RQ AQ AAA LW WK SY A \\\ AWW ~ \ \ WY ~ \\ OY SS RY QW \\\\ WNW DWDWDo \ A D—RDVWWu AAW AK DBWU(iuK ‘ RG eat S ' ine j= a as DD Sh ; ie ro ate i u as » ‘ ‘ e 4 4 DN eae mE a i ¥ ; =_ - j Py Pk) DO AS WR AS ding ie ue : : y sim ’ et r i : * aes ‘ Pah ; 4 7, > A 0 ota ' ba , a - x ef ‘ oe : "| ‘ r vs! lie ‘ By » cee “as : ¢ ; : a bal é >! id an rn SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA BY ALFRED VINCENT KIDDER AND SAMUEL J. GUERNSEY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 es i aA ® Veet rt A LN SS aesea rear cs : | F : | a ink a ince EMT SE SRA . 2 s a 7 a i” 2 é i + d iP ‘ a 5 ™ rt 4 : * i. ” at aks 7 4 e Prot see ~ \ eh: Hl if a .é d ’ y . . vip Si a ' ey “se, a LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Bureau or AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., February 27, 1917. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a memoir on “Archeo- logical Explorations in Northeastern Arizona,” by Alfred Vincent Kidder and Samuel J. Guernsey, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin 65 of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully, : EF. W. Hoper, E'thnologist-in-C harge. Dr. Cuarues D: WatcorTt, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Approved: C. D. Waucort, Secretary. ; ie) oe Asay ore pian Lae LAY hee Let ae A Stu eles be Pa he yeh VN eR eae oo - SRE ne Reeth 7 jilted pera od sapitied! ‘asf pm : Lous fap ths: Se yon! Ini Pik wiki wi wre tas ia ea at Sinan: Oh kate opvetandt Te Bate ig A Seaaienieitt Phachepcs Fi SURE OE Tis ve y Leeds inane te , ae Rs ee . Ce) oS, . Man =? SF ea é : ! : a ae Oe ay? ‘3 ar hee via t Ne: men I aR aalihar ahek \ lega oe x ae . 3 AID. ol” <1 sata 7) ee Pt | é nO ; § 7 i : } , Y nt) a so bits £ Sy « ye Gn Eee : ‘ . ’ es , ES eh ' : neg ~ ‘4 je vet . 's eS ' ni . ‘i . j % Ry 2 7 z 1 ~ sy 5 ie MY 3 Be 14 ; yee ’ 4 Pv am Z 5 e. * ; cg U he ay i Ted ae . ts Pre, : wns ) bade ‘ a j ‘ 3 a CONTENTS Page TEeKEROCIULC EL OTE see 4 tee. Mat SEM... 2 5 AOE. PORTA eee arene en Sh gee eR fe 115) It TPT@ GL sword cs 5 oe Cee ee A a Ee eh VG ge Gat, > ee les Seenrciora Ont TUTE Le eal a ee a eee pe ern) 2 =a ae ee ee eee 15 FEU Rereroceet yoink. 2“ ee, saad Me ge a ea peru. Pak Mil rae 16 NRFUTT apa er ae 2 a oT ee ae cet Pear See TA ee ae me ae 19 M@iltersicesat Cayounecchet ss. sks sient ent ee ee ki kas ks Se 24 IMI Tar GPRS Raia So) ers n= ea Rt ce APOIO ey ee ne MEE oS Sen CD 24 Clits use se. ete ee et ne eee et a eel | ee 25 \WIBTe oon el oe meee seis ae we ie gE ES gine SO Sat Ce oe eee 26 Sayvodmecche es burl ails Cane cece yee eee ti RM SM ke aie J) cot Pe te 27 Uke CHmesta ck EVOUBE)! 3s < 92) toe 8 <0 Sra es tue ony. Be Ruim-4s(Prctopraph Cave)... .=-: 352-22. -- Pn teh LAN IGS ee 36 TELE Ne7y eae BE OR IE i eee ae Dae OO AE ey er oeh yokes oe 40 Een a CHE player ELOUSG 222 se%e.5.5 2.20 fee 2 oss Caden Seoeen se de 4] FE RSUTHTET Oe epee pee eee eee ee rnc ane We EY oe Taek alg 46 Neo UT MCC Kemet Ras See ee aoe, A Rhed ats eae ele gear Se ote oe 46 Roum OWauElOuse) = tex ses oS ol. os she Bays Orde ene Ree 47 IMM SKOMNEMNemockubenchiaes tae eae ee se cite ees oe oe bit eh cee bee 54 We H el TEPENS |S) ark Bee ee Se Te aa EO SAN GERD ee aOR BE oP ae TORN ED 5 Reece 55 REUTER pene Shy ROSS OA Ayah eae oleh Je nk ee PCM NA lee bee 56 Suna Gesu sainpl Mars hea Sse sets ee eke a ee eee ete ee nek rie 61 TE CTA Gee ee eee, Cube ate rite ay tan ce AT EG RD bee BORE Bn gall AAC 61 AERATOR ine ee ee a Gy hs ee hee ahaha ap tit 65 CampiCemetery. 2.22.6. .2- pe pee So that? che caked See tes eo Se: 66 Ot Tay, isla Pemreaegete eh ie ay ees Pee a ene Ny. a sen nin Bega fees Be 27 t 68 INGYel ITO SE Soe en Sele eran a SSR ire ean 4a RM, So ens eRe MR ee aan 70 TERADUITEN: SG). soy Hie 21 a tS ee by ot Lie Aner WPAN WLS: a Pee gut Labs pei ies age Cree meme TU Noe tae al PSOEVS CONN Cane TRUSS a ae as Oe Sie PR eral Ee NU | ek Riera a se a a a Pe On ie 74 (OPES US cys are ae ee being a 2 AR TN OP SUN eA TE ELON 74 Dc calilp er A ee eae ean ewer kL A) snl ae gS 84 SiMe TaUnualsyaum MW iehaslol IERIE Ean ae egos ao oee eeeeee eon as lobes aesee 90 Blwei@an vione Ca ese me ce as are yh lala rete oy ee EN oe ee csc 90 Surface ruins'at the head of Kayenta Valley.......-......:...:.---: 91 (a VESw i man Celie eter tee stra a ss ee eee A a ee ee he ae 91 (Coie ae Cb Vl ete ees nr a Sees bea eR RE ity FS 92 Sut OWely Wa vices cane eee Seco, C2 2) oy amen pags Cerne ees Se) hdc hy bd 92 ENO GEOR SEE TTa Ota Se tea a hho SE PD ERY Ha SES eS The I 97 iu Mea tertanacinliicine saee-isr tment Meir ei ker lo” Unt ae RNG igen een ee RE ae ey ra) 98 PN COMBATING TSE RANTS A Aa ee AE 8 DEL ce Gg ae ae ae a 98 IN OOG va pate et ath REN RR ne RE Ri eg TRS Oa ee 98 WW SSE gee Re Na id Ri, dS AE a a heer ee ee ee 98 A NTOWTATEY [Enh Seb eS Ay BND ae 8h ee Mee ad ape OE Ea em aS REE 99 6 CONTENTS Material culture—Continued. A. Cliff-house culture—Continued. Page DROSS? so sd cpge ss 2 SR ene oe ee 100 Body clothing. 2.30550 gee sot ee ee 100 Foote@ear. t..5 5S koe ee oe ee. Se 100. Household appurtenances *-fasan) o-4 2F). 0.2. see 2 ce ee 107 Basketry ss oon c tse Se ae ee oe a ne 108 Matting". 222. fon cee aeiee eye Wena won) a eer ee ee 11 Twisted elements, strings and thread .....:.:22-.2.-...2;- eee 112 Branding: 055 225.2020. Sa es i ee os 114 Cloth andother fine-cord ‘textile falorics! 42222. 8: 2s eee 115 Work imigisin¢<_. 2... 7 eee ea Gee a ee 118 Work invood. uv) cess tt ee 118 Objectsyoristomes:1:+2 2-2 ls Bad ee eee eee 124 Obyectstol bone: s-.! 22... :.5 t= 2 hoes ee ON ees ee 127 Objectsionhoms*. 2.622.208 Sas oe ee ee “| eS Opjectsotehelly: fc uz 2225: See eee ee eee 129 Pottery asoese5 es. 502.55 aS eS ee 129 Black=-and=white aware: <.£5 5-2 38) 28: 2 eet oe eee ee 130 Colored: ware: 24.29)... vate ee A “oie Corrugated wales. 3.2 ccueevebehe eee eee 141 Unelassified, pottery objects--25 52.44 SLi ey ae eee 143 Ceremonialobjectasiet Ao A ee eee ee 4:32 ee 144 OWS Cees oh ins See Bh Oe tS en ee ne 144 ‘“Siatlowen: cache?’ sas2 ot .< see eee 2 2 es ee 145 Cayerisesches ae ce tte eee ee ee ee ee 147 B. Slab-house culture ....... ASCE eS opcca’ i, PTO We a hes WTI FS Rhy 152 IRObter yous ee eee tps Cee ee earn 0) Se) eee 152 Stonmetand bonnets. kek 2 eee ed 2.4 ee 153 au cl all Sieaeetrepen ive hee el re Sorte Ue pn a 154 Co Basket-makemcultunes 242. eet eee ete on ee 154 Rood eet: Oe ee Me ee ee te a 154 Weretallé sats Gre ass eet etsy. <5. Tee 154 Agua) aN. aaa te et oa bn ee re 156 Dress 9-0 ee i kik 156 Body clophimg se ew. seek ee ee 156 Hootgear estes cs 2 tthe ee eee ee 157 Sandaltilest same eb! oso > ow ee eee Se 160 Personaillormaments? 2.2.5." 222-2 ess ee eee =k BE 161 Household'appurtenances!:./..2¥ 2220-12. ee eee 164 Cradilens ae eer oS og a ae ee ee 164 TorChesss sashes 8 2S AI a ae ey 167 Brushes Ss eee eh See eee ee ae eee 167 Basle tray i.e See os Sa oo ee ee 167 walled ‘basketry =" 5... Sas see ee ee eee 167 Coiled ‘basketrry:: ....2, 53 Siete na 2 168 phapesss ...(o35 J2. > oe ee ere ee 169 Matitine: 2S oo. ors eee ce et 170 ‘Twisted cords:and-thneads /sseeesscerne rs ae oie ete ee ee 171 Braided cords=3: 422s 3. a ee eee ee oe 172 Kine-corditextil@ tabricss./. ste eee , .Cists Band) @2't. See ee ae eee 30 OP Gist Bi cleared 2-3. Stace. SF era ee Oe Oe ae CRE ee tee 30 10%. Ruin 4.76; Hand prints in Ruin. cre aa eter ee A ene 30 1 The Monuments) 222) aon28 os brass << a eee oe ee eae oa eee 46 12. a, Doorway in Ruin 6. 6, Upper tier rooms, Ruin 7..-.-.-..--- aU eee 46 Pir sain: 7.) 0s SROOMms ai HTN 7-20 745 be Scene ee ee eee aie tee 48 14> Rooms and dciva in vOim eos 3A ees tee oe ae eee ee ee eee ee 48 Sa Detalles Orkavas. MEVUMI Tse a, es ae he eee erate natn =e ree be oon ee 52 LGM wOrmucabed fare UN BE +c ae 2 at cA tote on oe Benen we en 52 fy ereplace|in HVUn f222)0 oo «ee Se) Sina cig AE SSe eee ee eee es 56 IS ere. Ruin 8: 2b, dooms. 1m Ruin’ 6 so. oS -. Sos Seeeeeeeee oes = oe oe eee 56 19 e, Doorway in Room'6, Ruin 8.) 1b, Room 12, Rum 8:25 22 sa22c- see 58 SOMMincisedislabwbuiltvimbonyallleeuaayee ais eee | sen ese ere eer nee ee 58 21. a, Details in Kiva 2, Ruin 8. 6, Marsh Pass from Ruin 8...............-- 60 22) Se nn 7A 5 be MasoninyrOr dauan tA 4 2 2222 2s 2 eben eRe Sore 2 eee 60 23) a. Remains: or reservoir: “by skeleton Is) 0.22 Seo Se ee ee ee 64 PANG. SkeletoniZ 10 Ho keletombousen: sates e os oa aoe eee oe 64 Ha el ¢e) (21109 ME eae ee OS SOREN in Got ER OR SANS SUG oRoE CS Store ooo s.. 74 26: Kinboko: (“House Cangan ete. p20" cn 2. 522 one ee ae ae hen eee 74 Weta Oist A > 6, Uy picasa os eel say Saw oe eae see oiee Ae eee 78 28. a, Cist 3. 6, Cist 4 and adjacent ce iS2t el eee eee 78 29rran Cist:9 2 by \Cist dese nas nee er ene OEE A SP Pays no, SCARE oS. ee 78 50. a) Wipper wanboko, O,\Cave Ws oe oor a vate oats onan oc ai eer eee 78 $l: a, Interior of Cave IT. 6; Cists 12 andvit se oes oS eee ee 86 32. a, The Comb at the head of Kayenta Valley. 6, The Comb showing Cave V. 86 33, 1a, Cave LV. b; Sunflower cache inattw 24. 27 -: 2-2 - oo eeeeeee 94 34. a, Cap. b, Legging. c, Store of seed corn and squash seeds. d, Cpicaia roy 0: | hc) ae ee ve ar Mee SSOP ME te OSE ooh Soe Sapes 94 35. Type I, a, 1, sandals. a, Upper side. 6b, Upper side. c, Sole........---. 102 S62 Type i; a2; Bama 5 ee ol Siete ee cere isin ©. Seale ee ce ete 102 87. Type 1, .a,:2;-untmished sandals i622 5 tic oct 2 oo ete eee ee em rete 102 38. Type I, b, sandals. a, Upper side. 6, Upperside. c, Sole.......-.-.--- 102 39. a, Type II, a, sandal. 6, Type II, 6, sandal, upper side. c, Type II, b panda Role soc.2 Soe eee aera ere eee cohol Cea hE ON Le. 106 8 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. “46 47. 48. 49. 50. dl. 52. 53. 54. 59. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 7 We 73. 74. 79. 76. Tile 78. 7h). 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES—continued melypelivcesandal.,. b,\Side-loopitieys2 ie esse 8 die seed ei. a, Sandal-loop tie on foot. 6, Toe-heel loop sandal tie. c, Crisscross sandal (Wee te Lea et ah rr ee Soe Sec eS . (Oyncex lll arpa RE Sets ceva oh Syn Se epee vee iad EERE rich Se a, b, Small type of ring basket. c, Large type of ring basket ......-.-.... ae, Selvages of rush mats, Ruin 7. /, Rush mat-..-...202.-2..2.-2..2-- 1-5, Burden straps and torches. 6-11, String-making series.........--.-. a, Magnified photograph of cotton cloth. 6, End of burden strap. c, Coil Wathoutroundanon: .d,eHankeof-teathereonden == ases =] 422 sos -e Saale A. a, Billet. 6, Board. c,d, e, Implements of mountain sheep horn...... Digging sticks md es Sad Se 9 I oR eps seeps SOE LE 2 a, Seed beaters. 06, Butts of seed beaters erate tlie LOB et er Rel hte oan a. a-g, Wooden scraping and rubbing tools. h-j, Wooden awls. k—m, Skin- TT AYO Se ts ape a PO Ay cs EY iter anne alt UO OAT LOG ee cl err eee oer ress, ate eens Se ew ot! a-f, Spindle whorls. g-—k, Miscellaneous stone objects. ...-....----------- a-f, Rubbing stones. g-—n, Axes, mauls, and celts..........-..--.--- ane Blackeandewaiterollagt- ss... sAasese ss. Soecstas See seem eee oe ieee kaara aWilbe POLLELY 2c 30S >: eet eG S Fs eee SAT Stk Bigekcand-white potsnerds. 2.2) S 02. 5.20 22s ke 28. PGs. ged and dope: Poly chitame Tea ware.) 28 oo8 sor. jee nee GSES eas oe oes jaye PERC REC OWALGE ree tem ee wie ats a eee ae tae ae eas Wonmicatedayiessc aoe wataoe a. tS sens xo. ata. Jeet asta. heater eee Romenvelromnsimmiower CAVEl...... 22 to2o22 12-5 2s 0 bedadisnu) cee seemie ae = SEEUHRRG ISTO ECU S) =, Gena Ae Ra eR a cp ae a A Objects from sunflower cache .......-------- ge ae enon ones eee) Ae Pando COnLentis Ol CACHE POlids vant Phe 5 2 25-e ieee ae Soma ehenese At a, Slab-house olla fragment. 6-h, Slab-house black-and-white fragments. - . a-d, Bone implements from Ruin 5. e, Slab-house corrugated ware... .--. ConnmbinompbaskeGuylaker Ca viede pets aaa er eset ts ca od Saeco Nam a nictatineree aeys a, Breechcloth or apron. 6, Infant mummy, showing string bundles. pies a, Type I, a, sandal. b, Type I, b, sandal. c, Type II sandal. d, Type HRM ies cara cl caletese eer mr eet te ere ee a me Ht NE Fl Pin vetted a Ee ook ee Wee ld a, Type III, a, sandai. 6, Type III, b, sandal, upperside. c, Type III, 8, pend alemolen tas Gy pevlll D BAMdal esa 8c 0S Seis a. cs. 2 oe ee a @, Sandal on foot. 6, Sandal on foot, side views. 22. < 2.040) 2.5, 2.02422 - a-j, Shell, stone, and bone ornaments. k-o, Acorn cup and stone beads. . . a, Fragment of reed-backed cradle. 6, Grass-rimmed cradle...........-- Cedars an ks Cradley esa eter ome ags Rectal 0 adi In EN are SUAS ce a Infant's ‘‘mummy,”’ part of cedar-bark cradle, and wrappings..........-- a-d, Hairbrushes. ¢, Brush, natural size. /, Brush, enlarged.........-.- ead, Bundles of basketaplints, ¢, Coil of rope: 45 243 -Lems, tose 25h 2 a-g, Fragments of coiled eanee h-n, Coiled aces SOF ae Ae EB Basket and contents - Pile ene eS aL ahaa ne ee Lg we Ae NS Ey RSI LS eae Water-carrying basen MIURA el aN pene Ais tay oy Seere ae ea ge REE EV TE eae ge a-e, Twined woven bags. /, Fragment of large twined woven bag. .....-- Wigton ced al balks tesco | Mme eee hone e Sere s name Sek He eat ine neers rep ertettee ere ec eter ie eee ee eine te inte cis a itse ini ans ake fee SPeamUIMOWCL ye Oo Loe ecee Won Re cee tees ces fhe eM teen eles Seat mmtonmen weichtsessasccc Soke oe ee ARE OT y./5. 2h Sees Eee aes Woncenkobiccinat teem oe oa jar eters he en viele Ss ut iy io le a, Painted bark object. 6, Bark object of unknown use. c, Bone awls.... 10 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES—continued 86. a-d, Bone tubes and whistles. e, Bone implements. /, Decorated bone tubes..° g; Bone dice/and containers: S28: 52). 4 —. Sek 28: 3 eee SPS CAN oisia on So arcane ahd he la I eR ne rac ee ea Ss2 Restoration from scalps 2 neh ectas= ithe se peisoeien Ao. oe eine eee 89>' Mountain sheep pictographs*~ ui: Sis. eran... -sc.2ne3 eee be see eee 900i Human and other pictopraphss 3c: Aes ee eS See eee 912' Miscellaneous pictootaphsat ula-va. os 2st =o set ee ee ese eee 92. a, Sandal printsin Ruin 6. 6, Pecked hand prints in Cave I........-.... 93. a, Pecked mountain sheep. 6, Group of pecked figures............-...-- 94. VPictoeraph:eroup ote selon el 2. Naeem tee eee ee 957 /Painted pictopraphs=. 4.22. --~ is U.scae s25 2 eee eS ee ee ae eee 96. \Square-shouldered painted figures... -.2:52224-Se@83o-ese- 32 - eho tee 97. a, Square-shouldered painted figures. 6, c, Navaho incised drawings... - - TEXT FIGURES 1, Sketch;map of the Monuments district: 2p ys22 U6 2: Seas -eeee AeePlanvsor Riis Ws HSS Sess Se Sa eo oh een NE A ois, Sete a Seep anvOrsh Wl say s2 2 or. eee he perso Shia tiee See ose es Oe oe eee 4, Section of Ruin 2, showing kiva, terraces, etc.....----.---- hy ou ae ee eae 5) Plan.and-seetion of Kiva I; Ruin -272:2..1:- 2.6..ee eS See Ge Plantand(sectionvomMivarlia Ruink2 osc. oe eee ose eee ee 72*Planiot watehtow ere ece ss. eee sakes a aading = ose te dao ee 8: Section of cave; Sayodneechees 22.54 254052- ses-5 3-2 hee ee 9) Plan, of cave; Sayodneechees.. J. 2255/5005. Sri 0 2 ee ee OPM, Bie hee ae ye eee eens we HS 5 oc Salas React ae black Stee eee ES Pion of RW B2 : sees oes acm st eee 3 oil. debee eee ee eee 12. *Doorway in Rulings Boas se 2. so Sate. ts a8s ee oes Se eae ee 132 Pla. Ob Rinne see ae Shee le 3 Sort Rfoeeece we Sin (ee es pe 14 ePlanands sec Grom: Olekelya pI As ceeiee eee ee Ss anya yaa een Tee lam Or UT sO ge sets seas Se (ey A hs Pp sn 1G: ‘Cross:section oF depositim: Ruin’ ha Sess eso. 22k ee ene 17. Adobe=‘turtlebaecks” ‘in. Rim. 5.5 sore ho a be! Une se SE eee 1S eROUNG rooMmMTIN Eiri 6 2h ae Speers ete oe ay ch one ee ed 19: Plan ‘of aia Ge, eens Deen ah a ag Foire ROSE gD air penne Ho ane DOP lam. OF. BEUUIy 7 ars eee Sacer sek i ie gee, 2s ae 2 Plan-and. sections of dal vanw EU 7 sso elects ee a ee ee ene ees 22. Loom-loop in ‘kiva floor.2/25.) 022.43 fe Ss Pe a ES e_ eee 23 Plan OL Ruin 8.22 See oes eel lo Uae: 5, URE OG Se a es aaah ee ene 24. Kivas 1 and 2, Ruin 8..... i Ee Aen RRO ENO EO OME ES Loe GL * 25. Plan and section of kiva in Marsh Pass.......--..-----:---- ee es 26: Loom-loop hole ‘cut imjsandstone ledgers. Jiu te). 2282.7. See Ree eaten Die Elam andr sectlom: OL kv EOUiny Qe fee ciel eee a eee 28 Plancof.Cavie L: 2s... 332s 2862 4 UG be See Se ed ae See 29) ‘Cross'section:of£ Cist. 10: seek tae eee! cen een tas Se ee ee 30:) Cross'section:of Cistwl6.. 22.2. -22 os 8b oe eee ae eee ee eee eee 31. Cross section of Cist 6, showing bones encased in adobe. .........--------- 32) Plan of Gavetlas. jot oes wane onasae wise Soe oe ee eee 33 WPlanvof Cistelee so eee coe 2 SR oe ee Dn Oe We ese 34" Plan of Sunflower (Cave..c-s.s2ccen se ecee ec eeeeeee eee eee 85: ‘Cross:section of room, Injsuntlower Cavierse sa... oee- 7a. see ee eee ene 36. Simplified drawing showing weave of Type I, a, 1, sandal.........--.--.- 37. Weave of wickerwork sandal; Type 1,0. sack. stat. - os - ee ee -eee TLLUSTRATIONS it TEXT FIGURES—continued Page Boece Orly perl. O sandal £2. ): eka Ae meee fs 2s. 2 (4.50 egasacsecs 104 ausebattern ol twilled:- yucca baskets: =. 4 /4ec: ceeds css Qeede Liew Leones 109 Hmm CICA D amin OAsKeG. cn. 2... oe ade ee ee ee ie. 2 Neel Joes des S25 110 Ale Rush=matselvages..s. .-2's- >. - Seles ose pe ae ae ER TSN aa BT Ae le 111 403, ARTS NE TN GIS) ANOS eee OE eG Rees Sa 5.6 > SOO Cee Ge ae e aeesra ee nae, 2 Soge! VnrairiVe,0 gS) 0) E50 oe a ee eae oh ters Dee va sigs ex dhe 115 eS AAP OL-COULOM CLOLM. 5-275 .0.0's 25 Sc ae ears ons See ts arent ns hei. S i 116 45. Weave of coiled work without foundation. .........--.-.....--.----- res aera LY) AUG. CLO PON ON COoNe | CELT Cae Snr eee ee Pere tse, om (ae eh haa Ses een 121 MEMS ET ONO CUA er 2 2 orca oc cra, ool we SE MO ee isin) bietemnecmtts = ants 3S 122 eee Mipped am plentente...2c2.5.05 A> cee eee ae ie = = te aunts ig Be 126 som stone poured drill 2t). 2 = ea em ss. aoe eee Seo 149 68. a, Red-paint sack from cache pot. 6, Inlay (?) of greenstone. c, Double- hoped ents) id Rhurgioweypendante se oie. 6 F. Dk oe Oe es us he 150 Co), LaTEAa UVES OUND) Oe es Aan fa UN Ces (Reh age, Os Me a ae ee ee Ie 151 ORES ROUSE iene a ute vse ene eh ee ere Hele Ny.) slows oT age AN ae Col 152 71. Toe and heel warp ties of Type I, a, , sandal . A PUT PR PD al fs teeta Se ah 158 t2, Necklace-and neck cords ?..0 7). 025... 2 feo oe a i Ne MI es cca Mra COE gs i61 (me Detatlaoiesmellimecklieces oe ye Beaters see se. oe Mee ee ete 162 Sar MOTTE OP) ORE GLA TOMS SY en ON aes ate AUR ene ete eae ni a cateaie Uae 2 OM ct SD Glee! 163 ee NOTH GeteAT FOTN AIMCIIGS 242. aie Ms Warn aah ell enna Ns Ce ga tes 163 io. Henuspherical and cylindrical stone*beads... 22... --J242s55....5-.. 02204: 163 BUPer tered n NemtaAilt scien. si com yS tee ieee pated ae mir NA a cocci ato 164 foe ndre pindine oreedar-barks cradle... = ite. eee ee oe eee et ee 166 Ome GAO Ole fer WCUSbes NOS... 2 50 et ee eae me ERR CE MI Fe 167 80. Detail of coiled basketry RACECAR GREE oe oe bic oes See Ane SUS RRA Beat 169 cok, LOYSTARIIT CON PM GP TYG beet 2 =e th Be RNs ee 2. YN cal rn ee ge 173 82. Detail of narrow band...........- EN ES Spe Cee Ee Ee ene a a 173 Soe Menmlnoieat ier Strime acter 21. md Se oeeee Pine eraioh Stcsie con ae Ne Se 174 cohsten (CAS Clic) D2 ie OCs ge Mees mas we PERE eal aS en Ot ROOD ee 176 Shay lentizerpollengpoouch emer a. <2 cscs someoe we ee Se Sh aS Wan Sow Douiolesmecgisneksye tris | ene ae eis SS ee ee ys etal aor = 177 Si. Use obs pear throwers... os... 2255-5 RSE, NiO ERTS ete ae 179 12 88. 89. 90. i) 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. ILLUSTRATIONS TEXT FIGURES—continued Page Spear throwereis. 20... ois... di sen heS eee obs be ee ee eee 180 Details.ofatlatidart. . 222-22... oselete te -ante te ioe Pace Bee eee 182 Atlat! tips and other implements of upeed stone. .i2.5% 2205 dae bees 183 Woodenieb]eets: 0. a6 din eam nt eeleda gels ce ste ies ee See 184 Wooden awil(?)i... : Be seats Jue. sec ehewt se otee bebe gas eee ae 185 Stick with grooved end..........--- EAC th Wr a mee ie Mie Hie cyt titey Bis: 186 Slonema@nd ‘clay. prpess=c-te exc ole ea cb Sakic Semele cis ae se ee eens 188 Problematicaliobject: 22s ..02..6 os Sea ee a ee Et oe See 192 Pictosraph! groups near-Ruin. 2222525 eee see a. +4 = et ee 195 Incised designs on building stones, Ruins 8 and A.........-..--.------- 196 Painted pictosraphis<2 2.25% «.. daogn acme ae tl sigan wl Res See 197 Painted pret era pl sone. ols tud See sjad Beis eo eee Pee ea ' 197 Square-shouldered painted figure... .-..-- Pe ere hoe SRC Ss eos = . 197 equare-shouldered paimted figure... 22-4: «<2: 0./2ae2 - = Jee pee aati ay hs Navaho drawings..