te , 7 4) ORL ” hah Re anti | tye a) eR RS ie ob roo lh. may a 7 : = — ‘ Toe + wy Terre SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 44 INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ee ys CYRUS THOMAS .” ASSISTED BY JOHN R. SWANTON ACCOMPANIED WITH A LINGUISTIC MAP WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 PREFATORY NOTE About the year 1895 Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology, determined on the preparation of a linguistic map of that part of North America south of the Mexican boundary, having in view the extension southward of the classification and map- ping of the linguistic families north of that border. Dr.Cyrus Thomas was assigned the task of assembling the preliminary data and the prep- aration of a sketch map, but the death of Major Powell before the research had assumed final shape, and the assignment to Doctor Thomas of more urgent work, necessitated delay in the comple- tion until the latter part of 1908. At that time Dr. J. R. Swanton, who had entered on a study of the languages of the tribes of the lower Mississippi valley and the Gulf coast, became interested in the linguistic classification of the tribes of middie America, and on the joint suggestion of Doctors Thomas and Swanton copies of the map were prepared and submitted to a number of students who had devoted attention to the languages and ethnology of Mexico and Central America, soliciting criticism and making inquiry respecting the advisability of publication at this stage. The following anthro- pologists responded, furnishing valuable data: Dr. Carl Sapper, Dr. A. L. Kroeber, Dr. Frederick Starr, Dr. Nicolas Leén, Dr. H. Pittier de Fabrega, Dr. A. M. Tozzer, Sefior Francisco Belmar, Dr. Ales Hrdli¢éka, and Dr. Franz Boas. Corrections and additions. were made in accordance with some of the suggestions offered, bringing the classification and the map as nearly to date as possible. These results are now submitted, not as a final work, but as an attempt to repre- sent the present state of knowledge regarding a es which may never be cleared entirely of obscurity. AW. EH. Tp earae: Chief. JUNE 2, 1909. iil CONTENTS Rie Ycrentiie ORO Uae a oes wae nn Oe eee Se wae ek ew oe dae wea eee POS ATE ASCE TINE, TR US SES 8 A eo aaa Pane tale eae, ee ee sate | ce ene os Seas aw oe bate ee is se iepecamow ete. Cavean val NeCwexe. 1... cne=.25e.0 9-0 one ee cle Names of tribes in northwestern Mexico not considered separately... .---- CIIIVCINOS Jee aetie See oe eee Si ee een Se Aces oN ey eS eee IL BYeA UTERO Se eit es ect Sie OO Che orl I es ne BCEIIR CO sco 8 oN A BEE Ci ag CE Se RS ey EN hte ee (Guanine Aes ss Speers len Ores 2 an ene Ree ae ORs nee Blulnemterine © ii chnrnG Cae occu: ey eee oe eee oe cpa ap A rete yeee SnS ULB MUERTOS \Cl0 Raye ee ARE A Sep ey OE En eo JPvescorates Fieve led jebaeeT coll oy a ee ee ene is A Ne een ey 6 ei 1A Sel Pea Names of sages in northeastern Mexico not considered separately... ----- RR pee leet ee ee he sn Ae ee ae Oe tye Boma Hare eee Secor INA TNOe S SSS Beye Ree ea Se are et me BER Ee eee RE, et eg Oe ee TPATHITAUG Ig, ca eee ener ok ROOM coals a EIN eat at es gered © er ee Ow oe Ra INGUOMRKO NS Se SPR ee re eh SE ST ee ry ee eae ee ere ys er ee ete BUC ERS. a acre Ge ge 2 ace nee eae Ss ee ri eee ae Nez titi are caleers ee eee ace ae eras acevo acs on ee ee chs moe re “INTERES CAN EE os Sie 8 oe 5st 58 Sea ee i ee a ae ee ett ee Gut AbCCO-9- - a ne EN eh ays ok 2 OLS ee A ot pT or~ara Rwonwnwe® od - oO = I wwwnwnn bd d& HAAR WNHHE OO ~ oowcw»w»nooww kf Fe SHB eee See SE Ew WCNNFRrROoOC COMO OOOnNaaoarrrk rer COO ow VI CONTENTS Mexico—Continued. Page AIMEDPO og Sao ee ee Sons Sue tw oS es ee ee ee ee 54 Chatine:s: 2205-2 72.082.) Sas 5 Oe Seen: CO ee 54 MaZOtCCO ccc ocewcec ccs Oe s De on wR Con te eo BCE ee 54 Cimeateco os. -o.c.22.002 02 2h Bence ne ot eee eee 55 @himantecss...22. 26252 Soest ee eS ee 8 Le 55 CAP OCC rete skids ae Bee nid Se wee St RIE om a OS a 55 The Mixtec and Zapotec languages compared ................--..------: 56 Ghomntal2 cress. one Ro ee es Se ee ee 58 IMA V Ga St ah ie ac cree ek 2 2 RES eee eb ei ee ne ee 59 IMIR Ls cra Se Se Se ERE Bes Se 2c, ce ee epee 6S le ee cen 60 BOQUC 22 asic ae cere iat SE Se Se oe Ey ne Oe Aa a 60 Gentral Americar: ...60-. eae Se tec nf e e e 61 Chgapames: c.-2. 5-9 2. Sen 842 Cod a ae de ee ee ee cere ¢ (Ghontal(of, Tabasco) .<2..tc THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 13 “Hl P. Christobal de Villalba [Villalta] (lib. 5, cap. 15, p. 324) sabia excelentemente la lengua de los hiaquis, y propia de los cinaloas,”’ adds ‘‘por lo que lengua hiaqut, y lengua cinaloa es una misma cosa.”’ On the preceding page (322) he also identifies the Cinaloa and Hiaqui (Yaqui) as one and the same— ‘“‘Cinaloa 6 Hiaqui.’”’ Now Ribas (284) locates the Hiaquis on the lower portion of the ‘‘ Rio Hiaqui”’ (en las doze ultimas ala mar), but places the Cinaloas on the Fuerte, or, as he calls it, Rio Cinaloa or Rio Zuaque. He says (142) the river is called by various names, sometimes the Cinaloa, sometimes Tegueco, and sometimes Zuaque; that the four principal nations on this river are the ‘‘Cinaloas, Teguecos, Zuaques, y Ahomes,”’ and that the Cinaloa dwell in the mountains at the head of the river. It is evident from this and many other similar statements in his work that Ribas considered the ‘“‘Cinaloas”’ as distinct from the Hiaqui (Yaqui), the Mayo, Tehueco, and Zuaque, though linguistically related to them. If there was a tribe of this name, which is possible, it is most likely they were absorbed by the other tribes on the upper Rio del Fuerte. Therefore Hervas’s identification of the Sinaloas with the Yaquis is an evident mistake, as Orozco y Berra points out. As to the application of the name Cinaloa by Ribas to the Rio del Fuerte there is this evidence. Alegre (1, 230) says— El Zuague, 4 cuya rivera austral estuvo en otro tiempo la villa de 8. Juan Bautista de Carapoa, que despues fabricado el fuerte de Montesclaros, se llam6é Rio del Fuerte, y el padre Andres Perez [Ribas] llama por antonomasia el rio de Sinaloa. The geographical position as given by Ribas is sufficient without any other evidence to show that he used the name Cinaloa to desig- nate the Rio del Fuerte and not the stream which now bears the name Sinaloa. Nothwithstanding this and abundant other evidence that the Yaqui and the Mayo resided on the rivers that bear their respective names, and the Tehueco and Zuaque on the Fuerte river, Bancroft (1, 608) says, ‘‘The Zuaques have their villages between the Mayo and Yaqui rivers,’’ and so locates them on his map (471). Possibly he refers to a more recent date, though apparently not. Hamy, probably by mistake, places on his map the ‘‘ Hiaquis’’ on the Rio Mayo and the Mayo on the Rio del Fuerte. That the Yaqui, Mayo, and Tehueco spoke dialects of the same language is now well known from historical evidence, vocabularies, etc. However, the following proof from older writers is added: ‘‘ La nacion Hiaqui y por consecuencia la Mayo y del Fuerte ... que en la sustancia son una misma y de una propria lengua’’ (Cancio, 2: 246), “‘Hsta tribu [Mayos] es de la misma raza que la del Yaqui, y solo se distingue por el titulo de su rio. Su idioma [Mayo and Yaqui] por consiguiente es el mismo, con la diferencia de unas cuantas voces”’ (Velasco, 1:302). Pimentel (1, 485) says the ‘“‘Cahita”’ language is divided into three principal dialects—Mayo, Yaqui, and Tehueco; 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 44 the others are secondary. Consult also Orozco y Berra (1:35); Buelna (:.); et al: Investigation has failed to disclose how or why the name Cahita came into use, and why it was so seldom applied until in compara- tively recent times. Even Hervas’s work, which was published in the year 1800, makes no mention of it. Yet it must have been known early in the seventeenth century as the Arte de la Lengua Cahita por un Padre de la Compania de Jesus, republished by Buelna in 1891, and believed to have been written by Juan Bautista de Ve- lasco (born 1562, died 1649), mentions it and entitles his ‘‘ Arte”’ as that of the ‘Lengua Cahita.”’ In his preface he says, ‘Toda esta usa de un mismo idioma, los Hiaquis, los Mayos y los Thehue- cos, pero se diferencian en el modo.” Juan Ortiz Zapata (393) uses the name (see below). The lingustic relation of the Mayo to the tribes on the Sinaloa was noticed by the first Spanish explorers of this region, as the fact is expressly mentioned in the Segunda Relacién of the journey of Nuno de Guzman.' While Ribas constantly joins together the Cinaloa, Zuaque, Tehueco, and Ahome of the Rio del Fuerte, and speaks of their similarity in customs, no reference to the rela- tion of the language of the Cinaloas to the other three tribes has been found in his work. Juan Ortiz Zapata (393), speaking of the mission or Partido de la Concepcién de Vaca, says it was on the banks of the “Carapoa’’ and that its natives spoke the Cahita language—‘‘la lengua es caita.’”’ Orozco y Berra (1:332) says that this mission (Vaca or Baca) pertained to the Sinaloas, and that the ancient villages of Carapoa, Savirijoa, and San José Charay corresponded to the ‘Tehuecos.”’ Hrdlitka (1:59) makes Baca- bach a Mayo settlement, which is given as a probable synonym of Baca (Vaca) in the Handbook of the American Indians, though most likely different, as Baca (Vaca) was on the Rio del Fuerte. That tribes along the river spoke languages allied to Yaqui and Mayo has been shown and is asserted by Ribas (237); this makes them dialects of the Yaqui group. But are Cinaloa, Zuaque, and Tehueco to be considered synonyms or names of different dialects? The earliest original authorities do not make this clear. Alegre (11, 10) contends that Zuaque and Tehueco are one and the same language—‘‘de ser todos de una misma lengua.” Buelna (x) says that Tehueco was the native and current idiom among the three indigenous tribes living on the banks of the Rio del Fuerte, the most northerly of those actually in the state of Sinaloa; the Sinaloa who inhabit the pueblos of Baca, Toro, and Sinaloita, on the river above the village of Fuerte; the Tehueco who lived in said village, previously called Carapoa, and in the pueblos of 1 In Colec. Doc. Hist. Mex., 1, 300;see Icazbalceta in the Bibliography. tHomAs] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 1 Tehueco, Sivirijoa, and Charay, below the same; and the Zuaque, who were established still lower down in the pueblos of Mochicahuy and San Miguel de Zuaque. He therefore makes Tehueco, Sinaloa, and Zuaque one and the same dialect, though different tribes or sub- tribes. Orozco y Berra makes Sinaloa and Cahita equivalent, or one and the same idiom, but distinct from Tehueco and Zuaque, which he considers identical. ‘The language which Ribas and some other missionaries and writers call Cinaloa, and which Hervas names Yaqui, is the idiom which properly is known as Cahita.”” Quoting from Balbi (table xxx11) the following— Cinaloa is spoken in the provinces of Cinaloa, of Hostimuri, and in the southern part of Sonora, in the intendency of that name. This language embraces three princi- pal dialects, quite different: the Zuaque, spoken in the southern part of the province of Sinaloa and in other places; the Mayo spoken along the Mayo river in Hostimuri and in Sonora: the Yaqui or Hiaqui, spoken along the Yaqui river in the province of Sonora— he adds (356): We cannot agree with the greater part of these assertions. According to the gram- mar of this language, ‘‘no se llama Sinaloa sino Cahita,’’ and contains three dialects [Mayo, Yaqui] and the Tehueco and also Zuaque which is used in Sinaloa by the Indians of the banks of the Rio del Fuerte. Doctor Brinton (3: 125) gives Tehueco, Zuaque, Mayo, and Yaqui as subtribes of the Cahita, but omits the Zuaque from his list (3: 134). In the midst of this confusion it is the author’s conclusion that per- haps Orozco y Berra is nearest right in identifying Zuaque and Tehueco as one and the same dialect, though distinct tribes. Orozco y Berra (1:35) says that about the mouth of the Rio del Fuerte were the Ahome, and along the coast south of it were the Vacoregue, the Batucari, the Comopori, and the Guazave: of the same family and idiom as the Cahita, the chief dialect being that named Guazave or Vacoregue. (Care must be taken to distingush between Comuripa (or Comoripa) of the Pima group and Como- pori of the Yaqui group.) He says Balbi conjectures that Ahome and Comopori were quite diverse, or tongues related to Gua- zave. ‘This he declares is not exact, as all these pueblos spoke the same idiom, and there was no particular Ahome or Comopori. In his classification (1:58) he gives Vacoregue and Guazave as synonymous and as spoken by the Vacoregue, Guazave, Ahome, Batucari, Comopori, and Zuaque. The introduction of the last name here must be a mistake, as in his classification (1: 58) he places it under Tehueco; possibly it refers here to a few Zuaque who lived among the Vacoregue and adopted their language. This author appears to have worked this out by taking up the scat- tered statements of the original authorities in regard to the lan- guages spoken in the different pueblos and missions, which it is not 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY . [Bubb 44 necessary to give in this preliminary sketch. It may be stated, however, that Ribas (145) says the language of the Ahome was the same as that of the Guazave, and different from that of the Zoe (which is referred to farther on). Hervas (320) says the Ahome spoke a dialect of Hiaqui (he uses this name Hiaqui as equivalent to Cinaloa; see Orozco y Berra, 1: 34), and the same as that spoken by the Guazave. Ribas (153) says the Comopori spoke the same language as the Ahome. Brinton is therefore in error in uniting the Ahome with the Pima, as they and the other pueblos mentioned in this connection, except Zuaque, spoke the Vacoregue dialect. The names Oguera (Ohuera), Cahuimeto, and Nio, denoting three dialects marked by Orozco y Berra on his map, along the southern border of the Cahita territory, near the Vacoregue, are placed in his list of extinct idioms (1:61). Comopori indicates a supposed sub- tribe, but is not represented on his map. Chicorata and Basopa are given in his list of languages, and are mentioned (1:334) as on the Sinaloa river 7 leagues east of Ohuera; their languages are dis- tinct and the two peoples speak ‘‘el Mexicano.”’ Of the Comopori, Orozco y Berra speaks as follows (1:35): About the embouchure of the Rio del Fuerte live the Ahomes, and thence toward the south along the coast the Vacoregues, Batucaris, Comoporis, and the Guazaves; of the same family of the Cahitas, the idiom, the dialect of the principal one, named the Guazave or Vacoregue. Balbi conjectures that the Ahome and the Comopori are very diverse dialects or sister languages of the Guazave. This is not correct; all the pueblos spoke the same idiom, and there was no particular Ahome or Comopori. This disposes of Comopori. As the Ahome spoke the same lan- guage as the Vacoregue and Guazave, the last two, so far as language is concerned, are, in fact, synonymous terms. Cahuimeto and Ohuera are placed by Orozco y Berra in his list of extinct languages. His evidence for considering these as distinct . and as once spoken in the area he has marked on his map appears to have been obtained chiefly from Zapata (407). However, Orozco y Berra makes a mistake in his notes (1:334), referring to Ribas.1 It is there stated that six or seven leagues southeast of the pueblo of Sinaloa was the pueblo of Ohuera, in which and in the vicinity thereof were spoken two languages, ‘‘distintas,” called Cahuimeto and Ohuera, though at the time Zapata wrote (1678) the Mexican (Aztec) language had already come into general use, ultimately, as we may suppose, displacing them, as they appear to have been extinct when Orozco y Berra wrote his Geografia (1857-1863), and also probably when Alegre wrote his Historia (1766-1773), as he makes no mention of them, though he speaks of missions and Indians of the region re- ferred to. As they resided on the Sinaloa (not Rio del Fuerte, but Sin- aloa of modern maps) and along the southeastern border of the Cahita 1The pages he cites are those of Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th ser., I. THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 17 territory of Orozco y Berra’s map, where it abuts on the Mexican (Aztec) territory, the two languages, which seem to have been cog- nate, may have been, and in all probability were, idioms of the Yaqui group. Although the evidence on this point is not positive, they were probably in the territory of the Yaqui group. Orozco y Berra seems to be justified by the evidence in placing Nio on his map as a distinct idiom, though extinct. It is stated by Zapata (404-405) that a league and a half northeast of San Pedro Guazave was the pueblo of San Ignacio de Nio, in which the language spoken was ‘‘particular,’’ called Nio, though Mexican was also in common use. The only subsequent mention found is that by Alegre (1, 294), who states that Padre Mendez commended the pueblos and languages of the Ocoroiri [Ocoroni], Nio, and some others which he had held, to the charge of Padre Tapia. This evidence, though direct, is somewhat slender, yet the name has been placed within the Cahita territory on the map accompanying this volume, surrounded, how- ever, with a narrow line. The evidence in regard to Basopa, which Orozco y Berra places in his list of lahguages, is very meager, the only notice, so far as known, being the statement by Zapata (408) to the effect that five leagues to the north [of Concepcién de Chicorato] is the pueblo of San Ignacio deChicuris. ‘The language is in part Tepehuana and in part Basopa, which is that which is commonly spoken.” Zapata says, further, (407) that in Concepcién de Chicorato the natives are divided into two parties which speak distinct languages, “the Chicurata, and the Basopa.’”’ This appears to be the only authority on which Orozco y Berra bases the introduction of these two names into his list of lan- guages. Both are extinct. ZOE AND TEPAHUE Zoe and Baimena, both extinct languages, can best be considered together, as it seems they were related. The Zoe occupied a limited region on the eastern border of the territory of the Yaqui group, on the headwaters of the Rio del Fuerte adjoming the Tubar area. The tribe was a small one, speaking a language of its own. The Baimena, who joined them on the south, probably spoke a dialect of the same tongue. Ribas (208) says the Zoe were mountain Indians, residing about the headwaters of the Rio Sinaloa (del Fuerte) in the skirts of the sierra, and spoke a language different from that of the Simaloas. He also states, page 145 (‘tienen tambien amistad los Ahomes, y parentesco, y son de la misma lengua con los Guagaues’”’), that they maintained friendly relations with the Ahome, and were related to and spoke the same language as the Guazave, who, as has been shown above, were related to the Yaqui group and spoke a dialect of their lan- 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL, 44 guage. Ribas also (145) mentions a tradition that this tribe came from the north with the Ahome, and, although speaking a different language and occupying localities widely separated, maintained con- stant friendship. As the language was still spoken as late as 1678, after the missionaries had established themselves in that section, and probably obtained this tradition from them, it is possibly reliable. According to Zapata (396), the Baimena (or Baitrena, as the name appears there) occupied the pueblo of Santa Catalina de Baitrena, situated some six leagues southeast of San José del Toro, the head of the partido, and spoke a language somewhat different from that of the Troe (Zoe). The latter resided in a neighboring pueblo bearing their own name and, like that of the Baimena, bordering the Tubar (“confinan tambien con los Tubares’’). The padre who ministered to these pueblos at the time Ribas wrote (1617-1640) was José de Tapia. The evidence appears to warrant, therefore, in the absence of vocabu- laries, the acceptance of Zoe as a distinct idiom and Baimena as identi- cal or closely related toit. There is, perhaps, justification for consid- ering both as dialects of the Yaqui group, or at least Nahuatlan, and they are so marked in the List of Linguistic Families and Tribes. Their area is designated on the map accompanying this paper. The territory in which the Tepahue (Tepave), Conicari, and Macoyahui dialects are said to have been spoken is situated on the northern border of the territory of the Yaqui group where it meets that of the Lower Pima and the Tarahumare. According to Zapata (385), the language spoken in the pueblo of Asuncion de Tepave (Tepaiie or Tepahue), situated five leagues north- east of Conicari, was ‘‘particular,’’ and was known as ‘“Tepave’’ (Tepahue) ; this was different from that of the other pueblos (Conicari and Macoyahui), though the latter people understood the Tepahue tongue and also that of the Yaqui group, but did not speak it. Al] three dialects are included by Orozco y Berra in the territory he marks ‘‘Tepahue”’ on his map, in the fork of the upper Mayo river. Ribas (253) speaks of them as friends of the Tehueco, and adds (265) that the pueblo of Conicari was distant from Chinipa sixteen leagues [west]. Zapata (384) says that the language spoken at this peublo is “particular,” but that some of the inhabitants are Mayo “en la nacion y en la lengua.’ The pueblo of Asuncién de Macoyahui, in which the Macoyahui lan- guage was spoken, was situated about seven leagues north of Conicari (Zapata, 386), though Orozco y Berra on his map places it west of the latter pueblo. The language, according to Zapata, was “particu- lar’’—‘‘la lengua es particular macoyahui con que son tres las lenguas de este partido’’—these are Conicari, Tepahue, and Macoyahui. Although they were extinct at the time Orozco y Berra wrote his THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 19 Geografia (about 1860), they were in existence and use at the time Zapata wrote his Relacién (1678). The Macoyahui were elso known by the names Cue and Tecayagui. It is safe, perhaps, to assume that these languages were related to one another, though this is not stated, nor is there anything on record, so far as ascertained, by which to determine whether they were related to any language of the sur- rounding tribes. The only indications given on this point are that the Tepahue were friends of the Tehueco, and that some of the inhabitants of Conicari were of the Mayo tribe. These facts suggest relationship to the Yaqui group. TEPEHUANE (Synonym: Tepeguane) The Tepehuane occupied the country mainly in Durango, imme- diately south of the Tarahumare, chiefly on the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre, from the twenty-fourth nearly to the twenty-seventh degree of north latitude. Arlegui (187) says it extended from the Sierra del Mezquital up to the Parral. According to Alegre (1, 319) it extended from a little less than the twenty-fifth to the twenty- seventh degree of north latitude, touching the Tarahumare region at the north. The language does not appear to have been divided into any well- marked dialects. Pimentel (11, 63) says it consisted of various dialects, but the differences seem to have been too slight to receive any special notice. Orozco y Berra mentions none. It is possible that Acaxee and cognate idioms were related to it. ACAXEE For the reasons given below, it has been decided to bring together under this tribal heading the four following names, which Orozco y Berra and other writers have treated as those of separate tribes, namely, Acaxee, Jijime (Xixime), Tebaca, and Sabaibo. The four small tribes, or so-called tribes, speaking these languages formed a connected group surrounded on the north, east, and south- east by the Tepehuane and on the west and southwest by the exten- sion of the Mexican group northward along the western coast. Their country lay chiefly in the high and rugged sierras. There seems to be little or no doubt, from the evidence given below, that they spoke closely related dialects, some so-called dialects, however, being apparently identical. It also appears that in addition to their native dialects, spoken among themselves, all used the Mexican language in their intercourse with others.' 1 The term ‘‘Mexican,’’ as used here and elsewhere in this paper when referring to language, is to be under- stood in the sense in which Orozco y Berra uses the term ‘‘ Mexicano;”’ that is to say, it includes the central or strictly Nahuatl or Aztec group, the particular dialect of this northward extension being unknown. 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 44 Ribas says (491) the Sabaibo spoke the same language as the Acaxee, and that the Jijimes also spoke the same language (522). Alegre says (1, 422) the Sabaibo, though a distinct nation, spoke the same idiom as the Acaxee. Zapata (414-416), speaking of the mis- sions in the Partido de San Martin de Atotonilco, says Tebaca was spoken in some and Acaxee in others when talking among themselves, but that all used the Mexican language. Orozco y Berra (1 : 334) asserts the same thing, and states also on the same page that Tebaca was distinct from Acaxee, but related to it. On the whole he seems to place all these dialects in his ‘‘Mexicano”’ (1 : 12-13), or at least includes the people in the Mexican (Nahuatlan) family in the limited sense of his classification. It is true that, in the paragraph indicated, he refers only to Acaxee, yet, as he holds that the other three are related to it, all must be classéd together. Hervas (on what ground does not appear) says that the Jijime language, which is spoken in the province of Topia, appears to be different from Acaxee (330), ‘“‘and consequently from the other dia- lects of the Zacateco.’”’ This would imply that Acaxee and other allied idioms, exclusive of Jijime, were dialects of the Zacateco lan- guage. Referring to this supposition on the part of Hervas, Orozco y Berra (1: 13) states that it is unsupported by any works he has examined. : As Acaxee appears to be the most important of these idioms, it is concluded best to depart from Orozco y Berra’s plan to-the extent of including the entire group under this name and to mark the area occupied by them accordingly. Several other so-called tribes or “‘naciones’’ are mentioned as re- siding in the immediate region now under consideration, as the Papudo, Tecaya, Vaimoa (or Baimoa), Topia, Hina, and Hume. The first three appear to have been considered by Orozco y Berra (1:319) as but mere divisions of the Acaxee, and the last two (1:320) as divi- sions of the Jijime. Alegre (1, 379-380) mentions the “‘Papudos”’ and “Tecayas’’ as belonging to the mission of San Andrés (Topia), but . says nothing in regard to their language. Turning to Zapata (306), the statement is found that the pueblos of this mission spoke various languages, some Sabaibo, some Acaxee (‘‘Aiage’’), and others Jijime, but no mention is made of Papudo, Tecaya, or Vaimoa (Baimoa). As there does not appear to be any other evidence on this point, these three names—Papudo, Tecaya, and Vaimoa—may be dismissed as not denoting idioms. Orozco y Berra makes Topia.a synonym of Acaxee. In this he seems to be substantially correct, as it appears to be a geographical term designating the section in which the Acaxee were chiefly lo- cated. Ribas (531) says the Acaxee nation was the principal (head) of the two missions of Topia and San Andrés. Hervas (327) speaks of THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 21 Topia as another language or dialect of the group, which idea Vater has carried into his Mithridates (11, pt. 3, 138-139), though admitting relationship with Acaxee. Balbi makes it distinct from the latter; but Orozco y Berra (1:319) differs wholly from this opinion, con- sidering the two as the same language. He quotes (1:314) manu- script authority showing Topia to be merely the name of a province or district. Ahumada (96), writing in 1608, makes the Hume a “nacion”’ distinct from the Jijime, though speaking the same language. Ribas (562) says these Indians inhabit the highest part of the sierra as one goes eastward. Alegre (11,199) also calls the Hume a “‘nacion”’ and says the name was given to them from the configuration of the natural defenses of their country. Hervas (327) expresses the opinion that the Hume (Huime, as he writes it) were related to the Jijime. Orozco y Berra also holds that both the Hume and Hina were related to, or rather were o‘fshoots of, the Jijime. Alegre, speaking of the Hina (11, 195), says they inhabited the most profound breaks (‘‘profundisimas quebradas”’) of the center of the sierra and the margin of the Rio Piaztla, and spoke a diverse lan- guage. Notwithstanding this evidence, Orozco y Berra, who per- haps had additional data, although recognizing the Hume and the Hina as separate or distinct peoples, and giving them in his list of tribes, omits them from his list of languages, thereby expressing his belief that they did not speak distinct idioms. It is considered safest to follow his example. In this connection it may be as well to refer to the Huite. Ribas (207) says their language was different from that of the Cinaloa (Ya- qui group). Orozco y Berra (1: 333) says they were a warlike tribe, ut open strife with all their neighbors, and were anthropophagi. Their location was in the sierra, about ‘‘seven leagues from the Sina- loas.”” He adds that the name, which signifies “ arrow”’ in Cahita, indi- cates relationship of idiom to this language. Although he gives the name in his list of languages, he omits it from the classification, map, and extinct idioms. It has been omitted from the classified list in this paper, and from the map, but with some doubt. Cora (Synonyms: Chora, Chota, Nayarita) The people speaking this language live in the Sierra de Nayarit and on the Rio de Jesus Maria, in the state of Jalisco. They are the most southerly tribe of what may be termed the Sonoran group of the Nahuatlan family. Orozco y Berra, whose mapping is followed substantially in refer- ence to the Cora territory, has marked this area according to the best 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 44 early authorities, most of them in manuscript documents. Reference is made, however, to other authorities treating of the subject. Alegre, after referring to the rugged, mountainous character of the district, says (111, 196) it jos on the east Nueva-Vizcaya, and on the north, west, and south Nueva-Galicia, extending from 22° to 23° N.lat. Pimentel simply says the people lived in the Sierra de Nayarit but is more specific in relation to the subdivisions of the tribe men- tioned below. Orozco y Berra (1:279) says that, according to Mota Padilla (510), the area was included between 21° and 23° N. lat. and 261° and 265° longitude; and according to Revillagigedo, between 21° and 24° N. lat. and 266° and 269° “de long. del meridiano de Tenerife.’ Following the chart of Narvaez, he concludes the extent to be between 21° 20’ and 23° N. lat. and 5° and 6° W. = from the meridian of Mexico City. Joseph de Ortega, whose Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Cora was first published in 1732, says (p. 7, reprint of 1888) that this language consisted of three dialects: Muutzicat, spoken by those living in the center of the sierra; Teacuacitzica, spoken by those living in the lower parts of the sierra toward the west; and Ateanaca (sometimes contracted to Até) spoken by the Ateacari living on the banks of the Rio Nayarit. He considers the last as the Cora proper. However, the differences were so slight that subsequent writers do not appear to have considered them dialects representing subtribal distinctions. Orozco y Berra (1: 281-282) includes the Cora in his Opata-Tarahumar-Pima family, and gives as divisions the Cora proper, Nayarit, Tecualme, Gecualme, and Colotlan. Nayarit, the name the people applied to themselves, is merely a synonym of Cora. Although Tecualme and Gecualme are included by Orozco y Berra in his list of languages, there is no evidence that they indicate dialectic divisions. Moreover, he gives them (1:280) as synonymous. (For Colotlan, see Tepecano, etc., below.) HuvIcHou (Synonym: Guichola) A tribe, formerly counted as a subtribe or division of the Cora of Jalisco, living in the rugged sierras on the east of the Cora, by whose territory they are surrounded on the north, west, and south, the Tepecano joining them on the east. Their language is closely related to the Cora, causing some early authorities to classify them as a division of the latter; but recent investigations, chiefly by Hrdli¢ka, have led to the conclusion that they are more closely related to the Guachichile than to the Cora, and are apparently an offshoot of that tribe. This confirms the suggestion thrown out by Orozco y Berra (1: 282), ‘‘que los Huzcholas son los restos de los anti- THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 25 guos Cuachichiles,”’ a suggestion which he says he neither accepts nor contradicts. As they are separated from the parent tribe by the intervening Zacateco, they are given a distinct area on the accom- panying map, with the same number as the Guachichiles. TEPECANO, TEULE, CAzcan, TECUEXE Orozco y Berra places on his map, to the east and the southeast of the Cora, tribes or supposed tribes speaking these and some other dialects (Coloclan and Coca). As there is considerable doubt in regard to the existence of others of these tribes and dialects and to the linguistic relations of some of them, it is necessary to examine some- what closely the meager data regarding them. Of these, Coloclan may, so far as the name is concerned, be dis- missed from consideration as it is nowhere mentioned in his work. It was evidently intended for ‘Colotlan”’ (also given incorrectly by Bancroft, 1, 672, as ‘‘Cocotlanes’’), as it occupies precisely the posi- tion given to Colotlan in the text. Colotlan, it seems, may also be dismissed, as Orozco y Berra (2:644), though locating it on his map (as ‘Coloclan’’) south of the Tepecano area and along the eastern boundary of the Cora territory, identifies it with Tepecano. Colotlan is marked on his map as a pueblo in the Tepecano district and is given by Doctor Hrdlicka (2: 399-402) as in the Tepecano area. It would appear safe from this evidence, which has been gathered from the early statements of the missionaries, to assume that Colotlan and Tepecano were one and the same idiom. As this writer classifies Colotlan as a dialect of Cora (Orozco y Berra, 1: 282), this, if correct, would bring Tepecano into the same relation, but Doctor Hrdlitka has become