines, only one or two
_ long spines above on seventh segment; outer terminal
teeth much longer than the others, directed laterally and
upwards, the tips of the four upper teeth about in line
[Fig. 46]. Fringe anterior to anal prominence showing
a chitinous webbing between the bases of the spines,
so that the separated tufts of the female look like a pair
of broad low teeth with several spiny points; lateral tufts
low down, near ends of ventral fringe, formed of short
spines. vi

T. costalis Wied.
This seems to be normally a terrestrial larva. We
have taken it two or three times in the earth of corn

Entomology of the Illinois River. 237

fields in Champaign county. The dates given are May
31 and June 4. Examples were placed in a breeding-
cage, and an imago of costalis was secured from them.

The imago, known as the “‘green-head,”’is very generally
common, and is quite a pest. in some bottom-land prairies.
A few examples were noted along shore at Station D Aug.
20. The examples in our collection were taken on twenty-
two occasions, all between July 15 and Aug. 13 except
three dates, July 8 and Aug. 18 and 31, which would
make it probable that it is single brooded. The localities
are Carroll, Lake, Cook, and Ford counties at the north,
and Fulton, McLean, and Champaign counties in central
Illinois. The specimens were from a variety of situations,
usually in low herbage, often taken visiting flowers.

Larva.—Length 20 mm., diameter 2.7 mm. Prothorax
with lateral shining areas about as long as the dorsal,
coarsely striate, a smooth spot near center of disk;
dorsal and ventral areas of thorax smooth, a few
striz on those of metathorax, especially posteriorly;
remaining areas moderately striate, lateral areas of
abdomen a little more finely striate than the others; all
more or less shining.

Dark annuli pale, narrow, longitudinal stripes scarcely
present; false feet with dull pubescent crests, their
sides rather finely striate; a narrow dark annulus at
base of respiratory tube, another around base of last
seement, enclosing anal prominence and giving off a
pair of lateral stripes, the lower one longer; no project-
ing spine seen.

Pupa (from defective cast skin of male).—Length 20
mm., diameter 3 mm. Light fuscous brown, shining;
abdomen smoothly wrinkled, +lightly opaque; prothoracic
spiracular tubercles slightly but nearly equally elevated,
free margin rounded at tip, rima not vertical, evenly
arcuate, slightly hooked in front.

Abdominal spiracular tubercles small, subtriangular,
narrower behind, obliquely subconical, much shorter

238 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

than basal diameter, bearing a very small subcircular
rima; fringes formed of unequal pale spines, the longer
ones sparse on seventh segment above; outer terminal
teeth twice as large as lower pair, directed laterally and
slightly backwards; upper pair smallest, directed up-
wards; ventral fringe of last segment not noticeably
webbed; lateral tufts rather high, not near ends of
ventral fringe.

My material of this species is not in the best condition
for accurate comparisons.

T. fulvulus Wied.
One example from the banks of the Mississippi, in
Carroll county (northern Illinois), July 30.

T. sagax O.-S.
Illinois ( Osten-Sacken*).

T. nigrescens Pal. Beauv.

An undersized larva supposed to belong with those of
the next species pupated May 18, and on June 1 pro-
duced an imago of 7. nzgrescens, which is a closely re-
lated species. Most of the larve treated above as stygius
were very uniform in size and characters, and although
I cannot now separate these species in the larval stage,
I believe the bulk of my material, at least, was stygdus.
We had previously taken the imago of nigrescens near
the Mississippi, in Jackson county, in southern Illinois,
August 10.

Pupa, ¢.—Length 25 mm., diameter 5.5 mm. Palpal
sheaths narrowly separated, about one fourth as far
apart as the sete borne by the large frontal tubercles,
a smooth depressed space between them, without tuber-
cles. Lobes of carinate transverse ridges of head more
rounded and separated by a deeper notch than usual.
Abdomen a little more shining and more smoothly
wrinkled. Otherwise not different from the pupa of
stygius (female) next described.

* «“Prodrome.”’

Eniomology of the Lltinois River. 239

T. stygius Say. [Fig. 47, 48.]

The present species was the most abundant tabanid
larva in the vicinity of Havana last spring (1895). It first
- appeared in our collections Sept. 14, when a number were
noted swimming amidst vegetation near the margin at
Station B. In the spring they were found at nearly all
of the stations, but more particularly in connection with
tipulid, muscid, and Eristalis larve in matted accumula-
tions of dead stems and leaves over mud. They were
especially abundant March 30 in Flag Lake, where large
plump larve appeared at every turn. It was a surprise
to find afew of them upon the bottom in open shallow wa-
ter, far from shore, in the middle of Quiver Lake at Sta-
tion A. Young larve haye been common in connection
with larve of Bittacomorpha and Limnophila at Station
I since March 17. At Stations B and G, they have been
common in moist drifts of fine rubbish washed up by
waves. Pupez were formed in the breeding-cages May 10
and 23. One emerged May 27, and another tried to
emerge June 2, but died and was removed from its case.

The larve resemble those of the déneola group in their
striation and coloration, but differ in their short lateral
prothoracie areas and larger size. They are like atratus
jn size, but may be readily separated from it by their
coarser lateral striation, straw-yellow tint, slender lateral
vitte, and usually projecting terminal stigmatal spine.

Larva [Fig. 47, 48].—Length 45-55 mm., diameter
6-7 mm. Bright straw-yellow, varying in some young
larve to nearly clear white; marked with light fuscous
brown microscopic pubescence, usually paler at each
stage than atratus.

Lateral prothoracic striated areas not more than half
as long as the dorsal, striation not finer than that of
the middle and lower lateral areas of the mesothorax,
striated portion shining; a small smooth spot adjoining
the impressed line below; remaining upper lateral thoracic
areas a little less closely striated, but not strongly
different from that of the prothorax; abdominal latera]

240 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

areas a little more finely striate; dorsal and ventral
areas with margins striated, disks pearly smooth in
adult larvee, last segment more strongly striate, especially
beneath.

Dark annuli distinct, broad, including false feet, a dis-
tinct transverse dorsal and ventral pale spot in front of
the false feet; abdominal annuli often with a small tri-
angular backward prolongation on median line above.
Prothoracic lateral space occupied by a pale brownish
fuscous quadrate spot in front of the striated space.
Meso- and metathoracic lateral stripes usually distinct,
but slender, scarcely dilated posteriorly, lateral edges of
dorsal areas diverging; lateral stripes of abdomen al-
most wanting, except on last two or three segments,
In these stripes the punctures of the upper and lower
rows are indicated by rounded pale dots, and those of
the inner rows by elongate dots. Last segment with
bases of respiratory tube and anal prominence encircled
with dark rings, joined by a lateral connection, its dorsum
with at most a short basal line or pair of dots on each
side. Coarser pubescence of false feet tipped with pale
brownish.

Main internal trachee thick and noticeable, especially
in young larve, lustrous, subparallel, not strongly sin-
uate, nearly straight posteriorly; terminal stigmatal
spine dark reddish brown, smooth, usually protruded.
[Fig. 48.]

Pupa, ¢.—ULength about 30 mm., diameter about 6 mm.
Light brownish fuscous, thorax paler, shining, abdomen
roughly transversely wrinkled, and subopaque. Palpal
sheaths distinct, as far apart as are the sete borne by
the larger tubercles at the center of the anterior surface
of the head; surface between them rounded, bearing a
small wrinkled tubercle at middle; antenne and tubercles
darker than surrounding surface; ocellar tubercles dis-
tinct; prothoracic spiracular tubercles slightly but evenly
elevated ina plane parallel to that of thesurrounding sur-

Lntomology of the Lilinois River. 241

face; rima nearly straight in its outer half, inwardly curv-
ing strongly forward, and ending in a conspicuous hook;
free margin of tubercle rounded at tip. [See Fig. 53.]

First abdominal with two distinct sete each side above
the spiracles; abdominal spiracular tubercles rounded,
broad behind, low-subhemispherical, rima long, following
posterior border of tubercle, slightly curved at middle,
more strongly curved forwards at each end; on anterior
surface a transverse groove extending across the tubercle,
but not as long as the rima. [See Fig. 52.] Fringes of
unequal spines, often tipped with blackish, all but two of
the long spines wanting in a broad space above on seventh
segment. Terminal teeth nearly equal, tipped with black-
ish, their points marking the angles of a hexagon, slight-
ly wider than high. [See Fig. 54.] Ventral fringe of last
segment not webbed together; lateral tufts high—on a
level with upper lateral line.

Tabanus sp. (6). [Fig. 49.]

In collecting the larve of Limnophila and _ Bittaco-
morpha in the swampy slough of Station I, many small
tabanid larve were found in the mud and dead trash,
and among them occurred, on April 15, two examples
of a distinct very white form with faint markings like
those of the preceding species, but laterally striate more
like atratus, and with a conspicuous isolated smooth
spot in the lateral striated area of the prothorax.

Larva (Fig. 49}].—Length 22—23 mm., width 2.5 mm.
Very pale whitish, markings like those of stygius, but
pale yellowish fuscous and inconspicuous. Head pale
brownish.

Lateral prothoracic areas not more than half as long
as the dorsal, striation scarcely visible, microscopically
fine and opaque, much finer than that of the middle and
lower lateral areas of the mesothorax, which are some-
what shining; a rather large smooth spot included in
the striated lateral area of the prothorax, not far from
the shining ventral area but entirely isolated from it; re-

—16

242 = TLilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

maining upper lateral thoracic areas distinctly more
coarsely striated than the areas below them, and quite
shining; abdominal lateral areas more finely striate,
feebly shining, microscopically striate on the posterior
portion of each area. Dorsal and ventral areas shining,
with sparse marginal strie interrupted on the disks,
those of thorax especially smooth.

Dull annuli broad, including the false feet, a distinct
transverse dorsal and ventral pale spot in front of the
false feet. Lateral prothoracic area occupied by a very
pale fuscous opaque quadrate spot in front of the striated
area. Meso- and metathoracic lateral stripes usually
visible, but slender, not dilated, lateral edges of dorsal
areas diverging; lateral stripes of abdomen almost want-
ing, except on last two or three segments. Last seg-
ment with bases of respiratory tube and anal prominence
ringed with opaque fuscous, that around anal prom-
inence sending up an indistinct stripe, with posterior
extensions. Pubescence of false feet whitish or pale fus-
cous. Respiratory tube slender, no spine protruding.

T. atratus Fabr. [Fig. 50-56.]

The larva of this abundant species has been carefully
described by Walsh,* and Riley has described and figured:
the different stages.t The larve were taken in every
month of the season except June, at which time they
had mostly reached the pupa or imago stage They
seemed to prefer the sandy shores, and were taken abun-
dantly May 17 at Station C, by running through a
coarse sieve the surface layers of sand of the shore near
the wave-washed margin. The same process was repeated
June 25, and not asingle larva was found. Individuals.
placed in breeding-cages failed to transform, but a pupa
was collected June 30, from wliich the imago appeared
July 17. A cast pupal skin was also picked up July 18.
One imago was seen about May 23, and in June they
were taken on the 12th and 22d.

*Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX., p. 304.
+Second Missouri Report, p. 128.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 243

In July and August oviposition was noticed, and ege
masses became frequent. Our last date for the imago
is August 15. On the 11th of August, a female was
observed ovipositing on the side of a wooden frame
standing over the water. The egg mass was placed in
a breeding-cage, and one week later, on the 18th, many
larve hatched from it. Another egg mass of the same
form and appearance, placed on the dry bark of a stick
projecting from the water, was brought in July 27, from
which hatched on August 4 larve apparently of this
species. The larve were at this time more commonly
found in water among the vegetation, less commonly in
the sand of the shore, and young individuals became
frequent.

During the winter, good-sized larve sometimes oc-
curred in dip-net collections, and March 18 they were
again found to be common at Station C, in loose drift,
partly frozen, left by an early spring rise. The previous
year they were common in April far from the margin,
amongst sticks, logs, and other drift, marking the
higher stage reached by the water on March 19 of that
year. These situations remained moist for a long time,
harboring a large variety of aquatic forms, some of
which completed their transformations successfully while
others apparently failed, the river remaining low and
the weather dry.

The imagos in our general collections were taken at
frequent intervals and on twenty-two occasions between
June 30 and September 2, also on September 19 and 29;
and once in October, the counties represented being Rock
Island, Grundy, Tazewell, Mason, McLean, Champaign,
and Jackson.

These dates, taken in connection with the observations
here recorded, go to show that the species is single-
brooded, hibernating in the larval stage and mostly
emerging in July after a brief pupal period, the eggs
being laid without delay and producing larve a week
later.

244 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

RECORD OF TABANUS ATRATUS FOR THE YEAR.*

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*See foot-note, p. 169.

Lintomology of the Lilinois River. 245

Parasites—A hali-grown larva taken April 18 had a
‘curious dull surface, and the surface of the last segment
was covered with oval white scales of various sizes ir-
regularly placed, apparently some kind of a parasite.

After the two egg masses mentioned above had pro-
duced larve, they were placed in a dry vial, and a little
later it became evident that both masses had been para-
sitized by Hymenoptera, minute black imagos emerging
freely in the vial. An examination of one of the masses
showed that about one half of the eggs had been infested.
(Fig. 55,56.] Examples of the imago were sent to Mr.
W. H. Ashmead, who found the speceis to be a new one;
and it is described by him as Phanurus tabanivorus on
p. 274.

fgg mass (Fig. 55].—Blackish-brown, subconic, with
oval base, 10-15 mm. long and 8-10 mm. wide, height
5-7 mm.; sides convex or concave, apex correspondingly
rounded or pointed; eggs pointing obliquely upward
and towards one end, both sides meeting upon that end
in a more or less prominent longitudinal crest. The
egos are stacked in four or five tiers, one above another,
and gummed together into a firm mass.

Egg — Length 2.5-2.7 mm., diameter .4 mm. Dark
brown, subcylindrical, ends more or less tapering and
curved, surface minutely rugose and subopaque.

Larva, newly hatched.—In this stage the lateral areas
are sculptured similarly to those of the adult, but the
dorsal and ventral areas, though shining, are rather
sparsely striated. Traces of the dark markings are
visible, especially on the posterior segments.

Larva, mature [Fig. 50, 51].—Length 45-55 mm., di-
ameter 6-7 mm. Transparent whitish with a greenish
tint, marked with conspicuous dark brownish or greenish
fuscous, paler in younger specimens.

Lateral prothoracic striated areas less than half as
long as the dorsal, striation microscopically fine and
opaque or scarcely shining, a small smooth spot on the

246 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

anterior margin of the striated ‘area, resting on the
lower lateral line; remaining upper lateral areas of thorax
much more coarsely and sparsely striate and shining;
middle and lower thoracic areas—often much reduced, or
even entirely covered, by the lateral stripes—with dis-
tinetly finer and closer striation, but still shining; ab-
dominal lateral areas with still finer striation, nearly as
fine as that of the prothorax and feebly shining; dorsal
and ventral areas all smooth and shining, rarely a few
broken strize about their margins, at the base of the
prothorax or on the anal segment.

Dark annuli distinct, broad, including false feet, trans-
verse pale spot immediately in front of dorsal tubercles.
narrow or closed up in the mature larva; on the ab-
domen above, each annulus usually extends back on the
median line in a triangular prolongation, often nearly
attaining the next annulus, less developed in younger
larve. Prothoracic lateral space occupied in front of
the striated area by a dark opaque quadrate spot, ex-
tending from the anterior annulus. Lateral stripes of
meso- and metathorax broad, at least the upper ones.
widened posteriorly, the lateral edges of the dorsal
areas therefore parallel behind the middle of the seg-
ment, as seen from above; lateral stripes of abdonien,
especially the intermediate ones, more or less abbreviated
and broken up posteriorly except on the segment
next the last. In these stripes the punctures of the
upper and lower rows are indicated by rounded pale
dots, and those of the inner rows by elongate dots.
Last segment with broad dark annuli about base of re-
spiratory tube and around anal prominence, with lateral
connections; also more or less invaded above by the
basal annulus, often leaving there only a pair of pale
spots posteriorly. Often a dark spot in the anterior
angles of the ventral space on the seventh abdominal,
and one behind the anal dark ring.

False feet moderately elevated, with coarse whitish
pubescence more or less tipped with fuscous or with

Lntomology of the Illinois River. 247

brownish in younger larve, dorsal pair narrowly con-
nected over median line. Main internal trachee usually
subparallel, sinuated, not very conspicuous, although
easily traceable. Stigmatal spine rarely visible.

Pupa, & (Fig. 52-54].—Lengeth 30-85 mm., diameter
7.5 mm. Yellowish fuscous with a brownish tint, thorax
not paler. Palpal sheaths distinct, short, very narrowly
separated by a depressed space. Abdomen roughly
wrinkled and subopaque. Spiny fringes tipped and an-
nulated with black. Otherwise as in the pupa (female)
of 7. stygius.

A few larve have come to my hands which are like
-atratus except in one particular—the surface of the body,
especially of the anterior abdominal segments, shows a
fine undulate wrinkling resembling the sculpture of the
pupa, but smoother. As the specimens showing this ap-
pearance are shrunken and in bad condition, I surmise
that it is an effect of letting the alcohol get too weak
and then changing to strong alcohol.

T. americanus Forst.
Illinois [Le Baron Collection].

T. giganteus De G.

Occurs late in the season. Taken from Aug. 26 to
Sept. 6, in Woodford, Champaign, Washington, Jackson,
and Union counties. Dr. Williston found it extraordi-
narily abundant and very annoying to stock in wood-
lands of Fayette county, near Vandalia, in September.*

Famity STRATIOMYIIDA.

The elongate-lanceolate flattened larve of Stratiomyia
and Odontomyia [Fig. 57, 59, 60] were common feat-
ures of the shore life wherever aquatic vegetation flour-
ished. They are rather large, opaque, greenish, brown,
or gray, obscurely striped, and are found either in the
water upon vegetation near the surface or floating
about, or crawling over the bare mud and among the
matted algal growths on wet shores. Odontomyia seems

*Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol. X., p. 139.

248 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

to prefer the water and Stratiomyia the shore. The
pupa is formed within the larval skin, which changes
very little, usually becoming slightly inflated. Only the
anterior part is occupied, the remaining space being
filled with air, causing the pupa to float at the surface,
where its thick larval casing protects the tender morsel
within. As the pupa matures the larval skin becomes
prepared to split transversely across the disk of the sec-
ond segment just over the face of the pupa, transversely
on the fourth segment, and on the median line between
these two, so as to form an J-shaped opening. Through
this opening, when formed, the fly emerges while its case
is floating on the water or resting on the shore. The
hibernating larve and pups may often be found in
large numbers under loose drift on shore, even at a
considerable distance back from the margin, emerging
here in early summer. The adults are often common
about flowers, especially on low ground. They are prettily
marked with greenish or yellowish and black or brown;
and have a broad short abdomen, quite flat above.

The life histories of the three species studied at Ha-
vana are quite similar. The early summer brood of flies,
derived from hibernating larve, gives rise to a summer
brood of larve, which probably produces a second brood
of flies in fall, as the abundance of very young larve
in early spring is quite marked.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF STRATIOMYIIDS.

Three genera of this family are known to be aquatic

in habit. They may be distinguished by the following
characters: )

Last segment with a circle of plumose hairs sur-
rounding the stigmatal cleft; head oblong-conic,
eyes at anterior third. (Stratiomytine.)

Body acuminately narrowed posteriorly, last seg-
ment very elongate. [Fig. 57.]........ Stratiomyia.
Body but little narrower posteriorly, last segment
not more than twice as long as its greatest width.
[DOGO] dsccvees susermemcepves nie tahnedla dese Odontomyia.

Entomology of the Lllinois Taine. 249

Last segment with four long bristles; head slender,
eyes prominent, at middle of side......... Nemotelus.

STRATIOMYIA.
S. obesa Loew.
S. quaternaria Loew.
The types of these species were collected in Illinois by
LeBaron.

.

S. apicula Loew.

The most abundant imago in our general collections,
but not yet taken at Havana. We have it from Cham.
paign and McLean counties in central Illinois, and
from Cook, Lake, Kendall, and LaSalle counties in
northern Illinois. It occurred abundantly not far from
the University June 21, near a shallow pond, and less
abundantly May 22 and 25; and it has been taken on
various dates from May 17 to August 2.

S. discalis Loew.
Described by Loew from Illinois examples received from
LeBaron. In our collection from Provo, Utah.

S. marginalis Loew.
Imagos taken June 23 to Aug. 18, in Bureau, Rock Is-
land, McLean, and Champaign counties.

S. norma Wied. [Fig. 57.]

April 16, at Havana, the hibernated pup were found
under drift some distance from water. In May larve
were taken in vegetation along shore. In June, close ex-
amination of bare mud on the wet shore at station B
revealed numerous larve trailing over the surface, scarce-
ly distinguishable from it. July 9, a pupa from this
place contained a fully developed and perfectly colored
imago. August 6 the imago appeared in the breeding-
eage. Meanwhile the larva occasionally occurred in dip-
net collections along shore. At Matanzas Lake, August
23, about fifty examples were found in a mass of cow-
dung lying half submerged near the margin. November
10 undersized larve were frequent on the shore at

250 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Station B, and in March and April single examples oc-
curred. The imago has been taken by us alsoseveral times
between July 6 and 22, in Carroll, Bureau, and Kankakee
counties, upon various flowers.

The larve taken July 9 were placed in a dish of water
with Ceratophyllum, which they immediately began to
work upon, crawling through and over it, seeming to
browse upon the minute life which it bore.

A pupa in a breeding-cage in company with pupe of
Odontomyia cincta was noted July 6 to have a round
hole in one side of the eleventh segment, and an example
of Smicra rufofemorata was in the cage. As some of the
Odontomyia pupz showed the same kind of holes, I
could not be sure which species it came from. In Europe
also, these larve are parasitized by Smicra.

The larva of this species is easily distinguished from
the Odontomyia larve by its shape, by its dark ashy
color, and by the entire absence of the ventral hooks on
the two segments preceding the last.

RECORD OF STRATIOMYIA NORMA FOR THE YEAR.*

Dates. A. | B., | C. E. | Cc. W. | D. | E. | FE. | G. | B.-C. &c.
aT aca ld@ule ds Coan :
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dune MO Pan splinnosodas 1 On Br Soa HNEREH anaicie| loc acaal antes none ocliacodoacsac sacs eovcece
roa dar Sallis c welere Jey goenndal lecdnoodn lsocado||sonedd|conocolioeacon||coagne soacsoaclcc eoee
July t) (a oe 13) RIA AS a6dl anicaon acaba) eeerod! sebone| fonncallpsaooosadosgsse ic eece
SE esoed|lodicasade| boondace De D Lait crore erate| wie ctaie« |[sieisicte el] mreieisie cistela eect ieiene setee
pee At A ee ee ee ee eee
Aug GES AY a cletatatee tell Grate ais oso lall ite crete creral|ibibre oie sil alete erelall pteye eteelTicttiadias 2; B.-C
SP TUE Mae callus ececies 10 Eo oaapodAc|netsooul Isoccod)|ac Soosbodogullasoscacheoce oséecsc coc
oe TOES S5. Tae P-O} ic\0.6;50 e's lleecise's sa\|\se din'a's\|s> s\e\00\| > niiclec|||eobce0ilip eis opie einsisielsieaeigsia alee
OTR OS) Fe ke Ft Rell Nie atase = mislfleterelecteieml| (erat eietecel More ctalsi|ipiclaietacs||tewiereeis L-3; Matanzas L. (a)
UPR eRe oso lass ondol lcoesenon | sacood)osot so] sdonod jaousee L-3 rf (b)
OPT QA 2 lal eisie are tts ni|[e\e olelers siallieleiediewtelel] sle(ole\s'elf ciaafatelell wipieiaie ellletieeiee L-2 Be (d)
Fe Dl cccclecescccelivescccec|svcesess|ovisiales|(aweecel|aeiceia=i|eiels os L-1; White Oak Run.

* See foot-note, p. 169,

Entomology of the Illinois River. 251

Dates. A | B., | C.E jc WwW | D. | E. | F. | G. | B.-C. &c
Bent. 5 14).>.., PeeSOe cick ee asatvisdeieleciaiasllevcces Maisicisn| sadisiaa|sa'eicesesee Sclasie a cnnese
Se eee, walle aaainerse SSAA acl [eee Sol lGssctodl Ac een laciccel ISARASRadécchacsccocpec
= Eas come vy Fame rr ae rr
Heb.) 26)... Lard SEWER | rata | Sagan | bot oct | HBOue | pee | Maidan maton aclta.eice sels
MGT i eGllccncs'e | Y-1 | fale eietetsie | Seicitesiate | Civeiee | Brace | ra vee | eae | Miecicats tcsevteseescess
Apr. OU eias Pesdt palate Seb c.sllepeniacles | SSoece com oaalled ae lenis a eb se delemepinisesiaejacivanaee
WES | aE Sere ad esos e salle ds cS eastacte| Sowaten|bwiewdolcotees L-1; Slough.
: 27

Larva [Fig. 57].—Length 30-40 mm., greatest width
(6th seement) 5.6 mm.; tenth segment 25.38 mm. wide,
Jast, near base, 1.5 mm., apical half 1 mm.; length of
last, segment from preanal fold about 6.5-7.5 mm., or
about four times length of anal slit, shorter than this in
‘the young larva.

Elongate-lanceolate, depressed, rapidly narrowed in
‘front, acuminately narrowed behind; dark fuscous to
blackish, clean specimens showing a cinereous bloom
when dry, lateral edge and six narrow dorsal vitte
‘more or less distinctly pale cinereous; a dark dot sur-
rounding the spiracles; on the overlapping margins of
‘the segments the vitte are much lighter and in strong
-contrast with the intervening spaces, which are here
nearly black. The middle pair of light vittee are more
distinct than the others, and the dark median dorsal
dine is usually well marked. The other lines are nearly
or quite obliterated on the disks of the segments. The
-dark ground color above and below is more or less mot-
‘tled with the lighter color—a dot at the base of each
hair. Previous to the later moults the larve become
nearly unicolorous blackish. Above and below, in each
‘transverse suture, usually concealed by the overlapping
-of the segments, is a double row of enlarged impressed
‘granules, or minute shallow pits, and two short rows of

252 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

similar points, marked by paler or darker dots, lie near-
the side margin of each segment, the ends of the rows
converging; these are irregular on the anterior part of
the body, and the outer row on the last segment is pro-
longed indistinctly to its apex. Surface covered with
minute hexagonal granulations, shining or opaque in.
varying lights, sparsely hairy above and below on the
disks of the segments, lateral margin prominent, bearing
dorsally minute round spiracles on segments 1 and 3-10.

Head small, pale dusky brownish, bisuleate above, a
dark longitudinal streak passing through eye, which is.
surrounded by a fine light circle; the inner side of the
lateral fold beneath often shows a clear-cut pale streak
edged each side with darker, running from the hind
angles of the mouth to those of the head; clypeus-
notched, maxille with plumose hairs, antennze very
small, consisting of a single joint with two minute-
joints on its truncate apex; eyes small, dark, not
prominent.

On segments 9 and 10, beneath, a delicate opaque:
median line, sometimes pale, often nearly obsolete, ex-
tends from the base to beyond the middle of each seg-
ment. Last segment broader at anal slit, beyond this-
parallel-sided, beneath sulcate, a pale piliferous spot
each side near middle, another pair less than half
way from these to the tip, and an approximate pair at
the posterior end of the anal slit; above, an approximate
pair at the posterior third, and two pairs on each side-
close to the lateral margin, one pair in front of the-
middle, the other near the tip. Apical fringe short,
plumose.

Pupariwum.—This differs very little from the active
larva. It is usually more inflated at middle, often:
somewhat collapsed behind, the color markings more or-
less obliterated.

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 253

ODONTOMYIA.,

Two species of this genus (cincta and vertebrata) were
studied at Havana, quite unlike in structure and
easy to distinguish. No other imagos of this genus were
found on shore during the season’s work.

The females were seen ovipositing in large numbers on
stakes projecting above the water, always upon the
overhanging side, which was thickly covered with over-
lapping clusters. Dead branches in the water, reeds, and
stems of various plants, also served the same purpose.
The method of oviposition seemed to be the same in both
species. The females all stood head downward except one.
The long and narrow eggs were placed parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the mass in an irregular oval or
mytiloid low-convex mass, to the number of several
hundred, closely laid, their tapering ends inserted be-
tween the ends of those adjacent to them. The fly
having selected with its ovipositor a suitable place for
an egg, and having placed its tip where the end of
this egg is to be inserted or attached, the ovipositor
is suddenly withdrawn, leaving about two thirds of the
length of the egg protruded in its place. Then, after
a momentary pause, the ovipositor is more slowly
withdrawn from the remaining portion of the egg. The
flies were quite imperturbable during the operation.

As mentioned under Stratiomyia norma the nymphs
of that species and of Odontomyia are parasitized by
large chalcids of the genus Smicra. In a cage containing
larve and pupe of e7ncta and a single pupa of Stratio-
myia norma, some of these chalcids emerged July 6, all
escaping but one, which was determined by Mr. W. H. Ash-
mead as Smicra rufofemorata. The small rounded holes
made in the larval skin by the escaping chalcids were
present in the Stratiomyia pupa and several of the czncta.
A well-formed example of a closely related species, S.
microgaster, was extracted from a pupa of O. vertebrata,
also on July 6. The latter chalcid was again found July

254 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

10 upon a reed stem, mutilating an Odontomyia egg
mass. The lower part of the inass was gone, and in its
place stood the chalcid with its jaws apparently working
at the lower edge of the remaining portion, where many
of the eggs were evidently roughly displaced. July 15
I found an example of S. microgaster resting on a Sagit-
taria leaf at Station A, and another appeared in my dip-
net August 20 at D. Jegilla maculata, a coccinellid
beetle, has been found by us eating Odontomyia eggs.

These two Odontomyia larve may readily be dis-
tinguished from the Stratiomyia, not only by their shape,
but also by their green or brown colors when not black-
ened by exposure, and by the presence of one or more
pairs of ventral hooks on the posterior margins of seg-
ments nine and ten. They differ from each other as fol-
lows:

KEY TO LARVE OF ODONTOMYIA.

Surface covered with minute peltate scales; ventral lines
of segments 9 and 10 distinct, basal (Fig. 59); dor-
sal pale lines parallel posteriorly, continued upon
TASt SCONCE SES ED, aed such the osch Ye Ae eatebe cece cincta.

Surface naked, with a few bristles; ventral lines of seg-
ments 9 and 10 discal (Fig. 60) ; dorsal pale lines con-
verging behind and vanishing, on last segment
obliterated, the dark stripes there confluent into one
broad dorsal stripe [Fig. 60]................00.. vertebrata.

Mr. Day’s key to the imagos* is a purely artificial one
based on color characters, and the close relationship of
cincta (extremis) and vertebrata (willistonc) there indicated
is misleading. Their true groupings in the genus may be
seen by the following tabulation of our Illinois species,
based primarily on structural characters.

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,, 1882, p. 74.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 255

KEY TO IMAGOS OF ODONTOMYIA.

Third vein from outer side of discal cell very imperfect
or wanting, therefore not more than four posterior
celis; small cross-vein distinctly present, though
short.

Basal two joints of antenne black, first twice as long
as second.

Front of 2 piceo-ferruginous at middle, abdomen in

both sexes with narrow lateral yellow marks at

MANS ISUMO So rena ovcneencceees eames tteee eae nae intermedia.

Front of ¢ black, abdomen of o& with triangular

lateral yellow iBpOta.c dics. ies. ES pubescens.

Basal two joints of antenne ferruginous, about equal
in length.

Scutellum distinctly and rather densely punctate, it
and face black, or nearly so.

Face in profile broadly rounded...................-plebeja.
Face in profile strongly protuberant beneath an-
PEPSPRUNERD hse 72 SEE 2a pl oae cetseseeyiSepp eee pilimana.

Scutellum smooth and shining, finely and very sparse-
ly punctulate, it and face light green. (extremis
ER Vey BS oe ie i, FF Ah dik nist iene aes cincta.
Third vein from outer side of discal cell fully developed
like those on either side of it, therefore five posterior
cells; small cross-vein wanting and third and fourth
longitudinal confluent at that point, or the cross
vein extremely short.
Scutellum light greenish, with distinct spines.
Thorax with two spots; large species.

ES er eet ee bes eesti. cal cece J Sa5 binotata.
Face light greenish, with blackish fascie# in Q.
megacephata.

‘Thorax unspotted; a small species, face of male
piceo-testaceous, paler at middle, sides of male
abdomen broadly pale; spines small, distant
about half the length of the scutellum. (9 widlis-
ek Tey ON ee et ores tt enone wertebrata.

256 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Scutellum black, at least at base, its spines rudiment-
ary, very minute and scarcely visible, or entirely
wanting, face strongly protuberant.

Thorax, face, and scutellum, except sometimes nar-
row apical margin of latter, black; scutellar spines.
minute; antenne dark rufous, base and apex.
black. o&. snow? n.8.*

Four angles of thorax, scutellum except at base, and.
sides of thorax beneath broadly light greenish;
scutellar spines entirely wanting; antenne black.

hieroglyphica..
O. intermedia Wied.
The adult was taken in Champaign and Lake counties.
May 23 to June 19 in low ground or near water.

O. pubescens Day.
Adult, Lake county, near Sand Lake, June 15.

O. plebeja Loew.

The imago is very common in Illinois, usually in low
grounds, upon flowers. We have it from near the Mis-
sissippi River in Carroll county, also from Lake and
Bureau counties, both northern; from McLean and
Champaign counties; and from Wabash county in south-
eastern Illinois. It has been taken at frequent intervals.
from May 28 to August 2, at which latter date several
were found.

O. pilimana Loew.

Also common as an adult, apparently somewhat later
than plebeja. The earliest date is July 15, after which:
it frequently occurred and was still abundant at the last
date recorded for the species—August 2. From Carroll,.
Bureau, LaSalle, De Kalb, and Champaign counties.

O. cincia Oliv. (extremis Day). [Fig. 58, 59.]

This species was in all its stages the most abundant
aquatic stratiomyiid at Havana, though the imago has.
rarely occurred in our general collections.

* Named after Mr. W. A. Snow. The characters given will suffice without further-
description.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 257

The place and manner of oviposition have already been
described. Females were first seen ovipositing June 1,
though they had doubtless begun to do so some time
before, judging from the period of emergence. From
this time on they were constantly seen ovipositing in
ken to the cabin-boat produced young in ten days. The
favorable weather until late in July. Freshly-laid eges ta-
very young larve became conspicuously abundant early
in July, being especially noted on the 10th at Station
G. The older Jarve were common from early in May
till late in September, and a few were seen during the
winter in open water, although they seem to hibernate
mostly among drifted material left by the waves upon the
shore. Collections made December 18 and February 26,
and also in March and April, show that a large part
of those which pass the winter are quite young. No-
vember 11 they were especially common on the shore
at Station G.

Pupe were also often seen in the water, but occurred
in the largest number in April and May in the line of
drift left by the water at the highest point reached by
it earlier in the spring, some of the specimens being still
in the larval state. They were then some distance from
the water, and often quite dry externally. One was
found July 18, still alive, fully 100 feet back on a sloping
shore. May 17, on examining some fine drift where
the pupz were especially numerous, I noted a few
empty skins, and found two imagos just emerged. May
19, imagos were seen on herbage on the west shore of
Station C. They began to emerge during my absence,
between May 21 and 26, from pupe collected May 17,
and the last from this lot of pupx# appeared June 27.
July 6 parasitic chalcids were seen in the cage, and
skins of this species from which the parasites had
emerged—as already mentioned. The imagos collected
on the shores were all taken in May, males and females
in about equal numbers. They have also been collected

—17

258 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

by us in Tazewell county, and in Carroll and Lake
counties in northern L[llinois. ,

The contents of one larval stomach seemed to be mostly
mud, with a little vegetable matter, and here and there
a diatom frustule. The others examined were empty.

RECORD OF ODONTOMYIA CINCTA FOR THE YEAR.*

Dates.

A. | B. jon |ow.| D. | E. | F. | G. | B.-C. &e.

Apr. 14). ..:./. SA clleooneo Ti=3;E=|| sicio's sale si{/a'e\s ein.sil si0iniela'si|'sroisis mis s o\s\nia)| eagles sia slapiateetetsiaiaieiea es
hd M4 sisiavajeseiell ore sinisis|| La) Ex=S | 'e'eieiaisiote «|]/6.0 6 e'e.sil eelpie eel co's\eieie\|is iain/ciell eeletaitetea sail e aw ieaame nies
Coad wh SlleiSe Sieieieh'| s'sparatels L & P-3}........ aejsie ete lejajo/ein|\o,516)e\s(u|(olsiaisie'e\| sisletsielin SieldlemteiaaettaaateTs
Lod Al Fratalsteminal| (staleiciee Tam]: §'|\s.cfaie ore ci0\f clo.ia'sia\| cia.aicin oll |o:n'sinyote lice s'cinsllte'eleiaie boareeillsten a Smee ees

May Ale eaelstoteoectarnies | Ussher cteteretereterall sercnera| vecteaee vole seelccsece|mcmbetsesies vee adawas
te A GaSecrdael odes loasoohad| iy 4 Zeh. -|lsq San) hoaood sieie's alel| walste'wie| clstalele oe alain selate memes
SieaueemLel |niete etetata|| cietetes|| (eietaisie'e stall eteletere(stel= Aecseelewaces|e Vsloge| Lima Wacleecadetiiees Snseben ee
Bo 1 so6dneel boaodd|laoosoap|loaodscec Da-2iil were atillow sees) cetsceel sentvabinenmeei ane wemeite
Goal k (faves its baa Pas haa Sa FE Meee cs Bos RaNioas. SRC 2
ay Al sotancl sare [eeeoae tlie Geee ss tuselessnns|sinces | eeee seem
se AL vecisiee cialis sisigisi= . siola||{s'eiele/«ls!||z'mfos|s'e
atest Niners baal ay Sie Sha Tree oe Watcatian | seetoale tame |
J eo onoken|ssand llboadssobe|lodnaba08 P-1 salleddosdl lGooace |

DUNC) Loree seters alalatete's\fiaisiefelvintele E & I-2 34) 009350) Beicendl joc $&9; B.-C.
es8 11) L-1 3 eccvee Bisivia elsif diate Sate) fotetote aie b5000 Mirada cc
“ 13/E & I-3)...... alarele sia OYel{ibie{sfelstotelst| (a mlmlaeieilfe ele m/s-al| (tals|(wiailleielsleieia I
* 15) REL Scictes's |e aie eisiole'|leisia celcide)| vie eiviel|ieieie’s slel]e's\ve oe |loecie v's |
het) stots ete otal stots iets prateie/srofa}el| latsis e/a‘a)si|fe(sista’e || olsleiatolell sisisisiviel| tmiaisiele
FAY CDIEOL. wid pacity a S8eh Y panel ews sfceaseeloatocs | ance as | cia lee Rey Sree

See SO eile Oia artarcicicl iva terns cal aboreieieacal eviste se lldctaisiere lineisios Ieeicete sceadvoannecnaeeemene
We yiee Ol crntcraperctavel| Mie ass tatei| eicvete is sie\s ills siererctnell siessietsl| pte ateyerell oeretetets poh don ARES CO CUSTIOC HOnATor
Oo AE ee dccmalateas |); aXtu lsce meson Geers eccees|iasicselecceceselsaee telstra aemaam sce
ct parse: 1) eft cialovegec|vetesees| LED | LABS. A Glee seu] suede cocecs aoa eee aae ee
SMEMIGL sceaee sal ns cieee BE LRLAS |e ssccslcte oft oe orwell ateroreea| sores Bollgopacdlacooseososoonsedcc use

*See foot-note, p. 169.

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 259

A. jz jezljow|n|e2|rla| B.-C. &e.

1
LTA RT ea atta ea i ce fy Vie een) ae LE Bag | ee

E
eH

Seer lesa eee wees es es eeer eee

EUs Se eiccecccoaltcene's Fe re qoute el eeaee alte ciate ofall etetaare sal cie'sllivatsialeniysieisieeiseanice/ee'4e-
BS Pry aD, Seerdes lesa ess lente pales nt Liao Vawictatctal ciate iste'|'ee veiae|aeials ee |e Srcpsidseasclecescecess
TW pel hereby Hence PSO i a asane Saseeelecadecisnesuaihinemaclbes Saisalvischaicteates wae:
- Mela cima weil (sa'a’slao' [iss eleineasille's cclse'eell'se afaictalllemietetasifeme el wclu.ts's enna enispiele c.eelee

She PAN ean ges ihe acai lococ scan nace snd) hasece| earcnel Aone 22] noone Y&L2 * (b)
TC Resaneey Faaneal ac ARE NE (ICS =66c0] Cetsoa] secdes! |: Seetae [aed by (d)

se eeesl rere er esses eeeeee Fee

BEE BN ce ceeeelseese weccceceloocccees
“ 22 eeeee eee L-2 eeeeeeeeleeeeeeee

Peeeeeleeerereseseseessassese

Saatad L-1; River.

23 Fee eeeerlsesessl/seeeeses sesesees sleesece

ns
&
2
°
i=]
a9
P

Y&L-
Oy eos of

‘: LOW a. ase seme calc See teeeleerereeeles Peerless eerleenees L-3 Sees eereessreseseseeee

L-2; Slough.

ae 27 eee Pewee lee ee ae POSES H Cee eee ee ee ee eel eee eee i oeee erleeeene

260 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Egg (¥Yig 58].—Length 1.1 mm., greatest diameter
-27 mm. Pale yellowish when first laid, becoming black-
ish before hatching; smooth, fusiform, somewhat atten-
uated towards each end; laid in irregular oval rounded
convex clusters about one third of an inch long, con-
taining on an average about five hundred eggs.

Larva, newly hatched. —Length 1mm. Broad and much
flattened; blackish; last segment nearly as broad as
long; plumose hairs as long as the segment, anal slit
about half its length; head similar to last segment in
shape and nearly as large, remaining segments very
much broader than long, each half as long as last
segment, and about twice as wide at middle of body,
lateral margins serrulate; no distinct coloration.

Larva, mature [Fig. 59].—Length 20-30 mm., usually
about 25 mm., greatest width (fourth or fifth segment)
4.5-5 mm.; tenth seement 2.5-3 mm. wide; last, at base,
2 mm., its length 2.5-38 mm., or twice the length of anal
slit. Hlongate-lanceolate, depressed, tapering slight-
ly from apex of fifth segment; fuscous brown, grayish
luteous when dry, becoming blackish previous to later
moults, striped above and below with light yellowish or
greenish yellow. Upper surface with lateral margins and
six vitte pale. Of the intervening seven dark lines, the
middle one on each side is very broad and generally the
darkest, its inner edge quite straight and usually dis-
tinct, and the body more or less angulate along this
edge. The median dark line widens greatly on the disk
of each segment, causing the narrow pale vitta on each
side to curve outwardly, and is somewhat distinctly V-
shaped and confluent anteriorly with the adjoining dark
lines on segment 38, less so on 4, but not especially
darker at these points. The next pair of pale vitte,
lying just within the angulation, varies greatly—some-
times very indistinct, but generally broad and in sharp
contrast with the dark band exterior to each; the space
between the angulations often forms a broad conspic-
uous pale dorsal stripe with three dark lines near mid-

Entomology of the Lilinois River. 261

‘dle. The middle pair of pale vittz are more conspicuous
anteriorly; all the lines are distinct at the sutures, and
obscured on the disks of the segments. The pale vitte
are all continued, at their relative distances, to the mid-
dle of the last segment, where they fade out more or
less completely.

Beneath, with the lateral margin and six parallel nearly
equal straight vitte brownish, these markings nar-
rower and more distinct at the sutures. On both dorsal
and ventral surfaces is a double row of blackish points
in each suture, usually concealed by the overlapping of
‘the segments, and two or three short rows of similar
points, converging at each end, on the disk of each seg-
ment near the lateral margin, the outer row on the last
segment prolonged nearly to its tip. Surface finely
granulate, thickly covered with minute peltate scales,
becoming setaceous near dorsal line, with a few scatter-
ing hairs. Spiracles on upper side of lateral margins of
segments 1 and 4-10; brownish, all but the first minute. -

Head small, subopaque but not granulate except
basally beneath, more or less longitudinally striped,
dark brown at middle beneath; middle lobe rather
strongly sulecate above, back of the eyes; clypeus not
notched; antennz very small, basal joint curved, latter
brown apically with two minute joints on its truncate
apex; eyes small, dark, slightly prominent.

On the median line beneath, on segments 9 and 10, is
a short distinct narrow smooth space, extending from
near the base one fourth or one third of the length of
the segment, minutely elevated and opaque along mid-
dle. At the middle of the ventral hind margin of these
two segments is an approximate pair of minute dark-
brown hooks, their points curving forwards, each often
accompanied by one or more accessory hooks, especially
on the tenth segment. Last segment with sides almost
parallel to near middle, thence tapering slightly to apex.
Beneath sulcate beyond anal slit. Piliferous spots some-
what inconspicuous. Apical fringe short, plumose.

262 Lillinors State Laboratory of Natural History.

Puparium.—Closely resembling larva, more inflated,
especially near middle; body bisinuate posteriorly, being
bent upward at segment 7, thence arcuate and convex
above to the last segment, which is flexed upward;
ventral stripes more or less obliterated.

O. binotata Loew.
Types collected in Illinois by Dr. Le Baron.

O. megacephala Loew.

This large and handsome species is not common in
Illinois. Our specimens are mostly from the northern
portion,—from Carroll, Bureau, and McHenry counties,—
although one is from the Illinois River bottoms in Taze-
well county.

O. vertebrata Say. [Fig. 60.]

From pupe as much alike as two prints from the
same cut were reared males of this species, and females
agreeing with the description of O. willistont Day.
There is no other female known for veriebrata, nor any
male for willistont, and no other unisexual species known
to me can possibly belong to either. Their close rela-
tionship is evident from the foregoing key, in which both
forms are included under the name vertebrata, and I feel
justified in treating them as sexes of one species under
the older name.

The females were seen ovipositing at the same times
and places and in the same manner as O. cincta, but
not in such numbers, vertebrata being much the less com.
mon about Havana. Young were obtained July 27 from
the eggs of this species.

A young larva was taken Apr. 14 under drift on shore
among the examples of O. evmcta, and the older larve
were taken frequently throughout the season, usually in
floating vegetation with O. cincta, rarely on the springy
shore,the last date of their occurrence being Sept. 14.
Pupe were noted on the water in June, July, and August.
The hibernating larve must be largely young, as these be-

Entomology of the Illinois River. 263

came quite common, floating on the water, early in the
following spring. Larve and pupe were also collected
from a small pond near the University, at Urbana, July 12
and 15, from which three examples of vertebrata were ob-
tained July 19 and Aug. 2. The imago was first seen at
Havana June 12, and one emerged in a breeding-cage
June 16. A female was found ovipositing on the 15th,
and continued to lay eggs on being placed in a breeding-
cage. Miscellaneous collections of the adult were also
made from June 14 to July 24 in the neighborhood
of the water. In our general collections we have it only
from Champaign county, near bodies of water, May 19,
and July 15, 20, and 29.

RECORD OF ODONTOMYIA VERTEBRATA FOR THE YEAR.*

Dates. A Jajezlew/n[e|ela| B.-C.
SIE a Sobel al Ne ede a
May 3| Bee Ste DeUeseudccecdincatecile a cowe|-aoventearscelse cas leemeet ese s ceicceemmaree
ey ae ee Na ee a ilo aaa
PeUP halptasees «beveces 1S | Senocnee| occ cl goceod| bAGsoc| eae es 4 |scoScconoor anaasconhoc
SN 6 BORNE CED) SORE SO Roos CEG FEM ane dol Bosca] aco decane) codcenaghee uosnsoec
SES a ODI alctnnte wis |vcistine |e asic es De-Peilceccculeccevellevescelssccas|veecucccssacecsencedes
XU eo DT cade cal ude de HG SEO are seeiee loaln wmrel'o Rano eaten [cnet sollte seve estnacasdattac'calee
Colne snnee| cases l saan’ cdl cpemoncchesacss Gelilbesiadclssccnaleacccosdacknaceveaatee
fl er | EE Rel eee Gala tne caacnel bares tavaen ieee aeallciiaes| teatecbwa seca eciixac ss
SOL cates «als ciesioe ecko nen up aelseaasleasaes| estes |aascestetecddsetessseenvsicase
= clyehl' S p a) ed alana Poel eld gl Al) ai 9
ae 19] Ola | pociacal caccatarlereansan ide cd enlsaccetlscaccsl aiscet||(caciecensucce creecasces
Saeed Gcdaa sine Lill lgaes SAE |@SAcidadd locoona) MAB aaa] 5a Gaal iédaaisel eR iGormedcccnoeapr dee
eee Al uesinss oldie aes Go ed mene aaa nace AseHacl RASC FSSana lbkor Satan moseespeace
SD Sa de daacolscvccs|rowacacel Cece senahrovencleseces| aces aclececles E&Y
Matyi n 18) Foccoec (soeh Gels Gp lss| sacedade|seaddal cance | auatea lvdstes|dcceansteccessecrecses
Pete hoUlsisak scclsec cet GET Hires acne Ee iaitepetea teens actnsashs|s> tenes sleaves eas cnleten
as Soi ONE ema tdadly caadaueliceceeale cies atacat lever ovis susaebecsleeeraees
ee galasicllde i thing dae

* See foot-note, p. 169.

264 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Dates. A. | B. | C. E. Ke W. | D. | E. | F. | G. | B.-C. &c.
Aug oT a Scesool octane Pa EL lieie’s cia | cele cdfice dave dflstste'e tell cleteteteteletetnra ite aaa nem its
Dl vecevaeel vote ve aD SAS a etl eeteeg 0] dae calc] tinsotatard'| aravotere «| [tvlelatele 6 (te alaeteth a Seine
7 HO) iter stetetell stetete e's |'slecare ere LEB) lies 0 « wallle ciccstorl] crete elefell eieters ¢10\| 0.016 oi nlalateietereie Oar anna
ss WaT SAT che eH cre ctatel| clchola c:efelel| etoteca elelelell ate oce'esal Ciste sie] wereieis’s La VERSE dae cfelateltiotalstaieeines
SES CIO PATE, ELEM ele 0 5 Ueda bil Sie sieves mrolalatdil ete Gharctell OVP Opel] loibs ecerate NDaia Stain
f PO ick abeic€ll So nedie ltatdlataate sfel] Se staere d Ee BOR Am He Sere OPE Kiniarion: co;; boo 48
7 So OAC COBAER ORS IBC ORC ae TsO) o thous Fxalitetarets'al| » cde (ois'] ei bete tain | piste g blete pints ale etataa ammitS
CPUs lA no i cles | L-1 | BOONE DIO | SOCORHCE | ROB ENC | Abe | A Sciatae | eile: | die.o:e\e)e;steelsinip Siple'aiotaniy
MGT: P22] E terne oe MTG= I “WHidse' as ctave'sl| sretecoravaeiss| ctete atatel| ictatalotel| (oferele ets | ih ete. od | |seietetatete stelatele wae NeeEteN
“tr Poe evaravescseveial| ‘class va alet|'vleserayaie’a ci avece:¥csteve ee alete siateil eeatataseralleraieteters | pee ee Y-1; B.-C
Apr. isi TOA eee | wicca | Bacisieder | STEIN tee | Skater | saeigien Y-3; Flag L.
Rilke ciciesiea| eorectere | slareislee’e | sate roelen | Se ieiafajell S evevorts | Seidel | erate | Y-3; Slough.

Parasites—On opening a somewhat shrunken pupal
skin I found within it, in the place of the pupa, a well-
marked and almost fully-developed specimen of Smcra
microgaster.

igg.—Length about 1 mm., greatest thickness .2 mm.;
otherwise very similar to that of QO. céncta, and laid in
similar masses.

Larva newly hatched.—Length1 mm. This when hatched
is much more slender than that of cncta, paler in
color, especially beneath, the intermediate segments more
elongate. In an older example 6 mm. long, the charac-
teristic coloring of the species is well developed.

Larva, mature [Fig. 60].—Length 12-15 mm., greatest
width 2.8-3.6 mm., tenth segment 1.5-2 mm. wide, last
segment, near base, 1.25 mm., its length 1.5-1.8 mm.,
about twice the length of anal slit. Shape as in 0. cincta,
often more depressed and broader, colors about as
in cincta, but distinctly different in arrangement,
and darker when dry. An approximate pair of
dorsal pale vitte, usually separated by a. narrow
dorsal dark line which is slightly dilated on the

oe

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 269

disks of the segments. On the third segment it is
especially dilated, always darker in color, and more
or less confluent with the adjoining dark lines, which
are also darker here, so that a blackish X-shaped
spot is formed more or less conspicuously. On the
other segments it is often nearly obliterated, so
that a narrow dorsal pale stripe is formed between the
first pair of dark lines, but never between the second
pair as is the case with the dorsal stripe in OQ. cincta.
This first pair of dark vitte are the broadest; exterior
to them the pale vittze are obsoletely indicated, byt
always visible at the sutures. At the posterior margin
of the eleventh segment the middle pair of pale vitte
invariably end, and the three upper dark vitte unite
npon the last segment in a dorsal band, narrowest and
blackish at its anterior fourth, and widening greatly
to near its apex. The second pair of dark vitte curve
inward from the base of the last segment towards the
narrow part of the middle stripe, and beyond this are
usually more or less widely interrupted, the second and
third pairs of pale vitte then uniting in a broad pale
stripe in sharp contrast with the middle one. Three or
four of the segments preceding the last are bordered
posteriorly by afuscous band. Beneath, six nearly equal
parallel dark vittz, sometimes nearly or quite obliterated,
more or less broken up on the last segment; lateral
margin pale, with a dark point in the middie on each
seement. Impressed sutural and lateral blackish points
as in cincta, the lateral ones ringed with blackish and
more conspicuous, especially those beneath and on the
last segment above. Surface finely granulated, sparsely
short-pilose above and below at the middle of each
segment. Spiracles brown, more distinct than in c/ncta,
present on segments 1 and 4-10, plainly absent on the
meta- and mesothoracic segments.

Head small, light brown, a dark longitudinal stripe
through each eye, middle lobe very feebly or not at all
suleate, clypeus not notched; basal joint of antenna

266 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

slender, basal portion slightly curved, the usual two
minute joints at apex; eyes small, pale, scarcely promi
nent.

The median ventral line on segments 9 and 10 is mi-
nutely elevated from the base to the posterior third of the
seoment, and the ventral surface of these segments is
flattened at middle. At their posterior margins are
two sharp light brown diverging hooks, their points
directed forwards, longer and further apart than in
_ eincta, the margin of the segment somewhat prominent
at the points of attachment. No accessory hooks in
any of the specimens. Last segment with sides nearly
parallel to near middle, thence tapering slightly to apex.
Beneath sulcate beyond anal slit. Apical fringe plumose,
three fourths the length of the last segment.

Puparium.—More inflated and cylindrical than the
larva, not noticeably sinuated, posterior margins of seg-
ments 6-9 bordered more or less narrowly with blackish.

O. snowi, 0D. 8.
This well-marked species was collected July 2 in
Champaign county.

O. hieroglyphica Oliv.
Taken only in Champaign county July 24.

NEMOTELUS.

Larvee of Nemotelus have been reported as aquatic by
Haliday,* but the genus was not recognized by us at
Havana, although one species at least is common in the

State.

LV. unicolor Loew.

Taken in low grounds and in meadows, among grass
and weeds, May 23 to 28 and July 1 and 2; Wabash,
Champaign, McLean, and DeKalb counties.

* Nat. Hist. Review, 1857, No. III., p. 194

Entomology of the I'linois River. 267
Famity LEPTID.

Several large families, including Asilide and Bomby-
liide, follow before the completion of the Orthorhapha;
but nearly all of their species seem to be terrestrial or
parasitic in larval habit. A few, however, among Lep-
tidae, Empide, and Dolichopodidz are known to breed
in wet places.

CasNOMYIA.

This wandering genus, originally constituting the
Conomyiide and placed by Loew in the Xylophagide,
‘seers most recently to be included by Comstock in the
veptide, together with Xylophagus, judging from the
characters given by him for that family.*

C. pallida Say.

According to a note in Osten-Sacken’s Catalogue of
the Diptera of North America, p. 43, this is the same
as the European species C. ferruginea, the immature
stages of which have been described and figured by
Belingt and other European writers, having been ob-
‘tained by them in rotting poplar wood and in earth
about old stumps.

At Sand Lake, in Lake county, June 15, one of our
assistants found an example of C. pallida in the act of
emerging from its pupal skin, which was sticking to
the stem of an aquatic plant some distance out from
‘shore, and on the following day another imago was taken
mear the margin of Fourth Lake, in the same county.

The pupa agrees with Beling’s somewhat general de-
‘scription. I may add here that it is much like the
tabanid pupa in several respects, such as the propor-
tions and splitting of the thorax, ocellar triangle, ab-
-dominal fringes, sculpture, ete. The «piracular rima is
broad, shining, C-shaped, the ends turned forward on
tthe abdomen, while that on tke thorax, which is scarce-

* “Manual for the Study of Insects,’ pp. 418, 424, 456.
t Verh. d. k. k. zool-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1830, p. 343

268 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural Paton,

ly larger, has the ends turned backward. The spinous.
fringes of the abdomen are very scanty; but there is
always a pair of large spines present behind each spir-
acle. The abdominal sculpture is simply a strongly
roughened surface, scarcely transverse. The last seg-
ment ends in a square flattened truncate broad tooth,
each side of which is a hand-shaped tubercle bearing five
thick spines; there are also smaller spines above on this.
segment.

The three following species of larve evidently belong
in this connection, according to Brauer’s synopses and
figures, showing various combinations of the charac-
ters figured; and without further speculation on their
identity, I will close with a statement of the observations
made and the prominent characteristics of these larve.
They all agree in being quite white, moderately slender,
cylindrical, tapering anteriorly and truncate posteriorly,
usually with four fleshy teeth at the margin of the trun-

cation; 12 segments, increasing gradually in length up-

to the penultimate, the anterior margins of the segments.
thickened and more or less elaborately provided beneath.
with teeth and hooks for crawling; the head with a

median pair of black posterior prolongations, ending™

anteriorly in a lunate transverse bar, in front of which
are the hook-like mandibles; the maxille and their palpi
at the anterior angles of the head; the labrum narrow;
and the antenne short and pale-colored, borne upon
the whitish sides of the head. They are usually sluggish.

Larva (qa).

This species bores in the decaying and water-soaked
floating stems of rushes. The larve look much like the
white calcareous masses which form in the decaying
tissues, and are easily overlooked. They were found
April 18 and 15.

ee

-Entomology of the Illinois River. 269

The larva is about 9 mm. long, white, posterior pro-
longations of head not long, abdominal segments, except
first and last, with anterior transverse ridge beneath,
bearing in front, each side, a row of small double-pointed
teeth, with an are of minute teeth at inner ends of
rows; back of each row a series of oblique rows of small
teeth, the inner ones converging at median line, and be-
tween their tips a larger truncate tooth; last segment
with longitudinal anal slit, two rows of minute teeth
each side, four scabrous elevations in front, and a U-
shaped line of teeth each side, all the teeth clear tes-
taceous. Apex of last segment bluntly rounded off, a
small deeply concave area at center containing the light
brown stigmata, a low tubercle exterior to each, and
an approximate pair of short teeth below.

Larva (0).

There seems to be no question as to the aquatic habit
of this species, as examples were taken March 27,
with dip-net and sieve, from the mud at the bottom of
the main river, not far from the channel, in several feet
of water, off the south end of the city. One larva was
found also March 22 in Quiver Lake, at Station B, lying
exposed in a few inches of water.

In general appearance it is like the preceding, 12-13
mm. long, whitish, transparent and glassy, the black
posterior prolongations of the head quite long and
straight, diverging at tip; the anterior transverse ridges
of the abdominal segments crossed by glassy lamellar
raised edges, their posterior ends, especially of the inner
ones, extended inwardly toward the median line, each
elevated near its middle into a triangular saw-tooth,
with acute apex and vertical serrulate posterior edge;
posterior truncation encircled by seven broad concave
membranous teeth. with thin transparent edges, two
large ones at the lower angles, a pair of small double-
pointed truncate lateral ones, two medium-sized ones
at the upper angles, separated from those below by a

270 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural story.

deep notch rrom which a sulcus extends forwards, thet?
apices with recurved bristles, and at their base within,
the light yellowish stigmata; seventh tooth small, medio
dorsal, anal prominence cordate.

Larva (ce).

From earth iv bottom-land, April 17. It is much
like the preceding, and probably of the same genus.

Length about 1\? mm., not essentially different from
larva 6 except on the last segment, which has the
truncation surrounded by four acute teeth, an upper
and a lower pair, with a broader lateral interval, in which
is a very small tooth on each side; the upper teeth bear
an apical fascicle of sete, and the yellowish stigmata
are at their base within.

HYMENOPTERA.

None of the members of this order are strictly aquatic.*
Some of them, however, concern us in this connection
because of their attack upon aquatic forms, either as
true parasites or for the purpose of provisioning their
nests. The breeding of the parasites of aquatic insects
has received very little attention in this country, and
much still remains to be done in this direction.

In the Parasitica, Mr. W. H. Ashmead has kindly
worked up our Station collections and prepared descrip-
tions of the new species, his article following the present
one, and beginning on p. 274.