-- ++ 24---<5--22- Pee Heme ae noe en aoe aK 199 ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN NORTH- KASTERN ARIZONA By Aurrep Vincent Kipper AND SAMUEL J. GUERNSEY INTRODUCTION district of northeastern Arizona, carried on in the summers of 1914 and 1915 by the Peabody Museum of Harvard Uni- versity, under the authority of permits granted by the Secretary of the Interior. In the first section of the paper the sites are de- scribed in the order of their excavation; the second is devoted to a consideration of the specimens recovered; and the third consists of a preliminary discussion of the archeological problems encountered. Although our explorations in the region are still being carried on, it seems best to publish the results of the first two years’ work at the present time, in order that they may become available to students as soon as possible. | The opening up of the immensely fertile archeological field of northeastern Arizona is due to the initiative of Prof. Byron Cum- mings, whose first expedition into the district was made in 1908. _ Since then he has done a great amount of thorough and painstaking work in the ruins. The Peabody Museum, feeling that the field was essentially his, asked his permission before undertaking their explorations. This was most cordially given. The authors wish, accordingly, to express their most hearty thanks to Professor Cum- mings for his generous cooperation. The liberality of the following friends of the Museum provided a substantial addition to the somewhat scanty funds available for the work: Miss Madeleine Mixter and Messrs. Augustus Hemenway, John E. Thayer, Bayard Thayer, William North Duane, Lawrence Grinnell, Bronson M. Cutting, Charles P. Bowditch, Clarence B. Moore, and J. M. Longyear. Thanks are due also to Mr. and Mrs. John Wetherill and Mr. Clyde Colville, of Kayenta, at whose trading post the expeditions made their headquarters. Their hospitality has always been unfail- ing, and we grew to look forward with the greatest pleasure to our periodical returns from camp to their little oasis of civilization. To 13 die present report records the investigations in the Kayenta 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 the Navaho. Clayton Wetherill, our guide, rendered us the same cheerful and intelligent help that has done so much to make success- ful other archeological expeditions, particularly those of Drea Mitchell Prudden. The expedition of 1914 was under the joint leadership of the authors; in 1915 Mr. Guernsey was in charge, assisted by Dr. R. G. Fuller. Mr. Charles Amsden, of Farmington, New Mexico, a student of archeology, was with us on both trips; Mr. John W. Edwards was on the second trip. The field work was done during the months of June and July of each year, and the parties reached Kayenta by wagon via Shiprock, New Mexico, and the trading post of Teec- huzpos. The Kayenta trading post was founded by Mr. John Wetherill in 1909 and therefore is shown on only the more recent maps. It les in the northeastern corner of the Navaho Reservation, not far south of the Utah-Arizona line, and is situated in the broad valley of Laguna Creek, 9 or 10 miles below the mouth of Marsh Pass. North of the post rise the jagged red-sandstone peaks of the “ South Comb,” over which may be seen the top of “ El Capitan,” an enormous isolated pinnacle of black basalt. To the south the valley is closed in by the flanks of the Black Mesa (the “ Zith-Le-Jini” of the maps). Be- tween the Kayenta district and the Colorado River to the west and northwest is the Navaho Mountain plateau, from which radiate num- berless tortuous and steep-walled canyons. The exploration of these canyons has scarcely been begun, but the energy of Mr. Wetherill and Professor Cummings has already disclosed in them such archeo- logical treasures as the cliff-houses of Sagi and Nitsi Canyons and such geological wonders as the Rainbow Natural Bridge. As the Sagi and Nitsi cliff-houses were, and still are, being investi- gated by Professor Cummings, the authors chose for their work the Monumental Valley district to the north of Kayenta. About the middle of the first season, however, the water supply in the Monu- ments failed, and at the suggestion of Professor Cummings, who happened to be at Kayenta at the time, we took up the exploration of the Skeleton Mesa and Marsh Pass regions. This occupied us during the second half of the first season and the whole of the second. I. FIELD WORK SEASON OF 1914 ROVISIONING at Kayenta, the party first took up the exploration of the territory lying between the great Capitan Rock (“ Agathla Needle” of the maps) and the “* Monuments,” a cluster of enormous eroded pillars of sandstone lying about midway between it and the San Juan River (pl. 1; fig. 1)." Several short but many-branched canyons head in the plateau north of FE] Capitan and run down to the lower or Monument bench, where they open out and merge into a great barren “flat” that stretches away toward the San Juan. There are neither permanent springs nor streams in these canyons, but save in years of excep- tional drought water is carried over from the spring rains until those of midsummer in numerous deep pockets in the sandstone cliffs. The vegetation is of the usual semidesert type, cedar and pifion predominating, while box elder and scrub oak are found in certain favorable localities; the commoner small growths are sage, grease- wood, cactus, and the narrow-leaved yucca. While none of them occur in the immediate vicinity, spruce, pine, and quaking aspen are to be found on the high mesas 15 or 20 miles to the south, and cot- tonwoods grow abundantly in the valley of the San Juan, about the same distance to the north. Navaho families live here and there in the canyons, each one with its flock of sheep and goats, and its sandy corn patch situated in some sheltered bay or draw of the cliffs where long experience has shown that there is a maximum of underground water with a minimum of wind. In this region there are no large ruins, either of cliff-houses or pueblos. There are, however, numerous one- and two-roomed struc- tures and a few more pretentious buildings. The former were made by simply walling up the fronts of small natural caves or crannies in the rocks (pl. 2); their floors are not leveled, their roofs are sel- dom smoked, and there is little in the way of rubbish or potsherds in or about them to indicate that they were ever used as dwelling places. For this reason and because they are never found in groups or clus- ters, but are scattered up and down the canyons with no apparent 1Hor general descriptions of the region see Prudden, 1903, and Cummings, 1910. 15 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 relation to one another, it seems probable that these structures were used as temporary storage places for harvested corn awaiting trans- portation to the winter habitations. Of the larger structures six were found and excavated. . Ruin 1 This is a small cliff-house built in a recess about 20 feet up the side of a detached rock hummock in the canyon bottom (fig. 1 and pl. 3). The exposure is southeast. The cave floor slopes rather steeply from . front to back, and the rooms are clustered in the eastern end of the cave, leaving a considerable clear space at the west. The house con- sisted originally of six or eight rooms (fig. 2), but is in an advanced stage of ruin, the walls being much fallen and no roof timbers left in place. This condition is rather difficult to account for, as the over- MITCHELL BUTTE I'ic. 1.—Sketch map of the Monuments district. hanging roof of the cave completely shelters the buildings from rain and, outside of one quarter, there is no sign that the place was rav- aged by fire. The masonry is composed of irregular slabs of sand- stone, roughly coursed, set in adobe mortar and abundantly spalled. The best work is seen in the front wall of room 6, which is built along the shelving edge of the cliff and stands very true and even, 8 feet high (pl. 4). The precarious position of this wall, its insecure footing, and the fact that it formed the support for several struc- tures behind it, necessitated careful and solid construction. That this was provided shows that the more careless work on the other rooms was not due to inability to produce better. No data as to size or architecture of doorways or method of roofing could be gathered. Rooms 1 and 2 have almost completely fallen away, only two courses of the south wall appearing. Their former shape is clearly indicated, however, by adobe mortar still adhering to the rock along BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEERING65: “PEATE 4 i Li ? ee ‘ ?. (313/ LLZGEWVD M =CAVES : me = 7U/VS >< = BURIALS @ 2 2 MILES i iS o B lue Canyon Cave ta} > ° 3 MARSH PASS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY r BULLETIN 65 PLATE 2 GRANARIES BUEEERIN 65) (PEAT ENS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY RUIN 1 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 4 EAST END OF RUIN 1 KIDDER—GUERNSBY | ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 17 the lines where the walls joined the roof of the cave. The rock is also heavily smoked within the spaces marked out by the adobe, showing that fires had been used in these chambers. Room 3 is also much ruined, but probably once extended to the roof of the cave. Room 4, somewhat better preserved, and roughly elliptical in shape, had a former height of 5 feet 6 inches. One jamb of the doorway, faced and rounded off with adobe, is still in place. Just below the door there is incorporated in the wall a short, thick log of pifion wood, set horizontally and apparently so placed to strengthen and tie the masonry. There was here 2 to 3 feet of débris, blown sand, UW A ey w bs WIN IWS eS Trig. 2.—Plan of Ruin 1, fallen building stone, and rubbish of occupation. Near the probable floor level and lying against the wall were two wooden digging sticks in a remarkably perfect state of preservation. (See pl. 47, d, €.) Room 5, round and 4 feet in diameter, was probably a storehouse or granary. Its rubbish contained two bone awls. Room 6 was filled to a depth of 3 feet with blown sand and débris of occupation. In the northeast corner lay a small corrugated jar. There must once have been an artificially leveled floor in this room, as the bottom 90521°—19—Bull. 65 2 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 of the cave slopes very steeply. The same conditions obtained in room 5, but in neither case could such a floor be distinguished. The six chambers just described were apparently the only true inclosed and roofed rooms of the house. The space No. 7 was, in all probability, an open court or terrace. Its front wall is shown in the foreground of plate 4. Having been merely a retain- ing wall, it probably never stood very much higher than it does at . present. Just inside it were set three short cedar posts, 9 inches in diameter, and from them to the north side of the room ran three poles about 6 feet long. At the north end these poles rest on other poles, laid horizontally. Below and around this logwork is packed earth and rubbish thrown in presumably as filling material. The whole had been reduced to charcoal by so severe a fire, burning from above, that even part of the rubbish below the logs was charred and scorched. There was a layer of unburned rubbish above the logs, showing that the house was inhabited for some time after the conflagration. The western part of the cave is closed in by a low retaining wall and was principally bare rock leveled here and there with packed adobe containing charcoal, corncobs, cedar bark, and other refuse. In the rear of this space at } (fig.2), and again nearer the roomsat ¢, are fireplaces, rounded depressions in the cave deposit 24 feet in diameter by 8 inches deep, coped and lined with stone slabs and plastered up and rounded over with mud. Each of them was filled to the top with white wood ashes. Room 8 was cnce a small storage cist or granary, formed by masoning up a cranny in the rock; all but the lowest course of the wall, however, has now fallen away. Entrance to the cave must have been gained by ladder, a doorlike gap, which can still be made out in the front retaining wall or bul- wark (fig. 2,2), having undoubtedly been the place against which the ladder was set. The pole by which we climbed to the ruin runs up to this entrance and may be seen in plate 3. On the ground below the cave there is a small section of curving wall (fig. 2, No. 9); it has been almost completely destroyed by water falling from the rocks above. This undoubtedly marks the site of the kiva. On the cliff west of the kiva there is a pecked petroglyph, a “mountain sheep” (see pl. 89, m), and around the point of the rocks some 500 yards farther west there is a large series of picto- graphs, ancient ones deeply pecked and much weathered, and recent incised drawings, probably Navaho, of men on horseback hunting deer (see pl. 97, b,c). Directly in front of this group, about 20 feet from the rocks, there is a large, low mound of dark soil which KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 19 contrasts sharply in color with the red adobe earth of the region. On it were many potsherds, broken stone implements, and chips, and its whole appearance strongly suggests the burial mounds of the mesa ruins, north of the San Juan. A series of trenches run through the dark deposit to the undisturbed red substratum failed, however, to disclose any skeletons. Potsherds on the surface and in the earth were not noticeably different from those of the cliff-house. Within a radius of half a mile from Ruin 1 were four small granaries, a group of ancient pictographs, and several Navaho draw- ings. Laid in a cranny behind the back wall of one of the granuries there was found a series of switchlike implements made by tying together at the butts a number of little twigs. There were three finished specimens and materials for making another. All were most perfectly preserved and are more fully described in section 2. After completing the excavation of Ruin 1, we moved into the next canyon, about 2 miles to the west, and camped at a place called by the Navaho Sayodneechee, “ Where the red rocks run under,” in reference to a noticeable dip in the red sandstone strata.1_ Here one of our party, while exploring a few days previously, had found a second cliff-house. Ruin 2 Ruin 2 lies in a cave about 65 feet deep by 70 feet across the mouth (pl. 5). It is accessible only from below, where there is a sheer drop of 22 feet to the sloping lower rock; from there to the valley bottom there is a less abrupt slope of rock 50 feet in vertical height. We made our entry by lashing two poles together, raising them to the edge of the cave, and steadying them with ropes while Clayton Wetherill climbed in and fastened hand-ropes. It required much daring and great skill in handling himself for this first adven- turer to work from the end of the top pole, which barely reached the lip of the rock, up over the steep incline to the safe footing of the cave proper (pl. 6, a). We were, without question, the first people to enter this cave since its final desertion by the occupants. The buildings themselves were much ruined, a condition attributable primarily to destruction of the roofs and timbers by fire, and second- _ arily to the elements. While the whole interior is perfectly sheltered from rain, southerly and westerly winds, which blow in this region with great violence, scour and whirl the sand round and round in the cave, producing an almost constant attrition that cuts away the adobe mortar from between the building stones and ultimately brings down the walls themselves. To such wind-erosion may be 1for this and other Navaho names and their meaning, as well as for much other information in regard to the Navaho, the authors are indebted to Mrs. John Wetherill. 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 attributed, we think, much otherwise inexplicable decay of cliff- dwellings. The house contains two kivas and nine or ten small cell-like rooms of irregular shape (fig. 83). The two kivas were built side by side in the lower front slope of the cave, and were probably only semi- subterranean, as the cave deposit is relatively shallow. Their rear or eastern sides were sunk into the earth, while the sides toward the mouth of the cave doubtless stood free. If they had been made en- tirely subterranean a heavy retaining wall and much filling would have been necessary, and although this was done for some of the kivas of Cliff Palace and other Mesa Verde buildings there is noth- Fic. 3.—Plan of Ruin 2. ing to show that it had been attempted here. The rear of the kivas lay enough underground to bring the roofs to a level with the floor of the cave behind (fig. 4). Kiva I (fig. 5), the eastern and larger of the two, is a plain cir- cular room without niches; diameter, 14 feet. The front or south- western wall has fallen away; the débris seems to show that large flat slabs of stone had once been set vertically in it, and it was further strengthened by two upright posts of cedar. The rear wall still stands to a height of nearly 5 feet. The masonry on the inside is solid, but not carefully or precisely laid, there having been no cutting S$ 3L1V1id $9 NIL3771Ng ASOIONHILA NVOIYSAWY 430 NVaYN| @ NINY SO STIVLAG YSMOLHOLVYM L VAIM 4O AYNOSVW 4 @NINY ONIYSLNG “2 931V1d S9 NIL5171NG ADOITONHILA NVOIMAWV SO NvayEng KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA ot or shaping of the stones. The coursing is primitive, and a large amount of adobe mortar and spalls (chips of stone and potsherds) are in evidence (pl. 6,6). These defects were undoubtedly concealed by a coating of plaster, but this had been entirely removed by the severe sand-scouring of the southerly winds. The exterior of the wall is very rough and not brought to any uniformity of face. The floor is partly made from the bedrock of the cave, pecked and chipped down, in a rather unsuccessful attempt at leveling; partly of adobe. Where the adobe floor remains, it 1s hard-packed and level, and shows repeated top-coverings; it is, however, so badly Fie. 4.—Section of Ruin 2, showing kiva, terraces, etc. broken and disintegrated that the round fire pit is the only “ floor feature” that could be distinguished; it is 2 feet in diameter, 5 inches deep, lined and coped with stones and adobe, and filled with white ashes. Whether or not a deflector or a sipapu (ceremonial opening) had ever been present cannot be determined. The ven- tilator opening sets 2 inches above the floor and is unusually small (11 inches high by 9 inches wide). Its edges are neatly rounded off with adobe, and it has a little step or sill made from a stone slab projecting 3 inches into the room. The vertical shaft rises directly 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL. 65 behind the kiva wall, its inner side being the outer side of the latter. It is circular, 12 inches in diameter, and is broken away some distance below its for- mer outlet. No trace of roofing re- mains, but in clearing the floor we found a layer of charcoal and lumps of hard- baked adobe that probably had come from the burned roof. Over this there was a deposit 2 to 3 feet thick, composed of light rubbish— corn husks, cobs, fragments of string, worn-out sandals, feathers, and bits of wood. All this seems to have been blown. into. the kiva after desertion and gradually bedded down, though it is possible that it was thrown in while the house was still in use and the kiva burned and abandoned. We found nothing above the charcoal layer, however, too heavy to have been blown in. Kiva II (fig. 6), diameter 12 feet, is, with the excep- tion of the floor, in a better state of preservation than Kiva I. The walls, having been less sand-scoured, still retain some of their orig- inal adobe plaster. The points of interest are: The incorporation of large verti- cally placed sandstone slabs in the masonry of the lower part of the wall (indicated on plan); the presence of some slight evidence as to the method of roofing; and 235 a recess on the north side a Qe0CRRSIo Fe opposite the ventilating —~“ — aaa flue. The roof, as in Kiva I, had been entirely burned away, and much charcoal littered the broken and crushed adobe floor. Near the east ea Pe i ar ae Fic. 6.—Plan and section of Kiva II, Ruin 2. KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 3} end of the niche, however, there is an upright post incorporated in the wall. It is charred wherever it protrudes from the adobe plas- ter; but its top, 6 feet above the floor, is cut squarely off, and in the adobe surrounding it is the mark or cast of the end of a horizontal beam, 10 inches through, which must have crossed the room from southwest to northeast (fig. 6). Another mark above this one shows a smaller beam to have spanned the niche obliquely to its center. This evidence is slender enough, but the roofing of kivas is a point of considerable interest and importance. The top of the wall at other parts of the kiva is unfortunately so ruined that the termina- tion-sockets of these rafters cannot be found. The niche is 5} feet long, 14 feet deep, and 2 feet 7 inches above the floor. It is flagged with sandstone slabs, and the corners and angles are neatly rounded off with adobe. The burnt end of a peg protrudes from its back wall at the east end near the top. In this kiva, again, the floor was so much broken that no trace of a deflector or a sipapu (if they ever were present) could be found. The fire pit occupies its usual place, near the middle of the floor. The ventilator entrance is again small (10 inches high by 15 inches wide) ; the vertical shaft is completely destroyed. It should be noted that in each of these kivas the ventilator opens from the south side rather than directly toward the mouth of the cave. Aside from the two kivas and remnants of some wattlework walls there was little of architectural interest. The small rooms ranged about the sides of the-cave were much ruined, had lost their roofs by fire, and because of their small size and irregular floors appear to have been little more than storage places. The walls of the two chambers at the back were, however, heavily smoked, and in one of them were found parts of a large rush mat (see pl. 44, 7), much like the bed- mats of the modern pueblos, so that it seems probable that these rooms were used for sleeping. The principal living place of the people, then, appears to have been the open central and rear quarters of the cave behind the kivas. The cave floor runs up and back in three or four natural terraces, which have been emphasized by low retaining walls of brush and stone. On these terraces there was a thin accumulation, seldom more than 1 foot to 18 inches deep, the débris of occupation, composed of corn refuse, leaves, twigs, potsherds, and worn-out utensils of various sorts. At the back of the cave there was found a bed of white wood ashes roughly 4 feet square and 4 inches to 6 inches deep; above it the roof was much smoked. 91, 7; and fig, 102, c. 2See pls. 89, e; 90, a; 91, j. 