convinced by recent investigations made in the section that the Tepecano were most closely related to the Tepehuane, and he gives a brief vocabulary as confirming this opinion (2: 419-425). Tepecano is given substantially the same area on the accompanying map as on Orozco y Berra’s map. Coca is extinct if, in fact, it ever existed as a distinct idiom. It could not have been very different from Tecuexe if we judge by the slight notices left on record in regard to it; in fact Orozco y Berra includes the two in one area on his map. This leaves for considera- tion of this group of small tribes, or subtribes, so far as mapped by the writer quoted, the Teule, Cazcan, and Tecuexe. Very little mention of the tribes speaking these languages has been left on record. Doctor Hrdlitka says the Cazcanes occupied the land from the “Rio Grande” (Rio Santiago), bordering on the Tepecanos and Tecuexes. Herrera (1, dec. 4, 197) says merely that they are a nation which inhabit as far as the border of the Zacatecos, and that their speech is different from that of the Mexicans, although the Mexican language had extended into all 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 44 that region. Antonio Tello' refers to the Cazcan of Teul, Tlalte- nango, and Xuchipila. It is somewhat smgular that Arlegui: who gives a list of the “naciones” of this section (148-149), omits the name of the Cazcan, though mentioning the Cora, Bec = (2), and Tepecano. Orozco y Berra says (1: 279) that the Teule, or, as he terms them, “Teules Chichimecas,’’ used the same idiom as fie Tepecano. He bases this opinion on a statement in documents in the Archivo General. Romero Gil (491, 499) says that the Cazcanes, whom he terms ‘‘ Cazcanes Chichimecas,”’ were Zacatecos, and suggests that the Tecuexes were a Mexican colony. In the article cited above Hrdlitka (428) mentions the living remnant of the ‘‘ Teul-Chichimecs”’ he found in two old villages near Teul. NAMES OF TRIBES IN NORTHWESTERN MEXICO NOT CONSIDERED ; SEPARATELY AS GIVEN BY OROZCO Y BERRA AND OTHER WRITERS Names of tribes or supposed tribes or subtribes which are men- tioned by Spanish writers as ‘‘naciones” in what are now the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, and Jalisco, or that area included on Orozco y Berra’s map in the Concho, Tepehuan, and Acaxee areas, and the part of Mexico northwest thereof, which are not separately discussed in this volume, are as follows: Ahomes Cahiguas Cues (los Tecayaguis) Aibinos *Cajuenches Cufiai Alchedomas Canceres Cutecos Ancavistis Carlanes Cutganes Anchanes Chafalotes Echunticas Arigames Changuaguanes *Faraones Ateacari Chemeguabas Gecuiches *Ateanaca *Chemegues Genicuiches Babispe (Bap’ispe) [on Chemeguet Gilefios (los Xilefios) map| *Chicorato Gojoles Babos Chicuras Gozopas Bacabaches *Chinarras Guaicamadépas Bacapas *Chinipas Guailopos Bagiopas Chiricaguis Guazarachis Baimoas (or Vaimoas) Chiros Hichucios Bamoas Chizos Himeris Baquiobas *Cocas Hinas Basiroas Coclamas Hios *Basopas Cocobiptas Hizos Batucaris Cogitinachis Hudcoadanes Batucos Comoporis *Huites *Baturoques Comuripas Humas (los Chinarras) Bayacatos Conejos Humes Biaras Contlas Husorones *Cacaris Cuampes Huvagueres 1 In Colec. Doc. Hist. Mex., 11, 375: see Icazbalceta, in the Bibliography. THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA D5 Jalchedunes Pajalames Tecargonis Jallicuamai ; Panana Tecayaguis [see Cues] Jagullapais Papudos Tecayas Jamajabs Pasalmes Tecoripas Janos Payuchas Tecuatzilzisti Jocomis Paxuchis *Tegiiima (el Opata) Jumanes Piatos Tegilis Llamparicas *Piros Tehatas Maguiaquis Poarames Tehuizos Mammites Polames Temoris Matapanes Pulicas Teparantanas Mejuos *Putimas Tiburones Mezcaleros Quemeya Tintis Mimbrefios Quicamopas *Tlaxomultecas Movas Quihuimas, los Quiquimas Tochos Muares Quiquimas Tontos *Muutzizti [Muutzicat] Salineros Torames Navajoas Sibubapas Vaimoas Navajos Sisibotaris *Vayemas Nures Sisimbres Xicarillas Oaboponomas Sivolos Xilefios [see Gilefios] *Ocoronis _ *Sobaipuris *Yavipais, los Apaches Onavas Sovas Yecoratos Opas Sumas Yuanes[Cuhana los Cucapa[ Oposines Supis *Yutas Orejones *Tahue Zayahuecos Oronihuatos Tapacolmes Zuaques, el Tehueco Otaquitamones *Teacuacitzisti LANGUAGES FROM OROZCO Y BERRA WITHOUT TRIBAL NAMES *Mediotaguel *Pacasa TRIBAL NAMES FROM OTHER AUTHORITIES Buasdabas Nacameris Nacosuras Cumupas This area is thus marked off from the rest of Mexico because these supposed ‘‘naciones”’ were included therein by the writers who mention them, though in some cases erroneously, according to the boundaries of the present day. There are several reasons why none of these names have been recognized on the map, some of which are given in the notes following. In some instances the names have reference to villages in which the language spoken was one already mentioned, and marked on the map. In other cases there is no evidence that the people named spoke a distinct language or dialect. In some instances in which it is stated the dialect was distinct, it is impossible, from the evidence, to classify it or to determine that it should be placed in the list of real unclassified languages. The first and largest portion of the names is from Orozco y Berra’s list of tribes (1:67-76); the second portion is from his list of languages (1:62-66), for which he presents no tribal names, while the third part contains tribal names not mentioned 8347°—Bull. 44—11——3 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 44 by him, but have been taken from other authors. The names to which the asterisk (*) is prefixed are those which correspond with names in his list of languages. This shows that the tribes not so indicated in his list of tribes were not considered by him as speaking distinct idioms. If his conclusion be accepted without reserve, so far as the present investigation is concerned all the names in his list of tribes having no corresponding name in his list of languages may as well be ex- cluded, but this would leave the whole subject to his judgment with- out investigation. It is proper first to ascertain how many names ean be eliminated from the list as duplicates, or are otherwise clearly erroneously given, and also those already considered in the preceding notes. Those of this list which have been noticed in the preceding notes, and a conclusion reached in regard thereto, are as follows Coca s the names as written therein): Ahomes Comoporis Salineros Aibinos Comuripas Teacuacitzica Ateanaca Hinas Tecayas Basopas Huites Tecoripas Batucaris Humes Teguimas (Opatas Tegui- Chicoratas Movas mas) Chinipas Muutzicat Teguis (Opatas Teguis) Cocas Nures Vaimoas (Baimoas) Coguinachis (Opata Coguin- Onavas achis) Papudos Those names which may be eliminated are as follows: Alchedomas: ......:<- Same as Jalchedunes; in California-Arizona; Yuman. Ancavistis............ A band or subdivision of the Faraon Apache. AmehaneGs:. 3. s3bee A division of the Concho, speaking their language and living on the Rio Concho (Orozco y Berra, 1:325). PCA CARLOS os tele A division of the Cora; synonym of Ateanaca, which denotes the language. Baecabaches:. jo. once. ke Orozco y Berra mentions the name in his list and refers to Sonora, but’ it is not found there. A Mayo settlement near Mayo river(?) using the Mayo language (Hrdlitka, 1:59). It is distinct from Baca. pavdpasw sc ceo eaere This name appears to have been given a place in Orozco y Berra’s list without sufficient data in his text to justify its inclusion. A Papago rancheria. IBREIOPAR es 2 Sacre In California-Arizona. BaaINGRAG Ss 222 ee See Vaimoas. Baquiobas:. 7.6... 13 In United States, same as Bagiopas. ANINORE Se 2.2m chose A Lower Pima band. See Hios below. Batuens 3-25.22 s.2 Given by Orozco y Berra (1:344) as a synonym of Eudeye, though in the Rudo Ensayo (181 et seq.) it is alluded to as a pueblo. THOMAS] INDIAN Baturoques. .-...-- Cacari Cahiguas..--.--..- @amneeres...:..<.--. Cuieanes.-.....-.-. @hafalotess---.... - Changuaguanes.. . - Chemeguabas........ Chemegues.........- Chemeguet......-.- eajeutas: 225. Chiricaguis........- 27 LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA .-- Merely mentioned by Orozco y Berra as an extinct tribe formerly living in Sonora. No particulars have been found. Probably a synonym of Batucaris. This name is given in Orozco y Berra’s list with reference to Sinaloa, but it does not appear in the text. Orozco quotes this name from Alegre (1, 288), but this author, though mentioning the name, gives nothing by which to locate the people designated, nor anything in regard to their language. Probably the same as Biaras,a Tehuecosettlement. Mentioned by Fernando Ramirez (Orozco y Berra, 1:319) as an extinct tribe formerly living in Cacaria, Durango. Faraon Apache (Orozco y Berra, 1:386), in northern Chi- huahua? (See article Kiowa, in Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1.) Given as belonging to the Faraon Apache in Chihuahua (Orozco y Berra, 1: 386). (See article Lipan, in Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1.) A Jicarilla band on Arkansas river. Inst. Papers, v, 191. Mentioned by Grae y Berra (1:325) as near ' the Tobosos. No further information given. Orozco y Berra refers to Chihuahua, but it is not found in the text under this heading, though it is given under Coahuila (1:306) as from a list in the manuscript of Revillagigedo. No locality given; possibly in Texas. No additional data. Mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1:327) as pertaining to the Concho; and (1:325) as being at the mission of Nuestra Sefiora de Aranzazu. No further data. Orozco y Berra (1:344) says merely it is stated that the in- habitants of Santa Cruz are of the ‘‘nacion Contla.’’ Opata. As nothing further in regard to the name is found, it may be dismissed from consideration. A division of the Faraon Apache. See Tecayaguis. Given by Orozco y Berra as connected with the Cajuenche, a Yuman dialect apparently in the United States. Nothing further stated. See Cufieil in Handbook of American Indians. The Cuchan, or Yuma, in the United States. Mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1:386) as a division or sub- tribe of the Apache; probably in Sonora. Given by Orozco y Berra as belonging to the Faraon Apache. Ute. (See article Akanaquint, in Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1.) In southern California, probably a part of or a synonym for the Chemehuevi. (See Garcés, 230-352, especially 351.) Synonym of Chemehuevi. Synonym of Chemehuevi. Orozco y Berra gives the name (properly Cicuris) in his list. This is found (by reference to Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., m, 408—Orozco y Berra’s reference to Ribas is an error) to be merely the name of a pueblo, the language being partly Tepehuan and partly Basopan. Name given to an important subtribe (Chiricahua) of the Apache, north of the international boundary. Bandelier, Archzolog. 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuu. 44 Clnnasss sree. dei sete Orozco y Berra gives this name in his list and refers to Chihua- hua, but does not mention it under thisheading. However, he gives (1:325), asapparently near the Toboso, the following: Sisimbre, Chizo, Cocoyome, Coclama, Tocho, Chizo, Babo, and Nure.* It is probable, as the name Chizos is repeated, one should be Chiros, the change being a misprint. Ban- croft (1, 610), in copying the list, omits one Chizos and does not give the name Chiros at any place. No further mention of it has been found. (ult: ae ina eee a No information regarding this supposed tribe has been found other than that given under the last preceding name. GalteCOs 22220 oss. cat See Husorones, below. Hehmmticass. .- 0.5544 Given as belonging to the Faraon Apache. (Given as a syn- onym of Kotsoteka, in Handbook of American Indians, pt..J; 728.) Parnonen ss <2. <<. ee A division or tribe of the Apache. Gecmiehes=: 22-5 s223. In southern California; synonym of Shoshonean Kawia. (See Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1, 665.) Genicuiches’.. >... 622 Synonym of Serranos. (See Handbook of American Indians, pt. 2, 513.) (GUEROS ho score Synonym of Gila Apache, New Mexico. (See Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1, 492.) Prioles =. +2222. sc) Mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1:279) as in Jalisco near the Tepecano. No additional information found. Possibly a synonym of Huichol. E20 tc a age ee Orozco y Berra gives this name in his list and refers to Sinaloa, but it is not mentioned under that head. It is probably a synonym of Guazave as Ribas (211), to whom he refers on the page on which he mentions Guazave, gives “‘Gozaua.’”! Guaicamaoépas....-..-- This name is given in Orozco y Berra’s list with reference to Sonora, but is not found under that heading; however, it is in his classification, under ‘‘ Yuma” (1:59). It is probably a synonym of Yacum, a Dieguejfio tribe, California. (See Handbook of American Indians, pt. 2, 982.) Guailopos: 2.5 2.225: .. Orozco y Berra gives this name in his list, and in his text (1:324). He says, ‘“‘En San Andres Chinipas vivian los Chinipas, 4 que se agregaron los Guailopos y Maguiaquis,”’ referring in a note to ‘‘Cuarta serie de documentos [Doc. Hist. Mex.], tomo III, pag. 386 ysiguientes.’’ In the latter, the only reference found (387) approximating the state- ment in the text is that in the Partido de Santa Inés de Chinipa the language is called ‘“‘Chinipa o Guaropaque.”’ No San Andrés Chinipa is mentioned, but a ‘‘San Andrés de Conicari’”’ (384) is given. Orozco y Berra (1: 326) places the language in question under, and asincluded in, Varohio, as he does also Maguiaquis. As it is not given a place in his list of languages, it may be eliminated. Guazarachis. ......... This name is given by Orozco y Berra in his list with reference to Chihuahua. It isnot found under that head, but is given (1:386) asa Faraon division. The Handbook of American Indians (pt. 1. 511) refers to Guazarachic as a Tarahumare 1 Orozco y Berra’s references at this point (1:333) are erroneous, owing probably to typographical error. Note 3, ‘‘ dg. 211,’’ following ‘‘2 Cuarta Serie,” etc., should be ‘‘ Ribas,” and ‘‘4” and ‘‘5,”’ referring to Ribas, properly refer to Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th ser., Im, THOMAS} INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 29 settlement, and Guasarochic asa synonym. Asit is not in- cluded in Orozco y Berra’s list of languages it may be eliminated. HachtweLos® 22 2 Je-se Orozco y Berra gives this (1:58, 335) asincluded under Tehueco, and as speaking the Tehueco dialect of the Cahita. HPRAGHS oo h2 2524 22 Soe The same author includes this under the Varohio and as speaking the same language, a dialect of Tarahumare. Hudcoadanes......... Name which seems to have been applied to a band of Yuma on the lower Colorado river, apparently north of, but near, the international boundary (Orozco y Berra, 1:353; Doc. Hist. Mex., 3d s., 554). Given as a synonym of Alchedoma in the Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1. LEVIS te ee ea Another name for the Chinarra (Orozco y Berra, 1:69). Husorones, Cutecos... Pueblos or divisions of the Varohio, speaking the Varohio dialect. Huvagueres.:.... 23: The only discovered reference to this group or band is by Orozco y Berra in his list and text (1:351) and Bancroft’s quotation thereof. The former says, ‘“‘Los Hios, 4 ocho leguas al Este de Tepahue, y los Huvagueres y los Tehuisos sus vecinos: mas al Este seguian los Basiroas y los Tehatas.”’ This would place them about the meeting point of the Lower Pima, Tarahumare, and Yaqui group areas. As Orozco y Berra does not include the name in his list of languages, it may be omitted. Lower Pima. (See Basi- roas and Hios, p. 32.) falchedunes-"..5 =<... 2- Mentioned by Francisco Garcés (Doc. Hist. Mex., 2d s., 1, 346, 350) as a subtribe of the Yuma. Same as Alchedoma. In the United States. Jallicuamai........... Given by Francisco Garcés (248, 251, 346) as a Yuman tribe immediately north of the Cocopa on Colorado river, partly north of the international boundary line. Orozco y Berra (1:353) placesthem with the Cajuenche, both speak- ing the same dialect, which was very near that of the Yuma proper. The Handbook of American Indians (pt. 2, 340) gives the name as a synonym of Quigyuma. Jagullapais [Jaqualla- Garcés (309). The Walapai, a Yuman tribe north of the pais] boundary line. Jamajabs, Yamajabs, Mohave north of the international boundary line. Tamajabs.. «0S ne ooh a ee Given by Orozco y Berra (1:386) as the Faraon Apache in Chihuahua. Bandelier (Nation, July 2, 1885) also says they were Apache. Jacomis [Jocomes].... An Apache tribe in Chihuahua. Jumanes [Jumanos]... A tribe probably identical with a part of the Wichita, formerly living about the junction of the Concho with the Rio Grande. Llamparicas Bele Pus Nes A division of the Comanche in the United States—synonym of Ditsakana (Handbook of American Indians, pt. 1, 393). VLE A Given by Orozco y Berra (1: 326) as belonging to the Varohio, a subtribe of the Tarahumare. (See remarks under Guai- lopos, above.) Mammites (Mamites).. Given by Orozco y Berra as connected with the Concho (1: 325,327). As this author gives the name in his list of tribes and does not place it in his list of languages, it may be omitted; moreover, the Indians referred to, if the name be legitimate, were probably north of the boundary line. 