Famity ICHNEUMONID,.

Oryptus cyaneiwentris Riley MS.
Common in July on the floating leaves of Potamvgeton
nutans, associated with Aydrocampa obliteralis, under

*A parasitic hymenopteron, Polynema natans, is abie to swim with its wings,
and seems to be the nearest approach to an aquatic insect of any in this order.

Entomology of the Illinois River. 271

which species fuller details are given. A hydrocampid
parasite, and in all probability parasitic upon the above
Hydrocampa.
Cremastus hart Ashm., n. s. [Fig. 13.]
Both sexes were taken upon the surface of Quiver Lake
Sept. 14, at Stations A and B. Its host is unknown.
Described by Mr. Ashmead on page 277.

Famity BRACONID AS.

Clinocentrus niger Ashm., n. s. [Fig. 14.]

In September Lemna trisulca and other Lemnacese were
everywhere abundant, often covering the water in a
continuous sheet along the shores. Several forms ap-
peared to find a natural habitat upon the surface,
among them the present species, which often occurred
in considerable numbers. As this genus is generally
parasitic upon larve of Lepidoptera, and none of these
were observed where the Clhaocentrus occurred, I am at
a loss to account for its presence there, unless it was in
search of food.

Mr. Ashmead’s description follows on page 276.

Famity CHALCIDID.
Smicra microgaster Say.

Adult taken July 6 from puparium of vcJdontomyu
vertebrata. Collected July 10 and 15 and Aug. 20, in
the first instance apparently feeding on Odontomyia
egos. (See treatment under Stratiomyiide.)

Smicra rufofemorata Cress.

Bred July 5 from cage containing puparia of Odonto-

mya cincta and Stratiomyia norma. (See Stratiomyiide.)

Famity PROCTOTRYPID.

Loxotropa ruficornis Ashm.
One male taken Sept. 10 while collecting with dip-net
along river margin.

272 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Cosmocoma maculipes Ashi.

Female taken in a similar way Sept. 14, in collecting
along shore of Quiver Lake.

Phanurus tabanivorus Ashm., n. s. [Fig. 55, 56.)

Bred from eggs of Zabanus atratus Aug. 4 and Sept.
13. The species is described and discussed by Mr. Ash-
mead on page 274, and the biological details are given
under Zabanus atratus. f

Famity POMPILIDA.

The low shores about the head of Quiver Lake were
frequented by many species of this family, probably in
search of the spiders which are so abundant on these
wet shores. PP. biguttatus was taken May 20 and P.
plhiladelphicus Aug. 30, together with three other well-
marked species which seem to be new to our collection,

although it already contains more than seventy-five

Illinois species of this family. They are perhaps cor-

related with the peculiar character of the surrounding

region.
Pompilus, 1. 8. (?)

A cluster of hymenopterous cocoons was found in

August on the springy shore of Station B, under an.
old log. They were placed in a breeding-cage, in which

the first imago appeared Sept. 1, the last of the lot.

coming out on the 8th of this month. The species is ap.
parently new, but those bred were all females, and it
seems hardly desirable under the circumstances to offer
an isolated description in the present connection.

The cocoon is isabella color (reddish-argillaceous), elon-
eate-elliptical, 12-13 mm. long, and 5 mm. in diameter
at the anterior third, opening near this end by a clean:
circular cut ior the escape of the imago, the end sepa-
rating as a hemispherical cap. At the other end is a
darker knob, marked off by a slight constriction. The
walls are dense, but thin and papery, shining within,

ein a Par.

Entomology of the Lllinois River. 273

dull without. The color and texture distinguish it from
others I have seen.

The tmago is rather small, 9-10 mm. in length, some-
- what shining, faintly purplish black, a short inconspicu-
ous blackish pilosity; the wings quite blackish, with
violaceous iridescence; the pronotum subangulate behind,
the propodeum smoothly rounded and shining; second
cubital elongate-quadrate, length on radial and cubital
veins about equal, third cubital narrowed about one
third towards the marginal cell; last abdominal very
opaque, with close-set moderately long black sete.

Famity BEMBECID/.

Bembex spinole Lep.

This well-known and common sand-wasp was often
noted along the sandy east shore of Quiver Lake, and.
often several at once were hovering about our boat
while we were at work at Station A, in the middle of
the shallow but broad expanse of water at the head of
this lake. Since it is the habit -of sand-wasps to provision
their nests with Diptera—including among these some |
which breed in water—they must considerably affect the
numbers of such species.

ArtTIcLE VII.—Descriptions of three New Parasitic Hymen-
optera from the Illinois River. By WiuuiaM H. AsH-
MEAD.

Famity PROCTOTRYPIDA.
PHANURvS Thomson.

Phanurus tabanivorus, sp. nu. [Fig. 55, 56.]

2 .—Length 1.2 to 1.8 mm. Polished black, impunctate;
the head and thorax clothed with a fine sparse pubes-
cence. Head subquadrate, roundly emarginate behind,
a little wider than the thorax; eyes oval, faintly pubes-
cent; antenne 11-jointed, black, if extended backwards.
not quite reaching to the apex of thorax, and terminat-
ing in a long fusiform 5-jointed club, the first joint of
which is not quite as wide as the second, ob-trapezoidal,
twice as wide as long, the second, third, and fourth joints
transverse-quadrate, a little wider than long; the fifth
or last joint conical and a little narrower than the
preceding joint; the scape is about as long as the
funicle with the pedicel, the latter obconical; joints of
funicle a little narrower than the apex of the pedicel,
the first joint scarcely longer than thick, the second and
third small, transverse-moniliform.

Thorax subovoid, not twice as long as wide, the meso-
notum scarcely longer than wide, the scutellum lunate,
polished, without pubescence; wings hyaline, ciliated,.
the cilia on the anterior and posterior margins long,
much shorter at apical margin; tegule black; venation
brown, the marginal vein a little shorter than the stig-.
mal, the latter only slightly thickened at tip, the post-
marginal vein very long, fully two and a half times as.
long as the stigmal; legs fuscous, the trochanters, knees,
tips of tibie and tarsi honey-yellow or testaceous.
Abdomen elongate, pointed-fusiform, about twice as long

Parasitic Hymenoptera Jrom the Illinois River. 275

as the head and thorax united, polished, the first seg-
ment not longer than wide, with an elevation above at
base, the second segment the longest, twice as long as
- wide at apex, the suture between it and the first striated,
the third segment hardly half as long as the second,
the fourth about two thirds the length of the third, the
three following forming a cone of which the fifth is very
short, its apical margin with a median sinus, the sixth
twice as long as the fifth, the seventh very short, scarcely
discernible; sheaths of ovipositor a little prominent.
o.—Length 0.8 mm. Black, but with the head, pros-
ternum, and legs testaceous; the antenne 12-jointed,
brown-black, with all the joints of the flagellum, except
the pedicel and the last joint, small, moniliform, joints
3 to 5 increasing in size but smaller than pedicel, joints
6 to the penultimate a little wider than long; abdomen
not, or only slightly, longer than the head and thorax
united, the genitalia long, exserted, curving downwards.

Hab.—Havana, Ill.

Types in collections of the Lilinois State Laboratory
of Natural History and in my collection.

Described from 11 o and 9 Q2 specimens bred from
the eges of a common horse-fly, Zabanus atratus Fabr.

In my recent monograph of the N. A. Proctotrypide,
pp. 140-141, I characterized four species belonging to
this genus, none of which, however, are closely allied to
the present species. On the contrary, it appears to
resemble more closely three European species described
under the genus Telenomus, viz.: Zélenomus othus Hal.,
T. laricis Hal., and 7. tabani Mayr.

Dr. Gustav Mayr, in his excellent revision of the
European species of Telenomus* did not recognize the
validity of Thomson’s genus Phanurus.

As defined in my monograph, however, I believe it
can be readily separated from Telenomus, although both
Haliday and Walker have described Telenomi which

*“Ueber die Schlupfwespengattung Telenomus.” Verh. d. k. k. zool. bot. Ge
selisch. in Wien, 1877, pp. 697-714 *

276 TLilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

should now be relegated to Phanurus; while Thomson,
in his definition of Telenomus, has included species that
really belong to the genus Hadronotus Forster.

These errors probably induced Dr. Mayr to reject the
validity of Phanurus in his work cited above.

It is interesting to note here that Phanurus ( Telenomus)
tabani Mayr, has habits similar to our own, the species
having been bred by Dr. Frederick Brauer from a Euro-
pean horse-fly, Tabanus sp.

Our species, although evidently era is somewhat
larger in the female sex, smoother, with the joints of
the antenne and the segments of the abdomen relatively
different, while our male is much smaller, differently
eolored, and with the antennal joints totally dissimilar.

Dr. Mayr’s species approaches nearest to TZéelenomus
laricis Hal., figured in the Entomological Magazine, Vol.
IIl., Plate XIL1., Fig.2, with which he makes comparison;
while our species agrees more nearly with TZélenomus
othus, Hal., represented on the same plate in Fig. 4.

Famity BRACONID A.

CLINOCENTRUS Haliday.
Clinocentrus niger, sp. n. [Fig. 14.]

o.—Length 1.85 to 2 mm. Black, subopaque, sha-
greened, except the apical third of abdomen, which is
smooth and shining; mandibles rufous, palpi whitish;
antenne 25-jointed, longer than the body, black, except
a small honey-yellow annulus at base of third joint and
the apex of the pedicel or second joint; all coxe and
trochanters brownish yellow, the femora reddish and
eradually becoming fuscous toward tips; all tibie and
tarsi black or blackish fuscous; wings subfuliginous,
the stigma and veins dark fuscous, almost black.

The head is transverse, shagreened, with only the
occipital orbits smooth and shining; the occiput is
acutely margined; the metathorax is rugulose, with a
median carina; the first and second abdominal segments
are shagreened or granulated and opaque, the second

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the Lliimois Rwer. 277

being the longer; the third sement is scarcely half the
length of the second, subopaque and only faintly sha-
greened ; while the following segments, in marked contrast
_ to the preceding, are all short, impunctate, and shining,

Hab.—Havana, Ill.

Types in the collections of the Illinois State Labora-
tory of Natural History and in my collection.

Described from 10 o& specimens taken on floating
Lemnacee in the Illinois River.

Famity ICHNEUMONID.

CrEMASTUS Gravenhorst.
Cremastus hartii, sp. n. [ Fig. 138.]

?.—Length 6.5 mm.; ovipositor about half the length
of the abdomen; antenne 30-jointed, scarcely reaching
to the middle of abdomen. Brownish yellow or pale
ferruginous; head above, the occiput, the antenne, a
large oblong spot on middle mesothoracic lobe anteriorly,
the fovea at base of scutellum, axillg, postscutellar band,
base of petiole, basal half of second abdominal segment,
a small spot on dorsum of fifth and sixth segments, all
tarsi and the hind tibie, black or dark fuscous; wings
hyaline, the stigma brown, the veins blackish; abdomen
twice as long as the head and thorax united, compressed
from the third segment, the petiole and base of third
segment finely longitudinally aciculated and _ feebly
shagreened; the second segment one half longer than
the third, the sixth shorter, the seventh still shorter,
(The eighth segment has the basal plates of the ovipos-
itor abnormally exserted, giving the tip of abdomen
an unnatural appearance.)

&.—Length 4.5 mm. Agrees with female except in the
usual sexual difference aud in color, the sixth and seventh
abdominal segments having a black spot above, while the
anterior tarsi and the base of the middle tarsi are pale.

Hab.—Havana, I[ll.; Washington, D. C.; Lexington, Ky.

Types o' 2 in the collections of the Illinois State
Laboratory of Natural History, and in my collection.

278 IWinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

i oe

13.

14.

15.
16.

AMT hs
18.

*

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

PLATE I,

Paraponyx obscuralis, larva, dorsal view.

Larval and pupal case.

Posterior false leg of larva.

Gill filament of larva.

Abdominal segment of larva, showing bases of fila-
ments and sete of piliferous tubercles.

Pupa, side view.
‘

PLATE II,

Paraponysx obscuralis, posterior extremity of pupa,
ventral view.

Hydrocampa obliteralis, eggs on leaf, natural size.

A few eggs enlarged.

Larva, dorsal view.

Larva in case, posterior extremity visible.

Posterior false leg of larva.

PLATE III.

Cremastus hartit Ashm., n. 8.

PuLaTE LY.

Clinocentrus niger Ashm., 0D. 8.

PLATE V.

Bittacomorpha clavipes, larva, side view.

Head of larva; right side, dorsal view; left side,
ventral view.

False foot of larva.

Thorax of pupa, just before casting larval skin,
cut beneath at middle and spread out, showing
growth of respiratory tubes.

>

Explanation of Figures. 279

PLATE VI.

Bittacomorpha clavipes, pupa, dorsal view.

Portion of respiratory tube of pupa, enlarged.

Spine such as the pupa is covered with.

Last segment of male pupa, dorsal view, showing
sear left by larval respiratory tube.

Erioptera? sp.(a), larva, dorsal view.

End of last segment of larva.

Ventral view of one side of same.

PLATE VII.

Symplecta punctipennis, larva, dorsal view.
End of last segment of larva.

Pupa, dorsal view.

Limnophila luteipennis, larva, dorsal view.

PuaTe VIII.

Limnophila luteipennis, end of last segment of larva.
Pupa, dorsal view.

Tipula eluta, larva, dorsal view.

End of last segment of larva.

PLATE IX.

Tipula eluta, pupa, dorsal view.

Tipula larva (6), dorsal view.

End of last segment of larva.

Tipula sp. (e), end of last segment of larva.

Last two segments of female pupa, side view.
Pachyrhina ferruginea, end of last segment of larva.

PLATE X.

Pachyrhina ferruginea, last two segments of female
pupa, side view.

Chrysops vittatus, larva, dorsal view.

Chrysops cestuans, egg mass on stem of Juncus effusus.

Tabanus lineola, pupa, dorsal view.

Abdominal spiracle of pupa.

Left thoracic spiracle of pupa.

280 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

51.

52.
53.
54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

PLATE XI.
Tabanus lineola, end of last segment of pupa.

Tabanus stygius, larva, dorsal view.

Last segment of larva, side view, showing project-
ing spine.

Zabanus sp. (6), larva, dorsal view.

Tabanus atratus, larva, dorsal view.

PLAT XII.

Tabanus atratus, head of larva, low side view; a,
eye; 6, antenna; ¢c, labrum; d, mentum; e, man-
dible; 7, maxillary palpus; g, maxilla.

Abdominal spiracle of pupa.

Left thoracic spiracle of pupa.

End of last segment of pupa.

PLATE XIII.

Tabanus atratus, egg mass and single egg, latter
containing the parasite, both enlarged.

Phanurus tabanivorus Ashm., n. 8., egg parasite of
Tabanus atratus.

PLATE XIV..

Stratiomyia norma, larva, dorsal view; and last
three segments, ventral view.

Odontomyia cincta, egg mass, with all except bot-
tom layer removed from the lower portion, also
single egg, both enlarged.

Larva, dorsal view, and last three segments, ventral
view.

Odontomyia vertebrata, larva, dorsal view, and last
three segments, ventral view.

PLATE XY.

Examples of breeding-cage and semicircular dip-net in
use at the Station.

cen <a

PND IGX,

Algee, 155, 158, 201.

Amalopini, 196.

Amalopis, 196.

Anacharis, 152.

Aquatic caterpillars, 150, 155, 156,
157, 163. See Hydrocampi-
ne.

Arzama, 164, 165, 166.

Asellus, 156.

Asilide, 267.

Atylotus, 232.

Beetles, aquatic, 155, 156, 160, 163.

Bembecidex, 157, 273.

Bembex spinola, 273.

Berosus, 156, 163.

Bittacomorpha, 190, 200, 201, 206,

228, 239, 241, 278, 279.

clavipes, 189, 190.

Black flies, 187. See Simuliides.

Blepharoceride, 184, 187, 188.

Blue earthworm, 157.

Bombyliidsx, 267.

Brachycera, 187, 189.

Braconidae, 181, 271, 276.

Bugs, aquatic, 155, 156, 161, 163.

Buffalo gnats, 187. See Simuliide.

Bull-pout, 221.

Case-flies, 154, 155, 163.

Cataclysta, 165, 166. 174, 175.

Caterpillars, aquatic, 150, 155, 156,
157, 163. See Hydrocam-
pine.

Ceratophyllum, 152, 155, 250.

Ceratopogon, 187.

Chaleidids, 181, 253, 257,271.

Channel catfish, 221.

Chironomide, 155, 184, 187, 189.

Chironomus, 200, 206, 211.

Chrysendeton, 174.
claudialis, 174.
medicinalis, 174.

Chrysops, 157, 224, 225, 226, 230.
gestuans, 227, 279.
callidus, 227.
excitans, 226.
flavidus, 227.
fugax, 226.
mitis, 226.
montanus, 227.
niger, 227.
obsoletus, 230.

pudicus, 227.

striatus, 230.

univittatus, 228.

vittatus, 228, 279.
Clinoventrus, 276.

niger, 271, 276, 278.
Club rush, 153.
Cnemidotus, 163.
Coccinellid, 157.
Ccenomyia, 267.

ferruginea, 267.

pallida, 267.
Coenomyiide, 267.
Coleoptera, 158, 163, 164.
Corisides, 156.
Cosmocoma maculipes, 172.
Crane-flies, 150, 155, 157, 158, 159,

186. See Tipulide.

Cremastus, 277.

hartii, 271, 277, 278.
Cryptus cyaneiventris, 178, 270.
Culicids, 184, 187, 189. See mosqui-

toes.

Cyclorhapha, 184, 186.

282

Diatoms, 190, 201, 258.

Dicranomyia, 197.

Dicranota, 195, 196, 198.

Diptera, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,

161, 162, 163,164, 184, 273.
key to families: larves and pu-
pe, 186.

Dixa midges, 187.

Dixide, 187, 188.

Dolichopodidsx, 267.

Dragon-flies, 163.

Empidide, 267.
Ephemerida, 159, 163.
Erioptera, 196, 197.
graphica, 197.
sp. (a), 197, 279.
Eristalis, 239.

False crane-flies, 187.
Fishes, 157, 158.
Flies, 150, 157, 163. See Diptera.

Gammarus, 156.

Geranomyia, 197, 200.
canadensis, 200.
rostrata, 200.

Gnats, 187. See Chironomide.

Gnophomyia, 196.

Gonomyia, 197.

Green- head, 237.

Gyrinide, 155, 156, 163.

Hadronotus, 276.
Haliplids, 155.
Hemiptera, 163. See water-bugs.
Heteroceride, 156.
Homophysa, 174, 175.
Horse-flies, 150, 155, 157, 158, 160,
187,220. See Tabanides.
Hydrobatide, 155.
Hydrocampa, 157 ,165,166,167,174,
175, 179.
ekthlipsis, 176.
formosalis, 176.
genuinalis, 176.
gyralis, 175,
ieciusalis, 166, 175, 176.
obliteralis, 166, 168, 174, 175,
176, 179, 270 278.

Hydrocampa—Continued.
peremptalis, 180.
proprialis, 176.
Hydrocamping, 164, 168, 271. See
aquatic caterpillars.
Hymenoptera, 150, 245,270.
parasitic, 157, 158, 178, 181, 245,
250, 253, 257, 264, 270.
Ichneumonida, 270, 277.
Insects, key to orders, 162.
larvee, 163.
nymphs, 163.
pups, 164.
Isotoma, 156.

Leeches, 155, 156.
Lemna, trisulea, 168, 177, 271.
Lemnaces, 271.
Lepidoptera, 150,163, 164, 165,271.
key to larve, 165.
pups 166.
Leptida, 158, 188, 189, 267.
?larves, 268.
? sp. (a), 268.
?sp., (b), 269.
?sp., (¢), 270.
Limnobiing, 195, 196, 197, 206.
Limnobiini, 197.
Limnophila, 197, 200, 228, 239, 241.
luteipennis, 200, 205, 279.
sp. (a), 204.
Loxotropa ruficornis, 271.

May-flies, 163. See Ephemerida.
Megilla maculata, 157, 254.

Midges, 187. See Chironomida.
Mollusks, 155.

Mosquitoes, 156,187. See Culicids.
Moth-flies, 186. See Psychodida.
Muscids, 239.

Nelumbo, 152, 168, 180.
lutea, 181.
Nematocera, 186, 188.
Nemotelus, 249, 266.
unicolor, 266.
Neuroptera, 163, 164.
Neuropteroids, 155.
Noctuidss, 164, 165, 166.

283

Nonagria, 164, 165, 166.
Notonecta, 156.
Nymphea, 152.
Nympheella, 166.
dispar, 167.
maculalis, 167.

‘Oconata, 163.
<Edogonium, 152.

Odontomyia, 157, 247, 248, 250, 253,

254, 271.
key to imagos, 255.
larvee, 254.
binotata, 255, 262.
cincta, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256,
262, 264, 265, 266, 271, 280.
extremis, 254, 255, 256.
hieroglyphica, 256, 266.
intermedia, 255, 256.
megacephala, 255, 262.
pilimana, 255, 256.
plebeja, 255, 256.
pubescens, 255 256.
snowi, 256, 266.
vertebrata, 253, 254, 255, 262,
271, 280.
willistoni, 254, 255, 262.
Oligostigma, 174, 175.
_ Operculate univalves, 157.
Orthorhapha, 150, 184, 185, 186, 188,
267.
key to families: larva, 186.
pups, 183.

Pachyrhina, 206.
ferruginea, 210, 216, 217, 218,
219.
Pangonia, 225, 226.
rasa, 226.
Paraponyx, 165, 166,167, 174,175,
177.
albalis, 173.
allionealis, 173.
obscuralis, 167, 173, 278.
plenilinealis, 173.
stratiotata, 171, 173.
Parasitica, 270. See Hymenoptera,
parasitic.

Pedicia, 196.
Perlid, 159.
Phalacrocera, 196.
Phanurus, 274, 275, 276.
tabani, 276.
tabanivorus, 245, 2'7 2, 274, 280.
Philhydrus, 163.
Phryganeida, 162.
Plecoptera, 163.
Podura, 156.
Polynéma natans, 270.
Pompilids, 157,272.
biguttatus, 272.
n.sp?, 272.
philadelphicus, 272.
Poplar, 267.
Potamogeton, 152, 168.
nutans, 167, 176, 179, 270.
Proctotrypidw, 271, 274, 275.
Psychodideg, 184, 186, 188.
Pyralids, 164, 165, 166.
Pyramusta, 164, 180.
nelumbialis, 165, 166, 180.
penitalis, 183.

See case-flies.

Rhipidia, 197.
Rhyphide, 187, 189.
Rushes, 154, 190, 197, 221, 227, 268.

Sagittaria, 190, 254.
Sand wasps, 157 273.
Scirpus, 153.
Sialide, 160.
Sialis, 228.
Simuliide, 184, 187, 189.
Smicra, 157, 250, 253.
microgaster, 253, 254, 264,271.
1ufofemorata, 250, 253, 271.
Snipe-flies, 188. See Leptida.
Soldier-flies, 150, 155, 156, 157, 188.
See Stratiomyiida.
Sparganophilus eiseni, 157.
Spiders, 157, 272.
Spider-wasps, 157. See Pompilides.
Spring-tails, 156, 161, 163.
Stone-flies, 163.
Straight-seamed flies, 150. See Or-
thorhapha.

284

Stratiomyia, 156, 157, 247, 248, 249,
254.
apicula, 249.
discalis, 249.
marginalis, 249.
norma, 249, 253, 271, 280.
obesa, 249.
quaternaria, 249.
Stratiomyiide, 150, 155, 157, 161, 184,
188, 189, 247.
key to genera, 248.
Stratiomyiine, 248.
Surface beetles, 155. See Gyrinide.
bugs, 155.
Symplecta, 196,197, 199.
punctipennis, 199, 279.

Tabanida, 150, 157, 184, 187, 18), 199,
220, 230, 235, 241. See
horseflies.

key to genera: eggs, 225.
larve, 226.
pupe, 226.

Tabanus, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 233.

key to species: larvee, 230.
pup, 232.

abdominalis, 233.

americanus, 247.

atratus, 199, 224, 231, 232, 239,
241, 242, 272, 275, 280.

atratus group, 224, 225, 231, 232,

bicolor, 232.

cerastes, 233.

costalis, 231, 232, 236, '

eymatophorus, 233.

epistates, 252.

exul, 233.

fulvulus, 239.

giganteus, 233, 247.

lasiophthalmus, 232.

lineola, 23), 231, 232, 235, 279.

lineola group, 224, 225, 231, 232,
239.

nigrescens, 231, 232, 235, 238.

reinwardtii, 233.

sagax, 238.

sp. (a), 231, 254.

sp. (b), 231, 241, 280.

Tabanus— Continued.
stygius, 231, 232, 288, 239, 241,
247, 280.
sulcifrons, 234.
trimaculatus, 284.
trispilus, 2352.
turbidus, 233
venustus, 233.
Telenomus, 275, 276.
laricis, 275, 276.
othus 275, 276.
tabani, 275, 276.
Therioplectes, 252.
Thysanura, 162, 163.
Tipula, 195, 197, 206.
bicornis, 208.
eluta, 208, 210, 215, 217, 218,
279.
Tipulidae, 150, 157, 158, 159, 184, 186,
188, 190, 195, 239.
key to genera: larvee, 196.
Tipulineg, 196, 197, 206.
key to species: larva, 208.
specific characters: pups, 210:
sp. (a), 209, 214.
sp. (b), 209, 215, 279.
Bp. (Cc), 209. .«)
sp. (d), 209.
sp. (e), 210, 216, 279.
sp. (f), 210, 219.
Top-minnows, 155.
Trichoptera, 163, 164. See case-flies.
Tubifex rivulorum, 195,

Univalves, operculate, 157.
Vallisneria, 152.

spiralis, 167.
Veliide, 155.

Water beetles, 155, 156, 160, 163..
bugs, 155, 156,161, 163.
lily, 179.
snails, 221.
striders, 155.

Willow, 153, 154, 190.

Wheat, 209.

Worm, 195.

Xylophagide, 267.
Xylophagus, 267.

Se

ARTICLE VIII.—Wotes on Species of North American Oli-
gocheta. By FRANK SMiTH.

A number of species of Oligochzeta have been collected
during the present year (1895) at Havana, III., in con.
nection with the work of the University of Illinois Bio-
logical Experiment Station. It seems best to give a
preliminary account of some of them at this time, al-
though a more complete description, with plates, is in
preparation. In this account is included some recently
obtained information upon EZnchytreus (Halodrilus) lit-
torales Verrill.

Diplocardia (Geodrilus) singularis Ude.

In the months of April and May there were found at
Havana, Il., many sexually mature earthworms which
are probably identical with Geodrilus singularis, described
by Ude (14, p. 69)* from specimens collected at Danville,
Ill. Michaelsen (8, p. 190) has recently shown that a
close scrutiny of Ude’s description makes it likely that
the pores of the prostate glands are upon somites XVIII
and XX instead of upon XVII and XIX, and that the
male pore is upon XIX, and a letter recently received
from Ude confirms the correctness of Michaelsen’s as-
sumption. The Havana specimens correspond to the
description of G. singularis as thus amended, except in
minor characters to be mentioned later.

The poor state of preservation of Ude’s specimens
made a satisfactory account of the reproductive organs
impossible. In having three pairs of spermathece in
VU, VII, and 1X, Diplocardia singularis agrees with D.
communis Garman, and differs from the three remaining

*Here and throughout this paper the full-face parenthetical figures refer to the
bibliographical list which follows it.

286 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

species of the genus thus far described, while it agrees with
all but D. verrucosa Ude, (15) in the presence of prostate
glands opening upon XVIII and XX. The prostate-
gland pores are connected on each side by a longitudinal
groove. The male pores are upon the anterior part of
XIX. The clitellum is nearly as thick upon the ventral
part of the somites as upon the dorsal, except upon
XVII and XVIII. A pair of genital papille is situated
upon the posterior part of XVII or the anterior part
of XVIII, and a second pair occurs upon XX or XXI,
the position of both pairs being variable.

The testes and ovaries and the funnels of the sperm
ducts are present in the usual number and situation,
and the sperm sacs agree in number and arrangement
with those of the other species of the genus. The dorsal
vessel is single. The nephridia of the first pair are very
small and open upon II. The position of the first dor-
sal pore is not uniform, being in some specimens in the
anterior part of IX and in others in the anterior part
of X. In the other species of the genus I have found it
in the anterior part of XI, where it is stated by Ude to
occur in D. singularis. The penial sete of the specimens
studied by me are long and slender, but have a slight
double curve instead of the form figured by Ude (14,
Fig. 18). The ventral sete are absent upon XIX, as
the in some of the other species. The anterior end of
worm is dark-colored upon the dorsal surface, as in D,
eisent Mich. and in D. riparia.

Diplocardia riparia Smith.

Since writing a previous paper (12) in which I described
the above species and compared it in some particulars
with Diplocardia ( Geodrilus) eisent Michaelsen (8, p. 184),
I have received, through the kindness of a friend in
Florida, forty-one living specimens of D. edseni which
were collected last June from the banks of Lake Eola
in that state. A comparative study of these worms and

Species of North American Oligocheta. 287

of the D. riparia from Havana shows clearly that they
belong to distinct species; but it is necessary to revise
somewhat the list of differences as given on p. 148 of
my earlier paper (12).

The two species agree in the presence of a pair of very
‘small nephridia opening upon II, and also in the posi-
tion of the first dorsal pore, which is in the anterior
part of XI.

The principal characters which distinguish the species
are as follows: (1) The spermathecal pores are pos-
terior to the sete in LD. eisenz, while they are anterior
to the sete in D. riparia; (2) the ventral sete of VIII
and IX in PD. eisint are modified and accompanied by
glandular structures, while in DY. riparca they are not;
(3) the ventral setzee of XIX are one or both present
on each side of the somite in J. ezsenz, but both are
lacking in D. riparia, (4) the quadrangular glandular
area upon the ventral part of XVIII—XX described by
Michaelsen in JY. ezsens is quite conspicuous in that
species, but is not noticeable in LD. riparia; and (5)
the two species are very different as regards size. On
this latter point I may say that the specimens of D.
eiseni received by me were quite uniform in size, and
that none of them had a length of more than 150 mm.
when alive and fully extended, the diameter of the an-
terior part being only 2 mm. and that of the other
regions still smaller. Michaelsen, on the other hand,
gives 160 mm. as the length of one of his specimens
and 3-3.5 mm. as the diameter, but this seems to have
been exceptional, since he states that ‘andere Stiicke
sind betrichtlich kleiner.” Ordinary specimens of JD.
riparia are 220-250 mm. in length when fully extended,
and 3 mm. in diameter. By comparing average speci-
mens of each species I find the ratio between the weights
of individuals of D. riparia and of those of D. eseni to
be more than 5:1.

288 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Fridericia agilis n. sp.

Numerous specimens of an enchytreid worm belonging
to the genus Fridericia were found at Havana, IIl., asso-
ciated with the different species of Diplocardia. They
were sexually mature in April and May.

The length of well-extended living specimens is 25-30
mm. and the number of somites is 57-66 in the specimens.
examined, the average number being 62.

The sete are straight, with the exception of a slight
curvature of the proximal end, the usual number in each
bundle being two, although sometimes one or even two
additional may be present in a few of the bundles.
Occasional specimens are found in which between the
ordinary sete of a pair a second pair of very slender ones
is present, the diameter of the latter being one half that
of the former, or even less. In such specimens this ar-
rangement of sete prevails posterior to the clitellum
as well as anterior toit. A head pore is present between
the prostomium and peristomium, and the first dorsal
pore is in VII. The clitellum is on XII and XIII.

The posterior margin of the brain is quite convex,
while its anterior margin is slightly concave. Its length
is one and a half times its greatest width, and the
posterior part is a little wider than the anterior. The
salivary glands are large and very much branched, and
open into the alimentary tract between its lateral and
ventral walls in somite III. Septal glands occur in IV,
V, and VI. The anteseptal part of each of the nephridia
equals the postseptal part in size. The duct of the
former is convoluted, and the terminal duct arises from
the posterior end of the postseptal part and opens in
front of the ventral sete. The dorsal vessel arises in
XIX. The spermathece communicate with the aliment-
ary tract, each of them having about nine well-developed
diverticula, which are hollow and somewhat unequal.
The duct, which is about three times the length of the
pouch, is slender, cylindrical, and without glands, except

Species of North American Oligocheta. 289

a few scattering cells at the external opening. The
length of the funnel of the sperm duct is about twice its
diameter, and the duct itself is very slender, much coiled,
and coufined to XII.

F. agilis is distinguished from the other species of the
genus, except F. disetosa and the two species recently
described by Nusbaum (10), by the number of sete
in each bundle, and it is distinguished from these by
the form of the brain and by other characters. The
spermathece are more nearly like those of J” olzgosetosa,
but the dissimilarity in the number of somites and of
septal glands, together with the differences in the neph-
ridia, in the duct of the spermathece, and in the brain,
clearly distinguish the two species.*

Enchytreus (Halodrilus) littoralis Verrill.

Verrill’s description of this species (20, p. 623) contains
no account of the reproductive organs, and consequently
its relation to other Oligochzeta has been quite uncertain.
Vejdovsky (18, p. 45) placed it with the Tubificide,
while Vaillant (16, p. 292), Michaelsen (7, p. 50), and
Beddard (1, p. 312) have considered it as an enchy-
treid. As a number of specimens, many of which were
sexually mature, were obtained by me at Wood’s Holl,
Mass., in August of the present year (1895), I am able
to extend the description somewhat. I think there is no
doubt that these specimens belong to Verrill’s species,
since they correspond very closely to his description and
were extremely abundant in precisely the-same sort of
situation in which he found his, namely, in dead sea-
weed and under stones near high-water mark, those under

_*Since the above description was written, an account of four new species of
Fridericia from the vicinity of Philadelphia has been received from Mr, J. Percy
Moore (Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1895, p. 341). Of these F. longa is quite similar
to F. agilis in several characters. The arrangement of the sete is somewhat
different in the two species, and the number of diverticula of the spermathece
is somewhat greater in /, agilis thanin F. longa, but the most obvious differ-
ence is in the character of the salivary glands. Other differences may appear
when more is known of the nephridia, the dorsal vessel, and the reproductive

organs of the latter species.

—19

290 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural Histor Y

stones and in the sand being, as a general rule, much
smaller than those in the seaweed. ‘

The living animals are sufficiently transparent to en-
able one to determine many facts concerning their struc-
ture, and such ovservations have been supplemented by
dissections and by the study of both longitudinal and
transverse serial sections, which show the general anat-
omy to be that characteristic of the Enchytreide.
The length of the larger specimens is approximately 25.
mm. aud the diameter .5 mm. to 1mm. The average
number of somites in several specimens taken at random
is 59, the minimum and maximum numbers noticed be-
ing respectively 53 and 69. The sete are somewhat
hooked at the proximal end, but are otherwise straight
or sometimes slightly curved. The most frequent num-
ber of setee in a bundle is three. There are often four
present in the bundles of the anterior region, and some-
times even six, but in the latter case they are in two
sets of three each, as though a second set had been
formed before the first one had been lost. In the bundles.
of the posterior region there are frequently but two
setze present. The clitellum is on XII and XIII. I
found no dorsal pores.

The length of the brain is one and a half to one and
three-fourths times its width, the ratio varying with the
state of contraction. Its sides are nearly parallel, the
anterior margin being slightly concave, and the posteri-
or slightly convex or straight. A careful examination
of this organ in several living specimens shows that the
posterior margin is not concave, and that its convex
or straight appearance is not due to the peritoneal cells,
as suggested by Michaelsen (7, p. 36) in the case of Z.
vejdovskyt.. Two long tubular unbranched salivary
glands open into the alimentary tract upon its dorsal
surface, behind the pharynx, and extend into IV, having
a somewhat contorted course. Three pairs of septal
glands occur in IV—VI, but those of V and VI are one

Species of North American Oligocheta. 291

or both so constricted and contorted that there appear
to be two pairs in each somite. I think that there is
not the slightest doubt that these glands, together with
the spermathece, are the structures mentioned by Ver-
rill as the cecal lobes of the alimentary tract, situated
just behind the pharynx. ‘There are certainly no exten-
sive diverticula like those of some species of Henlea.
The septal glands nearly surround the esophagus, and
this fact, together with the actual communication of
the spermathece with the csophagus, would make it
quite natural to assume that they were all thus con-
nected if one should study living specimens only. The
gland cells surrounding the csophagus in VII and VIII
are higher than those of the next following somites, and
this fact probably explains Verrill’s statement that the
so-called cecal lobes ‘‘are followed by a large two-lobed
portion, beyond which the intestine is constricted.”

The dorsal vessel arises behind the clitellum, in XVII.
The arrangement of the blood vessels in the anterior
somites is the same as that described and figured by
Michaelsen (6, p. 26; Taf. Il., Fig. 2) for ‘Enchytreus
Mobi.” The blood is colorless. The anteseptal part of
each nephridium is small and forms the funnel only. The
terminal duct arises from the posterior end of the post-
septal part, and opens in front of the ventral sete. The
spermathece are without diverticula. The duct is of
about the same length as the pouch, and is closely be-
set with glands throughout its length. The length of
the funnel of the sperm duct is several times its diam-
eter. The duct itself usually extends to XVII or XVIII
. ina tolerably straight course, and then, making a short,
abrupt turn, retraces its course, the second part lying
close beside the first, and communicating with a small
prostate gland in XII. As one traces the duct from
the funnel, the diameter is nearly uniform until just after
the turn, where it is nearly doubled, the size being again
uniform until a point is reached about one third of the

292 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

distance from the prostate gland to the turn. From
this point the diameter gradually diminishes, and be-
fore reaching the prostate, becomes smaller than in any
other part of the duct. The diameter of the widest part
of the duct is one fifth that of the entire worm in that
region, and three times the diameter of its own lumen.
In specimens that have passed the period of sexual
activity the sperm duct becomes reduced in size, more
convoluted, and extends backward a shorter distance.
Linchytreus littoralis is evidently very closely related to
Lf. vejdovskyt Eisen (8, p. 25) and £. humicultor Vejdov-
sky (17, p. 57). The chief difference would seem to be
in the sperm duct, which in £. littoralis extends back as
far as XVIII, but which at the height of sexual activity
is entirely free from the numerous flexures described by
Hisen (3, Fig. 19h), Michaelsen (6, p. 389; and 7, p. 37),
and Ude (18, p. 86) as existing in Z. vejdovskyi and £.
humicultor. Specimens of / littoralis are frequently found
in which the sperm duct passes from one side of the
body to the other once or sometimes twice, but it is
without sharp turns except at the point farthest back,
where its course is reversed. The somewhat abrupt in-
crease in the diameter, already described, is also very
characteristic. The brain is similar in form to that of
Lf. vejdovshy? as figured by Eisen (8, Fig. 19f), though less
‘concave in front and less convex behind. In view of
the above facts it seems reasonable to question the ad-
visability of regarding the differences between the Euro-
pean and American forms as more than varietal. Ver-
rill’s name has priority, of course, in the event of its

being necessary to unite the species from the two con-_

tinents under one name.

Thinodrilus inconstans, n. g. et n. sp.

At various times since April 1894 specimens of a spe-
cies belonging to the Lumbriculide have been collected
from the east shore of Quiver Lake, at Havana. They

ae

Species of North American Oligocheta. 293

are sometimes found in the alge, sometimes in the mud
at the bottom of the lake, and sometimes on the shore
above the level of the water, under rubbish which is kept
~ moist by the springs constantly flowing from the bank.
Among specimens collected last February from a situa-
tion like that last described, one individual was found
that was sexually active, with others that had been in
that condition recently enough to be of use in gaining
a knowledge of the sexual organs.

The worms are 30-60 mm. in length and .6-.8 mm. in
diameter. The number of somites is usually 150-200,
and sometimes even greater. The sete are in four rows
of bundles with two setz in each. They are .15-.2 mm.
in length, with bifid extremities, and have the same
form as those of Lumbriculus variegatus Grube as figured
by Vejdovsky (18, Taf. XII, Fig. 27). The length of
the prostomium in alcoholic specimens is about equal
to that of the first three somites taken together, and
its width is almost as great as the diameter of the first
somite. The width is nearly uniform for the greater
part of the length, and the extremity is bluntly rounded.
The brain is quite similar to that of ZL. var/egatus Grube
as figured by Ratzel (11, Pi. XLIIL., Fig. 10), if I under-
stand his figure, but not if Beddard’s interpretation (1,
p. 212) be correct. A comparison of Ratzel’s figure 10
with figures 12 and 13 of the same plate makes it quite
evident that the suprawsophageal ganglia are repre-
sented by Ratzel in a position the reverse of the nor-
mal one, so that what is described by Beddard as the
anterior part is really the posterior part, and vice versa.
In the brain of Thinodrilus inconstans the masses of cells
are upon the posterior part, and are not united by a
narrow layer of cells as represented in Lwmbriculus vari-
egatus, although such a layer is present upon the outer
surface of the brain, and if no sections were made might
be supposed to connect the two masses. The median
part of the brain, which connects the two lateral

¢

294 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

divisions, is composed entirely of fibers with the excep-
tion of a few cells in the dorsal part. Groups of cells
are situated respectively in front of and- behind the
point of union of the commissures with the ventral
chain. The pharynx extends through II—V and is fol-
lowed by the esophagus in VI and VII, and in VIII
by the intestine, which, as indicated by the chloragogue
cells, commences in that somite. The septal glands are
large in IV—VI, and slightly developed in III.
Beginning with the eleventh somite, paired appenda-
ges of the dorsal vessel with several cecal branches are
present. Nephridia are contained in the same somites
with the gonads at the time of maturity of the latter.
No especial modification of the epidermis to form a
clitellum has been noticed. Albumen glands are want-
ing. Two pairs of testes are present in IX and X and
two pairs of ovaries in XI and XII. The male pores.
were sletermined with certainty in but three specimens,
in two of which the pores were upon X and in the other
upon XI. The atria are similar in form and in the
structure of the walls to those of ZL. variegatus as de-
scribed by Hesse (4, p. 358) and by Vejdovsky (19, p.
81). Whether or not a definite penis is developed I am
unable to state. The funnels of the sperm ducts are
borne upon the posterior walls of [IX and X. The sperm
- ducts have not yet been followed throughout their en-
tire course. A pair of elongated sperm sacs communi-
cate with X and extend backward for a varying num-
ber of somites, in some cases as far as XX. Well-
developed spermathece were found in but one specimen,
and in that did not contain spermatozoa. There are
five pairs in XI—XV, with their pores dorsad to the
ventral sete and situated similariy to those of
L. variegatus. In another example vestiges of these
organs were present in XI—XV, while the specimen hav-
ing male pores upon XI had traces of spermathece in.
XII—XVI. The oviducts are short and open at the

Species of North American Oligocheta. 295

posterior margin of their somites XI, XII. In all the
specimens examined gonads were present in [X—XII.

No attempt will be made at present to distinguish fully
between generic and specific characters. The characters
of the sete and of the branches of the dorsal vessel
distinguish Zhinodrilus inconstans from other Lumbri-
culidee except Lumbriculus, while the number and _ posi-
tion of the various reproductive organs distinguish it
‘ from that genus. Its relation to Lwmbriculus limosus
Leidy (5, p. 49) cannot be determined until more is
known of that species. It seems probable enough that
they may belong to the same genus, though I do not
think that they are identical if the sete of Z.limosus are
correctly figured by Leidy (5, Pl. 2, Fig. 16), since the
distal portion is much more curved in his figure, and the
point of abrupt change in diameter is considerably
nearer the distal end than in the sete of Zhinodrilus
inconstans. Also, the number of czecal appendages of the
dorsal vessel is greater than I have noticed in the latter
species. In spite of these differences, however, there is a
possibility that the forms may prove to be identical.

The genus Diplocardia apparently contains five dis-
tinct species, and is distributed over an area extending
from Florida at least half way across the continent.
Sparganouphilus has several species and at least as
wide a distribution. Benham (2, p. 175) suggests that
the occurrence of S. fames’s in England is due to its
importation, presumably from America, which seems
highly probable, especially as Moore (9, p. 473) reports
the occurrence of that species near Philadelphia. Bimas-
tos is very distinct from the European Lumbricide. In
view of the above facts, the distinctness of the Pale-
arctic and Nearctic regions as shown by the earthworm
fauna would seem greater than has previously been sup-
posed.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to
Prof. E. L. Mark, of Harvard University, through whose

296 Jilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

kindness I have been permitted to work during the past

summer in the laboratory and library of the Museum

of Comparative Zodlogy, and especially to Prof. S. A.

Forbes, of the University of Illinois, whose continued

encouragement and assistance have enabled me to carry

on my study of this interesting group of animals.
Champaign, Dec. 12, 1895.

LIST OF PAPERS CITED.

1. Bepparp, F. E.—A Monograph of the Order Oli-
gocheta. 1895. 769 pp., 5 plates.

2. BenHaM, W. B.—A New English Genus of Aquat-
ic Oligocheta (Sparganophilus), belonging to
the Family Rhinodrilide. 1893. Quart. Journ.
Micr. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., pp. 155-179, Pl. XIX.
and XX.

3. Eisen, G.—On the Oligocheeta collected during the
Swedish Expeditions to the Arctic Regions in the
years 1870, 1875, and 1876. Kongl. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Handl., Bd. 15, No. 7. 1879.

4. Hesse, R.—Die Geschlechtsorgane von Lumbricu-
lus variegatus Grube. 1894. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool.,
Bd. LVIII., pp. 855-368, Taf. X XII.

5. Lemmy, J.—Descriptions of some American An-
nelida abranchia. 1850. Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., Vol. IL., 2d ser., pp. 43-50, Pl. I.

6. MicHAELSEN, W.—Untersuchungen tiber Enchytraeus
Mobii Mich. und andere Enchytraeiden. Kiel,
1886. 50 pp., 3 Tafeln.

7 Synopsis der Enchytraeiden. 1889. Ab-
handl. d. Naturw. Ver. Hamb., Bd. XI., Heft L.,
60 pp., 1 plate.

8. Die Regenwurm-Fauna von Florida und

Georgia. 1894. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst. Bd.
VIII., 2 Heft, pp. 177-194.

10.

2:

12.

13.

14.

15.

rG.

V7.

18.

19.

20.

Species of North American Oligocheta. 297

Moors, H. F.—On the Structure of Bimastos pa-
lustris, a New Oligochete. 1895. Journ. Morph.
Volk X., No...2, pp. 473-496, Pl. -XXVI, and
pA G8 eR

NussBauM, J.—Zuir Anatomie und Systematik der
Enchytraeiden. 1895. Biol. Centr., Bd. XYV.,
No. I., pp. 25-31.

RaTze., F.—Beitrage zur anatomischen und _ sys-
tematischen Kenntniss der Oligochaeten. 1868.
Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XVIII., pp. 563-591, Taf.
XLII.

SMITH, F.—A Preliminary Account of two New
Oligocheta from Illinois. 1895. Bull. Ill. State
Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV., Art. V., pp. 188-148.

UpE, H.—Wiirmer der Provinz Hannover. I. 1892.
Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Hann., pp. 63-98, 1 plate.

Beitriige zur Kenntnis auslindischer Reg-
enWiirmer. 1893. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. LVIL.,
pp- 57-75, Tat. IV.

Uber zwei neue Lumbriciden-Arten aus
Nordamerika. 1895. Zool. Anz. Jahrg. XVIIL.,
No. 483, p. 339.

VAILLANT, L.—Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins
et d’eau douce. Tome III., Prem. Part.

VeJpovsky, F.—Beitriige zur vergleichenden Mor-
phologie der Anneliden. I. Monographie der En-
chytraeiden. 1879. 61 pp. 14 plates.

System und Morphologie der Oligoche-

ten. 1884. 166 pp., 16 plates.

——— “Zur Kenntnis des Geschlechtsapparates
von Lumbriculus variegatus. 1895. Zeit. f. wiss.
Zool. Bd. LIX., pp. 80-82.

VERRILL, A. E.—Report upon the Invertebrate

* Animals of Vineyard Sound and the Adjacent
Waters. 1873. Rep. U. 8. Fish Comm: 1871-72,
pp. 295-778, 38 plates.

ARTICLE IX.—Some Notes on the Brain and Pineal Struc-
tures of Polyodon folium. By H. GARMAN, LEXING-
TON, Ky.

Some time about 1888 the writer of these notes made
several dissections of the brain of this interesting fish
and drawings of them were made by Magnus Westergren,
at that time Artist of the Llinois State Laboratory of
Natural History. Other duties have until recently pre-
vented further prosecution of the study, but I have
now to present some of the results of a reéxamination
of these dissections, kindly placed in my hands by Pro-
fessor Forbes, together with some facts gained by a
study of fresh material obtained by me from the Ohio
River. [For purposes of comparison I have dissected out
the brain of our common sturgeon (Acipenser rubicun-
dus).

As in other sturgeons, the brain of Polyodon folium is
enclosed by a thick cartilaginous cranium. It rests on
the floor of a cavity which it only partly fills, the space
above being partly occupied by fatty tissue, but that
part dorsal to the mid-brain being almost entirely
empty. As if to make up for the deficiency of padding
about the brain, the fore- and mid-brains are enclosed
in a tough whitish fatty tissue of considerable thick-
ness, which can only be removed by the exercise of great
care, so closely and tenaciously does it adhere. A
peculiar feature of the brain when first exposed is a
dense black fat which encloses the hind-brain and fills a
large space surrounding the base of the spinal cord
where it leaves the medulla. I have seen nothing just
like it im other fresh-water fishes.

The olfactory nerves are very large, indicating that
the sense of smell is an important one to the shovel-
fish. Each nerve is separated, from its origin on the

Brain and Pineal Structures of Polyodon folium. 299

walls of the olfactory lobe, into two divisions, with
some slight intermingling of fibers at the base. The
divisions lie parallel at first, but separate completely
at about the middle of their course, and before reach-
ing the nasal sac each divides into a number (seven
were counted) of small diverging branches passing into
the walls of the sac. One can see in the olfactory nerve
of Acipenser rubicundus an indication of doubleness, but
in Polyodon it is carried much further, the divisions
being independent except for the slender fibers which
cross from one to the other at the base. The nerves
have a very slight upward turn as they pass out to the
sac.

The olfactory lobe is well developed in both Polyodon
and A. rubicundus, but is not a conspicuous part of the
brain in either fish. To ordinary inspection it looks
like a slight enlargement of the base of the olfactory
nerve. It contains a ventricle of large relative size
which communicates with the ventricle of the fore-brain.

The fore-brain presents no outward trace of double-
ness. When viewed from above it is oval in general
shape, widest at about the middle, and is obtusely -
angulate medially in front. | Viewed from the side it is
seen to rise above the level of the olfactory lobes. It
appears not to be so well developed in Polyodon as in
Acipenser. The division commonly termed the thala-
mencephalon can hardly be said to exist, though the
constriction of the brain at this region and the positions
of the epiphysis and hypophysis definitely locate it.
‘The ventral wall of the fore-brain bears two large, lobed,
white, basal ganglia which encroach a good deal upon
the ventricle. The front extremity of each lies opposite
the opening into the ventricle of the olfactory lobe. <A
membranous dorsal sac is present which communicates
freely posteriorly with the cavity of the fore-brain. It
is not as conspicuous in Polyodon as in our sturgeon,
and is not perceptible from without except as its out-

300 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

line is roughly indicated in alcoholic specimens by col-
lapse of its dorsal wall, which usually gives rise to a
depressed area on the posterior dorsal surface of the fore-
brain. In front of the dorsal sac the dorsal wall of the
fore-brain, viewed from within, presents a slight median
ridge, while anteriorly, between the olfactory lobes, is a
slight membranous fold, these being the only indication
of separation of the cavity of the fore-brain into two.
ventricles. The fore-brain of A. rubicundus shows a siin-
ilar but, I think, somewhat larger trace of a septum
between the halves of this division of the brain. The
lateral’ wall of the fore-brain of Polyodon is _ provid-
ed within with thin vertical plice, resembling those on
the inside of the dorsal membrane of the fourth ventricle.

Arising from the dorsal wall of the brain at the junc-
tion of the fore- with the mid-brain is a slender white
filament having the appearance, to ordinary inspection,
of a nerve. At first it is concealed by the dorsal wall of.
the dorsal sac. By reflecting this wall it appears run-
ning along the ventral side of the wall as a whitish line.
It emerges to the exterior near the anterior extremity
of the dorsal sac and extends thence obliquely upward
and forward to the cartilaginous cranium, where it passes.
into a special channel, along the middle of which it ex-
tends in a direct course nearly to the surface. In a fish
which must have been about 3% feet long, the end orgam
to which this filament passes lies about 1.66 mm. from
the outer surface. The stalk expands as it enters the
end organ. It is enclosed throughout its course in a
membranous sheath, which gives it an appearance of
being larger than it really is. It is accompanied by small
blood vessels which supply the walls of the passage and
eventually give small capillary vessels to the end organ.

‘he end organ is also enclosed in a sheath continuous:
with that surrounding the stalk. From the surface of
the sheath radiate numerous small slender fibers (mus-
cular?) which pass to the walls of the cavity in which

Brain and Pineal Structures of Polyodon folium. 301

the organ lies, and thus serve to keep it in place. Some of
the fibers arise from the dorsal face of the sheath of the
end organ. The essential part of the organ, within the
sheath, looks, on ordinary examination with a low-power
objective, like a small whitish nervous ganglion. It is
somewhat slipper-shaped viewed from the side, but a
dorsal view shows it to be a little depressed, with the
dorsal side slightly convex. The outline is roughly oval
in shape, viewed from above. In the specimen studied
most carefully there was a slight rounded anterior
projection. From my recollection of some sections pre-
pared by me at the Illinois Laboratory, and of a draw-
ing of one of them made by Mr. Westergren, I can say
that the organ contains a cavity, but presents nothing
which could be regarded as a lens. The stalk and end
organ are sometimes accompanied by pigment, but
may show only a slight trace of it, as indicated in my
outline figure (Fig. 9) of these structures. In one exam-
ple studied pigment was much more abundant than in
the rest, and was accumulated beneath the end organ
somewhat as it is back of the eyes of Vermes and
Crustacea.

The channel in which the stalk and end organ lie is in
one of the shovel-fish* examined 18.5 mm. in length,
and has an average diameter of about two millimeters.
Distally it enlarges somewhat, and is rounded at its ex-
tremity. A system of smaller passages ramifying in the
cartilage of the cranium is in communication with it.

In one of my specimens the cavity about the end organ
is more enlarged than in the others and a small passage
leads through the cartilage above to the exterior. The
passage was plugged with connective tissue similar to
that constituting the skin which overlies the cartilage
above the end organ. In another example studied I
found no trace of an opening to the exterior. Unfortu-
nately I neglected to examine thoroughly, with reference

*This fish was not less than threo feet Jong.

302 TJllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

to this point, two other examples dissected, but I am
disposed to think such passage could not have been pres-
ent in them, else it would have caught my attention.
From the outside the position of the end organ can be
made out at once in Polyodon by the presence of an
elliptical foramen* in the bony exoskeleton which covers
the cartilage of the head. It shows as a depressed area
when undisturbed, and is occupied by skin in which one
can see with a magnifier uniformly distributed pigment
specks. In one of my specimens the foramen measures
7 mm. in diameter and 19 mm. in length. It extends
lengthwise with the cranium, and lies between the eyes.
I can see no change in the character of the skin imme-
diately over the end organ, which lies beneath or a trifle
posterior to the center of the foramen. When the skin
occupying the foramen is removed the cartilage under
it is seen to be gently convex; and when the surround-
ing bony exoskeleton is also taken away the region is
still perceptible, owing to this convexity and to the dif-
ferent color and greater translucency of its cartilage,
through which, by close looking, one can see the end
organ. The adjoining cartilage is of a more opaque
whitish cast. The thickness of the cartilage and skin
together just above the end organ measures in one of my
examples 1.75 mm., of which each tissue constitutes
about one half. The end organ in this specimen lies 0.50
mm. beneath the cartilage, and measures about one
millimeter in diameter, excluding the enclosing sheath.
In Acipenser rubicundus the pineal structures are in gen-
eral much like those of Polyodon. In this fish the stalk
is concealed at first beneath the wall of the dorsal sac and
reaches the roof of the brain proper at the same point
as in Polyodon. It is accompanied into the channel in

*The foramen is completely surrounded by the “frontal” bones of Collinge
(Quar. Jour. Mier. Science, Vol. 36, 1894, pp 499-537). These bones are not ta 2
arate at the middle line, as represented by this author, but muvet both n
front and behind the foramen, so that the median bone, the “dermo-
ethmoid,” is excluded from the foramen infront. Collinge may, have described
the bones of an immature example; otherwise the difference between his ac-
¢ount and my own indicates considerable variation.

Brain and Pineal Structures of Polyodon folium. 303

the cartilage by an extension of the dorsal sac, which
can be followed rather more than half the distance to
the end organ. The stalk is, however, throughout its
course an entirely independent structure, and is made
conspicuous by the blood vessels accompanying it, the
blood supply here being apparently greater than in
Polyodon. The end organ lies close under the carti-
lage, but not quite so near the surface as in Polyodon.
The cartilage over it, in one example studied, is 1.50 mm.
thick. I found no opening through the cartilage, and
the bony exoskeleton of the head, which is here about
2mm. thiek, is without a foramen.

The end organ in A. rubicundus is somewhat. different
from that of Polyodon. The stalk in its sheath expands
gradually at its distal extremity and forms an elongate-
obovate or club-shaped organ which is not firmly sus-
pended like that of Polyodon by elastic bands. It meas-
ures 2 mm. in length and has a diameter of 0.66 mm.
near its extremity. A system of minute blood vessels
ramifies over the surface of its sheath in such profusion
that one cannot help thinking that the organ must be
functional. No pigment is apparent about it.

Whether these end organs are to be considered eyes or
not they certainly are entirely independent not only of the
lateral line system, but of all other nervous structures.
In both of these fishes the slender stalk has a very
direct and evident course from its origin on the roof of
the brain to its end organ, and without receiving or
giving off branches expands in the substance of this
terminal enlargement. If its present condition is taken
into account one must conclude that the structure is,
or has recently been, an important sense organ to the
sturgeons.

The infundibulum is very large in both Polyodon and
A. rubicundus. It opens freely above into the posterior
part of the fore-brain. The cavity extends well down
into the organ, but the hypophysis itself, though

304 TJllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

somewhat hollowed out within, is a compact, solid, whit-
ish body. The saccus vasculosus, also of large size, is
noticeable from its dark color. It is completely hollow,
and its cavity communicates with that of the infundi-
bulum. In A. rub/cundus there is on each side of the in-
fundibulum a conspicuous oval swelling, which dissection
shows to be a thin-walled sac or pouch opening widely
into the cavity of the infundibulum. In Polyodon this
swelling is scarcely evident.

The optic nerves are small in Polyodon, as would be
expected from the small size of the eyes. They are of
larger relative size in our sturgeon.

The mid-brain is a compact rounded mass of small
size, whitish in color when the pigmented connective
tissue is all removed, and without any decided outward
trace of separation into two lobes. There is a very
slight median impression in front, but beyond this the
mid-brain shows little appearance of doubleness, either
inside or out. In A. rubicundus this division of the
brain is more extensively and deeply impressed along
the dorsal middle line, but even in this fish the mid-
brain is a single structure with one undivided cavity.
Its ventricle is occupied in part by an extension of the
cerebellum, called by Goronowitsch the valvula cerebelli.

The oculo-motor nerve arises on the ventral side of.
the mid-brain close to its junction with the hind-brain. -

The trochlear nerves are exceedingly small and slender,
and their origin is so concealed by the adjacent struc-
tures and so covered up by connective tissue that one
must follow them up with care in order to find where
they leave the roof of the brain. Both nerves, in both
Polyodon and A. rubicundus, seem to arise at the dorsal’
middle line, and originate so close together that they
look like a single nerve passing over the roof of the
brain and joined to the latter at the middle line. In the
sturgeon there is a small whitish lunate swelling just in
front of the point where they leave the brain.

Brain and Pineal Structures of Polyodon folium. 3805

The hind-brain is the largest division of the brain in
Polyodon. It is large also in Acipenser rubicundus, but
the disproportion is not so great in the iatter. In the
shovel-fish it is, in front, more than twice the width of
the mid-brain. The extensive fourth ventricle is com-
pletely covered dorsally by a thick, tough, black epi-
thelial membrane, with strongly plicate inner surface.
When this membrane is removed the ventricle is seen to
be widely open and bounded largely by the conspicuous
restiform tract. The lobe of the cerebellum, already
mentioned as the walwula cerebelli, can be seen extending
into the ventricle from the front, its forward extension,
already noted, occupying the posterior part of the ven-
tricle of the mid-brain.

The trigeminal group of nerves, arising from the lateral
wall of the medulla, is made up of three well-defined parts
in Polyodon. The most anterior division is a slender
nerve* about as large as the oculo-motor, which extends
obliquely outward and forward, crossing over the oculo-
motor and passing out towards the snout. It seems to
be throughout entirely independent of the other divisions
of the fifth nerve. The second division is much larger
and, arising just behind the first, extends outward and
forward, parallel with the first, until it joins the third
division. The latter is the largest division of the three,
and arises from the restiform tract, some distance be-
hind the second division and well up on the side wall of
the medulla. At first it extends downward and forward,
then outward over the large second division.