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 is indicated by the enormous beds of débris of occupancy which encumber the slope below the houses and choke up all those spaces in the rear of the cave not actually covered by rooms. Unfortunately the pothunters of the nineties did extensive dig- ging at this site. They completely trenched over a zone of burials that once extended all along the front of the cave on the lower slopes. They also did some pitting and room clearing in the rear, but this apparently was not carried to any great depth; the work, however, was done so long ago that the holes have to some extent filled up and reexcavation would be necessary to determine where disturbance has taken place. In spite of the moisture in parts of the site and in spite of vandalism, the Waterfall Ruin would splen- didly repay careful excavation, for there is still left a great deal of untouched dry rubbish (what little we cleared was extraordinarily rich in textiles and wooden implements) ; it contains at least seven kivas, and probably ten or a dozen; and, moreover, we believe, though without any definite evidence beyond bits of fallen wall and a few potsherds, that under the cliff-house there will be found the remains of a large settlement of the “ Fluteplayer” or Slab-house type. We spent a day and a half here, tested the rubbish beds, exca- vated one kiva, and examined a small surface ruin on a rock near the waterfall. This surface ruin appears to have been contempo- raneous with the last occupancy of the cliff-house. Behind one of its broken walls we found a wooden doll somewhat rotted, which we took to be ancient, but which the Navaho in the valley said had been made and deposited there many years before by their own people. We also photographed or copied a number of pictographs, some painted on the walls of the cave, some pecked on near-by rock surfaces.* The kiva that we excavated is in the eastern part of the building, well toward the front. There are rooms on each side of it and behind it, but whether or not they actually touch the kiva, we did not determine; we do not think they do. The chamber itself is sunk well into the ground and was probably entirely subterranean. In shape it is a lopsided square with rounded corners (fig. 27). While the wall at one place stands to a height of 6 feet 10 inches, there are visible no sockets or rests for roof beams. We found the place nearly full of débris, the upper 3 feet of which was stone, adobe lumps, and trash thrown in by pothunters who had excavated in the rear. Below this was the ancient deposit of light rubbish, as corn husks, twigs, bits of cotton cloth, broken wooden imple- ments, etc.; the floor was covered with an inch or so of clean sand. + Sée pls. “90; ¢F fs OWN Tes (94 ad. KIDDER-GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA Ta The walls are roughly made and irregular both in line and plumb, but are covered with many layers of plaster. There are no niches. The regular kiva features present are the ventilator, fire pit, and probably a sipapu. No fire screen is in place, but there were found, at the spot where it should have been, ten or twelve rough stakes whose lower ends showed that they once had been driven 3 or 4 inches into the earth. They may have formed the basis of an adobe-covered screen. The floor at that point was too much broken, however, to add any evidence. The ventilator passage could not be cleared without destroying the wall under which it ran; its entrance is 1 foot wide, 14 inches high. The fire pit is rectangular, its slab coping rising 2 inches above the floor; in it and in a bed between it and the venti- lator were the usual white ashes. Hole a, diameter 3 inches (fig. 27), was sealed up flush with the floor; on cutting out the adobe plug, it proved to have smooth sides running down. 2 inches, but no bottom other than soft SSE Se OO at ee Sa masa cave sand. Hole 6, diameter i482 10 inches, was noticed because it was sealed with gray adobe, contrasting in color with the reddish floor; this adobe was filled with small breast feathers of the turkey. The hole itself has irregular, un- smoothed sides and no _ bot- tom; probably it was a patched-up break in the floor. No other apertures occurred that could be considered as sipapus. On each side of the fire is an alignment of five holes containing yucca loops. There are also two odd loopholes between the lines and the fire pit. In the back or north wall of the kiva, 2 feet 2 inches above the floor, isan aperture 1 foot wide by 18 inches high; it opens into a tunnel of the same size running toward the back of the cave. Time forbade following it to its termination. Eight or nine feet to the rear a round vertical shaft 1 foot in diameter emerges from the rubbish by the side of a room; it is possible that it and the passage out of the kiva may have had some connection. Posts are set ver- tically in the wall as shown; they have been burned down flush with the masonry on their in-room sides and have been plastered LETS ay ae De Rist Ton ant ae Eee ART SY 28 SUIER eye 26 Ny ea SSSR SEs SESS SSSA aes Nee ef CESS PARE fin aE ES in) =, WAS AIT S I eI ASES t Eee RSAC OMNIS SER a ars ee 5 USN SAS CIS OI J tees SOIT S OS SRR Se ee Fig. 27.—Plan and section of kiva, Ruin 9. w 74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bun. 65 over with red adobe, indicating repair and reoccupancy of the room after the fire. The whole kiva indeed has a patched and mended appearance and was evidently in use for a long time. Several kivas with banquettes and therefore of more conventional construction can be made out in the front part of the ruin; none, however, has the six-pilaster arrangement of the northern San Juan region. SEASON OF 1915 The party provisioned, as in 1914, at Kayenta and proceeded at once to Marsh Pass, where work was commenced in Kinboko (“ House Canyon”), a deep, narrow gorge that enters the pass from the west just above Ruin A (see pls. 1 and 26). Camp was pitched high up on the rocks at the mouth of the canyon, drinking water being pro- cured from potholes in the sandstone ledges. Cave L Cave I was discovered and partially prospected during the last days of the 1914 season. It hes in the south wall of Kinboko, about a quarter of a mile above its mouth. The cave is 50 feet above the canyon bed, and is roughly 160 feet wide by 60 feet deep (fig. 28). The entrance is flanked on either side by great dunes of sand, between which there is a steep-banked arroyo formed by storm drainage falling from the cliffs above. The edges of the arroyo and the tops of the dunes are thickly overgrown with a tangle of wild gooseberry and other deciduous bushes. Within the line of shelter (indicated on the plan by a dotted line) the cave floor rises in a steep slope of sand and broken rock to a sort of rear platform or bench, which itself rises, though much more gently, to its junction with the back wall of the cave. The continuity of the rear bench is broken at its middle by a group of large, rough blocks of sandstone fallen from the roof. Some of these have evidently lain in their present positions for a very long time; others, which show smoking on their under sides, have evidently dropped since the ancient inhabitants built their fires in the cave. The sloughing off of the ceiling is still going on; many parts of the roof are now in a precarious condition, particu- larly over the large rocks and along the eastern edge of the rear bench. One morning, indeed, just as the party was turning out of the canyon to climb up to the works several big scales crashed down on the upper bank. For this reason digging was not. at- tempted under that spot, nor in one or two other places where inspec- tion of the roof disclosed loosening fragments. S$ NOL3A14xMS S@ 3A1V1d S9 NILSTING ASOIONHLA NVOIYAWYVY 30 NVAdNa (.NOANVO 3SNOH,,) OMOSNIY 96 3A1V1d $9 NILSTINg ASOTONHLA NVOIYAWY 30 NVauNE KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 75 Before the cave was excavated the signs of human occupancy were not impressive: the roof was somewhat smoked; on the walls were painted a large zigzag in red and a nondescript figure in faint white; in addition to these ancient pictographs there were at two NMG OVERHA ©) ON m i) NYT img ™ o Fic. 28.—Plan of Cave I. Pony», Bop ATM MT IH pepe ) GUT Yi places groups of Navaho drawings, crudely done in charcoal and representing men on horseback, in wagons, and on foot, and also cat- tle and sheep. On two fallen rocks at the northwest front was a set of grinding grooves and a series of pecked hand prints (pl 92; b= 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (puny. 68 fig. 28, g). In a bay at the west end of the rear bench stood the foundations of a small cliff*dweller building. The most promising indication, however, was the presence of two or three shallow holes in the sand, from which some recent intruder had thrown out the bones of several different skeletons. The systematic exploration was begun by opening a trench through a level spot in the east front, at the foot of the steep bank which rises to the rear bench. This was within the line of shelter, nearly dry, and was free from the bushes that grow so thickly outside. Six inches below the surface was encountered loose rubbish, running to a depth of 2 feet 6 inches; it lay on a well-packed floor, below which there was a second rubbish stratum 1 foot thick, resting on hardpan, the latter showing no trace of disturbance. Fragments of basketry, worn sandals, and broken implements were found in both rubbish layers, though more commonly in the upper one, which also contained many scattered bones from the skeletons of adults, adolescents, and very young children. Bones also were found lodged against the up-hill sides of some large rocks. Apparently most of the bones and débris forming the upper stratum had worked down from higher up. The trench at this point exposed a zigzag pecking on the cave wall a few inches under the surface sand. As digging progressed, rocks were encountered in such quantities that only the end of the trench directly against the east wall was carried to-the top of the bank. This ran through the spot where, in 1914, were found a skull and parts of two “ mummies” (see p. 82). A little above this was uncovered a stone slab cist (fig. 28, 4) 4 feet long and 18 inches deep. At the bottom, under the general rubbish that filled and covered it, there was found nearly a bushel of corn- cobs (pl. 27, a). The kernels had evidently been removed before the cobs were thrown into the cist. Three coils of basket splints were taken from the trench near the top of the bank (see pl. 75) ; these specimens did not seem to be part of the rubbish, but had apparently been placed in a hole and covered up for safe-keeping. Reaching the top of the bank and the floor proper of the cave, we removed a circle of loosely piled stones 12 feet in diameter and 2 feet high (not shown on plan), assuming at the time that it was the work of Navahos, who sometimes build structures of this kind to corral kids and very young lambs. Traces of fires noted inside it, however, led Mr. Clayton Wetherill to suggest that it might have been made by wandering Utes, who occasionally seek shelter in caves and erect similar constructions for temporary dwellings. The complete excavation of the level area in this section of the cave showed it to be nearly filled by a group of cists which in KIDDER—GUERNSEY | ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 7a arrangement much resembled a huge honeycomb. Before consider- ing this cist area, however, we will complete the description of the other parts of the cave. Reference to the plan will show a space along the east and south- east walls where no cists were found. Here the face of the trench disclosed a surface layer, 6 to 8 inches deep, consisting of sand, sheep droppings, and broken stone from the ceiling. Under this was an accumulation of rubbish composed of grass, corn husks, and bark mixed with sand; it was 3 feet 6 inches deep, and through it, at a depth of 3 feet, could be traced an old floor level of closely packed rubbish. This same floor level appeared again on the west- ern side of the cist area, but here it was mudded over and covered a rubbishy stratum of grass, husks, and bark mixed with charcoal and ashes. The débris above this floor contained more grass than did that below it. Beyond the large rocks there is another flat area; this was not com- pletely excavated; test holes, however, showed loose rubbish but no cists. The foundations of the cliff-house structure at the extreme western end of the cave were fully exposed and found to rest on un- disturbed hardpan. This was disappointing, as we had hoped to recover some stratigraphical evidence at this point. At the western front, about the two rocks with the grinding grooves (fig. 28, 7), there is a small, level space which was covered, below the surface sand, with a thick layer of ashes and charcoal. This section, it may be noted, is the only one that receives the sun for any length of time during» each day. Pottery vessels, presumably deposited by the cliff-dwelling people, were found at two places; one, a small black olla, was taken from the surface sand near the east wall; the other, a handsome little black-and-white jar with a single horizontally placed handle, lay close to the back wall and only 8 inches below the surface (fig. 28). It was covered by a large sherd and proved to contain an interesting and valuable cache of small objects; these are described on pages 147-151. To return to the cists: These were almost all grouped together on the gently sloping eastern end of the rear bench and differed very little one from another. They were all roughly circular in shape, averaged 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, and were about 2 feet 6 inches deep. They were made of large unworked sandstone slabs, set on edge or on end and generally leaning a little outward (pl. 27, 6). The slabs usually met, sometimes overlapped. The cist bottoms were often filled with packed adobe, and many of them were lined with soft grass or bark. Grass was also frequently used to calk open spaces or poor joints between the slabs. In general the tops of the cists were found just below the surface layer of sand, and must, 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 therefore, originally have stood somewhat above the ancient floor level; they were thus probably only semisubterranean. As the plan shows, they were placed more or less at random in the occupied area, some being quite independent, others (as at the clusters about Nos. 10 and 15) having walls in common with their neighbors. The only approach to a planned arrangement was observed at the southeastern side, where nearly encircling a well-built cist were two rows ot slabs 12 to 18 inches apart, the inner row being the same distance from the central cist. Single slabs had been used to subdivide into small compartments the space between the rows, and that between the inner row and the central cist. There were nearly 60 of the inclosures in all; of these, 20 were surely identifiable as burial places; a number of others contained traces of organic matter, rotted fur-string blankets, and scattered human bones, which might indicate a lke use. Uncertainty in this regard is due to the fact that, with very few exceptions, the cists were found in a very badly disturbed condition; almost all had been plundered in early times, their contents removed from the cave, or scattered and mixed with the general rubbish; only in remote cor- ners or in the deepest parts of the cists were burials or objects found untouched. Because of these conditions we were unable to deter- mine whether or not all the cists were intended for mortuary pur- poses. Some, as has been stated, contained definite evidence of burials; others may have held bodies, but have been so badly pulled about by the plunderers that their case is doubtful; still others were quite empty when excavated, and appeared to us to have been so at the time of the abandonment of the cave. All so closely resembled each other structurally that repetition may be avoided by describing a selection of those which showed unusual features of construction, or contained objects of special interest. Cist 1 (1914), diameter 3 feet, depth 2 feet 4 inches, held some scattered bones of a young adult. Against one side at the bottom was the “mummy ” of a baby, whose inconspicuous position had protected it from the looters. It-was wrapped in fur cloth and covered with a piece of hide. In the disturbed cist filling was a small twined bag (see pl. 79, 6) and several fragments of coiled basketry. Cist 3 was built against the back wall of a larger cist and was about 2 feet deep; in it was found the “ mummified ” body of a baby (pl. 28, @) propped up against the side wall in a sitting position and wrapped in a much-rotted fur-string robe. The knees were bound together with many turns of a fine light-colored string, probably made from dog hair, and in the lap was a quantity of fiber string loosely tied in small hanks (see pl. 66, 0). AUump of white, chalky substance lay near the remains; a large stone bead and fragments of a coiled basket were found above them. In the upper part of the BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 27 a, CIST A b. TYPICAL CIST BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 28 : b. CIST 4 AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 29 a. ClSiT 9 b. CIST 16 BULLETIN 65 PLATE 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY b. CAVE II a, UPPER KINBOKO KIDDBR—-GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL. EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 79 cist were a few bones from the skeleton of an adult and pieces of a decayed woven bag. Cist 4 was 3 feet in diameter, 20 inches deep, and nearly 2 feet below the surface. It had not been deep enough, however, to escape the early diggers, and there were left in its bottom only parts of the » skeleton of an adult, an adolescent, and an infant. These fragments were partly held in place by adobe, with which the bodies had appar- ently been mudded in. Shredded flesh and torn and twisted lga- ments adhering to the long bones of the adult indicated that the missing portions of the body had been ruthlessly wrenched away. From the few bones of this skeleton that lay undisturbed, it was seen that the corpse had been placed in the cist in a reclining position, resting against the side wall. The feet bore square-toed sandals (see pl. 69), and at one side were two elaborately woven sandals tied together by their laces. The remains of the child and of the adoles- cent were so scattered that nothing regarding their original positions could be learned. At the bottom of the cist was a peck or more of Coreocarpus seeds, solidified by partial decomposition into a compact mass; there were also the usual rotted fragments of fur- cloth robes and twined bags. Plate 28, 6, shows the cist with the loose filling brushed away to expose the bones. Cist 6—The burial in this cist had been disturbed and only a few bones remained. These were encased in adobe and under them were traces of a fine twined bag which appeared to have been originally of good size; above the bones lay the rotted remains of a coarser fabric and part of a cedar-bark bag. This part of the cave was slightly moist, and few specimens in good condition were found in it. Cist 9, 3 feet wide, 3 feet 6 inches long, 20 inches deep, held the skeleton of a child covered with cedar bark and fragments of a coiled basket. The remains had been placed in a large coiled basket of which but little was left. Parts of a fur-string blanket were found under the body, and about it were bits of a feather string that may have served to hold the cedar bark in place around the body. At the bottom of the cist lay some small remnants of a twilled mat, or possibly of a twilled basket. Most of these crumbled at a touch. The bones and wrappings were completely encased. in adobe. In another part of the cist were a few bones of an adult, a “mummified” foot, a small toy cradle of grass, and a lignite bead. The photograph reproduced in plate 29, a, shows the adobe mass that contained the child’s body, the foot, and the toy cradle, all in situ. Cist 10 was slightly more than 38 feet in diameter at the top and 2 feet 6 inches deep; its saucer-shaped bottom was of hard adobe 1 foot thick. The upper part was filled with loose rubbish, from which were taken two sandals, part of a large woven bag in splendid 80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 preservation (see pl. 79, 7), and fragments of a large coiled basket. On the bottom lay a shallow bed of coarse charcoal mixed with adobe, in which were a few bones from the skeleton of an adult (see cross section, fig. 29). On completely clearing out the cist and brushing clean the adobe lining at the bottom, an atlatl, or spear thrower, was exposed near the wall at one side, its upper face flush with the hard surface of the adobe; the specimen as it rested in place was shghtly bent and twisted to conform to the shape of the bottom of the cist, and was so firmly embedded that it was nec- essary to cut away the adobe about it with a pocketknife before it could be taken out. After removing the atlatl, a white object with Pe ARG vehi . tye ee We es - 4 ees) ee ee 2 . Z } 5 ae ie . ‘ — . a ‘ ' ii kes iey " TR i a tes ’ Cee . ack ). Straps of this sort have often been found in cliff-dwellings and are usually, and probably correctly, called headbands or burden straps. Examples are figured by Nordenskidld* and Fewkes? from the Mesa Verde, and by Cummings? from Sagiotsosi. There are also several in the Wetherill collection (Mesa Verde) in Denver. Nordenskidld’s specimen bears a narrower strap of about the same length attached to one of its termi- nal loops; the same is true of an example of doubtful location in the Field Museum, Chicago. Textiles in coiled work without foundation.—This weave, of which the stitch is illustrated in figure 45, is not rare. We have one speci- men (A-1708, Ruin 9) made of two-strand human-hair string. There are about 7 coils to the inch, and in the other direction, about 6 loops. A specimen from Sagiotsosi (pl. 46, ¢) is coarser; 4 coils, 5 loops. These hair pieces are so small that their use cannot be ascer- tained; Cummings, however, figures a hair bag apparently in this technique; * and in the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, there is a sandal from the Canyon de Chelly, the “ upper” of which is of hair cloth. Of exactly the same weave, but much finer in texture, is the remarkable little cap from Ruin 2 (see pl. 34, a). In this speci- men the string is probably of apocynum fiber. Near the edge there are 9 coils and 5 loops to the inch, the stitches nearer the top are deeper and wider spaced. Leggings (see pl. 34, 6) and sandals (see pl. 40, a) were also made in this weave; the former are the coarsest without foundation. WES) folli Sdbiney 2: 31910, p. 10. SAGO) Tas, PR PB ae MILs exe ayer, 7% #1910, p. 15. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL. 65 examples of it we have, the rows being nearly an inch deep and the loops three-quarters of an inch apart. Feather and fur cloth—Bits of string wrapped with feathers or strips of fur were found in great quantities. The basis is usually a medium-weight, two-strand yucca cord one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter. For feather string the plumage of the turkey seems to have been used exclusively; when the heavy wing and tail feathers were employed the pile was usually stripped away from the stiffer part of the quill; small, downy breast feathers were used whole. The wrapping was done spirally, the end of one feather being held under the first few turns of the one following. The finished cord is about the size of the forefinger; a hank of it prepared for use is shown in plate 46, d. Fur string is considerably less common than that wound with feathers. It is wound with strips of the untanned skins of small animals, rabbits predominating; in Ruin 6 we found several strips cut to the proper size for wrapping. The process of making these cords into robes seems to have been to wind a long strand back and forth about a framework until the desired size was reached, and then to make the whole fast by means of twined crossrows of yucca string. The resultant fabric was loosely woven, but must have been light, warm, and soft. Feather- cloth robes were probably the usual overgarment and sleeping blan- ket, and were very often used as shrouds for the dead. Bits of the cord frequently served for sandal ties, pot harness, and other house- hold purposes where a strong yet soft ligature was needed. Very clear drawings showing the method of preparing feather and fur string, and the weaving of garments from them, are given by Hough." . Work IN SKIN This branch of technology is very poorly represented in our col- lection from the cliff-houses. We have a few small bits of what is apparently deerskin or mountain-sheep hide, and some strips of rabbit skin for fur cloth. From Ruin 7 was taken a piece of buffalo hide with the hair on; it was found on the top of the ancient rub- bish just below the sheep dung, and, therefore, may perhaps be a Navaho importation. Work 1n Woop Processes.—W ork in wood was accomplished by chopping, sawing, scraping, and rubbing; traces of all four processes may sometimes be observed on a single specimen. For sawing and scraping the tools appear to have been unhafted flakes of hard stone with rough 11914, pp. 71-73 and figs. 148, 149. See also Fewkes, 1909, fig. 25. KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 119 edges; numbers of such flakes are to be found about the ruins. The method of felling trees may be reconstructed by studying the butt ends of house rafters. A groove was first hacked around the trunk with a stone ax, then the tree was bent enough to produce a tension on the fibers, which were finally sawed across with a flake. The bute was commonly trimmed to a roughly conical shape, more rarely rubbed down to a flat surface. Knots were hacked off -with the stone ax. The preliminary shaping of implements seems to have been done by whittling or scraping with stone knives and flakes, the finishing by rubbing, first with coarse sandstone, then with closer- grained stone. High polish, presumably acquired in service, is sometimes found on hardwood tools. Architectural. wood.—Under this head come terracing logs, roof beams, logs incorporated in masonry, door lintels, and door staples. Roof beams were usually of cedar, terracing logs and logs in ma- sonry were either cedar or pifion. None of the pieces found were very large, but there were indications in the walls of some of the houses of the use of beams 12 to 14 feet long and 12 inches through the butt. Wooden lintels and staples were made of cedar or oak. Boards.—¥F lat wooden objects were taken from’ Ruin 3 and from the small house near Ruin 2. The former (A—1294) is oval, 10 inches long, 8 inches wide, three-eighths inch thick, well finished and having a drilled hole near the edge in the middle of one of the long sides; the latter (pl. 46 A, 6) is rectangular, 17 inches long, 63 inches wide, one-half inch thick; it has perforations at the corners of one end. The use of these boards is problematical; specimens of the rectangular type (which are not uncommon in cliff-houses) are sometimes called cradle boards without, it seems to us, sufficient justi- fication. Billets—In the collection are heavy pieces of worked wood of various sizes and shapes. All of them show wear, and some bear scratches and hacks that suggest use as lapboards. One flat example, 14 inches long, 13 inches wide, 1 inch thick, has at the ends lines of pricked holes, symmetrically arranged and evidently made for some definite purpose (pl. 46 A, a, Ruin 1). Found lying together in Ruin 3 were a loaf-shaped block of cottonwood 12 inches long and a bar of the same length, oval in cross section (A-1277, 1278); the two were evidently used together, but in what way is not obvious. Digging sticks —There are two types of digging sticks, the long and the short handled. The former have a length of from 3 feet to - 8 feet 6 inches, are provided with well-defined pointed or flat blades, round shafts, and sometimes round knobs at the proximal ends (pl. 47, c, d, e). Our best specimens are made of oak. The short type (pl. 47, 7, 7) comprises examples 18 inches to 2 feet 6 inches long. They are merely stout sticks, commonly of greasewood, with flat 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 points that show signs of use in the ground. The exact duplicates of these specimens in everything except excellence of finish are to be seen in use by the Navaho at the present day. * Seed beaters.’—This is a conjectural identification applied to a set of objects found cached behind the rear wall of a small granary near Ruin 1. As the photographs show (pl. 48, a, >), they were made by lashing together at the butts five or six slim willow twigs 24 inches long in such a way that they all le in the same plane, spreading apart from each other a little toward the tips. The twigs are peeled, except at their butts, where they are fastened together with sinew bindings and overwrappings of yucca string. The workmanship is extraordinarily neat. There are three complete specimens and two pairs of twigs prepared for making a fourth. Less well-made examples of this type are in the American Museum and the Field Museum (all, presumably, from Grand Gulch, Utah) ; the former are figured by Goddard.t| Their use is problematical; they might have served as cotton beaters (American Museum label) or, as we are inclined to believe, to knock the seeds from grass plants into gathering baskets. Skinning knives—From Ruins 4 and 8 came well-made little tools, 41 inches long and one-eighth inch thick; their relative widths are shown in plate 49, %, 7. One is worked down to a sharp, chisel-like edge at one end, the other at both ends, and these edges are in each ~ case stained with a red liquid, apparently blood. The third speci- men shown (pl. 49, m) was collected by us in Grand Gulch, Utah, in 1912; it is similar in shape to the single-edged Monument ex- ample, and is also stained red at the tip. These delicate little ob- jects could never, of course, have been used for making the first incision in the hide of any animal, but they might have been useful in working the cut skin away from the flesh. We can account for the blood stains, if such they be, in no other way. Scrapers.—Plate 49, a—-g, shows various scraping and rubbing im- plements of oak and cedar. The long specimen seems to have been a sort of drawknife, as the sharpened edge is on the convexity of the curve. Awls.—Although we found no awls of wood during our excava- tions, they were probably in fairly common use in the district, as the three fine examples in plate 49, h—j, one with two drilled holes in its butt, were picked up by one of the authors several years ago in houses in the near-by Sagi Canyon. Fire-making apparatus.—Fire drills and hearths were recovered from nearly every dwelling investigated. The former are round sticks averaging three-eighths of an inch in diameter, the points 11913, p. 50. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 46A e a. BILLET. 6. BOARD. c,d, e. IMPLEMENTS OF MOUNTAIN SHEEP HORN BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 47 2 cal Se ener a DIGGING STICKS AND CROOKS BULLETIN 65 PLATE 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Y a uw be < jun a Q uw Ww Yn 3 b. BUTTS OF SEED BEATERS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 49 a-g, WOODEN SCRAPING AND RUBBING TOOLS. h-j, WOODEN AWLS. k-m, SKINNING ’ KNIVES SNLVYVddY DONIMVW-au ls 0S 3ALV1d S9 NILSa7INg ASOIONHLA NVOIYSWV 3O Nvaung BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY : BULLETIN 65 PLATE 51 SPINDLE WHORLS MISCELLANEOUS STONE OBJECTS KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 191 rounded and showing traces of charring; some consist of a single stick, others are rather carelessly attached to hafts (pl. 50, b, h). The hearths, of which only fragments are usually found, are also round sticks with rows of charred sockets in which the drills have been twirled; each socket has a little notch or trough for the engen- dered spark to fall through onto the tinder (pl. 50, a, ce, d, e). All the hearths are of soft wood save one (A-1409, Ruin 6), which is made of a sunflower stalk, and all but one (pl. 50, @) are round. In Ruin 8 a hearth and drill were found tied together as if for a traveling kit (pl. 50, 7). Fire pokers were common. They are usually greasewood sticks 18 inches to 2 feet long, smoothed off at one end and charred at the other. The Navaho use exactly simi- lar implements for tending their fires. Cups and dishes.—These are represented by two fragments of a shallow, traylike, wooden dish from Ruin 1 (A~-1162), and by a handsome cottonwood cup found in the kiva of Ruin 8 (fig. 46). It is 84 inches high, 22 inches in diameter at the top, 2 inches across the flat base. The interior excavation extends only a little more than halfway to the bottom. About the middle of the outside is an inch-wide band of zigzag decoration, apparently burned in, but now faint and indefinite. This cup, though somewhat broken and rather badly rotted, is still well smoothed, almost polished. An inch below the rim on one side is a hole drilled through to the interior. A similar cup in the American Museum, New York, has a hole of the same nature in the same position; it is from Grand Gulch. Spindle whorls—These are all flat and vary from 12 inches to 2% inches in diameter. Besides the wooden examples shown in plate 51, c, d, there are also illustrated whorls made of squash rind (f), mountain-sheep horn (¢), and pottery (a). Crooks.—Sticks of various lengths, having one end. bent back parallel to or even touching the shaft, came to light in several sites. A series of three of these objects was taken from a disturbed burial in Sagi Canyon opposite Kitsiel in 1912 (pl. 47, 6). They are a little less than 3 feet long and are made of unworked sticks with their hacked ends left unsmoothed. The bend of the crook seems to have been produced by steaming; none of them are worn in such a way as to give a hint as to their use. More carefully made is A-1417 (pl. 47, a), both ends of which are neatly finished off and the crook is held down by a lashing of yucca sunk in grooves; the body of the stick is also partly cut away to leave a round opening, Tic. 46.—Cottonwood cup. 199 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Bune. 65 as if for the reception of a cross stick. The length is 28? inches. A-1136, Ruin 1 (not figured), seems to be part of a similar object; the shaft, however, is burned away. The crook is held by a strong yucca tie, but it is less perfectly made, is larger,and the body is not so much cut away. Bow and arrow—wWhile neither bows nor whole arrows were recovered, there came to hight many fragments of the latter. They are all made of reeds and fitted with wooden foreshafts. The reed shafts re- ceived no attention beyond the removal of the leaves and some smoothing at the joints. They are from one-fourth to three- eighths inch in diameter; we have no data as to their length. The foreshafts, of tough wood, oak or greasewood, are 5 to 10 inches long, the majority of them tapering to a plain and more or less sharp point (fig. 47, c, d). We have only one or two specimens with notched ends and sinew wrappings to show that they were once furnished with stone tips (fig. 47, 6b). The only bunt-point was found in Ruin 7; it is made of a sec- tion of hollow bone (fig. 47, a). The foreshaft is always fitted into the reed shaft just above a joint, thus reducing the chances of splitting; it usually has an abruptly tapering butt that fits into the reed and a shoulder that prevents it from being pushed Fic. 47.—Arrow details. back into the shaft (fig. 47, 6, ¢). A few examples, having no shoulder, taper less rapidly.’ Tight sinew wrappings are apphed about the shaft just below the ee? (fig. ‘ i , ’ ‘ ‘ t ' ' ' u a i. \\ 1The proportion of stone-tipped arrows was Lia tently higher in the upper Gila region; see Hough, 1914, p. 65. 2 Cf. Hough, 1914, p. 64, fig. 141, a and b. KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGIGAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 193 47, d), the butt of the foreshaft being further strengthened in its setting by daubing it, before insertion, with pinon or some other adhesive gum. Most specimens seem to have been painted a dull red color. The ends of the reed shafts are provided with three feathers, held in place by sinew wrappings about their butts and tips (fig. 47, é, g, h). The feathering begins in most cases about 1 inch from the nock, and varies in length from 2 to 54 inches, the average being about 3 inches. Under the feathers the shaft is usually decorated with broad, equal rings of red and green, sometimes one red and one green, sometimes red at either end and green in the middle. The extremity of the arrow is strengthened and kept from being split by the bowstring by the insertion into it of a tightly fitting wooden plug, held in place by a sinew tie; the nock is cut in this plug (fig. 47, 7). Problematical wooden objects—From Ruin 3 were taken two small peeled twigs 13 inches long (A-1275). One end of each is brought to a point; the butts are squared. From the butt for a space of 4 inches each twig is painted red, and at the end of the red zone there is a narrow sinew binding. In possession of Mrs. Wether- ill there 1s a large bunch of exactly similar objects tied up with a yucca string; the lot was found by a Navaho in a cliff-house, prob- ably in Sagi Canyon. In the American Museum there are others, from Grand Gulch. The Navahcs told Mrs. Wetherill that these twigs were knitting needles, and the New York specimens are cata- logued (by Mr. Richard Wetherill, the collector) under the same head. No true knitted textile has, however, yet been found in ancient ruins in the Southwest, so that this identification is doubtful. In Ruin 8 were discovered two badly rotted wooden tools (A-1598), one sword-shaped, 20 inches long; the other 154 inches in length, one-half inch wide, and three-sixteenths inch thick. They lay side by side in the débris, so that some connection between them is probable. They may, perhaps, have been weaving tools. “Strap sticks” is a guesswork title applied to a number of short, cylindrical pieces of wood from 4 inches to 6 inches long by one- half inch in diameter. They were found in several sites, but par- ticularly abundantly in Ruins 7 and 9.° Marks about them show that they were once wrapped with some material that kept all but the last inch at either end from becoming worn or soiled. Their size, and the evidence of covering about the middle, suggest their use as the end sticks of such textile bands as the one from the Mesa Verde figured by Nordenskiéld.t 11893, pl. xlix—1. 124 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 OpsEcts OF STONE Manos and metates.—Metates were not found in any of the houses, although metate bins, made by setting stone slabs edgewise in the earth, were observed in Ruins 2 and 3. A broken specimen was picked up in an empty cave near Ruin 4, and a small metate accom- panied skeleton 5 in the Camp Cormetare at Marsh Pass. The latter is a thin slab of hard sandstone, somewhat hollowed by use on the upper side. The dearth of metates is probably to be accounted for by the rarity in the region of rocks, such as lavas and indurated sandstones, suitable for their manufacture. Hence the people, when moving, probably were induced to go to the trouble of carry ing their heavy eee apparatus with them. Manos were hardly more’ common. With the above-mentioned mortuary metate was a small, oval, conglomerate mano (A-1747) ; and from the rubbish of Ruin 7 were recovered two more normally shaped specimens of crystalline limestone 94 inches long, 3 inches to 4 inches wide, and wedge-like in cross-section; one of these (A—1543) shows traces of red paint, the other (A—1544) of blue, as if they had been used as convenient surfaces for grinding pigments. Mortar.—A crude example of mortar (A-1782) was picked up on the surface of the little ruins above the “ Pottery Hill” cemetery in Marsh Pass. It is made from a small conglomerate bowlder. The bottom of the stone has been pecked away to provide a flat base, and a cup-shaped depression some 6 inches in diameter and 2 inches deep worked into the top. Mortars such as this are not common in any part of the Southwest, and true pestles are, so far as we know, not found at all north of the Casas Grandes district of northern oes huahua. Hammerstones.—These implements are usually rough, battered nodules of quartz or other tough rock. They vary in size from 14 inches to 34 inches in diameter, the example shown (pl. 51, 7) being a rather small one. Example & of the same plate is an elongate hammerstone of red jasper, the only one of its kind found. Rubbing stones——Rubbing stones are usually small, flat river bowlders, such as occur in enormous quantities along the San Juan; sometimes reduced to convenient size by Spa about the edges, but more often used without modification (pl. 52, af). They are round or oval, average 3 inches in diameter by 1 to 14 inches thick, and frequently show signs of long service. One specimen (pl. 52, e) has a round, shallow, pecked pit on the upper surface. Another (pl. 52, 7) is loaf-shaped, 44 inches-long, 24 inches wide, and 24 inches thick; the top is rounded, the bottom or rubbing surface flat, and in the two long sides are depressions to fit the fingers of the user. This tool accommodates itself very nicely to the hand; some- KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 125 thing of the kind must, we imagine, have been employed to rub down to an even surface the faces of the building stones in such walls as those of Ruin A, Marsh Pass. Small, highly polished pebbles, of the sort commonly found in all parts of the Southwest and generally identified as pot smoothers, were not recovered by us; this, however, is probably of no signifi- cance, for the local pottery gives clear evidence of its treatment with the rubber. Tool grinder (?).—On. the surface in Marsh Pass there was picked up a rough piece of soft sandstone (pl. 51, 7), in one edge of which there were cut two deep grooves, produced perhaps during the process of rubbing down and shaping on it bone or wooden imple- ments. Pot covers.—Pottery vessels were often found with their orifices closed by rough, flat slabs of sandstone broken off about the edges to bring them to convenient size. The only carefully made pot cover (pl. 51, 2) is 54 inches in diameter and one-fourth inch thick. It is apparently a natural slab, the edges worked down by chipping. Loom weights (?).—In the kiva of Ruin 9 were discovered two contrivances which are believed to have been weights connected in some way with the process of weaving. One (A-1647) is a piece of burned adobe from an old roof, the other (pl. 51, 7) a small fragment of sandstone; the former has a string tied about it as a means of suspension, the other is notched on the four sides to hold a similar hgature of yucca strips. Grooved axes and mauls.—The axes in the collection are of surpris- ingly poor workmanship; this however, is apparently not accidental, but is merely a further demonstration of the seeming lack of good grooved axes throughout the northeastern part of the Southwest. The axes of the Grand Gulch and Montezuma Creek regions, Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon, and Canyon de Chelly are all, so far as we know, of about the same irregular shape and careless finish as our specimens (pl. 52, <-/). Nowhere in the districts mentioned has yet been found anything even remotely approaching in quality the beautiful spirally grooved axes of the Rio Grande,’ or the black, straight-backed ones of the Lower Gila.2 Of the specimens here figured, one (pl. 52, 7) has a plain groove, while the other two (pl. 52,2, %) are provided with shallow grooves over the butts. The two mauls (pl. 52, g, 4) are of sandstone; they are not edged, show the effects of battering, and were probably used in break- ing out and trimming up blocks of stone for masonry. Celts—Plate 52, 7 (No. 88333, Grand Gulch, pl. 52, m, introduced for comparison) is our only specimen of a type of celt which is com- 1See Putnam, 1879, pls. xvii, xviii. 2See Fewkes, 1912, pls. 52-56. 126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 mon in the San Juan drainage, but which has not yet been found, so far as we know, on the Rio Grande, the Little Colorado, or the Gila. The present example, like most of the others, is made of yellow hornstone, is broadest just behind the rounded blade, and tapers somewhat toward the butt. It is well polished, particularly at the blade end. At the butt there are several old breaks or nicks, their edges smoothed down by use. These nicks at the butt are found on nearly every celt of this kind that we have seen: but what caused them is doubtful. None of these objects have ever, so far as we know, been found attached to hafts; it is possible that they were used in [{ttee Witz Fic. 48.