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 44 Matapanes............ Orozco y Berra (1:335) connects these with the Tehueco division of the Yaqui group, but does not include the name in his list of languages. (See remarks under Biaris, above.) Merugs Fe eee es 8 Given by Orozco y Berra (1:327) in connection with the Concho. He says (1:325): ‘‘La tribu hablaba la lengua particular llamada Concha: mas no solo eran los Conchos quienes las componian, sino otra porcion de familias que usando el mismo idioma llevaban distintos nombres. Los primeros que se presentan son los Mejuos;’’ [etc.]. No au- thority has been discovered for this statement, which it seems he applies also to the Tapacolmes, Anchanes, Julimes, Cholomos, Mezquites, Cacalotes, Oposines, Conejos, Po- lames, Sivolos, Puliquis, and Pasalmes. For the Mejuos he refers to Alegre (11, 58), but turning to the latter author we find he merely speaks of drawing into the mission at San Pedro ‘‘more than two hundred families of Conchos, Mejuos, and other nations.’’ Orozco y Berra does not give the name Mejuos in his list of languages. Mezcaleros.......--.- Faraon Apache, United States. IMiniprenosesee eee ee Apache in United States. Mirares®. + sisaaces cone Faraon Apache. ING Wajodses 2282 seen ’ Navaho in United States. Oaboponomas......-.- Given by Orozco y Berra (1:59) under Yuma. In United States (Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., 1, 349). Handbook of American Indians (pt. 1, 554) gives it as a synonym of Hoabonoma. Oipaehe teen doce esc5c Yuman, in United States. Synonym or abbreviation of Maricopa. OMoOsinps: 625.242. 5 One of the names given by Orozco y Berra under Concho (1:55, 327). (See remarks under Mejuos, above.) QOrejones.~ 5.25. -+-2-% Belong to Faraon Apache. Qronthuatos...¢-. 2. 2.Ss500202%+ 255: -2 ces Oe eee 28, 37 COGUINAGHIS:- cae se ee eee oe eG See OPATA. COLOTLAN, COCOTLAN, COLOCLAN....-....---- 22,23 COMANCHE 2.228 oe ca hse nena eee 29 COMECAMOTES «262i [0520 o es 2 oe eee 45 GOMECRUDO. ><. -2. 4 02226 eee 38,45 COMPSACAPEMES .. 0. 2 2.52220 tol eee 45 COMICARI::~ .: 2. ease to nocs se eee 33 COMOPORD 2.205.222 So see fee meee 15, 16, 24, 26 CoMORIPA, COMURIPA ...------------- 4-6, 15, 24, 26 CONCEPCION: 42 5.224020 coos seen eee 3 eee 9 CONCEPCION DE CHICORATO........-.-------- 17 GONCEPCION DE. VACA... . Js. 2. 2sece esse 14 CoNCHA, CONCHO.. 8, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30-32, 34, 36-38, 42 CONDYOS: -.2 2 3- a5 2s Ses e hone ee eee 24, 27, 30 CONGUACO Ss). S055 a2 oe co eace eee eee 74 CONIGARI. o2.262 f< osm) e)= eee eee ee 12,18, 19, 33 CONTLAS. 25.28 S2csece ose sce eee 24,27 COORRA coo sc ose ee cee 79 COPAGAS ooc.csceames 19, 24, 25, 27, 31 CuEVA. See CUNA. CUHANES. Sce COCOPA. COIEAPA Ss 30S. oo. 2.325 6ees ee eee ee 52 CUIGATECOS. ....2. 25-2 |. cece eeeeeeeeeeeee 55 CUMBLATECA, CUITLATECO: ...55.i0-s5e---5 50, 51, 53 CUTSIEARUAC. 52 5.0.2. “se eceeceteenee Renee 52 CURBRE 422. theses so... 2e2 ccc thee See 79,80 See CARCHA, COOKRA GUL Tee ccc sec act (cts cebu eee Ce eeeeemee 75 CUMUPS races sn nosis c=ccushders sos tees 8, 25, 33, 34 INDEX OF LINGUISTIC FAMILIES Page (CORR INS Gel eee eee Ss Sonos) oS depeche 94-96 CuNACUNA. See CUNA. CO TENN RA ae pe ee ee ee SSS IS Ame ere es 24,27 See COCOPA. Ren COS= = oc.a. ooo aceepeevaetes aps mielercteisiele 24, 28, 29 See HUSORONES. UUIGAINE Scene ctae ebeeiicceee enc sha Reece 24,27 See COCOPA. : PARA AB OR OSE vse cote tale nrefa shaiSeiale a?ai2niars 39 PRITRENS ert Nis Peed fo She eal i o!ojs im eas ates 94 Sce CUNA. PTD Wes fo fea he aie darn tae adtas os seine ous 2 TH GRIN oe Se eek 3 Soe ate as Seis sae ete 28 OTR TA WIR DAN 5... Jajah see ediele nomi = 76-78, 82 METS AGAIN Ae See ols = oc acts, (Se onaya fee faiuye cle = 29 SIENA Ke - arose ao Me oe cee Sentara ee 92 MOME NA’ DOHME secs onc esse ve oer season id See EUDEVE. MRE RIA RIS od ere Nes ieee in ect sho creak 83,93 EAC FOS ae Sars cutee Meee nee cre carcass 94 See DORASK. DorRAsK, DORASKAN, DORASKEAN, DOR- EAS (O) ON OS Re ee 77,80, 90, 93-95 DORASQUE-CHANGUINA....-...-------------- 93 DULCE NOMBRE. See CULMI. EASTERN LACANDONES.......--------- aire AA 70 BETLSRERIUTING TU GAS ce ose A tavcys eharerejeqeiataloisatee tee ne nists 24, 28 1D STG eS Re Be ae aE tec he Se ee Ee 2 [D/SASRS oe es OC ea aO REE yc Sea aN eas ers oe 6 See EUDEVE. DEC Awi oe es ee re a EN 35 MEW UL IAN Gees cece rite ans cease ee 70 EPUDESINIG AUN A 4 Si SS a Sa Ee ences ele ee Pee 89,91 PMN te oS ae See i See Oey ec ae cckic cms 55 PRODI Es IEUEVEK. can deice eneeics= os sien = 6,7, 26, 34 FARAON, FARAON APACHE...........-..- 24, 26-31 BSR N Goan fe we See Meta uc aie arene aiclsemice 37 CUTEST O et op a re 83 RETOUR AT MES cree era ho eds SNS chara Som Sete ee 22 CS TOVCTUTC CLR ONS eee ee Pay gy Re cg a eR 24, 28 BOAGULOLES EO. ete scue fat asec ace beae seeee 24, 28 Sce SERRANOS. Gis APACHE, GILENOS.......-.--:-.< 24, 25, 28, 32 NE ITOUES tia ots Scars sat Doe ee ee 67,68 TeRTIM GHItY ea. oe Poe cok tee sen enc- «a ae eniee 68 I WAGINGII LOCO kaka eget ie ORE es se ae a 55 TARE P ECS os sot 5 ota ee oan ow 25 yee 55 DAGATIMGAM: Sones) aoe ee eee. bees 64-66 TAGATTENANGOY. sae oo eeener tat - 5 caae 64-66, 69 JAGULLAPAIS. See WALAPAI. RATA RA Radic Js Sle ah See ee rine ene, . co eet 69 JALCHEDUN, JALCHEDUNE. See ALCHE- DOMA. JALLICUAMAI, JALLICUAMAY............. 25, 29,34 See QUIGYUMA. JAMAJABS. See MOHAVE. BYPACN AUIS sees a 3 ren see Ey ere Page DANGS 32. OTe 225. AF eS ee ee ees 25, 29 JAQUALLAPAIS. Sce WALAPAI. JICARILLA; JICARILLA. APACHE..<.--5-- 2.525 27,32 See XICARILLAS. VICAQUBS.0 ens 50 SO oe a ee 74-76,96 TIGAOUIGAD,. 2 3722-8 42 oe ee eee ee Sete 7 WORE: 2 ae ae Be Se ae ee ee ae 19-21 Jinca. See XINCA. JOBAL. See JOVA. TOGOMES JOCOMIS- oe te 2S lean oo eee 25, 29 WOCOPANES SAR NS aso fence: ac meme oe Sears 69 JONASES, JONAZ. See MECO. DID VAT OWA Beene 8 eo eo Se ee eee 7,8 JUAVE. See HUAME. UME Rei ches, tee ok eee 30, 34 dun. Usa oC. Ao Ae ere eet p= se ee Cees 25, 29 VQOURLEPERMOUR So: eens oe Ge Sou eat ee ee i UCR A eee ch ee es K’AKTCHI. See KEKCHI. REA WEAR < Smee woo) hn iit oe Le eee ei cie 28 POW K CHIMES chet oc tect ea eS 67-69, 71 ESICHE | QUICHE KS £4 oni e oe eae eee aoe 67,68 OWA COAMIIGAT A. oo 28 O8 Ue koe eee ba 24, 27 TRONS Co Oe oe ee Se ee eh eee eR eS 92 TREGUIN OI Krave we Se AC ae SO eee ere A CAND ONG Esse =. 5508 8 ee oy te 63, 70-72 TAGUIIER OS serene ae eine nets Si ee 37-40 | See IRITILAS. | EAU eo Ses os Sse Se ndca hes oa ee cee 79 WAN GULN Reet See 2 ones os.) Seaman eee as 68 TUS BA NG ae Eee en A 38, 45 AN Ge ar tee 20 ow hoe We aa aa ees 2 AON OAc teats ee wc SES Scie an ose 73-75, 79 IWMENG AM SMOCK. 25.15. AS 82h. 22 Fens 53, 72-75, 77, 96 IGE NOARE UR ELUGE. ssc eve oe set oe Se 73,74 RST PAINE Rec Dor ie MA SS, tt yl a heya | i 9 45 UST a Saha Bae (en Ee eee oe ee arate Wa 76 RAPPER Cer. = De ek ee oan 25, 29 LOS Den, CRO Ie a Re oa LS a 2 LORILLARD City. Sce MENCHE. EGS cUMOORES! ..: 28 sc eee. Sete 7 iG Witr, PUMA sok. 4-8, 11, 18, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36 LOWERS DAR AMUM ART {4 Ges ae ees 9 MACOYAGIUT, WA COVAHUY 0. S25 e wee 18,31 | REA CUDA NS Sees So Neil oA nels aes 25, 28, 29 PATON ANE Me <5 2 7 ae asec re ee ee LN LATS at Sn ee coe Re ete nN oie cas Sa 47 NUALIN CHEN( Set 8) tie. cal och ee anon oe obs 45 EAM WAI ete. 29s aeturhe Saeco te ce be ie 65-67 NPAMIEIS IMAMIMITES 9.222 o.oo. oko cco es 25, 29 | MANDINGA. See CUNA. CAINS Se eee oS. cepa) ee eee ae 76-78, 82-84 | Sce CHOROTEGA. MARIBI. See SUBTIABA. SEARICOR Ae mepee <2) eS SON ac eee 30 MART G TAINS sete. Se fie ce te eee oa tee 45 NUAWA CRI C se Nes 2 SW Acs eee SE ee 8 WEP RG AS Ae 2 2 o-oo eee aoe ee Jehan = 76 MUNA ANE oe Son cect ae 76,77, 96 RAS de oe OS ee Pe aoe 25, 30 MATEATIZINGOR 2). fc oot th hea a 48 See PIRINDA. MAAR SOR ge Se oe 15, 59, 63, 64, 6~, 70-72, 75 MAYAN FAMILY..... 1, 48, 49, 53, 59, 61, 62, 65-67, 69 MaAtrAN JPIGPOTRICA 55: 22-6 oc. ce ceeeeb ees 73 75 | 39 | { INDEX OF LINGUISTIC FAMILIES Page | MAYATHAN. See MAYA. Pe ORASSG os SEAN ee = Ere. cs ae 5, 12-14, 18, 19, 26, 35 POMPAWON oo. ates... <2. J case Si ee ee ee 12 Pei Aira on... os Ct aoe ee 46,47 MAZATEC, MAZATECA, MAZATECO ........--- 54, 55 MAZATENANGO D2 i222. Se ee 67 MMII) Jere Seer 2 x eo dias ole: ee 48 MEDIOWAGOET 2 (o> 3.3 oe. so ee 25,32, 34 IMIGOTU OSE no 180 Soc 2 cisco Maw cee ee 25, 30 NEEL CHORNS 25, 2 S805 20. oe t 2 79, 80 WEEN GHite ee SE oe. eee 63,71 MESCALEROS. See MEZCALEROS. MESQUITES. See MEZQUITES. REE VERAS\«..<5 2. 5 LSE ce" See ee 39 MeMiGAN; MnxICANO 22... 555-2 ope 19, 20, 23, 34, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 60, 61, 78, 82, 83, 93 See AzTEC, NAHUATL, NAHUATLAN, SIGUA. MEXCALTEPEGs2.9¢¢.56.2/0e2eel. See ee 50 MERTITLANEGAY 923) asi 2 o.2cc lt eee eee 50 ME XTTTEATECOSS25-. 