The seventh nerve (facial) looks in Polyodon like a
posteriorly directed branch of the trigeminal. It arises
from the side of the medulla beneath the third division
of the fifth, with which it is at first very closely bound
up, extends forward and outward, and then turns ab-
ruptly backward, leaving the fifth at once.

*Ramus opthalmicus superficialis, according to Collinge.

306 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

The auditory (eighth) is a strong nerve which arises:
just behind the facial and on a level with it, but is com-
pletely independent. It divides into two branches at
once, and these subdivide before being distributed to the
ear.

A considerable space separates the ninth nerve (glosso-
pharyngeal) from the eighth. It is slender in Polyodon,
and extends backward parallel with the spinal cord at
first, lying beneath the tenth nerve (vagus), so that it is
not visible from above. A short distance posterior to
the medulla it turns outward and then becomes distin-
guishable.

A slender nerve arises above the ninth and extends
back over it to the side of the tenth with which it joins
and merges, though not entirely losing its identity as
far as followed. I take this to be the lateral line nerve.
Near its origin it exchanges fibers with the ninth.

One of the largest cranial nerves in Polyodon is the
vagus, although it is not as large as in A. rubicundus.
It arises well back on the side of the medulla, on a level
with the nerves just mentioned. Its fibers separate into
bundles where it joins the medulla, of which I count
eleven, the two hindmost being smallest and turning
abruptly out of the general course to join the medulla.

The sixth nerve (abducens) I have not studied in Poly-
odon. In A. rubicundus it is very small, and arises by
two roots near the ventral middle line, about midway
between the eighth and ninth nerves.

Further explanation may be left to the figures accom-
panying these notes.

Looking at the brain of Polyodon as a whole, and as
compared with that of the sturgeon and other fishes,
it may be said that 1t impresses one as that of a fish
of inferior rank, although the peculiar snout and other
features of the anatomy speak of a somewhat special de-
velopment. The large relative size of the medulla oblon-
gata and the undivided and poorly developed fore- and

Brain and Pineal Structures of Polyodon folium. 307

mid-brains justify this impression, as do the condition
of the pineal structures and their relation to the exterior.
The brain of A. rudicundus is certainly that of a more
_active and intelligent fish. The corresponding nerves are
larger in the sturgeon; its fore-brain is larger relatively ;
the mid-brain is larger and with an evident suggestion
of doubleness; the medulla is smaller relatively; and,
finally, the pineal end organ is less evidently placed and
surrounded to receive impressions from without.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

PuateE I.

Fig. 1. Side view of brain and pineal structures of
Polyodon as they appear when the cartilage is cut away
from one side. Natural size. Magnus Westergren del.

Puate II.

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of brain of Polyodon, with the
connective tissue and fat removed from the fore- and
mid-brains and the cerebellum, but with membrane roof
of 4th ventricle left in place. A, nasal sac; B, olfactory
lobe; C, pineal stalk; D, fore-brain; I, mid-brain; J, cere-
bellum; M, medulla oblongata; O, spinal cord; 1, olfac-
tory nerve; 3, oculo-motor nerve; 10, vagus nerve.
From a photograph.

PuateE ITI.

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of brain of Polyodon. B, olfac-
tory lobe; C, pineal stalk; D, fore-brain; I, mid-brain;
J, cerebellum; K, valvula cerebelli; L, restiform tract;
O, spinal cord; P, part of membrane roof of medulla
oblongata, turned aside; 1, olfactory nerve; 2, optic
nerve; 3, oculo-motor nerve; 4, trochlear nerve; 5, 5, tri-
geminal nerves: 7, facial nerve; 8, auditory nerve; 9,
glosso-pharyngeal nerve; 10, vagus nerve. H. Garman
del.

308 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural Iistory.

Tig. 4. The glosso-pharyngeal and vagus nerves, com-
pletely uncovered and drawn apart so as to show the
lateral line nerve at R. HZ. Garman del.

Fig. 5. Side view of brain of Polyodon turned so as
to show the infundibulum. IF, hypophysis cerebri; G,
saccus vasculosus. Other letters and figures as in Fig. 3.
HT. Garman del.

X/ ¥
Puate IV.

Fig. 6. Side view of brain of Actpenser rubicundus. B,
olfactory lobe; C, C, pineal stalk terminating distally in
‘the pineal end organ; D, fore-brain; E, infundibulum;
F, hypophysis cerebri; G, saccus vasculosus; H, swelling
on side of infundibulum; I, mid-brain; J, cerebellum; M,
medulla oblongata; O, spinal cord: 1, olfactory nerve; 2,
optic nerve; 3, oculo-motor nerve; 4, 4, trochlear nerves ;
5, 5, origin of trigeminal nerve; 7, origin of facialenerve;
8, origin of auditory nerve; 9, origin of glosso-pharyngeal
nerve; 10, origin of vagus nerve. The small enclosed
area connected with 10 by an arrow, marks the origin
of the lateral line nerve, a part of 10. A. Garman del.

PLATE Y.

Fig. 7. The exposed channel in which the pineal end
organ and its stalk lie in Polyodon. A, aperture to the
exterior. (The skin covering the cartilage has been re-
moved.) B, end organ; C, cut end of stalk. A Gar-
man del.

Fig. 8. Pineal end organ and a part of its stalk in
Polyodon, removed from the channel in cartilage, and
the end organ turned so as to show the surface presented
to the exterior. A, end organ enclosed in sheath and
with part of the elastic bands remaining attached; B,
cut end of stalk. A. Garman del.

Fig. 9. Pineal end organ and stalk of Polyodon shown
in place. A, end organ; B, cut end of stalk; C, sheath

Brain and Pineal Structures of Polyodon folium. 309

enclosing stalk; D, line representing boundary of channel.
HT. Garman del.

Fig. 10. Pineal end organ and stalk of -Acipenser rubi-
cundus. Letters as in Fig. 9. ZH. Garman del.

PLATE XX].

Fig. 11. Part of the bony exoskeleton of head of
Polyodon, with the elliptical foramen under which the
pineal end organ lies. Natural size. From a photograph.

ARTICLE X.—Descriptions of New Species of Rotifera and
Protozoa from the Lilinois Rwer and Adjacent Waters.
By ADOoLPH HEMPEL.

In April, 1894, the Biological Experiment Station of
the University of Illinois was established on the Illinois
River at Havana, Illinois. Collections were made from
various substations, located upon the river and adja-
cent lakes, at stated periods, the intervals varying from
one week to one month. Nearly all of the towings made
were examined by me, and the list of animals includes
ninety species of Rotifera and eighty species of Protozoa.
Among the Rotifera there are three presumably hitherto
undescribed species of the genus Brachionus. This genus
is well represented by ten species and two varieties, and
affords an interesting field for study.

ROTIFERA.

Brachionus variabilis n. sp.
(Plate XXII., Fig. 1 and 2.)

This species is remarkable because its posterior spines
disappear with age.

The lorica is smooth and oval in outline. There are
six occipital spines, of which the middle pair are longest
and are curved outward. The second and third pair
are of about equal length, and half as long as the mid-
dle pair. There are usually two lateral posterior spines
present, which have a slight outward curve. A square
plate projects from the dorsal posterior edge just over
the foot orifice, and is a constant feature.

The outer pair of occipital spines are strengthened by
a sharp spine-like reinforcement at their bases. The
pectoral edge is very irregular. There is a sinus in the
middle, at each side of which is a papille-like process,
Between these processes and the lateral spines, there is

New Species of Rotifera and Protozoa. 311

a deep sinus on each side. The surface of the lorica is
marked by short ridges running back from the spines
and median processes.

The posterior spines are about one fifth the length o:
the lorica. In many specimens, especially old ones,
these spines are quite short, and in some instances they
are entirely wanting. So far as observed, the newly
hatched young and embryos in the eggs all possess the
posterior spines, this indicating that the spines are
characteristic of the species and are shed or absorbed
only in old age. The quadrate plate over the foot
orifice may serve aS an easy means of identification,
since I know of no other member of this genus that
has a similar structure. The eges are carried about fast-
ened to the posterior part of the lorica.

The internal structure of this rotifer is normal. There
is a large subquadrate dark-ruby eye just in front of
the mastax. The foot and two toes are small for such
a large species. Length of lorica, including spines, .342
mm. to .418 mm.; width .209 mm. to .257 mm.

This species was found in tows from the Illinois River,
Quiver Lake, Thompson’s Lake, and Phelps Lake. It
is very restless and active, and occurs only in open
water, free from vegetation.

Brachionus punctatus n. sp.

(Plate XXIIL,, Fig. 3-5.)

Lorica, as seen dorsally, subquadrate, sides slightly
convex. A cross section would be nearly circular.
Four occipital spines of about equal length, curv_
ing slightly downward and outward. In the lumbar
region there is a slight invagination of the lorica on
each side, thus causing blunt angles on the surface of
the lorica, and making it irregular. The entire surface

and spines are covered with minute spinules. The surface

of the lorica is also marked off into areas by several
curved lines. There are no posterior spines.

312 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

The posterior part is slightly excavated on the dorsal
and ventral surfaces around the foot, the ventral exca-
vation being more pronounced than the dorsal. The pec-
toral edge is slightly indented in the center, the edges
sloping uniformly from the lateral edges to the middle.
A.small red eye is situated just in front of the large
mastax. A dorsal antenna is prominent in the sinus
between the antlers.. The foot is long and wholly re-
tractile. The eggs are carried about fastened to the
posterior part of the lorica.

The characteristic features of this rotifer are the shape
of the lorica, the latero-posterior inangulations, the shape
of the occipital spines, and the small spines covering the
surface of the lorica. Its nearest ally is B. budapesti-
nensis Daday (Plate X XIIL., Fig. 6), from which it differs
in the form of the lorica, in the size and shape of the
occipital spines, and in the shape of the foot orifice.

This is a lively little species, and is found only in clear
water, away from vegetation. Length of lorica, includ-
ing spines, .151 mm. to .172 mm.; width .092 mm. to
.096 mmm.

Brachionus mollis n. sp.

(Plate XXIV., Fig. 7 and 8.)

Lorica thin, smooth, oval in outline; the dorsal
surface highly arched; ventral surface but slightly
convex. The anterior margin straight and truncated.
No occipital or posterior spines. A very prominent dor-—
sal antenna near the anterior margin.

This species is peculiar in having a very thin, soft
lorica and no spines. When the animal contracts, it —
frequently invaginates those parts of the lorica that
serve as attachments for the muscles. The foot ori-
fice is guarded by a collar. The foot is very large
and long, is wholly retractile, and ends in two small —
toes. The toes are very characteristic for this species.
Viewed either dorsally or laterally, they taper to

New Species of Rotifera and Protozoa. 313

very fine points. Their inner edges are convex and
separated from each other, while the outer edges are
concave, consequently when viewed dorsally, the toes
~ are seen to be separated and to curve away from each
other. A ruby eye is situated in front of the large
mastax. The ovary is large and spherical. .The stom-
ach, viewed dorsally, is pear-shaped, with large end to-
wards the anterior part. The eggsare carried about fast-
ened to the posterior part of the lorica. When theanimal
withdraws into the lorica, the anterior edge is thrown
into a number of longitudinal plications.

This species was found during July and August in
tows from the Illinois River and Phelps Lake.

Length of lorica .228 mm.; width .150 mm.

PROTOZOA.

Of the eighty species of Protozoa observed, four ap-
pear to be new to science. Two of these, Diflugia tu
berculosa and Ceratium brevicorne, were first found in
Matanzas Lake.

Difflugia tuberculosa n. sp.

(Plate XXV., Fig. 9 and 10.) ;

Shell compressed, irregularly ovoid in shape, sl'ghtly
constricted around the mouth, and prolonged into
a short neck. Fundus rounded, and ending in one
or more blunt processes, like D. pyriformis var. nodosa
Leidy. On each of the compressed sides there are three
small prominences or tubercles.

This is a medium-sized species, about one and a fourth
times as long as wide. The shell is composed of large
and small rounded sand grains. No diatoms and
but very few grains of sand with sharp corners are
found in the shells. This species is characterized by
having three small tubercles on each of the two com-
pressed sides. These tubercles are arranged on each
side of the shell so as to form the angles of a triangle.

314 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

One is near the edge of the fundus, and the other two are
placed one at each side of the shell a little above the
neck. Although the shell itself varies greatly-in outline
and is asymmetrical, these tubercles are constant and
afford an easy means of recognizing the species. The
pseudopodia are simple and few in number. Length .143
mm.; width .111 mm.

This species was found in towings taken in Matanzas
Lake during August. It was not common, and we
have seen it but once since.

Ceratium brevicorne i. sp.
(Plate XXY., Fig. 11 and 12; Plate XXVI., Fig. 33.)

Body small, compressed, triangular; three spines, one
anterior and two posterior, the leit posterior one quite
small. The surface is slightly roughened by the small
plates, but there are no small spines. The long anterior
spine smooth.

This is a compact robust little species, about two and
a half times as long as wide. The shell is curved so as
to be convex on the dorsal surface and concave on the
ventral. The three horn-like processes or spines are
straight prolongations of the shell; no specimen was
found in which they were bent or curved. Length, in-
cluding spines, .115 mm.; width .046 mm.

This is a rather rare form. It was found during Au-
gust in towings from Matanzas Lake, in company with
Peridinium tabulatum Ebrbg., and has been observed
only at rare intervals since. It can be distinguished
very readily by its compact triangular body and short
straight spines.

Tintinnopsis illinoisensis n. sp.
(Plate XXVI., Fig. 14 and 16.)

Animal small, ovate, inhabiting a narrow eylin-
drical or thimble-shaped chitinous shell, covered for
the most part with small sharp-angled grains of sand.
Fundus obtusely conical or rounded. Shell either of the

a

eee eee

New Species of Rotifera and Protozoa. 315

same diameter throughout, or slightly dilated at ora]
opening. Sides straight, more than twice as long as
wide.

This species agrees very closely with 7: deroidea Stein,
and I place it here provisionally until its minute struc-
ture can be more closely studied. The shape of the
lorica is characteristic: long, narrow, with straight sides,
often slightly dilated at the mouth, and frequently with
a bluntly conical fundus, giving it the shape of a rather
long thimble. It is smaller than 7. beroidea; its aver-
age length being .059 mm. and the average width .029
mm.

It was found in April and May, in company with
Codonella cratera Leidy, in tows from the Illinois River,
Thompson’s Lake, and Quiver Lake.

Opercularia writabilis 1 sp.
(Piate XXVi., Fig. 17 and 18.)

Body ovate, elongate, truncated posteriorly, two
and a half times as long as wide. Greatest diame-
ter in front of the middle, from whence the sides slope
eradually from the posterior end. Peristome border
everted, thickened, forming a conspicuous ridge or ring;
constricted below the border.

Ciliary disc slightly dome-shaped, not highly elevated;
two rows of cilia present. The cuticular surface is
smooth. Endoplasm- granular, yellowish. Contrac-
tile vacuole large, circular, placed in the anterior
part, near the peristome. Nucleus band-like, curved,
placed transversely in the anterior part of the body.

The zodids are very sensitive, and when contracted
they have an oval shape; the anterior part is projected
jnto a snout-like prominence and thrown into numerous
longitudinal folds; while the posterior part is contracted
around the base of the pedicle, and thrown into trans-
verse plications. The membranous collar is not very
conspicuous. The pharynx is large, extends half the

316 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

length of the body, and is lined with cilia. The endo- |
plasm in the posterior part of the body is clear, and
numerous fine longitudinal striations can be differen-
tiated. These unite and form the core of the stalk, which
has also fine longitudinal striations. The stalk is
variously branched. Some of the zodids have long
pedicles, while others are nearly sessile. The colonies
are large, consisting of several hundred individuals. Mul-
tiplication by longitudinal division was noticed. Length,
178 mm. to .20 mm.; width .078 mm.

This species is similar to Opercularia articulata Ehrbg.,
but differs from it in the shape of the body, the charac-
ter of the peristome border and pharynx, and the ele-
vation of the ciliary disc.

lt was found during the summer months at many
of the stations, always attached to some animal, and
seemed to prefer the young musk turtle, Aromochelys
odoratus. It also occurred on the backs of the snapping
turtle, Chelydra serpentina, and the crayfishes Cambarus
diogenes, and C. blandingw var. acuta.

Tokophrya quadripartita C. & L. was found common in
company with this species, as was also a small Opercularia
which may turn out to be a variety. The zodids are
small—length .08 mm.; width .042 mm.—but otherwise
they seem to agree with the larger species. A part of
the food of this species consists of diatoms and
Euglena.

Collections are still being made at the various stations,
and further study will no doubt add other forms to
this list.

Havana, May 12, 1896.

hd

ot 69

a

aon

16.

New Species of Rotifera and Protozoa. 317

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XXII.

Brachionus variabilis n. sp.
variabilis n. sp. Form without pos
terior spines.

PLATE XXIII.

Brachionus punctatus n. sp. Lateral view.
ay punctatus n. sp. Dorsal view.
punctatus n. sp. Anterior and pos-
terior ends of lorica.
Brachionus budapestinensis Daday.

ce

PLATE XXIV.

Brachionus mollis n. sp. Dorsal view.
a mollis n. sp. Lateral view.

PLATE XX V:

Difflugia tuberculosa un. sp.
oe tuberculosa n. sp. Another form,
Ceratium brevicorne n. sp. Ventral view.
ey brevicorne n. sp. Dorsal view.

PLATE X XVI.

Ceratium brevicorne n. sp. Lateral view.
Tintinnopsis tlinoisensis n. sp.
a illinoisensis n. sp. Another form.
elinoisensis n. sp. Another form,
not so much magnified.
Opercularia irritabi/is n. sp. Expanded zodid.
; writabilis n. sp. Contracted zodid.

ce

ARTICLE XI.—A Check-List of the Coccidw. By T. D. A.
CocKkERELL, New Mexico Agricultural Laperiment Station.

Anyone who will take the trouble to peruse the “Zo-
ological Record’ will see that the present is a time of
unusual activity among coccidologists. In the last vol-
ume to hand, that for 1893, nearly four pages are oc-
cupied by the abstract of the literature on this family,
as against three pages for the rest of the Homoptera!
Before many years have passed, the Catalogue général
des Hémiptéres of M. Severin will have reached the Coc-
cide, and we may then expect to be presented with an
elaborate bibliographical index to the group. In the
meanwhile the works of Signoret, Comstock, Maskell, and
the forthcoming list of American Homoptera by Ash-
mead, will greatly assist us in reviewing the subject; but
I have thought that a check-list, complete to date, would
be a noteworthy convenience at the present time.

In preparing this list I have consulted almost all the
recent works, but for many of the older ones have been
obliged to rely on the information given by Signoret. A
list of the one hundred and twenty-four persons who
have named genera, species, or varieties of Coccide is
appended, with the dates on or between which their writ-
ings pertinent in this connection were published. For
the older works, the dates may not in all cases be per-
fectly correct, as those given by Signoret and Hagen do
not always agree. The numbers in parentheses after the
authors’ names indicate the number of valid species
described by each.

Introductory. 319

Specific names may be placed in three categories ac-
cording to the manner of publication:

(1.) Nomina nuda. Names published wholly without
description. These are entirely ignored in the present
list.

(2.) Nomina seminuda. Names published with descrip-
tive matter insufficient for the determination of the
species. These are included, but numbered separately
from the rest. The length of a description is not a proper
test in this connection, as a very short account may
be ample to identify a well-marked species, while some
quite long descriptions are inadequate.

(3.) Nomina valida. Names published with descrip-
tions sufficient for the recognition of the species. These
are numbered consecutively.

S. means synonym, v., variety or mutation.

Many names proposed by Green, W. G. Johnson, Olliff,
and the present writer have been included, though un-
published at the time of writing; but in every case the
description is understood to have been prepared, and to
be awaiting very early publication. For the reference of
Ortonia natalensis to Icerya | am indebted to Mr. L. O.
Howard, who has examined specimens. The use of the
name wtis for Margarodes vitium seems to be demanded
by strict priority, though it is only adopted with ex-
treme reluctance. TZetrura is referred to Oudablis, as it
seems to be practically identical with it. Asterolecanium
oncidii is restored, as I have received from Trinidad
(Hart) a different species, which I believe to be the real
A. aureum. In Lecaniuvum I have separated the section
Eulecanium; but among the tropical forms I have not
even distinguished Bernardia or Saissetia (L. olew, &e.),
because the very large number of new species lately dis-
covered necessitates a thorough revision of the groups,
with more prolonged study than is possible for me at
the present. I am not familiar with Aspzdiotus sabalis,

320 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Comst., but have no option but to propose a generic
name (Comstockiella) for it, as Comstock’s excellent de-.
scription and figures show that it is not an Aspzdiotus.
Some of its characters might almost be called Psylli-
form.

The Japanese species are placed with the palearctic,
but it must be admitted that many of them have ori-
ental or Indian affinities.

The species added since the list was made up are num-
bered consecutively from the end of the list.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

Anderson, J., 1787-95. (1.) Crawford, F. S., (see Maskell).
Ashmead, W. H., 1879-91. (1.) Curtis, John, 1838-43. (1.)
Atkinson, E. T., 1886-89. (1.) Dalman, J. W., 1826.
Baerensprung, F. von, 1849. (4.) DeGeer, Carl, 1752-60. (1.)

Beceari, 1877. (1.) Del Guercio, G., 1894. (2.)
Bernard. (1.) Douglas, J. W., 1881-93. (23.)
Bergen, C. A. von, 1739-48. Dufour, L., 1833-64. (1.)
Boisduval, J. A., 1867-68. (10.) Dugés, A., 1888.

Bose d’Antic, L. A. G., 1784. Fabricius, J. C., 1775-1803. (3.)
Bouché, P. F., 1833-51. (17.) Fitch, Asa, 1855-59. (9.)
Brandt, J. F., 1834-36. (1.) Fonscolombe, Boyer de, 1884. (4.)
Bréme, F. de. (1.) Forbes, S. A., 1884-94. (2.)
Bremi-Wolf, J. J., 1847. Forster, A., 1851.

Buckton, G. B., 1894. Frauentfeld, G. R. von, 1868. (1.)
3urmeister, H.C. C., 1839-49. (1.) Froggatt, W. W., 1893-94. (22.)
Butler, A. G., 1876. Germar, E. F., 1856. (3.)
Chavannes, M. A., 1848. (2.) Gennadius, P., 1881-83. (2.)

Cockerell, T. D. A., 1892-95. (104.) Geoffroy, E. F., 1767. (2.)
Cockerell and Bennett, 1895. (1.) Giard, A., 1893-95. (1.)
Cockerell and Townsend, 1894. Gmelin, J. F., 1788-93. (3.)

Colveé, P., 1880. (5.) Goethe, R., 1884. (1.)

Comstock, J. H., 1881-83. (32.) Goureau, Col., 1867. (1.)

Cook, A.J, 1878-79. (1.) Gray, J. E., 1828. (1.)
Coquillett, D. W., 1889-90. (5.) Green, E. H., 1886-95. (44.)
Costa, O. G., 1850-57. (3.) Guérin-Méneville, F. E., 1841-69.

Craw, Alex., 1893-94. (2.) (1.)

List of Authorities.

Guilding, L., 1833. (1.)

Hardwicke, Gen. T., 1822. (1.)
Hardy, J., 1860.

Hartig, Theo., 1839. (1.)
Haworth, A. H., 1812. (1.)

Icery, E., 1864. (1.)
Illiger, J.C. W., (see Burm., 1835).
Inzenga (see Del Guercio).
Johnson, W. G., ined. (4.)
Kaltenbach, J. H., 1846-75.
Karsch (see Mik, 1882).
Kawall, H., 1867.
Kennicott, R., 1854.
Kerner, J. S., 1778.
Kerr, James, 1781.
Kirby, W. F., 1891.
Klug, J. C.F), 18300 (1)
Kollar, V., 1848-51. (1.)
Kiinckel d’ Herculais, J., 1877-78.
(1.)
Lamarck, de, 1801. (i.)
Leach, W. E., 1814-18.
Ledermueller, M. F., 1761-76.
Lichtenstein, J., 1873-86. (8.)
Linné, C. von, 1735-72. (17.)
Liave, de la, 18382. - (1.)
Loew, F., 1862-84. (4.)
Lucas, H., 1853-55. (2.)
Maskell, W. M., 1879-95.
Mayer.
Menge, A., 1856. (1.)
Modeer, Adolph, 1778-92.
Montrouzier, P., 1864. (1.)
Morgan, A. C. F., 1888-93. (5.)
Morgan and Cockerell, 1892-93.
(1.)

Newport, Geo., 1852.

Fey

(I.)
(1.)

(192.)

(3.)

Newstead, R., 1891-95. (20.)
Niedielski, (1.)
Nietner, John, 1861. (1.)

321

Ollist, “Ay /S8s, 1891.» (82)
Packard, A. S., 1869-70.
Pallas, P. 8., 1767-1801.
Panzer, G. W. F., 1793-1806.
Peng, .©:,° 1887." (1.)
Philippi, F., 1884. (1.)

(2.)

Planchon, Prof., 1864. (3.)
Putnam, J. D., 1880. (1.)
Rathvon, Dr., 1854. (1.)

Ratzeburg, J. T. C., 1843-44.
Réaumur, R. A. F. de, 1734-42.
Reed, EH. C., 1895.

Riley, C. V., 1873-81. (1.)

Riley and Howard, 1890. (3.)
Rossi, P., 1790-94.
Riibsaamen, E. H., 1894. (5.)

Sasaki, C., 1894. (1.)
Schrader, H. L., 1863. (7.)
Schrank, F. von. P., 1798-1804.
(7.)

Scudder, S. H., 1890.
Shaw, Geo., 1806. (1.)
Signoret, Dr. V., 1867-86. (91
Snellen, van Vollenhoven, 8S.

(1.)

.)
C.,

1852: (1.)
Sule, Karel, 1894-95: (2.)
Targioni-Tozzetti, A., 1866-94.

(22.)
Tepper, J. G. O., 1893. (5.)
Thiebaut, de Berneaud. 1824.
Thomas, C., (see Forbes, 1894).

Townsend, C. H. T., 1892. (1.)
Tryon, Hy., 1889. (1.)

Vallot, Dr. J. N., 1830-39. (2.)
Walker, Francis, 1852-58: (3.)
Walsh, B. D., 1860-68. (1.)
Westwood, J. O., 1839-71. (8.)

White, A., 1846.
White, B., 1880.
Zetterstedt, J. W., 1828-40.

Monophlebinee.
Monophlebus Leach.

Oriental, § only known.

1. dubius, Fabr.
s. fabricii, Westw.
2. atripennis, Klug.
. leachi, Westw.
saundersi, Westw.
Ceylon, 2 known.
zeylanicus, Green.

me oO

Al

Patria incerta.
6. burmeisteri, Westw.

Africa, § only known.

7. raddoni, Westw.
Australia.
8. illigeri, Westw.
9. crawfordi, Mask.
v. levis, Mask.
v. pilosior, Mask.
10. fuscus, Musk.
Guerinia, Sign. ex Targ.
11. serratule, Fabr.

Drosicha, Walk.

12. contrahens, Walk. MS., Sign.

Lilaveia, Sign.

13. axinus, Llave.

v. dorsalis, Dugés.

Tessarobelus, Montr.

14. guerinii, Montr.
Callipappus, Guér.

15. westwoodii, Guér.
Walkeriana, Sign.

16. floriger, Walk.
17. compacta, Green.

COCCID ®.

18. euphorbia, Green.
19. poleii, Green.
20. senex, Green.

Celostoma, Mask.

New Zealand.
21. assimile, Mask.
22. wairoense, Mask.
23. zealandicum, Mask.
24. compressum, Mask.
25. pilosum, Mask.

Australia.
6. australe, Mask.
7. immane, Mask.
8. rubiginosum, Mask.

Paleococcus, Okll.
(Leachia, Sign., preocc.)
Palearctic.
29. fuscipennis, Burm.
30. hellenicus, Genn.
New Zealand.
31. zealandicus, Mask.
Neotropical.
32. braziliensis, Walk.
Fossil, 3 only known.
33. simpiex, Scudd.
34. irregularis, Germ.
30. pinnatus, Germ.
36. trivenosus, Germ.

Ortonia Sign.
Neotropical.
57. pouvari, “ign.
38. uhleri, Sign.
leerya Sign.
Australia,
39. purchasi, Musk.
40. koebelei, Mask.

51.

A Check-List of the Coccide.

Ethiopian.

. natalensis, Dougl.°

Oriental.

. seychellarum, Westw.

s. sacchari, Guér.

. egyptiacum, Dougl.
. tangalla, Green.

. crocea, Green.

. pilosa, Green.

Neotropical.

. montserratensis, R. & H.
. palmeri, Rf. & H.

s. g. Crypticerya, Ckll.

. rose, R. dé H.
. australis, Mask.

s. g. Proticerya, Ckll.
rileyi, Ckll.

Porphyrophorine.

Porphyrophora, Brandt.

52.
53.
54,
5d.
56.

Palearctic.
gallica, Sign.
hameli, Brandt.
3s. armeniaca, Burm.
perrisi, S gn.
polonica, L.
radicum-graminis, Baer.
? fragaria, Gm.

? poterii, Auctt.
? potentille, Mayer.
? alchimille, Bergen.

Mergarodes, Guild.

57.

58.

Neotropical.
formicarium, Guild.
s. g. Spheraspis, Giard.
vitis, F. Phil.
s. vitium, Giard.
s. trilobitum, Reed.

Coccinee.

Coccus, L.

59.

cacti, L.
?v. bassi, Targ.
v. ceylonicus, Grecn.

323

60. tomentosus, Lam.

61.

confusus, Ckll,

Capulinia, Sign.
62. sallei, Sign.

Gymnococcus, Doug.
63. agavium, Dougl.
Conchaspis, Ck.

64.

(Pseudinglisia, Newst.)
angreci, Ckil.

s. rodriguezia, Newst.
v. hibisci, Ckll.

Eriococcus, Tare.

65.
66.
. eric, Sign.

. insignis, Newst.

. thymi, Schr.

. rorismarinus, Fonse.

Palearctic.
aceris, Sign.
buxi, Sign.

American.

. azalesx, Comst.

. quercus, Comst.
. neglectus, Ckll.
. coccineus, Ckll.

v. lutescens, Ckll.

. dubius, Chil.

New Zealand.

. araucarie, Mask.

. multispinus, Mask.
. hoheriw, Mask.

. pallidus, Mask.

. raithbyi, Mask.

. phyllocladi, Mask.
2. fagicorticis, Mask.
. danthonix, Mask.

Australia.

76a. araucarie v. minor, Mask.
66a. buxi v. australis, Mask.
77a. multispinus v. levigatus,

84.
85.
86.

Mask
paradoxus, Mask.
tepperi, Mask.
confusus, Mask.

324 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural ITistory.

87. eucalypti.Crawf. MS., Mask. Cerococcus, Comst.

88. leptospermi, Mask.
89. turgipes, Mask.
90. coriaceus, Mask.
91. conspersus, Mask.

Rhizococcus, Sign.

Palearctic.

92. gnidii, Sign.

New Zealand.
93. celmisive, Mask.
94. fossor, Mask.
95. totare, Mask.
96. pulchellus, Mask.
97. maculatus, Mask.
98. intermedius, Mask.

Australia.
99. grandis, Mask.
v. spinosior, Mask.
100. casuarine, Mask.
101. pustulatus, Mask.

Gossyparia, Sign.
Paleearctic.
102. mannifera, Hardw.

s. Manniparus, Sign.

103. ulmi, Geoff.
s. alni, Mod.
s. spurius, Mod.
? s, farinosus, DeG.
s. lanigera, Gmel.

New Zealand.
104. cavellii, Mask.

Australia.
105. casuarine, Mask.
106. confluens, Mask.
Nidularia, Targ.
107. pulvinata, Planch.

Antonina, Sign.

108. purpurea, Sign.
109. brachypodii, Licht.

Xylococcus, Lw.
110. filiferus, Lv.

11]. quercus, Comst.
112. ehrhorni, Ckll.

Solenophora, Mask.

113. fagi, Mask.
114. corokix, Mask.

Rhizecus, Kiinck.
115. falcifer, Kiinck.

Puto, Sign.
116. antennata, Sign.

Cryptococcus; Dougl.
117. fagi, Baer.

Ripersia, Sign.
Palearctic.
118. corynephori, Sign.
119. pulveraria, Newst.
120. tomlinii, Newst.
121. fraxini, Newst.
122. subterranea, Newst.
774. terrestris, Newst.
Nearctic.
123. maritima; Ckll.
Australia.
124. leptospermi, Mask.
New Zealand.
125. formicicola, Mask.
126. rumicis, Mask.
127. fagi, Mask.

Phenacoccus, Ckll.

(Pseudococcus, Sign., ex err.)

Paleearctic.
128. aceris, Sign.
129. wesculi, Sign.
130. brunnitarsis, Sign.
131. hedere, Sign.
132. mespili. Geoff’.
? s. pruni, Burm.
133. platani, Sign.
134. quercus, Dougl.

e135:
136.
i37.
138.
139.
140.
39a.

141.

142.
143.

144.

Oudabli:

145.
146.
147.
148.

A Check-List oj the Cocc/de. 3:

ulicis, Dougl.
ulmi, Dovgl.
socius, Newst.
pergandei, Cklil.
Nearctic.
yuceee, Coq.
s. mexicanus, Ckll.
helianthi, Céll.
Neotropical.
yucce y. barberi, Ckil.
Oriental.
mangiferx, Green.
Australia.
casuarine, Musk.
nivalis. Mask.
New Zealand.
asteliae, Mask.

s, Sign.

(Tetrura, Licht.)
quadricaudata, Sign.
rubi, Licht.

lauri, Boisd.

pices, Lw.

Dactylopius, Costa.

149.
150.
151.
152.

153.
154.
155.
156.
157.

Palearctic.
alaterni, Sign.
caricus, Genn.
ceratonie, Sign.
citri, Boisd.
s. destructor, Comst.
? s. farinosus, DeG.
s. phyllococcus, Ashm.
s. brevispinus, Targ, p.p.
ficus, Sign.
indicus. Sign.
lavandule, Sign.
robinia, Sign.
viburni, Sign.

158.
159.
T75.
776.

160.

184.

185.

bo
Ol

vitis, Nied.
walkeri, Newst.
hibernicus, Newst.
radicum, Newst.*
Patria incerta.
adonidum, L.
s. longispinus, Zag.
? s. coffee, Lederm.
s. longifilis, Comst.

. bromeliw, Bouché.
2. evperi, Sign.

. hoy. Sign.

. liliacearum, Bouché.
. mamillariwe, Bouché.
. perrisii, Sign.

7. pteridis, Sign.

8. tuliparum, Bouché.
9. theobrome, Dougl.

. zamie, Lucas.

American.

. crawii, Coq.

. Tyani, Coq.

3. ephedre, Coq.

. trifolii, Forbes.

. sorghiellus, Forbes,
. aphyllonis, Ckll.

. ? pox, Thos.

. virgatus, Ckll.

v. farinosus, Chl,
v. humilis, Ckil.

. segregatus, Ckll.

. simplex, Ckil.

. brevipes, Ckll.

. hipwe, Mask

. filamentosus, Ckll.
3. solani, Ckll.

v. atriplicis, Ckll.
townsendi, Ckll.

v. steelii, Ckll. and Twns.
sagchari, Ckll.

*TI believe that the rorm described by Newstead as the second stage of
D.radicum is a distinet species, and a true Ripersia. It cannot well be doubted
that it is, in fact, the long-lost Coccus halophilus, Hardy, which must be called
Ripersia halophila.

326 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

186.

187.

188.

189.
190.
191.
192.
193.

194.

195.
196.
OTe
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.

204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.

olivaceus, Cklil.

Sandwich Is.
vastator, Mask.

Marquesas Is.
pandani, Ckil.
Oriental.
viridis, Newst.
ceriferus, Newst.
cocotis, Mask.
talini, Green.
scrobicularum, Green.
Ethiopian.
graminis, Mask.
Australian.
affinis, Mark.
lobulatus, Musk.
herbicola, Mask.
ericicola, Mask.
acacize, Mask.
albizzize, Mask.
hibbertiw, Mask.
globosus, Mask.
eucalypti, Mask.
New Zealand.
alpinus, Mask.
calceolarixw, Mask.
glaucus, Mask.
pow, Mask.
arece, Mask.
aurilanatus, Mask.
obtectus, Mask.
iceryoides, Mask.

Subfam. incert.

Ochyrocoris, Menge.

212.

(Fossil in amber.)
electrina, Menge.

Polyclona, Menge,

(Fossil in amber, no species
named; probably not a

coccid.)

Aspisarcus, Newpt.

2.

eucalypti, Newpt.

Genus incertus,

© CO -1 D Of ww

23.

24,
25.
26.

27.
28.
29.
30.
3l.
32.
33.
34.
35.

36.
37.

38.
39.

Palearctic.

- aterrimus, Costa.
. asari, Schr.

. crategi, Kalt.

. crispus, Fons.

. cryptus, Kawall.
. elioides, Costa.

. fagi, Walk.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
ae
18.
19.
20.
21.
22:

frauenfeldi, Karsch.
fraxini, Chav.
halophilus, Hardy.
hordeolum, Dalm.

hypericonis, Gmel. ex Pall.

hystrix, Baer.
laricis, Bouché.
myrtilli, Kalt.
piloselle, L.
purpuratus, Dalm.
strobi, Baer.
uva, Mod.
uvee-ursi, LD.
s. arbuti, Fabr.
xylostei, Schr.
Ethiopian.
capensis, L.
diosmatis, dod.
ceratiformis, But'er.
Oriental.
laniger, W. F. Kirb.
chlogoon, And.
diacopeis, And.
erion, And.
koleos, And.
microogenes, And.
oogenes, And.
sinensis, Walk.
trichodes, And.
Australia.
blanchardii, Targ.
America.
caudatus, Walk. %.
edwardsii, Ashm. <.
tuberculatus, Bouché.

A Check-List of the Coccide. 32
231. nigrocincta, Ckll.
232. sonorensis, Ckll.
Neotropical.
233. insignis, Dougl.
s. nacrea, Buckt.
234. prelonga, Dougl.

Fossil in Amber.
40. avitus, Menge o.
41. termitinus, Menge ©.
Hemicoccine.

Kermes, Auctt.

Palearctic.

Ortheziola, Sulc.

213. ballots, Sign. Raat eae
214. bauhinii, Planch. 235. vejdovskyi, Sule.
215. ilicis, Linn. Asterolecaniinee.
s. vermilio, Planch.
216. fuscus, Sign. Lecaniodiaspis, 'Targ.
217. gibbosus, Sign. 236. sardoa, Targ.
218. pallidus, Sign. ex Réaum. s.g. Prosopophora, Doug.
219. reniformis, Sign. ex Réaum. Wearehic.
ag eee, 237. yuccw, Riley MS., wns.
Ethiopian. v. rufescens, Ckll.
221. quercus, Newst. 238. prosopidis, Mask.
Nearctic. 777. celtidis, Ckll.
222. galliformis, Riley. Neotropical.
223. gillettei, Ckll. 239, dendrobii, Dougl.
Australian. Japanese.
224. acaciee, Mask. 240. quercus, Okll.
Ortheziinze. ae de
: 241. eucalypti, Mask.
Orthezia, Bosc. 242. acacia, Mask.

Palearctic.

Asterolecanium, Tare.

225. cataphracta, Shaw.
s. chiton, Zett. Series i.
s. signoreti, B. White. Palearctic.
226. urtice, Linn. 243. quercicola, Bouché.
s. characias, Bose. 244. ilicicola, Zarg.
s. dubius, Panz. 245. hedera, Licht.
? s. dispar, Kalt. s. massalongianum, Targ.
? s. glechomane, Fab. s. valloti, Licht.
2 s. delavauxi, Thib. 246. arabidis, Licht. MS., Sign.
? s.uva, Mod. 247. fimbriatum, Fonse.
227. floccosa, DeG. Tropical.
s. normani, Dougl. 248. aureum, Boisd.
228. menariensis, Dougl. 249. oncidii, Okli.
Nearctic. s. aureum, Zarg. ex err.
42. americana, Walk. ? s. of epidendri, Bouché.
229. occidentalis, Dougl. 250. pustulans, Chil.
230. anne, Ckll.

-

iS)
o)

Australia.
. Stypheliz, Mask.
252. ventruosum, Mask.
New Zealand.

3. epacridis, Mask.
Series ti.

. bryoides, Mask.
Series tit.
Tropical.

55. bambuse, Boisd.

56. miliaris, Boisd.

v. longum, Green.

. delicatum, Green.

58. solenopheroides, Green.

259. palme, Ckll.

. urichi, Ckll.

s.g. Pollinia, Targ.

pollini, Costa.

s. costa, Targ.

thesii, Dougl.

grande, Newst.

261.

262.
263.
Brachysceline.

Tachardia, Sign.
(Carteria, Sign., preoce.)
American.
mexicana, Covst.
gemmifera, Ckll.
pustulata, Ck.
fulgens, Ckll.
cornuta, Ckil.
larrex, Comst.
Oriental.
lacca, Kerr.
s. ficus, Fabr.

264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.

270.

Australian.
melaleucee, Mask.
acaciz, Mask.
decorella, Mask.

271.

272.

273.
Gascardia, Targ.

274. madagascariensis, Targ.
Apiomorpha, Riibs.

(Brachyscelis, Schrad., pre-
occ.)

275.

306.
307.
308.
309.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

munita, Schrad.
v. foliosa, Tepp.
v. reducta, Lepp.

. pileata, Schrad.

2 v. ovicoloides, Tepp.

7. pharetrata, Schrad.
8. ovicola, Schrad.

v. glabra, Tepp.

. duplex, Schrad.
. tricornis, Frog.
. minor, Frog.

. variabilis, Frog.
. conica, Frog.

v. subconica, Tepp.

. pomiformis, Frog.
. baeuerleni, Frog.
. dipsaciformis, Frog.
. sessilis, Frog.

. rosiformis, Frog.
. fletcheri, Olliff.

. nux, Olliff.

. umbellata, Frog.
. thorntoni, Frog.

. regularis, Tepp.

. urnalis, Tepp.

. calycina, Tepp.

? v, neumanni, Tepp.

. rugosa, Frog.

. stromby!osa, Tepp.
. cornifex, Riibs.

. similis, Ribs.

. karschi, Ribs.

. beyerix, Tepp.

? alii generis.

Ascelis, Schrad.
302.
303.
804.
Opisthoscelis, Schrad.
305.

premollis, Schrad.
schraderi, Frog.
attenuata, Frog.

subrotunda, Schrad.
v. gracilis, Schrad.
verrucula, Frog.
maskelli, Frog.
spinosa, Prog.
pisiformis, Frog.

A Check-List of the Coccide.

310.
311.
312.
3138.
314.

Frenchia, Mask.

316. casuarines, Mask.
317. semiocculta, Mask.

mammularis, Frog.
fibularis, Frog.
maculata, Frog.
serrata, Frog.
globosa, Riibs.

Idiococcine.

Spherococcus, Mask.

Sandwich Is.
bambuse, Mask.

Australia.
acacis, Mask.
casuarine, Musk.
elevans, Mask.
froggatti, Mask.
inflatipes, Mask.
leptospermi, Mask.
melaleuce, Mask.
pirogallis, Mask.
styphelizw, Mask.

318.

319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.

s.g. Pseudolecanium, Ckll.

Japan.
328. tokionis, Ckll.
Cylindrococcus, Mask.
Australia,
329. casuarine, Mask.
330. spiniferus, Mask.
331. amplior, Mask.
Crocidocysta, Riibs.
315. froggatti, Ribs.

Lecaniine.

Signoretia, Tare.
332. luzule, L. Duf.
v. australis. Mask.
Eriochiton. Mask.
333. hispidus, Mask.
334. spinosus, Mask.
335. cajani, Mask.

Filippia, Targ.
336. ole, Costa.
s. follicularis, Targ.
Erjopeltis, Sign.
337. festuce, Fonsc.
338. lichtensteinii, Sign.
43. brachypodii, Giard.
Lichtensia, Sign.
Palearctic.
339. viburni, Sigua.
778. eatoni. Newst.
Nearctic.
340. lycii, Ckll.
Neotropical.
341. lutea, Ckll.
Pulvinaria, Tare.
Palearctic.
artemisie, Sign.
betule, Linn.
v. alni, Dougl.
camellicola, Sign.
erice, Dw.
fraxini, Sign.
linearis, Targ.
mesembryanthemi,
oxyacanthe, Linn.
persicee, Newst.
populi, Sign.
ribesiw, Sign.
tremula, Sign.
vitis. Linn.
305. carpini, Linn.
356. euonymi, Gour.
44. fagi, Hardy.
357. lanata, Gm.
Ss. Marginata, 7arg.
. aurantii, Ckil.
Nearctic.
. innumerabilis, Rathv.
s. acericola, W. & fi.
maclure, Kenn. Ms., Fitch.
bigeloviae, Ckll.

342.
343.

344,
340.
346,
347.
348.
349.
350.
oolles
B15
Spas
354.

Vall.

360.
361.

330 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History:

Neotropical. 388. piperis, Mask.
362. urbicola, Ckll. 889. viridis, Mask.
363. dendrophthore, Ckil. 390. dacrydii, Mask.
364. cupania, Chil. Australia.
365. simulans, Ckil. 391. eucalypti, Mask.
779. broadwayi, Ckll. 392. rhizophoree, Mask.
Oriental.

Lecanochiton, Mask.

393. metrosideri, Mask.
394. minor, Mask.

366. obscura, Nerrst.
367. gasteralpha, IJcery.
s. iceryi, Guér.

368. psidii, Mask. Inglisia, Mask.
369. tessellata, Green. New Zealand.
370. tomentosa, Green. 395. leptospermi, Mask.
Australian. 396. ornata, Mask.
371. flavicans, Mask. 397. patella, Mask.
72. maskelli, Olliff. 398. inconspicua, Mask.
s. atriplicis, Mask. 399. fagi, Mask.
v. spinosior, Musk. Australia.
373. dodonex, Mask. 400. foraminifer, Mask.
374. tecta, Mask. Neotropical.
Sandwich Is. 401. vitrea, Ckl.

375. mammes, Mask.

Patria incerta.
45. cestri, Bouché.

Fairmairia, Sign.
402. bipartita, Sign.

376. brassiee, Ckll. Ceroplastodes, Ckll.
s. g. Takahashia, Ckll. 403. niveus, Ckll.
377. japonica, Ckll. 404. acacia, Cklil.
s. g. Protopulvinaria, Ckll. 405. dalez, Ckil.
378. pyriformis, Ckll. Vinsonia, Sign.
Pseudopulvinaria, Atk. 406. stellifera, Westw.
379. sikkimensis, Atk. s. pulchella, Sign.
Ceronema. Mask. Ceroplastes, Gray.
380. banksie, Mask. Palearctic.

407. rusci, Linn.

Ctenochiton, Mask. s. hydatis, Costa.

New Zealand. s. testudiniformis, Targ.
381, depressus, Mask. s. artemisix, Rossi.
v. minor, Mask. 408. mimos, Sign.
382. eleeocarpi, Mask. Nearctic.
383. elongatus, Mask. 409. irregularis, Okll.

384. flavus, Mask.

385. fuscus, Mask.

386. hymenanthere, Mask.
387. perforatus, Mask.

Neotropical.
410. cassis, Chav.
411. fairmairii, Targ.

48.

426.

49

A Check-List of the Coccide.

. iheringi, Ckil.
. psidii, Chav.
. cistudiformis, Twns. MS.,

Ckll.

. chilensis, Gray.

. jamaicensis, A. White.
. cirripediformis, Comst.
. plumbaginis, Ckll.

. depressus, Ckll.

. denudatus, Ckil.

. floridensis, Comst.

. janeirensis, Gray.

. albolineatus, Ckil.

. utilis, Ckll.

. euphorbiez, Ckil.

. Mexicanus, Ckil.

Oriental.

. ceriferus, Anders.

s. dugesii, Licht. MS., Twns.

. Vinsoni, Sign.
. actiniformis, Green.

Ethiopian.
myrice, Linn.

Australian.
rubens, Mask.
australasie, Walk.

Ericerus, Guer.

427.

pé-la, West.

Physokermes, Targ.

428.

429,
430.

abietis, Mod.

s. hemicryphus, Dalm.
s. racemosum, Ratz.
coloradensis, Ckll.
insignicola, Craw, emend.

Lecanium, Illig.

431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.

Palearctic.
angustatum, Sign.
maculatum, Sign.
elongatum, Sign.
geniste, Sign.
clypeatum, Dougl.
emerici, Planch.

437.
438.
439.
440.

441.
442.

443,

444,

445,

331

Patria incerta.
acuminatum, Sign.
alienum, Dougl.
anthurii, Boisd.
assimile, Newst.

v. amaryllidis, Ckll.

beaumontix, Dougl.

palma, Haw.

s. cycadis, Boisd.

depressum, Targ.

?v. of nigrum, Nietn.

filicum, Boisd.

? vw. of hemisphericum,
Targ.

hemisphericum, Zarg.

v. hibernaculonem, Boisd.

?v. coffex, Walk.

. hesperidum, Linn.

v. lauri, Boisd.

. Minimum, Newst.
. olew, Bern.

v. testudo, Curt.
? v. citri, Inzenga.

. tessellatum, Sign.

. perforatum, Newst.

. pseudhesperidum, Ckil.

. vaccinii-macrocarpum, (oe-

the.

. Wistarix, Sign.

Nearctic.

. platycerii, Pack.
. phoradendri, Ckil.

Neotropical.

. terminalis, Ckil.
. longulum, Doug!.

v. chirimolis, Mask.

. rubellum, C&ll.

7. schini, Licht. MS., Ckil.
. batate, Ckil.

. punctatum, Chil.

. imbricatum, Chil.

. baceharidis, Cll.

2. urichi, Ckll.

. reticulatum, Ckll.

468.
782.
469.

470.
471.

begonia, Doug!.
?v. of nigrum, Nictn.
nanum, Ckll.

Oriental and Ind. Ocean.

viride, Green.
guerinii, Sign.
nigrum, Metn.

?v. depressum, 71g.
2v. begoniw, Douyl.

. coffees, Walk.

2». of hemisphericum,
Targ.

. mangifere, Green.
. planum, Green.

v. maritimum, Green.

. ophiorrhize, Green.
}. geometricum, Green.

332 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History:
464. sallei, S’gn. s.g. EHulecanium, Ckll-.
465. monile, Ckll. Palearctic.

466. verrucosum, Sign. 93. aceris, Schr.
467. pseudosemen, Chil. . eesculi, Koll.

. tiliew, Linn.
. ulmi, ZL nin.

». fasciatum, Costa.

. alni, Mod.
. berberidis, Schr.
. capree, Linn.

s. cypreola, Dulm.
s. gibber, Dalm.
s. salicis, Bouché.

. cerasi, Goethe.

. Ciliatum, Doug.

. corni, Bouché.

. coryli, Linn.

. distinguendum, Doudl.
. fuscum, Gmel.

. quercus, Linn.

. genevense, Turg.

77. marginatum, Green. . bituberculatum, Targ. MS.,
478. expansum, Green. Sign.
479. antidesme, Green. . juglandis, Bouché.
480. caudatum, Green. ? s. juglandifex. Fitch.
481. acutissimum, Green. ? s. variegatum, Goethe.
482. piperis, Green. 510. mori, Sign.
483. formicarium, Green. 511. persicee, Fabr.
Australian. 512. prunastri, Fonsc.*

484. patersonix, Mask. 513. pyri, Sehr.
485. pingue, Mask. 514. rosarum, Snell.
Age cerebicniacuts, Mosk: 515. rotundum, Sign. ex Réaum.

487. baccatum, Crawf. MS., Mask. 516. rugosum, Sign.
488. trenchii, Mask. 517. sarothamni, Dougl.

New Zealand. 518. douglasi, Sule.

489. cassinie, Mask. 519. rubi, Schr.

T, See
s. g. Toumeyella, Ckll. i ae
‘ ; 520. antennatum, sSugn.
490. mirabile, Ckll. ay 3
521. caryee, Fitch.

“4 . OY}
491. quadrifasciatum, Ckll. ». canadense, Ckll.

Ya Pseud kermes, Ckll. 52. cerasifex, Fitch.
492. nitens, Chil. 522. fletcheri, Ckll.

* According to Mr. R. Newstead (in litt.), L. prunastriand L. rotundum are
forms of one species.

A Check-List of the Coceide.

523. armeniacum, Craw.

? v. of pruinosum.

24. pruinosum, Coms!. MS., Coq.
25. corylifex, fitch.

? s. of coryli, L.

cynosbati, Fitch.

fitchi, Sign.

quercitronis, Fitch.
robiniarum, Dougl.

s. robiniw, Riley MS., Twns.
quercifex, Fitch.

ribis, Fitch.

tarsale, Sign.

tulipiferze, Covk.

lintneri, Ckll. & Benn.

Or or

526.
527.
528.

529.

530.
531.
Haz.
533.
534.
Myxolecanium, Beccari.
535. kibare, Beccari.
Genus incert.
53.
54.
5d.
56.
57.

angreci, Bois.
australe, Walk.
cambii, Ratz.
capense, Walk.
epidendri, Bouché.
2s. Asterolecanium oncidii.
58. gigas, Bremi.
? s. of Kermes sp.
59. vagabundum, Malt. ex Forst.
60. vulgare, Forst.
Lecanopsis, Targ.
Palearctic.
. rhizophila, Targ.
537. formicarum, Newst.
783. brevicornis, Newst.
Mexican.
61. dugesii, Licht. MS., *ign.
Australia.
784. filicum, Mask.
Spermococcus, Giard.
538. fallax, Giard.

Exe@retopus, Newst.
539. formiceticola, Newst.

333

Aclerda, Sign.
540. subterranea, Sign.

Diaspine.

Aspidiotus, Bouché.

Palearciic.

541. abietis, Schr.

s. pini, Comst.
s. abietis, Comst.

. affinis, Targ.

. betule, Baer.

. caldesii, Targ.

. ceratonia, Sign.

62. erica, Boisd.

3. denticulatus, Zarg.

. duplex, Chil.

63. geniste, Westw.

s. ulicis, Sign.

64. gnidii, Sign.

. hedere, Vall.

? v. nerii, Bouché.

. hippocastani, Sign.

. llicis, Sign.

. juglandis, Colv.

? s. juglans-regiwe, Comst.

2. lentisci, Sign.

. niger, Sign.

54. olex, Colv.

. Oleastri, Colv.

. ostreeformis, Curt.
s. pyri, Licht.
oxyacanthe, Sign.

58. zonatus, Frauenf.

s. quercus, Sign.

. spurcatus, Sign.

. secretus, Chil.

. signoreti, Comst.

s. Targionia nigra, Sign.

2. tilizw, Sign.

. Villosus, Targ.

. vitis, Sign.

. piricola, Del Guercio.
%s. of Diaspis pyri, Colv. 9,

. albopunctatus, Ckll.

oO
71 ON
oS)

Or Or O11 on
Or Or O' Gr
oO Or HH 0

590.

Lhiinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

. minimus, Leon.
. patavinus, Berl.

- Patria incerta.

. aloes, Boisd.
. budleia, Sign.
. Tapax, Comst.
s. camellia, Sign., nec Bdv.

? s. convexus, Comst.

9. chameeropsis, Sign.
. aurantii, Mask.

s. coccineus, Genn.
s. citri, Comst.
v. citrinus, Coquill.

. cyanophylli, S.gn.
2. cycadicola, Boisd.
. destructor, Sign.

v. fallax, Ckll.
s. cocotis, Newst.

. epidendri, Bouché.
. kennedy, Boisd.
. latania, Sign.

}. myrsine, Sign.

. nerii, Bouché.

? v. of hederee, Vail.
v. limonii, Sign.

}. palmarum, Bouché.
. pandani, Sign.

. perniciosus, Comst.
. phormii, de Bréme.
. Spherioides, Ckil.
2. vriescie, Sign.

. Spinosus, Comst.

. degeneratus, Leon.
. minor, Berl.

Nearctic.

. ancylus, Putn.

. howardi, Ckll.

. forbesi, W. G. Johns.
. esculi, W. G. Johns.
. cydonie, Comst.

. juglans-regize, Comst.

? s. of juglandis, Colv.
v. pruni, Ckil.

v. albus, Ukil.
obscurus, Comst.

591

592.
593.
594.
595.

596.

597.
598.
599.
600.
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.

606.

607.
608.
609.

610.
611.
612.
613.

614.

615.

616.
67.

617.
618.
619.
620.

621.

. persex, Comst.
smilacis, Comst.
tenebricosus, Comst.
comstocki, W.-G. Johns.
uve, Comst.

v. coloratus, Ckll.
townsendi, Ckil.

Neotropical.
nigropunctatus, Ckll.
yuccx, Chill.
bowreyi, Ckll.
latastei, Chil.
ficus, Ashm.
scutiformis, Ckil.
articulatus, Morg.
personatus, Comst.
biformis, Ckll.

v. cattleyx, Chil.
v. odontoglossi, Ckll.
dictyospermi, Morg.
v. arecas, Newst.
v. jamaicensis, Ckll.
mangifer, Ckll.
punice, Cklil.
diffinis, Newst.
s. affinis, Newst. preocc.
v. lateralis, Ckll.
palma, Morg. & Cklil.
mimosse, Comst. -
sacchari, Chil.
hartii, Ckll.
v. luntii, Ckil.
longispina, Morg.
Fiji Islands.
vitiensis, Mask.
Oriental.
thes, Mask. nec Green.
transparens, Green.
? s. of nerii, Bouché.
orientalis, Newst.
osbeckisxe, Green.
occultus, Green.
trilobitiformis, Green.
Australian.
ceratus, Mask.

A Check-List of the Coccide.

622. unilobis, Mask.
623. extensus, Mask.
624. acaciw, Morg.

v. propinquus, Mask.

625. casuarina, Mask.
626. eucalypti, Mask.

627. subrubescens, Mask.

628. fimbriatus, Mask.
629. fodiens, Mask.
630. bossiea, Mask.
631. cladii, Mask.

632. rossi, Crawf. MS., Mask.

New Zealand.
633. corokiw, Mask.
634. dysoxyli, Mask.

635. atherospermx, Mask.

636. carpodeti, Mask.
637. sophore, Mask.
Comstockiella, Ck1l.

638. sabalis, Comst.
Diaspis, Costa.
Palearctic.

639. blankenhorni, Jarg.

640. colvei, Penzig.
641. carueli, Targ.
642. juniperi, Bouché.
643. minima, Targ.
644. leperii, Sign.
645. pentagona, Targ.
646. pyri, Colveé.

? s. of circularis, Fitch.
? v. pyri, Boisd. ex err.
? v. ostreeformis, Sign. ex

err.

? v. piricola, Del Guercio.

647. visci, Schr.

648. patelliformis, Sasaki.

Patria incerta.

649. calyptroides, Costa.

650. zamiwe, Morg.
651. amygdali, Tryon.

v. lanatus, Morg.d Ckil.
652. pinnulifera, Mask.

653.

654.

653a. cacti v. opuntia, (kil.

655.

656.

657.

Nearctic.
cacti, Comst.

335

? v. of calyptroides, Costa

toumeyi, C&il.
Neotropical.

v. opunticola, Newst.
chilensis, C&ll.
New Zealand.
santali, Mask.
Oriental.
flavescens, Green.

Aulacaspis, Ckll.

658.

659.

660.
68.

790.

Palearctic.
rose, Bouche.
Patria incerta.
boisduvalii, Sign.

? v. tentaculatus, Morg.

bromelia, Kerner.

cymbidii, Bouché.
Nearctic.

texensis, Ckll.

Pseudoparlatoria, Ckll.

661.
662.

parlatorioides, Comst.
ostreata, C&ll.

Parlatoria, Sign.

663.
664.
665.
666.

791.

667.

669.

670.

Palearctic.
victrix, Ckil.
zizyphus, Lucas.
targionii, Del Guercio,
thee, Ckll.

v. viridis, Ckll.
calianthina, Berlese.
Patria incerta.
pergandei, Comst.
v. camellia, Comst.

v. crotonis, Ckll.

8. proteus, Curt.

Australia.
pittospori, Mask.
myrtus, Mask.

‘336 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural L[History.

Syngenaspis, Sulc. Sandwich Is.
792. parlatorie, S le. 672. flava iT, hawaiiensis, Mask.
Oriental.

Mytilaspis, Sigu.
dees - 684. elongata, Given.

Pulearctic : :
eis 685. pallida, Grecn.
69. abietis, Sign. nee Schr. P pe
Australia.

? ». of linearis, Wod. : -
70. anguinus, Boosd. ie Sree mapaty
? alii generis. rete
671: fleus Sion : 688. grisea, Mask.
679. flava, ire 689. pallens, Mask.
ae Ly . ; ¥ ee i
? v. of linearis, Mod. oi een aia
Chad s 2 . s _s , Ss. ie
aie. vee Ca aeneN 692. spinifera, Mask.
: i i 693. convexa, Mask.

s. conchiformis, Gm. 4 j erode ie
@) taletiemis, Baer. 694. grandilobis, Mask.

793. newsteadi, Sule. New Zealand.
675. pomorum, Bouché. 695. intermedia, Mask.
2 v. of linearis, Mod. 696. lactea, Mask.
s. pyrus-malus, Kenn. 697. pyriformis, Mask.
-s. juglandis, Fitch. 698. phymatodidis, Musk.
“s. pomicorticis, Riley. 699. metrosideri, Mask.