—Chipped implements. the hand, and that the nicks were purposely made to provide a firm grip. Among the whites about Bluff, Utah, they are known as “skin- ning knives.” /loe.—An implement of ground stone (pl. 52, 7) is provisionally identified as a hoe. The marks about the blade look more like the striations produced by work in the ground than the result of any other industry, and certain rubbed areas upon the constricted butt seem to have been produced by the play of an attached handle. Chipped implements.—Figure 48 gives practically all the examples found during the two seasons. They are knives, arrowpoints, and a KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 5 drill. No finished stone scrapers were recovered, though many rough chips showed evidence of having been used for scraping or whittling. Minute drill—In Ruin 7 was found the tiny drill illustrated in figure 49. The specimen con- sists of a bent twig about 7 inches long, to the middle of which is attached another shorter bit of twig that holds the very small point. The latter is a sharp-tipped fragment of stone less than one-fourth inch long. It has been retouched a little along one edge, but is otherwise unworked. Pendants.—Variously shaped pendants of tur- quoise were taken from the cache pot in Cave I, Kinboko. These are illustrated in plate 62 and figure 68, d. Pendants made from thin plates of fine-grained red slate were found in considerable numbers on the surface in Marsh Pass (fig. 50). This style seems typical of the San Juan drain- age; the authors have noted it in Chaco Canyon, the Mesa Verde, and on Montezuma Creek. ), and scroll type (pl. 56, a). On these frame- works an almost endless number of different patterns were produced. Fie. 60.—Decorations of polychrome redware. BULLETIN 65 PLATE 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY < ES : LO RQ yy LIS AK i XS ve NY ' POLYCHROME REDWARE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUIEEFE GIN 65) IPEATE 57 CORRUGATED WARE KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARJZONA 141 PLAIN YELLOW WARE: This is made of the same paste that forms the base of the three preceding classes, but it is entirely unslipped. Pieces of the ware might therefore be considered as unfinished red or polychrome vessels, fired before slipping were it not for the fact that they are only found, so far as we ‘ aow at present, in Sagi Canyon and Marsh Pass. The fragments collected by us in the latter locality are of bowls, ladles, and ollas. The bowls are small and deep, have direct rims and single vertically placed handles; a few of them bear one or two lines of dark-brown paint encircling the interior just below the rim. The ladles are ‘“ bowl-and-handle ” type; nothing definite can be made out as to the shape of the ollas. CORRUGATED WARE Trcuno.oey: The paste of the corrugated vessels is uniformly dull gray; it is coarse; naturally granular, and contains a heavy ad- ° mixture of tempering material in the form of angular bits of broken (apparently pounded up) rock. The corrugations, which are the original structural coils left unsmoothed on the exterior, vary greatly in size and in the amount of care which was taken to adapt them to ornamental purposes. Examples such as those shown in plate 57, h-p, inclusive, are as fine specimens of coiling as may be found anywhere in the Southwest; others (as pl. 57, d) are of very crude and careless workmanship; in some cases the coil has been almost completely re- moved (pls. 57, a; 58, ¢). We have noticed, though we have not accumulated enough data to enable us to make a positive statement, that the finest corrugated ware seems to be associated with the more generalized styles of black- and-white pottery (“ ght” class) and redware (red with dull paint) ; and that there appears to be a decided degeneration of the technique in pieces found at sites producing a majority of the highly specialized styles (“heavy ” black-and-white and polychrome red). This evi- dence of a decline in the art of coiling in what we take to be the later stages of the Kayenta culture leads us to present a few speculations on ornamentally coiled pottery in general. The theory was brought forward by Cushing many years ago? that corrugated ware was the earliest form of southwestern pottery and that it was a direct imitation of coiled basketry, the rope of clay taking the place, in the ceramic art, of the fiber bundle which makes the basis or foundation of coiled basketry. This has always seemed doubtful to the authors, for the following reasons. Corrugated pottery is built up by winding round and round on’ itself a long, thin fillet of clay which, in well-made pieces, is continuous from its beginning at the bottom of the vessel to its termination at the rim; 1 Cushing, 1886. 142 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULE. 65 in some large jars this fillet attains a length of more than 200 feet. The laying up of this coil is in itself a very difficult matter, and when it is considered that it was often also notched, indented, waved, or otherwise ornamentally modified during the building process, it will be realized how far removed this technique must have been from the first attempts of a nascent art. In the making of smooth-surfaced pottery any irregularity may be rubbed down or filled in, any fault of outline corrected by humoring the plastic walls into shape; in cor- rugated ware, however, no mistake could be corrected, and from beginning to end the coil must have been laid on with a’‘sure hand and steady eye that must have come from long practice, not only in the handling of clay, but in its mixing to exactly the proper con- sistency for this delicate work. We think that.it is no exaggeration to say that a large, ornamentally indented, corrugated olla required more skill for its construction than any other form of handmade pottery that has ever been produced in ancient or modern times. In view of these facts we have always considered that corrugated ware was by no means an early type in the general development of southwestern ceramics, and that smooth-surfaced pottery had un- doubtedly been made for a long time before its manufacture was commenced. No evidence in support of this idea was, however, forthcoming until we found, at Ruin 5, the remains of an early settlement underlying those of a typical Kayenta cliff-dwelling. The pottery in the lower levels was of two sorts: a well-developed black- and-white ware; and a rough cooking ware the vessel necks of which were encircled by a few heavy, coarse corrugations (see pl. 64, e) of the sort, which one would expect to be the forerunners of the finer corrugations which appear on the later jars. While the ceramic data from the Ruin 5 “ slab-houses” is limited, it shows that a good, smooth ware with elaborate decorations had already been evolved before the corrugated technique had passed out of its first tentative stages. SuHapes: Ollas are the most common corrugated form. They are capacious vessels with round bottoms, bodies elongated vertically, large orifices, and slightiy flaring uncorrugated lips. They range from 10 to 18 inches high. None have true handles, though some examples are provided at the neck with single or double imperforate lugs (pl. 57, 7) and others bear added plastic ornaments, such as scrolls (pl. 58, g) or “turkey tracks.” The ollas were evidently primarily intended for cooking pots, as most of them were heavily coated with soot when found. Cracked pieces were often harnessed with yucca leaves or strings and served as storage jars (pl. 57, a, 0). Jugs (pl. 58 e, #) were the only other vessels of corrugated ware recorded by us. They range in height from 4 to 8 inches and are provided with single handles, almost always placed vertically from BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 58 CORRUGATED VESSELS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 59 b ‘ POTTERY FROM SUNFLOWER CAVE KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 143 the lip, or just below it, to the upper side of the body. These handles are sometimes plain (pl. 58, e), but are more often composed of two (pls. 57, g; 58), three (pl. 57, c), or four (pl. 57, e) rolls of clay. pressed together. , Figure 61 shows an elaborate braid-like arrange- ment. UNCLASSIFIED POTTERY OBJECTS DISHES WITH PERFORATED EDGE: From Sunflower House were taken fragments of a very shallow dishlike pottery tray originally about 13 inches in diameter (pl. 59,,6). All about its margin are small holes set close together and punched through the rim from the inside before the piece was fired. In some of these perforations are the re- mains of yucca strips that had been woven back and forth through them, apparently about the entire periphery. Fragments of similar dishes were found on the sur- face in Marsh Pass; Dr. Fewkes figures others from the same general vicinity.1 F!6- 61—Handle of corrugated The type is evidently a rather restricted ie one, but as to its use we are unable to offer a suggestion. Small vessels with raised wavy ridges are illustrated by Fewkes ? from Peach Spring; fragments of ‘almost identical specimens were recovered by us in Marsh Pass (A-2541). The paste is plain gray and the form is like that of a small, round seed jar; the ridges were evidently pinched with the fingers while the clay was soft. Erricies: From the surface at Ruin A were collected the two little clay effigies shown in natural size in figure 62. The faces are flat, Fic. 62.—Clay effigies. with the noses in relief; the eyes and mouth of the larger were pro- duced by punching with some small hollow implement; those of the other were made with a sharp-end tool and further emphasized by 11911, -pl. 15, 0. a absplals yall alr cer 144 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 touches of black paint. The larger head appears to have been origi- nally provided with a “neck” like that of the smaller. Nothing resembling these figures has ever been found, so far as we know, in the San Juan drainage, and nothing exactly like them anywhere in the Southwest. . Pree: In figure 63 (actual size) are given a drawing and section of a clay pipe found on the sur- face of a small ruin on the top of the mesa at the mouth of Sagi Canyon. The surface is rough, the color reddish-gray. VESSEL FROM SUNFLOWER Cave: The position in which this pot was discovered (see p. 95) renders it certain that it is of an earlier period than the main sunflower cliff-house. As Basket Maker remains were noted in the same cave, and as this: vessel is unlike any normal Cliff-house product with which we are familiar, it is possible that it may have belonged to that culture. No other pottery identifiable aS Basket Maker was, however, found either here, in Kinboko, or at Sayodneechee. The form is sufficiently illustrated by the photo- graph (pl. 59, a). The dimensions are: Height, 9% inches; greatest Fic. 68.—Clay pipe. Fic. 64.—Ceremonial object. diameter, 10 inches; orifice, 43 inches. The base clay is a very dark gray, the exterior black with soot. The surface is rough, but shows the marks of a finishing tool applied vertically with a scraping move- ment. CEREMONIAL OBJECTS oe OWLS 9 From Ruin 7 came the two little specimens figured in figures 64 and 65. The former is 84 inches long, the latter 3 inches across the points of the cross. Identical objects are illustrated in the Fran- BULLETIN 65 PLATE 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY SUNFLOWER CACHE 19 ALV1d $9 NILATING AHOVO YSMOTANNS WOYS SLOALAO ASOTONHILA NVOIYANV JO NvaUdNna Pe a aD ale’ ae KIDDER—GUERNSEY | ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 145 ciscan Fathers’ “ Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language,” page 475, and described as owl bugaboos to subdue insubordinate chil- dren. Whether or not the present examples, which are undoubtedly ancient, had the same use, we can not tell. “ SUNFLOWER CACHE:”’ The finding of this extraordinary collection of what we must sup- pose to have been ceremonial paraphernalia is described on page 94. The fact that it was contained in a vessel of normal Cliff-house corrugated ware makes it reasonably safe to assign it to that culture. The deposit consists of a wooden bird, 21 yellow and 5 white wooden sunflowers, 2 leather sunflowers, and 25 wooden cones. The Bird (pls. 60, 61) is made of cottonwood and is 92 inches long. The breast, belly, back, neck, and throat are painted yellow; the tail, wings, crown, and cheeks are hight cobalt blue with black edgings; each wing bears 10 yellow dots arranged in 2 rows of 5 each. The fore- \ head isa dull salmon pink. Thereisa small hole — Fre. 65.—Ceremonial in the head, which has cemented into it with iy ¢ pifion gum a fragment of feather quill. This quill once protruded, butt-end out, to simulate, presumably, the beak of the bird. On either side of the belly is a hole three-sixteenths inch in diameter; the two run inward and shghtly upward, meeting at a very obtuse angle in the middle of the body. If these holes were intended as sockets for legs, the latter would have protruded in a rather unnatural attitude. In the very similar, though unpainted, birds found by Cummings in the Monument country* the leg holes are placed in the same way. The present specimen is of very graceful proportions and of perfect work- manship. It was made, or at least finished, entirely by rubbing, prob- ably with coarse sandstone; nowhere on it, or on the other objects about to be described, is there the least sign of breaking, cutting, or whittling. The Wooden Sunflowers number 26, of which 21 are yellow and 5 white. The largest one is 67% inches in diameter across the petals, the smallest 3 inches. There is an almost perfect gradation between the two extremes, so that the specimens do not fall into size groups. All are made as follows: The body (fig. 66) is a section of a small round branch, apparently cottonwood, cut almost square across the bottom, more or less rounded on the top; a small hole perforates it vertically through the center. Just below the top the body is ringed by a narrow groove, cut inward and downward; this groove 11915, fig. 55. 90521°—19—Bull. 65——10 146 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 is filled with a black, pitchy gum, in which are set the petals; the gum is also smeared about the bases of the petals above and below | where they emerge from the groove. Each petal is neatly cut out in the general form shown in the drawing (fig. 66). Individual examples in the same flower vary little. The least number of petals in any specimen is 19 (this is.also the smallest specimen) ; there are 2 of 20, 1 of 21, 2 of 28, 4 of 25, 4 of 26, 6 of 28, 1 of 29, 4 of 30, and 1 of 35. After having been set in the grooves, the petals were painted. Either the upper and lower surfaces were given a first coat of dull yellow and then the upper side was treated with a second, heavier, and more brilliant lemon-yellow coat; or, as seems more likely, the upper surface was freshened by repainting some time after the original manufacture of the specimens. Three of the white flowers show traces of having been originally yellow; in the other two the white pigment is applied di- rectly to the wood. The tops of the central cylinders, or bodies, in all but three cases are colored black. The two Skin Sunflowers (pls. 60, 61) are made of tanned leather, probably deer- skin or mountain-sheep hide. The larger is 6? inches across and has 23 squared-off tips. It is dull yellow below; the top is brighter and has, in the middle, a round black spot 24 inches across. In the center is a small hole, through which runs a piece of yucca string 14 inches long, knotted at each end so that it cannot be withdrawn. The smaller is 44 inches across and has 19 points, all but 4 of which are square tipped. It is of an ochry shade of yellow, somewhat darker than the other. In the middle there is the same large black spot, and also the central perforation ; the string, however, is missing. The Cones (pls. 60, 61) are 25 in number, or one fewer than the sunflowers; the material is the same as that in the bodies of the latter. They are very uniform in shape and size, the tallest being 2 inches in height, the shortest 1% inches. Although they differ slightly in proportions, the average specimen has its point of great- est diameter (14 inches) about one-quarter inch above the base; thence to the rounded or slightly flattened top the taper is gradual. The base is concave, and from it to the top runs a small vertical perforation, similar to those which traverse the bodies of the sun- flowers. In three of these holes are bits of string, apparently Fic. 66.—Cross section of sunflower. KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 14:7 knotted cords, the knots of which became bound in the holes and caused the strings to break when they were being pulled out. The color of the cones is a rich, dark red; this was produced by covering their sides and tops (the bases are uncolored) with a thick -coat of red ochre, and then washing over this a thin coat of some transparent, resinous varnish which has kept the ochre from rub- bing off, and has also somewhat toned down its original bright shade. Dr. Fewkes has kindly examined the above material and tells us that he believes the bird to have formed part of an altar equip- ment similar to that’ of the Hopi flute altar. The “sunflowers” were perhaps attached to the sides of helmet masks like those worn by the personators of Hopi Kachinas. As to the function of the cones, Dr. Fewkes is in doubt. CAVE I CACHE The inclusion of this material in the section on ceremonial objects is open to question. The careful burial of such a heterogeneous col- lection of oddments in so small a vessel and the nature of the objects themselves, however, both smack of ceremonialism. The entire con- tents of the pot are described together here, rather than under their proper headings in the Material Culture section, in order that the reader may obtain a clearer idea of the variety and richness of the cache. There is also a possibility that the collection may not be a ceremonial deposit of the Cliff-dwellers at all, but merely a selection of the richer loot taken from the near-by Basket Maker cists by some Cliff-dweller, inclosed in a contemporary vessel, and buried for safe keeping. The container is, however, surely of Cliff-dweller make (see pl. 54, a). It was found, as was described in the narrative (p. 77), close below the surface at the rear of the cave. Just under the lid lay two flat leather objects, one of them made of three, the other of four, layers of dressed deerskin sewed together at the edges (A- 1847). While they are both so badly decayed that their exact nature can not be made out, they appear to have been oval in outline. They are about 6 inches long by 3 inches wide. Under the leather objects, and bottom up, was a very small black- and-white seed jar (pl. 54, 6); its lower side was for some unknown reason much disintegrated, the surface had partly scaled off, and on removal more fragments came away. This little jar rested on a large polished lignite button, and packed about it were three small but beautifully woven bags, their mouths closed by draw strings. Between two of the bags lay a long strip of dried flesh or sinew folded on itself several times. The contents of the cache pot had in some way become very much decayed, apparently more by a sort of dry rot than by moisture; 148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 the woven bags were so fragile that though they were lifted out with the greatest care their lower, sides fell away and the objects in them dropped out of their own weight and were mixed together in the bottom of the pot. For this reason the exact list of what was in each sack cannot be given, although a few light specimens were not dis- turbed in moving. This much may be said: Everything in the pot, except the pieces of leather, the strip of flesh, and the button, was contained in one or another of the three bags or in the little seed jar. We give a list of objects known to have come from particular bags, a second list of those which had been held in one or another of them, but which cannot be more particularly assigned, and a third list of specimens from the seed jar. I. OBJECTS FROM INDIVIDUAL BAGS: Bag A-1848— Necks of two small paint sacks. Bag A-1849— Bundle of herbs (?) wrapped with string. Bag A—-1850— 2 shell beads (A-1851). Bundle of herbs much decayed (A—1852). 14 squash seeds (A-1853). 2 disks of green stone (A—1869). II. OBJECTS FROM THE THREE BAGs: Small leather bag containing (?) (A-1854). Necks of 4 small leather paint bags (A-1855). Bundle of herbs (?) much decayed (A-1856). Small leather bag containing turquoises (A—1857). Lump of rough turquoise partly worked (A-1858). Three bits of iron pyrites (A-1859). Bit of malachite (A—-1860). Meal (?) (A-1861). Hight olivella shells (A—-1862). Cylinder of manganese ore (A-1863). Five turquoise pendants (A—1864-1868). Purple shell bead (A—1870). Three double-lobed white stone beads (A-1871). Bead of impure turquoise (A—1872). Seven minute black stone beads (A-1873). Red paint (A—1874). Pollen (7) and part of corn-husk container (A-1876). Small piece of charcoal (A-1894). Dried wild gooseberry (crushed in packing). III. OBJECTS FROM TILE SEED JAR: Decayed small woven strip (A-1881). Seven kernels of corn (A-1883). Neck of red-paint bag (A—1884). Red paint from broken bag (A—1885). Small leather bag with pendant (A-1886). Small leather bag containing red paint (A-1887). Turquoise pendant (A-1888). Jadeite pendant (A-1889). Three beads of serpentine (A-1890), KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 149 Twelve minute black stone beads (A—1891). Four bits of malachite (A—-1892). Three bits of azurite (A—-1893). Description of Objects The textile bags (pl. 62, ac) are twilled-woven, seamless sacks originally about 5 inches long. How their bottoms were formed can not be determined from the badly decayed specimens, but the bodies seem to have been cylindrical with unconstricted mouths. The fabric at the apertures was turned in and sewed down to form tun- nels for the heavy, round draw strings, which were neatly braided of many strands. The material of the bags is apparently cotton, +2 -| +3 Sa el on 2 ee oe +3 -! +2 -5 i FF FE aS Oe Fig. 67.