225. 22k one eee 42 MEP CATIMROS 26. oh: ja2 oc 2 oe eee ee 25, 30 ME ZQURPGS =. 9-850 os. \c coke eee ae eee IMICHOAGANOL- te SS 22 An see eee 51 Sce TARASCO. MiGOS? soc 2 asst Neca eee 79 MUCTLANTONGOS. <3 ...0) Oost. ee eee ee 52 MIMBRENOS 230% js 2.ce¢05 2 ose eee 25, 30 MIGPACOAS S208. 2 dse hacen eee ee 39 MWA 22 05 ose. 2 oe, ee ae eee 69 MUXE S82 cigns fo dees asdsen a2 See ae 51, 60, 65, 74 MIX CG MiERTECAS. 2. a00< 20> vas eee 52-58 MIxTECO-ZAPOTECO.... .-).< 2-2 so oan so eee 54 Mize. See MIXE. Mosas. See Movas. MOCHICAGUI, MOCHICAHUY.....-4--:52-escue 15,35 MOCORITOU.20o: 26.25 oe 35 MOHAVE, JAMAJABS, TAMAJABS, YAMA- JAB SSS! Ss ceecint ocean sae 25, 29, 34 MONTANES 7) Se ef. ee 52 MONTECRISTOS: 2222: oes. 2): Ves ae 7 MONDENEGROs <2 <5 oseincen .ckncae eee 65 MORAN, MOPANAS-) | <2. (oct as. on eee 64, 70-72 MORENOM 2: 2.002225. Stace eoe ee 76 INLOSO UU = 2 8 os te ee ee a ere ee 79, 89, 94, 96 M OTOZINTLE GA. (2 ss 5 os 2,5-.ces ane =e ee 65 ) MOWAS MOB AG o - pee nah Se eee 4-6, 25, 26 MOVE=VALGENGE 6 2. a7 es eee eee 95 DWE OSS ATIALS «Sen (reac eS eck SUS er 82,93 MUARES <) 2202 S5* ot oo dee ee ee ee 25, 30 Mule eee so Ds duet Dh 95 MITGRTRE. 22'8 To -ces oncks 4 see aoe 95 MiGIEM-BDUKUBTA. < .... 2220 5-2 Seo 95 DUGUPHIGAT ESS «io. 3. 5. eco wee 22, 25, 26 See MUUTZIZTI. | RUA eo cc... 5a) e eee eee wera 2 25 AO AMINE 2. 52< . 5. ste bcc Schreng Soe eee 25, 35 PEACOAT so ots 's =. «505 o- Sheep ee 25,35 DMAGRANDANS: -.=......2..80e-ts55.0 cea 7 See SUBTIABA. NAHUATL, NAHUA, NAHOA....... 12, 42, 43, 55, 82-84 INTATEPAUIPAIN o.oo « = ecto aace 1, 18, 20, 21, 24, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 50, 51, 59, 65, 72-74, 76, 78, 89, 92, 93 INIAOLINGO Ge). cc4/:.- ca ocnet.cedeee eS NAYVARED, INAWARIDA.... 0 Sooo eee 21, 22, 24 Sce CORA. INDEX Page INAVAHO, NAVAJO, NAVAJOA.....--....00.2 25, 30 PRA 2 Ors ao nee eRe RAEI nc Snveiame Sate os 67 NEBOMES. Sce LOWER PIMA. MEN TONE sta cect he ber eee entree sic. cCetleoee 66 IS /IDI07A 01612 0 eS oases ere 55 NEUTON. See NENTON. NEVOMES. See LOWER PIMA. ECON Aeris es eed Cmte ey RE oie toicic ntarcwiaraiaiecers 78 See OROTINA. INI OS 550s Sees Stace Oee eee eens ae aed 16,17 NEG) ULIRVAIN ee ors faretcte sistent te etaje-ete cies aciwcaiais 42,76,78 BNO GELIZ MEAN erate Sera oa Sinia mcroe-oate alge 52 NO CORES ts ccies tected one stiac.l on kicx Seana 4 OREN Omer on eeers knoe otc an eet ae pets 95 NUESTRA SENORA DE ARANZAZU.........-.- 27 ITO Oy 107 O05 es Beene es eee ae ete ee 38 Nim. INURE. 202-22. cosas sence 4-6, 25, 26, 28, 32 NB OPON OMAS See sas aioe ee eee ee 25, 30 MGTIO RS eae sere ae aa eat Se nk hl be 39 WS CORONU scot ar gs ocr seen eee sess Sires 12, 25, 32,35 OcoROIRI. See OCORONI. BC OMITAN TE Sener ee eS arn oes Sins Neral eccre 55 (QXehunod LCS Cele 1ugnk 7 Nae ee ee a 16 OTN a tye aR tae gee io i te ee 44 UNINC Seem te aes ee ee oe oe Ce a ae 55 ONABAS ONAVAG toa ootceinacscescesehe 4-6, 25, 26 ONG 8 ie AS Ota ee ae ee ee 25, 30 BACT AR Recta ee ar ore ev 4-8, 11, 25-27, 32-35 OPpATA-TARAHUMAR-PIMA FAMILY..........- 22 OPATOR Owe Seem eee sae oR ece eee eee 74 (QROCISIOE ES Ss 2 ee ae eee ae 25, 30 RE LONES pee etces ii dee cece nnn lett p done 25, 30 ORONTHUATOS 3. secretes ae eos aces 25, 30 OR OMEN ARES 2 oe coos heee ae Sees 78, 81, 82, 86, 96 BOE OILTNIAN OR eet ene aye ee Pty at OL 76-78 OstiMuRI. See HOSTIMURI. SO TAGQ UITAMONESs 22 nas een ce koe 25, 30 OP ROMD Se saa oeineissevra ews ustee eee: 41-43, 46, 47, 50 BOT OMTAN -eisiareia e's sortie eee ees eescee 48 Ova. See Jova. PAGANO 594 Ae eee Re en Oe ee ee a Pei 83 HEPA CAS Ate en foe ace cane on. cae een rom aa er 2D; O2,00) PVA CHMR Ate caetia aaa iAans a eka eae 8,9 HAUGH U GA aoe ee accion foe ase eae nee 42 SEP ATUT Seem ere deren lela oreo ae Sneed el ae ee 30 DEIARUNT ET ofS ES eee i 25, 30 IPARAWA: PAKAWAN. 6 -c0.0200008 5.2252 37,38, 45 PAL MN OW Mae atan spp aeons cee sah oe 62, 63, 70 SS Ss Bg ee a | eR 42, 44, 46, 47 IPANANAS (PAWINEE) --2ccc.20. 022520 bose ce 25, 30 RAN GUAN MSN 22 5. Sake eae Benoni adc eee 45 EOAINTDASNEAB EP (iS 2 o aN S Seo Sern! od ee ge. Se 79 HAIN DEP ENG tansy n ae Sa aN ase 2 Si Be 49 PACOGIASE Fatd Jaen ae ce AR eee oe, ee nate 39 EAP AGOM oct 2asecn AOR Sie ae ate 26, 30 ABU DO se icin toate tae See cee see 20, 25, 26 HMR ORS hs soiaciss sc Hae Sh eae asec bs SA eerste 82 EPACDINA So fey 5958 Nico \ AAs me Me foe 39 PARR ASTAHG). 0... vin peers Vas eens 2S 79 PPASAE MMSE. 02.2 .ip ds SSeS Jee ase 25, 30 | SST NS | ee Or oe 2A oo ee ee 45 LEAL IS 10) Ope eR rn PE a a eS 30 POA GHISGA soe Ao 53 ee eel ne, ee ee ae 25,30 MEPA WAG PEAY AIN So cs.aio.- 2s cic are ened Se 74,75, 96 PAU CEEASS 5 inqtaae So. Jem taba syne at 25, 30 8347°—Bull. 44—11——_8 OF LINGUISTIC FAMILIES Page HPACZAY CHES wa meena tl aot ty Ie eh sacs Ses 30 PEAR TC Use ae te ee SAU Sos oe sree A 2508 JE OU WIG Dee Sas SA eS ree ere | es SNE 69 TENOIWVIIBVNINT. 2 neS Ae Se Spree RRS 2 Res rea 35 FEST N Peper A Avoca ton oes «ae eee 63, 70, 71 See ITZA. JENNI a ak ROS ae ee See ee Se eo FL ETD) PIED RAS INIMGRAS 5 3o5)24)005- soa. es ead os 63 IN Bae a ee ee 4-6, 11, 15, 16, 30, 31,35 See LOWER PIMA. IMA N ree etree ste joke woken es, Laos 2, 4, 6, 26, 36 Pima Bajo. See LOWER PIMA. IP UMGR DAS AUR Atos eee oe aay y Pipes 11 IRIN OME RR oes Ae en ates 5 5 ae ra 5 ns pe oe 53 TEN OS seat ae eee ee Seine «oe Roe 41 IPUINIDOS Sapte ee a 45 12102 1 ete 2 oe ae 68, 72, 73, 75, 78 IPTRIND Avy 3s je eee Some aeioae 46, 48 TRIOS Sasa) e sae Soin See eee 5 Seite 25, 32,35 PISO NBG ait. oe ae aye 2 02 as SEE 44, 46 IROMRAMESS 302 sats os cae tare Sete es oe eae 25,30 POCO Cer cond tise cee ss en ree ee 82 POKAM MP OKOMAM: 2252224. =e see .. 64, 66, 68, 69, 73 IRORONGHI on osc meas aoe some oat he ee 68, 69 SFP Oy EAUIGE Sap seo es a reece fark i, 25, 30 GRU A ae ere he ee 50 IRON LD At cae n= Seen Ponte ee nn oer ene ae if ROROEOCA,, OPOLOGO--=. cheese: - = 51, 53, 54, 60,.73 See PUPULUCA. : ROTLAPIGUIAL 7 aa0 eee ae ce Bae 4,32 IPOTRER OS cee ae see soci a acer aaron oe ae eee 93 IRATE RTOS 355 sts ss ays ae eee oe ose ee 31 PULICAS PUMOUNS.. EEIQUIS S222: seen eee 25,30 PURULU CAs =-caem cnces eee eeee ---. 5,08, 68,73, 74 See POPOLOCA. PU PUI GAD CAK CAIRN a ees ose eee 68 PuRisIMA CONCEPCION DE ARNEDO......... 47 FUNDA eps aioternrctereet spate seen ee is sae en saeco eo O QUATCAN 2 os Sgec weer eee 2 Se eee 83 QUASARB tees ace oe Se eee ane ca eas 35 See GUAZAVE. QUEKCHI. See KEKCHI. QUEGEND sec ces cece ee eae 222 oc eee 61, 62 MLAS YOAV eee et seer se ey ce 25, 30, 31 Q WISP OS ee soe: ee ee aE ck A 83,84, 88, 90 QUEQUEXQUME 8 2S 5 soo: aetna «coat ae 82, 93 QUETZALTENANGO..........--- tao. ce hee 67 QUIGAMOPASE 22 serene cee eeeee eke ota eee Zoro QUICHE. See KICHE. QUIG YUMA Me. sae acc aecee jess ease ee oe 29 See JALLICUAMAI. QIgTHTUTNDAS 25. = raselasace oe eee eee 25 See QUIQUIMA. QIUINICUANES 25-2 eae ee eee nioee cee 45 QUI QUEMAS. ao nse ae Sao tere eee nee 25, 31,34 QIUTRIGUASE 3.22. oa aciseaeea cnn <2 seta ee ne 63, 70 IFA TIN AUG arse 5 eS oe oe eee oo eee 67 TE PANMIIAR. ope 50 50 Senn) = 2 SE RE 80,87, 96 SABATIBOsE Ase ao 2-22-25 n eon 48 BOLOGA.... 2.2. cs aaa sentce eee. ee eee 68 SONORAN GROUP....:522.t2 so-so eee 21 SOVASis oss oc.su- ssiners over ee aeen eee eee 25 SUAQUE, SUAQUI. See ZUAGUE. SUBINEAS 22 aa cc scene toe Cae ee A 65 SUBIRONAS..2-225.s00 50300 ecee sce se ee 79 SUBTIABA, SUBTIABAN.. 2.2 -s0-s5ias eee 76,77, 96 BUCHIAPA@~ 22) fan 2 See ecw seco eee 61 SUPRRE'(?). 25-00. =e cee dae ee Coe 87 SUMAS. so. 5 Ss store circ Sesh eso ee een eee 25, 32, 35 SUMOs. in. ccccce toutes: ees ote eee 79 See ULVA. SUNAS <25 <255 Sass same ooec essence gone ee 33 Supis. See HAVASUPAI. TACTIC. Coc cesknce-ceese-n2 sce een eepe eee 69 TAGUALILOS.- 05 astm sonce ses eo eee eae eee 45 NYS ASST Es payor a teal ee 25, 32, 34,35 See TAHUECA. TWATTURGAS soc ~=>>~---2-- | = - T OTOMIAN (icromi, 2Pame,3Mazanva, 4Pirinda). | came | MATAGALPAN:-....---<-cc>--s<=s<--- A TARASCAN.._. RIIORGU PIR Weescs> ooo carsa= oe = El | Prima. 20pats. Yaqui Groyp, Tenanos, SZoe, 6 Nic) * NAHUATLAN | coccnchtow ieee) ‘Antes or TP Popll, Waiquiran, 10 Sigua, fies] Cc FIRMS Nees det ~ eae caren i ee | ie MOS@UITOAN.........--------- caaee fa | = im) fil LAGUNEROS ZAPOTECAN (Miu! CHIBCHAN (\6estase,2ecetare, STalanarca, sGvmymie, SOerashaanD | 7 — CHINANTECAN_. ULVAN (revatiy critchan)_ ee me | WE ZOQUEAN (\mise,2zeque, aepeloce let Peebla) STapachula). CUNAN (Purapecriberan | LAs | a Y U Z A 1 + +. — \ COMPILED BY NR mi iy . 20" 7° 7” bi Hi g EH 5 8 5 - er L 6 is" iz i? 10" M3 wae ae ate ti, o Cae OSE a aaa Bie oki by ss a alec ane ee ee on ‘Chee ao is yh, n ? . 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