? v. juglandis, Sign. 700. leptospermi, Musk.

2 v. vitis, Goethe. 701. cordylinidis, Musk.

2 v. ulicis, Dougl. 702. drimydis, Mask.

? v. flava, Targ. 703. epiphytidis, Musk.
71. saliceti, Bouché. Pinnaspis, Ckll.

? s. of Chionaspis salicis, L. 704

. buxi, Bouché.
676. crawii, Ckil. cee

? v. pandani, Comst.

Patria incerta. 705. pandani, Comst.
677. pinneformis, Bouché. ? v. of buxi, Bouché.
? v. citricola, Pack. 706. bambuse, Ck.

678. citricola, Pack.

s. flavescens, Targ. Chionaspis, Sign.

s. fulva, Targ. Palearctic.
?v. of pinneformis, Bouché. 707. aceris, Sign.
679. gloverii, Pack. 708. alni, Sign.
630. longirostris, Sign. 709. myrthi, Bouché.

? s.Ischnaspis filiformis, Dgl. 710. planchonii, Sign.
Weatrapseal: 711. populi, Baer.
m9 -
681. philococcus, Okll. a aie oe
682. crotonis, Ckll. Pa A Se ih :
683. alba, Okil. Tass saliceti, Bouché.

794, carinata, Ckll. Pv. fraxini, Sign.
Newirchi s. maquarti, Targ.
earctic. 713

. fraxini, Sign.
683a. alba v. concolor, Ckll. ae

734.
73.

7187. aspidistre v. mussends,

743a. eugeniw v. varicosa, Green.

735.
736.
737.

A Check-List of the Coccide.

? v. of salicis, L.

. vaccinii, Bouché.

s. myrtilli, Aalt.

. sorbi, Dougl.

. latus, Ckll.

. bambuse, Ck.
. difficilis, Ckll.
. nerii, Newst.

. bilobis, Nevwst.

Patria incerta.

18. aspidistre, Sign.
. biclavis, Comst.

v. detecta, Mask.

. braziliensis, Sign.
. citri, Comst.
. minor, Mask.

Nearctic.

. americana, W. G. Johns.
. euonymi, Comst.
. furfurus, Fitch.

s. harrisii, Walsh.
s. cerasi, Fitch.

. Salicis-nigrae, Walsh.

? vw. of salicis, _L.

. ortholobis, Comst.
. pinifolie,
. nysse, Cumst.

. Spartine, Comst.
. lintneri, Comst.

‘itch.

Neotropical.

2. major, Ckil.

Sandwich Is.

. prunicola, Mask.

Oriental.
thes, Mask.
gossypii, Fiich.

Green.

v. litzex. Green.
vitis, Green.
graminis, Green.
minuta, Green.

738.
739.
740.

741.
742.
743.
744.

745.
746.

acuminata, Green.
eleagni, Green.
exercitata, Green.
Australian.
assimilis, Musk.
nitida, Mask.
eugenizw, Musk.
xerotidis, Mask.
New Zealand.
dubia, Mask.
dysoxyli, Musk.

Leucaspis, Sign.

Palearctic.

74. epidaurica, Genn.
. loewi, Colv.
. pusilla, Zw.
. pini, Hartig.

s. candida, Targ.

. Signoreti, Targ.

Australian.

. cordylinidis, Mask.

‘schnaspis, Doug).

752.

filiformis, Dougl.
? s. of longirostris, Sign.

Fjorinia, Tare.

753.

754.

-I

=I +] -I
Or Or Or Or
a | or

for)

GO

*Mr. Sule regards this as a Leucaspis.

Palearctic. .
sulcii, Newst.*
Patria incerta.
fioriniw, Targ.
s. arece, Boisd.
s. pellucida, Turg.
v. camellize, Comst.
Australia.

. acacie, Mask.

. expansa, Musk.

. rubra, Mask.

. Syncarpix, Mask.

New Zealand.

. grossularie, Mask.
. Minima, Mask.
. Stricta, Mask.

33

338 = Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

762. gizas, Mask. New Zealand.
s. asteliae, Mask. 769. media, Mask.
Or‘ental. Aonidia, Sign.

763. saprosma, Gtreen.
764. secreta, Green.

765. scrobicularum, Green.
766. palm, Green.

Palearctic.
770. lauri, Bouche.
771. blanchardi, Targ.

Oriental.
Poliaspis, Mask. 772. corniger, Green.
Patria incerta. Australia.
767. cycadis, Comst. 773. fusca, Mask,

Australia.
768. exocarpi, Musk.

ADDENDA TO JULY 21.

Since the above list was put into the printer’s hands,
several publications have appeared to which brief refer-
ence must be made. Berlese and Leonardi have _ pro-
posed some new genera of Diaspine,—Howardia (with
Hf. elegans, Leon.), Aonidiella, and Aspidites; besides giv-
ing Chrysomphalus generic rank and proposing a new sub-
genus Diaspidiotus. It appears to me, however, that
the characters used to distinguish these genera are not
always of generic value, while Howardia is made to in-
clude forms which are really not congeneric.

Newstead has published, as new, Jcerya ewarte: and
Aspidiotus maculatus from Lagos, and Parlatoria dis-
tinctissima (which seems to be an Aonidia) from Balu-
chistan.

Mr. Claude Fuller, since the lamentable death of Mr.
Olliff, has published the following, to which MS names
had been given by Olliff: rachyscelis pedunculata, 2.
crispa, B. nuw, B. shraderi, B. fletcheri.

Mr. Green (Ind. Mus. Notes) has given a preliminary
account of seventy-two Coccids found in Ceylon. To
these may be added the following, kindly communicated
from Mr. Green’s MSS, bringing the Ceylon list to
elghty-seven :

A Check-List of the Coccide. 339

Aspidistus ficus, Ashm. Aonidia bullata, Green.
on rossi, Mask. is loranthi, Green.
cyanophylli, Sign. i] obscura, Green.
sy excisus, Green. Mytilaspis cocculi, Green.
as putearius, Green. ee gloverti, Pack.
: cydonice, Comst. Diaspis fagree, Green.
“t secretus, Ckll. Conchaspis socialis, Green.
‘* tnusitatus, Green.

Mr. Green informs me that his Diaspis circulata is
Aspidiotus camellie, and that Dactylopius talini is D.
CEriferus.

Miss M. W. Tyrrell has published Lecanwum pruino-
sum V. kermoides from California. 1 doubt if it belongs
to pruinosum. aot), AC:

ArTICLE XII.—On a Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug
(Anasa tristis DeG.). By B. M. Duaear. —

INTRODUCTORY.

During July, 1895, while occupied as an Assistant in
the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, in
studying some fungous diseases of the chinch-bug I used
many squash-bugs (Anasa tristis DeG.) for experimental
purposes, their larger size making them convenient for
use in certain investigations for which the chinch-bug is
poorly adapted. These squash-bugs were kept in a lab-
oratory breeding-cage, and daily supplied with fresh food
and a suitable amount of moisture. They were soon
observed to be dying in considerable numbers, although
I could detect nothing unhealthful in their surroundings.

A fresh lot of the insects was thereupon brought from
the field July 23, put into a large breeding-cage, and
kept as far as possible under normal conditions. A few
of the bugs recently dead in the first outbreak were
broken in pieces and scattered about the earth of this
new habitation, or touched to the bodies of some of the
healthy individuals. A much larger number of this fresh
supply of insects was reserved for another small cage,
which, with conditions otherwise similar, was left uncon-
taminated by the bodies of any of the dead or diseased
insects. In three days one half of the insects in the in-
fected cage were dead, while in the untreated cage, with
so many more individuals, there were only two or three
dead. The dead bugs in the infected cage presenting
common characters, and a careful microscopic examina
tion showing a well-defined bacillus uniformly abundant,
this preliminary test encouraged further experimentation
with this disease from a strictly bacteriological stand-
point, with a view to an elucidation of both its practi-
cal and scientific features.

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 341

PRIMARY INFECTION EXPERIMENTS.

In order to refer all cultures and subsequent results to
a definite and unmistakable source, a few preliminary
infection experiments were begun, the results of which
were recorded in detail. It seems well, therefore, to
preface particulars concerning the culture and_ infec-
tion work reported in this paper with the following fun-
damental infection records:

Experiment 1—A box breeding-cage was stocked with
about two hundred squash-bugs, both nymphs and
adults, squash leaves being daily supplied as food, and
kept fresh by inserting the stems through the cork of a
small jar containing water. From the preliminary dis-
ease-cage several dead bugs were taken August 1,
the bodies torn apart, and the pieces scattered about
the earth and food leaves in the new breeding-cage. In
two days ten bugs were dead, and in five days a total
of sixty dead was reached. At this date a few of the
dead insects were again broken in pieces and scattered
about the cage, while the remainder were piled in a
corner. On the eighth day the mortality reached ninety,
and the following day added ten more. The death rate
was now much lessened, and from August 12 to August
15 only three deaths occurred. A few insects had been
removed for various purposes, and on the last-named
date the number of living bugs remaining was between
sixty and seventy-five, while about one hundred and
fifteen deaths had occurred.

Experiment 2.—As a check on the preceding, about fifty
squash-bugs of the same lot were put into a much smaller
breeding-cage on the same date, August 1, and kept sub-
ject to similar conditions, but without inoculation. The
first death was noted August 7, but the body of the
dead insect was normal. This cage was observed until
August 17, with a record of but one additional death,
and this not attributable to the disease.

From the record of these two experiments it will be

342 = TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

seen that evidence of the contagious nature of the disease
was clear, and after August 17 the cage used in Experi-
ment 1 served as a general source of infection mate-
rial. The observations show that the greatest mortality
was probably from three to six days after the introduc-
tion of the disease, and no dead insects were in any case
found at the expiration of the first day. The proportion
of deaths was undoubtedly greatest among the younger
nymphs, but many adults also succumbed. Subsequent
experiments likewise confirmed this conclusion, although
the difference was not always very great.

Characters of the disease.—The effect on the insect and
the post-mortem appearances were carefully noted in Ex-
periment 1. A few hours before death the insect may
be found in a sluggish condition, resting low on its
ventral surface, and often apparently incapable of rais-
ing itself erect, or of crawling without a marked drag.
If placed on its back, it has no power to return to the
normal position. As the disease progresses the insect
loses nearly all muscular activity, and a slight waving
of limbs and antenne may be the only indication of
life. Squash-bugs cannot attach themselves strongly
to the leaves by their limbs; and as they usually fre-
quent the under surface of the leaf, diseased bugs are
commonly found on the earth of the cage.

A few hours before death there is no marked discolor-
ation of the body; but the insect becomes slightly darker
as death approaches, owing probably to changes in the
body fluids. After death the changes are rapid. The
nymphs soon assume a deep purplish black hue, the body
does not shrink at all, but appears tense and slightly
swollen, and in the course of twenty-four hours or more
it becomes a mere sack of gruel-like fluids. In this con-
dition the walls readily collapse, and the insect may not
bear lifting without breaking. In the adults the body
is observed to have a rather moist appearance at the
time of death, especially in the cephalic region of the

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 343

ventral surface of the abdomen. Later, the wet appear-
pearance is more evident throughout; but the hard
chitinous crust does not shrink or collapse, and unless
broken, the offensive fluids within are unnoticed. In all
cases, the odor—more pronounced and putrefactive than
the normal squash-bug odor-—-is especially characteristic.
A short time after death the appendages are very readily
separable at the articulations, and it is almost impossi-
ble to lift an insect by means of them.

A long series of infection experiments will be described
later, and in this connection it is only necessary to note
further the post-mortem appearances of insects free from
this disease. It has been established that bacteria are
normally found in the cecal appendages of many Hemip-
tera,* among which are the squash-bugs. It conse-
quently seemed of interest to ascertain if these bacteria
might become truly pathogenic, or, at least, cause the
peculiar post-mortem appearances under abnormal condi-
tions—as of lessened food supply. Such investigation
was quite superfluous in view ‘of the check experiment
above recorded, but, nevertheless, a few healthy indi-
viduals were allowed to die from gradual starvation.
Under these conditions the body cavity gradually dried
out, and when death finally resulted the shell was greatly
contracted in the abdominal region, and slightly drawn
together ventrally. This was especially true of the
nymphs, and Jater observations were to the same effect.
Lessened vitality may encourage the disease, but it
has nothing to do with a “spontaneous” occurrence.

Moreover, the microscopic characters and the cultiva-

tion experiments enumerated later show conclusively
that the disease form is entirely distinct from the normal
form.

Other nymphs were killed by immersion in the toxic
bacterial infusion from a pure culture of the disease or-
ganism,—which toxic infusion will be subsequently de-

* “Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of Hemiptera.” By 8. A. Forbes.
(Bull. I. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1V., pp. 1—7.)

344 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

seribed,—but the usual shrinking of natural death oc-
curred. It is probable that dead bugs placed on a wet
surface might absorb moisture and show an appearance
somewhat similar to the disease effect, but this is only
a surmise.

ISOLATION CULTURE AND GROWTH ON AGAR-AGAR,

A number of dilution cultures were made during the
progress of these preliminary experiments, but the re-
sults were so uniform that only one such culture will be
reported in detail. For some of the earliest dilution
cultures dead insects were necessarily employed, and the
body fluids were thus greatly mixed. Even with these,
however, cultures were obtained which gave one form of
colony in great preponderance, while a few other forms
were confined to scattered colonies in the original dish.
Here, also, the abundant form was identified as a
bacillus. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that
this form was an effective pathogenic agent for squash-
bugs; and as soon as sick insects were available, every
precaution was taken to secure a culture with the least
practicable admixture of foreign forms.

All the necessary apparatus having been properly
sterilized, a sick nymph was thoroughly washed with
corrosive sublimate solution, and a fold in the soft body
wall of the abdomen was caught in the forceps, and slit
with the scissors in such a manner as not to disturb
the alimentary organs. A small amount of the exuded
body fluid was then transferred with a platinum needle,
in the usual manner, to a tube containing peptonized
nutrient agar-agar at the prescribed temperature. After
shaking well, several transfers were made from this first
tube to a second, and finally to a third; and the con-
tents of each were poured into a Petri dish. To the
nutrient agar used in these tubes was added a small
quantity of squash-leaf decoction, and as this was found
to be of advantage, it was continued in all subsequent
agar cultures.

q

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 345

In four days the dish from the original tube gave
abundant colony formation, and in the next dish about
ten colonies appeared. The surface colonies were circu-
lar, slightly yellowish white or dirty white, but with a
distinct opalescence. The submerged colonies were ellip-
tical or slightly pyriform in vertical projection, growing,
toward the surface, more and more laterally compressed.
This peculiar growth of submerged facultative anaérobic
bacteria has been well explained by Professor H. Mar-
shall Ward,* who has studied in detail under high pow-
ers the formation of micro-colonies in certain cell cul-
tures. The horizontal long diameter of such elliptical
colonies is in the plane of fission of the rodlets. The
form of growth is due to the fact that as the elongating
rods are broken up into daughter cells, these cells slip
by each other (one over the other) under the pressure
of the contracting gelatine or agar; and if in agar, evi-
dently this form will be retained in the macro-colony.
To return to the circular colonies, those that had room
for the fullest development showed in a few days marked
lobulations, and sometimes beautiful fan-like radiations.
Furthermore, those submerged colonies that had reached
the surface took on the circular form and very soon de-
veloped some of the characteristic radiations, although
the growth is thinner than when they develop superficially.
All stages of these developments are evident in Plate
XXVIII., Fig. 1. Submerged colonies appear deeper
colored than the surface ones, but this is only an ap-
parent coloration. It will also be seen that there is a
film-like growth on the lower surface of the agar be-
neath deeply submerged colonies. This, also, is the same
form which has spread out between the contracted agar
surface and the glass.

The lobulated growth appearance is not always pres-
ent, even in cultures direct from the insect, and like all
such radiating bacterial growths, is probably greatly

* “The Formation of Bacterial Colonies” (Annals of Botany, Vol. IX., No,
XXXVI., Dec., 1895.)

346 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

affected by the amount of moisture, by the temperature,
and by all conditions affecting the vitality of the organ-
ism. These radiations are apparently more abundant
where the amount of moisture is considerable and the
temperature about the optimum, but with too much
moisture the bacillus spreads over the surface as a con-
tinuous sheet-like growth. Where the colonies are very
abundant they remain small and circular, or become
variously united in a complete network. At low tem-
peratures the lobulations seldom occur. I have also
made Petri-dish cultures from tubes kept for some time
in the laboratory, and on agar containing varied quan-
tities of water, but these marked growth characters were
then entirely absent. This may be due to a lessened
motility of the bacillus, or to other causes not wholly
understood.

After being grown in the laboratory in several suc-
cessive tube cultures, this organism seems to lose the
power of producing the slight yellowish-white color, and
the growth becomes a purer opal white.

It should be noted that in subsequent isolation cul-
tures, it was found that the pathogenic form could
often be secured pure, even in the first dish, by using
sick insects, observing proper sterilization precautions
in clipping off a leg in the region of the femur, and
transferring to the tube with a platinum needle a little
of the exuded fluid. The fluids of the diseased bug are
almost pure cultures of the pathogenic organism, and
unless the alimentary tract is badly broken down, I have
seldom found many foreign germs.

From the above notes it will be seen that with this
bacillus there is apparently no tendency towards spon-
taneous variation in the colonies growing side by side
in a culture direct from the insect. I have also care-
fully observed the growth in cultures from various
sources, and the more marked opalescence aiter contin-
ued growth on agar is the only variation noted.

Bacteria! Disease of the Squash-bug. 3L7

GROWTH CHARACTERS WITH VARIOUS NUTRIENT MEDIA,

Solid media.—On nutrient gelatine this organism makes
a rapid growth. Several stab cultures were made on
Sept. 30, and the tubes were kept at a cool, living-room
temperature. In two days the central needle-path showed
a growth throughout its whole extent, and on the third
day liquefaction had begun. The appearance is at first
that of a short cylindrical or ‘rotund air cavity, from
the lower surface of which projects the tapering liquefied
portion for about one third of the inoculation line, show-
ing a considerable precipitate in the lower part. On the
third day the liquefied portion was considerably extended,
occupying an area shaped like an inverted lamp chimney,
along the middie line of which extended the undulating
precipitate-like bacterial formation. In the course of
one week, three fourths of the gelatine was liquefied, and
the bacterial growth was scattered through the lower
portion in a flocculent manner. The remainder of the
gelatine was soon liquefied, the flocculent material set-
tled to the bottom, and with the exception of a slight
turbidity the color of the liquefied portion remained un-
changed. After standing for about one month, and
before any great amount of evaporation had taken
place, the light amber-color was changed to a deep
reddish amber, and the color became more pronounced
as evaporation advanced.

On slices of sterile potato kept in a moist chamber,
this organism makes a profuse growth in two days.
About this growth there is nothing especially typical;
but the dirty-white color is well marked, and the thick
film of growth shows a strong tendency to become
lobulated on the margins.

Liquid media.—F laid cultures were made to determine
the nature of the growth, and also to ascertain how the
organism might be propagated in considerable quantity
for infection experiments, if the latter should prove de-
sirable. In bouillon a considerable turbidity is produced

348 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

in the course of two days; and with further growth a
slight film is developed on the surface, and a precipitate
begins to accumulate at the bottom. This precipitation
increases with the maturity of the culture, the superficial
film disappears, and the liquid is left slightly clouded
and very little darker than the uninoculated fluid. After
the cessation of growth, there is no further change of
color in the bouillon. Other cultures were made on de-
coctions of green corn, of squash leaves, and also on
a mixture of bouillon with each of these. The growth
differed little from that on bouillon, except in a thicker,
scum-like surface film.

Sterile skimmed milk inoculated from a pure culture of
the squash-bug bacillus shows considerable curdling. in
twenty-four hours, and subsequently a rapid productior
of whey. In one week the curd is about half dissolved,
and it soon assumes a somewhat rusty color, as also
does the turbid whey. A few days after inoculation the
odor from these milk growths is extremely disagreeable»
and it becomes vile and penetrating. It resembles the
odor of sulphureted hydrogen, and, while not so strong,
it is more nauseating. An infusion of the bacillus from
a growth on agar was sterilized at a low temperature,
and then added to a small quantity of sterile skimmed
milk. No change was produced in the milk, and a sub-
sequent inoculation with the active bacillus gave a growth
characterized as above.

From the experiments recorded under the head of
“Toxic Properties” it is noted that an infusion* of this
organism from an agar culture contains some substance
fatal to insects, and various media were employed in
order to get this substance in a form suitable for chem-
ical analysis. Buckmastery has mentioned some nutrient
media used by Uschinsky for the cultivation of certain

*It is well to note here that in this paper I have used the word irfusion only
to denote the fluid in which bacteria have been diffused for inoculation or other
such purposes, and no idea of heat is thereby implied.

+ Ursprung und Beschaffenheit gewisser Lakteriengifte. (Biol. Centr. Bd.
XY., Nr. 3, Feb., 1895,

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 349

pathogenic organisms, by means of which a toxic excre-
tion of bacteria may be secured in a way convenient for
chemical study, The mixture which I have tried is form-
ulated as follows:

AGTIG 1 BEA Ac ROC ORD OCO EL DREOCCOCDM DCO LOO CECIC HOR COCOOnTS 1,000
UV GORING craeictac halnemaleecinmelenscineiicios ale cine nelelevevelcers 40-50
BQdMIMCHIOTIAG 2Saccatsescedcosienie Patarietceccecces. 5-7
AMMO LAGCTALO!«coisecewicielsts claienivais slameaiceie sslaisie 10
TENGTU TNO HLOVIG Sle sac c'sre clsioineleisi plete eluie ete/etefeuietnats vin staihis 0.1
MaACnASiINT SUlpHAtOs.: «core neenetecccscececeaciesisee 0.2
IPOCASSINIM: BIDNOSPHALO! cccciccclcccucliec ccs bisicaclss ce L

To the above formula Uschinsky added a little sugar
for some organisms, and urea or uric acid for others.
With the bacillus of this squash-bug disease an addition
of 5% sugar gave an abundant growth, but the develop-
ment was very slow. Three weeks after the inoculation
a thick yellowish white film had formed on the upper
surface, and the bottom of the flask was likewise thickly
covered with a sedimentary deposit. During the first
two weeks’ of growth the liquid had a slight pinkish
coloration. An addition of 10% sugar gave much less
erowth than the above, but the pink coloration was more
marked. Urea to the amount of one half per cent. with
the formula mentioned, also urea one half per cent. and
sugar 5% in each of two other flasks, differed very little
from the culture first described, although the pink color
was more lasting, and possibly the growth of less extent.
The value of these media for securing the toxic principle
for analytical purposes cannot yet be determined, as the
chemical work has not been completed.

A culture consisting of fermentation broth in bent
tubes gave no gas production. The ingredients of the
broth used were as follows:

WatOlreccsiosicascces AdSBosdnoiadosose at watisletete'ule cieleey 1,000 e.¢.
INCOR ouacuiei<ccctcplionearleldessiscceselseas eels aistente . 20 grms.
IPADLONG ease icveciss veceres Seleceties (aisineurtcnlarsaeisiclelnaies 10 grms.
DBOGUM CHLOMOGss ccrannconiccorecsceweesesecebicccsis 5 grms.

In a nitrate solution the organism grows well, but
there is no reduction of the nitrates, as shown by nega-
tive results (absence of red color) from the usual test—

350 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

the addition of a few drops of naphthylamine chloride
and a small quantity of sodium sulphanilate. The
formula for the nitrate solution used is as follows:

WYEULGT: air ofalaicclas'einaiiinie aleseiereatclee oiadigie’siare o'elelecnieiwlne Suieicieis 1,000 c.e.
IE SDLOM Geer wansicieeinis se ve nsienicaciete ets slecme(susenicies se 1 grm,
IPOtASBiM Nitrates. 'sn<'veie's als clctate e's nice pietete eletoe vie 0.2 grm,.

INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE SQUASH-BUG.
Laboratory Experiments.

In addition to the introductory experiments it is
necessary to describe in some detail the numerous in-
fections made in the laboratory under various condi-
tions. It was my practice to accompany every experi-
ment, or series of experiments, with a check subjected to
similiar conditions, but without inoculation. Moreover,
with all the cages and contents of cages, sterilization
by means of heat and corrosive sublimate was employed
as far as was compatible with the size and nature of
the materials employed. Whenever possible, the bugs
used for experimental purposes were first kept in the
laboratory for two or three days, in order to watch for
any “spontaneous” outbreak of the disease.

Lixperiment 3.—In a breeding-cage which had served
as a check on some previous work, there were twenty-
eight adult squash-bugs and twelve large nymphs. These
insects had remained perfectly healthy throughout, and
on August 12 each of the individuals was inoculated by
touching to its body the mixed fluids from a diseased
bug out of Experiment 1. In four days eighteen bugs
were dead, ten adults and eight nymphs; on the fifth
day twenty-four were dead, fourteen being adults and
ten nymphs; and during the next four days there were
only six deaths, one nymph and nine adults remain-
ing. A second inoculation was then made in the
same manner as before, and five days thereafter one
half of the remaining ten were dead. Four adults sur-
vived both inoculations. In this experiment it was no-
ticeable that the nymphs died rapidly during the first
few days.

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 351

Experiment 4.—One of the most successful experiments
with the organism of this disease was the result of test-
ting the bacillus found so abundantly and almost pure
in one of the early isolation cultures. A young colony
direct from a Petri dish was diffused in a small quantity
of water, and each of five squash-bugs was thoroughly
wet with the infusion. Three of the insects were dead on
the morning of the second day, and at the end of two
and one half days all were dead. A check lot of bugs
used in conjunction with this experiment remained
healthy.

Experiment 5.—About forty squash-bugs were inoculated
from diseased insects, the cage being without moisture
except that furnished by the food leaves. The results
indicate that the disease took rapid effect, as fifteen
bugs were dead at the end of fivedays. From this time
the death rate diminished, but the bugs dropped off
gradually until only two or three apparently resistant
ones remained.

In order to compare the effect of pure cultures of vari-
ous ages with infusions direct from diseased insects as
sources of infection, a series of experiments were made
in each of which six bugs were used. When pure cultures
were employed, some of the bacterial growth was diffused
in distilled water, and in this the insects were momenta-
rily immersed. With the diseased or dead bugs an
infusion was likewise prepared by tearing the bodies
apart in water. Healthy bugs from two different fields
furnished the subjects, and a separate check was used
for each lot. All dead insects were removed as soon as
observed, in order that the results might follow only
from the first infection.

352 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.
TABLE I,

NUMBER OF DEATHS.
Ex- Number

peri-| No. of bugs
ment Tiseete SouRcE OF INFECTION. é : t ie remain-
oO. ing.
days.| days.| days.| days. Total,

6 | 6 Insects from Experiment ., 3 | (1 escaped) | 3 ere
7 6 Isolation culture one month

(0) (oA Re EN aS RA er TA | Ai 1 5
8 6 Bacillus from pure cuiture

three weeks old........... 1 | Peer Dealoasees 3 3
9 6 Bacillus from pure culture

ONE WESC) eey asin ciate ear | (eretaterera| fealetete 2 il 3 3
10 6 Bacillus from pure culture

ONENGalysO] Ce eeematiasisciscice 2 Paeiital paaeey) 4 1
11 6 Dead chinch-bugs from pre- |

vious experiment,,....... 1 (1 ian 1 4
12 5 Dead grasshopper previous-

lyme xPOsed tOnGIseaseran ce leeilese| aimee | ce cee tes ciate amtoreete 5
13 6 Uninoculated: Check on Nos.

(oti blat: broly Pats oo) A ality ae (2\escapjed) |...... 4
14 6 Uninoculated: Check on Nos.

GLOGS wert eineistelee sateialceiet|| saleleer | sree Aol bendee|larcdodl[ooucisc 6

These experiments further demonstrate the effective-
ness of the isolated bacillus, and they also indicate that
fresh cultures are more active than old ones. The tube
used in Experiment 10 was inoculated the previous day
from the tube subsequently used in Experiment 9. This
series would also indicate that fresh cultures are as
effective for infection as infusions direct from diseased
insects. From general observations, however, I should
judge that the most effective infection material is from
insects recently dead. [Experiment 12 is difficult to ex-
plain, since a culture from this same grasshopper seemed

* This insect was probably a spent individual of the first brood, and not diseased, as
the post-mortem characters were not at all indicative of disease,

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 353

to yield the disease organism; and, moreover, one of
the bugs immersed for a very short time in the infusion
from this grasshopper was killed. This grasshopper had
been dead for about two days, however, and this may
have injuriously affected the disease organism.

Field Experiments.

Experiment 15.—A careful examination of a squash
patch on the Agricultural Experiment Station grounds
on Sept. 17 resulted in a find of two dead squash-bugs;
but microscopic examination showed that the bacteria
in the bodies of these insects were different from the
disease bacillus. It was doubtful if the disease existed
in the field at all at this time, and a field infection
test was greatly to be desired. For this purpose several
dead bugs from Experiment 1 were teased out in about
40 cc. of water, and this infusion was sprayed upon a
squash-vine containing about two hundred bugs. This
vine was somewhat isolated from the remainder of the_
plat. No attempt was made to get the infusion on all
of the bugs; but the spray was simply directed to those
leaves containing the largest number of insects. The
result of the first infection alone was desired, so the
dead bugs were removed as soon as found. ‘Three dead
insects and three distinctly sick, all nymphs, were re-
moved on the second day, the true disease bacillus being
found in all of their bodies. On the third day eight dead
insects were removed, and the number of bugs on the
vine was much reduced, owing to migration for fresher
food supply. One week after infection the total number
of diseased insects amounted to eighteen; but before
this time nearly all of the bugs had migrated, and the
experiment was discontinued.

Experiment 16.—Al\though the season was far advanced,
and the weather probably too cool for the best results,
I was encouraged to repeat Experiment 15, with pre-
cautions against migration. An infusion of ten dead

23—

354 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

bug's out of previous experimental lots was employed in
the same manner as above, in this case one gill of water
being used. This was sprayed upon two hundred or more
half-grown nymphs and adults infesting a squash-vine,
and the vine then securely covered with mosquito netting.
The weather continued quite cool, and on the fourth
day after infection fourteen dead bugs were found, all
but two of which showed the disease characteristics.
On the seventh day there was a total of thirty-two dead
bugs. A frost the previous day killed the food leaves,
but the stems were still in good condition. This cold so
chilled the bugs that they moved very little during the
early part of the day; yet an examination of the field,
as a check, gave no dead insects which might not have
died from injuries by persons passing about. On the
tenth day thirteen recent deaths had resulted; and in
spite of the precautions taken, many of the bugs had
escaped, the wind having frequently displaced the netting.
After the twelfth day, October 9, the netting was re-
moved and only one additional count made, the small
number of bugs remaining not justifying further observa-
tions. A summary of the results is as follows:

September 27, about two hundred squash-bugs were
sprayed with infusion of diseased bugs. October 1, four-
teen dead insects were counted, and later, additional
ones, as follows: October 4, eighteen; October 7, thir-
teen; October 9, seven; and October 15, three—a total
of fifty-five.

Experiment 17.—Parallel with the above and on the
same date (September 27), an experiment was made to
test in the field the efficiency of old pure cultures of this
organism. The growth from two tubes one month old
was diffused in a gill of water, and sprayed upon the
insects as before. There were, however, more than two
hundred bugs present under the netting in this experi-
ment. Four were dead October 1, and subsequent counts
of additional dead were as follows: Oct.4, two; Oct. 7,

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 355

thirteen; Oct. 9, four; and Oct. 15, one—making a total
of twenty-four.

As the weather was unfavorable for the spread of the
disease when once established, these experiments must
be judged wholly in the light of results accruing from
the original infection alone. Evidently the old cultures
were not as effective as the infusions from dead bugs, and
the difference is even greater than is apparent from the
summaries, for there were more insects in Experiment 17
than in No. 16, and fewer bugs escaped towards the
later periods of observation. There is every reason to
believe that this disease may be spread among squash-
bugs in the field.

INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE CHINCH-BUG
(Blissus leucopterus Say).

The first infection experiments with chinch-bugs, made
in the early part of August, were wholly unsatisfactory,
owing to the spent condition of the bugs of the first
brood, and the results are not included in this paper.
When the second brood began to make its appearance,
late in August, all previous experiments were repeated
and new ones were begun.

The majority of bugs involved in the series of experi-
ments tabulated below were in the first stage—a few in
the second. In each case a large tumbler about one
third filled with moist sand and covered with a muslin
cloth was the cage extemporized as best adapted for this
purpose. The vessels and the sand were previously steril-
ized, and stalks of Indian corn cut into suitable pieces
were regularly supplied as fresh food. A small pill-box
of the bugs, approximately five hundred, were then
momentarily immersed in the infusions used, or immedi-
ately put into the cage with the infection material. The
number of dead bugs in each cage was ascertained by
actual count, and is given below.

356 Lliinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

TABLE Tf

s NUMBER OF DEATHS.
Ex- Number of
oe Source oF INFECTION. bugs re-
ment maining
No. 3 5 7 10 | -potal P
days, |days. |days. |days. 3
18 Pure culture from first Astle Nil
Ne geiihents ON Sees Sol ea cd cccelenes | 76 | 28 | 16 5 | 120 ||/Many.
|
19 |Pure culture from second isolation
SE DICOMSL OUCH oiatt ets’ sieeceeieiets ere sists 2 57 64 29 360 ||About 50.
i
20 Check-bugs momentarily immersed ;
} In Gistilled Water ee dec. eewslseee 24 1 2 4 31 || Very many
21 |Pieces of diseased squash-bugs from
EX PELUME Mudie etaetaltsre ine siseisieicls WL ab2) alban || 106 484 ||About 100.
22 |Infusion of diseased squash-bugs 2
from Experiment lense acccsc ce 163 89 59 25 336 || About 25.
23 |Check, untreated.........0. ee hd | 20 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 33. ||Very many
24 |Additional check, untreated........ | 15 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 28 || Very many

A few dead bugs were left in the cage each time in
order to insure continuous infection if the disease were
established, and the forceps used in removing the insects
were sterilized before passing from one cage to another.
In considering the figures in the above table, however,
the number of bugs remaining in each experiment at the
close must enter into our estimates, for it was imposi-
ble to do more than roughly measure the insects when
introduced. The results indicate that under the condi-
tions prevailing this disease may be readily communi-
cated to young chinch-bugs, whether the organism is
used direct from diseased insects or from pure cultures.
Microscopic examination also showed that the usual
disease bacteria were present in the bodies of dead
insects. In the case of chinch-bugs, the post-mortem ap-
pearances are not so characteristic as those cited for
squash-bugs. The bodies are often slightly swollen, and

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 357

they do not dry out as rapidly as those dying naturally.
Moreover, the color is apparently somewhat dulled.
The success of the experiments in Table II. led to the
institution of a series of tests dealing with the effective-
ness of chinch-bugs dead from the disease as a source
of infection. The number of bugs, style of cage, and
other conditions were similar to those in the preceding
series. Many of the bugs had now passed the second
molt. The following table summarizes the results.

TABLE III.
E | NUMBER OF DEATHS. |
a Number
Lee. SouRcE oF INFECTION. of bugs
ment “it cite
No. 3 5 7 10 |motal remaining,
days. |days. |days. |days, ae |
25 |Dead bugs from Experiments 21 and
Rear Cae alate saltiesiecirates sieeet 35 76 24 25 160 ||Few.
26 |Infusion of dead bugs from Experi-
MENTS SLANG Aisi aeieassinelpessiaceae 206 79 26 28 339 ||Hew,
27 |Dead bugs from check Experiment
LN ae Me Rees ODOR EA OOC CEE 10 8 3 3 24 ||Many.
28 |}Check—untreated. ......cccccsesccecs 8 6 1 3 18 ||Many.
29 |Check-bugs momentarily immersed
VALOR Se oo amrond cies ace halatet eels 12 7 2 Ks 28 | Many.

Experiment No. 26 showed a greater number of deaths
than No. 25, but the number of bugs remaining at the
close was about equal in each, the former having con-
tained at the beginning more bugs than the latter. The
series is almost as conclusive as Table IL. in showing
how effectively the disease may act upon young chinch-
bugs; and it further supplements the results of the lat-
ter series in showing that the dead bugs from those in-
fected cages were capable of producing the disease anew,
while dead bugs from the check had no such power.

The results with young chinch-bugs were so encour-
aging that a preliminary infection-box experiment was
immediately begun. Squash-bugs recently killed by the

358 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

disease were broken in pieces and thrown about in the
box, and numbers of young chinch-bugs were introduced.
In a few days some dead insects were found, but after
a time the disease seemed to die out. Most of the
insects were reaching fhe pupa state, and experiments
were discontinued until the bugs reached the adult con-
dition.

When the adult bugs became abundant, Mr. W. G.
Johnson, an Entomological Assistant in the Laboratory,
conducted several infection-box experiments with various
diseases, and in one of these the bacillus of the squash-
bug disease was used. Every effort was made to get the
bugs infected, and they were thoroughly wet with the
spray of infusions rich with the bacillus direct from fresh
pure cultures. Very few bugs died in this box; indeed,
no more than died in other boxes with other diseases,
and apparently no more than in the check box. The
failure of these experiments with adult chinch-bugs, and
on a scale so much larger than the tumbler experiments
which I had previously concluded, somewhat chilled the
prospect of pushing field experiments.

It was now necessary to test the organism on adult
chinch-bugs under the conditions prevailing in the ex-
periments given in Tables II. and III., in order to
compare by actual count the death rate of the old bugs
with that of the young. In this instance two tumblers
were employed for each experiment. The sand in both
jars was very slightly moist at the beginning; but in
one it was allowed to dry out gradually, while in the
other it was kept moist. As before, about five hundred
bugs were used in each tumbler. The bugs were brought
from the field in quantity, and as some appeared to be
stifled, all dead bugs were removed from each of the
cages after twenty-four hours, in order to avoid any
error from outside sources. When infusions are men-
tioned, temporary immersion of the insects to secure
infection must be understood. The following table gives
all essential data.

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 359

TABLE [YV.
' NUMBER OF
Ex- 4 DEATHs.
vant Source oF INFECTION. , Coats
° 4 10 |m
days.| days. | Total.
30 a Dry. 30 | 100 | 180
{Dead squash-bugs from Experiment 1,,..........
30 b Moist. | 42 | 144 | 186
3l a Dry, 18 22 40
a |rene from isolation culture three weeks old, .4
31 b Moist. | 11 19 30
32 a Dry. 15 20 35
ta from pure culture two weeks old,.......
32 b Moist. | 12 27 39
33 a me Dry. 19 46 65
Infusion from pure culture one day old,......
33 b ml Moist. | 19 38 57
34 Dry: 22 39 61
Dead chinch-bugs supposed to be diseased.,....
34 Bb Moist 18 30 48
35 a Dry. 5 24 29
Check—untreated,............ Acibobbaooncciohneonan
Moist. | 10 19 29

With the differing conditions and the various sources
of infection employed, it would seem that there is no
chance for misinterpreting the above results. The effect
upon young chinch-bugs, as seen in Tables If. and IIL.,
was rapid and marked, while all experiments upon
adults were slight in effect, and apparently less effective in
proportion as the bugs were unconfined and more nearly
free to exercise the liberty of the field. A field test was
also attempted, but no beneficial results could be noted,
and final experimentation along this line was necessarily
deferred.

INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE BOX-ELDER BUG
(Leptocoris trivittaius Say).

During a cold season in the early part of October,
many box-elder bugs were found under a tree near the

360 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

laboratory, the cold weather having caused them to fall
to the ground. Their food supply was then very scant,
as the leaves were drying rapidly; nevertheless, the bugs
were used for experimental purposes, as it was desirable
to test the squash-bug disease on as many Hemiptera as
possible. Small box breeding-cages were used, but it
soon became impossible to find ‘suitable food. LPost-
mortem appearances and microscopic examination guided
my opinions as to the presence of the disease, and the
series was early abandoned on account of the condition
of the bugs. The appended table is not, however, with-
out interest.

TABLE VY.
Ex- ‘ Sreconp Day, | Srxra Day. TOTAL.
west eee SouRcE oF INFECTION. a
No. Dead.| Diseased.|Dead.|Diseased.|Dead.| Diseased.
36 12 |Infusion from diseased
squash-bugs......e0- 2 2 3 2 5 4
37 12 | Infusion of the bacillus
from isolation culture] 1 1 His'C)|\a pied. \\paeomeleeee Bae eu

38 12 | Infusion of the bacillus
from old pure culture.|,.....).eeee- PRC 5 5 5 5
39 12 | Infusion of the bacillus
fromfresh pureculture| 1 1 5 3 6 4
40 12 |Check—untreated , | 1 | catelelgiere cls | 2 is daciae'd | 3 | ose dieites ae

INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH GRASSHOPPERS.

During the progress of this work with the squash-bug
bacillus, grasshoppers dead with a supposed contagious
disease were received from Prof. C. P. Gillette, Entomol-
ogist of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.
For atime the two diseases were not clearly distinguished,
and some parallel experiments were conducted. It is
only necessary here to mention some attempts to inocu-
late grasshoppers with the squash-bug bacillus. In one

Bacteria’ Disease of the Squash-bug. 361

cage four grasshoppers were brushed externally with the
body fluid from diseased squash-bugs, and in another
cage the infection material was from a pure culture of
the bacillus ten days old. In the course of ten days two
hoppers were dead in each cage, as also in the check lot.
With the hoppers from the inoculated cages, isolation
cultures, growth on gelatine, and microscopic characters
indicated that the bacillus was that of the squash-bug
disease; but the only attempt made to inoculate squash-
bugs from these dead grasshoppers gave very slight re-
sult.

INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH GRUBS AND CATERPILLARS.

No true bacterial disease of Hemiptera has previously
been reported, and, with few exceptions, these diseases
have been confined, as far as known, to lepidopterous
and coleopterous insects. In this connection it is to be
remembered that Bacillus insectorum (Micrococcus insec-
torum Burrill) of the chinch-bug was finally located as a
‘normal’ form,—one of yarious normal forms common
in the cecal appendages of the higher Hemiptera,—and
it consequently cannot be termed pathogenic with our
present knowledge of the subject. These facts make ex-
periments with the squash-bug bacillus on grubs of
beetles and on caterpillars greatly to be desired.

White grubs, probably larvee of Lachnosterna fusca,
were inoculated externally both with fluids from diseased
insects and with fresh pure cultures; but in no case was
there any successful infection. Four grubs were used in
each experiment, and they were kept under observation
for about three weeks.

Fall web-worms were also exposed to this disease by
touching to their bodies the fluids of diseased squash-
bugs, smearing the material over the food leaves, and
scattering bits of the diseased bugs about the cage; but
the disease took no effect. A few ‘other preliminary ex-
periments were attempted, which are briefly summarized
below.

362 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

A tomato-worm (Protoparce) nearly full grown was
smeared along the line of spiracles with the diseased
fluids. Suitable food could not be obtained, but the larva
lived ten days, and gradually shrank in size and partly
pupated. At this time a microscopic examination was
made, but no bacteria could be found in the tissues or
in the fluids.

Following the above, a larva of the white-lined morn-
ing sphinx, Deilephila lineata Fab., was inoculated by
clipping off its horn and injecting into the body a small
quantity of an infusion from a pure culture. The larva
died in two days, filled with bacteria of several kinds,
and four squash-bugs were then inoculated from this
larva. At the end of two days one of these bugs was
dead, but the others remained healthy.

The evidence certainly indicates that this bacillus is
not very effective on any insect yet experimented on out-
side the order Hemiptera, and that the disease it causes
is not likely to be confused with any disease previously
described. The growth characters alone, indeed, would
serve to distinguish the organism specifically.

TOXIC PROPERTIES.

From one of the early isolation cultures I removed
several colonies of the disease bacteria from the surface
of the agar, and diffused these in a small quantity of
distilled water to serve some inoculation purposes. On
immersing young squash-bugs in this infusion, death fol-
lowed almost immediately. With nymphs somewhat
older the effect was not so rapid, but the bugs soon
succumbed. Young chinch-bugs, flies, and other insects
stiffened as if dead on being immersed from one to sev-
eral minutes. Many of the hard-shelled insects, if re-
moved immediately on becoming rigid, recover in a few
minutes sufficiently to crawl away; but even these die
if immersed in the infusion for some time.

The rapid action of these infusions suggested that
some poisonous principle was excreted by the bacteria,

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 363

for it seemed impossible that an effect so marked could
result from any circumstances concomitant to the mere
presence of the bacteria in the water. Nevertheless,
similar experiments were made with other active aérobic
bacteria; but in these infusions no such marked or per-
manent effects could be induced.

In general, soft-skinned insects were much more readily
affected; and the yvellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar,
Datana ministra, proved to be an excellent subject for
experimentation. I give in detail a record of the effect
on one of these larve, as made by Professor Forbes:
The larva was dipped for ten seconds in a strong in-
fusion of the bacteria, and then removed to a piece of
filter paper for observation. On removal it was quite
rigid, but in two minutes there were slight signs of life,
and in three minutes it was wriggling and tossing, con-
tinuing these incoherent movements until after the fifth
minute, when it lay quietly upon its back. Six minutes
after removal from the infusion, the larva ceased en-
tirely to respond to touch, and was apparently dead.
It was kept for twenty-four hours more, but gave no
evidence of recovery. Such insects as squash-bugs, flies,
etc., often make characteristic movements when about
to succumb to this poison; and in the stiffness that
finally ensues, the legs are often closely drawn together.
As mentioned before, many insects will recover from the
effect if removed as soon as they become stiff. I shall
have further occasion to refer to this stiffness produced
in insects previous to death, and as it is doubtless
analagous to certain effects of heat, cold, etc., we may
conveniently employ for it the term toxic rigor.

In order to avoid any possibility of confounding with
these toxic phenomena those incident to drowning, a
number of water-beetles (Dineutes discolor) were secured
for experimentation. It was first ascertained that a
water-beetle easily lives in pure bouillon many hours—
thirty in the case recorded; and after such a length of

364 Lhdinois State Laboratory of Nutural History.

time decomposition would have advanced considerably.
In dilute squash-leaf decoction this beetle also survives
an immersion of many hours; and it is therefore evident
that the ingredients which might be dissolved from agar
cultures in making the infusions would play no part in
the result. In all subsequent cases the infusions were
obtained from agar cultures in slanting tubes, or from
the Petri dishes, by adding a small quantity of distilled
water, and then with the needle diffusing in this some
of the bacterial growth. This infusion was then trans-
ferred to a deep Petri dish.

It is probably well to give in detail the results of a
few experiments with this water-beetle.

(a) Three minutes after immersion in an infusion from
an isolation culture the beetle became somewhat sluggish,
although it made a few rapid dives when touched, and
in ten minutes no movement could be induced. Ajfter re-
maining thus immersed five minutes longer, the beetle
was transferred to filter paper. Ten minutes later there
was slight sign of revival; but this was only temporary.
The insect in this case was immersed in an infusion from
pure cultures.

(6) In seven minutes rapid diving about the vessel
had ceased; in nine minutes there was only a slight
movement of the limbs; and in fifteen minutes the beetle
was apparently dead. It was kept in the infusion for
fifteen minutes after the toxic rigor was produced, and
was then removed to filter paper; but there was no re-
covery.

(c) A tube culture was sterilized by exposing it to a
temperature of 125° F. for one hour on two successive
days. An inoculation from this tube showed that it was
perfectly sterile, and an infusion was then prepared, in
which a beetle was placed. Sluggishness was manifest in
seven minutes, and in fifteen minutes there was no sign
of life. Fifteen minutes thereafter the insect was re-
moved to filter paper; but the only sign of recovery was
a temporary twitching of the limbs. ~

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-buy. 365

The above results and a few others are briefly indi-
cated in the table below.

TABLE-VI.

No.

No, minutes the
of required cpt!
ex- | Source of the infusion. | to pro- | Peyot After effect.,
1a duce | mersion
ment, toxic :
rigor,
10 15 Slight temporary movement,
Isolation culture, ........
al 12 20 No recovery.
b 15 30 No recovery.
Pure culture from a@.....
bl 36 50 Temporary movement of limbs.
ce Sterile cultures... .Js.....- | 15 | 30 Temporary movement of limbs.

Parallel with the above, I also tested a bacillus iso-
lated from the tissues of a diseased grasshopper out of
the lot from Colorado. Two beetles were used. One of
these remained healthy for several hours, and no further
observations were made. The other was kept in the in-
fusion for a much longer period, and at the end of sev-
enteen hours it was still living, though quite sluggish.
In a few hours more death ensued.

A comparison of these two groups of tests gives abund-
ant evidence that the squash-bug bacillus produces by
its growth some toxic compound which acts with con-
siderable rapidity even on hard-shelled insects. It is well
known that many bacteria produce by their growth or-
ganic compounds of one kind or another, and it is well
to mention in this connection that while a water-beetle
will live for more than a day in fresh bouillon, death
occurs in a few hours if the bouillon has “gone bad,”
although it may be subsequently sterilized. The prod-
ucts of such decomposition are thus to a slight degree
deleterious to the water-beetle.

In the above table the record of experiments seems to
indicate that the isolation culture was slightly more effec-

366 Jilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

tive than pure cultures made from it. To determine if
the organism was thus attenuated by continuous growth
in the laboratory, ten successive cultures were made, the
first proceeding immediately from an isolation culture,
and the growth in each tube being permitted to mature
before the succeeding one was inoculated from it. The
first series was kept for one month, and the second series
was prepared from this just two days before the experi-
ment was to be made. At this time water-beetles were
not procurable, and adult squash-bugs were necessarily
used. The latter are rather difficult to operate upon,
and recover more readily than water-beeties; but the
relative activity of these solutions could be tested by
a comparison of the time required to produce the toxic
rigor. The results are indicated by the following table.

TABLE VII.

NUMBER OF MINUTES REQUIRED TO PRODUCE Toxic RIGOR.

CULTURE TWO DAYS OLD.

Number
oP ae Culraree one Successive trials with the same infusion. Average.
First. Second. Third,

2 | 5% | 614 | 6% | 8% 6.7
3 | 2% | 2% | 144% | 5 | 6.3
4 | 14% | 22% | 74 | BM | 12.3
5 | 26 | 9% | 4 | 414 | 10.9
6 | 4 | 63% | 8% | 6% | 6.4
7 | 7 | 5% | 13% | 74 | 8.3
8 | 7% | 6 | 71% | 614 | 6.8
[eee
ai ato, me

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 367

This record seems to indicate that there is no deterio-
ration in the properties of this organism when grown
successively on agar cultures. The individual variations
in the above table are probably due entirely to a differ-
ence in the resistance of the bugs themselves.

Chemical analyses of the pathogenic principle produced
by this bacillus have been kindly undertaken by Profess-
ors A. W. Palmer and H. 8. Grindley, of the University
of Illinois.

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS.

Slides of this organism direct from the insect, if prop-
erly stained, show a short bacillus, single or in pairs,
usually 1.2-1.8uX0.6-0.84. The young bacilli are usu-
ally homogeneously stained, but the adult and dividing
cells often stain more densely at the poles, frequently
leaving the middle part entirely clear (see Plate XXVIL.,
Fig 1). Every gradation from one to the other occurs
abundantly in a single preparation. This so-called belted
appearance of many bacteria has been written about
at length and speculated upon by Billings* and others.
In this bacillus the appearance is often less truly
belted than the figures of Billings would indicate for the
germ of hog cholera, and the line of demarcation be-
tween the stained and the unstained portion is less
marked. With a magnification of about five hundred
diameters, this unstained portion has much the appear-
ance Of highly refractive spores; but. higher magnifica-
tions easily demonstrate the true nature of these condi-
tions. As far as I have observed, the belted appearance
does not appear in preparations made from cultures;
and in the latter the rods are uniformly shorter. The
organism as obtained from agar cultures stains well in
acid fuchsin and in Hoffmann’s violet. Slides direct from
_ the insect give excellent results with a glycerine solution
of violet aniliney, the only difficulty with the latter
being that the preparations fade with age.

*“ Swine Plague, its Causes, Nature, and Prevention.”? (Bull. Neb, Agr. Exper,
Station, Vol. 2, Pt. I. p. 104, etc.)

+For this stain, and for various technical suggestions, I am indebted to Professor
T. J. Burrill.

368 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Some of the squash-bug nymphs sick with this disease,
or recently dead, were fixed in hot water, hardened, de-
hydrated, and imbedded in paraffin by the usual
process. Sections were then made, generally 6% mu in
thickness, with the idea of ascertaining as well as possi-
ble the general distribution of the bacteria within the
tissues. It is difficult to find stains that will differentiate
an organism under such circumstances. On finding that
anilines, hgmatoxylins, and combinations of these
worked to little advantage, Léffler’s alkaline methylene
blue was tried with fairly good results. This was used
alone, or after previous staining with eosin.

A few hours after the death of an insect, the tissues
are so badly broken down that little of interest is to be
gained from a study of such specimens. In sections
of an individual fixed just at the time of death, the
bacteria will be found in great abundance in all parts
of the perivisceral cavity and well differentiated from
the blood coagulum. (See Plate XXVII., Fig. 2.) The
blood, indeed, appears to have been like a pure cul-
ture of the disease organism. At this stage, moreover,
the adipose tissue and the hypodermis are considerably
broken down, and thoroughly penetrated by the para-
site. The cells of the cardiac tissue also show the pres-
ence of the bacteria; but the structure of these cells
and the form of their nuclei have suffered very slight
disturbance at this stage. There are very few structures
unattacked besides the muscles and the stout walis of
the alimentary organs; and surrounding both of these
the bacteria are often found in great abundance.

Sections of a very sick nymph, killed probably not
more than an hour before death would have occurred
from the disease, show little that is different from the
preceding, except that the tissues are somewhat more
nearly normal. (See PlateXXVII., Fig. 3.) Another
nymph of the lot thus prepared was fixed while in a very
early stage of the disease, the only sign of indisposition

Bacteria’ Disease of the Squash-bug. 369

on the part of the insect being a slight sluggishness, a
touch causing it to respond actively. An examination
of sections made frém this individual showed the bacteris.
in the blood to some extent (see Plate X XVII, Fig 4)
but they were apparently quite as abundant in the hypo-
dermis. In the adipose tissue there was occasionally
found a small colony of the bacteria; but here there
Was at the time no general and uniform distribution.
From these results it was quite impossible to decide
whether the blood became infected by the entrance of
germs through the spiracles, or whether there was direct
penetration of the hypodermis. The former would seem
to be most natural, and | am inclined to suppose that
the fluid of the perivisceral cavity is the seat of first
action. On this ground, however, the more marked
effect on nymphs, both of squash-bugs and of chinch-
bugs would necessarily be explained on a truly physio-
logical basis, rather than on the ground of the more
penetrable character of the chitinous outer coat.

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS.

For a further knowledge concerning the conditions of
growth of this bacillus and for a guide to any field ap-
plications of the organism, a series of temperature tests
was planned, by means of which it was hoped to ascer-
tain (1) the period of exposure to various temperatures
necessary to kill this organism when mature, and (2)
the range of optimum temperature relative to its growth
and development. In order to secure a mature growth,
fresh slanting agar tubes were inoculated, and by means
of the water of evaporation the bacteria were distributed
as much as possible. The tubes were kept at about 80° F.
for two days, when the growth was abundant over the
whole ‘surface, and then the exposures were made as
indicated in the table. On last removal from the incuba-
tor, other slanting tubes of fresh agar were in a similar
way inoculated from these, and the new tubes placed

under observation for growth developments.
24—

3870 = Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
TABLE VIII.

EXPOSED.
Tube No. Ploeg ie No. suc- Result from fresh inoculation.
No. hours. | cessive z
days.

Good CIOW EDA. s scccdiseelineoaceaemeeeenn

2 125° % | 2 ra Good POW ic. cis0c scene wae sion uecemeneiae
3 | 125° 1 fae | Good) 'Growthise; cecevscccesceccoucscdeceuenee
4 | pae 1 | 2 | No Bro WA... ccscls tics case tered see eeeeemente
5 | 125° 2 [pees | INO }ETOWED eevee sec ac sisson sicis siaeteceateeneinion
6 | 125° 6 ie | INO BrOwith,..sisccceelcticctis'sle ccc caeeueneaen
v4 | 115° 1 jo | Good! PTOWN new cia s ns ciclacivcei'e eeneniaeetie
8 | 115° 1 nee | Good 2rowth.. ... 0... .escevses ces ceseseeaise
9 | 115° 1 |} 4 | Slight, growth, .cc:cccinssissiaeevece esteemed
10 | 1152 3 ee | NO STOWED, ..iccicis cae ciecicise cases ee eneeeen
11 | Hoe 3 ae NO STOW: cccccacecisccccceccce cou eeeeauent
12 | 115° 38 | 4 | No growth,..... siesdinwa/sdtaarsie-a'aie'bleleloeeletete ere
13 | 115° 6 ea | No growth..... Sinieiaisiaete nieces colsie'eefelnwtelomtatere
14 | 115° 6 ee | WOTTON. mctoyalatineteretein Dass Sielole selblotanieetes
15 | 115° 6 ee E No growth,...... Eh iomalalsie oi Sicielsbietnelvn eisai
16 | 105° 3 be | Good growth........ aleleiciels bietwa'ein cle sleeceteleaaiate
17 | 105° 3 ie. GOOD Crow Eiri coe Seboicen a Geiss oe eee eee

Good growth...... Soloostion ein(aveleistare’s AB ee

6 pee i Goodverowt ne eters cis «cee o.0.8.8.0 netfee oettes

20 | 105° 6 | 4 a AAT) STOW UN .\s/sc:nave «cio s esiew mw eeateelea oleae
21 | 105° 24 fae za Slight/e@rowth,.%. cssccee sun aneecteeemecene
22 | 95° 24 | Good ROG uadronoganctmscaumecoacAnadoKoes

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 371

Summarizing, then, it appears that this organism will
not survive at 125° F. a continuous exposure of two
hours, nor an exposure of one hour on more than one
day. At a temperature of 115° F. it will withstand an
exposure of one hour for several successive days, but no
continuous exposure of three hours or more. It survives
in great part an exposure of six hours at 105° F. on
four successive days, but with a continuous exposure
of four days at this temperature the organism is usually
killed.

I have not yet had an opportunity to experiment with
this disease while keeping the bugs at different tempera-
tures; but such a line of work would be interesting to
supplement the above temperature tests, and to advance
our knowledge as to the relationship of conditions re-
quired by host and parasite. Neither have I yet deter-
mined precisely the range of optimum temperature for
this organism; but such results as are recorded seem to
indicate that it is between 83° and 90° F.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.

I have carefully compared the biological characters of
this squash-bug organism with those enumerated for the
various entomogenous bacteria already described; but
there is no form with which it agrees in detail. Its ac-
tion on the insect and its characteristic pathogenic
properties seem to be quite distinct; hence I have given
_to it the name Lacillus entomotoxicon, n. sp.

This disease bacillus has also been carefully compared
with the organism ‘“‘normal”’ to the cecal appendages
of the squash-bug. There is considerable structural dif-
ference, and the normal form is cultivated on nutrient
media with difficulty. I have secured cultures of the
latter on media strongly alkaline; but further details of
such work are not included in this paper, as the ceecal
form is hardly to be confused with the disease organism.

372 = J/llinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Bacillus entomotoxicon Dugegar.

Occurrence.—In the blood and tissues of diseased squash-
bugs. -
Morphology.—Short bacilli 1.2-1.8 « X0.6—0.8 y, single
or in pairs, motile, not producing spores.

Preparations stain well in most of the anilines, the
bacilli often staining much more deeply at the poles,
consequently showing a banded or belted appearance.

Growth and pathogenic characters.—An aérobic and fae-
ultative anaérobic organism, producing on nutrient agar-
agar a dirty white colony often characterized by promi-
nent fan-like radiations. Stab cultures on nutrient gela-
tine give liquefaction on the second or third day, soon
assuming the shape of an inverted lamp chimney, and
after standing one month the gelatine is colored wine-
red. Milk is rapidly coagulated and the coagulum in
ereat part dissolved, the odor attending this growth on
milk being exceedingly vile. Nitrates are not reduced.
It grows well at living-room temperature, but is easily
killed by exposures to high temperatures.

The infected insect becomes sluggish a few hours before
death, and at death it is slightly darker and _ soiter.
Aiter death the insect is slightly swollen, darkens rapidly,

and soon contains only a mass of gruel-like fluids.

' §terile or active infusions from the growth on agar
contain a principle toxic for many species of insects, as
shown by temporary immersion.

SUMMARY.

Under the specific description are summarized the
leading facts relative to the structure of this organism
and to its growth on the usual culture media. It is
necessary to add a few brief statements embodying
some of the results of general cecological interest.

Bacillus entomotoxicon is the cause of a characteristic
disease of the squash-bug, first observed as an epidemic
among bug's in a laboratory breeding-cage.

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 373

Both laboratory and field experiments show that the
disease is readily communicated to healthy squash-bugs
by contact with the fluids of infected insects, nymphs
being more easily affected than adults.

Fresh agar cultures of the bacillus are effective as
sources of infection.

The disease may be communicated to young chinch-
bugs either from diseased insects or from cultures; but
adult chinch-bugs are strongly resistant.