—Diagram of weave of twilled bag. the warp in natural color, the weft dyed dark to bring out the com- plex twilled pattern. Two of the bags are so much rotted that the details of the weave cannot be ascertained; a part of the third (pl. 62, @) is in sufficiently good condition to allow of the threads being counted. The following twill formula was determined for a series of eight or nine rows: plus 2, minus 1, plus 3, minus 2, plus 2, minus 2, plus 2, minus 2, plus 3, minus 1, plus 2, minus 5, and repeat (see fig. 67). The order of pluses and minuses is not changed from row to row, but the twill is “set over” to produce the diagonal effect in the following manner: beginning with the row lettered A, it will be seen that there are two plus 3’s, one (which we will call a) coming between minus 1 and minus 2, the other (called 7) coming between minus 2 and minus 1. In the second row (#) the plus 3 lettered x is set directly below the 150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 plus 3 lettered 7; in the third row ((’) the plus 3 called y is placed below the plus 3 called ~ of the row (2) above, but is set one step to the left. In the fourth row w comes directly below y, ete. The weave as here given is from the middle of the bag, and the pattern is diagonal. Some change in the arrangement of the rows at a higher level seems to throw the pattern in the other diagonal direction, and there are some indications that the design as a whole was made up of diamond-shaped figures. How these changes were effected cannot be ascertained, but enough has been said to make clear the extraordinary elaborateness of the weave. @ an Fic. ed) duties and cylindrical rs beads. Fie. 74.—Stone pendants. are the commonest materials, though the minerals mentioned above all occur. These large beads were all found at the necks of the skele- tons, but from the wal Te of them usually accompanying each 1For the identinattons we are duaevted to Profs. J, E, Wolff and Giaries Paice of Harvard University, 164 ~"* BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 body it would appear that a cord encircled the throat with a few beads hung or strung at its middle. Most of the shell beads were made from olivellas by simply cut- ting off the end of the spire. They, occurred in great quantities in all the Sayodneechee cists (a single specimen came from the gen- eral digging in Cave I). A string of 53 shells was taken from the neck of a skeleton in Cist B (A-1915); another (pl. 70, )) from the same cist has single shells alternating with pairs of the little albatite evlinders. Besides olivellas we have specimens of a larger similar shell (pl. 70, 7) prepared for threading by the removal of the spire and part of the body; there are also seven small, thin, discoidal examples cut from an unidentifiable bivalve (A-1902). A single bead of this nature is attached to the left f NY ear of the infant “mummy” from Cist I, Wi Cave I. Ex There are a few hemispherical bone beads = in the Sayodneechee collection (A-1947), yy) of about the same size and shape as those of 4 YN stone. They are fashioned from the solid SAY NI \ part of the shaft of a long-bone of some & Ved , f } large animal. Two short, cylindrical tubes CWA Vf U, of bird bone, highly polished, probably also served as beads (see pl. 86, c, d), as did some similar tubes recovered in their origi- nal order (pl. 70, f). A string of acorn cups used as beads is shown in plate 70, &. Feathered pendant (fig. 77).—This object may or may not have been for personal ornament. It is from Cave I. It is made of four tightly twisted fiber strings, doubled to form loops and bound together for a space of three-eighths inch by sinew. To each of the eight loose ends there are bound with sinew two small feathers, the greater part of which have been broken off. The total length of the specimen is 2 inches. Gay Se ee DOI tm Fic. 77.—Feathered pendant. HousrHoup APPURTENANCES CRADLES Ricip Tyre: Our data as to this style is very scanty. We have only fragments of three very badly decayed examples from the cists of Cave I (pl. 71, a). They seem. to have had an outer frame made from a single stick bent into a sort of guitar shape. This outer frame appears to have sometimes been inclosed by an ornamental wrapping of twilled yucca leaves. The filling, as may be seen in the figure, is of crisscrossed reeds (not twigs as in the £ KIDDER-GUBRNSEY] ” ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 165 Ruin 7 Cliff-dwelling example, pl. 42) held together by decorative lashings. In one case these are of hair, in another of leather thongs, in the third a mixture of the two. FLexIBLe TYPE: Grass.—Plate 71, }, illustrates one of three ex- amples from Cave I; it is made of grass and yucca leaves. The rim, or what corresponds to the wooden hoop of the rigid type, is a continuous roll of coarse grass stalks bound up tightly with yucca; the average thickness of the roll is three-fourths inch. The front and back consist of coarse-meshed, carelessly woven yucca nettings at- tached to the grass rim. A little shredded grass and some corn husks, with which the cradle was originally padded, are still held by the netting at the small end. It is 33 inches long and 21 inches in maximum width. The second specimen (A-2293, general digging, cist area, Cave I) has a very firmly rolled grass rim 14 inches in diameter. The yucca netting on what is apparently the back is of a uniform large mesh; what remains across the front appears to have been close meshed at the small end, while the upper portion is more like a lacing than a net. The cradle holds for padding a quantity of beaten or shredded grass and shredded cedar bark. A fragment of a third cradle (A-2294) consists of the lower or small end with a double net of yucca like the specimens just described. It also held some of the soft padding. 7 While it is possible that these objects were not cradles, they are assumed to be such because of their shape (pl. 71, >) and because of their contents of soft grass and bark, substances commonly used by the Indians as bedding for infants. Furthermore, they are of such flimsy construction that they would have been of little use as carrying devices, the only other logical service assignable to them. One of the infant “mummies” from Cave I was found lying on grass and cedar bark, the latter embedded in the adobe in which the remains were encased. Professor Cummings? reports “ bags of loosely woven yucca lined with cedar bark” and “bags of cedar bark fiber held together with interlacings of yucca cord.” Hough? mentions finding in Tulerosa cave, New Mexico, “bed heaps rudely constructed, though in a defi- nite manner, of soft grass inclosed in a mat-like net of yucca leaves; bundles of leaves and grass served as pillows.” Cedar bark.—Ten cradles of cedar bark were found, three in Cave I, seven in Cave II. The two best examples are here described and figured. No. A-2446 (Cave IT) is 27 inches long and 16 inches wide (pl. 72, a). It was apparently made by weaving a mat of cedar- bark strips, laid parallel to each other and held together by twined 1From Sagiotsosi, 1910, p. 14. 21907, p. 21. 166 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 rows of yucca leaves 3 inches apart; figure 78 shows the manner in which the latter were carried along the edge before reentering the mat, and at the same time providing loops for the attachment of the yucca netting which drew up the sides of the mat and inclosed the cradle. At one end the mat is turned up at a sharp angle and is held thus by a mesh of yucca leaves attached at several points to the front netting. The other end is formed in the same manner, but with less care. The second specimen (“ grass area,” Cave IT, pl. 72, 5) is 30 inches long, 18 inches wide. It was filled with crushed and shredded bark in which were a number of pifion nuts. It is made of thick ?-inch strips of cedar bark running its whole length; these are held close together by tightly twisted yucca-leaf twining elements irregularly spaced but car- ried along the edge as in figure 78. The bottom is turned up and attached as in the cradle described above. The top is either unfinished or broken, loose and frayed ends of the bark strips extending some 10 inches beyond the last twining. The V-shaped opening from the top to within 4 inches of the bottom is laced across with a rude netting caught into the twining elements of the body. The shapeless appearance of these cradles when found, crushed — down by the sand in the cists and in the débris, at first deceived us as to their nature, and in the field we referred to them as panniers. It was not until they had been cleaned in the laboratory and had regained something of their original shape that their true purpose became evident. The identification was rendered certain when the infant “ mummy ” from Cist 1, Cave I, was unwrapped and found to lie in the somewhat tattered remains of one of them, the yucca net- ting still fastened across the body (pl. 73). Toy cradle (?).—In plate 29, a, under the “ mummified ” foot will be seen what appears to be a small grass bag, but which proves, on closer examination, to have all the essential features of the cradles just described. The back or body is made of grass bundles instead of cedar-bark strips; the netting, however, is of yucca as in the larger specimens. When whole it was apparently about 18 inches long by 8 inches wide. We judge that this little object was a toy cradle. The bones of a child, 6 or 7 years of age, found in the same cist, lend color to the theory. Fic. 78.—Edge binding of cedar-bark cradle. BUIEEETIN 65) (PEAME: 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY CEDAR-BARK CRADLES SONIddVYM ONY ‘S10VYHO WYVE-YVGSO 4O LYVd «ANWWNW,, S.LNVANI €Z 3LV1d $9 NILA11NG ADOIONHIA NVOIYAWYV SO NVvadns BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 74 e. BRUSH, NATURAL SIZE f. BRUSH, ENLARGED. a-d, HAIRBRUSHES BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULEETIN 653 REARE 7S BUNDLES OF BASKET SPLINTS 6 COLE Or ROPE KIDDBR-GUERNSEY | ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 167 TORCHES Our few specimens do not differ from the Cliff-dwelling examples, being merely rolls of cedar bark tied up with yucca and charred at the ends. Two of them are shown in plate 80, a, 0. é BRUSHES From Cave I came three brushes quite different from the simple bunches of stiff fibers found in the cliff-houses. They are tiny little contrivances made in the following manner: A bundle of stiff plant fibers was bound together a little to one side of the middle, the short end of the bundle forming a core over which the long end was folded back until the tips of both ends were even with each other; this was done in such a way as completely to surround the core, to which the folded-back portion was firmly bound by a second wrap- ping (see fig. 79). In one example (pl. 74, e, f) an extra tie was applied, running ver- tically from the butt and through the bristles; this specimen is the smallest, 12 inches in length; the other two are 2 inches and 24 inches long, respectively. These little objects were evidently used as hair brushes, as strands of human hair are still entangled in their bristles. The type, though not found so far in the cliff-dwellings, is a widespread one among Fic. 79.—Section of fiber the Indians of northern Mexico, the Pima of i eaees Arizona, and various California tribes. The accompanying illustration (pl. 74, a-d) shows our three speci- mens and one of similar construction from San Luis Potosi. Ni . EN WAS ON OO VN wi, EF zi Pay. oad 7 S V9 Eg aes ITAL = ee EL BASKETRY TWILLED BASKETRY We do not know whether twilled ware, in the form of the yucca ring basket so common in the cliff-dwellings, was or was not pro- duced by the Basket Makers. No specimens were found in excavat- ing the two caves if we except the somewhat doubtful example from Cist 9, Cave I (p. 79). In the Grand Gulch collections in the American Museum, however, there are numerous ring baskets, as well as a small-mouthed twiiled basket of yucca. These are figured by Pepper as of Basket Maker origin,! but it should be remembered that this lot of Grand Gulch material is a mixture of both Basket Maker 11902, pp. 23-25. 168 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 and Cliff-dweller products. It is safe to state on the basis of our ex- plorations that even if the ring basket was used by the Basket Makers on the southern side of the San Juan, it was very much less. common than among the Cliff-dwellers, for no Cliff-dweller col- lection, as large as our Basket Maker one would fail to contain the fragments of several dozen specimens of this type. COILED BASKETRY The relative frequency of coiled basketry in Cliff-dweller and Basket Maker sites is best illustrated by the following statistics: our Cliff-dwelling collection contains in round numbers 1,100 speci- mens, of which four are of basketry; 580 specimens are catalogued from the three Basket Maker caves, and of these about 175 are basketry. Owing to decay at Sayodneechee and to looting in Cave I, the majority of our specimens are fragmentary; we have, however, a few whole baskets and large pieces to help us in our study of forms, while the quantities of shreds and worn-out bits from the débris of occupancy and the plundered cists are particularly useful for techno- logical details. Weave.—With the exception of one very crude example (pl. 76, a) in which a single rod is used, every piece in the collection is made over a two-rod-and-bundle foundation. The rods, varying in thick- ness according to the fineness of the product, are thin, round twigs with pithy centers;! the bundles consist of fibers, usually from the yucea leaf, more rarely of what appears to be some sort of shredded root; the sewing elements are thin wooden splints (except in the very rough piece referred to above, where they are yucca leaf). Sev- eral bunches of these splints prepared for use were found buried in Cave I (pl. 75, a-d); the individual elements are from three thirty- seconds to one-eighth inch wide, and vary from 12 to 16 inches long. Three of the bunches contain both light- and dark-colored splints; one (pl. 75, ¢) is composed entirely of dark ones. As is shown in figure 80, the two rods are set side by side and the fibrous bundle is laid above them. The sewing element, in inclosing this foundation, takes in the rods and the bundle above them, and also passes through about half of the bundle of the coil below (fig. 80,4). It is this gripping of the bundle of the lower coil which alone holds the fabric together. While careless manipulation of the awl has sometimes caused the sewing elements to split each other (pl. 76, #), they do not, so far as we can discover, ever interlock. Mason’s* 1We have not yet been able to have made the botanical identification of the rods and splints. 21904, p. 244. KIDDER-GUERNSEY] | ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 169 definition of coiled basketry reads as follows: “ [It] is produced by an over-and-over sewing with some kind of flexible material, each stitch interlocking with the one immediately underneath it.” The present type, whose sewing elements do not interlock, does not accord with the above description, and we have here, apparently, a funda- mental difference between Basket Maker and Cliff-dweller coiled basketry and what we must suppose, on the authority of Mason, to be the more general style. We have not had an opportunity to fol- Jow this line of investigation, although it promises much of classifica- tional value; we have noted, however, that Navaho basketry (prob- ably made by Paiute women) is made in the same way as our cave material. That from the Coahuila (northern Mexico) burials, on the other hand, has interlocked sewing elements. While all the specimens in our collection conform exactly to the description given above, they vary considerably in fineness of weave and excellence of materials (see pl. 76). The coarsest pieces have foundation rods one-quarter inch in diameter and run 24 coils and a Fic. 80.—Detail of coiled basketry weave. 6 to 7 stitches to the inch; the finest have 7 coils and 12 stitches; the great majority have 5 coils and 9 to 11 stitches. This is com- paratively coarse weaving (our few Cliff-dwelling examples have 5 coils and 17 to 20 stitches to the inch), and results in the exposure, between the stitches, of the foundation rods which, in the Cliff- dwelling pieces, are hidden because the splints are narrower and are pulled closer together. The edge bindings are all simple. In regard to the manufacture of these baskets (or at least those of bowl-like form), it seems probable that they were held right-side up, that the foundation was steadied by the left hand and the awl and sewing splint manipulated from the inside with the right hand. Looking from above, the coil, in all the bowl-like specimens, is seen to run counterclockwise. SHAPES Shallow trays are the commonest form. They range from 3 inches to 3 feet in diameter, the smaller ones (pl. 76, m) being rela- 170 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 tively deeper and more bowl-lke than the larger. Our collection contains none of the latter, although we have fragments of many (pl. 76, ag); for their shape and general appearance reference should be had to the illustrations in Pepper’s paper. A second form, represented by small bits only, is the Jarge carry- ing basket with flaring sides and small, pointed bottom. . Less common are baskets with restricted orifices. These little pieces are very neatly made (pl. 76, 7, »), and seem to have served as trinket holders and workbaskets, for specimen 7 contained the three-pendant necklace described in the section on personal orna- ments (fig. 72, @) and n (see also pl. 77) held pieces of bird skin, a leather bag, and a basketry disk. The most interesting piece of basketry found was taken from Cave It (pl. 78). It has an elongated base, oval in cross section; the upper part flares out and becomes round; it is constricted again at the top, and the orifice is small.?- There does not seem to have been a neck, but there is some evidence that there was once a string- hinged cover. On opposite sides, just below the point of greatest diameter, are pairs of carrying loops made by twisting into a heavy cord eight or ten 2-strand human-hair strings. The entire inner sur- face of the basket is thickly pitched with pifion gum, and the same material has been daubed on such parts of the exterior as had begun to wear through. A design of small stepped units may be faintly made out on the upper curve. There can be little doubt that this specimen is a water-carrying basket. The pitched interior is really sufficient proof, but the identification is further borne out by the peculiar shape, which per- mits the piece to fit snugly against the shoulders of the bearer, and by the incurved top, which would effectually have prevented the contents from splasing out during transportation. A number of small basketry plaques or disks were taken from the cists and rubbish (pl. 76, 7, /), and one was found in the basket shown in plate 77. These appear to be beginnings of baskets, as all are clearly unfinished and all conform closely in shape and weave to the bottoms of one or another of the types described above. While the majority are round, there are a few which, by their oval shape and sharply rising sides, indicate that they were intended to be completed in some form similar to the water carrier. MarTrinG We do not know whether or not rush mats such as have been described from the cliff-houses (p. 111) were used by the Basket 1See Pepper, 1902, p. 8. 2 Dimensions: Total height 17 inches, greatest diameter 14% inches, orifice 44 inches. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 76 wiv ates np aRRTT Dome y: cr ALGAAS OLIFIIES 24, oo ‘ ‘ Wee RETF ahaa ae # aes COC LOM gt I rt aaa FRAGMENTS OF COILED BASKETRY COILED BASKETRY BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUILEETUNG 6S REATIE 977 BASKET AND CONTENTS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEERIN' 65> PEATE 78 peas aya pate RSET é r] * Rttes #8 Li Ligh} ee Perry at aeseenn HTPICLALL Lh ere Hahoas boapbiaensupe eresosresnegh pest tine vray isnuTesa arenes, Tb bbiiidiidicse 1204. GO ROOA CRREER Brrr ts. ii Aadi it ilecee? 4 | prapeeitney TT EEL isaac eey reyeene® y ee! pads b WATER-CARRYING BASKET BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 79 * ad Revert TWINED WOVEN BAGS f. FRAGMENT OF LARGE TWINED WOVEN BAG KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA ial Makers. > = Ce Ss eS . a und phallic. There is also a & cluded in the se- & other drawings. comparison with the Ha- goe groups Just =. discussed. Of these, a shows a > > ‘ pair of “ flute- b) players” analo- ag gous in attitude : Ge to, and with the 2 same humped backs as, the ones from Hagoé. These two formed part of a large agglomeration of pictographs in a cave near Ruin A, Marsh Pass, but the majority of the others, among which were sheep, were too mtich time-worn for certain recording. Pictographs } and ¢ are from the lower reaches of Kinboko just above Ruin A. In one a humpbacked individual is shooting a sheep; in the other a humpbacked figure is associated with two sheep, and in front of him is a single sandal print. The one common element in all these groups is the humpbacked figure. He is associated with sheep (hunting concept?) in all but Fie. 96.—Pictograph groups near Ruin 5. 