With the grubs and other larve hitherto experimented
upon, external applications of infection material have
given no successful results.

Infusions from the growth on agar contain an active
principle which kills many insects after a very short
period of immersion.

Sections of diseased squash-bugs show that the bacillus
is present in the blood at all stages of the disease. The
hypodermis, adipose tissue, and cardiac tissue are also
early affected. When death ensues the body fluids are
jike pure cultures of the disease organism; and accom-
panying saprophytic germs are seldom found.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

To the Director of the State Laboratory of Natural
History, Professor 8. A. Forbes, I owe many thanks for
the opportunity of working upon the disease herein dis-
cussed, as it is to him that the Department of Insect
Disease Work owes its origin. I would also express my
thanks to Mr. W. G. Johnson for valuable assistance
with various entomological details.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL.

The list appended deals only with bacterial or so-called
bacterial diseases of insects, and in it are included all
works and articles to which I have had access, together
with the majority of references definitely given in these

374 Lliinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

articles. Some papers are listed which really embody no
original work, nor even a critical analysis of previous
work; but such papers are often valuable to students
who have not access to the original sources of publica-
tion.

ALTUM.—Ueber den Erfolg der Kiinstlichen Verbreitung
der Flacheriebacillen gegen die Nonne in den Herzoglich
Ratibor’schen Bestanden. Zeitschrift fiir Forst-und
Jagdwesen, Januar, 1893, p. 21.

BAvBiAni.—Recherches sur les Corpuscules de la pébrine.
Journ. d’ Anat. de M. Robin, 1866, p. 599, et 1867,
pp. 263 et 329.

Etudes bactériologiques sur les Arthropodes.
Comptes Rendus de I’ Acad. de Sci., CIII., 1886, p.
953.

Benton, F.—The Honey Bee. Bull. No. 1, New Series,
Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 112-118, 1895.

Bouuincer.—Ueber Pilzkrankheiten niederer und hor-
erer Thiere, 1880. (Chapter IT. of ‘‘Zur Aetiologie der
Infectionskrankheiten.’? Miinchen, 1881.)

CHARREL.—Acetrophie ou Gatine des vers & soie, 1857.

CHESHIRE, F. R., anD CHEYNE, W. W.—The Pathogenic
History and History under Cultivation of a New Bacil-
lus (B. alvet), the Cause of a Disease of the Hive Bee
hitherto known as Foul Brood. Journ. Roy. Micr.
Soc., Vol. V., Aug., 1885, pp. 581-601.

CIESIELSKI.—‘‘ Foul Brood” of Bees. 1884. (In Polish.
See Botanisches Centralblatt, XX VII., 1886, p. 346.)

Cook, A. J.—Foul Brood. Bull. No. 61, Mich. Agr. Exper.
Station, April, 1890.

CusHMAN, S.—Foul Brood. Bull. No. 9, R. I. Agr. Exper.
Station, June, 1891.

DorrerR.—Das ende der Nonnencalamitat in Wiirttemberg.
Forstwiss. Centralblatt, XV., 1893, pp. 73-89.

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 375

EcxsTeIn.—Das auftreten der Flacherie in der Gegend von
Eberswalde. Zeitschr. f. Forst- und Jagdwesen, XXV.,
1893; und Allg. Holzverkautsanzeiger, XVIII., 1893,
Nr. 22, p. 60.

Untersuchungen iiber die in Raupen vorkom-
menden Bakterien. Zeitschr. f. Forst- und Jagdwesen,
XXVI., 1894, pp. 3, 228, 285, 418.

Ferry, C. p—e.—Contribution & Il’ étude de la flacherie,
causes et traitement. Actes et Mémoires du 4me Con-
grés Séricicole, Oct., 1874.

—w— Recherches experimentales sur les causes de la
flacherie du ver & soie. Comptes Rendus Stenograph-
iques, Congrés International Séricicole, No. 23, p. 113,
Paris, Sept., 1878.

Forses, 8. A.—Studies on the Contagious Diseases of In-
sects. Bull. Il. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., Art.
bY, 1886.

A Contagious Disease of the EKuropean Cabbage
Worm, Pierts rape, and its Economic Application.
Thirteenth Rep. Board of Trustees, Univ. IIll., 1886,
p. 294.

Reports of State Entomologist of Illinois: 12th,
1882; 16th, 1887-88; 17th, 1889-90.

GaGNnor.—De la Maladie des vers & soie dite Gatine. Le
Commerce Séricicole, 1858.

GARMAN, H.—[Diseases of Pieris rape believed to be non-
transferable to other species.] Insect Life, Vol. IIL,
Nos. 7 and 8, Apr., 1891, p. 333.

GEHREN, von.—Bekaimpfung der Nonne durch Impfung
mit dem Hofman ’schen Bacillus. Zeitschrift fur Forst-
und Jagdwesen, XXIV., 1892, p. 501.

Bekiimpfung der Nonnenraupen durch Infection
mit Bacillen. Forstwiss. Centralblatt, XV., 1893, pp.
343-347.

376 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

GoLpBERG.—Zur Bekiimpfung der Nonnenraupe. Leipzig
Tageblatt und Alle. ee eadibawetn* apaey pale” XVIII., Nr.
27, p. 300, Juli, 1893.

Haseruanpt, F.—Die seuchenartige Krankheit der Seid-
enraupen. Wien, 1866:

Hormann.—Insektentédtende Pilze mit Besonderer Be-
rucksichtigung der ‘‘Nonne.”” Sondbd. aus dem Woch-
enblatt fiir Forstwirtschaft ‘‘Aus dem Walde.” Dez.,
1890.

—— Die Schlaffsucht (/lacherie) der Nonne (Liparis
monacha) nebst einem Anhang: Vortrag iiber Insek-
tent6dtende Pilze. Frankfurt, 1891.

JAGER.—Bakteriologische Untersuchungen von Nonnen-
elern. Aus dem Walde, 1893, Nr. 18, p. 69.

x

JEANJEAN.—La Maladie des vers A soie: Conseils aux
éducateurs. Montpellier, 1862.

Joty.—Sur les maladies des vers & soie, et sur la color-
ation des cocons par |’ alimentation du chica. Mém.
de |’ Acad. des Sci., 30 aout, 1858.

KLAMANN.—Ueber die Faulbrut der Bienen. Bienenwirt-
schaft. Centralblatt, Hannover, 1888, Nr. 18, u. 19.
—— Der gelbe Faulbrutbacillus (Bacillus jflavidus
alvet). Bienenwirtschaft Centralblatt, Hannover, 1890,

No. 2.

KRASILSHTSHIK, I.—La Graphitose et la Septicémie chez
les insects, deux maladies des larves des Lamellicornes
causées par des Bactéries. Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de
France, VI., 1893, 3e pt. pp. 244-285.

LEBERT.—Ueber die gegenwartig herrschende Krankheit
des Insekts der Seide. 1858.

De la maladie de |’ insects de la soie. Berlin,

1858.
LEVERT.—De la maladie des vers & soie dans |’ Ardéche.
1858.

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bug. 377

Lorter.—La Bactérie loquese; traitement de la loque
par le naphthol. Revue internationale d’agriculture,
fevrier, 1890.

Maccuiati, L.—Lo Streptococcus bombycis e la flaccidezza
del baco da seta. Le Stazioni speriment. Agrarie ital-
iane; Vol. XXIII, Asti, 1892.

MarLuot, E.—Lecons sur le vers & soie du Mirier. Paris,
1885.

Mauuiy, F. W.—Bacteriological Experiments with Insect
Diseases. Bull. No. 29, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr.,
1895. ;

MEritTAavu.—De la Gatine, son origin, les causes qui l’ont
produite, et son invasion épidémique. 1858.

METscHNIKkKOV.—Les Maladies des larves du Hanneton
du Blé (la musecardine vert et le Bacillus salutarius).
Odessa, 1879. (En Russe.)

MeETzGER, A., UND MiLurr; N. J. C.—Die Nonnenraupe
und ihre Bakterien. Miindener forstliche Hefte, I Bei-
heft. Berlin, 1895.

Ostmo.—Recherches sur la maladie actuelle des vers a
soie. Padoue, 1859.

PasTEurR.—Etudes sur la Maladie des vers & Soie. Tomes
I. et If. Paris, 1870.

Pautys.—Die Nonne in den Bayrischen Waldungen, 1890.

QUATREFAGES, DE.—Etudes sur les maladies actuelles du
ver & soie. Mém. de |’ Acad. des Sci. de l Institut Im-
périal de France, Tome XXX., 1860.

Nouvelles Recherches faites en 1859 sur les mala-
dies des vers & soie. Rey. et. Mag. Zool., 1860, T.
XIL., pp. 412-415.

RevuTeR, O. M.—Patogena Bakterier i Landtbrukets
Tjinst. Ofvertryck ur Finska. Vet.-Soc. Ofversigt.,
H. XXXVI., 1894.

Ritey, C. V.—The Mulberry Silkworm. Bull. No. 9,
Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1888, pp. 32-40.

378 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Rosin, Co.—L’ histoire naturelle des végétaux para-
sites. Paris, 1853.

ScumipT, A.—-Die Nonne (Liparis monacha). Darstellung
der Lebensweise und Bekiimpfung der Nonne nach den
neuesten Erfahrungen, u. s. f. Ratibor, 1893.

—-+— Die Bekiimpfung der Nonne. Zeitschr. f. Forst-
und Jagdwesen, XXV., 18938, pp. 218-222.

Smon.—Reisebericht an die Regierung in Potsdam von
Juli, 1892, p. 48.

Bekimpfung der Nonne durch Impfung mit dem
Hofmann ’schen Bacillus. Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und
Jagdwesen, 1892, p. 499.

Snow, F. H.—Contagious Diseases of the Chinch-bug.
First Ann. Rep. Director Kan. Agr. Exper. Station.
Lawrence, 1892.

TanGL, F.—Bakteriologischer Beitrag zur Nonnenrau-
penfrage. Iorstwiss. Centralblatt, XV., pp. 209-230,
1893.

TuBEuF, C. von.—Die Krankheiten der Nonne (Liparis
monacha). Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen beim
Auftreten der Nonne in den oberbayerischen Waldun-
gen, 1890-1891.

— Die Krankheiten der Nonne (Liparis monacha).
Forstlich-Naturwiss. Zeitschr., Januar, 1892, Heft I.,

pp. 34-47.

——— Weitere Beobachtungen tiber die Krankheiten
der Nonne. Forstlich-Naturwiss. Zeitschr., 1892, Heft
ey ip 2. :

— — Ueber die Erfolglosigkeit der Nonnenvernichtung
dureh_ kiinstliche Bakterien-Infektionen. Forstlich-
Naturwiss. Zeitschr., 1893, Heft 3, pp. 118-126.

Verson, E.—Etudes sur la flacherie des vers 4 soie.
Journal Séricicole du Dr. Haberlandt, 15 aout, 1869.

~ Wacatt unp Kornauts.—Beitraige zur Kentniss der
Morphologie, Biologie, und Pathologie der Nonne

Bacterial Disease of the Squash-bugq. 379

(Psilura monacha L.) und Versuchsergebnisse tiber den
Gebrauchswerth einiger Mittel zur Vertilgung@ der
Raupe. Mitth. aus dem forstlichen Versuchswesen Oes-
terreichs. Der ganzen Folge, Heft XVI. Wien, 1893.
WALKER, Puitip.—Grasserie of the Silkworm. Insect
Life, Vol. 3, Nos. 11 and 12, Aug., 1891, p. 445.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE X XVII.

Fig. 1. Bacillus entomotowicon from the blood of a dis-
eased squash-bug. Zeiss 1/;. hom. imm., oc. 4, tube
length 205 mm.

Fig. 2. Distribution of bacteria in the hypodermis and
fatty bodies of a squash-bug at the time of death: «,
cuticle; 4, hypodermis; m, basal membrane; a, adipose
tissue much degenerated. Zeiss E, oc. 2, tube length
155 mm.

Fig. 3. Distribution of bacteria in the blood and tis-
sues of a squash-bug an hour or more before death: A,
hypodermis; m, basal membrane; p. c., extension of
perivisceral cavity; a, adipose tissue. Zeiss E. oc. 2, tube
length 155 mm.

Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of the dorsal vessel, or
heart, of a squash-bug slightly sick, showing distribu-
tion of bacteria in the blood.

PLATE XXVIII.

Fig. 1. Growth of the Bacillus entomotoxicon on nu-
trient agar containing a small amount of squash-leaf
decoction.

* Aj] figures were drawn with the aid of a Zeiss camera lucida.

ARTICLE XIII.—Descriptions of five New Species of Scale
Insects, with Notes. By Wiuuis Grant JoHNsoN, A. M.

ASPIDIOTUS BoucaHh.
Aspidiotus forbesi sp. n. (Plate XXIX., Fig. 1-5.)

Scale of female.—The general shape of the scale of the
female is nearly circular (see Plate XXIX., Fig. 1, d),
but it varies according to the position of attachment,
as scales under a fold in the bark or on some uneven sur-
face are very irregular in outline. The color is dirty
grayish in fresh specimens, but darker when dried. The
exuviz are usually slightly to one side of the center,
and covered with excretion; the nipple-like prominence
in rubbed specimens is reddish or yellowish brown, sur-
rounded by a band a little darker than the margin.
Scale rather convex, delicate, and easily torn when re-
moved from fresh material. It varies considerably in
size. the average diameter being about 2 mm.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is elongate-oval
(Plate XXIX., Fig. 1, c), and is darker and not so deli-
cate as the scale of the female. Nipple-like prominence
situated between the center and the anterior margin,
usually covered with excretion, and when rubbed or broken
of about the same color as that of the female scale.
Margins thin and delicate, and lighter than the rest of
the scale. Length about 1 mm., width about 5 mm.

Liggs.—The eggs are pale yellow, elongate oval, and
about .22 mm. long by .12 mm. wide.

Young.—The young: larva (Plate XXIX., Fig. 5), when
first hatched, is pale yellow and of the general outline
shown in the figure. Antenne apparently five-jointed and
lighter colored than body; last joint as long or longer
than the combined length of the other four. Eyes prom-
inent, brownish or purplish black. Legs stout and lighter

New Species of Scale Insects. 381

than body. Segments distinct. Median lobes conspicu-
ous, with two long anal filaments projecting from be-
tween them.

Mature male-—The mature male (Plate XXIX., Fig. 2)
varies considerably in color even in the same brood,
some individuals being reddish brown, while others are
yellowish. Legs, antenne, and style lighter than the
body. Eyes dark purplish. Antenne nine-jointed and
about .35 mm. in length. Wing expanse usually about
1 mm.; wing about .44 mm. in length and half as wide.
Thoracic band and margins of shield a little darker
than body. Poisers prominent, with terminal hooks.
Length of body, 48 mm.; style, .26 mm.; total length,
74 mm.

Mature female—The body of the mature female (Plate
XXIX., Fig. 3) is yellowish, rather robust, and of the
general outline shown in the illustration. The last seg-
ment (Plate XXIX., Fig. 4) is darker than the rest of
the body and presents the following characters:

There are five groupsof spinnerets: the anterior group
includes from 1 to 8, usually 1 or 2; the anterior
laterals, from 3 to 7, and the posterior laterals, from 3
to 5. The number of spinnerets is variable, and in many
instances they are very scattering. There are two pairs
of lobes: the median pair prominent, about as wide as
long, and usually notched on the lateral margin; the
second pair about half the size of the first, rounded or
more or less pointed. Plates inconspicuous or absent,
spines prominent, situated as shown in the illustration,
the second about as far from the first as the third is
from the second, the fourth about twice as far from
the third as the third is from the second. Rather deep
incision between first and second lobes. Club-shaped
organs, about which the spinnerets are grouped, arranged
as shown in the illustration. Anal opening about as far
from the incision as the spines are long.

This species occurs on wild and cultivated cherry,
apple, pear, plum, quince, currant, and possibly on

382 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

honey locust and mountain ash. Common in Illinois;
collected by the author.

Types in collections of the Illinois State Laboratory
of Natural History and of the United States National
Museum, and in the author’s collection.

I first discovered this species on English morello
cherry-trees in Champaign, Illinois, December, 1894,
It is very generally distributed over Illinois, and
from what I have seen of its attack I consider it the
most dangerous scale insect of the orchard now estab-
lished in the State. Cherry seems to be its favorite food
plant, and I have found it on wild cherry at Champaign,
Decatur, Edgewood, and Eldorado. I therefore propose
for it the popular name, ‘‘cherry scale.” Its specific
name is in honor of Professor S. A. Forbes, State
Entomologist of Illinois. It attacks the trunk and
branches of the cherry and is found occasionally upon
the leaves and fruit. In June, 1896, I found a few par-
tially matured scales of this species on cherries; July 6,
1895, I collected several currants on which they were
found; and August 14, 1895, I gathered several apples
which contained scales of fully developed females of the
cherry scale.

I have bred the following seven species of hymenop-
terous parasites* from this scale insect: Prospalta murt-
feldti (How.), Prospalta auranti (How.), Perissopterus
pulchellus (How.), Signiphora nigrita (Howard MS.),
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis (Aur.), Ablerus cliscocampe
(Ashm.), and an undetermined species belonging to the
Encyrtine. Aside from these parasites, I have very often
seen small whitish mites under the scales, especially
under male scales containing pups, and in many cases
the pupe were dead. The twice-stabbed ladybug, Chzloc-
orus bivulnerus, and its larva, also feed voraciously
on this scale.

*A]l the hymenopterous parasites mentioned in this paper have been examined and
SE ae Oot pin Howard’ to Nia Asmotunt Mr. (Theo Porganidefand t

Prof. T. D. A. Coekerell, for various favors rendered in the examination of coccid
material.

New Species of Scale Insects. 383

This species hibernates as a partially matured insect,
and is double brooded in the latitude of Springfield,
Illinois. The mature males begin to emerge about the
middle of April, and the first brood begins to appear.
early in May; but young and eggs of the same brood
are often found as late as June 20. The mature males
for the second brood begin to appear about July 10
and continue to emerge until about August 1. The
young of the second brood first appear about the first
week in August, and may be found until late in Septem-
ber. It is quite possible that there are three broods in
the southern part of this State.

The species is related to Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam,
but may be readily distinguished from that species by
its size, its coloration, and by the presence of the second
pair of lobes and the spinnerets on the last seoment.
The mature male is larger and has a greater wing ex-
panse than ancylus.

Aspidiotus comstocki sp.n. (Plate XXX.; and Plate
XXXI., Fig. 1 and 2.)

Scale of female.—The general shape of the scale of the
female depends almost entirely upon its position on the
leaf. It is generally attached close to the midrib, veins,
or veinlets on the under side of the leaf, and conforms,
to a certain extent, to the angle formed by the veins.
The commonest form is that shown at c, Fig 6, Plate
XXX. The side next the vein is slightly curved, some-
times nearly straight, and the scale varies in length from
1.5 to 2 mm., and in width from 0.5 to 1mm. The
exuvie are near the center of the margin next the vein.
The large, well-developed, rather flat scales are cream-
buff, excepting that part which covers the exuviex, which
varies from yellowish to reddish brown and is often con-
colorous.

Scale of male.—The mature male is cream-buff or gray-
ish white, more or less elongate-oval, and about 1 mm.

-_

long by 0.5 mm. wide. The larval scale is at the an-

384 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

terior extremity and usually laterad of the meson. The
scale is extremely delicate, and semitransparent after
the male has emerged. The outline of the male pupa
can be plainly seen through the scale. The general form
of the male scale is shown at 6, Fig. 1, Plate XXX.

Eggs.—The eges are pale yellow.

Young.—The young larve are long-oval, pale yellow,
the mouth parts prominent and doubled on themselves.
Antenne prominent, little lighter in color than the body;
apparently five-jointed, the last two joints much longer
than the rest; the last joint with a long transparent hair
at its apex. The median pair of lobes conspicuous, with
two long delicate hairs projecting from their bases.

Mature male.—The mature male (Plate XXX., Fig. 2, a)
is light yellow; eyes dark purple, almost black; anten-
ne yellowish and of the form shown at 0, Fig. 2; legs
and style light yellow; thoracic shield prominent, with
its margins and the band brownish; wings prominent,
somewhat iridescent. Length about .62 mm.; style,
22 mm.

Mature female.—The body of the mature female (Plate
XXXI., Fig. 1,) is rather flat, pale yellow, and of the
general shape shown in the illustration. The last seg-
ment is a little deeper yellow than the rest of the body
and presents the following characters:

There are four groups of spinnerets; the anterior later-
al groups usually composed of six; the posterior later-
al, of four. There are two pairs of well-developed lobes,
the second pair usually rounded, often as long and as
broad as the median pair; the median pair commonly
notched on the lateral margins near the tip. Plates
conspicuous and generally of the form shown in Fig. 2,
Plate XX XI. Between the first and second lobes they are
more or less toothed and project nearly to the end of
the first lobe; laterad of the second lobe there is a broad,
circular fringe; still further laterad and between the third
and fourth spines there are three large compound

New Species of Scale Insects. 385

plates, the one next the fourth spine with two forks,
the others with three, as shown in the _ illustration.
Spines prominent; the first pair near the lateral margin
of the base of the median lobes; the second on the
lateral margin of the base of the second lobes; the third
and fourth on the body margin between the plates as
described above. There is a deep incision between the
lobes and also laterad of the second lobe. Anal opening
conspicuous, and about as far from the base of the me-
dian lobes as the lobes are long.

This species was found on leaves of sugar maple, Acer
saccharinum, received from Dr. Jacob Schneck, of Mt.
Carmel, Illinois, and from Mr. R. H. Pettit, of Ithaca,
New York, and I have found it on sugar maple at
Champaign and Decatur, Dlinois.

Types in collections of the Illinois State Laboratory oi
Natural History and of the United States National
Museum, and in the author’s collection.

This insect has been very abundant on sugar maple
for the past two years at Mt. Carmel, Illinois. It at-
tacks the leaves, living in great numbers on the under
side (see Plate XXX., Fig. 1, a), and causing yellowish
spots on the upper surface. The spots become more
conspicuous as the insects mature, and the leaves fall
prematurely. It hibernates in the partially mature state
under the leaf buds. I have not found this insect on
any other tree than the sugar maple, and as it attacks
the leaves and is rarely found on the branches, I have
proposed for it the popular name, ‘‘maple leaf scale.”
The specific name proposed is in honor of Prof. J. H.
Comstock, of Cornell University, who first gave me in-
struction concerning this interesting group of insects.

A. comstocki is related to Aspidiotus wwe Comstock, but
its occurrence on maple and the concolorous exuvie
should facilitate its recognition. It is also near A. town-
sendi Ckll., a species recently described from Mexico. We
now have four closely allied forms, which Prof. Cockerell
has called the w@ group, and has arranged as follows:

386 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

1, uve Comstocki, OD LTBVOis cecvedpeekwert aeis. Eastern States,
2. coloratus Ckll., ONIONTUOPSIS isc csemesiaceicne New Mexico.
3. townsendi Ckll., mats a nieleiele eft eaincaroree Northern Mexico.

4. comstocki Johnson, on sugar maple...Illinois and New York.
The scale of coloratus is pale orange-brown, the exuviz

concolorous; that of comstocki cream-buff, the exuvie
variable; that of we light brownish, the exuvie yellow;
and that of townsend: grayish white, the exuvie pale
orange. In the lobes and plates, as also in the spin-
nerets, these forms are variable; but comstocki is notice-
able for the comparatively large size of the second lobes.

Aspidiotus esculi sp. n. (Plate XXXI., Fig. 3; and
Plate XX XII., Fig. 1-3.)

Scale of female-—The scale of the female is circular
(Plate XXXI., Fig. 8, c), rather convex, and varies in
diameter from 1.5 to 3 mm., averaging about 2.5 mm.
The general color of the scale is dirty gray, conforming
usually to the color of the bark to which it is attached.
The exuvie are usually a little one side of the center,
and covered with excretion. In rubbed specimens the
protuberance indicating the position of the exuvie is
orange-red and surrounded by a band a little darker in
color than the rest of the scale. The ventral scale is
delicate, white, and adheres to the bark, leaving a whit-
ish scar when the scale is removed.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is elongate-oval
(see Plate XXXI., Fig. 3, >), from 1 to 2 mm. in length,
and half as wide. It is considerably darker than the
scale of the female. The position of the larval scale is
marked by a nipple-like prominence situated between the
center and the anterior margin of the scale. This prom-
inence is usually covered with a slight excretion. When
rubbed it is orange-red. The ventral scale is white and
slightly thicker than that of the female.

Liggs.—The eggs are pale yellow.

Young.—The young larva when first hatched is pale
yellow, and in outline elongate-oval. Antenne distinct
and apparently five-jointed, the last joint as long or

New Species of Scale Insects. 387

longer than the other four combined. Eyes large. Mesal
lobes prominent, notched on their lateral margin, and
with two long hairs projecting from between them.

Mature male.—The mature male (Plate XX XII., Fig. 1)
is yellowish. Eyes prominent. Antenne prominent, and
oi the form shown in the illustration. Body stout. Lees
long, and a little lighter yellow than the body. Wings
large, with well-developed pocket for the reception of the
poiser. Thoracic shield with band distinct, and with
margins indistinct in some specimens. Length about .60
min.; style .39 mm.

Mature female—The body of the mature female (Plate
XXXII., Fig. 2) is ovate, rather plump, and yellow. The
last segment is a little darker yellow than the rest of
the body, and presents the following characters (see
Plate XX XII., Fig. 3):

There are four groups of spinnerets, the number in each
group being extremely variable. The anterior laterals
vary from five to seventeen, the average being about
ten; while the posterior laterals vary from four to eleven,
the average being about seven. The number is variable
on opposite sides of the same individual. There is only
one pair of lobes. They are nearly as broad as long and
notched on their lateral margin near the tip. Plates, |
simple and inconspicuous; one usually just laterad of
the lobe, and two between the second and third spine.
Spines prominent, arranged as shown in the illustration,
and usually one pair on each segment. A rather deep
incision just laterad of the lobe. Anal opening about
twice as distant from the base of the lobes as the lobes
are long. Curious club-shaped organs, as shown in fig-
ure, about which the spinnerets are grouped.

Found by the writer on buckeye, sculus californica,
at Stanford University, California.

Types in collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History and of the United States National
Museum, and in the author’s collection.

388 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

I found this insect very abundant on buckeye in Santa
Clara county, California, in 1892. It attacks the trunk,
branches, and smaller twigs, but so far as [| have ob-
served is not found upon the leaves. It colonizes most
abundantly on the under side of the branches, and often
accumulates in masses two or three scales deep. This
is accounted for by the fact that many scales adhere so
closely to the branches that the young larve are unable’
to get out, and therefore attach themselves to the bark
underneath the scale. It is not an uncommon thing
to find a dozen or more young larve attached in this
manner underneath the scale of the parent insect, and
as the scale is formed and the insect matures the old
scales are naturally pushed outward. The color of the
scale conforms so closely to that of the tree that it is
very difficult to detect the scale, except where it is
quite abundant. |

I have frequently bred a hymenopterous parasite,
Prospalta murtfeldti Howard, from scales of this insect.

Aspidiotus ulmi sp. n. (Plate XXXII., Fig. 4 and 5.)

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular or
nearly so, quite convex, with exuvie central or slightly
laterad of the center. Exuvie in fresh specimens bright
’ orange-yellow; but dirty whitish in old material. The
color of the scale is either dirty whitish or tan-colored,
the latter color being due to the covering of the cork-
like bark. There is a well-developed, snowy white ven-
tral scale, which usually adheres to the bark when the
scale is removed. The ventral scale often adheres to the
dorsal scale, especially when the insects are massed to-
gether, completely enveloping the insect. The interior
of the dorsal seale is also snowy white. Diameter usu-
ally about 1.5 mm.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is more or less
circular, sometimes elongate-oval, of the same general
color as the female scale. Ventral scale well developed
and snowy white, usually about .70 mm. long.

New Species of Scale Insects. ‘389

Liggs.—The eggs are pale yellow and ovate.

Young.—The newly hatched larva is pale yellow and
elongate-oval in outline. Antennz apparently five-
jointed, last joint longest. Legs lighter than body.

Mature male.—The mature male is bright or lemon-
yellow in general color. The thorax is dark or brown-
ish on the dorsum; head about the same color; neck
lighter. Antenne rather brownish, with thick clusters
of hairs. Front and median tibize brownish. Tarsi oi
hind legs dark, about the same color as fore tibie.
Hind tibiz with a dark band at base. Length about .65
mm.; style about .42 mm.

Mature jfemale.—The body of the female is ovate,
sometimes nearly circular (Plate XX XII., Fig. 4), lemon-
yellow in color, with the last segment (Plate XXXIL.,
Fig. 5) brownish or amber, and presenting the follow-
ing characters:

There are no groups of spinnerets, so far as I have
been able to determine from a large series of balsam
mounts. There is a curious, pretty constant group
of club-shaped organs, as shown in the illustration.
There is only one pair of lobes. They are very promi-
nent, about as wide as long, notched on each side,
and more.or less rounded. The body wall is thickened
for a considerable distance laterad of the lobes, usually
to the last plate. Plates distinct, about as long as the
lobes; two laterad of the lobes, between the first and
second spines, the one next to the second spine usually
forked; four, as a rule, between the second and third
spines, the one next the third spine usually forked and
longest, and three, all simple, laterad of the third spine.
Spines distinct; first pair on the lateral margin of the
base of the lobes; the second and third just laterad of
the incisions. Anal opening a little more than twice as
distant from the base of the lobes as the lobes are long.

Found by the author on the trunk of a white elm,
Ulmus americana, on the University campus, at Urbana,
Illinois. Not common.

390 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Types in collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History and of the United States National
Museum, and in the author’s collection.

I have found this species on one tree only, and in
very limited numbers. So far as I have observed it
does not attack the branches, twigs, or leaves, but
lives exclusively upon the new bark of the trunk, cluster-
ing between the cracks in the old bark. It often gathers
in great numbers, and the masses of scales resemble
small shells. 1 have not worked out its life history as
to the number of broods, since it is of little consequence
from the economical standpoint.

I have bred from this insect two species of hymenop-
terous parasites, Prospalta murtfeldit How., and Coccoph-
agus fraternus How.

CHIONASPIS SIGNORET.

Chionaspis americana sp. n. (Plates XXXIII. and
XXXIV.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is fawn-color
at first, but becomes more or less bleached during the
fall and winter months, presenting a dirty whitish ap-
pearance in the spring. The first larval skin is yellowish,
the second is claret-brown, approaching a maroon, and is
covered with slight secretion. The interior lining of the
scale is snowy white, and when removed from the twig
it leaves a whitish scar, the margins of which are very
distinct. In general outline the scale resembles that of
Chionaspis furfurus, but is more convex. It widens near
the posterior end of the second larval skin, some scales
bending abruptly to the right or leit, and others being
straight. Length 2-3 mm.; width 1.5-2 mm.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is snowy white,
straight, tricarinate, about .73 mm. long, and .30 mm,
wide; the sides rough and nearly parallel; larval skin
yellowish.

New Species of Scale Lnsects. 391

Eggs.—The eggs are purplish, elongate-oval in out-
line, about .22 mm. long and .15 mm. wide.

Young.—The newly hatched larva (Plate XXXIV., Fig.
3) is .22 mm. long by .13 mm. wide, purplish, and of
the form shown in the illustration. Antenne prominent ;
eyes blackish. The anal filaments are inconspicuous ex-
cept at base, and a little longer (.15 mm.) than the
body is wide. Segments more or less distinct, with a
row of dark spots along the lateral margin.

Mature male-—There are two forms of males: a perfect
male with fully developed wings (Plate XX XIV., Fig. 1)
and a pseudimago with rudimentary wings (Plate
XXXIV., Fig. 2). Inthe former the wings are long, ex-
tending, when folded over the back, a little beyond
the tip of the style, and the poisers are well developed
(see Fig. 1); in the latter the wings are represented by
mere stubs, as shown in Fig. 2, and the poisers are
short and stout, lacking the terminal hook. Length
of body varies from .25 mm. to .35 mm. In other
respects the two forms present few characters that
differ, and are in agreement as follows: the color is red-
dish brown; thoracic shield and band not distinct,
conforming in general color to that of the rest of the
body; the legs are stout, and lighter in color than the
body; tarsi sparsely hairy (Fig. 1,¢). Eyes prominent,
nearly black; antennz yellowish, sometimes pinkish, ten-
jointed, covered with stout transparent hairs (Fig. 1. 3).
Style about .20 mm. long, and of nearly the same color
as the legs. Segments of abdomen distinct.

Mature female.—The body of the female is rough,
deeply lobed (Plate XX XIV., Fig. 4), reddish brown, with
the central portion somewhat purplish because of the
egos within. The last segment is yellowish and presents
the following characters (Plate XXXIV., Fig. 5):

There are five groups of spinnerets. The anterior
group contains 20 to 27; the anterior laterals, 18 to
28; and the posterior laterals, 20 to 25. There are

392 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

three pairs of well-developed and conspicuous lobes. The
median pair are rounded, and unusually notched on the
lateral margin near the tip; the second and third pairs
are rather flat and broad, more or less notched on their
margins. There are two plates between the second and
third lobes, one of which is conspicuous and. usually
forked at the tip, while the other is short, simple. and
sometimes inconspicuous. There is also a third plate,
usually forked, just laterad of the third lobe. The spines
are prominent and about as long as the plates. The
first pair are situated near the lateral margin of the
base of the first lobes; the second, about the middle of
the base of the second lobes; the third, just laterad of
the base of the third lobe.

Found on white elm, U/mus americana, throughout Tli-
nois, by the writer, and in Minnesota, on the same spe-
cies, by Mr. R. H. Pettit.

Types in collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History and of the United States National
Museum, and in the author’s collection.

This species is very common throughout the State,
and has caused considerable damage to elms planted
for shade in some of our larger cities. I have also
found it abundant upon virgin timber, but only upon
the elm. I believe it to be a native American in-
sect, and propose for it the above-mentioned scientific
name, and popularly term it the ‘‘American elm scale.”
From the character and nature of its attack it is clearly
a dangerous species. It is two-brooded in central Illi-
nois, the first brood appearing about May 1, and the
second about July 1. It hibernates in the egg state.
The average number of eggs under each scale is about
one hundred and five. The female attacks the trunk
and the branches; but the male is most abundant upon
the trunk and leaves, although often found upon the
branches. According to one season’s observations, the
peculiar pseudimaginal form of the male is very much

New Species of Scale Insects. 393

more abundant than the trueimago. The wingless form
is very active, and runs with considerable freedom. I
have repeatedly seen it copulating. The winged form is
also very active, but is rarely seen. Gossyparia ulmi
Geof., another coccid injurious to elm, is also peculiar
in having two forms of males.*

1 have bred two species of hymenopterous parasites,
Perissopterus pulchellus (Howard) and Physcus varicornis
(Howard), from this ‘‘American elm scale.” I have also
reared specimens of a parasite, presumably different from
the above, but they were so badly damaged by accident
that it was found impossible to determine them. Under
some scales I have seen a very small mite among the
egos, and I have seen both the larva and adult of the
twice-stabbed ladybug, Chilocorus biwulnerus, feeding
upon this scale. So far as my observations go, the
parasitic and predaceous enemies of this insect are to
be considered as very trivial agencies in keeping the
species in check.

*Insect Life, Vol. IL, p. 37.

394 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.*

PLATE XXIX.
Fig. 1. Aspidiotus forbesi n. s.: a, infested cherry
twig; 5, scale of female; c, scale of male.
Fig. 2. Adult male of same.
Fig. 3. Adult female of same, showing eggs within

Fig. 4. Last segment of adult female.
Fig. 5. Young larva of same species.

PLATE XXX.
Fig. 1. Aspidiotus comstocki nu. 8.: a, infested maple
leaf; 6, scale of male; c, scale of female.

Fig. 2. a, adult male of same; 0, antenna; ¢, poiser;
d, tarsus.

PuaTE XXXI.
Fig. 1. Adult female of Aspidiotus comstockt.
Fig. 2. Last segment of same.

Fig. 3. Aspidiotus cesculi n. 8.: a, infested buckeye
twig; 5, scale of male; c, scale of female.

PLATE XXXII.

Fig. 1. Adult male of Aspidiotus wscult.
Fig. 2. Adult female of same.

Fig. 3. Last segment of female.

Fig. 4. Aspidiotus ulmi n.s., adult female.

Fig. 5. Last segment of same.

*A]l the drawings for this paper were made, under the author’s direction, by Miss
Lydia M. Hart, Artist of the Laboratory.

Explanation of Plates. ag

Prats XX XT.

Fig. 1. Chionaspis americana n. s., on elm leaf and
twig, showing both male and female scales.

PuaTE XXXIV.
Fig. 1. Chionaspis americana ni. 8.: a adult male, per-
fect form; 6, antenna; c¢, tarsus.
Fig. 2. Adult male of same, stub-winged form.
Fig. 3. Young larva of same species.
Fig. 4. Adult female of same species.
Fig. 5. Last segment of same.

ARTICLE XIV.—Wotes on Species of North American Oligo-
cheta. Il. By FRANK SMITH.

ILLINOIS SPECIES.

The collections of Oligocheta made in connection with
the work of the Biological Experiment Station upon the
Illinois River, at Havana, contain about thirty species,
of which the greater number have been previously de-
scribed. Two species, one of which must be regarded as
belonging to a new genus, are described in this paper.

Pristina leidyi n. sp. (Pl. XXXV.)

One of the most abundant species of Naidomorpha
occurring in the [llinois River at Havana is a member
of the genus Pristina, closely allied to P. longiseta Ehrenb.,
but differing from it in certain characters of sufficient
importance to make it necessary to regard it as distinct
In this view I am supported by Prof. Vejdovsky, who-
has very kindly replied to queries upon the subject. I
think it may be the species described and figured by
Leidy (’50, p. 44, Fig. 3), and considered by him as
identical with the European species P. longzseta.

Budding specimens are 4—8 mm. in length when well
extended, and sexually mature specimens about 4 mm.
The length given by Leidy for specimens measured by
him, viz.,-1 line, may, I think, reasonably be supposed
to apply only to the part anterior to the budding zone,
since he states that the ‘‘ body” is composed of sixteen
elongated “articulations,” and his figure shows about.
that number anterior to the budding zone. If this view
be correct, the whole length of his specimens would be
nearly 4mm. VP. leidyi attains a length of 8 mm. only
when there is a chain with three or more budding zones.
The diameter is .1 to 15 mm. The proboscis is much

Species of North American Oligocheta. 397

like that figured by Leidy, and from its tip to the mouth
of the worm measures .3-.4 mm. It is about .03 mm.
in diameter at the base and tapers slightly toward the
tip. The number of somites in sexually mature specimens
is about 30, being subject to variation. The number in
specimens with budding zone in an early stage is 24-30,
plus an indefinite number of indistinguishable ones at
the posterior end.

The dorsal sete agree in number and length with

those of Leidy’s species. There are three in each bundle,
- the first ones occurring on II. Those of III are about
.¢ mm. in length, while those of other somites are .8-.35
mm. In young specimens each of the bundles usually
shows the dorsal setz of different lengths, only one
having attained the normal length, a second being one
half or two thirds as long, and a third quite short. In
older and sexually mature specimens they are approxi-
mately equal. The dorsal bundles contain only capil-
lary sete, but these differ from the ones ordinarily found
in naidiform worms in being slightly curved, and in hav.
ing minute slender teeth upon the convex side, which give
a serrated appearance to the sete (Pl. XXXV., Fig. 6).
The proximal teeth are about .006 mm. apart, and the
serrated condition is most conspicuous near the distal
end, the proximal half of the fully developed seta being
without teeth. These serrations seem to be a constant
- character and are perfectly distinct when examined with
high powers, yet they might easily be overlooked, and per-
haps escaped Leidy’s attention. The ventral set (PI.
XXXYV., Fig. 5) are in bundles of 5-9, though the more
usual number is 6-8. They are about .05 mm. in length.
Sexually mature specimens have one pair of genital sete
on each side of VI in place of the ordinary ventral sete.
These genital setee are bifid at the outer extremity and
shaped much like ordinary sete, but are somewhat
straighter and about one half longer.

398 illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

The brain is slightly longer than wide, and is deeply
cleft both anteriorly and posteriorly as in P. longiseta
(84, Vejdovsky, Taf. II., Fig. 13). "

The alimentary tract agrees with that of P. longiseta
and of Leidy’s species. The glandular ventricle is in the
anterior part of VIII, and is followed by a narrow part
of the intestine which is convoluted in IX and opeus
into the wider region of the intestine in the posterior
part of that somite. In older specimens these regions
are very distinct, but in those recently formed by bud-
ding the differentiation is much less obvious. As in P.
longiseta, septal glands are present in III-V, of which
those in IV and V are large.

A pair of contractile vascular trunks connects the dor-
sal and ventral vessels in each of somites III-VII, being
situated just in front of the posterior septum in each.
While they are all conspicuous, yet those of VI and VII
are a little larger than the others, though not so much
dilated as those of P. longiseta as figured and described
by Vejdovsky. A pair of non-contractile vessels branch
off from the dorsal vessel just posterior to the brain.

The first pair of nephridia is in IX. An examination
of more than thirty specimens with reference to their
location has shown no variation in the position of the
first pair, but in five instances the ninth somite contained
but one nephridium. The next following somites usu-
ally contain but a single nephridium, although in eight _
per cent. of the cases two nephridia were present, and in
nine per cent. the nephridia were entirely wanting. In
at least ninety per cent. of the instances observed, when
but one nephridium was present it belonged to the left
side of the somite. In P. longzseta the first nephridia
are stated to occur in somite X, and, to my knowledge,
there is no record of such variability in the number of
nephridia in each somite as characterizes P. lecdyi. The
nephridiopores are a little anterior to the ventral sete
and slightly mesad of the same.

Species of North American Oligocheta, 399

The perivisceral corpuscles are very conspicuous, a fact
which is due to the presence of several spherical bodies
that nearly fill the cell. The corpuscles are spherical and
collected chiefly about the inner ends of the sete.

In the latter part of July of the present year, 1896,
among a large number of specimens without clitellum
and sexually immature, I found one individual which had
organs in VII and VIII, presumably gonads. I have
as yet found no sexually mature specimens of P. leidy?
in their natural environment, but in the latter part of
May of the present year I found a few of them among
the progeny of an individual of this species which
had been isolated in December of last year and kept
with its descendants in confinement at the temperature
of an ordinary living room. These worms exhibit uni-
formity in their reproductive organs, and as they also
agree with the specimens above referred to in the pres-
ence of organs in VII and VIII, I have no reason for
thinking that their reproductive organs are not normal.
My sections, and my observations upon the living speci-
mens enable me to establish several important points
concerning them. The most noticeable difference between
the reproductive organs of Pristina and those of other
Naidomorpha in which these structures have been studied,
is the fact that they are located two somites further back
in Pristina than in other members of this family.

In P. letdyt the clitellum extends from the sete of VII
to those of IX, and is quite thick upon the dorsal por-
tion of VIII and the anterior part of IX. In place of
the ordinary ventral sete in each side of VI a pair of
genital sete appears, as previously stated. Ventral
sete of the usual type are present upon each of the
neighboring somites. A pair of large multicellular glands
without definite lumen is situated in the posterior part
of VI. Each of these glands is connected with the ven-
tral wall of the celom and surrounds a pair of genital
setre (PI. XXXV., Fig.l and4). A pair of testes is pres-

400 = Lllinvis State Laboratory of Natural History.

ent in VII, attached to the ventral wall, just posterior
to the spermathece (Plate XXXV., Fig. 4). The c.liated
funnels of the sperm-duct are in the posterior part of
the same somite, and are quite large, simple, and fun-
nel-shaped, and have their opening directed dorsad (Pl.
XXXYV.,Fig.3 and 4). The sperm-duct is short and wide.
After entering VIII its course is dorsad, but making a
rather short turn it passes ventrad, opening upon the
Same somite. The walls of the first half of the duct are
glandular (Pl. XXXV., Fig. 3), and those of the last
half are muscular. The ventral wall of VIII is much
thickened in the vicinity of the male pore. The opacity
due to the clitellum renders the study of the duct im-
possible in the living specimen, and I have had to de-
pend upon sections for my knowledge of it. In the
Specimens sectioned there is no especial enlargement of
the lumen to form an atrial chamber. The cavity of
VII contains loose spermatozoa, and a single sperm-
Sac opens from it and extends through VII into IX,
lying dorsad to the alimentary tract. Ova are contained
in IX. A pair of ovaries is situated in VIII, and there
seem to be oviducal pores at VIII|1X. In the most an-
terior part of VII is a pair of spermathecee, the pores
of which are at the anterior margin of that somite. (PI.
XXXYV., Fic. 1,2, and 4.)

The asexual reproduction or budding of P. lezdyz is in
some respects quite different from that observed by
Bourne in the species studied by him (’91, p. 354).
Unfortunately, I have not been able to obtain any
data concerning this phenomenon in P. longiseta. P.
jecdyt agrees with other naidiform worms in the gen-
eral features of the budding process, new somites being
developed at the budding zone, an indefinite number of
which form the posterior part of the anterior daughter
worm, and a definite number (z’ of Bourne, ’91, p.
339) the anterior part of the posterior daughter
worm; but instead of there being a constant, or nearly

Species of North American Oligocheta. 401

constant, number of somites anterior to the budding
zone (m of Bourne), it is the normal thing in this species
for n to vary. The budding zones successively formed
in the same worm do not occur at the same place, but
a second zone normally occurs one somite nearer the
anterior end than the first zone, and the third zone one
somite anterior to the second zone, and so on. Of course,
a limit is soon reached, anterior to which new zones are
not formed. This is usually at XII| XIII or XIII] XIV.
When this limit is attained, the next new zone is formed
at some point posterior to the position of the last zone.
The following data, taken from the records of a large
number of worms which were isolated and reared in con-
finement, will serve as an illustration of the usual order
of appearance of budding zones. A specimen isolated
December 2, 1895, had a chief budding zone at XIV|
XV, and a younger one at XIII| XIV. December 5, the
beginning of a still younger zone at XII| XIII was
visible, while the posterior division of the worm had a
budding zone well started at XVI| XVII, and a younger
one at XV|XVI. December 7, the posterior division
had been freed, and the chief budding zone of the an-
terior division was at XIII| XIV. December 11, another
worm had been freed, and the only budding zone of the
anterior division was at XII| XIII. December 19, an-
other worm had been freed, and a new budding zone
started at XIII| XIV, in the regenerated portion of the
anterior division. Of the six individuals represented in
the chain as observed December 5, all but one had _ be-
come free by December 19. Not only is » variable
normally, but the position of the first budding zone in
the newly formed worms is variable. I have found that
in the case of individuals kept in confinement, and so
under abnormal conditions, there was a tendency for the
first budding zone of new individuals to appear further
back than in those living in larger bodies of water. Of
26—

402 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History. —

one hundred specimens observed under normal condi-
tions, or after but brief captivity, fourteen had the first
budding zone at XV|XVI, sixty-nine at _XVI| XVII,
sixteen at XVII| XVIII, and one at XVIII| XIX. In
no instance have I found Bourne’s z’ to be other than
seven. I may state here that after numerous observa-
tions upon several species of naidiform worms I have
found that 2 is extremely variable in individuals of the
same species, and, also, in a less number of species, that
the number of somites'in the sexually mature worm is
not constant for a species.

Mesoporodrilus asymmetricus n. g.etn.sp. (Pl.
XXXVI), and Pl; XXXYVIL, Fic, 11 and a4

The following description is based upon two specimens
of a lumbriculid species which were found in July of
the present year in the sand of the east shore of Quiver
Lake, near its foot, and in a situation where small
springs of water kept the sand wet and cold. The speci-
mens were received at a time when a study of the living
worms could not be made, and they were immediately
fixed and preserved. One of the specimens was not in a
very good condition, and was chiefly valuable in con-
firming the observations upon some of the more im-
portant characters of the other.

The worms are without pigment, and quite delicate in
appearance. They are 30 mm. in length and .5 mm. in
diameter, the number of somites in one apparently com-
plete specimen being 65. They are provided with a
proboscis that in length equals the diameter of the first
somite. There are four pairs of pointed sete on each
somite (Pl. XXXVI., Fig. 9). The clitellum extends
from the middle of IX to the middle of XIII, and is
conspicuous.

The pharynx extends through III and IV (PI. XX XVII.,
Fig. 11). The epithelium of the dorsal half of its wall
is thick and ciliated (Fig. 12), although thinner along
the median line of the fourth somite than elsewhere.

Species of North American Oligocheta. 4038

The ventral half of the wall is very thin and without
cilia. In somite V the walls of the alimentary tract
become nearly uniform in thickness and ciliated through-
out. The lumen in this somite is quite narrow. In the
following somites the intestine is sacculated. Beginning
with the seventh somite it is invested by a nearly con-
tinuous sheath of blood, outside of which is the layer of
chloragogue cells. The muscles connecting the pharynx
with the body wall are very weak and few in number
(Fig. 11). There is no glandular tissue forming pharyn?
geal and septal glands. There is a similar absence of
such glands in ZLélipidrilus frigidus Kisen (’95, Eisen,
p. 86). A few deeply-staining cells are situated on some
of the blood vessels of the region, but none upon the
pharyngeal muscles.

My knowledge of the circulatory system of this species
is very imperfect, owing chiefly to lack of opportunity
for studying the worms in the living state. The ventral
vessel is forked near the septum V| VI. None of the vas-
cular trunks connecting the dorsal and ventral vessels
are especially enlarged. In the anterior part of each of
a few of the anterior somites a pair of vessels invested
by gland cells connects the ventral vessel with the dor-
sal part of the intestinal sinus; while in the posterior
part of the somite a pair of slender vessels without in-
vesting gland cells and having a somewhat tortuous
course connects the dorsal and ventral vessels. ‘ pair
of these connecting vessels from somite X extends back-
ward through several somites, being closely associated
with the reproductive organs contained therein. In the
posterior part of the worm there are two pairs of lat-
eral vessels in each somite; one situated anteriorly, the
other, posteriorly. Both pairs branch off from the dor-
sal vessel, from which they extend laterad, each vessel
closely following the body wall. They are similarly in-
vested by gland cells, and have short ccoecal diverticula,
but the vessels of the posterior pair, unlike the anterior,
unite with the ventral vessel.

404 JLiinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

The first pair of nephridia is in VII, and the nephrid-
iopores are situated in front of the ventral sete. Al
bumen glands are wanting.

The reproductive organs of this species are in some
respects quite remarkable. One of the specimens had
these organs well developed; the other had passed the
stage of sexual activity, but still had most of the or-
gans present, though reduced in size. One pair of testes
is present in X. The male efferent apparatus is developed
upon only one side. The male pore is upon the mid-
ventral line in the posterior part of X (Pl. XXXVL.,
Fig. 7). As this condition exists in each of the speci-
mens, it cannot be ascribed to individual abnormality.
The funnel of the sperm-duct is in the posterior part of
X. I have been unable to trace the part of the sperm-
duct connected with the funnel, but the distal part has
peculiarities of structure closely allying it to the similar
organ in £. frigidus. An enlarged reservoir extends
through XII-XIV (res., Fig. 7). It has a thick wall
consisting of a thin epithelial layer and a thick layer of
longitudinal muscular tissue. Outside of the muscular
layer is a layer of small deeply-staining cells, which in
some places are scattered. This layer is nowhere more
than one cell in thickness. The reservoir is not con-
stricted by the septa of the somites through which it
passes. Surrounding the reservoir, and connected with
it,is a thick layer of tissue of a reticulate character, which
is constricted by the septa. The posterior end of this
reservoir ends blindly, while the anterior end is contin-
uous with a smaller tube which extends forward and in-
ward as far as the middle of XI, and then, making an
abrupt turn outward, passes posteriorly half way to sep-
tum XI| XII, where, with another abrupt turn, it ex-
tends anteriorly and is continuous with a larger portion
of the duct corresponding to the ‘‘ prostate and atrium”
of £. frigidus. The part of this enlarged portion which
is situated in XI (pr., Pl. XX XVL., Fig. 7),and which be-

Species of North American Oligocheta. 405

cause of its relations to the other parts of the sperm-duct
corresponds to the ‘‘ prostate” of 2. frigidus, has thick
walls with layers corresponding to those of the reservoir
and the connecting duct, the chief difference between the
walls being that in the former the ephithelial layer is
much thicker than in the two latter. There is no layer
of elongated glandular cells like that of the prostate
of £. frigidus. At a point just anterior to the
septum X]|XI is an enlargement of the duct and an
expansion of the lumen to form a small chamber
(at., Fig. 7), in which is a marked change in the lin-
ing epithelium, this layer becoming much thinner and
the cells more scattered. The terminal portion of the
duct extends from the chamber above referred to, ven-
trad to the male pore. The structure of this portion of
the duct leads me to believe that this worm has an eversi-
ble penis. A mass of glandular cells (g/. ¢'/., Fig. 7) is
closely associated with the sperm-duct at its external
opening. It consists of an aggregation of elongated uni-
cellular glands opening to the exterior upon the surface of
the body at the male pore. They are much like glands
similarly situated in some of the Luimbricide. The nerve
cord 1s slightly displaced in the region of the male pore,
where it leaves the middle of the ventral floor and lies
on one side of the sperm-duct. There is but one sperm-
sac, and this extends as far back as XXI, lying partly
beneath and partly to one side of the alimentary tract.
The reservoir of the sperm-duct with its external sheath
of tissue is partially surrounded by the cavity of the
sperm-sac. In somites X-XVII the alimentary tract is
upon one side of the body, being displaced by the large
mass consisting of sperm-sac and sperm-duct. There is
one pair of ovaries, in XI. They are large, irregularly
bent, and project part way into XII. The oviducts are
two in number, short, and open to the exterior at XI|
XII (Pl. XXXVL., Fig. 8). Two spermathece are situ-
ated in IX. but instead of being paired they are both

406 TJillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

upon the same side of the somite, and their external
pores are in the mid-ventral line (Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 10),
one behind the other. This unusual state of things ex-
ists in both specimens.

M. asymmetricus has several important features allying
it closely to £. frigidus, and, in my opinion, should be
included with it in the subfamily of Lumbriculide pro-
posed by Eisen (’95, p. 84) for the Jatter species. The
points of resemblance are the character of the aliment-
ary tract and the absence of pharyngeal and septal
glands, some features of the circulatory system, the
structure and extent of the sperm-duct, the extent of the
sperm-sac, and, finally, the position of testes, male pore,
and ovaries. The median position of the pores of the
spermathece and sperm-duct and the numerical asym-
metry of these organs are unique and difficult to account
for.

FLORIDA SPECIES.

Through the kindness of Mr. Adolph Hempel, of the
Biological Station staff, I received in March of the pres-
ent year a large number of living Oligocheta from Flor-
ida. Among them were sexually active specimens of four
different species; viz., Diplocardia eisent Michaelsen, (’94,
Michaelsen, p. 184), Allolobophoru gieslert Ude, (’95, Ude,
p- 127), Sparganophitlus eisent Smith, (95, Smith, p. 142),
and a species of Microscolex, apparently undescribed.
Among the specimens of Diplocardia eisent are a few
quite young individuals not so heavily pigmented upon
the anterior end as are the adults, and in these the
double character of the dorsal vessel in the first fifteen
somites, first noticed by Ude (95, p. 136), is quite
obvious. It is not visible in the mature living worms.
The specimens of Sparganophilus are much smaller than
those found in Illinois, being but half as long and very
slender. I have not as yet been able to discover any
anatomical characters that distinguish them from S.
CUSEN?L.

Species of North American Oligocheta. 407

Microscolex hempeli n. sp. (Pl. XX XVII, Fig. 13,
and Pl. XX XVIII.)

This species was represented by eleven specimens, most-
ly mature. They were found near Quincy, Florida, un-
der a manure heap.

They are not pigmented, but, like Eisen’s Deltania spe-
cies, are pale and rather delicate. Alcoholic specimens
killed well extended are 35-55 mm. in length and 1-1.5
mm. in diameter. The number of somites in seven spec-
imens averaged 73, with extremes of 63 and 78. The
prostomium extends over about half the first somite.
The clitellum is upon XIII-XVII, but extends a short-
er distance upon the ventral surface of XVII than else-
where, the outline forming a sinus as in J/. nova zelan-
die (93, Beddard, Fig.1). It is complete and nearly as
thick upon the ventral as upon the dorsal surface (PI.
XXXVIII., Fig. 14). Small genital papille are present
but difficult to see upon the entire worms, and I
have studied them only upon sectioned specimens. Their
situation is quite variable. In one specimen there is a
pair of papille on X and a single one on XI; a second
specimen has them similarly placed on X and XI, and
also has a pair on XVIII; while a third specimen has
none on X or XI, but has a pair on the anterior part
of XVII.

The sete are paired, and'those of the inner couples
converge toward the male pore, as in the species in-
cluded by Eisen in his genus Deltania (’94, p. 22).
In the somites posterior to XIX (See Fig. 13, PI.
XXXVII.) the distance between the sete of a ventral
couple is almost exactly equal to that between the
sete of a dorsal couple, and is about two thirds of that
between those couples, and nearly as great as that be-
tween the ventral couples. Thus, calling the distance
between the inner sete (1—1) 12, then the distance be-
tween the sete of a ventral couple is 10, that between
the ventral and dorsal couples is 15, that between the

408 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

setze of a dorsal couple is 10, and that between a dorsal
couple and the mid-dorsal line is 22-24. In the anterior
somites the sete of a ventral couple are a little nearer
together than those of a dorsal couple. The dorsal
setze are in the dorsal half of the worm. Sete of the
usual shape and size occur in the clitellar region as
elsewhere (Pl. XXXVII., Fig. 18). The ordinary sete
are about .16 mm. in length. The penial sete are nearly
four times as long, very slender, and slightly curved out-
ward. They are upon XVII, and are only one sixth as
far apart as those of the ordinary ventral couples. There
are no dorsal pores.

The buccal cavity is everted in alcoholic specimens.
The pharynx is thick only upon the dorsal side (PI.
XXXVIII., Fig. 17). In somite V, as shown by septa,
but pushed back to VI, as indicated by external divi-
sion, is a slightly developed gizzard (giz., Fig. 17). This
has a layer of circular muscle fibers slightly thicker than
that of the body wall of the same somite, but not nearly
as powerful as in some Acanthodrilide. The csophagus
continues to XVI, where it joins the greatly enlarged
intestine. Septal glands are present in V-VIII, those
of VII and VIII being small, and those of V and VI
larger. Figure 17 was drawn from median sections, and
consequently shows only small parts of the septal glands.

The first nephridia are in IH, and those of I1-IV each
have a nephridiopore anterior to seta 4. Those of V
and the following somites each open anterior to and a
little ventrad to seta 3, the nephridiopores being almost
exactly at the ends of the transverse diameter of a cross
section of the body. They all possess a bladder or
vesicle next to the wall.

The ‘‘hearts” are large and in X-XII.

The testes have the usual situation in X and XI. The
small and slightly lobulated sperm-sacs are in XI and
XII, and are attached to the anterior septum of their
respective somites a little below the esophagus. The

Species of North American O.igocheta. 409

ciliated funnels of the sperm-ducts have the usual situ-
ation in X and XI. The sperm-ducts are slender and
without convolutions. They meet in XII and extend to
XVII, those of either side lying close to each other und
passing through each somite just laterad of seta 2 (sp.
d., Pl. XXXVIII., Fig. 14). During their course they
lie upon the muscle layer of the body wall, without en-
tering it, until they are in the neighborhood of the male
pore. When they have reached the vicinity of the penial
setze they enter the muscular wall and unite, and the com-
mon duct passes around the posterior side of tke duct
of the prostate gland and the outer penial seta and
opens to the exterior between, and slightly posterior to,
the penial sete (Pl. XX XVIII, Fig. 15 and 16). One
pair of prostate glands is presentin XVII. The glandu-
lar part is tubular and slightly smaller in diameter in
the distal region, where it is bent, but not helix-like.
More frequently the distal portion projects into XVIII.
The wall is composed of long glandular cells, of which
many are somewhat bent and irregular. Although I
have studied thin sections carefully, I can distingu'sh no
differentiation into two layers. If there is any inner
epithelial layer at all, it is very slightly developed and
not continuous. I have found the same condition in
sections of each of several individuals. The muscular
duct is slightly longer than the setal sac near it, and
opens to the exterior just outside the outer penial seta.
The penial sete and the pore of the duct of the pros-
tate are very nearly in a straight line, with the male
pore between the setze and the prostate-duct pore just
outside the outer penial seta (Fig. 15 and 16). One
pair of spermathece is present in IX. In some speci-
mens one spermatheca projects into VIII, but the pores
are upon IX in each instance. These pores are at the
anterior margin of the somite and in line with seta 1.
The spermathece extend from one third to one half
the way across the somite, each having a somewhat

4410 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

elongated sac, and a distinct duct about one half
as long as the sac. Two diverticula communicate
with the duct about midway of its length. They are
approximately equal and one half as long as the sperma-
theca. Each has a narrow duct and an elongated sac.
The ovaries have the usual situation in XIII. There are
no ovisacs. The oviducal pore of each side is anterior
to seta 1 and in line with it.

In I. hempeli, characters are combined which seem to
bring the genera Rhododrilus and Deltania very near to-
gether and to emphasize the necessity of combining them
with Microscolex as Beddard has done (’95, p. 228). Dr.
Risen has expressed his opinion in favor of the same
course in a letter recently received, as has also. Dr. Ben-
ham.

The presence of Microscolex, Sparganophilus, and Dip-
locardia in Florida serves to bring the earthworm fauna
of that region into close relationship with that of the
more western parts of this country and South America.

CHAMPAIGN, November 6, 1896.

LIST OF PAPERS CITED.

793. BeppArpD, F. E.—Some New or Little-known Oligo-
cheta. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., XII., pp-
30-45.

995, —_—___—_ Preliminary Account of New Species
of Earthworms belonging to the Hamburg Mu-
seum. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, Pt. I., pp. 210-
239. :

191. Bourne, A. G.—Notes on the Naidiform Oligocheta;
containing a Description of New Species of the
Genera Pristina and Pterostylarides, and Remarks
upon Cephalization and Gemmation as Generic
and Specific Characters in the Group. Quart.
Journ. Micr. Sci.. (nm. s.); Vol. XX XIL.. ppy saa:
356. Pl. XXVI. and XXVIII.

Species of North American Oligocheta. 411

994. Eisen, G.—On California Eudrilide. Mem. Calif.
Acad. we, Vol. IL, No. 8, pp. 21-62. Pl. XII.-
XXIX.

795, —————————Pacific Coast Oligocheta, I. Mem.
Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. II., No. 4, pp. 63-90. PI.
XXX.-XLV.

750. Leipy, J.—Descriptions of some American Annelida
abranchia. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. II.,
2d ser., pp. 48-50. Pl. IT.

794. MicHAELson, W.~Die Regenwurm-Faunavon Florida
und Georgia. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., Bd.
VIII., 2 Heft, pp. 177-194.

795. Smita, F.—A Preliminary Account of two New Oli-
gocheta from Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat.
Hist., Vol. IV., Art. V., pp. 138-148.

795. Upr, H.—Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Enchytreeiden
und Lumbriciden. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. LXI.,
1 Heft, pp. 111-141. Taf. VI.

84. VEsDovsKy, F’.—System und Morphologie der Oligo-
cheten. 166 pp. 16 Taf.

412 Tilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

ABBREVIATIONS.

at. Enlargement of sperm- | ph. Pharynx.
duct near ({ pore. pr. po. Prostate gland pore:
br. ‘Brain. res. Sperm reservoir,
c. d. Duct connecting reser- | 8. sa. Inner end of seta,
voirandterminal por- | sal. gl. Salivary gland.
tion of sperm-duct. sep. Septum.
clit. Clitellum. sep. gl. Septal gland.
coel. Colom. sp. d. Sperm-duct.
d. 8. Dorsal seta. Spee Spermiducal funnel.
d. ves. Dorsal vessel. sp. th. Spermatheca.
(Wat Genital seta. sp. th. d. Duct of spermatheca.
(hy ta UR, Gland of genital seta. sp. th. po. Spermathecal pore.
giz. Gizzard. t. Testis.
gnc. Gland cells at G' pore. | v. g. Subcesophageal gangli-.
int. Intestine. on.
int. sin. Intestinal sinus. Vv. 8. ' Ventral seta,
mn. C. Nerve cord. VY. Ves. Subintestinal vessel.
neph.po. Nephridiopore. CO po. Pore of sperm-duct.
oes. (sophagus. 2 po. Oviducal pore.
ov. f. Ovidueal funnel.

PuaTE XXXYV.
Pristina leidyt.

Fig. 1. A slightly oblique transverse section passing
through the glands of the genital sete in the posterior
part of VI, and through the duct of one spermatheca
in the anterior part of VII. The septum is not shown.
x 335.

Fig. 2. Transverse section near the middle of VII,
passing through the snermathece. X 335.

Fig. 3. A slightly . -ique transverse section passing
through the:spermiducal funnel in the posterior part of
VII and the glandular part of the sperm-duct in the an-
terior part of VIII. X 335.

Fig. 4. Diagram showing the arrangement of part of
the reproductive organs. Sete are relatively too small.

Fig. 5. A ventral seta. X 550.

Fig. 6. Distal portion of a dorsal seta. X 1000.

Explanation of Plates. 413

PLATE XXXVI.
Mesoporodrilus asymmetricus.

Fig. 7. A median longitudinal section reconstructed
from several sections. X 80.

Fig. 8. Oviducal funnel and pore. X 210.

Fig. 9. A seta. X 210.

Fig. 10. Ventral portion of a _ transverse section
through IX, showing the position of the pore of one of
the spermathece. X 190.

PLATE XXXVII.
Mesoporodrilus asymmetricus.
Fig. 11. Median longitudinal section of anterior end,
from several sections. The proboscis of this specimen
had been lost, but its position, as shown by the injury to

the wall of the prostomium, is indicated by dotted

lines. X 80.
Fig. 12. A cross section of the pharynx. X 120.

Microscolex hempeli.

Fig. 13. Diagram showing the arrangement of the

ventral sete in the anterior part.
PuaTE XXXVIII.
Microscolen hempeli.

Fig. 14. Cross section from the region of the clitellum.
xX 33.

Fig. 15. From a superficial frontal section showing
the relations of the genital sete and pores of one side.
xX 350.

Fig. 16. Portion of a transverse section through the
male pore of one side. X 200.

Fig. 17. Median longitudinal section of a specimen
with lips everted. X 30.

ARTICLE XV.— Contribution to a Knowledge of the North
American Fresh-water Ostracoda included in the Fami-
lies Cytheride and Cypridide. By RichaARD W.SHARPE,
B.S.

INTRODUCTION.

The present paper has been prepared in the course
of work at the University of Illinois for the degree of
master of science in zodlogy. In addition to extensive
collections of Entomostraca made at the Biological
Station of the University of Illinois, situated at Havana,
on the Illinois River, I have been able, through the kind-
ness of Dr. 8. A. Forbes, to examine all the accumula-
tions in this group made by the Illinois State Labora-
tory of Natural History during the last twenty years,
and covering a territory little less than continental.
The greater part of the material studied is from the
rivers, ponds, and lakes of Illinois and immediately ad-
jacent states, but at least a cursory examination has
also been made of collections from the Yellowstone
National Park and from the lakes of northwestern
Montana.

Although the Ostracoda of Europe have now been ex-
tensively studied, but little work has been done upon
this order in America. Prof. C. H. Turner, of Clark
University, Atlanta, Ga., has, however, paved the way
for American students in this field (85, 62, 63, and 64),
and scattered descriptions occur in the writings of some
others. The earlier practice of distinguishing species by
characters derived from the shell alone has had the effect
to surround the study of this group with extraordinary
difficulties and greatly to complicate the synonymy.
More recently much use has been made of the structure of

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 415

the soft parts of these Crustacea, with the result to add
several new genera, mostly described by Prof. G. O. Sars.
For the convenience of students who follow me I have
thought it best to embody synopses of all these genera
in the text.

Of the twenty-two species herein mentioned fourteen
are new to America, and twelve I believe to be un-
described. Two of these species belong to the genus
Limnicythere and to the family Cytheride, itself new to
America.

It is a pleasure to me to say that whatever value
this work may have is due in great part to the kind
encouragement I have received from Dr. Forbes, and to
his generosity in providing both material and literature
for my use.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.*

Unlike the other groups of Entomostraca, most of
which, independent of shores or bottom, swim easily
and continuously throughout the waters they inhabit,
the Ostracoda commonly occupy a more restricted range
in small and shallow waters, or along the bottoms and
margins of large lakes and streams. With them, the act
of swimming is more laborious because of the structure
of the animal and the weight of the shell. In collections
of the limnetic plankton, therefore, they are either want-
ing, or present only in relatively insignificant numbers.
In consequence of the temporary nature of the small
bodies of water in which they are usually found, they
are much more frequently observed during the spring
months. At this time, in a little short-lived wayside poo!
or ditch vast numbers may make their appearance, soon
to disappear with the drying up of the water. They may
also be seen in such situations in the fall. They thrive
in both clear and turbid waters, either in the midst of
aquatic vegetation or on a bare mud bottom. Most of

* The text and tables under this head were prerared by Mr. C. A. Hart.

416 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

them are scavengers, though some species feed upon min-
ute aquatic vegetation, such as diatoms and filamentous
Alge. d

Ten of the species and both of the families herein
treated were represented in collections of the Biological
Station from the region covered by its operations in the
vicinity of Havana. The collections examined were partly
surface, bottom, and oblique tows taken with a fine tow-
ing net in the deeper and more open waters, and partly
catches with the towing net or Birge net from among
the vegetation along the gently-sloping shores.

In the first table following, the distribution of each
species is shown with regard to the various collecting sub-
stations, which are grouped according to their general
character. Full descriptions of these localities may be
found in a previous article of this volume.* The total
number of collections examined from each substation is
given immediately beneath the letter designating the sub-
station. The lower, larger number of each pair in the
table indicates the relative abundance of the species, on
the scale of 5, 1 meaning’ rare, and 5, excessively
abundant. The smaller numbers above these show the
number of collections in which the species appeared.

It will be seen that in the off-shore collections the first
three genera (Limnicythere, Cyprinotus, and Candona)
do not appear at all, while the last two (Cypria and
Cypridopsis) appear a number of times. This indicates
a difference in habits, and does in fact correspond to
a decided difference in structure. The members of the
second group possess well-developed swimming hairs or
natatory sete, and appear not only in the bottom tows
but in the surface tows also, even in the river channel
at station E.

* Article VL, p. 151.

417

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda.

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North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 419

In the second table, the same data are grouped with
regard to the time of year, the figures having the same
meaning as in the preceding table. The rise in abund-
ance in spring is quite evident, and probably would be
more so if the earlier months were better represented.
The first three genera (Limnicythere, Cyprinotus, and
Candona) are absent during the summer months, reap-
pearing in fall in lesser numbers. The remaining species
(Cypria and Cypridopsis) are more uniformly distributed
through the year. As they seem more at home in
larger bodies of water, while those of the preceding group
are accustomed to live in small ponds and streams which
often dry up in midsummer, this difference would natur-
ally be expected.

A full list of the species treated in the following pages,
accompanied by biological data, is next given for com-
parison. Unless otherwise specified, the data given are
from the records and collections of the State Laboratory.
The relative abundance is indicated by a figure, as in the
preceding tables.

The entire absence of species of Cypris from the Biolog-
ical Station list is doubtless due to their occurrence in
small ponds in preference to larger bodies of water, such
as the lakes and streams of the Havana region.

Family Cytheride.
Limnicythere reticulata n. sp. Pond, Urbana, April, (2).
ilinoisensis n. sp. Lake shore, Havana, May, (1).
These species are evidently crawlers or burrowers
rather than swimmers.
Family Cypridide.
Cyclocypris forbest n. sp. Pond, Bloomington, April.
Cyprinotus pellucida n. sp. In water from creek, Urbana,
April; roadside pool, Havana, Sept.,(4) ; creek near
Quincy.
burlingtonensis Turner. Jan.and March (Turner); Nor-
mal, May.
imeongruens Ramd. Abundant in pools in spring
(VAvra); Pt. Pinellas, Fla., Mav.

120 Jllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Cypris reticulata Zadd. Ponds, Normal, Feb., (2), and
April, (5); Cypress swamp, Ky., Sept., (1).

Juscata Jurine. Pond, Urbana, April.

testudinaria n. sp. Pond in woods, Bloomington,
April.

Candona acuminata Fischer. Pond, Clifton, May, (2).

recticauda n. sp. Pond, Clifton, Feb.

sumpsoni n. sp. Lake and river shores, Havana, April,
(4), May, (3), Oct., (1), and Nov., (1); spoam:
Urbana, April, (8).

Jabeformis Fischer. Abundant in March and April
in small pools (VAvra); pools, Normal, March;
August (Turner).

sigmoides, n. sp. Lake and river shores, Havana, May,
(2); and OGt. (1).

refleca n. sp. Lake shore, Havana, April, May, and
Nov., (1).

Cypria pustulosa un. sp. Bottom tows in river channel,
surface and bottom tows in lakes, and lake and
river shores, Havana, May, (2), July, (1), Aug.,
(1), and Sept., (2).

obesa 1. Sp. Lake shore, Havana, May, (3).

dentifera n.sp. Zodlogical Gardens, Cincinnati, O., Aug.

exsculpta Fischer. Common in most running streams.
Bottom tow in river channel, lake and river
shores, Havana, April, (1), May, (8), July, (2),
and Oct., (1); ponds, Clifton, Feb. and May,
(3); Normal, May; shore of L. Minnetonka, July,
(1); Fourth Lake, Aug., (1).

ophthalmica Jurine. Surface and bottom tows in river
channel, (2), surface and bottom tows in lakes,
andlake andriver shores, Havana, Feb., (1), Apr.,
(1), May, (8), June, (2), July, (1), Aug., (3),
Sept., (2), and Oct., (1). A scavenger and act-
ive swimmer (Vavra). Common in ponds and
ditches where there is little or no vegetation
(Brady). Pools, Normal, March, (4); shore of
L. Minnetonka, July, (1).

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 491

Cypridopsis vidua O. F. Miller. This cosmopolite seems
to occur quite uniformly in all kinds of waters
and at all seasons.

smaragdina Vayra. Ditch entering Calumet R., Aug.,
(2); found in July and August (Vavra).

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS PAPER.*

1 (4). Second antenne simple, subpediform, geniculate,
clawed at the apex, not very unlike the upper an-
tenne; both pairs of antenne bearing long sete
and adapted for swimming, or shortly setose and
not used for swimming. Mandibles distinct, mostly
strongly toothed at the lower extremity; palp of mod-
erate size, bearing a more or less developed branchial
appendage. First pair of maxille bearing a large
branchial plate. Mostly fresh-water forms.

Tribe PODOCOPA.

2 (3). Three nearly similar pairs of feet, all directed
downwards and used for locomotion. Caudal rami
obsolete, forming two rounded setiferous lobes.
Antenne very little adapted for swimming.

CYTHERIDs.

8 (2). Two dissimilar pairs of feet; the anterior pair
ambulatory, the posterior pair not used for locomo-
tion, bent backwards within the valves. Caudal rami
commonly well developed, mobile, and bearing two
terminal claws. Antenne commonly with natatory
sete. Cy PRIDID.

4 (1). Second antennze two-branched; one branch rudi-
mentary, immobile, the other elongate, flexible, with
long natatory sete (Myodocopa); or both branches
well developed, movable, and natatory (Cladocopa);
or both branches flattened, similar to the feet of
the Copepoda (Platycopa). Marine tribes.

* Modification of a key prepared by Brady (6).

422 Tllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

FAMILY CYTHERIDZ.

“Shell mostly hard, calcareous, usually with an un-
even surface either sparingly clothed with hairs or alto-
gether bare; hinge generally toothed. Eyes more or
less separated, sometimes wanting. Antennules sub-
pediform, geniculate at the base; five- to seven-segmented;
beset with short sete which are partly spine like. Anten-
ne strong, pediform, curved, four- or five-segmented, with
two terminal claws; basal segment bearing a long seti-
form biarticulate flagellum, which conveys a duct from
a poison gland; second segment destitute of a setose
brush.

‘““Mandibles usually strong, enlarged and toothed at
the apex; palp well developed, directed forward, and
bearing on the posterior margin strong curved sete
and a poorly developed branchial appendage. First
pair of postoral appendages more or less maxilliform;
the three following alike, pediform, directed downwards,
adapted for walking. One pair of branchial lamine
attached to the maxille. Caudal rami obsolete, form-
ing two rounded setiferous lobes. Copulatory organs of
the male large and complex; in addition to which there
is a curious bifurcate appendage between the feet of the
first pair; ovaria and testes not produced between the
valves; no mucous gland. Animal incapable of swim-
ming.’”’—G. O. Sars.

I am not aware that representatives of this family have
heretofore been reported for America. Of the dozen or
more genera belonging to this family, but one (Limni-
cythere) seems to be purely a fresh-water genus.

I. LiMNICYTHERE Brapy.

1850. Cythere, Baird (2, p. 163).

1868. Limnicythere, Brady (6, p. 419).

1878. Acanthopus, Vernet (72, p. 516).

1888. Limnocythere, Dahl (20, p. 615).

1889. Limnicythere, Brady & Norman (9, p. 170).
1891. Limnicythere, Vavra (68, p. 107).

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 423

Shell strong, irregularly tuberculate or spinous, rather
thin and horny in texture; extremities yellowish or
hyaline.

The first pair of antenne five-segmented, provided
with short bristles on their outer edge; second pair four-
segmented, the “spinning claw” being either two-seg-
mented or unsegmented. The branchial plate of the
mandible strongly developed (commonly rudimentary in
other genera of this group). Caudal rami rudimentary,
commonly but two short bristles.

Males are rare. Previous to Vavra’s monograph
(68) but five species were known: ZL. sancti-patricic
B. & R.; LZ. monstrifica Norman, from England; JZ.
tmopinata Baird, from England and Sweden; JZ. vrelicta
Lillj., from Sweden; and ZL. ¢ncisa Dahl, from Germany.
Vavra (68) adds Z. stationis as new, and Zschokke (76)
has recently described L. neocomensis from Switzerland.
I have found two species which presumably are not yet
described.

Limnicythere reticulata n. sp. (Pl. XX XIX., Fig. 1-7.)

A small form, .66 to .73 mm. in length, .35 mm.
high, and .25 mm. broad; grayish white. Shell sparsely
hairy at the anterior and posterior ends; conspic.
uously marked with a honeycomb-like network of polyg-
onal reticulations (Fig. 1 and 2), which are somewhat
similar to those of LZ. sancti-patricis and L. illinoisensis,
but with lateral furrows which serve at once to distin-
guish it from these species. The upper anterior part, in
the neighborhood of the eye, is nearly free from reticula-
tions, marking the position of a lateral depression which
is deepest near the middle of the shell, becoming shal-
lower anteriorly.

Seen from the side (Fig. 2), the shell is evenly and
gradually rounded at both ends; dorsal margin straight,
the ventral sinuate, the deepest part slightly anterior to
the middle; posterior part somewhat broader than the
anterior.

424 TLilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Seen from above, the shell is sharply and narrowly
pointed anteriorly, broadening quickly and then sud-
denly contracting to broaden again slightly, so that it
is widest back of the middle, from which it slopes grad-
ually to the somewhat bluntly pointed posterior part.

Seen ventrally (Fig. 1), the lateral depressions show to
greater advantage, appearing as two constrictions; one
just posterior to the middle, the other considerably an-
terior to it.

Muscle impressions (Fig. 2) four, elongate-oval, situ-
ated at the bottom of a circular lateral depression, their
longest axes parallel to that of the shell and to one
another.

As with Z. neocomensis and L. stationis, the first an-
tenne (Fig. 5) have a long, narrow terminal seg-
ment about seven times as lone as wide, armed api-
cally with three equal sete, one of which is cleft
apically for about a third of its length, having the
appearance of a ‘‘sense seta,” the inner branch being
about half the length of the outer. In other respects
the antenne are the same as in other described species.

The second antennz seem armed in no especial way.
The three terminal spines are strong, plain, and much
curved, the two longer being equa! in length and four
times the length of the apical segment; the other, seta-
like, and about an eighth shorter. ‘‘Urticating sete”
two-segmented, reaching to the middle of the terminal
spines. All of the inner sete blunt and spine-like.

The palp of the mandible is short and plump. Maxille
not especially armed in any way; outer edge of the base
smooth.

The first of the three pairs of feet is the shortest, the
others increasing in length in regular order backwards.
All are armed simiiarly, with a few slight exceptions.
The terminal claw of the first foot is slightly longer
than the last two segments taken together; the spine-
like seta on the inner apical edge of the second segment

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 425

is two filths longer than the third segment; third and
fourth segments of equal length. Terminal claw of
third pair as long as the united lengths of the last
three and a half segments (Fig. 6); antepenultimate seg-
ment as long as the last two segments, the spine-like
seta on its inner distal edge of the same length; width
of basal segment one fourth its total length; two spine-
like setze on its lower inner edge, the distal seta twice
the length of the other.

Rudimentary caudal rami (Fig. 3) cylindrical, thick,
blunt, about three times as long as wide, with a small
seta near base, not over two thirds as Jong as the width
of the ramus, and a stouter one near the tip of the
ramus, twice as long as the preceding one.

The posterior dorsal part of the carapace (Fig. 7)
tapers to a spine-like point, and upon the dorsal aspect
there are several rows of tooth-like notches.

Described from several specimens taken from a small
pond (Hedges’ Pond) south of Urbana, Ill., April 10,
1896. A number were raised from mud taken from the
bed of the pond.

Limnicythere illinoisensis n. sp. (P].XXXIX., Fig. 8~
Pes jand. el i)

A medium-sized species, .88 mm. long, .40 mm. high,
and .29 mm. wide; dark grayish white. A few scatter-
ing hairs on the surface of the shell, which is rather
inconspicuously marked on its entire surface with polyg-
onal areas, which are, however, very faint compared
with those of Z. reticulata. With a high power these
areas are found to be filled with small elongate-oval
to quadrangular granules (P]. XXXIX., Fig. 9).

Seen from the side (Pl. XX XIX., Fig. 8), the shell is
evenly and gradually rounded at both ends, the dorsal
margin straight, the ventral deeply sinuate, the deepest
part at the anterior third, just below the muscle im-
pressions. (In Z. reticulata the deepest part is just pos-

426 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History:

terior to a vertical line passing through the muscle im-
pressions.) The posterior part is considerably broader
than the anterior. -

Seen from above, the shell is sharply and concavely
pointed anteriorly, then quickly broadens and remains
of the same width nearly to the posterior end, which is
convexly and bluntly pointed. There is a constriction
or sinus (Pl. XXXIX., Fig. 13) just in front of the
middle, which, in the position indicated in Fig. 1, Pl.
XL., is seen to be double. The deeper sinus is just
anterior to the middle and above the muscle impres-
sions. Anterior to this is a small conical elevation
separating it from another smaller sinus or constriction
from which the surface slopes quite quickly to the ante-
rior part.

The radiating hairs of the anterior and _ posterior
parts are more abundant than in JL. reticulata, and
resemble those of LZ. neocomensis. The anterior hyaline
flange is three times as wide as the posterior one.
(Pl. XXXIX., Fig. 8.)

Muscle impressions four, elongate-oval, situated at the
bottom of a circular depression just anterior to the mid-
dle of the shell and just above the deepest part of
the ventral sinus, their long axes parallel to that of the
shell. There are two or three similar depressions in the
same vicinity.

Terminal segment of the first antenne (Pl. XL., Fig.
6) four times (in female) or five times (in male) as
long as wide, armed apically with three sete, the terminal
one of which is divided apically as a “‘sense seta”’ and is
once and two thirds the length of the segment; the other
two equal, and one fourth longer than the segment. The
penultimate segment is a fourth longer than the last one,
while the antepenultimate is but half as long as the penul-
timate. The one preceding this, and also the basal seg-
ment, are ciliated along their inner edges (Pl. XL., Fig. 6).

The second antenna of the male differs from that of

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 427

the female in that the terminal claw is armed with
three or four strong teeth at tip (Pl. XL., Fig. 5).
The basal part of the penultimate segment has two cir-
cles of hairs, as has also the antepenultimate segment,
which is two sevenths the length of the penultimate,
“Urticating seta’ two-segmented, reaching to the middle
of the terminal spine; all the inner sete blunt and spine-
like, as in LZ. reticulata.

Maxille and mandibles not especially different from
those of other members of the genus.

Feet of first pair (Pl. XX XIX., Fig. 11) shortest, armed
like those of the second.

Basal segment of second pair faintly ciliated exteriorly
near the base; penultimate segment slightly longer than
the last, both together equaling the antepenultimate ;
terminal claw nearly equal to three preceding segments,
and in male with two or three accessory teeth near the
Pipe AL. Wie 3):

Feet of third pair (Pl. XL., Fig. 4) in the male
with an unusually long terminal seta,—as long as
the united segments of the foot,—faintly cross-striated
on its distal half, its place of attachment surrounded by
a circle of cilia, as is also the joint between the last and
penultimate segments; the last two segments together
equal to the antepenultimate, which has on its inner dis-
tal edge a plumose seta as long as the segment; basal seg-
ment somewhat triangular in shape, three times as long
as wide.

Rudimentary caudal rami (Pl. XXXIX., Fig. 12) cy-
lindrical, six to seven times as long as wide, gradually
tapering to a seta-like extremity which is five sevenths
as long as the main part of the ramus. Two dorsal
setze: one situated about the width of ramus from base
and as long as the width of the ramus; the other just
anterior to the seta-like termination, and about the same
length as the first. The male sexual grasping organs are
unusually well developed and as shown in Pl. XL.,
Fig. 2.

428 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Described from specimens found at the Biological Sta-
tion in a shore collection made at Thompson’s Lake
(Station G), Havana, Ill., May 26, 1895.

Famity CYPRIDIDZ.

“Shell generally thin and horny; valves equal or but
slightly unequal in size, surface usually smooth or sim-
ply punctated; ventral margins more or less sinuated ;
hinge margins edentulous. Eyes simple, usually conflu-
ent, sometimes wanting, Antennules (first antennz)
slender, usually seven-jointed, very flexile, usually pro-
vided with a number of long hairs forming a dense
brush. Antenne (second antennze) pediform, geniculated,
four- or five-jointed, clawed at the apex, second joint
mostly bearing an apical brush of hairs.

‘‘Mandibles strong, apex strongly toothed, palp four-
jointed, with a setiferous branchial plate at the base.
Two pairs of maxille, the first pair four-digitate, its
external branch distinctly two-jointed, bearing a large
setiferous branchial plate; second pair small, com-
posed of a single prehensile lobe and a palp which in the
female is generally simple, rarely pediform, and in the
male prehensile. Two pairs of feet dissimilar in struct-
ure, the anterior pair strong, ambulatory, directed down-
wards and having a long curved apical claw; posterior
pair bent backwards within the shell, and not used for
motion. Caudal rami usually well developed, elongated,
very mobile, and bearing two or three apical claws. In-
testine forming two dilatations, of which the anterior is
provided with ccecal appendages. Generative organs
large, and of complex structure, and partly extended
within the valves; in the male frequently a complex
whorled sac connected with the testis; copulatory or-
gans symmetrical, and of moderate si¥%e.”—BRaDY AND
NORMAN.

I have thought it well to insert all the genera of good
workers in the following key, knowing that further
usage will best determine their validity

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 429

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF CYPRIDIDE.*

1 (18). Second pair of feet ending in a cylindrical seg-
ment with two backwardly directed sete.

2 (3). Second pair of feet in both male and female six-
segmented. Second pair of maxille without a branchi-
al plate. I. NoToproMas.

3 (2). Second pair of feet in female five-segmented, in
male six-segmented.

4 (7,8) Branchial plate of second pair of maxillz rudi-
mentary, in the form of two feathered sete.

5 (6). Eye present. VIII. Canpona.

6 (5). Eye absent. IX. TyYPHLOCYPRIS.

7 (4, 8). Branchial plate of second pair of maxille
developed, in the form of three feathered sete.
X. CANDONOPSIS.

8 (4, 7). Branchial plate of second maxillze with six
feathered sete.
9 (10). Palp of second maxille rudimentary.
XI. Inyocypris.
10 (9). Palp of second maxille normally developed.
11 (12). Terminal segment of second pair of feet one
fourth as long as fourth segment. XII. Cypria.
12 (11). Terminal segment of second pair of feet two
thirds as long as fourth segment. II. CycLocypris.

13 (1). Second pair of feet ending in a beak-shaped
segment with one backwardly directed claw.
14 (15,16). Caudal rami rudimentary, flagellum-like.
XII. Cyprivopsis.

15 (14,16). Caudal rami somewhat rudimentary, small,
lamellar, terminating in a long seta, and having a
much shorter one, placed dorsally at some distance
from the tip. XIV. PorTamocyPris.

16 (14, 15). Caudal rami cylindrical, ending in twoclaws.

*A modification of Vavra’s Key (68, p. 31).

4380 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

17 (18). Natatory setz of the second antenne well de-
veloped, plumose, reaching considerably beyond the
terminal claws, Anterior and posterior ventral mar-
gins of right valve generally armed with a row of
tuberculiform teeth. III. Cyprinotus.

18 (17). Natatory sete of the second antenne not
well developed, commonly simple, and not reaching
beyond terminal claws. Margins of right valve not
armed with a row of tuberculiform teeth.

19 (20). Natatory setze small or rudimentary, not
adapted for swimming. VI. ERPETOCYPRIS.

20 (19). Natatory sete reaching to, or barely beyond,
the tips of the terminal claws.

21 (22). Dorsal sete of caudal ramus rudimentary or
absent. Claws denticulate. VII. STENOcYPRIS,

22 (21). Dorsal sete of caudal ramus developed as usual,
and near claws.
23 (24). Caudal rami exceedingly large and elongate.
V. CYPRICERCUS.

24 (23). Caudal rami, as usual, not disproportionately
developed. IV. CypRris.

Descriptions of each of the above genera are inserted
throughout the text for the convenience of workers, al-
though but eight of the fourteen have been found in
America.

The keys inserted are intended to be little more than
an analysis of the species mentioned in this paper.

I. NoToorRoMAS LILLJEBORG.
1792. Cypris, O. F. Miller (49, p. 48).
1853. Notodromas, Lilljeborg (39, p. 94).
1854. Cyprois, Zenker (75, p. 80).

The second pair of antenne are six-segmented in both
male and female. The second maxilla lacks a branchial
plate. The palp of the female is two-segmented, the
terminal segment ending in two short sete. In the male
this terminal segment is modified into a hook-shaped

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 431

appendage. The second foot is five-sezmented, terminat-
ing in three sete, of which two are directed backward.
The two eyes are separate. The abdominal rami are
long and slender.

Males are common. This genus numbers but one spe-
cies, which has been reported from Minnesota by Her-
rick (1885). I have never examined specimens.

II. CycLocypRIs Brapy & NorMAN,
1787-1854. Cypris, Auctorum.
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (36, p. 179).
1854. Cypria, Zenker (75, p. 79).
1889. Cypria, Brady & Norman (Q, p. 68).
1889. Cyclocypris, Brady & Norman (QQ, p. 70).

I give below the description of this genus, partially as
amended by Vavra (68).

The second pair of antenne are five-segmented in the
female, six-segmented in the male, the fourth segment
having no sense organ. Natatory sete very long,
reaching far beyond the tips of the terminal claws. The
palp of the mandible and of the first maxilla are but
normally developed. The second maxilla bears a branchi-
al plate and palp. In the male the right and left palps
are dissimilar, terminating as hooked prehensile organs.

The last sezment of the second foot is unusually long,
being two thirds the length of the fourth segment. The
caudal rami are strong, terminating in unusually strong
claws and a delicate seta. The dorsal seta is situated
at some distance from the subterminal claw.

Males are numerous. The copulatory organ is quad-
rangular.

This genus differs from Cypria in the much more
plump sheil, in the character of the second feet, in the
different form of the copulatory organs, and in the ab-
sence of the two special sense organs on the second
pair of antenne of the male.

There are five species in this genus: C. globosa Sars,
C. levis O. F. M., C. modesta Herrick, C. pusilla Sars,

432 Lliinois Stute Laboratory of Natural History.

and C. forbesi n. sp., of this paper. Of these C. levis,
C. modesta, and C. forbest are known to occur in America.

COMPARISON OF SPECIES.

1 (2). Caudal ramus twice as long as its terminal claw
(measured on front edge). C. tevis O. F. M.

2 (1). Caudal ramus clearly more than twice the length
of its terminal claw (measured on front edge).

3 (4). Ramus nearly two and a half times the length
of its terminal claw; claws strong, much bent,
nearly smooth. C. FORBESI 0. sp.

4 (3). Ramus three times the length of its terminal claw;
claws strong, nearly straight, weakly bent near end,
finely toothed; ramus toothed on hind edge, also
with comb of teeth on its side. C. GLOBOSA Sars.

Cyclocypris forbesi n. sp. (Pl. XLI., Figs. 1-7.)

A very small form, scarcely larger than Cyclocypris
levis, 55 mm. long, .389 mm. high, and .36 mm. wide.

The shell is plump, with equal valves, translucent, of
a muddy sepia-brown color in alcohol, sparsely covered
both anteriorly and posteriorly with conspicuous hairs,
none evident on sides.

Seen from the side (Fig. 1), the shape of the shell ap-
proaches a subelliptical form, three fourths as high as
long, the dorsal margin a trifle straighter than the ven-
tral, which is very evenly and gently convex.

Seen from above (Fig. 2), the shape is a moderate
oval, thickest behind the middle, rather bluntly pointed
anteriorly and more so posteriorly.

Second antenne of male, six-sezmented; of the female,
5-segmented. In the female the terminal segment (Fig. 3)
is as long as broad, the penultimate four times as long as
this, while the antepenultimate is twice as long as the pe-
nultimate, two and a half times as long as broad, bearing
an unusually long sense organ near its base, reaching be-
yond the end of the segment. Terminal claws nearly
straight, curved at tip, faintly toothed. Natatory sete
four times as long as the terminal claws.

Away

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 433

Palps (Fig. 4 and 5) of second maxille in the male
hook-like, the right one larger than the left.

Terminal claw of first foot rather stout, toothed, much
bent at tip, and as long as the last three segments.

Terminal segment of second foot (Fig. 6) three fifths
as long as the preceding segment. The longer of the
backwardly directed sete is longer than the combined
lengths of the last three segments, the shorter one being
one fourth as long, or the length of the last segment;
terminal claw half as long as the last se2ment. Penulti-
mate segment three and a half times as long as broad
and armed on the inner edge with but one seta, which is
on the middle of the segment, and half its length. In
C. globosa and C. levis there are two such sete.

Caudalrami (Fig. 7) rather short, stout, somewhat bent,
the terminal claw half as long as the anterior edge, the
subterminal claw four fifths as long as the terminal claw,
both stout, lightlv toothed, andstrongly bentat tip. Ter-
minal seta about as long as width of ramus; dorsal seta
delicate, two and a half times width of ramus from sub-
terminal claw, and two thirds as long as ramus is wide.

The “organ of Zenker” is about twice as long as
wide, resembling that of C. globosa.

Described from several male and female specimens in
the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural
History, from a pond in the woods near Bloomington,
Il., April 5, 1879.

Named for Prof. 8. A. Forbes.

Ill. CypRINnoTUsS Brapy.
1792. Cypris, O. F. Miiller (49, p. 48).
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (36, p. 170).
1885. Cyprinotus, Brady (8, p. 301).

Natatory sete of antenne reaching considerably be-
yond the tips of the terminal claws; plumose. Seta of
dorsal edge of caudal ramus close to subterminal claw;
claws smooth. Margins of right valve of shell generally
armed with tuberculiform teeth. Propagation sexual.

28—

434 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

In other respects this genus does not differ materially -
from the genus Cypris.

The species thus far known in America are. C. incongru-
ens Ramd., C. crena Turner, C. burlingtonensis Turner,
C. grandis (Chambers), and @. pellucida n. sp.

COMPARISON OF SPECIES.

1 (4). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus more than half as.
long as subterminal claw.
2 (3). Dorsal seta width of ramus from subterminal

claw. C. PELLUCIDA 0. Sp.
3 (2). Dorsal seta two and a half times width of ramus
from subterminal claw. C. INCONGRUENS Ramd.

4 (1). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus less than half as
long as subterminal claw, and width of ramus
from it; sete of ramus about equal in length,
the dorsal seta reaching beyond tip of ramus by half
its own length; ramus faintly serrate.

C. BURLINGTONENSIS Turner.

Cyprinotus pellucida n. sp. (PI. XLII., Fig. 1-6.)

A moderately large species, from 1.10 to 1.40 mm.
long, .80 mm. high, and .51 mm. wide, color varying
from transparent to brownish yellow, commonly show-
ing the outline of the animal within, the contents of the
stomach and intestines being unusually apparent. Shell
sparsely covered with small papillar elevations from which
short hairs arise, these being longest at euch extremity;
also commonly well marked with a regular arrangement
of dotted lines (Fig. 3).

Seen from the side (Fig. 1), the shell is nearly ellip-
tical, regularly arched dorsally, nearly straight ventrally,
anterior and posterior ends convex.

Seen from above (Fig. 2), the shell resembles a pointed
ellipse, bluntly pointed posteriorly and rather acutely so
anteriorly.

The two longer of the natatory sete of the second an-
tenne reach but slightly beyond the terminal claws. The

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 485

penultimate segment in the female is armed with three
claws distally, the outer of which is but a third as long
as the other two and a half longer than the last seg-
ment. Claws four times as long as the distal segment,
which is half as wide as long.

The two-segmented spines on the first pair of maxillee
are toothed.

Terminal claw of first pair of feet (Fig. 4) strong, finely
cross-toothed near the extremity, and slightly longer
than the last three segments, of which the penultimate
and antepenultimate are of the same length, both to-
gether just equaling the one preceding. This segment has
five patches of fine hairs (Fig. 4) on the inner edge, and
a moderately long seta at the inner distal angle. Outer
edge slightly crenulate.

Terminal claw of second pair of feet (Fig. 5) nearly
straight, finely cross-striated and finely toothed, scarcely
longer than terminal segment of foot.

Caudal rami (Fig. 6) slightly bent, about twice as
long as the terminal claw. Claws finely toothed, strong,
slightly bent, the shorter three fourths the length of the
longer. Dorsal seta of ramus width of ramus from sub-
terminal claw, bent, somewhat coarsely plumose, and as
long as the subterminal claw, which is situated at width
of ramus from terminal claw; terminal seta three fifths
the length of dorsal one.

Shaded roadside pool near Havana, Ill. (abundant) ;
Cedar Creek, near Quincy, Ill. (Coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat.
Hist.); April, 1896, in an aquarium started from a small
creek flowing through the University arboretum at
Urbana, Il.

Cyprinotus burlingtonensis TurNER. (PI. x LET,;
Fig. 7.)
1894. Cypris burlingtonensis, Turner (64, p. 17, Pl. VIL. Fig. 14-
23).
1895. Cyprinotus burlingtonensis, Turner (35, p. 333, Pl. LXX.,
Fig. 14-23).

436 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Mistory.

Length 1.40-1.65 mm., height .66-.90 mm., and width
.70-.80 mm.

The shell is thin, covered with long hairs, and yellow-
ish brown except some bluish black stripes on the dor-
sum and sides. The dorsal band begins just back of the
eye-spot, from which place two bands extend directly
downward, spreading laterally and covering quite an ex-
tended area near the center of the shell. After extend-
ing posteriorly a short distance, the dorsal band sends
downward two more bands which curve forward near the
ventral edge of the shell, and finally merge with the
central patch.

Seen from the side, the shell is suboval, somewhat
narrower posteriorly, highest just anterior to the middle.
Ventral margin quite straight.

Seen from above, the shell is subelliptical, somewhat
more pointed anteriorly than posteriorly, while the sides
are nearly parallel at the middle for a short distance.

Seen from the end, the sides are very convex.

Second antenne stout; terminal claws toothed near
tip, and of approximately the same length; natatory
sete extending beyond the tips of the terminal claws
from one third to one half the length of the claws.

The two-segmented spines on the first process of the
first maxilla are toothed.

First foot five-segmented, third segment slightly shorter
than the fourth, which is three times as long as the
terminal segment.

Second foot slender; terminal claw twice as long as the
terminal segment and slightly bent.

Caudal rami long, straight, and narrow, more than
twenty times as long as wide, the dorsal edge finely
pectinate to within a short distance of base (Fig. 7).
Terminal claw slender, straight, finely pectinate, half as
long as the ramus; subterminal claw five sevenths as
long as terminal one. Terminal seta a fourth longer than
the dorsal one, which is a third as long as the subterm-

‘

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 437

inal claw and situated less than the width of thé ramus
from it.

This species greatly resembles Cypris fuscata Jurine in
many respects, but is easily distinguished from it by the
greater length of the natatory sete, the markings on
the shell, the character of the caudal ramus, and by
other minor details.

Normal, Ill., May 20, 1881 (Coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat.
Hist.) ; Burlington, Ohio, March, 1893 (Turner); Atlanta,
Ga., January, 1894 (Turner); Kent county, Del., March
3, 1894 (Turner).

Cyprinotus incongruens Rampoar. (Pl. XUUL,
Fig. 1, 2.) :
1808. Cypris incongruens, Ramdohr (54, p. 86. Taf. IIL, Fig. 1-

12, 15, 16, 18-20).
1820. Monoculus conchaceus, Jurine (36, p. 171, Pl. XVII., Fig.
8):
1820. Monoculus ruber, Jurine (86, p. 172. Pl. XVIII., Fig. 3, 4).
1820. Monoculus aurantius, Jurine (86, p. 178, Pl. XVIII., Fig.
5-12).
1821. Cypris fusca, Straus (61, p. 59, Tab. I., Fig. 1--16).
1844. Cypris aurantia, Zaddach (74, p. 37).
1850. Cypris aurantia, Baird (2, p. 159, Tab. XIX., Fig. 13).
1853. Cypris incongruens, Lilljeborg (89, p. 119, Tab. IX., Fig.
6. eel MB o: ls LT Wie. 6):
1855. Cypris aurantia, S. Fischer (24, p. 650, Taf. I., Fig. 29-
31, 60, 61.
1868. Cypris incongruens, Brady (6, p. 362, Pl. XXIII., Fig. 16-
22),
1868. Cypris fusca, Fric & Nekut (27, p. 47, Fig. 28).
1872. Cypris fusca, Fric (26, p. 227, Fig. 6).
1889. Cypris incongruens, Brady & Norman (Q, p. 73, Pl. XIL.,
Fig. 8, 9).
1891. Cypris incongruens, Vavra (68, p. 95, Fig. 32? -32° ).
1893. Cypris incongruens, Turner (63, p. 8, Pl. IL, Fig. 9-16;
II., Fig. 17-21).
1895. Cyprinotus incongruens, Turner (35, p. 330, Pl. LX VIIL.,
Fig. 9-16).
Length 1.30 mm., height .75 mm., width .60 mm.
The shell is orange to ochreous yellow, which is some-
what intensified in spots to an almost purple tint espe-

438 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

cially noticeable at the highest dorsal part just in front
of the eye-spot. Its surface is covered with numerous
papillar elevations and scattered hairs. It is-also finely
pitted over its entire surface (Fig. 2), these pits show-
ing to better advantage should the specimen partially
project from its medium and be examined with reflected
light.

Seen from the side, the dorsal margin is arched,
highest at its posterior third. Ventral margin very
slightly sinuate.

Seen from above, the shell is broadly ovate, nar-
rowed in front, the right valve being somewhat over-
lapped by the left. The anterior and posterior margins
of the right valve are armed with a row of small tuber-
cles (Fig. 2), which give it a serrated appearance.

Setee of the mandibular palps plumose. Natatory sete
strongly plumose, extending as far beyond the terminal
claws as the length of these claws. The spines on the
first process of the first pair of maxille are strongly
toothed.

Second foot moderately stout, the terminal claw much
bent and but little longer than the terminal segment.

Caudal rami (Fig. 1) rather stout for members of this
genus, about thirteen times as long as wide, broadened
at the base. Terminal claw slender, curved, finely toothed
near its tip, and four sevenths as long as the ramus; sub-
terminal claw not quite three fifths as long as the term-
inal one. Terminal seta four fifths as long as subterminal
claw; dorsal seta slightly longer than the terminal one
and twice the width of the ramus from the subterminal
claw.

Pt. Pinellas, Fla., May 12, 1885 (Coll. Ill. State Lab.
Nat. Hist.); Cincinnati, O., 1893 (Turner).

IV. CYPRIS O. F. MULLER.

1792. OCypris, O. F. M. (49, p. 48).
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (86, p. 170).
1868, Oypris, Brady (6, p. 360).

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 439

Second pair of antenne five-seemented; natatory sete
reaching to or barely beyond the tips of the terminal
claws. Mandibular palp not extending beyond tips of
mandibular teeth; first mandibular process armed with
two biarticulate spines, which are commonly toothed.
Branchial plate of first maxilla large, bearing stiff plu-
mose sete.

The second foot ends in a bill-shaped segment (as in
Cypridopsis) and a strong chitinous claw.

Caudal rami stout, ending in two long slender claws
and a terminal seta. Dorsal seta always near the sub-
terminal claw. :

The males are as yet unknown. At least eight species
occur in America, of which two are herein added to the
list for the first time: C. reticulata Zaddach, not pre-
viously reported from this country, and C. testudinaria,
described as new.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CYPRIS. *

1 (6). Both spines on the first process of the first pair
of maxillee smooth.

2 (5). Terminal claw of the second foot as long as the
last segment. Shell noticeably less than three times
as long as high. Terminal seta of caudal ramus a
third as long as the terminal claw and of same
length as the dorsal one.

3 (4). Caudal ramus straight; subterminal claw two
thirds the length of the terminal one. Shell four
ninths as high as long. ©. cLAVATA Baird.

4 (3). Caudal ramus bent, weakly S-shaped; subter-
minal claw half the length of the terminal one. Shell
two thirds as high as long. C. vIRENS Jurine.

5 (2). Terminal claw of second foot twice as long as
the terminal segment. Shell fully three times as long
high. Subterminal claw of caudal ramus half as long
as the terminal one; terminal seta three times as
long as the dorsal one, which is set closely against

* Partly a modification of Vavra’s key (68, p. 82).

440 Jillinois State Laboratory of Latural History.

the subterminal claw; ramus straight, stout, and
from ten to twelve times as long as wide.
C. rasciaTa O, F. Miiller.

6 (1). Both spines on the first maxillary process of the
first pair of maxille toothed.

7 (14). Third and fourth segments of the first pair of
feet not grown together.

8 (18). Shell not reticulated as in Fig. 3, Pl. XLII.

9 (12). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus not reaching
beyond tip of ramus, one and a half times width of
ramus from subterminal claw; ramus more than
twenty times as long as wide; terminal claw half
the length of the ramus; subterminal claw two thirds
the length of the terminal one. C. FuSCATA (Jurine).

10 (11). Shell less than twice as long as high (as 5 to
3). Terminal claw half as long as the ramus; sub-
terminal claw three fourths as long as the terminal
one. C. TESTUDINARIA 0D. Sp.-

11 (10). Shell more than twice as long as high (as 13
to 6). Terminal claw a third as long as the ramus;
subterminal claw two thirds the length of the termi-
nal one. C. FISCHER! Lilljeborg.

12 (9). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus reaching beyond
tip of ramus, and width of ramus from subterminal
claw; ramus less than twenty times as long as wide.

13 (8). Shell of most individuals reticulated as in Fig.
38, Pl. XLUI. (Reticulation occasionally almost
obsolete in old adults.) Terminal claw nearly three
fifths as long as ramus, straight; terminal seta not
more than a fourth as long as the terminal claw;
dorsal seta as long as the terminal one, reaching
beyond tip of ramus, and width of ramus from sub-
terminal claw; ramus twelve to fifteen times as long
as wide. C. RETICULATA Zaddach.

14 (7). Third and fourth segments of the first pair of
feet grown together. C. PUBERA O. F’. Miiller.

orth American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 44]

Cypris reticulata Zappacu. (Pl. XLIII., Fig. 3 and 4.)
1844. Cypris reticulata, Zaddach (74, p. 34).
1851. Cypris affinis, S. Fischer (23, p. 32, Tab. X., Fig. 9-11).
1853. Cypris affinis, Lilljeborg (89, p. 116, Taf. XI., Fig. 8-14).
1868. Cypris tessellata, Brady (6, p. 366, Pl. XXIII., Fig. 39-45).
1883. Cypris affinis, Lilljeborg (41, p. 146).
1889. Cypris reticulata, Brady & Norman (9, p. 76, Pl. VIII.,

Fig. 1-2; XII., Fig. 5-7).

1891. Cypris reticulata, Vavra (68, p. 99, Fig. 341-342).
1893. Cypris reticulata, Daday (19, p. 296).

Length 1.25 mm., height .72 mm., width .62 mm.

Shell translucent to clear yellowish, with a dark blue
patch dorsally and just posterior to the eye-spot. The
strikingly sculptured form of the shell (Fig. 3) is es-
pecially noticeable in the young stages. This sculpturing
resembles striations at the center of the shell, changing
to radially arranged patterns resembling filagree work.
Occasionally, in old specimens, this characteristic surface-
marking may be almost absent, but a collection could
hardly be made which did not contain some specimens
showing it clearly.

Seen from the side, the shell is much the broadest in
front, highest at the anterior third, where there is a
small gibbous elevation, below which is the eye-spot.
The dorsal margin slopes rapidly back to the quite nar-
row posterior extremity; ventral margin nearly straight,
slightly sinuate just posterior to the middle.

Seen from above, the shell is tumid, oval, widest in
the middle, and tapering somewhat more rapidly an-
teriorly. The dark dorsal coloration appears in the
form of a rough cross.

The longest of the natatory sete# reach but slightly
beyond the terminal claws.

The first pair of maxille are slender, weakly developed
the spines on its first process toothed in my specimens,
which differ in this particular from Vavra’s, in which
these spines are described (66, p. 100) as smooth.

Second foot long, slender, the terminal claw covered,
slender, and twice as long as the terminal segment.

442 TJillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Caudal rami (Fig. 4) straight, weakly bent near the
end, from ten to twelve times as long as wide, and very
faintly toothed on the dorsal margin. Terminal claw
slender, straight, finely toothed at its extremity, and
nearly three fifths as long as the ramus; subterminal
claw five sevenths as long as the terminal claw, straight.
Terminal seta slender, short, of the same length as the
dorsal one, which is one third the length of the sub-
terminal claw and distant from it the width of the
ramus.

This species occurred in April, 1884, in great numbers
in a small grassy pool on the grounds of the Normal
University at Normal, Ill. (Collection Illinois State Lab-
oratory of Natural History). According to Bradyit seems
to make its home only in such pools, and is yet to be
found in lakes or large bodies of water. The species is
also known to occur in Great Britain, Sweden, Ger-
many, and Russia.

Cypris fuscata Jurine. (P!. XLIIL, Fig. 5.)

1820. Monoculus fuscatus, Jurine (36, p. 174, Pl. XIX., Fig. 1, 2).

1837. Cypris adusta, Koch (88, Heft. XI., p. 3, Fig. 3).

1838. Cypris galbinia, Koch (38, Heft. XXI., p. 19, Fig. 19).

1844. Cypris fuscaia, Zaddach (74, p. 32).

1850. Cypris fusca, Baird (2, p. 154, Tab. XIX., Fig. 7).

1850. Candona hispida, Baird (2, p. 161, Tab. XIX., Fig. 4).

1853. Cypris fuscata, Lilljeborg (39, p. 114, Tab. X., Fig. 6-9;
XI... Wig. 5).

1854. Cypris fuscata, Zenker (75, p. 73).

1863. Cypris fusca, Brady (6, p. 362, Pl. XXIII., Fig. 10-15).

1887. Cypris dugesi, Herrick (34, p. 26, Pl. 1V., Fig. 7).

1888. Cypris fusca, Sostaric (GO, p. 47).

1889. Cypris fuscata, Brady & Norman (9, p. 73, Pl. XII., Fig. 3, 4).

1891. Cypris fuscata, Vavra (68, p. 98, Fig. 33! -33? ).

1893. Cypris fuscata, Daday (19, p. 292).

1894. Cypris fuscata, Turner (G64, p. 16, Pl. VIII., Fig. 41-46.

1895. Cypris fuscata, Turner (35, p. 320, Pl. LXXI., Fig. 41-46;
DRT, Pig pe Lax VIS Figs 9);

Length 1.46 mm., height .82 mm., width .76 mm.
Color yellowish brown with a bluish black patch
on either side near the middle and just posterior to a

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 443

vertical line passing through the eye-spot. The anterior
part also is tipped with a dark patch. The form and
intensity of coloration of these patches seem to be va-
riable, but in general they are as described above. The
surface of the shell is quite rough, as though covered with
a loose scaly epithelium, and rather thickly set with
short hairs.

Seen from the side, the shell is oblong-ovate, highest
at its anterior third, sloping rather quickly to the
posterior extremity, which is somewhat narrower than
the anterior.

Seen from above, the shell is elongate-oval, the ante-
rior end somewhat more acutely pointed than the pos-
terior; widest at the middle.

Maxilla stout, the spines on its first process toothed.

Terminal segment of second foot one thirteenth as long
as the penultimate segment, which is seven ninths as
long as the preceding one. Terminal claw much bent and
twice as long as the terminal segment.

Caudal rami (Fig. 5) long, slender, straight, more
than twenty times as long as wide, the dorsal edge
finely toothed. Terminal claw slightly bent, slender,
finely toothed, and one half as long as the ramus; sub-
terminal claw two thirds the length of the terminal one,
straight, finely toothed near the tip. Terminal seta
slender, about half as long as terminal claw, and twice
as long as the dorsal seta, which is one and a half times
width of ramus from the subterminal claw.

The specimens studied by me were obtained from a
pond south of Urbana, IIl., April 16, 1892, and are now
in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat-
ural History.

The species occurs in Great Britain, Germany, and
Sweden; and, in America, in Mexico and New Mexico
(Herrick), at Cincinnati, Ohio (Turner), and at Urbana,
Ill. (Coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist.).

444 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Cypris testudinaria n. sp. (Pl. XLIV., Fig. 1-4.)

This species is 1.15 mm. long, .74 mm. high, and .65
mim. wide. Shell very thin, dirty brown to_ ochreous,
and in all the specimens seen of a leathery flexible con-
sistency, as if composed mostly of animal matter. Indeed,
the shell might be rolled like parchment—a _ peculiarity
not known to me as belonging to any other species of
Ostracoda. It is rather thickly covered with short hairs,
and there is also a thick marginal row.

Seen from the side, the shell is rather narrower an-
teriorly than posteriorly, elongate-elliptical in outline,
the ventral margin somewhat straighter than the dorsal.

Natatory sete of the second antenne (Fig. 4)
short, simple, just reaching the tips of the termi-
nal claws. The terminal claws are straight, moder-
ately stout, hooked at tips, finely toothed, and as long
as the last three seements. Terminal sezment twice as
long as wide, one fifth as long as the penultimate, which
is seven eighths as long as the antepenultimate; ante-
penultimate segment a little more than three and a half
times as long as wide, the sense club short, nearly
straight, situated just below the middle of the segment.
There is a crown of cilia at the base of the natatory
setae, extending to the inner apical edge of the segment.
The spines of the first process of the second maxille
are toothed.

Claw of first foot (Fig. 2) bent, rather stout, lightly
toothed, and one sixth longer than the last three
segments combined. The last segment is as wide as
long, the outer of the two terminal setz being twice as
long as the segment. The fourth segment from the last
commonly has a crown of sete near its base, besides.
scattered marginal ones.

Terminal claw of second foot about a third the
length of the terminal segment, which is one seventh as
long as the penultimate segment. The reflexed seta of
the terminal segment is half the length of the penulti-
mate segment.

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 445

Caudal rami (Fig. 1) slender, slightly bent, the dorsal
edge serrate for two thirds its length, sixteen to eighteen
times as long as wide. Terminal claw nearly straight,
lightly toothed, half as long as the ramus. Terminal
seta half as long as the terminal claw, which is one and
a third times as long as the subterminal one; dorsal
seta two thirds the length of terminal one, and width
of ramus from subterminal claw.

The “organ of Zenker” presents an unusually spiny
appearance (Fig. 3), since the spines are thickly set over
the entire surface of the cylinder instead of being in
wreaths, as is commonly the case; organ fully five times
as long as wide.

Described from a number of specimens in the collection
of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
which were taken from a pond in the woods near Bloom-
ington, I[ll., April 22, 1879.

V. CYPRICERCUS Sars.
1895. Cypricercus, Sars (58 p. 37).

Natatory sete of both pairs of antenne well developed;
palp and masticatory lobe of the first maxille narrow.
Feet as in the genus Cypris.

Caudal rami excessively developed and elongate, afford-
ing a ready means of recognition. Cccal appendage of
intestine unusually short; ovarial tubes much elongated.

This genus has but recently been established by Sars
(57) to receive a South African form with excessively de-
veloped caudal rami. No species have been reported
as yet from America.

VI. ERPETOCYPRIS Brapy & NORMAN.
1792. Cypris, O. F. Miller (49, p. 48).
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (36, p. 170).
1889. Er; etocypris, Brady & Norman (9, p. 84).
Second pair of antenne five-segmented. Natatory sete
of the third segment very short, not nearly reaching the
tips of the terminal claws and not plumose. Having no

446 ILilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

power of swimming, the animal creeps along the bot-
tom—a very different habit from that of Cypris.

Twelve species are known, two of which were described
from America. An analytical table of the species occurring
or likely to occur in this country is inserted here for the
convenience of workers. I have examined none but £.
barbatus (Forbes).

KEY TO SPECIES OF ERPETOCYPRIS.

1 (7). Caudal rami with two terminal claws and a ter-
minal and dorsal seta.

2 (3, 6). Claw on last segment of second foot as long as
seement. Shell about twice as long as high. Caudal
rami about ten times as long as wide, dorsal margin
finely toothed; dorsal seta not more than once width
of ramus from subterminal claw.

E. strieata (O. F. Miiller).

3 (2, 6). Claw on last segment of second foot three
times as long as last segment.

4 (5). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus delicate, undevel-
oped, close to subterminal claw; dorsal edge of ramus
armed with five combs of teeth; terminal seta fully
as long as subterminal claw. Shell somewhat longer
than twice its height, the upper and lower edges
nearly parallel. E. REPTANS (Baird).

5 (4). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus transformed into a
short spine or claw, close beside the subterminal
claw; dorsal edge of ramus armed with an unbroken
row of fine teeth; terminal seta three fourths as long
as the subterminal claw. Shell seven thirteenths as
high as long, the upper edge evenly convex, the under
edge very weakly concave.

E. oLIvaAcEA Brady & Norman,

6 (2, 3). Claw on last segment of second foot seven

_eighths as long as last segment. Dorsal seta serrate
and claw-like, close to subterminal claw; dorsal edge
of ramus finely toothed; ramus twenty times as
long as wide; terminal seta about a third as long

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 447

as subterminal claw. Shell twice as long as high,

the upper and lower margins nearly parallel. (The
largest known fresh-water ostracode.)

K. BARBATUS (Forbes).

7 (1). Caudal rami with only the terminal claws de-

veloped, lacking the terminal and dorsal seta.

Shell two and a half to three times as long as high.

Second foot slender, ending in a small hook and a

single weak seta. E. MINNESOTENSIS (Herrick).

VII. STENOCYPRIS SARs.
1859. Cypris, Baird (3, p. 233).
1889. Sienocypris, Sars (57, p. 27).

Natatory sete of the second antenne not reaching
beyond the tips of the terminal claws. Palp of the first
maxille very narrow, cylindrical, the last sezement small,
masticatory lobes long and narrow.

Caudal rami rather large, more or less lamelliform,
dorsal edges sometimes pectinate; claws very unequal,
both coarsely denticulate; seta of dorsal edge absent or
very small, apical seta rather elongate. Propagation
exclusively parthenogenetic. |

Shell very narrow and elongate, height not nearly at-
taining half the length. This peculiarity is indicated in
the generic name.

But one member of this genus has thus far been de-
scribed, and it has not been reported from America,

VIII. CANDONA Barrp.
1792. Cypris, O. F. Miller (49, p. 48).
1850. Candona, Baird (2, p, 159).

The following general description of this genus is
essentially that given by Vavra (68, p. 39).

Second antennz of female five-segmented, becoming
six-seemented in the male through division of the fourth
seement. Male provided at this dividing place with two
special and characteristic sense organs. Natatory sete,
so commonly present in Ostracoda, lacking in this

448 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

genus. Second pair of maxille provided with a rudi-
mentary branchial plate, formed of two unequal pecti-
nate sete attached directly to the basal portion of the
maxilla; palp two-segmented in the female, terminating
with three unequal pectinate bristles; palps of the male
unsegmented, different from those of the female and
from each other.

Second pair of feet commonly five-segmented, becom-
ing six-segmented occasionally through division of the
fourth segment; terminal segment provided with two
backwardly directed unequal setz and one long for-
wardly directed seta.

Caudal rami-strong, each ending in two strong claws
and a short seta, dorsal seta of ramus commonly re-
mote from these.

The maies are commonly more abundant than the
females. The shell of the male is ordinarily larger and
of another form than that of the female. The members of
this genus are not swimmers, being destitute of nata-
tory sete. They commonly crawl on the bottom or
may burrow in the sand and mud.

This genus numbers twenty-five species, of which nine
are known to occur in America.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CANDONA.

1 (7). Fourth segment of second foot divided (second
foot therefore six-segmented).

2 (3, 6). Shorter seta on last segment as long as last
segment. C. rostrata Brady & Norman.

3 (2, 6). Shorter seta on last segment of second foot
two to three times as long as last segment.

4 (5). Caudal rami approximately straight (Pl. XLVLI.,
Fig. 11); dorsal seta two and a half times width of
ramus from subterminal claw; claws evenly curved,
weakly pectinate, the terminal one half the length of
the ramus; the subterminal one nine elevenths the
length of the terminal one. C. RECTICAUDA 0D. Sp.

North American Freshwater Ostracoda. 449

5 (4). Caudal rami curved (Pl. XLV., Fig. 1); dorsal
seta about twice width of ramus from subterminal
claw; claws approximately straight or curved, with
a hook-like extremity; terminal claw one third length
of ramus; both claws of nearly the same .length,
rather stout, moderately toothed.

©. FAB2LFORMIS (S. Fischer).