196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 one (fig. 96, a); in four with footprints (tracking or hunting con- cept?); in three with phallic manifestations; in four with “ flute- playing” and the reclining attitude. This personage may therefore be defined as a humpbacked creature connected in some way with hunting, with phallicism, and with “ flute-playing.” That this par- ticular conception, in some of its phases at least, was a very definite one is shown by the close similarity in shape and attitude between the figures from Hagoé and those from Marsh Pass, sites a number of miles apart. That it was exceedingly widely disseminated in the Southwest is proved by the following instances: In Fewkes Canyon, Mesa Verde, there are WN S| S| painted on the wall of a room in what seems to be = a ceremonial building humpbacked phallic indi- viduals shooting mountain sheep;' in a caveate. cliff- room on the Pajarito Pla- teau, in central New Mexico, is carved a series of humpbacked phallic figures lying on their backs ‘ C 5s eat pt and “playing flutes”; a [od Ne rd | | |=) 1 still more distant example +, Ae e may perhaps be recog- nized in the humpbacked male figures of the erotic figurine groups from ¥ Casas Grandes, Chihua- hua, Mexico.” Incisep PrcroGRAPHS g These are distinctly Fic. 97.—Incised designs on building stones, Ruins rare, the only example in ace graphic pitography being the bowstrings of the hunter in plate 94, ¢. Incised decorations on: building stones were found at Ruins 8 and A (fig. 97), and the authors have seen similar ones on the walls of Betatakin, Sagi Can- yon. With the exception of figure 97, c, all of them are geometric and suggest the decorations of pottery. Comparison should be made 1See Fewkes, 1916, a, fig. 2 and pl. vii; in the latter there seems also to be a semi- reclining ** flute-player”” (d). 2See Kidder, 1916, p. 259, and pl. iii. As is there pointed out, some connection with Kokopelli, the Hopi humpbacked phallic deity, is to be suspected. Cf, Fewkes, 1908, pl. xxv. KIDDBR-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 197 with incised building stones recorded by Dr. Fewkes from Sun Temple, Mesa Verde.* PartntTeD PicroGRAPHs The statement has been made? that painted pictographs were characteristic of the Basket Maker culture and rock-cut ones of the Cliff-dwellers. It is true, indeed, that most if not all of the rock-cut examples collected by us were found at or near cliff-dwellings and were probably a product of that cul- ture, and also that certain painted figures are probably Basket Maker. The general distinction, however, does not hold good, for we have seen painted pictographs so placed on cave walls that they could have Yy been made only by people sitting or stand- ing on the roofs of the cliff-houses them- selves. Such a series, representing sheep, tailed anthropomorphic ee creatures, and snakes, was present in Ruin 7 (these Cw were recorded, but were unfortunately lost in the field). Also in cliff-dwellings are seen hand prints in red or white paint, generally slapped on with the wet hand (pl. 33, a), less commonly “ stenciled ” by laying the hand on the rock and dabbing about it with paint (pl. 92, a). The latter figure illus- Fic. 99—Paintead trates an interesting series of stenciled sandal pictoerapl, prints; the imaginary individual is shown by his tracks to have walked to a little projection in the vertical wall, to have jumped down from it, landing with both feet together, and then to have con- tinued his journey. All the foregoing are presumably Cliff- house; a second class comprises painted pictographs the cultural affiliations of which can not as yet be definitely determined. They are shown in figures 98 and 99 and plate 95.° The first two are from the upper walls of the cave near Ruin A that held the hump-backed figures described above (pl. 94, a). The large white sheep conforms rather closely to the pecked examples; the red foot-shaped objects with it and those in> figure 99 are of a type which we have not noted elsewhere; the red, white, and yel- 5 5 : S Fic. 100.—Square-shouldered low spirals are also peculiar. White hand paisitediicuré. £1916; p. 12 and fig: 11. 2 Pepper, 1902. °In the drawings of painted pictographs outlined spaces represent white, black repre- sents red, and shading yellow. Fic. 98.—Painted pictograph. 198 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 prints are associated with both these groups. Plate 95, a, shows two long snakes, a small sheep, an anthropomorph (?), and some hand prints, all done in white paint; plate 95, b, is a circular red painting accompanied by two other objects of unknown meaning. The former has been much battered and is also touched up with charcoal, pre- sumably by Navaho. SQUARE-SHOULDERED FIGurEs These large and very peculiar anthropomorphic representations we believe to be of Basket Maker origin, because we found them on the walls of the strictly Basket Maker Cave II and because at Ruin 4, where they are very abundant, they and their attendant hand prints are obviously older than the Cliff-house struc- ture. Similar figures are also common in Butler’s Wash, Grand Gulch, and other typically Basket Maker canyons, and are, so far as we know, absent from the Mesa Verde and other localities which the Basket Makers do not seem to have in- habited. These paintings are all much alike (figs. 100, 101, and pls. 96, 97, @) ; Tie. 401,22 Bitnkeshoniaerea, SUL sro, Rumi horns with triangular painted figure. bodies, long arms and legs and small heads. They range in height from 1 foot to 5 feet, and are usually roughly daubed on the rocks in chalky white paint. The bodies of a number of them bear zigzag decora- tions in red and yellow (figs. 100, 101), and some show headdresses or perhaps hairdressing. In plate 97, a, may be seen two series of small red squares arranged in step formation; these appear to be of the same period as the white paintings. Navano PicroGrRaPHs During the course of our explorations we collected a few drawings which, because of their freshness and of the nature of their subjects, we can assign to a very recent period. We saw some of them being drawn by Navaho children, and all are probably of Navaho origin. Charcoal seems to be the favorite medium, the walls of many caves, particularly those of Cave I, being decorated with scrawly pictures of men on horseback, sheep, cattle, wagons, and deer; some of these charcoal sketches can be made out overlying the large white square- shouldered pictographs in plate 97, a. Incised, or rather scratched, drawings of the same nature are shown in plate 97, 0, c. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 95 0) PAINTED PICTOGRAPHS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 65 PLATE 96 b SQUARE-SHOULDERED PAINTED FIGURES BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN G5 PLATE 97 ats at ot vere a. SQUARE-SHOULDERED PAINTED FIGURES. 6, ce. NAVAHO INCISED DRAWINGS KIDDPR-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 199 Of quite different style, but surely recent and probably also made by the Navaho, are the strange creatures reproduced in figure 102. Some of these are incised, some drawn in charcoal. They presumably depict dance characters or mythical personages, but we were unable b Fig. 102.—Navaho drawings. to collect any information as to whether they were the work of children (like the charcoal drawings), or whether they were made- with some more serious purpose by adults. It will be noticed that the bodies are of hourglass shape, a feature not observed in any of the ancient examples. III. CONCLUSION S was pointed out in the introduction to the section on Material Culture, our explorations yielded remains of what we consider to be two distinct cultures—the Cliff-houset and the Basket Maker. ‘There is some evidence also of a third culture, the Slab- house. In this concluding section we present certain notes and specu- lations based on the data gathered from these groups. CLIFF-HOUSE To summarize: We have abundant remains, in the form of cliff- dwellings and surface ruins, of a fairly homogeneous culture occupy- ing the whole region. It is characterized by stone houses built above ground, specialized ceremonial rooms or kivas, and high development of pottery. Corn, beans, and squash were cultivated, cotton was grown, and the turkey was domesticated. The textile arts were well developed, particularly in loom weaving, twilled work (matting, baskets, cotton bags), and twined work (cord sandals). Very good coiled basketry was produced, but apparently in rather limited quan- tities. Stone implements, both polished and chipped, were not re- markable either for abundance or for excellence of workmanship. All the cliff-dwellings and pueblos examined were enough alike in architecture, kiva construction, and pottery to warrant their being assigned to a single culture period. There are, however, differences between the pottery of some of the small settlements (Ruins 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) on the one hand, and a group consisting of small houses 6 and 8 and the pueblos of Marsh Pass on the other, that seem to show a variation of some sort within the culture, and therefore point to a fairly extended period of occupancy. The wares of the former divi- sion lack in general the features characteristic of high specializa- tion (shapes such as the flat-topped ollas and colanders; intensively elaborated decorations as, “under-framework ” in black-and-white ; white-edged designs in polychrome) which are found so commonly in the wares of the second group. This would seem to indicate that the ruins of the first group were somewhat earlier than those of the second, and also that they were of somewhat wider distribution; 1Including, of course, the pueblos in the open; a better term is, perhaps, “ Kiva culture,” cf. Kidder, 1917. 200 KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 201 also that toward the end of the period of occupancy of this district the population withdrew to the vicinity of Marsh Pass, where the culmination of the culture, so to speak, was reached in the pueblos of the pass and the great cliff-houses of its tributary Sagi Canyon.' Regarding the culture as a unit, it may be assigned a position as a subgroup of the great, northeastern Kiva-culture.? That branch of southwestern civilization has not yet been clearly delineated, but it appears to have comprised all the true cliff-dwellings and pueblos of the San Juan drainage, with outposts running down and across the Colorado and, in somewhat later times, down the Rio Grande. At present, in addition to the division under discussion (which we may term the Kayenta), we can recognize in the San Juan district two definite subgroups: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde-McElmo. The position of two other groups is less certain: The Montezuma Creek, which should perhaps be classed with Mesa Verde; and the Aztec— Bloomfield, whose ruins, so far as we can tell from surface indica- tions, are allied architecturally to Chaco Canyon and ceramically to Mesa Verde. This very general classification of San Juan sites leaves unac- counted for the great and important mass of remains in the Canyon de Chelly and the lower Chinlee. Of these the authors have no per- sonal knowledge beyond their very brief examination of the Nockito cliff-house. The Kayenta group differs from the others most strikingly in pottery and in kiva construction. Its redwares are much more abundant than are those of any other San Juan region, the poly- chrome redware being, so to speak, its trade-mark. Black-and-white also differs in its shapes (handled bowls, colanders; lack of mugs and pitchers) and decorations (“heavy ” designs, etc.) from that of the other groups. The kivas are characterized, to permit ourselves a paradox, by their lack of character; they do not show the strict orthodoxy of form displayed by the six-pilastered Mesa Verde and Montezuma Creek type,* or of the low-benched style which appears to belong to the larger Chaco Canyon ruins.* As was brought out in the text, they vary greatly in size and interior arrangement, some having small recesses, some very large ones, many none at all. 1This process—i. e., early diffusion in small sites, later concentration in large centers with high cultural specialization, and lastly more or less abrupt abandonment of whole regions—is a common phenomenon in southwestern archeology. Examples are: Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, Lower Gila, Casas Grandes. It has not yet been satisfactorily explained, though an attempt to account for it on the basis of climatic change has been made by Huntington (1914). 2 Kidder, 1917. The arrangement there given is somewhat different from the present one; final classification is not yet possible. 3 See Fewkes, 1908, 1909, 1911, a; Morley, 1908; Kidder, 1910. 4Pepper, 1899. 202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 Further differences between Kayenta ruins and those of other groups will undoubtedly be brought out by close studies of the architecture and of the minor arts. Having established, to our own satisfaction at least, that the Kayenta type is a real one, we must consider its range and its place in the general archeological scheme. For this we are at present almost wholly dependent on the evidence afforded by pottery. The Canyon de Chelly and its tributary Del Muerto produce, if the many collections said to have come from them are correctly labeled, a certain percentage of Kayenta ware, and we found a good deal of it at Nockito in the lower Chinlee. This is so far our eastern and southeastern limit for seemingly home-made pieces. Vessels of Kay- enta type are fairly common in the cliff-houses of Grand Gulch and White Canyon to the northeast. What the wares to the north and west, in the Navaho mountain country, may be, we do not know; nor have we as yet any knowledge of the pottery of the numerous large ruins of Nitsi Canyon. In the southwest the type seems to crop out in the vicinity of the Hopi towns and at certain sites on the Little Colorado.t. Dr. Fewkes states? that the pottery of the Black Falls pueblos is similar to that of Marsh Pass, but as to this opinion we cannot pass judgment, no pieces from those sites having been figured. We have found small sherds of Kayenta polychrome ware without white edgings at the following places: Pueblo Bonito and Hungo Pavie in Chaco Canyon; Cliff Palace in the Mesa Verde; Alkali Ridge in the Montezuma Creek drainage. At none of these sites was there noticed white-edged polychrome or “heavy” designed black- and-white. As these two styles are considered by us to belong to the later stage of the Kayenta culture, we infer that the earlier Kayenta ruins were roughly contemporaneous with the Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon periods. This supposition is still further borne out by the finding in Ruin 7 of a typical Mesa Verde bow] sherd. Going rather farther afield, a certain distant resemblance may be pointed out between nan wares and the polychr ome pottery of the lower Gila (Casa Grande, etc.). This is seen in the use of the current offset toothed decoration (fig. 58), the stepped line, and the prevalence of white edgings. Such comparisons as this are, how- ever, rather unprofitable in the present stage of our investigation. Turning to the kivas, we find that those examined by us are all round and subterranean, all possess the ventilator and fire pit, prob- ably all had the deflector and perhaps all had sipapus, though sev- eral of them were in so ruinous a condition that the latter features could not surely be identified. Although some had recesses (pre- 1 Consult plates in Fewkes, 1898 and 1904. ile bile rays alle KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 203 sumably corresponding in function and surely in some way related to the recesses between the pilasters of Mesa Verde~-McElmo—Monte- zuma Creek kivas) none of them had pilasters. Their variable char- acter is marked. In relation to the Mesa Verde-McElmo—Monte- zuma Creek type they must be either early and unformed, late and degenerate, or peripheral. More than this can not be decided, but we incline to believe that the orthodox six-pilastered kiva is a product of the northern side of the San Juan and that our specimens are probably the result of a southwestern spread of the subterranean kiva cult. The earlier examples in our district would, in that case, be considered as peripheral. One interesting and at present inexplicable point is that in Turkey House, Sagi Canyon, there is a six-pilastered kiva. This ruin has pottery which is quite different from, and evidently earlier than, that of Kitsiel, though the two houses are only a few hundred yards apart. A further peculiar state of affairs is to be observed in the Sagi ruins: some of the houses have only round kivas, very similar, appar- ently, to the ones excavated by us; others have only rectangular cere- monial rooms which, however, seem to show round kiva influence in a form of deflector placed opposite the lateral entryway. The former class is well illustrated by Kitsiel, the latter by Betatakin. The pottery from these two ruins is of the highly specialized Kayenta style, and all the evidence leads to the belief that they were very nearly if not actually contemporaneous. While we can offer no explanation of this phenomenon, it emphasizes the fact that although the archeological problems of northern Arizona are very complex, there is a wealth of material available for their solution. SLAB-HOUSE To name a culture on so slight a body of evidence as that un- covered in Ruin 5 is perhaps unwise. It is certain, however, that the remains both of houses and of pottery brought to hight in the lower levels of that site differ markedly from those found at the top; their position also renders it certain that they are older. It is probable that the Slab-house remains are intermediate in time between the developed Cliff-houses and the Basket Maker habi- tations, but their cultural affinities to the two cannot be determined until we have more data. The similarity between Slab-house black- and-white pottery decoration and that of some of the Chaco Canyon black-and-white is another problem about which it is idle to speculate at the present time. As to the range of the Slab-house type of cul- ture we are ignorant; we found it a few miles to the east near Ruin 1See Fewkes, 1911, and Cummings, 1915. 904 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL, 65 7, traces of it at Ruin 9, and Cummings’s older houses in Sagiotsosi seem to us to be surely Slab-house. Dr. Kroeber has recently dis- covered in the Zufi Valley sherds which are very similar to the Ruin 5 specimens.* Basket MAKER That the finds made in the Kinboko caves and at Sayodneechee are the products of a culture different from that of the cliff-dwellings and pueblos of the region, the authors are entirely convinced. There is also no doubt in their minds that the objects are of the same culture as that discovered in Grand Gulch, Utah, by the Wetherill brothers and called by them “Basket Maker.” This name was adopted by Pepper in his short paper? on the Wetherill and the McLoyd and Graham collections; as it has undoubted priority, we continue its use. This culture, as reported by Pepper, differed from that of the Cliff-dwellers in various particulars: skull deformation was not prac- ticed; houses were round, subterranean chambers; the atlatl was used to the apparent exclusion of the bow and arrow; pottery was rare, crude, and basket-marked; basketry, on the other hand, was ex- tremely abundant. Our investigations served to confirm most of these statements; * we have also been able to add to the list a number of other differences, the more important of which are shown in the accompanying tabulation. It should be remembered, however, that our knowledge of the Basket Maker culture is still far more scanty than our knowledge of the Cliff-dweller. Further field work may prove that some of the stated differences do not exist; it will also probably add others not now recognized. TABLE OF DIrFFERENCES—CLIFF DWELLER AND Basket MAKER CLIFF DWELLER BASKET MAKER HOUSES Square-cornered, masonry rooms built | Little data; perhaps only semisub- above ground. terranean cists. BURIALS In individual graves, in the open, or in | In cists, rock lined, or dug in hardpan the rubbish -of houses. of caves, often more than one body in a cist. 1See Kroeber, 1916, p. 37. The type also occurs in the Hopi country (author’s ex- plorations in 1917). * 1902. . *In Kidder, 1917, it was stated that we were able to confirm them all. Further study, however, inclines us to reserve opinion on basket-marked pottery, round sub- terranean rooms, and proved greater antiquity for Basket Maker remains. KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] CLIFF DWELLER ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 205 BASKET MAKER ¢ CRANIA Strongly deformed back. | Undeformed, long, scaphoid. FOOD Turkey domesticated. Corn of various well-developed types grown. Beans abundant. Apparently no domestication of turkey. Flint corn only (7). Beans apparently not grown. SANDALS Twilled types of whole yucca leaves very abundant. Side-loop tie. Fine-cord type has pointed toe and bottom reinforcement of raised decoration covering only part of sole. Hair-cord ties rare or absent. Absent. Absent. Fine-cord type has square, fringed toe and bottom reinforcement covering whole sole. Hair-cord ties abundant. CRADLES Rigid (twig-backed) cradles of oval shape. Absent (?). Rigid (twig-backed) cradles of guitar shape. Grass-edge and abundant. cedar-bark cradles BASKETRY Twilled yucca ring baskets abundant. Very rare or absent. Coiled basketry rare, but very fine. Iixtremely abundant, but somewhat ; coarser. MATTING Twilled rush mats abundant. | Rare or absent. CORDS AND THREADS Cotton common. Hair string rare. Absent (7). Very common and used for a great variety of purposes. FINE-CORD FABRICS Loom cloth common. Absent. Absent. Twined bags common, Turkey feather cloth common. Absent. Fur cloth rare, Common. WEAPONS Bow and arrow. | Spear thrower, 206 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 CLIFF DWELLER BASKET MAKER PIPES Long and slim. | Short and squat. POTTERY Very abundant. | Rare, perhaps even absent. A few elements of the Basket Maker culture may be somewhat more fully discussed. Hovuses Our information on this important subject is still very meager. The Sayodneechee cave was a burial place pure and simple, con- taining no sign of occupancy as a dwelling other than a large ash