6 (2, 3). Shorter seta on last segment of second foot
three to four times as long as last segment. Dorsal
seta of ramus situated at two thirds length of seta, or
two and a half times width of ramus, from sub-
terminal claw; ramus much broadened at base, a
fourth as broad as long; terminal seta half as long
as dorsal one. C. ACUMINATA (S. Fischer).

7 (1). Fourth segment of second foot undivided (sec-
ond foot therefore five-segmented).

8 (11). One or both claws of ramus more or less
S-shaped.

9 (10). Both claws slightly S-shaped; ramus more than
twice as long as terminal claw; dorsal seta of ra-
mus four times width of ramus from subterminal
claw. C. SIGMOIDES n. sp.

10 (9). Only the subterminal claw S-shaped; term-
inal claw more than half as long as ramus, scimitar-
shaped; dorsal seta two thirds as long as subter-
minal claw. C. SIMPSONI n. sp.

11 (8). Both claws of ramus as usual (with one
backward curve) ; ramus stout, curved; terminal claw
half as long as ramus, and five fourths as long as
subterminal claw; dorsal seta one and a half times
width of ramus from subterminal claw.

C. REFLEXA 0. sp.

Candona acuminata S. Fiscaer. (Pl. XLIV., Fig. 5-7.)

1851. Cypris acuminata, S. Fischer (23, p,148, Pl. LV., Fig. 12-16).

1854. Cypris acuminata, Zenker (75, p. 74, Pl. IL., Fig. D).

1889. Candona acuminata, Brady & Norman (9, p. 104, Pl. IX.,
Fig. 9,10; X., Fig. 5, 6).

29—

450 JLilinois State Laboratory of Natural LHistory.

1894. Candona acuminata, Turner (64, p. 19, Pl. VIII., Fig. 34).
1895. Candona acuminata, Turner (35, p. 299, Pl. LX XL, Fig. 34).

Length 1.00 mm., height .44 mm., width .86 mm.

Alcoholic specimens in the collection of the State Lab-
oratory of Natural History have the shell of a dirty
brownish color, thus differing from the specimens found
by Turner in Texas which were white (35, p. 300).

Seen from the side, the shell is elongate, pointed both
posteriorly and anteriorly, the middle dorsal part much
arched, sloping abruptly posteriorly so that it is concave
for a short distance, then rising slightly to slope again
and form the narrow rounded posterior part. The slope
anteriorly is much more gradual, with a slight concave
depression. Ventral margin concave, the greatest depres-
sion being at the center.

Seen from above, the shell is subelliptical, both ex-
tremities being bluntly pointed, widest at middle, and
narrowing gradually to both ends. |

Second antenne stout, terminal claws not pectinate;
terminal segment twice as long as wide. Spines of the
first maxillary process smooth.

Feet of the first pair (Fig. 5) made up of long nar-
row segments, the terminal one conical and twice as
long as wide, the preceding one twice as long, the ante-
penultimate of the same length, and the one preceding
this as long as the last three combined; terminal claw
not as long as the last three seements together, faintly
serrate near tip.

Fourth segment of second foot (Fig. 6) divided, thus
making the foot six-segmented; terminal segment as
wide as long, the shorter backwardly directed seta
three and a half to four times as long as the terminal
segment, the longer seta being just twice as long as the
shorter one.

Caudal rami (Fig. 7) much broadened at base, where
the internal contents seem to be coagulated—a peculiar
appearance I have noticed in no other species of the

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 45]

Ostracoda. Terminal claw a fourth longer than the sub-
terminal one, and nearly half the length of ramus; both
faintly toothed, the subterminal one more prominently
so along the middle. Dorsal seta plainly plumose, about
as long as the shorter claw, situated at two thirds the
length of seta, or two and a half times the width of ra-
mus, from subterminal claw; terminal seta half the
length of the dorsal one.

This species occurs in the San Antonio River, Texas
(Turner), and the specimens belonging to the Illinois
State Laboratory of Natural History, mentioned above,
were collected from ponds at Clifton, Ill., May 12, 1882.

Candona recticauda n. sp. (Pl. XLVI., Fig. 7-11.)

Shell of male 1.18 mm. long and .70 mm. high, stout,
covered with scattered papillar elevations, the sper-
matozoa, as is usual, showing through as_ four
bands.

Second antenne of male (Fig. 8) stout, six-segmented,
terminal segment two thirds as wide as long, the pre-
ceding segment as wide as long. The longer of the two
male ‘‘sense organs” on the antepenultimate segment
reaches beyond the tip of the terminal segment by the
length of the hyaline tip, the shorter one reaching to
the tip of the segment. Terminal claws as long as the
antepenultimate segment and faintly toothed near the
middle.

Palp of left second maxilla of male (Fig. 10) elongate,
round, bent at tip, ending in a sharp hyaline point; two
rather long blunt sete at point of curvature, reaching
three fifths the distance to the end of the palp. Right
palp of male (Fig. 9) round, thick, slightly bent, ending
in a sharp hyaline point, with two short blunt setz on
its concave side reaching two thirds the distance to the
tip of the palp.

Terminal claw of first foot one and a half times as
long as the last three segments; terminal segment

452 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

conical, the penultimate three fifths as wide as long, the
antepenultimate two thirds as long as the penultimate,
and all three combined scarcely as long as the one pre-
ceding them.

Feet of the second pair (Fig. 7) six-segmented, the
fourth segment being divided; terminal segment as long
as wide, the shorter backwardly directed seta two and
a half times as long as the segment, the longer one
three and a half times as long as the shorter one.

Caudal rami (Fig. 11) well developed, long, straight.
Terminal claw half as long as the ramus, evenly and
gently curved, toothed at middle; subterminal claw
similar but a tenth shorter. Dorsal seta three fifths the
length of the subterminal claw and at two thirds its
length from the claw; terminal seta a third the length
of the dorsal one. The base of the ramus is broad. A
short distance below the base is a small sinus or inden-
tation (Fig. 11) which seems peculiar to the species.

Described from a few specimens in the collections of
the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, ob-
tained from ponds at Clifton, Ill., Feb. 16, 1882.

Candona simpsoni n. sp. (Pl. XLVL, Fig. 1-6.)

A small elongate species .73 mm. long, .30 mm. high,
and .29 mm. wide.

Left valve slightly overlapping the right (Fig. 4); sur-
face of shell covered with a few conical papillar eleva-
tions. Color grayish to yellowish white or cinereous.

Seen laterally (Fig. 3), the shell is elongate-elliptical,
two and a half times as long as high, evenly rounded
anteriorly, somewhat more pointed posteriorly, where
the dorsal margin slopes more rapidly than the ventral
margin. The dorsal edge is very slightly sloping, nearly
straight, the ventral edge being slightly sinuate in the
middle.

Seen dorsally, its greatest thickness equals its great-
est height; outline subelliptical, the anterior part some-
what more acutely pointed than the posterior, which

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 453

is bluntly pointed or arched; side contours almost
parallel for half the length of the animal.

Second pair of antenne of female (Fig. 1) shorter and
thicker than usual, the second segment being as wide as
long, the antepenultimate but slightly longer than
broad, and the penultimate four fifths as wide as long
and about three times as long as the terminal segment.
Terminal claws smooth, about as long as the last two
segments taken together.

First pair of feet (Fig. 5) five-sezmented; terminal
segment conical, approximately as lone as the penulti-
mate, which is about as wide as long: antepenultimate
segment like the penultimate,—the three combined being
but an eighth longer than the second segment. Terminal
claw as long as the last three segments.

Second pair of feet (Fig. 2) five-seemented, the fourth
segment being undivided as in the great majority of the
species of Candona. [Foot small; second, third, and
fourth segments of the same size; constricted at the
joints, and not especially armed in any way except for
the presence of several minute spines on each seement
(Fig. 2). Terminal segment as long as broad, the shorter
terminal seta two and a half times as long as the ter-
minal segment, while the similarly directed seta is two
and two thirds times as long as the shorter one.

Caudal rami (Fig. 6) rather short, stout, bent; ter-
minal claw little more than half as long, stout, finely
toothed, scimitar-like. The subterminal claw is strongly
S-shaped and prominently toothed on the upper curve,
and as the caudal rami commonly project from the shell,
this structure affords a ready means of distinguishing
the species at a glance. Dorsal seta of ramus twice the
width of the ramus from the subterminal claw, bent up-
ward at tip, and two thirds the length of the subter-
minal claw; terminal seta very small, scarcely half as
long as the subterminal claw.

This species may be readily distinguished from (@. sig-
moides by the character of the caudal claws and the

454 Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

relative lengths of the terminal sete of the second feet;
also by the difference in the relative lengths of the ter-
minal and penultimate segments of the first foot, which
in C. sigmoides are as two to three (Pl. XLI., Fig. 11),
while in the present species they are approximately equal
in length.

Described from a number of specimens collected at the
Biological Station of the University of Illinois at Ha-
vana, Ill., and from specimens collected by myself at
Hedges’ Pond, near Urbana, Ill., April 10, 1896.

Named for Chas. T. Simpson, of the United States.
National Museum.

Candona fabeformis S. Fiscuer. (Pl. XLV., Fig. 1-3.)
1851. Cypris Jabeformis, S. Fischer (23, p. 146, Pl. II1., Fig. 6-16).
1853. Candona fabeformis, Lilljeborg (89, p. 207).

1870. Cindona diaphana, Brady & Robertson (11, p. 18, Pl. V.,
Fig. 1-3).

1889. Candona fabeformis, Brady & Norman (9, p. 103, bl. [X.,
Fig. 1-4).

1891. Candona fabeformis, Vavra (68, p.

1895. Candona fabfeormis, Turner (35, p.
10. Ws LX XV, Mig. 6-8).

Length 1.00 mm., height .47 mm., width .49 mm.

Shell yellowish transparent, a few minute papillar ele-
vations on its surface and a few short scattered hairs.

Seen from the side, it is slightly widest back of the mid-
dle, the upper and lower edges nearly parallel, both ends
fully rounded, the ventral edge quite deeply sinuate near
the middle.

Seen from above, the shell is long, ovate, the two ends
suddenly and equally pointed, the two sides nearly par-
allel at the middle.

Second antenne quite stout; terminal segment slightly
longer than wide; terminal claws smooth, slender, and
in the female scarcely longer than the last two segments.

Second foot (Fig. 3) short, slender, the fourth seg-
ment divided, making the foot six-segmented. Terminal
segment as long as broad, one half as long as the pe-

45, Fig. 62, 121-129),
299, Pl. LXXV., Fig.

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 455

nultimate segment, which is twice as long as broad.
Shorter terminal seta twice as long as the terminal seg-
ment and a third as long as the longer similarly directed
seta; reflexed seta but slightly longer than the longer
terminal one.

Caudal rami (Fig. 1) short, stout, curved, much broad-
ened at the base, and fully seven times as long as wide.
Terminal claw faintly toothed, nearly straight, but
hooked at its extremity, and a third as long as the
ramus; subterminal claw nine tenths as long as the ter-
minal one and similar to it. Terminal seta as long as
ramus is wide; dorsal seta four fifths as long as the sub-
terminal claw, and distant twice the width of ramus
from it. Dorsal margin slightly indented at its proximal
third.

Atlanta, Ga., 1895 (Turner); Pools, Normal, [l., March
27, 1881 (Coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist). The species
occurs also in Russia, Sweden, England, and France.

Candona sigmoides n. sp. (Pl. XLV., Fig. 4-11.)

A large elongate form, the male being 1.25 mm. long
and .65 mm. high.

Surface of shell without any special markings; anterior
and posterior extremities finely hairy. The testes show
through the shell in the form of four curved bands
which coalesce posteriorly. (Fig. 4.)

Seen from the side (Fig. 4), the shell of the male is
much higher posteriorly, the greatest height being about
half the length; anterior extremity evenly rounded, nar-
row; posterior sloping ventrally. Dorsal margin rather
evenly rounded; ventral, deeply sinuate anterior to the
middle of the shell.

Second foot (Fig. 7) five-segmented, its longer terminal
seta one and three fifths times as long as the last three
segments combined; shorter seta as long as the two
segments preceding the last, or five times the length of
the last segment.

456 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Male antenne (Fig. 5) six-segmented, the last two
segments of the same length, together just equaling the
antepenultimate segment; ‘‘sense organs’’ on the distal
edge of the antepenultimate segment (Fig. 5), reaching
beyond the last segment, the transparent tips funnel-
shaped (Fig. 8). Palps of maxille as in Fig. 9 and 10.

Caudal rami (Fig. 6) long, straight, more than twice
as long as the terminal claw. Subterminal claw three
fourths the length of the terminal one, both being some-
what S-shaped, the shorter one quite noticeably so.
Terminal seta small, one fifth the length of the terminal
claw; dorsal seta reaching one half the distance to the
subterminal claw, and situated four times the width of
the ramus from it.

This species is somewhat closely related to C. candida
(O. F. Miller), although easily distinguished by the
form of the ‘‘sense organs’? on the male antenne; by
the great length of the terminal setz of the second feet
(which more than equal the preceding three segments,
while in ( candida they only equal the two preceding
the last); by the relative lengths of the terminal and
penultimate segments of the second feet, which in @ szg-
moides are aS 1 to 2 and in C. candida as 1 to 4; and
by the comparative lengths of the terminal seta and
terminal claw of the caudal ramus—in C. sigmoides as
1 to 5, in C. candida as less than 1 to 2.

It is ulso somewhat closely allied to C. simpson, es-
pecially in the form of the second feet and the caudal
claws, but is easily distinguished from that species by
the form of the shell, by the much greater length of the
terminal sete of the second feet, and by the fact that
both caudal claws are slightly S-shaped in C. sigmozdes,
while in C. simpsoni only the subterminal one is S-shaped,
and that very noticeably so.

Described from a few male specimens collected at
Havana, Ill., May, 1895.

ee

North American Freshwater Ostracoda. 457

Candona refiexa n. sp. (PI. XLVII., Fig. 1-3.)

Shell twice as long as high, thin, minutely granular or
pitted, fragile, cinereous, somewhat thickly ciliated on
both extremities, which are evenly rounded, the anterior
more pointed than posterior. (Further notes on shell
impossible from lack of specimens.)

Terminal segment of first foot as long as the penulti-
mate segment is wide; sides of all the segments armed
with clusters of small setz (Fig. 1).

Second foot (Fig. 2) five-segmented, the fourth segment
being undivided; terminal segment as wide as long and
about a third as long as the penultimate segment. The
shorter terminal seta, instead of pointing backward as
usual, is somewhat reflexed; for about a third of its
length it lies in the same line as the inner edge of the
terminal segment; then it is flexed at an angle of about
60° and lies in nearly the same straight line as the pe-
nultimate segment. The longer of the two backwardly
directed sete is as long as the last two segments.

Caudal rami (Fig. 3) slightly curved, stout, eight times
as long as wide. Terminal claw evenly curved, lightly
toothed, strong. half as long as the ramus; subterminal
claw three fourths as long as the terminal one and
slightly bent near its base. Dorsal seta as long as the
subterminal claw, and distant one and a half times the
width of the ramus from it; terminal seta somewhat
shorter than the width of the ramus, blunt, rather stout.

This is the only Candona I have thus far met with
having the peculiar partly reflexed seta of the second
foot. Whether this is a characteristic of a young stage
or not, I am not prepared to say. The species is some-
what closely related to C. candida, but easily distin-
guished by the characters of the second feet, and the
proportions of the segments of the first feet.

Collected at Havana, IIl., May, 1895.

458 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

IX. TYPHLOCYPRIS VEJDOVSKY.
1880. Cypris, Vejdovsky (70, p. XLIX).
1882. Cypris (Typhlocypris), Vejdovsky (71, p. 64). -
1891. Typhlocypris, Vavra (68, p. 51). *

Second antenne five-segzmented in the female, and six-
segmented in the male through the division of the fourth
segment. Natatory setz absent, eyes lacking. The sec-
ond maxilla carries a rudimentary branchial plate formed
of two unequal plumose sete.

Second pair of feet five-segmented, terminal segment
short, bearing two unequal backwardly directed sete,
and one long forwardly directed seta.

This genus differs from the genus Candona principally
in the absence of eyes. On account of its haunting
dark places the eyes have become rudimentary and, as a
partial substitute, the ‘‘sense organs’’ have been exces-
sively developed.

This genus contains but one species, which as yet has
not been found in America.

X. CANDONOPSIS VAVRA.
1870. Candona, Brady & Robertson (11, Pl. [X., Fig. 9-12).
1891. Candonopsis, Vavra (68, p. 54).

Second antenne similar to those of Candona. Mandi-
ble provided with an extraordinarily long palp. Second
maxilla bearing a branchial plate formed of three plu-
mose bristles. Caudal rami slender, without the usual
dorsal seta.

The female is as yet unknown. No members of this
genus have been found in America.

XI. Ityocoypris Brapy & NoRMAN.
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (36, p. 177).
1838-1868. Cypris, Koch (88); Zaddach (74); S. Fischer (28);
Lilljeborg (39); Brady (6).
1889. Ilyocypris, Brady & Norman (9, p. 106).
Shell very strong, irregular, and spiny, somewhat re-
sembling that of Limnicythere.

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 459

Second pair of antenne five-segmented, natatory sete
reaching beyond the terminal claws (exceptin one variety).
Second pair of maxille very characteristic; palp rudi-
mentary, two-segmented; branchial plate formed of six
plumose sete.

Second foot five-segmented, terminal segment short,
provided with two long, unequal, backwardly directed
sete and a rather short forwardly diiected seta.

Caudal rami stout; dorsal seta distant from the sub-
terminal claw.

This genus contains but one known species, which as
yet has not been found in America.

XII. CyprRiA ZENKER.
1785-1854. Cypris, auctorum.
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (36, p. 178).
1854. Cypria, Zenker ((75, p. 77).
1889. Cypria, Brady & Norman (9, p. 68).
1891. Cypria, Vavra (68, p. 62).

I give the following general description of the genus
from Vavra’s emendation (68).

Second pair of antenne five-sezmented in the female
and six-segmented in the male; distal extremity of the
fourth segment in the male provided with two special
sense organs; natatory sete, on the end of the third
segment, extraordinarily long, reaching far beyond the
tips of the terminal claws.

Mandibular palp, also that of the first maxilla, unu-
sually well developed. Second maxilla with a well-
developed branchial plate; palp unsegmented in the
female, ending in three bristles; right and left palps of
male different in shape, each forming a hooked prehen-
sile organ.

Terminal segment of second foot small, about a third
as long as the fourth segment, bearing two nearly equal
backwardly directed sete, which are comparatively short,
and a long forwardly directed seta.

460 ° Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Caudal rami stout, ending in two strong claws and
a seta; dorsal seta commonly situated about the mid-
dle of the dorsal margin. Copulative organ triangular.

The members of this genus are all small and rather
compressed. There are eleven species, of which seven
are found in America.

KEY TO SPECIES UF CYPRIA.

jad

(8). Terminal sete of second feet approximately equal.
(3). Terminal setze of second feet twice as long as
the terminal segment. Le!t valve with a dorsal
flange; right valve with a row of tubercles anteriorly
and ventrally. C. PUSTULOSA 0. sp.
83 (2). Terminal sete of second feet approximately as
long as the terminal segment.

4 (5). Terminal claw of caudal ramus half the length

of the ramus. C. OPHTHALMICA (Jurine).

5 (4). Terminal claw of caudal ramus three fifths the

length of the ramus.

6 (7). Dorsal seta of caudal ramus rudimentary, shorter
than width of ramus, situated at four times the
width of the ramus from the subterminal claw, and
above the center; subterminal claw with a comb of
very long teeth beyond the center of the claw.

C. DENTIFERA N. sp.

(6). Dorsal seta slender, two and a half times as long
as ramus is wide, and two and a half times width
of ramus from subterminal claw, which is almost
smooth. Shell marked with closely set parallel and
anastomosing lines. C. EXSCULPTA (S. Fischer).

8 (1). Terminal sete of second feet plainly unequal, the

shorter terminal seta being scarcely longer than the

seoment and but half the length of the other simi-
larly directed seta. Dorsal seta of ramus three times.
width of ramus from subterminal claw.

C. OBESA Nn. sp.

LN)

“|

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 461

Cypria pustulosa n. sp. (Pl. XLVIII., Fig. 6-10.)

This species is .51 mm. long, .389 mm. high at the
highest part, and .22 mm. wide; clear brownish in
color, with a dark patch anteriorly, another just above
and posterior to the eye-spot, and still another on the
posterior part. Both extremities are hairy, the disc
moderately so. Lucid spots (Fig. 6) six, four large and
two small, the smaller ones situated ventrally. All are
elongate and situated near the center of the shell.

Seen from the side (Fig. 7), the whole specimen seems
to be highly arched, owing to the presence of a dorsal
flange on the left valve, which is otherwise of the form
of the right. Right valve (Fig. 6) regularly arched
dorsally; both extremities fully rounded, the anterior
sloping, however, somewhat more rapidly; ventral mar-
gin nearly straight, exceptasmall sinuation at the middle.
Anterior margin of right valve (Fig. 6) with a row of
thirteen to sixteen simall tubercles, and just pos-
terior to the ventral sinuation are three or four others,
which are not so conical but seemingly flattened out
and pointed posteriorly.

The sense club on the third segment of the second an-
tennze reaches but to the upper quarter of the segment,
the terminal part being bent outwardly; natatory sete
three times as long as the distance between their place
of insertion and the tip of the claws; terminal segment
twice as long as broad.

Palp of first maxilla very prominently developed, the
first segment twice as long as broad, the terminal seg-
ment nearly circular, with two well-developed setz and
three or four shorter ones.

Terminal claw of first pair of feet (Fig. 8) smooth and
as long as the two segments preceding the last; the
segment preceding these two hairy.

Terminal segment of second foot (Fig. 10) small, carry-
ing two equal, simple, distally directed sete and a re-
flexed one, which is as long as the last three segments;
penultimate segment provided with a row of cilia at its

462 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

distal end and several irregularly scattered plumose cilia
on its inner edge, also with a stiff seta on its inner edge
situated slightly below the middle and reaching to the
distal end of the segment; antepenultimate segment as
long as the penultimate, covered with scattered plumose
cilia and bearing a seta at its inner distal angle which is
slightly longer than the seta on the penultimate seg-
ment.

Caudal rami rather long and narrow (Fig. 9), nearly
straight, two and two fifths times as long as the ter-
minal claw, which is weakly bent and smooth; subter-
minal claw four fifths as long as the terminal one, pro-
vided with a comb of long teeth near the tip. Terminal
seta two fifths as long as the terminal claw; dorsal seta
situated at the middle of the ramus, scarcely as long as
the ramus is wide. |

This Cypria occurs quite abundantly in the collections
of the Biological Station, made near Havana, Illinois.

Cypria obesa n. sp. (PI. XLVIII., Fig. 1-5.)

Length .78 mm., height .48 mm., width .33 mm.

Shell plump, clear to brownish yellow, with a few scat-
tered elevations on its surface, but not especially marked
in any way. Muscle impressions quite small. Seen from
the side, the shell is of a regular suboval form with a
straight ventral edge, three fifths as high as long.

Second antennze of male six-segmented; terminal seg-
ment twice as long as wide; inner terminal claw half the
length of the outer; apical part of fourth segment with
two ‘‘sense setz’’ reaching to the tip of the terminal seg-
ment; sense club on the inner edge of the third seg-
ment rather short, extending slightly beyond the upper
quarter of the segment; natatory sete only twice as
long as the distance between their place of insertion and
tips of terminal claws.

Palp of right maxilla of male (Fig. 5) larger than
that of the left maxilla (Fig. 4), and formed as shown
in the figure.

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 463

Claw of last sezment of first pair of feet (Fig.1) smooth
and slightly longer than the united lengths of the last
three segments; terminal segment conical, about as
long as wide; two segments preceding just equaling one
another; seta at inner distal angle of antepenultimate
segment as long as the penultimate segment.

Last segment of second foot (Fig. 5) seven tenths as
wide as long and a fourth as long as the preceding seg-
ment; shorter backwardly directed seta half as long as
the longer one, or just equal to the last segment in
length; antepenultimate segment slightly shorter than
the penultimate, the seta at its inner distal angle as
long as that on the penultimate segment. The anterior
distal part of the penultimate segment has a crown of
cilia surrounding a short seta, and there are also sev-
eral clusters of coarse cilia on this and the antepenulti-
mate segments.

Caudal rami (Fig. 2) bent, somewhat stout, and nine
times as long as wide, finely toothed along the inner
margin. Claws evenly bent, finely toothed, but more
coarsely so at middle; terminal claw three fifths as long
as the ramus; subterminal one half as long as ramus.
Terminal seta of ramus three sevenths as long as the
subterminal claw; dorsal seta two thirds as long as the
terminal one and situated three times the width of the
ramus from the subterminal claw, or slightly beyond
middle of ramus.

Described from a number of male and female speci-
mens taken at Havana, Ill., August, 1895.

Cypria dentifera, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII., Fig. 6-11.)
Shell .69 mm. long, .38 mm. high, and .26 mm. wide.
Entire surface smooth; sparsely hairy except at each

end; brownish yellow, with dark brown markings

as follows: an anterior, a ventral. and a dorso-ventral
patch, and a vertical stripe dorsally just posterior to
the eye-spot. Muscle impressions in the form of a rosette,

closely clustered, six or seven in number (Fig. 6).

464 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Seen from the side (Fig. 6), the shell is highest just
posterior to the middle, quickly sloping posteriorly,
more gradually anteriorly. The anterior margin of the
right valve projects as a hyaline flange, receiving as in
a pocket the anterior margin of the left valve, which
is armed with a row of eighteen to twenty tuberculiform
teeth. Ventral margin slightly sinuate at middle, the an-
terior and posterior parts sparsely hairy.

Seen from above (Fig. 7), the shell is widest back of
the middle, blunt and evenly rounded, sides nearly par-
allel, then quickly narrowing anteriorly to a rather
pointed end.

Natatory sete of second antenne long, slightly plumose,
three of them reaching the entire length of the antennz
beyond the terminal claws. Terminal and penultimate
segments in female three times as long as wide.

Mandibles and maxille not especially marked; palp
of left second maxilla of male as in Fig. 8.

tirst pair of feet (Fig. 9) rather stout; terminal claw
smooth, much bent, and as long as the last three seg-
ments; terminal segment subconical, a third as long as
the penultimate, which is of the same length as the an-
tepenultimate; latter with a few scattered sete dorsally,
and a short, slender seta at the inner apical angle,
two thirds as long as the seement.

Two terminal sete of the second feet (Fig. 10) ap-
proximately equal, as long as the last segment, faintly
toothed; terminal segment sinuate on its inner edge,
_two thirds as wide as long; penultimate segment three
and three fourths times as long as the terminal one,
four times as long as wide, the dorso-basal edge some-
what crenulate, the inner finely ciliate, a plumose seta
at its middle point and a comb of cilia at its inner
apical angle; antepenultimate segment as long as the
penultimate, finely setose on its inner margin and with
a rather stout plumose seta at its inner apical angle,
as long as the seta on the penultimate segment. The

North American Freshwater Ostracoda. 465

long seta of the terminal segment is as long as the last
three segments.

Caudal rami (Fig. 11) rather stout, about ten times
as long as wide. Terminal claw stout, nearly smooth,
curved beyond the middle, and three fifths as long as
the ramus; subterminal claw two thirds as long as the
terminal one, with a comb of remarkably long teeth
near the tip. These teeth are longest distally, decreas-
ing in length towards the base of the claw. Terminal
caudal seta half as long as the subterminal claw; dorsal
seta very slender, nearly four times width of ramus from
subterminal claw, upwardly curved, not longer than
ramus is wide, situated slightly above center of ramus.

This Cypria would attract attention from the manner
in which the right valve overlaps the left, and it might
be taken for C. tmequivalva Turner (68, p. 6) except for
differences in the second feet, in the markings of the
shell, in the caudal rami, and some others.

Described from a number of specimens in the collection
of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
taken in the Zodlogical Gardens at Cincinnati, Ohio,
Aug.30,1881. Notas yet knownfrom any other locality.

Cypria exsculpta S. Fiscoer. (Pl. XLVII., Fig. 4).

1853. Cy -ris eleyan'ula, Lilljeborg (39, p. 206).

1855. Cypris exsculpta, S. Fischer (24, p. 652. Pl. XIX., Fig. 36-38).

1864. Cypris striolata, Brady (4, p. 60, Pl. III., Fig. 12-17).

1868. Cypris striolata, Brady (6, p. 372, Pl. XXIV., Fig. 6-10).

1880. Cypris granuata, Robertson (55, p. 18).

1887. Cypris striclata, Herrick (34, p. 29, Pl. LV., Fig. 3).

1889. Cypria exsculpta, Brady & Norman (9, p. 68, Pl. XI,
Fig. 1-4).

1894. Cypria exsculpta, Turner (64, p.13, Pl. VII., Fig. 2-8).

1895. Cypria exsculpta, Turner (35, p. 305, Pl. LXX., Fig., 1-8;
LXXII., Fig. 3).

Length .58 mm., height .387 mm., width .25 mm.
Shell thin; clear yellow to transparent.
30—-

466 Lillinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Seen from the side, the shell is broadly subovate, high-
est in the middle, but of about the same width for two
thirds its length; dorsal margin strongly arched, the
eye-spot anterior to the highest point.

Seen from above, the shell is a narrow, much com-
pressed ellipse.

Terminal segment of second foot a fourth as long as
the preceding segment. The two short terminal setz
are of the same length as the segment, the longer one
as long as the last three segments.

Caudal rami short, stout, and much curved? Terminal
claw smooth, curved, and about half the length of ramus;
subterminal claw five sixths the length of the terminal
one, smooth, curved, twice the length of the terminal
seta; dorsal seta somewhat longer than the terminal
seta and situated slightly beyond the middle of the
ramus.

This species may at once be recognized by the mesh-
work of anastomosing parallel longitudinal lines over the
entire surface of the shell (Fig. 4). These may com-
monly be quite readily seen, thus settling its identity at
once, as [ am not aware of any other ostracode with
shell markings of this character.

This species is quite common in most running streams,
and was one of the commonest forms seen in my ex-
amination of the collections of the Illinois State Labora-
tory of Natural History from various localities, and
of the [linois Biological Station at Havana, II.

Cypria ophthalmica Jurine. (Pl. XLVII., Fig. 5.)

1820. Monoculus ophthalmicus, Jurine (86, p. 178, Pl. XIX., Fig.
16;(27').

1835. Cypris compressa, Baird (1, p. 100, Pl. III., Fig. 16),

1837. Cypris tenera, Koch (38, H. XIL., p. 3, Fig. 3).

1838. Cypris punctata, Koch (38, H. XX1., p. 23, Fig. 23).

1850. Cypris compressa, Baird (2, p. 154, Taf. XIX., Fig. 14, 14a-c).

1851. Cypris elegantula, S. Fischer (23, p. 161, Pl. X., Fig. 12-14),

1853. Cypris compressa, Lilljeborg (39, p. 112, Tab. X.. Fig. 16-18).

1854. Cypria punctata, Zenker (75, p. 77, Taf. ILI., Fig. A).

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 467

1868. Cypris compressa, Brady (6, p. 372, Pl. XXIV., Fig. 1-5;
XXXVI., Fig. 6).

1868. Cypris ovum, Fric & Nekut (27, p. 48, Fig. 30).

1872. Cypris ovum, Fric. (26, p. 228, Fig. 28).

1874. Cypris compressa, Brady, Crosskey, & Robertson (14, p.
dae (ee TS ., Wigs 5G):

1885. Cypris punctata, Nordqvist (0, p. 150).

1888. Cypris punctata, Schwarz (59 p. 18).

1888. Cypris compressa, Sostaric (60, p. 47).

1889. Cypria ophthalmica, Brady & Norman (9, p. 69, Pl. XI.,
Fig. 5-9).

1891. Cypria ophthalmica, Vavra (68, p. 63, Fig. 191-19°,
201-204),

Length .56 mm., height .37 mm., width .82 mm. The
American representative seems to be smaller than the
European form, if one may judge from the descriptions
of Vavra (68, p. 63) and of Brady (6, p. 372). .

Shell much compressed, reniform, clear brown, except
at the anterior and posterior ends and just back of the
eye-spot where there are dark brown bands or patches,
these three bands being perhaps a ready means of dis-
tinguishing the species.

Seen from the side, the dorsal margin is much arched,
but hardly as much as in Vavra’s specimens.

Seen from above, the shell is widest at the posterior
third, narrow, somewhat acutely pointed anteriorly and
rounded posteriorly,

Natatory sete very long, reaching beyond the tips
of the terminal claws by more than the total length
of the antenne, or three times as long as the distance
between their point of insertion and the tips of the ter-
minal claws.

Terminal segment of second foot somewhat longer
than broad, a third as long as the preceding segment,
and sinuate at its inner margin. The two terminal short
sete are about the same length and as long as the ter-
minal segment.

Caudal rami (Fig. 5) short, rather stout, bent, and
fully eight times as long as wide. Terminal claw simple,

468 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

curved, half as long as the ramus, subterminal claw
two thirds as long as the terminal one, with a patch of
teeth near its tip. Terminal seta half as long as sub-
terminal claw; dorsal seta slender, as long as width of
ramus, situated at middle of ramus. The inner edge of
the ramus was smooth in the specimens examined, thus
differing from Vavra’s description (68, p. 63).

Minn., 1883 (Herrick); Baxley, Ga., 1895 (Turner);
Havana, Ill. (Coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist.).

XIII. Cypripopsis Brapy.
Cypris, auctorum.
1820. Monoculus, Jurine (36).
1868. Cypridopsis, Brady (6, p. 375).

Second pair of antenne five segmented. Natatory setee
at end of third seement long and plumose. The branchia
of the second maxilla consists of a plate bearing five
plumose setze or else of two sete which are inserted di-
rectly on the blade.

Second foot five-segmented, with a strong chitinous
claw at its extremity.

Caudal rami rudimentary, flagelliform, base turgid, a
short cilium on the dorsal edge.

The males of this genus are unknown. There are
eleven species, of which three are known to occur in
America.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CYPRIDOPSIS.

1 (2). Branchia of second maxilla with five sete. Three
dark bands on dorsal and lateral aspect of shell; very

plump. Common.
C. vinua (O. F. Miiller).

2 (1). Branchia of second maxilla formed of two sete.
3 (4). Caudal rami cylindrical, turgid at base, suddenly
narrowing to a bristle which is little longer than

the basal part.
C. NEWTONI Brady & Robertson.

4 (8). Caudal rami broad, gradually narrowing to a
bristle. Shell much compressed.

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 469

5 (6). Natatory sete of second antenne reaching to
the end of the terminal claws. Shell pale green.
C. VILLOSA (Jurine).
6 (5). Natatory sete of second antenne reaching
beyond the end of the terminal claws. Shell grass-
green, at least dorsally.
C. SMARAGDINA VAvra.

Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. MULLER).

1792. ( ypris vidua, O. F. Miller, (49, p. 55, Tab. IV., Fig. 7-9).

1820. Monoculus vidua, Jurine (86, p. 175, Pl. XIX., Fig. 5, 6).

1837. Cypris maculata, Koch (88, H. X., p. 2, Fig. 2).

1841. Cypris strigata, Koch (388, H. XXXVL., p. 19, Fig. 19).

1844. Cypris vidua, Zaddach (74, p. 35).

1850. Cypris vidua, Baird (2, p. 152, Pl. XIX., Fig. 10, 11).

1850. Cypris sella, Baird (2, p. 158, Pl. XIX., Fig. 5, 5a).

1851. Cypiis vidua, S. Fischer (23, p. 162, Pl. XI., Fig. 1-2).

1853. Cypris vidua, Lilljeborg (39, p. 111, Tab. X., Fig. 10-12).

1854. Cypris vidua, Zenker (75, p. 79).

1868. Cypridopsis vidua, Brady (6, p. 375, Pl. XXIV., Fig. 27-
30, 46).

1868. Cypris vidua, Claus (17, Pl. I., Fig. 6-8).

1868. Cypris vidua, Fric & Nekut (27, p. 48, Fig. 29).

1869. Cypridopsis obesa, Brady & Robertson (10, p. 364, Pl.
XVIII., Fig. 5-7).

1870. Cypridopsis obesa, Brady & Robertson (11, p. 15).

1871. Cypris vidua, Heller (31, p. 90).

1872. Cypris vidua, Fric (26, p. 227, Fig. 27).

1874. Cypridopsis obesa, Brady, Crosskey & Robertson (14, p. 128,
Pi aie 18).

1879. Cypris vidua, Herrick (82, p. 112, Pl. X VII., Fig. 1).

1880. Cypridopsis vidua, Robertson (55, p. 20).

1887. Cypridopsis vidua, Herrick 34, p. 31, Pl. IV., Fig. 1).

1888. Cypris vidua, Sostaric (60, p. 46).

1889. Cypridopsis vidua, Brady & Norman (9, p. 89).

1891. Cypridopsis vidua, Vavra (68, p. 75, Fig 231-23*).

1892. Cypridopsis vidua, Turner (62, p. 73).

1893. Cypridopsis vidua, Daday (19, p. 300).

1894. Cypr-dopsis vidua, Turner (64, p. 19).

1895. Cypridopsis vidua, Turner (35, p. 312, Pl. LXXIL, Fig.
1-lg; LXXV., Fig, 5, 6, 8, 9; LX XVI., Fig. 4, 7).

This well known species needs no extended notice in
this paper.

470 TLllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Length, .60-.70 mm., height, .35 mm., width, .38-
45 mm.

Seen from above, the shell is broadly ovate, widest
back of the middle. Three characteristic darker bands
varying from dark brown to green extend down each
side from a longitudinal dorsal band. These bands to-
gether with its oblong spheroidal form and plump
appearance can hardly fail to identify the species.

The caudal rami are rudimentary, the terminal part
being produced into a long slender stylet which is some-
what longer than the ramus.

This species is ubiquitous, and I have yet to know of
a pond or stream which it has not made its home. It
is seemingly always present in aquaria, and appears to
play the rdle of scavenger, thriving in situations to
which other Ostracoda seem to be totally unadapted,
Viewed with a low power these creatures present a very
pretty appearance as they rapidly swim about, the
banded shell at once attracting attention.

It would seem that its great adaptability to adverse
situations and its scavenging habits might account in
part for its almost universal distribution throughout
the temperate zones.

Cypridopsis smaragdina VAvra. (Pl. XLVIIIL., Fig.

11-12.)

1891. Cypridopsis smaragdina, Vavra (68, p. 80, Fig. 261-26).
Length .65 mm., height .45 mm., and breadth .84 mm.
This striking and interesting form appears at first

glance, when seen from the side (Fig. 11), to be in the
shape of a half-moon, except that the under edge is
nearly straight. The shell is light to grass-green, es-
pecially on its dorsal aspect; alcoholic specimens, how-
ever, commonly show but a trace of this coloration.
Surface thickly covered with long hairs, which are all
parallel to one another, backwardly directed, and closely
appressed to the shell (Fig. 11).

North American Freshwater Ostracoda. Art

The eye-spot, instead of being at the highest point of
the shell, as in the typical forms described by Vavra, is
slightly below and anterior to this location. The nata-
tory sete of the second antenne are long, reaching be-
yond the tips of the terminal claws by the length of
the claws, thus differing from C. wllosa (Jurine), its
near relative, the natatory sete of which reach but to
the terminal claws.

The caudal rami (Fig. 12) are rudimentary, the basal
part cylindrical, more than three times as long as wide,
then suddenly narrowing into a long flagellum, fully
twice as long as the basal part. The ramus also has a
dorsal seta at the termination of the basal part, slightly
longer than the ramus is wide.

South Chicago, August 24, 1881, from a ditch open-
ing into the Calumet River (Coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat.
Hist.).

XIV. PoTAMOCYPRiS Brapy.
1868. Bairdia, Brady (6, p. 474).
1870. Potamocypris, Brady (7, p. 366).

Second antennz four-seemented, third and fourth seg-
ments bearing numerous sete, which are short, not
reaching beyond the middle of the terminal claws; last
segment with two strong terminal claws and two or
three short, slender sete. Mandible stout, palp three-
segmented and bearing a single branchial seta near the
base. Feet as in Cypris, caudal rami rudimentary, con-
sisting of a long seta with a lamellar base, bearing a
short dorsal one commonly at base of the lamellar part.

Shell compressed, outline when seen from the side sim-
ilar to that of Cypridopsis.

I know of but two species of this genus,—P. fulva
(Brady) and P. gregaria Sars,—neither of which is known
to occur in America.

10.

Da

12.

Lilinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

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474 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

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pus Vernet und eine neue Siisswassercytheride.
Zool. Anz., 1892, p. 393.

88. Koca, C. L., 1837—41.—Deutchlands Crustaceen, My-
riapoden und Arachniden. Heft 10, 11, 12, 1837;

Pe Heite2l) 1838-: Heth a6) 1641)

89. LitLtseBore, W., 1853.—De Crustaceis ex ordinibus
tribus: Cladocera, Ostracoda et Copepoda in Sca-
nia occurrentibus. 27 Plates.

40. —_—— 1862.—Beskrifning Ofver tva arter Crusta-
ceer af ordningarna Ostracoda och Copepoda.
Ofvers. af k. Vet.-Akad. Férhand., XIX., p. 391.

41. ————_.__ 1883.—Collections of chiefly Fresh-water
Crustacea from Sweden. Special Catalogue Inter-
national Fisheries Exhibition, London, p. 140.

42. MEEKER, J. W.,1871.—Cypris pullipes. A new species
of Cypris found in New Jersey. Am.Journ. Microsc.,
Epps Ge, oc

43. Moniez, R. 1887.—Liste des Copépodes, Ostracodes,
Cladocéres et de quelques autres Crustacés recueil-
lis 4 Lilleen 1886. Bull. dela Soc. Zool. de France,
T. 12, pp. 508-518.

44, ———— 1838.—Faune des Eaux Souterraines du De-
partement du Nord et en particulier de la ville de
Lille. Ostracoda. Revue Biol. Nord France, 1 Année,
pp. 179-180, 241-257.

45. ———- 1889.—Sur la faune du Hable d’Ault.
Ostracoda. Revue Biol. Nord France, 1 Année, pp.
277-280.

46. ———— 1889.—Sur quelques Cladocéres et sur un

Ostracode nouveaux du Lae Titicaca. Revue. Biol.
Nord France, 1 Année, pp. 419-429. 18 Figures.

47. —-—— 1891.—Entomostracés d’eau douce de Su-
matra et de Célébes. I]. Ostracodes. Zool. Ergeb.
einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, p. 129.
Plates.

476 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

438, -————

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54:.

55.

56.

57.

58.

1893.—Description d’une nouvelle espéce de
Cypris vivant dans les eaux thermales du Ham-
mam-Meskhoutine. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, T. 18,
No. 3, pp. 141,142. 7 figures.

Mtucer, O. F., 1792.—Entomostraca seu Insecta
testacea, quz in aquis Dani et Norvegiz reperit,
descripsit et iconibus illustravit. Tab. 21.

Norpavist, Osc., 1885.—Beitrag zur Kenntniss der
inneren miinnlichen Geschlechtsorgane der Cypriden.

1887.—Die Pelagische und Tieflsee-Fauna
der erOsseren finnischen Seen. Zool. Anz., X.
Jahrg., pp. 389-345, 358-362.

Puatreau, F., 1867 —Recherches sur les Crustacés
d’eau douce de Belgique. Mem. Cour. et des Sav.
Etrangers, T. XXXIV. 1 Plate.

PocGenpou, M. J., 1874.—List of the Copepoda,
Cladocera, and Ostracoda of the Environs of Mos-
cow.

Rampour, F. A., 1808.—Uber die Gattung Cypris
Mill. und drei zu derselben gehdrige neue Arten
Mag. d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, II.
Jahre., pp. 88-93. 1 Tab.

Rosertson, D.. 1880.—Fauna of Scotland with spe-
cial reference to Clydesdale and the Western Dis-
tricts; Fresh- and Brackish-Water Ostracoda. Proc.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. IV. 85 pp. 1 Plate.

Sars, G. O., 1864.—Beretning om en i Sommeren
1863 foretagen zoologisk Reise i Christiania Stift.
Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvid. 13 Bd., pp. 225-260.

———— 1889.—On some Fresh-water Ostracoda and
Copepoda raised from Dried Australian Mud. Chris-
tiania Vid. Selsk. Férh., 1889, No. 8.79 pp. 8 Taf.

——— 1895.—On some South-African Entomos-
traca raised from Dried Mud. Vid. Selsk. Skrift.
I. Math.-Naturv. Klasse, 1895, No. 8. 8 Plates.

SS

59

60.

61

62

63.

645——___——

65. ———_

66

67

63:

69

North American Fresh-water Ostracoda. 47%

. Scowanz, C. G., 1888.—Ueber die sogenannte Schleim-

driise der miémnnlichen Cypriden. Berichten der
Naturforsch. Gesellsch. Freiburg, Bd. III., p. 133.
2 Plates.

Sosraric, D., 1888.—Priloge poznavanju faune slat-
b) Do

kovodnih korepnjiaka hrvatske. Rad. jugoslav.
akad. XCII., [X., 103-214.

. Straus, H. E., 1821.—Mémoire sur les Cypris de la

classe des Crustacés. Mém. du Muséum, Vol. VIL.,
pp. 33-61. Plates.

. Turner, C. H., 1892.—Notes upon the Cladocera, Co-

pepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera of Cincinnati, with
Descriptions of New Species. Bull. Sci. Lab. Den-
ison Univ., Vol. VI., Pt. II., pp. 57-74. 2 Plates.

— _ 1893.—Additional Notes on the Cladocera

and Ostracoda of Cincinnati, Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab.
Denison Univ., Vol. VIII., Pt. I., pp. 1-18. 2 Plates.
1894.—Notes on American Ostracoda, with
Descriptions of New Species. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison
Univ., Vol. VIII., Pt. Il., pp. 13-25. 2 Plates.
TURNER, C. H., anp Herrick, C. L., 1895.
See 35.

. UnpERWoop, Lucien M., 1886 —List of the Described

Species of Fresh-water Crustacea from America
North of Mexico. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist.,
Vol, E., Arts 3; p.-328.

. VAvra, V., 1891.—Uber das Vorkommen einer Siiss-

wasser-Cytheride in B6hmen. Zool. Anz., XIV.
Jahre, p> Ct:

1891.—Monographie der Ostracoden B6h-
mens. Archiv der naturw. Landesdurchforschung
von Béhmen, VIII. Band., Nr. 3. Figures.

. VAvra, V., AND Fric, AnT., 1894.—Untersuchungen

iiber die Fauna der Gewiisser BGhmens. IV. Archiv
der naturw. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen,
IX. Band., Nr. 2. Figures.

478

70.

an

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Vespovsky, F., 1880.—O puvodu fauny studnicné.
Slavnostni prednaska ve vyrocnim, sezenikral. ceské
spol. nauk. v. Praze, dne 3 Cervna. _

—-— 1882.—Thierische Organismen der Brunnen-
wasser von Prag. 8 Taf.

VeERNET, H., 1878.—Acanthopus, un nouveau genre
d’Ostracodes. Forel’s Matériaux pour servir a l’é-
tude de la Faune profonde du Lac Leman. IV.
Série, 1878, p. 506.

Z\cHARIAS, O., 1888.—Die Tierwelt der Eifel-Maare.
Biol. Centr., 8 Bd., p. 574.

ZADDACH, E.G., 1844.—Synopseos Crustaceorum Frus-
sicorum Prodromus.

ZENKER, W., 1854.—Monographie der Ostracoden.
Wieg. Archiv f. Naturg., XX. Jahrg., I. Bd., pp.
1—87:' 6 Taf.

ZSCHOKKE, F., 1894.—Die Tierwelt der Juraseen. Re-
vue Suisse de Zoologie, T. Il., p. 369. 1 Plate.

Sa el

ROO: eh ee

pO:
a
ron Df
Feo fiess

Explanation of Plates. 479

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XXXIX.

Limnicythere reticulata n. sp.: ventral view.
Inside view of left valve of shell.
Rudimentary caudal ramus.

Second foot.

First antenna.

Third foot.

Posterior dorsal part of carapace.
Limnicythere illinoisensis n. sp.: lateral view.
Markings on shell.

Part of anterior surface of shell.

First foot.

Rudimentary caudal ramus.

Ventral view.

PLATE XL.

Fig. 1. Limnicythere cllinoisensis n. sp.: view of side
from below.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

oo bo

Male sexual clasping organs.
Second foot.

Third foot.

Second antenna of male.
First antenna of male.

PuaTE XLI.

Cyclocypris forbest n. sp.: lateral view.
Dorsal view.

Second antenna of female.

Palp of left second maxilla of male.

480 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

ao

ramus.

Fig.

Fig.

at x.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

alae

ID TB ow

Palp of right second maxilla of male.
Second foot.
Caudal ramus.

PLATE XLII.
Cyprinotus pellucida n. sp.: lateral view.
Dorsal view.
Markings on shell.
First foot.
Second foot.
Caudal ramus.
Cyprinotus burlingtonensis Turner, caudal

PuatTe XLII.

Cyprinotus tncongruens Ramd.: caudal ramus.
Anterior end of right valve, pittings indicated

Cypris reticulata Gadd.: markings on shell.
Caudal ramus.
Cypris fuscata Jur.: caudal ramus.

PrATE OLIV:

Cypris testudinaria 1. sp.: caudal ramus.
First foot.

End of organ of Zenker.

Second antenna.

Candona acuminata Fisch.: > first foot.
Second foot.

Caudal ramus.

PLATE XLY.

1. Candona fabeformis Fisch.: caudal ramus.
2. First foot.

Explanation of Plates. 48]

Fig. 38. Second foot.
Fig. 4. Candona sigmoides n. sp., S: lateral outline
view.
Fig. 5. Second antenna.
Fig. 6. Caudal ramus.
Fig. 7. Second foot.
Fig. 8. ‘Sense organ’’ of second antenna.
Fig. 9. Palp of left second maxilla.
Fig. 10. Palp of right second maxilla.

Fig. 11. First foot.

PLATE XLVI.

vag. 1. Candona simpsoni n. sp.: second antenna of
female.
Fig. 2. Second foot.
Fig. 38. Lateral view.
Fig. 4. Ventral view.
Fig. 5. First foot.
Fig. 6. Caudal ramus.
Fig. 7. Candona recticauda n. sp.: second foot.
Fig. 8. Second antenna of male.
Fig. 9. Palp ofright second maxilla of male.
Fig. 10. Palp of left second maxilla of male.
Fig. 11. Caudal ramus.
PuaTE XLVII.
Fig. 1. Candona reflewa n. sp.: first foot.
Fig. 2. Second foot.
Fig. 3. Caudal ramus.
Fig. 4. Cypria exsculpta Fisch.: reticulations on shell,
Fig. 5. Cypria ophthalmica Jur.: caudal ramus.
Fig. 6. Cypria dentifera n. sp.: inside view of left

valve of shell.
31—

482 Lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of shell.

Fig. 8. Palp of left second maxilla of male.

Fig. 9. First foot. 5

Fig. 10. Second foot.

Fig. 11. Caudal ramus.

PuaTe XLVIIL.

Fig. 1. Cypria obesa n. sp.: first foot.

Fig. 2. Caudal ramus.

Fig. 38. Second foot.

Fig. 4. Palp of left second maxilla of male.

Fig. 5. Palp of right second maxilla of male.

Fig. 6. Cypria pustulosa n. sp.: inside view of right
valve of shell.

Fig. 7. Lateral view of left valve of shell.

Fig. 8. First foot.

Fig. 9. Caudal ramus.

Fig. 10. Second foot.

Fig. 11. Cypridopsis smaragdina Vavra: lateral view.

Fig. 12. Rudimentary caudal ramus.

INDEX.

(Synonyms in Italics.)

Acanthopus, 422. Cy pria—Continued.
Bairdia. 471. _ pustulosa, 417, 418, 420, 460,
: 461.

Candona, 416, 419, 429, 447, 453, Cypricercus, 430, 445.

458.0 Cypridide, 419, 421, 428.
key to species, 448. key to genera, 429.
acuminata, 420, 449. Cypridopsis, 416, 419, 429, 468,

candida, 456, 457.

diaphana, 454.

fabeeformis, 420, 449, 454.

hispida, 442.

recticauda, 420, 448, 451.

refilexa, 417, 418, 420, 449,
457.

rostrata, 448.

sigmoides, 417, 418, 420, 449,
453, 454, 455.

471.

key to species, 468.
newtoni, 468.
obesa, 469.
smaragdina, 421, 469, 470.
vidua, 417, 418, 421, 468, 469.
villosa, 469, 471.

Cyprinotus, 416, 419, 430, 433.
comparison of species, 434.
burlingtonensis, 419,434,435.

452, 456. grandis, 434.
Candonopsis, 429, 458. incongruens, 419, 434, 437.
Cladocopa, 421. pellucida, 417, 418, 419, 434.
Cyclocypris, 429, 431. Cypris, 419, 430, 438, 446, 471.

comparison of species, 432.
forbesi, 419, 432.

globosa, 431, 432, 433.
levis, 431, 432, 433.
modesta, 431, 432.

pusilla, 481.

Cypria, 416, 419, 429, 431. 459.

key to species, 460.

dentifera, 420, 460, 4638.

exsculpta, 417, 418, 420, 460,
465.

inequivalva, 465.

obesa, 417, 418, 420, 460, 462.

ophthalmica, 417, 418, 420,
460, 466.

punctata, 466.

key to species, 4389.
acuminata, 449.
adusta, 442.

affinis, 441.
aurantia, 437.
burlingtonensis, 435.
clavata, 439.
compressa, 466, 467.
dugesii, 442.
elegantula, 465, 466.
exsculpta, 465.
Fabeeformis, 454.
fasciata, 440.
fischeri, 440.
fusca, 437, 442.
fuscata, 420, 437, 440, 442.

484

Cypris—Continued.
galbinea, 442.
granulata, 465.
incongruens, 437.
maculata, 469.
ovum, 467.
pubera, 440.
punctata, 466, 467.
reticulata, 420, 489, 440, 441.
sel/a, 669.
strigata, 469.
striolata, 465.
tenera, 466.
tessellata, 441.
testudinaria, 420, 439, 440,
444,
vidua, 469.
virens, 439.
Cypris, 430, 431, 433, 445, 447, 458,
459, 468.
Cyprois, 430.
Cythere, 422.
Cytherida, 415, 419, 421, 422.

Erpetocypris, 430, 445.
key to species, 446.
barbatus, 446, 447.
minnesotensis, 447.
olivacea, 446.
reptans, 446.
strigata, 446.

Herpetocy pris.
pris.

Ilyocypris, 429, 458.

Limnicythere, 415, 416, 419, 422,
458.
illinoisensis, 417, 418, 419, 423,
425.
incisa, 423.
inopinata, 428.

See Erpetocy-

Limnicythere—Oontinued.
monstrifica, 423.
neocomensis, 423, 424, 426.
relicta, 423.
reticulata, 419, 4235, 425, 426,

427.
sancti-patricii, 423.
stationis, 423, 424.

Monoculus, 431, 433, 488, 445, 458,
459, 468.
auraniius, 437.
conchaceus, 437.
Fuscatus, 442.
ophthalmicus, 466.
ruber, 437.
vidua, 469.
Myodocopa, 421.

Notodromas, 429, 430.

Ostracoda, bibliography of works

cited, 472.

explanation of plates, 479.

life history and habits, 415.

list of species treated, 419.

marine tribes, 421.

synopsis of families treated,

421.

table of local distribution,
417.

table of seasonal distribu-
tion, 418.

Platycopa, 421.
Podocopa, 421.
Potamocypris, 429, 471.
fulva, 471.
gregaria, 471.

Stenocypris, 430, 447.
Typhlocypris, 429, 458.

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Fig. 1.

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PLATE XLII.

Puare XLIIT.

PiatTE XLIV.

PLATE XLV.

PuatTe XLVI.

PLate XLYVII.

Poare. 21V iLL.

ERRATA.

Page 12, lines 16 and 17, for one hundred read three hundred and for
one thousand read six hundred.

Page 17, line 2, dele first letter in the line.

Page 168, line 12, page 177, lines 13 and 14, and page 271, line 10, for
Lemna trisulea read Spirodela polyrhiza.

Page 209, line 2 of foot-note, after but insert represents.

Page 256, line 7, and page 266, line 19: snowi n.s. has been shown to
be hieroglyphica, 3.

Page 257, insert as line 8 as follows: —ken to the office produced young
in ten days. The

Page 272, line 13, for P. biguttatus read Pompilus biguttatus.

Page 278, Plate V., 16, after view insert as follows: a, mentum; 3,
labial rudiment; c, maxillary palpi; @, maxilla; e, labrum; /, antenna; 4,
eye; h, mandible.

Page 286, line 11, drop initial the one line.

Page 386, line i, for Comstocki read Comstock.

Page 399, line 17, for specimens read specimen.

Page 411, line 10, for Michaelson read Michaelsen.
Page 441, line 3 from bottom, for 66 read 68.

Page 445, line 10 from bottom, for 57 read 58.

Page 466, line 1 from bottom, for Cypria read Cypris.

INDEX,

A

abdominalis, Tabanus, 233.

Abhandlungen des Naturwissen-
schaftlichen Vereins in Ham-
burg cited, 290, 292.

Ablerus clisiocamp® as parasite of
Aspidiotus forbesi, 382.

Acanthia, 6.

Acanthopus, 422.

Acer saccharinum, infested by
Aspidiotus comstocki, 385.
Acipenser rubicundus, 298, 299,

300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307.
acuminata, Candona, 420, 449.
Cypris, 449.
adusta, Cypris, 442.
zsculi, Aspidiotus, 386.
Msculus californica, infested by
Aspidiotus esculi, 387.
eestuans, Chrysops, 227.
affinis, Cypris, 441.
agilis, Fridericia, 288, 289.
alba, Melilotus, 8.
albalis, Paraponyx, 178.
Alge, 155, 156, 158, 201.
as food of Ostracoda, 416.
allionealis, Paraponyx, 173.
Allolobophora giesleri, 406.
Altitudes in State of Illinois,
acknowledgment of
assistance in collect-
ing data for list of, 36,
38.
by counties, 39-131.
cost of survey in obtain-
ing, 37.
list of, 86-137.

Altitudes, etc.—Continued.
methods of making sur-
vey in obtaining, 36,

37.
of river slopes in _ Illinois,
132-137. ~
Alydus eurinus, coecal structures
in, 5.
pilosulus, coecal structures in,

5.
Amalopini, 196.
Amalopis, 196.
American Naturalist cited, 175.
americana, Chionaspis, 390.
Ulmus, 389, 392.
americanus, Tabanus, 247.
Anacharis, 152.
Anasa, 3.
tristis, on a bacterial disease,
of, 340-379. See under
Disease.
coecal structures in, 5.
ancylus, Aspidiotus, 383.
angustatus, Nysius, 4.
Annals of Botany cited, 345.
Aonidia, 338.
Aonidiella, 388.
apicula, Stratiomyia, 249. ,
Apple infested by Aspidiotus
forbesi, 381, 382.
-tree caterpillar, Yellow-
necked, infection experi-
ment with, 363.
Aradide, 6.
Aromochelys odoratus, 316.
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis as
parasite of Aspidiotus forbesi,
382.
articulata, Opercularia, 316.

INDEX. 485

Arzama, 164, 165, 166.

Asellus, 156.

Ash, Mountain, 382.

Ashmead, W. H., 149, 178, 270,

318.
Descriptions of three New
Parasitic Hymenop-

tera from the Illinois
River, 274-277.
Monograph of the North
American Proctotry-
pide, cited, 275.
Asilidg, 267.
Aspidiotus, 380.
eesculi, description of, 386.
infesting Asculus califor-
nica, 387.
parasite of, 388.
ancylus, 383.
camellia, 339.
coloratus, 386.
comstocki, description of, 883.
infesting Sugar Maple,
385.
forbesi, description of, 380.
food plants of, 381, 382.
life history of. 383.
parasites and other insect
enemies of, 382.
maculatus, 338.
sabalis, 319.
townsendi, 385, 386.
ulmi, description of, 388.
infesting White Elm, 389.
parasites of, 390.
uve, 385, 386.
group. 385, 386.
Aspidites, 338.
Asterolecanium aureum, 319.
oncidii, 319.

asymmetricus, |Mesoporodrilus,
402.
Atkins, Martin D., on occur-

rence of Prothonotary War-
bler, 17.

atratus, Tabanus,
232, 239, 241,
215.

Atylotus, 232.

aurantia, Cypris, 4387.

aurantii, Prospalta, 382.

aurantius, Monoculus, 437.

aureum, Asterolecanium, 319.

199, 224, 231
242-247, 272,

B

Bacillus entomotoxicon, explana-

tion of figures of, 379.

growth and pathogenic

characters of, 347, 372.

specific characters of, 371.

summary concerning, 372.
insectorum, 361.

Bacteria Normal to Digestive Or-
gans of Hemiptera, 1-7.
Bacterial diseases of insects, bib-
liography of, 373.

Disease of the Squash-bug
(Anasa tristis DeG.), On
a, 341-379. See under Dis-
ease.
Bairdia, 471.
Balbiani, E. G., paper by, cited, 3.
barbatus, Erpetocypris, 446, 447,
Barnes, R. M., 11.
note on distribution of Pro-
thonotary Warbler, 16.
note on eggs of Prothonotary
Warbler, 30.
Beddard, F. E., A Monograph of
the Order Oligoche-
ta, cited, 289, 293.
Preliminary Account of
New Species of Earth-
worms belonging to
the Hamburg Mu-
seum, cited, 410.
Some New or Little-
known = Oligocheeta,
cited, 407.
Beetles, aquatic, 155,
163.

156, 160,

486 INDEX.

Beetles—Continued.
carabid, gastric pouches in, 2.
coccinellid, 157.
surface, 155. See Gyrinide..
Beling, Theodor, Beitrage zur Na-
turgeschichte verschie-
dener Arten aus der Fam-
ilie der Tipuliden, cited,

195, 197, 200.

Die Metamorphose yon Co-
nomyia ferruginea Scop.,

cited, 267.

Bembecidw, 157, 273.

Bembex spinole, 273.

Benham, W. B., An Attempt to
classify HEarthworms,
cited, 144, 145.

A New English Genus of
Aquatic Oligochata
(Sparganophilus ) be-
longing to the Family
Rhinodrilide, cited,
142, 148, 295.

on combining certain gen-
era of Oligochezta, 410.

Berlese, A., 338.
Bernardia, 319.
beroidea, Tintinnopsis, 315.
Berosus, 156, 163.
bicolor. Tabanus, 232.
bicornis, Tipula, 208.
biguttatus, Pompilus, 272.
Billings, F. S., Swine Plague, its
Causes. Nature, and Preven-
tion, cited, 367.
Bimastos, 295.
binotata, Odontomyia, 255, 262.
Biological Experiment Station of
the University of Dli-
nois, 138, 310, 414, 416,
419,

description of the location
of the, 150.

Entomology of the Illi-
nois River and Ad-
jacent Waters at the,
149-273. (Special in-

dex, 281-284.)

Biological Station, ete.—Cont'd.
food relations’ of
groups treated in
articte on the, 157.
groups treated in ar-
ticle on the, 150.
methods of breeding, col-
lecting, and preserv-
ing insects at the,
158-161.
Oligocheta collected at
the, 138, 142, 285, 396.
substations of the, 151.
life at the, 154.
Biologisches Centralblatt cited,
2, 8, 348.
bisetosa, Fridericia, 289.
Bittacomorpha, 190, 200, 201, 206,
228, 239, 241.
clavipes, 189, 190-195.
food of larva of, 190.
bivittata, Pallachira, 9.
bivulnerus, Chilocorus, 382, 393.
Blackbird, Yellow-headed, article
on the, cited, 10.
Black-crowned Night Heron, ar-
ticle on the, cited, 10.
flies, 187. See Simuliide.
blandingii var. acuta, Cambarus,
316.
Blepharoceridew, 184, 187, 188.
Blissus leucopterus, coecal struct-
ures in, 1, 3.

infection experiments
with, 355.
Blochmann, F., Vorkommen

bakterienahnlicher Korper-
chen in den Geweben und
Kiern verschiedener Insekten,
cited, 2.
Blue Earthworm, 157.
Bobolink, article on the, cited,
10.
Bolt, B. F., 11, 32.
note on distribution of Pro-
thonotary Warbler, 16.
on nest and eggs of Prothon-
otary Warbler, 31.

are

‘at RE alain g
© a A a

INDEX. 487

Bombyliida, 267.
Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, Proceedings of, cited,

242.
Bourne, A. G., Notes on the

Naidiform Oligochta, cited,
400.

Box-elder Bug, infection experi-
ments with, 359.

Brachionus, 310.
budapestinensis, 312.
mollis, 312.

eggs of, 313.
punctatus, 311.

eggs of, 312.
variabilis, 310.

eggs of, 311.

Brachycera, 187, 189.

Brachyscelis crispa, 338.
fletcheri, 338.
nux, 338.
pedunculata, 338.
schraderi, 338.

Braconidae, 181, 271, 276.

Brady, G. S., A Monograph of

the Recent British Ostrac-
oda, cited, 421, 467.
Keys to Families of Ostrac-
oda, modification of, 421.
on occurrence of Cypris retic-
ulata, 442.

Brady, G@ S., and Norman, A.
M., on characters of Cyprid-
idx, 428.

Brauer, F., 276:

Die Zweifliigler des Kaiser-
lichen Museums zu Wien,
III., cited, 185, 195, 196,
268.
on Ptychoptera. 190.
brevicorne, Ceratium, 313, 314.
Brewster, Wm., on nesting of
Prothonotary Warbler, 23.
on song of Prothonotary
Warbler, 22.

Brewster, Wm.—Continued.

The Prothonotary Warbler
(Protonotaria citrea), cited,
13> -¥0ve 23.

Buckeye infested by Aspidiotus
esculi, 387, 388.

Buckmaster, G. A., Ursprung und
Beschaffenheit gewisser Bak-
teriengifte, cited, 348.

budapestinensis, Brachionus, 312.

Buffalo gnats, 187. See Simu-
liidae.

Bug, Box-elder, infection experi-
ments with, 359.

Bugs, aquatic, 155, 156, 161, 163.

Bulletin of Essex Institute cited,

13 r-
Illinois State Laboratory of

Natural History cited,
221, 287, 343.

Nebraska Agricultural Ex-
periment Station cited,
367.

Nuttall Ornithological Club
cited, 13, 17, 19, 22, 24.
U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Division of Eco-
nomic Ornithology, cited,
20.
Bull-pout, item in food of, 221.
burlingtonensis, Cyprinotus, 419,
434, 485.
Cypris, 435.
Burrill a. J, -36%.

C

californica, A®sculus, 387.
callidus, Chrysops, 227.
Cambarus blandingii var. acuta,
316.
diogenes, 316.
camellia, Aspidiotus, 339.
canadensis, Geranomyia, 200.
candida, Candona, 456, 457.
Candona, 416, 419, 429, 447, 453,
458.

185 INDEX.

Candona—Continued.
acuminata, 420, 449.
candida, 456, 457.
diaphana, 454.
fabeformis, 420, 449, 454.
hispida, 442.
key to species of, 448.
recticauda, 420, 440, 448, 451.
reflexa, 417. 418, 420, 449, 457.
rostrata, 448.
sigmoides, 417, 418, 420, 449,
453, 454, 455.
simpsoni, 417, 418, 420, 449,
452, 456.
Candonopsis, 429, 458.
Cantwell, G. C., A List of the
Birds of Minnesota, cited, 17.
Capside, 6.
Carabid beetles, gastric pouches
in, 2.
Case-flies, 154, 155, 163.
Cataclysta, 165, 166, 174, 175.
Caterpillars, aquatic, 150, 155, 156,

157, 168. See Hydrocampine.
Catfish, Channel, item in food
of, 221.

cerastes, Tabanus, 233.

Ceratium brevicorne, 313, 314.

Ceratophyllum, 152, 155, 250.

Ceratopogon, 187.

ceriferus, Dactylopius, 339.

Chalcididse, 181, 253, 257, 271.

Channel Catfish, item in food of,
221.

Chelydra serpentina, 316.

Cherry, cultivated, English mor-

ello, and wild, infested
by Aspidiotus forbesi,
381, 382.
Scale, 382. See Aspidiotus
forbesi.
Chilocorus bivulnerus, feeding on
Aspidiotus forbesi,
382.
feeding on Chionaspis

americana, 393.

Chilopsis, Aspidiotus coloratus
found on, 386.
Chinch-bug, 340.
coecal structures -in, 1, 3.
infection experiments with,
355.
chionaspidis, Arrhenophagus, 382.
Chionaspis americana, description
of, 390.
eggs of, 391, 392, 393.
notes on life history of,
392.
parasites and other in-
sect enemies of, 393.
Chironomida, 155, 184, 187, 189.
Chironomus, 200, 206, 211.
Chrysendeton, 174.
claudialis, 174.
medicinalis, 174.
Chrysomphalus, 338.
Chrysops, 157, 224, 225, 226, 230.
estuans, 227.
callidus, 227.
excitans, 226.
flavidus, 227.
fugax, 226.
mitis, 226.
montanus, 227.
niger, 227.
obsoletus, 230.
pudicus, 227.
striatus, 230.
univittatus, 228.
vittatus, 228.
Cimex, 6.
cincta, Odontomyia, 250, 253, 254,
255, 256, 262, 264,265, 266, 271.
circulata, Diaspis, 339.
citrea, Protonotaria, 10-35.
claudialis, Chrysendeton, 174.
clavata, Cypris, 489.
clavipes, Bittacomorpha, 189, 190.
Clinocentrus, 276.
niger, 271, 276.
clisiocamps, Ablerus, 382.
Clover, Sweet, Pseudaglossa for-
besii collected on, 8.

INDEX. 489

Club Rush, 153.
Cnemidotus, 163.
Coale, H. K., note on Distribu-
tion of Prothonotary Warbler,
18, 20.
Cobleigh, W. S., 11.
on distribution of Prothono-
tary Warbler, 16.
on number of eggs laid by
Prothonotary Warbler, 27.
Coccide, A Check-List of the,
318-339.
Japanese, 320.
of Ceylon, 338, 339.
palearctic, 320.
Coccinellid, 157.
Coccophagus fraternus as parasite
of Aspidiotus ulmi, 390.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 382, 385.
A Check-List of the Coc-
cide, 318-339.
Cockroaches, gastric pouches in, 2.
Codonella cratera, 315.
Coenomyia, 267.
ferruginea, 267.
pallida, 267.
Coenomyiidax, 267.
Coleoptera, 158, 163, 164, 361.
Collinge, W. E., The Sensory Canal
System of Fishes, cited, 302.
Colorado Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, 360.
coloratus, Aspidiotus, 386.
communis, Diplocardia, 138, 139,
140, 141, 142, 148, 285.
compressa, Cypris, 466, 467.
Comptes Rendus, cited, 3.
Comstock, J. H., 318, 385.
Manual for the Study of In-
sects, cited, 183, 185, 267.
comstocki, Aspidiotus, 383.
Comstockiella sabalis, 320.
conchaceus, Monoculus, 437.
Cooper’s Hawk, article on, cited,
10.

Coreidx, coecal structures in, 1,
»

a, vw.
Corimelzna, 6.
Corimelwnide, ccoecal structures
aM) 2 Os
Corisida, 156.
Corizus lateralis, 5.
Cosmocoma maculipes, 272.
costalis, Tabanus, 231, 232, 236-
238.
Cowbird, eggs of, in nests of Pro-
thonotary Warbler, 31.
Crane-flies, 150, 155, 157, 158, 159,
186. See Tipulide.
False, 187.
food of larve of, 158.
larve of, as food of horse-fly
larvae, 157, 158.
cratera, Codonella, 315.
Crayfishes, 316.
Cremastus, 277.
hartii, 271, 277.
crena, Cyprinotus, 434.
Criodrilus, 143.
crispa, Brachyscelis, 338.
Crustacea, 301.
Cryptus cyaneiventris, 178, 270.
parasite of Hydrocampa
obliteralis, 178.
Culicids, 184, 187, 189. See Mos-
quitoes.

Currant, infested by Aspidiotus
forbesi, 381, 382. :
Currier, E. §., note on distribu-

tion of Prothonotary Warbler,
15.
cyaneiventris, Cryptus, 178, 270.
Cyclocypris, 429, 431.
comparison of species of, 482.
forbesi, 419, 432.
globosa, 481, 432, 433,
levis, 431, 432, 433.
modesta. 431, 4382.
pusilla, 431.
Cyclorhapha, 184, 186.
cymatophorus, Tabanus, 233.

490 INDEX.

Cypria, 416, 419, 429, 431, 459.
dentifera, 420, 460, 463.
exsculpta, 417, 418, 420, 460,
465.

inequivalva, 465.

key to species of, 460.

obesa, 417, 418, 420, 460, 462.

ophthalmica, 417, 418, 420, 460,
466.

punctata, 466. (See Errata.)

pustulosa, 417, 418, 420, 460,
461.
Cypricercus, 445.
Cypridida, 419, 421, 428-471.
analytical key to genera of,
429.

and Cytherid#, Contribution
to a Knowledge of the
North American Fresh-
water Ostracoda included
in the Families, 414-484.
See under Ostracoda.

Cypridopsis, 416, 419, 429, 468, 471.
key to species of, 468.
newtoni, 468.
obesa, 469.
smaragdina, 421, 469, 470.
vidua, 417, 418, 421, 468, 469.
villosa, 469, 471.

Cyprinotus, 416, 419, 430, 433.
burlingtonensis, 419, 434, 435.
comparison of species of, 434.
crena, 434.
grandis, 434.
incongruens, 419. 434, 437.
pellucida, 417, 418, 419, 434.

Cypris, 480, 431, 4383, 434, 488, 445,

446, 447, 458, 459, 468, 471.
acuminata, 449.
adusta, 442.
affinis, 441.
aurantia, 437.
burlingtonensis, 435.
clavata, 439.
compressa, 466, 467,
dugesi, 442.
elegantula, 465, 466.

Cy pris—Continued.
exsculpta, 465.
fabeformis, 454. _
fasciata, 440.
fischeri, 440.
fusca, 437, 442.
fuscata, 420, 437, 440, 442.
galbinia, 442.
granulata, 465.
incongruens, 487.
key to species of, 439.
maculata, 469.
ovum, 467.
pubera, 440.
punctata, 466, 467.
reticulata, 420, 439 440, 441.
Sella, 469.
strigata, 469.
striolata, 465.
tenera, 466.
tessellata, 441.
testudinaria,

444,

vidua, 469.
virens, 439.

420, 439, 440,

Cyprois, 430.

Cythere, 422.
Cytheride, 415, 419, 421, 422-428.
and Cyprididaw, Contribution
to a Knowledge of the
North American Fresh-
water Ostracoda included
in the Families, 414-484,
See under Ostracoda.

D

Dactylopius ceriferus, 339.
talini, 339.
Datana ministra, infection ex-
periment with larva of, 363.
Day, L. T., The Species of O-
dontomyia found in the Unit-
ed States, cited, 254.
Deilephila lineata, infection ex-
periment with larva of, 362.
Deltania, 407,410.

INDEX. 491

dentifera, Cypria, 420, 460, 463.
Deltoid Moths,
two New, 8-9.
diaphana, Candona, 454.
Diaspidiotus, 338.
Diaspine, 338.
Diaspis circulata, 339.
Diatoms, 190, 201, 258.
as food of Opercularia, 316.
as food of Ostracoda, 416.
Dickinson, J. E., note on distri-
bution of Prothonotary War-
bler, 17.
Dicranomyia, 197.
Dicranota, 195, 196, 198.-
Diftlugia pyriformis var. nodosa,
313.
tuberculosa, 313.
Dineutes discolor, infection ex-
periment with, 363.
diogenes, Cambarus, 316.
Diplocardia, 142, 148, 288, 295.
communis, 188, 139, 140, 141,
142, 148, 285.
eiseni, 148, 286, 287, 406.
riparia, 147, 148, 286, 287.
preliminary account of,
and comparison with
D. communis, 138-142.
singularis 285.
verrucosa, 286.
Diptera, 154, 155, 158, 161, 273.
aquatic, 150, 156, 157, 162, 163,
164, 184-270.
food of, 184.
keys to families of imma-
ture, 185-189.
discalis, Stratiomyia, 249.
discolor, Dineutes, 363.
Disease of the Squash-bug (Anasa
tristis DeG.), On a
Bacterial, 340 -379.
bibliographical list in ar-
ticle on a, 374-379.
characters of, 342.

Description of

Disease of Squash-bug—Continued.
growth characters of ba-
cillus of, on various

media, 347.

growth and pathogenic
characters of bacillus
of, 372.

infection experiments
with, on various in-
sects: Box-elder bug,
359; Chinch-bug, 355-
362; grasshoppers, 360,
365; grubs and cater-
pillars, 3861; Squash-
bug, 350, 362, 363.
isolation cultures of ba-
cillus of, and growth
on agar-agar, 344.
microscopic characters of
bacillus of, 367.
primary infection experi-
ments with, 341.
specific characters of ba-
cillus of, 371.
summary concerning, 372.
temperature experiments
with bacillus of, 369.
toxic properties of, 3862.
toxic rigor produced by,
363, 364, 365, 366.

dispar, Nympheella, 167.

distinctissima, Parlatoria, 338.

Dixa midges, 187.

Dixide, 187, 188.

Dolichopodid, 267.

Dragon-flies, 163.

Dufour, Léon, Recherches sur
les Hémipteéres, cited, 1, 3, 6.

dugesi, Cypris, 442.

Duggar, B. M., On a Bacterial
Disease of the Squash-bug .
(Anasa tristis DeG.), 340-379.
See under Disease.

492 INDEX.

E

Earthworm, Blue, 157.

Kelipidrilus frigidus, 403, 404,
405, 406.

Eggs of aquatic insects, deter-

mination of, 162.

of Aspidiotus esculi, 386.

of Aspidiotus comstocki, 384.

of Aspidiotus forbesi, 380, 383.

of Aspidiotus ulmi, 389.

of Chionaspis americana, 391,
392, 393.

of Crane-fiies, 157.
parasite of, 158.

of Geranomyia canadensis, 200

of Hydrocampa _ obliteralis,

176, 277, 178:

description of, 179.

of Odontomyia, 253, 254, 271.

of Odontomyia cincta, 257,
258, 260.

of Odontomyia vertebrata,
262, 263.

of soldier-flies eaten by Me-
gilla maculata, 157, 254.

of Tabanida, 221; 225.

of Tabanus atratus, 248, 244,

245.

Egyptian Lotus, as food plant of

Pyrausta nelumbialis, 181, 182.

Hisen, G., On California Eudrili-
de, cited, 407.

on combining certain gen-
era of Oligocheta,
410.

On the Oligocheta collect-
ed during the Swedish
Expeditions to the
Arctic Regions in the
years 1870, 1875, and
1876, cited, 292.

Pacific Coast Oligocheta,
cited, 403, 406.

eiseni, Diplocardia, 148, 286, 287,

406.

Geodrilus, 147.

eiseni—Continued.
Sparganophilus, 142-147, 157,
406.
ekthlipsis, Hydrocampa, 176.
elegans, Howardia, 338.
elegantula, Cypris, 465, 466.
Elm Scale, 393.
American, 392. See Chi-
onaspis americana.
White, infested by Aspidio-
tus ulmi, 389.
infested by Chionaspis
americana, 392.
eluta, Tipula, 208, 210, 215, 217,
218.
Empide, 267.
Enchytreid, 290.
Encbytreus littoralis, 285, 289,
292.
humicultor, 292.
mobii, 291.
vejdovskyi, 292.
Encyrtinee, 382.
Entomologica Americana cited,
181.
Entomological Magazine cited,
276.
Entomostraca, 415.
entomotoxicon, Bacillus, 371.
Ephemerida, 159, 163.
epistates, Tabanus, 232.
Erioptera, 196, 197.
graphica, 197.
sp. (a); 1972
Eristalis, 239.
Erpetocypris, 480, 445.
barbatus, 446, 447.
key to species, 446.
minnesotensis, 447.
Olivacea, 446.
reptans, 446.
strigata, 446.
Essex Institute, Bulletin of the,
cited, 18, 17.
Euglena, as food of Opercularia,
316.

.

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ee

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,
;
;
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‘

INDEX. 493

Eulecanium, 319.

eurinus, Alydus, 5.

Euschistus, 3, 6.

Evermann, B. W.. note on dis-
tribution of Prothonotary
Warbler, cited, 13.

ewarti, Icerya, 333.

excitans, Chrysops, 226.

exsculpta, Cypria, 417, 418, 420,

460, 465.
Cypris, 465.

extremis, Odontomyia, 254, 255,

256.

exul, Tabanus, 233, 234.

F

fabeformis, Candona, 420, 449, 454.
Cypris, 454.

Fall web-worms, infection experi-
ments with, 361.

False crane-flies, 187.

fasciata, Cypris, 440.

Fernald, C. H., 149.

on grouping of MHydro-

campineg, 174.
ferruginea, Coenomyia, 267.
Pachyrhina, 210, 216, 217, 218.
fischeri, Cypris, 440.
Fishes, 157, 158, 221.
flavidus, Chrysops, 227.
fletcheri, Brachyscelis, 338.
Flies, 150, 157, 163, 187, 362, 363.
See Diptera.
folium, Polyodon, 298-309.
Forbes, S. A., 1), 17, 138, 149,
296, 298, 368, 373, 382,
414, 415, 433.

Bacteria Normal to Di-
gestive Organs of He-
miptera, 1-7; cited,
343.

Report of State Entomol-
ogist of Lilinois, cited,
208.

forbesi, Aspidiotus, 380.
Cyclocypris, 419, 432.

forbesi— Continued.

Pseudaglossa, 8.
Fore, C. P., note on distribution

of Prothonotary Warbler, 15.
formosalis, Hydrocampa, 176.
fraternus, Coccophagus, 390.
French, G. H., Description of two

New Deltoid Moths, 8-9.
Fridericia, 289.

agilis, 288, 289.

bisetosa, 289.

longa, 289.

oligosetosa, 289.

frigidus, LEclipidrilus, 403, 404,
405, 406.
Fuchs, Louis, letter on distri-

bution of Prothonotary War-
bler, cited, 14.

fugax, Chrysops, 226.

Fuller, Claude, 338.

fulva, Potamocypris, 471.

fulvulus, Tabanus, 238.

fusca, Cypris, 487, 442.
Lachnosterna, 361.

fuscata, Cypris, 420, 437, 440, 442.

fuscatus, Monoculus, 442.

G

galbinia, Cypris, 442.
Gammarus, 156.
Garman, H., 307, 808, 309.

Onthe Anatomy and His-
tology of a New Earth-
worm ( Diplocardia com-
munis, gen. et sp.
nov.), cited, 138, 139,
140, 141.

on Tabanidie as food of
fish, 221.

Some Notes on the Brain
and Pineal Structures
of Polyodon folium,
298-309.

Gault, B. F., on occurrence of
Prothonotary Warbler, 17.
genuinalis, Hydrocampa, 176.

Geocoris uliginosus, 4.
xeodrilus, 148, 285, 286.
eiseni, 147.
singularis, 142, 148, 285.
Geranomyia, 197, 200.
canadensis, 200.
eggs of, 200.
rostrata, 200.
giesleri, Allolobophora, 406.
giganteus, Tabanus, 233, 247.
Gillette, C. P., 360.
globosa, Cyclocypris, 431, 432, 433.
Gnats, 187. See Chironomide.
Buffalo, 187. See Simuliide.
Gnophomyia, 196.
Golden Swamp Warbler, 15. See
Prothonotary Warbler.
Gonomyia, 197.
Goronowitsch, N., 304.
Gossyparia ulmi, 393.
grandis, Cyprinotus, 434.
granulata, Cypris, 465.
Grape, Aspidiotus uve found on,
386.
graphica, Erioptera, 197.

Grasshoppers, gastric pouches
in, 2.
infection experiments with,
360, 365.

Green, E. E., 319, 339.

Indian Museum Notes,
cited, 388.

Green-head, 287.

gregaria, Potamocypris, 471.

Grindley, H. 8., 367.

Grote, A. R., 174.

Grundtvig, F. L., note on dis-
tribution of Prothonotary
Warbler, 17.

Guenée, A., on ventral sheath of
Cataclysta pupa, 165.

gyralis, Hydrocampa, 175.

Gyrinide, 155, 156, 168.

H

Hadronotus, 276.
Hagen, H. A., 318.

494 INDEX

Haliday, A. H., on larveze of Ne-

motelus, 266.

Haliplids, 155.

Halodrilus, 285, 289.-

Hamfeldt, A., note on distribu-
tion of Prothonotary Warbler,

16.

Hart, ©. A., on fresh-water Os-
tracoda, 415-421.

On the Entomology of the Il-
linois River and Adjacent
Waters. First Paper, 149-
273; paper cited, 416. (Spe-
cial index, 281-284.)

Hart, Lydia Moore, 149.
hartii, Cremastus, 271, 277.

Pallachira, 9.

Hawk, Cooper’s, article on, cited,

10.

Heliophila phragmitidicola, 9.
Hemiptera, 163, 362. See Water-
bugs.

Bacteria Normal to Digestive
Organs of, 1-7; cited, 343.

bacterial disease of, 361.

Hempel, Adolph, 406.

Descriptions of New Species
of Rotifera and Protozoa
from the Illinois River
and Adjacent Waters, 310-
317.

hempeli, Microscolex, 407.
Henlea, 291.
Heron, Black-crowned Night, ar-

ticle on the, cited, 10.

Herrick. C. L., 481.
and Turner, C. H., Synop-
sisof the Entomostra-
ca of Minnesota; Co-
pepoda, Cladocera, and
Ostracoda, cited, 450.
Hesse, R., Die Geschlechtsorgane
von Lumbriculus variegatus Gru-

be, cited, 294.

Heteroceride, 156.
hieroglyphica, Odontomyia, 256,
266.

= —— eee eee ee Se

es |

INDEX. 495

hispida, Candona, 442.
Hitt, J. H., note on distribution
of Prothonotary Warbler, 13.
Homophysa, 174, 175.
Homoptera, 318.
Honey Locust, 382.
Horse-flies, 150, 155, 157, 158, 160,
187, 220. See Tabanidez.
food of larve of, 157, 158.
Howard, L. O., 319, 382.
Howardia, 338.
elegans, 338.
Hulst, G. D., 175.
humicultor, Enchytrus, 292.
Hurter, J., note on distribution
of Prothonotary Warbler, 14.
Hydrobatidx, 155.
Hydrocampa, 157, 165, 166, 167,
174, 180.
ekthlipsis, 176.
formosalis, 176.
genuinalis, 176.
gyralis, 175.
icciusalis, 166, 175, 176.
obliteralis, 166, 168, 174,
175, 176-180, 270.
parasites of, 178.
tabular record of, for the
year, 178.
parasites of, 157.
peremptalis, 180.
proprialis, 176.
Hydrocampine, 164, 168, 271.
Caterpillars, aquatic.
Hymenarcys, 6.
Hymenoptera, 150, 270-273.
parasitic, 157, 158, 178, 179, 181,
245, 250, 253, 257, 264, 270,
382, 388, 390, 393.
Descriptions of three New,
from the Illinois River,
274-277.

I

icciusalis, Hydrocampa, 166, 175,
176.
Icerya ewarti, 338.

See

Icerya—Continued.
natalensis, 319.
Ichneumonida, 270, 277.
Illinois, A Preliminary Account
of two New Oligochexta
from, 136-148.

and Michigan Canal Company,
36.

Biological Experiment Station
of the University of, 188.
See under Biological.

Birds of Northeastern, cited,
Py.

Board of World’s Fair Com-
missioners, 36.

List of Altitudes in the State
of, 36-137. See under Al-
titudes.

Natural History Survey of,
cited, 18, 19, 20.

River and Adjacent Waters,

Descriptions of New
Species of Rotifera
and Protozoa from,
310-317.
and Adjacent Waters.
First Paper, On the
Entomology of the,
149-273. (Special in-
dex, 281-284.)
State Laboratory of Natural
History, 414, 419.
Bulletin of the, cited
221, 287, 343.
illinoisensis, Limnicythere,
418, 419, 423, 425.
Tintinnopsis, 314.
Ilyocypris, 429, 458.
incarnatum, Polygonum, 182,
incisa, Limnicythere, 423.
incongruens, Cyprinotus, 419, 434,
437.
Cypris, 437.
inconstans, Thinodrilus, 292.
inequivalva, Cypria, 465.
inopinata, Limnicythere, 423.

417,

496 INDEX.

Insect Life cited, 179, 393.

Bred Parasitic Hymenop-
tera in the Collection
of the U. S. National
Museum, cited, 179.

insectorum, Bacillus, 361.
Micrococcus, 4, 5, 7, 361.
Insects, immature aquatic, key
to orders of, 162.
susceptibility of, to a bacte-
rial disease of the Squash-

bug, 362, 363, 365, 366.

intermedia, Odontomyia, 255, 256.
irritabilis, Opercularia, 315.
Isotoma, 156.

J

Jahresbericht der naturhistori-
schen Gesellschaft zu Han-
nover cited, 292.

Johnson, W. G., 319, 358, 373.
Descriptions of five New Spe-

cies of Scale !nsects, with
Notes, 380-395.

Jones, W. L., note on distribu-
tion of Prothonotary Warbler,
14.

K

Kansas Academy of Science,
Transactions of the, cited,
226, 247.

Kowalevsky, A.,; Ein Beitrag zur.

Kennutnis der Exkretionsor-
gane, cited, 3.

L

Lachnosterna fusca, infection ex-

periments with, 361.
Ladybug, Twice-stabbed, feeding

on Aspidiotus forbesi, 382.
leevis, Cyclocypris, 431, 432, 433.
laricis, Telenomus, 275, 276.
lasiophthalmus, Tabanus, 232.
lateralis, Corizus, 5.

Lecanium, 319.
olez, 319.
pruinosum var. kermoides,

339. .

Lederer, Jul., Beitrag zur Kennt-
niss der Pyralidinen, cited,
175.

Leeches, 155, 156.

Leidy, J., Description of some
American Annelida abran-
chia, cited, 295, 397.

leidyi, Pristina, 396.

Lemna trisulca, 168, 177, 271. See
Errata.

Lemnaceex, 271, 277.

Leonardi, G., 338.

Lepidoptera, 361.
aquatic, 150, 163, 164-183.

characters used in tabu-
lating, 165.
key to larve of, 165.
to pups of, 166.
parasites of larve of, 271.
Leptids, 158, 188, 189, 267.
? larvee, 268.
? sp. (a), 268.
? sp. (b), 269.
? sp. (c), 270.

Leptocoris trivittatus, infection
experiments with, 399.

leucopterus, Blissus, 1, 3, 355.

Leydig, Franz, Lehrbuch der
Histologie, cited, 2. ’

Lily, Water, 179.

Limnicythere, 415, 416, 419, 422,

458.

illinoisensis, 417, 418, 419, 423,
425-428.

incisa, 423.

inopinata, 423.

monstrifica, 423.

neocomensis, 423, 424, 426.

relicta, 423.

reticulata, 419, 423-425, 426,
427. |

sancti-patricii, 423.

stationis, 423, 424.

INDEX. : 497

Limnobiinew, 195, 196, 197, 206.
Limnocythere, 422.
Limnophila, 197, 200,
241.
luteipennis, 200-204, 205.
food of larva of, 201.
sp. (a), 204.
limosus, Lumbriculus, 295.
Lindahl, J., 38.
lineata, Deilephila, 362.

228, 239,

lineola, Tabanus, 230, 231, 232,
235.

littoralis, Enchytraus, 285, 289,
292.

Locust, Honey, 382.

London, Transactions of the En-
tomological Society of, cited,
195.

longa, Fridericia. 289.

Long-eared Owl, article on, cited,
10.

longiseta, Pristina, 396, 398.

Loucks, W. E, The Life His-
tory and Distribution of the
Prothonotary Warbler in Illi-
nois, 10-35.

Lotus, Egyptian, as food plant
of Pyrausta nelumbialis,181.

Loxotropa ruficornis, 271.

lubricalis, Pseudaglossa, 8.

Lumbricidse, 295, 405.

Lumbriculide, 292, 295, 406.

Lumbriculus, 295.
limosus, 295.
variegatus, 293, 294.

lutea, Nelumbo, 181.

luteipennis, Limnophila, 200, 205.

Lygewide, coecal structures in,
2, 4.

Lygeus turcicus, 4.

M

maculalis, Nympheella, 167.

maculata, Cypris, 469.
Megilla, 157, 254.

maculatus, Aspidiotus, 338.

maculipes, Cosmocoma, 272.
Maple Leaf Scale, 385. See As-
pidiotus comstocki.

Maple, Sugar, infested by Aspid-
iotus comstocki, 3885.

Margarodes vitium, 319.

marginalis, Stratiomyia, 249.

Mark, E. L., 295.

Marten, John, 2.

Maskell, W. M., 318.

May-flies, 168. See Ephemerida.

Mayr, Gustav, Ueber die Schlupf-

wespengattung Telenomus,
cited, 275, 276.
medicinalis, Chrysendeton, 174.
megacephala, Odontomyia, 255,
262.

Megilla maculata preying upon
eggs of soldier-flies, 157, 254.

Melilotus alba, Pseudaglossa for-
besi collected on, 8.

Mesoporodrilus asymmetricus,402-
406.

Miall, L. C., Dicranota: a Car-
nivorous Tipulid larva, cited,
195.

Michelsen, W., Die Regenwurm-
Fauna von Florida und
Georgia, cited, 147, 285,
286, 287, 406.

Synopsis der Enchytreeiden,
cited, 289, 290, 292.

Untersuchungen iiber Enchy-
treus mobii Mich. und
andere Enchytreiden, cit-
ed, 291, 292.

Micrococcus insectorum, 4, 5, 7,
361.

microgaster, Smicra, 253, 254, 264,
PAB

Microscolex, 406, 410.
hempeli, 407-410.
novazelandize, 407.

Midges, 187. See Chironomide.

ministra, Datana, 363.

minnesotensis, Erpetocypris, 447.

498 INDEX.

Miris, 6.

Mississippi River Commission, 36.

Mites, 382, 393.

mitis, Chrysops, 226.

mobii, Enchytreus, 291.

Mockingbird, article
cited, 10.

modesta, Cyclocypris, 481, 482.

mollis, Brachionus, 312.

Mollusks, 155.

Monoculus, 481, 483, 488, 445, 458,

459, 468.
aurantius, 437.
conchaceus, 437.
fuscatus, 442.
ophthalmicus, 466.
ruber, 437.
vidua, 469.

monstrifica, Limnicythere, 423.

montanus, Chrysops, 227.

Moore, H. F., on the Structure
of Bimastos palustris a New
Oligochete, cited, 295.

Moore, J. Percy, Notes on Amer-
ican Enchytreide. I. New
Species of Fridericia from the

on the,

Vicinity of Philadelphia,
cited, 289.

Mormidea, 6.

Mosier, J. G., 38.

Mosquitoes, 156, 187. See Culi-
cide.

Moth-flies, 186. See Psychodide.

Mountain Ash, 382.

Miller, G. W., Becbachtungen am
im Wasser lebenden Schmet-
terlingsraupen, cited, 170, 171.

Murchison, A. C., paper on Long-
eared Owl, cited, 10.

murtfeldti, Prospalta, 382, 388, 390.

Muscids, 239.

Musk turtle, 316.

Myodocha serripes, coecal struct-
ures in, 4, 5.

N

Nabide, 6.

Naidomorpha, 396.

natalensis, Icerya, 319.

Ortonia, 319.
natans, Polynema, 270.
Natural History Review cited, 266.
Survey of Illinois cited,
18, 19, 20.

Nebraska Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Bulletin of,
cited, 367.

nebulosus, Trapezonotus, 4, 5.

Nelson, E. W., Birds of North-

eastern Illinois, cited, 17.
Notes upon Birds observed
in Southern Illinois be-
tween July 17 and Septem-
ber 4, 1875, cited, 138, 14.

nelumbialis, Pyrausta, 165, 166,
180.

Nelumbo, 152, 168, 180, 182.
lutea as food plant of Py-

rausta nelumbialis, 181.

Nematocera, 186, 188.

Nemotelus, 249, 266.
unicolor, 266.~

neocomensis, Limnicythere, 423,
424, 426.

Neurcptera, 163, 164.

Neuropteroids, 155.

Newstead, R:°, 338.

newtoni, Cypridopsis, 468.

Nichols, L. W., on occurrence of
Prothonotary Warbler, 17.

niger, Chrysops, 227.
Clinocentrus, 271, 276.

Night Heron. Black-crowned, ar-
ticle on the, cited, 10.

nigrescens, Tabanus, 231, 232, 235,
238.

nigrita, Signiphora, 382.

Noctuidae, 164, 165, 166.

Nonagria, 164, 165, 166.

INDEX.

norma, Stratiomyia, 249, 258, 271.

Norman, A. M. See Brady and
Norman.

Norris, J. P., on variation in
number of eggs laid
by Prothonotary War-
bler, 28.

paper cited, 15.

Notodromas, 429.

Notonecta, 156.

novazelandiw, Microscolex, 407.

Nusbaum, J., Zur Anatomie
und Systematik der Enchy-
treeiden, cited, 289.

nutans, Potamogeton, 167, 176, 179,

270.

Nuttall Ornithological Club, Bul-
letin of the, cited, 13, 17, 19,
22,24.

nux, Brachyscelis, 338.

Nymphea, 152.

Nympheeella, 166.
dispar, 167.
maculalis, 167.

Nysius angustatus, 4.

Oo

obesa, Cypria, 417, 418, 420, 460,
462.
Cypridopsis, 169.
Stratiomyia, 249.
obliteralis, Hydrocimpa, 166, 168,
174, 175, 176, 270.
obscuralis, Paraponyx, 167.
obsoletus, Chrysops, 2380.
Odonata, 163.
Odontumyia, 157, 247, 248, 250,
2a3. 204 211.
beetle preying upon eggs of,
254.
binotata, 255, 262.
Cincta, 250, 258, 254, 255, 256-
262, 264, 265, 266, 271.
eggs of, 257, 258, 260.
parasite of, 250, 253, 257.
record of, for the year,
258.

499

Odontomyia—Cont nued.
extremis, 254, 255, 256.
hieroglyphica, 256, 266.
intermedia, 255, 256.
key to imagos of, 255.

to larvee of, 254.
megacephala, 235, 262,
parasites of, 253.
pilimana, 255, 256.
plebeja, 255, 256.
pubescens, 255, 256.
snowi, 256, 266. See Errata.
vertebrata, 253, 254, 255, 262-

266, 271.

eggs of, 262, 263.

parasite of, 253, 264.

record of, for the year, 263.
willistoni, 254, 255, 262.

odoratus, Aromochelys, 316.

(idogonium, 152.

olew, Lecanium, 319.

Oligocheta, Florida species of,
406-410.
from Illinois, A Preliminary
Account of two New,
138-148.
Notes on Species of North
American, 285-297, 396-
413.

oligosetosa, Fridericia, 289,
Oligostigma, 174, 175.
olivacea, Erpetocypris, 446.
Olliff. A. S., 319, 338.
oncidii, Asterolecanium, 319.
Odlogist cited, 26.
Opercularia, 316.
articulata, 316.
food of, 316.
irritabilis, 315.
Operculate univalves, 157.
ophthalmica, Cypria, 417, 418, 420,
460, 466.
ophthalmicus, Monoculus, 466.
Ornithologist and Odlogist cited,
10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 28, 30, 31.
Orthorhapha, 150, 184, 185, 186,

267.

500 INDEX.

Orthorhapha— Continued.
keys to families of: larvae, 186,
pupze, 188.

Ortonia natalensis, 319.

Osten Sacken, C. R., Catalogue of
the Diptera of North
America, cited, 267.

on Limnophila luteipennis,
201.
on occurrence of Bittacomor-
pha clavipes, 192.
on Ptychopteride, 189.
Prodrome of a Monograph of
the Tabanidze of the
United States, cited; 226,
227, 230, 232, 233, 234, 238.
Ostracoda, 447, 470.
characters of marine tribes of,
421.
explanation of plates of, 479-
482.
fresh-water, life history and
habits of, 415.
local distribution of cer-
tain species of, 417.
seasonal distribution of
certain species of, 418.
synopsis of families of,
421.
included in the Families Cy-
theridze and Cypridide,
Contribution to a Knowl-
edge of the Fresh-water,

414-484. (Special index,
pp. 483, 484.)
list of species treated in

Sharpe’s article on, 419.
list of works cited in Sharpe’s
article on, 472-478.
vthus, Telenomus, 275, 276.
Oudablis, 319.
ovum, Cypris, 467.
Owl, Long-eared, article on the,
cited, 10.

Pr

Pachyrhina, 206.

ferruginea, 210, 216, 217, 218-
220.

Packard, A. §., Habits of an
Aquatic Pyralid Caterpillar,
cited. 175.

Pallachira bivittata, 9.
hartii, description of, 9.

pallida, Coenomyia, 267.

Palmer, A. W., 367.

Pangonia, 225, 226.
rasa, 226.

Paraponyx, 165, 166, 167, 174, 175,

ile
albalis, 173.
allionealis, 173.
obscuralis, 167-173.
food of larva of, 167.
tabular record of, 169.
plenilinealis, 173.
stratiotata, 171, 173.
Parasites of Aspidiotus forbesi,
382.
of eggs of horse-flies, 158, 275.
of Hydrocampa obliteralis, 178,
of Pyrausta nelumbialis, 181.
of soldier-flies, 157, 250, 253,
257, 264.
of Tabanus atratus, 245.
of Tabanus sp, 276.

Parasitica, 270. See Hymenop-
tera, parasitic.

Parlatoria distinctissima, 338.

Pear infested by Aspidiotus for-
besi, 381.

Pearson, G. C., note on distribu-
tion of Prothonotary Warbler,
1B: .

Pedicia, 196.

pedunculata, Brachyscelis, 338.

pellucida, Cyprinotus, 417, 418,
419, 434.

penitalis, Pyrausta, 183.

Pentatoma, 2.

INDEX. 501

Pentatomide. 6.
coecal structures in, 1, 2.
peremptalis. Hydrocampa, 180.
Pergande, Theo., 382.
Peribalus, 6.
Peridinium tabulatum, 314.
Perissopterus pulchellus as para-
site of © Aspidiotus
forbesi, 382
as parasite of Chionaspis
americana, 393.
Perlid, 159.
Pettit, R. H., 385, 392.
Phalacrocera, 196.
Phanurus, 274, 275, 276.
tabani, 276.
tabanivorus, 245, 272, 274. |
Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, Proceedings of, cited,
254, 289.
philadelphicus, Pompilus, 272.
Philhydrus, 163.
phragmitidicola, Helio; hila, 9.
Phryganeidx, 162. See Case-flies.
Phymata, 6.

Physcus varicornis as parasite of
Chionaspis americana, 393.
pilimana, Odontomyia, 255, 256.

pilosulus, Alydus, 5.
plebeja, Odontomyia, 255, 256.
Plecoptera, 163.
plenilinealis, Paraponyx, 173.
Plum infested by Aspidiotus
forbesi, 381.
Podocopa, characters of, 421.
Podura, 156.
Poling, O. C., on eggs of Prothon-
otary Warbler, 31.
on Golden Swamp War-
bler, 15.
on nesting of Prothono-
tary Warbler, 26, 31.
Polygonum incarnatum as food
plant of Pyrausta nelum-
bialis, 182.
Polynema natans, 270.

Polyodon folium, Some Notes on
the Brain and Pineal Struct-
ures of, 298-309.

polyrhiza, Spirodela. See Errata.

Pompilidw, 157, 272.

Pompilus biguttatus, 272.

mM. Sp-?, 272.
philadelphicus, 272.

Poplar. 267.

Potamocypris, 429, 471.
fulva, 471.
gregaria, 471.

Potamogeton, 152, 168.
nutans, 167, 176, 179, 270.

Pratt, W. E., on distribution of
Prothonotary Warbler, 17, 18.

Pristina leidyi, 396-402.
longiseta compared with P.

leidyi, 396, 398.

Proceedings Boston Society of

Natural History cited, 242.

Philadelphia Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences cited, 254,
289.

Proctotrypide, 271, 274-276.

proprialis, Hydrocampa, 176.

Prospalta aurantii as parasite of

Aspidiotus forbesi, 382.
murtfeldti as parasite of As-
pidiotus zesculi, 388.
as parasite of Aspidiotus
forbesi, 382.
as parasite of Aspidiotus
ulmi, 390.
Prothonotary Warbler in [)linois,
Life History and Distri-
bution of the, 10-35.
albinism of eggs of, 29.
breeding places of the, 23.

i coloration of eggs of, 28.
departure of the, in fall, 20.
deposition of eggs of the Cow-

bird in nest of, 31, 32.
eggs of, 27-32.
enemies of, 32.
food habits of, 23.
incubation of eggs of, 27, 30.

502 INDEX.

Prothonotary Warbler—Cont’d.
map showing distribution of,
in Illinois, 32.
mating of, 20.
nesting of, 23, 30, 31.
number of broods of, 27.
papers on, cited, 13.
song of, 21.
spring arrival of, 19.
Protonotaria citrea, Life History
and Distribution of the, 10-
35. See under Prothonotary
Warbler.
Protoparce, infection experiments
with, 362.
Protozoa, 313-3816.
from the Illinois River and
Adjacent Waters, Descrip-
tions of New Species of
Rotifera and, 310-317.
pruinosum var. kermoides, Leca-
nium, 339.
Pseudaglossa forbesii collected on
Sweet Clover, 8.
description of, 8.
lubricalis, 8.
scobialis, 8.
Psychodidae, 184, 186, 188.
Ptychoptera, 189, 190.
Ptychopteride, 186, 188, 189-195.
pubera, Cypris, 440.
pubescens, Odontomyia, 255, 256.
pudicus, Chrysopa, 227.
pulchellus, Perissopterus, 382.
punctata, Cypria, 466 (see Errata).
Cypris, 466, 467.
punctatus, Brachionus, 311.
punctipennis, Symplecta, 199.
pusilla, Cyclocypris, 431.

pustulosa, Cypria, 417, 418, 420,

460, 461.
Pyralids, 164, 165, 166-185.
Pyrausta, 164, 180.
nelumbialis, 165, 166, 180, 183.
food plants of, 181, 182.
parasite of, 181.
penitalis, 183.

a ee ee pee

pyriformis var. nodosa, Difflugia,
313.
Pyrrhocoride,

coecal structures
in, 3. »

Q

quadripartita, Tokophrya, 316.

Quarterly Journal of Microscop-
ical Science cited, 142, 144,
295, 302.

quaternaria, Stratiomyia, 249.

Quince infested by Aspidiotus for-
besi, 381.

R

Ramdohr, K. A., on coecal struc-
tures in Hemiptera, 1.

rasa, Pangonia, 226.

Ratzel, F., Beitrige zur an-
atomischen utd systemati-
schen Kenntniss der Oligochz-
ten, cited, 293.

recticauda, Candona, 420, 448, 451.

Reduviide, 6.

reflexa, Candona, 417, 418, 420,
449, 457.

reinwardtii, Tabanus, 233.

relicta, Limnicythere, 423.

Report State Entomologist of Ill-

nois cited, 208.
of Missouri cited, 242.
reptans, Erpetocypris, 446.
reticulata, Cypris, 420, 439, 440,
441.
Limnicythere, 419, 423, 426,
427.

Rhinodrilide, 144.

Rhipidia, 197.

Rhododrilus, 410.

Rhyphide, 187, 189.

Ridgway, Robert, Natural His-

tory Survey of Illi-
nois, Vol. L., cited, 18,
19, 20.

een te ee

INDEX.

Ridgway, Robert—Continued.
on nesting of Prothono-
tary Warbler, 33.
Riley, C. V., description of Ta-
banus atratus, cited,
242.
Second Report as State
Entomologist of Mis-
souri, cited, 242.

riparia, Diplocardia, 138, 147, 148,
286, 287.

rivulorum, Tubifex, 195.

Rolfe, C. W., List of Altitudes in
the State of Illinois, 36-137.
See under Altitudes.

rostrata, Candona, 448.
Geranomyia, 200.

Rotifera, 310-313.
and Protozoa from the Illi-

nois River and Adjacent
Waters, Descriptions of
New Species of, 310-317.

ruber, Monoculus, 437.

rubicundus, Acipenser, 298, 299,
300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307.

ruficornis, Loxotropa, 271. -

rufofemorata, Smicra, 250, 253, 271.

Rushes, 153, 154, 190, 197, 221, 227,
268.

Ss
sabalis, Aspidiotus, 319.
Comstockiella, 320.
saccharinum, Acer, 385.
sagax, Tabanus, 238.
Sagittaria, 190, 254.
Saissetia, 319.
sancti-patricii, Limnicythere, 423.
Sandpiper, Solitary, 21.
Sand-wasps, 157, 273.
Sars, G2 Ohe4ls:
on characters of Cytheri-
dee, 422.
on some South African
Entomostraca raised
from Dried Mud, cited,
445.

503

Savage, D. L., note on distribu-
tion of Prothonotary War-
bler, cited, 15.

Scale, American Elm, 392.
Cherry, 382. See Aspidiotus

forbesi.

Insects, with Notes, Descrip-
tions of five New Species
of, 380-395. See also Coc-

cide.

Schmidt-Schwedt, E., Kerfe und
Kerflarven des siissen Was-
sers, besonders der stehenden
Gewasser, cited, 162.

Schneck, J., 385.

schraderi, Brachyscelis, 338.

Scirpus, 153.

scobialis, Pseudaglossa, 8.

Scutellerids, coecal structures in,
¥,.2.

sella, Cypris, 469.

serpentina, Chelydra, 316.

serripes, Myodocha, 4, 5.

Severin, G., Catalogue général
des Hémipteéres, cited, 318.

Sharpe, R. W., Contribution to a
Knowledge of the North
American Fresh-Water Os-
tracoda included in the Fam-
ilies Cytherida and Cyprididz,
414-484. See under Ostracoda.

Shovel-Fish, 801. See Polyodon.

Sialidze, 160.

Sialis, 228.

sigmoides, Candona, 417, 4 8, 420,
449, 453, 454, 455.

Signiphora nigrita as parasite of
Aspidiotus forbesi, 882.

Signoret, V., 318.

Simpson, C. T., 454.

simpsoni, Candona, 417, 418, 420,
449, 452, 456.

Simuliidee, 184, 187, 189.
singularis, Diplocardia, 285, 286.
Geodrilus, 142, 148, 285.
smaragdina, Cypridopsis, 421, 469,

470.

504 INDEX.

Smicra, 157, 250, 253.
microgaster, 253, 254, 264, 271.
rufofemorata, 250, 253, 271.

Smith, Frank, A Preliminary

Account of two New Oli-
gocheta from _ Illinois,
138-148; cited, 286, 287.
See under Oligocheta.

Notes on Species of North
American Oligocheta,
285-297 ; II., 396-413.

Smith, J. B., A New Species of

Botis, cited, 181.

List of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, cited,
At

Smith, Philo, Jr., note on distri-
bution of Prothonotary War-
bler, cited, 14.

Snails, water, 221.

Snakes as enemies of Prothono-
tary Warbler, 32.

Snapping Turtle, 316.

Snipe-flies, 188. See Leptide.

Snow, W. A., 149, 256.

snowi, Odontomyia, 256, 266. See
Errata.

“oldier-flies, 150, 155, 156, 157, 188.

See Stratiomyiidax.

eggs of, eaten by Megilla
maculata, 157.

food of larvee of, 157.

parasites of, 157.

Solitary Sandpiper, 21.

Sparganophilus, 295, 406.
eiseni, 157, 406.

preliminary account of,
and comparison with
S. tamesis, 142-147.

tamesis, 142, 148, 144, 145, 146,
147, 295.

Sphinx, White-lined Morning, in-
fection experiment with larva
of, 362.

Spiders, 157, 272.

Spider-wasps, 157. See Pompilide.

spinolz, Bembex, 273.

spiralis, Vallisneria, 167, 168.

Spirodela polyrhiza. See Errata.

Spring-tails, 156, 161, -163.

Squash-bug (Anasa tristis De G.),
On a Bacterial Disease of
the, 340-379. See under Dis-
ease.

stationis, Limnicythere, 423, 424.

Steinhaur, E. F., note on distri-
bution of Prothonotary War-
bler, 14.

Stenocypris, 430, 447.

Stone-flies, 163.

Straight-seamed flies, 150. See
Orthorhapha.

Stratiomyia, 156, 157, 247, 248,
249, 254.

apicula, 249.
discalis, 249.
marginalis, 249.
norma, 249-252, 253, 271.
parasites of, 250, 253.
record of, for the year,
250.
obesa, 249.
quaternaria, 249.
Stratiomyiidee, 150, 155, 157, 161,
184, 188, 189, 247-266.
key to genera of, 248.
larve, food of, 157.
parasites of, 157.
Stratiomyiine, 248.
stratiotata, Paraponyx,
striatus, Chrysops, 280.
strigata, Cypris, 469.
Erpetocypris, 446.
striolata, Cypris, 465.
Strode, W. S., 11.
Note on distribution of Pro-
thonotary Warbler, 16.
Sturgeons, 298, 507.
stygius, Tabanus, 231, 232, 238,
239, 247.
Sugar Maple infested by Aspi-
diotus comstocki, 385.

171, 173.

INDEX. 505

sulcifrons, Tabanus, 234.
Surface beetles, 155. See Gyrin-
idee.

bugs, 155.

Sweet Clover, Pseudaglossa for-
besii collected on, 8.

Symplecta, 196, 197, 199.
punctipennis, 199.

T

tabani, Phanurus. 276.
Telenomus, 275, 276.
Tabanidie, 150, 157, 184, 187, 189,
220-247. See Horse-flies.
characters used in tabulating
genera of, 224.
common characters of imma-
ture, 221-223.
eggs of, 221.
food of, 221.
keys to genera ot: eggs, 225;
larve, 226; pup, 226.
tabanivorus, Phanurus, 245, 272,

274.
Tabanus, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230,
233.

abdominalis, 233.
americanus, 247.
atratus. 199, 224, 231, 232, 239,
241, 242-247, 272, 275.
eggs of, 248, 244, 245.
parasite of, 245.
parasite of, 245.
record of, for the year,
244,
group, 224, 225, 231, 282.
bicolor, 232.
cerastes, 233.
costalis, 231, 232, 236-238.
cymatophorus, 283.
epistates, 232.
exul, 233, 234.
fulvulus, 238.
giganteus, 233, 247.
keys to species of: larvae, 230;
puy 2, 232.

Tabanus—Continued.
lasiophthalmus, 282.
lineola, 230, 231, 232, 235.
group, 224, 225, 231; 282,

239.
Nigrescens, 231, 232, 235, 238.

reinwardtii, 233.
Sagax, 238.
Sp. (a), 231, 234.
sp. (b), 231, 241.
stygius, 231, 232, 238, 239-241,
247.
sulcifrons, 234.
trimaculatus, 234.
trispilus, 232.
turbidus, 283.
venustus, 233.
tabulatum, Peridinium, 314.
talini, Dactylopius, 339.
tamesis, Sparganophilus, 142, 148,
144, 145, 146, 147, 295.
Telenomus, 275, 276.
laricis, 275, 276.
othus, 275, 276.
tabani, 275, 276.
tenera, Cypris, 466.
tessellata, Cypris, 441.
testudinaria, Cypris, 420, 439, 440.
444.
Tetrura, 319.
Therioplectes, 232.
Thinodrilus ‘inconstans, 292.
Thysanura, 162, 163.
Tier und Pflanzenwelt des
wassers, Die, cited, 162.
Tintinnopsis beroidea, 315.
illinoisensis, 314.
Tipula, 195, 197, 206.
bicornis, 208.
eluta, 208,: 210-214, 215, 217,
218.
record of, for the year, 212.
sp. (e), 210, 216.
Tipulidee, 150, 157, 158, 159, 184,
186, 188, 195-220, 239.
egg parasite of, 158.

Siiss-

506 INDEX.

Tipulidse—Continued.
food of, 190, 195.
key to genera of larve of
aquatic, 196.
Tipulinz, 196, 197, 206-220.
key to larvee of. 208.
Specific characters of pup
of, 210.
sp. (a), 209, 214.
sp. (b), 209, 215.
Sp. (c), 209.
sp. (d), 209.
sp. (7), 210, 219.
Tokophrya quadripartita, 316.
Tomato-worm, infection experi-
ment with, 362.
Top-minnows, 155.
townsendi, Aspidiotus, 385, 386.
Transactions of the Entomolo-
gical Society of London
cited, 195.
Kansas Academy of Science
cited, 226, 247.
Trapezonotus nebulosus, cccal
structures in, 4, 5.
Trichoptera, 163, 164. See Case-
flies.
trimaculatus, Tabanus, 234.
trispilus, Tabanus, 232.
tristis, Anasa, 5, 340-379.
trisulica, Lemna, 168, 177, 271.
See Errata.
trivittatus, Leptocoris, 359.
tuberculosa, Difflugia, 313.
Tubifex rivulorum, 195.
Tubificida, 289.
turbidus, Tabanus, 233.
turcicus, Lygzeus, 4.
Turner, C. H., Additional Notes
on the Cladocera and
Ostracoda of Cincin-
nati, Ohio. cited, 465.
works on Ostracoda cited,

414.
See Herrick, C. L., and
Turner, C: H.

Turtle, Musk, 316.
Snapping, 316.
Twice-stabbed Ladybug feeding
on Aspidiotus forbesi, 382.
feeding on Chionaspis ameri-
cana, 393.°
| Typhlocypris, 429, 458.
Tyrrell, M. W., 339.

U

Ude, H., 148.

Beitrage zur Kenntnis aus-
landischer Regenwirmer,
cited, 142, 285.

Beitrage zur Kenntnis der
Enchytreiden und Lum-
briciden, cited, 406.

Ueber zwei neue Lumbriciden-
Arten aus Nordamerika,
cited, 286.

Wiirmer der Provinz Han-
nover, I., cited, 292.

| uliginosus, Geocoris, 4.
ulmi, Aspidiotus, 388. °
Gossyparia, 293.
Ulmus americana infested by As-
pidiotus ulmi, 389.
infested by Chionaspis amer-
icana, 392.
unicolor, Nemotelus, 266.
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey, 36.

Department of Agriculture,
Division of Economic
Ornithology, Bulletin of,
cited, 20.

Engineers, 36.

Fish Commission, Report of,
cited, 289.

Lake Survey, 36.

Univalves as food of larve of
horse-flies, 157.

operculate, 157.

University of Illinois, 367, 4/4.
Biological Experiment
Station of the 138.
See under Biological.

INDEX. 507

univittatus, Chrysops, 228.
Uschinsky, 348, 349.
uve, Aspidiotus, 385, 386.

V

Vaillant, L., Histoire naturelle
des Annelés marins et d’eau
douce, cited, 289.

Vallisneria, 152.
spiralis as food of larva of

Paraponyx obscuralis, 167,
168.

variabilis, Brachionus, 310.

varicornis, Physcus. 393.

variegatus, Lumbriculus, 293, 294.

Viavra, V.. description of Can-
dona, 447.

description of Cypria, 459.

Key to genera of Cyprid-
ide, modification of,
429,

Key to species of Cypris,
modification of, 439.

Monographie der Ostrac-
oden Bohmens, cited,
423 431, 441, 447, 459,
467, 468.

Vejdovsky, F., Beitraige zur ver-
gleichenden Morpho-
logie der Enchytrei-
den, cited, 292.

on Pristina leidyi, 396.

System und Morpho-
logie der Oligochxten,
cited, 289, 293, 398.

Zur Kenntnis des Ge-
schlechtsapparates
von Lumbriculus vari-
egatus, cited, 294.

vejdovskyi, Enchytraus, 292.

Veliida, 155.

venustus, Tabanus, 233.

Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-
koniglichen zoologisch-botan-
ischen Gesellschaft in Wien,
cited, 195, 267, 275.

Vermes, 301.
WVerrill, A. B.; 292:
Report upon the Inver-
tebrate Animals of
Vineyard Sound and
the Adjacent Waters,
cited, 289, 291.
verrucosa, Diplocardia, 286.

‘vertebrata, Odontomyia, 253, 254,

255, 262, 271.

vidua, Cypridopsis, 417, 418, 421,
468, 469.

Cypris, 469.

Monoculus, 469.
villosa, Cypridopsis, 469, 471.
virens, Cypris, 439.
vitium, Margarodes, 319.
vittatus, Chrysops, 228.

WwW

Walsh, B. D., description of
larva of Tabapus atratus,
cited, 242.

Warbler, Golden Swamp, 15. See

Prothonotary Warbler.
Prothonotary, in Illinois, His-
tory and Distribution of
the, 10-35. See under Pro-
thonotary Warbler.

Ward, H. M., The Formation
of Bacterial Colonies, cited,
345.

Wasps, sand, 157, 2738.

Water-beetles, 155, 156, 160, 163.

infection experiment

with, 363.
-bugs, 155, 156, 161, 163.
-Jily, 179.

-snails, 221.

-Striders, 155.
Webster, Frank B., 10.
Web-worms, fall, infection ex-

periments with, 361.
Westergren, Magnus, 298, 301, 307.
Wheat, 209.

508 ‘INDEX,

White Elm infested by Aspidio-
tus ulmi, 389.
infested by Chionaspis
americana, 392.
grubs, infection experiments
with, 361.
-lined Morning Sphinx, in-
fection experiment with
larva of, 362.
Widmann, O., 11.
note on distribution of
Prothonotary War-
bler, cited, 14, 19.

Wiener Entomologische Monat-
schrift cited, 175.

Williston, S. W., Notes and De-
scriptions of North American
Tabanide, cited, 226, 247.

willistoni, Odontomyia, 254, 255,
262.

Willow, 153, 154, 190.

Wilson, B. H., on distribution of
Prothonotary Warbler, 15.

Worm, aquatic, 195.

x

Xylophagids, 267,
Xylophagus, 267. -

yy

Yellow-headed Blackbird, article
on the, cited, 10.
-necked Apple-tree Caterpil-
lar, infection experiment
with, 363.

Z

Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche
Zoologie, cited, 142.

Zoological Record cited, 318.

Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abthei- -
lung fur Systematik, Geogra-
phie und Biologie der Thiere,
cited, 147, 170.

Zschokke, F., Die Tierwelt der
Juraseen, cited, 423.