bed, which, as was stated in the description, may perhaps be the product of crematory fires. In the case of Cave I, Kinboko, we found a great number of small, stone-lined cists. All these, however, had been so pulled about and ransacked by their ancient despoilers that we were unable to determine positively whether they had all been used for burial or whether they were originally made for shelters, storage, etc., and used secondarily for sepulchers as occa- sion required. It should be remembered, in this connection, that such close proximity to the dead was not repugnant to the Pueblo people; we have instances without number of burial in the rooms, under the floors, and in the courts of buildings which we know to have been inhabited after the interments were made. In Cave I there was some but not a great deal of rubbish of Basket Maker occupancy. The second Kinboko cave was without much doubt domiciliary, for it contained a considerable amount of ash and other débris; fur- thermore, no burials were found in it with the exception of parts of the skeleton of a very young baby. The structures in these caves are of three kinds: (1) The large, shallow oval pit with nests of grass disposed about its edge (Cave IT). (2) Small cists made by lining the sides of holes in the loose sand with stone slabs (Caves I and II). (8) Jar-shaped excavations in hardpan with little or no reinforcement (Sayodneechee). As to the purpose of these constructions, the most natural sup- position is that the large oval pit was used as a sleeping place, the grass nests serving as beds. The stone-lined cists are more puzzling; their small size excludes them from consideration as regular dwell- ings, though if the people did not object to lying curled up in a rather squirrel-like position they might have been utilized as sleeping places. In some cases they served as graves. Jar-shaped cists ex- cavated in hardpan contained only burials at Sayodneechee. Simi- lar cists, though smaller, were described to us by Clayton and John Wetherill as having been used in the Grand Gulch region, primarily KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 207 for storage, secondarily for burial. The examples cited by Cum- mings? from Sagiotsosi are probably Basket Maker products, the square-toed sandals found in one of them making, to our minds, the identification almost certain. Round subterranean rooms, some as large as 22 feet in diameter (construction not specified) and containing Basket Maker remains, are reported from Grand Gulch by MchLoyd and Graham.2 We found nothing resembling these. Summing up the above information, it would appear that the .Basket Makers used caves to some extent as dwelling places, but that they seldom if ever erected in them any houses worthy of the name. The stone-lined cists may have been used for sleeping places, storage bins, and, perhaps, secondarily, sometimes even primarily, for burial. The caves were presumably inhabited, but seemingly not for long periods (comparative thinness of débris of occupancy). It seems probable, therefore, that the people lived during a large part of the year in the open, where they presumably erected temporary houses analogous to the summer shelters of the Navaho; that they used the caves only in winter, perhaps even only during particularly severe weather. Whether burial was always in caves or, as among the cliff-dwelling people, sometimes in caves, sometimes in the open, we have at present no means of knowing. If the Basket Makers lived for a large part of each year outside the caves, we may expect eventually to find traces of their summer encampments. The identi- fication of such sites will not be an easy matter as, with the exception of pipes and the hemispherical type of bead, neither likely to be abundant in mere dwelling places, we have so far been unable to identify any objects characteristic of the Basket Makers, which are made of imperishable substances and which are therefore likely to be found in the open. Tue Spear THrower, or ATLATL The spear thrower with two-finger grip (made either by attaching loops, by cutting holes in the shaft, or by deeply notching its sides) _has a very interesting distribution.* It occurred most commonly, apparently, in central Mexico, but ranged outward to the north into Coahuila, to the south as far as Panama, and probably east into the Antilles Examples were recovered by Cushing at San Marcos, Florida. A specimen, presumably of this type, represented by a 11910, pp. 13, 14. 2 Quoted by Pepper, 1902, p. 7. >We leave out of consideration the usually asymetrical Eskimo type, the Ama- zonian single finger-hole type, and the Peruvian style with tied-on gripping piece. None of these can be believed to have more than a very distant relationship to the class under discussion. See Krause, 1905, p. 636. * Krause, p. 6382. 208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 bone spur tip only, was found by Peabody and Farabee in a mound in Mississippi.* Beyond Coahuila the spear thrower has not been recorded south of northern Arizona and southeastern Utah, except from caves on the upper Gila.? In the Utah-Arizona dictrict, however, the atlatl was in very common use among the Basket Makers; but it has never yet been reliably reported from any true cliff-dwelling or pueblo site. The extreme northerly occurrence of the two-finger spear thrower is from the guano caves of Churchill County, Nevada;* while the farthest west is from Santa Barbara, California, in the form of a speciinen collected by Vancouver and now in the British Museum.* What conclusions are to be drawn from this very extended yet partially disconnected range? It can hardly be believed that so peculiar and highly specialized a device could have originated inde- pendently in the several different regions. It is possible that it spread outward from Mexico; to Florida and the Gulf coast, via the Antilles; to Utah via northern Mexico and the Rio Grande, and from Utah north and west into Nevada; to California via the lower Colorado River and the coast, perhaps thence inland to Nevada. Further ex- ploration of caves, where the atlatl, being a wooden implement, is only likely to be preserved, may serve to fill some of the gaps in these seemingly improbable migration routes. — A second supposition, and in some ways a more reasonable one, is that the spear thrower was an implement of very wide distribution in early times, that it was superseded throughout most of its range by the development or introduction of the bow, and that it persisted only in certain regions where local conditions favored its retention. That the spear thrower is a device not out of place in very primitive forms of culture is shown by its appearance in the French caves and among the aborigines of Australia and New Guinea; that it was capable of persisting into much higher civilizations is proved by its use among the Nahua and Maya. Porrery We found potsherds and whole vessels in each of the three Basket Maker caves examined; they were in every case, however, of the wares typical of the cliff-dwellings and pueblos of the region; and they occurred in all instances in the surface sand overlying the levels from which the Basket Maker remains were taken. In the Basket Maker débris of occupancy and in the cists proper no single sherd was recovered. The only pot which might be assigned to that 1 Peabody Museum Papers, vol. 111, no. 2, pl. xx. 2 Hough, 1914, p. 21, and pl. 20, fig. 2. 3 Information from Mr. Loud of the Affiliated Colleges Museum, San Francisco, Cal. * Krause, 1905, fig. 37. KIDDER—GUBRNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 2909 culture was the spherical black vessel from below the floor of the Sunflower Cliff-house (p. 95, and pl. 59, a). As against this seeming absence of pottery, we have the following statement of McLoyd and Graham: The third kind of pottery is very valuable, less than fifty pieces having been found up to date, and those in.the underground rooms that have been men- tioned as being underneath the cliff-dwellings and in the same caves. It is a very crude unglazed ware, some of the bowls showing the imprint of the baskets, in which they were formed.* It is possible that the Basket Makers of Grand Gulch produced more pottery than did those of the Kayenta district; it should be remembered, however, that basket-marked pottery, though rare, is to be found in many cliff-dwellings and pueblos, and it may be that “McLoyd and Graham, knowing basketry to be typical of the Basket Maker culture, concluded that basket-marked pottery must be asso- ciated with it. We have not been able to examine the pieces re- ferred to. The question of the presence or absence of pottery is still, then, an open one. That a corn-growing people should not*have made pottery is extraordinary, for in America the two have usually migrated to- gether; in fact pottery has often spread, as in southern California, beyond the limits of corn growing. In any case it may safely be inferred that pottery was infinitely less abundant among the Basket Makers than it was among the Cliff- dwellers, and was probably, if present, of a crude type. RELATIVE AGE As to the relative age of the Basket Maker and Cliff-dwelling cul- tures, we are able to make no conclusive statement. The Wetherills, the accuracy of whose statements on other points we have had many opportunities to corroborate, were sure that the Basket Maker remains in Grand Gulch underlay those of the Cliff-dwellers. Mc- Loyd and Graham were of the same opinion. Although we were unable to find any such case of direct superposition, we noted in Sun- flower Cave cists of undoubted Basket Maker origin which had apparently been destroyed during the building or occupancy of the cliff-house. We also found in the same cave an undoubted Basket Maker sandal lying in otherwise straight Cliff-dweller rubbish, as if it had been pulled from one of the rifled cists. The other caves offered no direct evidence; the cliff-house walls in Cave I were founded on hardpan in a corner that contained no Basket Maker remains. In this cave, as in Cave IT and at Sayodneechee, however, the surface sand contained Cliff-house potsherds and a few cached 1 Quoted by Pepper, 1902, p. 9. 90521°—19—Bull. 65——14 210 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 vessels. The position of these finds makes it practically certain to our minds that they could have been deposited in their observed posi- tions only after the Basket Maker cists had been abandoned. We assume, therefore, as a working hypothesis that the Basket Maker culture antedates that of the Cliff-houses in the region studied. RELATION OF THE Two CULTURES When we come to the question of the relation of the two cultures we are on even less firm ground. Was the Basket Maker culture the product of a people inhabiting the region before the coming of the Cliff-dwellers, and later on displaced by them; or was the Basket Maker the prototype of the Cliff-dweller, and did a gradual growth take place in the region from the Basket Maker through the Slab- house to the Cliff-dweller? Certain lines of evidence seem to favor this latter hypothesis. From the Basket Maker cist to the Slab- house semisubterranean room seems a logical development, the latter being little more than a slab cist with an adobe top to carry the walls a little higher than could be done with stone slabs of reasonable size. The masonry cliff-house or pueblo room, with its square corners, would be but another step in advance, the kiva perhaps being a ceremonial reminiscence of the earlier subterranean type of dwelling. In san- dals, too, a possible development may be suggested: from the square- toed Basket Maker type, with its more than necessarily elaborate weave, through the scallop-toe style (tentatively identified as Slab- house) with somewhat simpler weave but still unpractical toe, to the naturally shaped pointed toe and further simplified weave of the Cliff-dweller sandal. _ Whether the Basket Maker culture is parent to that of the cliff- dwellings and pueblos of the region; whether it died out entirely; or whether it still persists among such seminomadic people as the Ute and Paiute cannot be definitely stated. We know much too little about the comparative technology of the Southwest. As to the origin of the Basket Maker culture itself, we are again in doubt. The fact that corn was grown points, of course, to the South; for corn is without question southern in origin.t The fact that the people had corn without pottery, or at least with little pot- tery, indicates that it had not reacted very strongly on their method of life and therefore that they probably had not had it long. The atlat] may or may not be considered as showing Mexican influence. The basketry bears a strong resemblance to that of California, but the similarities are perhaps superficial rather than real; contact with California, however, is proved by the presence in the Basket Maker caves of Pacific coast shells such as the abalone. Corn (and perhaps the atlatl) from the South, and shells from California, do not, of course, prove anything more than trade re- 1 Harshberger, 1893, KIDDER-GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA OTT lationships; it is not necessary to postulate migrations, nor is there any good reason for supposing that the Basket Maker remains as we find them are not those of an early, generally diffused, and basic- ally indigenous Plateau culture that was just beginning to be in- fluenced by the use of a cereal, but that had not yet developed the permanent, well-built houses and high ceramic art that are usually the concomitants of an agricultural life in an arid environment. These various questions cannot be in any way decided until we have a great deal more information as to range, culture, and soma- tology. Rance The Basket Maker culture is found in Grand Gulch (the type locality), Comb Wash, Cottonwood, Butler, and White Canyons—all tributaries of the San Juan or the Colorado in southeastern Utah. To the south of the San Juan we have found it in the Monuments and in Marsh Pass, and there can be little doubt that it occurs also in Sagiotsosi. Here definite knowledge ceases.1_ Pepper believes, on the evidence of an atlat] reported to have been found in Canyon de Chelly, that the culture extended to that region, and there is no good reason that it should not have done so. One of the authors saw in Bluff, Utah, a “mummy” and some Basket Maker sandals which were said to have been found by a Navaho in the lower Chinlee some- where near Nockito. The Chinlee enters the San Juan almost directly opposite the typical Basket’ Maker canyons—Butler Wash and Cottonwood Wash—and not far above Grand Gulch itself; Canyon de Chelly is a tributary of the Chinlee. Thus the Basket Maker culture has been found, or suspected, over a single continuous and rather restricted area. Its relation to the Cliff-house—Pueblo culture can hardly be understood until we know whether this restriction is real or whether the culture was actually much more widely distributed. As was pointed out in the paragraph on the house type, Basket Maker re- mains are probably not easily identifiable in open sites, but there is still a vast amount of cave country from which they have not been reported, but where they would be easily recognized if present. Such districts are the McElmo and Mesa Verde, the canyons to the north of the Colorado in arid Utah; the Rio Verde, Walnut Creek, and the upper Gila and Salt. In the latter locality, at Tulerosa Cave, we find some traits of culture suggestive of the Basket Maker.’ The caves of Coahuila produce spear throwers analogous to those from Arizona and Utah, and many other specimens show a sort of 1It will probably, however, be discovered in Sagi Canyon and perhaps also in Nitsi to the west, these valleys being close to Marsh Pass. ?See Hough, 1914, plates and figures. The more striking resemblances were pointed out in the footnotes to the section on Material Culture, 212 BUREAU. OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 family resemblance to Basket Maker material; Coahuila coiled bas- ketry, however, is of the locked stitch variety. CULTURE It of course goes without saying that we need more data before we can attempt to draw any certain conclusions as to the affinities of the Basket Maker culture. Something may, however, be done in tracing out various lines of inquiry for which we already have the material. One such is offered by basketry. It has been shown above that Basket Maker coiled work, as well as that from the cliff-houses, is made without interlocking stitches. Mason states that all coiled basketry has interlocking stitches, so that we must suppose that to be at least the usual type in other districts. If the unlocked style is unusual, it should provide a good classificational item. We have in the museums of the country a great amount of coiled basketry from the Shoshonean tribes of the Southwest; also from the Apache, the Pima, etc.; as well as from the different Californian and north Mexican stocks. There are, moreover, archeological specimens from caves in southern New Mexico and Arizona, Coahuila, Nevada, and California. A thoroughgoing study of the designs and weaves of these groups may be expected to bring out much suggestive informa- tion. Similar comparative investigations should be carried out along other lines—sandals, matting, dice, pipes, beads, twined work, coil without foundation, etc. The correlation of these branches of cul- tural inquiry, taken together with somatological researches and a consideration of the geographical range of the Basket Makers, can hardly fail to throw much light on the questions of who they were and whence they derived their culture, whether or not it was parent to that of the Cliff-dwellers or whether it was the forerunner of some other culture, possibly that of the modern Ute and Paiute. SoMATOLOGY The question of whether the Basket Maker culture was or was not parent to that of the Cliff-dwellings would be simplified if we knew something of the racial affinities of the people who produced it. This, of course, can only be accomplished by means of somatological studies. Basket Maker crania are undeformed, dolichocephalic, and of a rather markedly scaphoid type; those of the Cliff-dwellers are so strongly deformed posteriorly that we are quite unable to tell what their natural form might have been. It is probable, however, that competent physical anthropologists will be able to reconstruct, at least approximately, the true form of the Cliff-dweller cranium, and thus comparative studies may yet be made. All the living peoples of the Southwest, particularly the Ute and the Paiute, should be brought into comparison somatologically with the Basket Makers, APPENDIX I PROVENIENCE AND CATALOGUE NuMBERS or OsBsEcTS ILLUSTRATED PEABODY Mv- PEABODY Mv- sViGEBE SEUM CATALOGUE LocaLity Ses SEUM M CATALOGUE’ LOCALITY IAL aeb © NSB pes Ruin 2. PA Shella. ei. Ruin 3. d | A-1272, 1273..| Ruin 3. 4 | AST95. 28 a Ruin 2. Pl. 34a: | A-1260.-):-. 2. Ruin 2. On PALA Sareea Do. b | A-1706.......-] Ruin 9. Bip yas PAS OAR ee oe Do. Pl.35, a | A-1216....-.. Ruin 2 Pl. 46, b | A=1655.-. .....: Ruin 9. Bal sala ee Do Wie 45> | (S88325.5- 00 2..\- Sagiotsosi. c | Same asabove Do PIRAGNenlaGSocuee ee aes Do. PIRSG ya) | PA=1482 eee Ruin 7 de |PAq=1280 ees: - Ruin 3. Hae A130 chee Ruin 4 PY. 46A,, al A-1135..-.... Ruin 1. CaPAS G82 sees Ruin 9 DaPASI2632e 5255. Cave near ruin la eaVG ey | (ASIEN Do 2: b | Sameasabove] Ruin 9 PE Au PAS TAN fel ee Ruin 6. PlS38, a: | A108. 02225. Ruin 7 b | 88318.........| Sagi Canyon. hy | PA=1504 2, Do CulPOsailien ease Do. c | Same asabove Do Ge PAS Sige ee Ruin 1. Piss Osan WAC6hio2s2 2 = Ruin 9 e | A-1157......- Do 15 | sie 0s eee Ruin 1 il PAS14 G0 ime s4 Ruin 7 c | Same asabove Do @ OA-1G6 ise. ce os Ruin 9 PL 40a AS1AG7 sa. oe 2 Ruin 7 Pl 43) a.) A-1187-91.--.|'Cave near b | A-1484....2.. Do Ruin 1. Pl. 42 VTA. atin 2 Do b | Sameasabove Do. BLABY ey |) VNeaby ee oeae Do IRA Oke | PAS 15 92M aoe ee Ruin 8. b| A-1587....... Do 1 SNS ee Ruin 4. CREAM sjnaanee Do TOM ESS aan cece Grand Gulch. Fig. 40 | A-1362....... Ruin 5 a | A-1416....... Ruin 6. Piast fi A127 |... 22 Ruin 2 DE PAS 203h er eee Ruin 3. BP AK508. = 22/52. Ruin 7 GC. A—1594) 2222 Ruin 8. b | A-1519....... Do Gi rAS 3 7s aon see Ruin 5. COPAS TIO. oe Do ey A195. 222 52 Ruin 8. OS bs Do To LGAs ee Gee Ruin 9. Pu ls aed ee Do AL hae 225 Ruin 4. Pl. 46,1 | A-1151....... Ruin 1 Wi S8aIGes. a. .8s + Sagi Canyon. 2 | A-1194....... Ruin 2. TEP SS3 42ers cot) Do. 2138 214 APPENDIX WIGURE PEABODY Mv- | Ficurr PEABODY Mvu- NUMBER ce goonies LOCALITY SoMER act leat a ea LOcALity PIFA9 aye e888032-2.0 2-55 Sagi Canyon. P52 A138 4 aaa Ruin 5. Pl 505%.) A-1603--...52 5 Ruin 8. P| AST 6 eee Marsh Pass. DY | AS10687 <2 en Ruin 5. iy) Sesade. -heeaee Grand Gulch. c | 88279.........| Ruin 9. | 1 vy ee Near Ruin 2. hy sd eee Ruin 5. || Fig.48,a | A-1786......- Marsh Pass. e | A-1410....... Ruin 6. DitwA—l600 so. Ruin 8. fe PASTAS S ie sree Ruin 3. Cn PASE Sijeeeceee Marsh Pass. gy ALI GT ea o...- Ruin 1. do A199. sack Chinlee Valley. he | A-120282 222 —: Ruin 2. @: PAK 183902 eee Cave 1. Fig. 46} A-1597....... Ruin 8. fe WA li Sosse eae Marsh Pass. PICSL a°| A1e00". Marsh Pass. * rAd Se 2scc eee Ruin 5. D | AS46272 Ses: Ruin 7. BivA-Vits.ccesck Marsh Pass. Cc AST600R 452: = Ruin 8. i | AS17789". oer Do. 0 A ee = I Ruin 2. Fig. 49°) A-1461. -- 5.0 Ruin 7. G*(S8846-p ease. Sagi Canyon. Fig.50,a | A-2497....... Marsh Pass. PPA ST4 62" eee Ruin 7. b | A-2499....... Do. Fig.47,a] A-1468....... Do. 1s Fee gl lL Ruin 7. b | 88301... .| Sagi Canyon. pt PAST ood et eres Ruin 2. ce | A-1440......- Ruin 7. Co MASTS Ps se ee Marsh Pass. Ge MARCI SH6r secs Ruin 5 Gin PAI 4 ace eee Ruin 1. e'| A=1200-..-.-. Ruin 2 e | A-1644.....-- Ruin 9. f | Ideal draw- ci WY seal lib Pe Marsh Pass. AOE soca t's g | A-1676....-.- Ruin 9. i eds oe a ee PI 4GA; €} 88309... 2. = 2 Sagi Canyon. | AH 1320. 22S Ruin 4 d: | A=1399;.: 22.2 Ruin 5. Plt 51,27) A-16462 22... 22 Ruin 9 e | A-2565......- Sunflower Cave h | A-1400.....-- Ruin 5. ® |) Pl. 53,2 | A-1256.-22 522 Ruin 2. P|n Amd 78500 fee 2 Marsh Pass. b.| A=1255....22- Do. Pyle Oe Sees Do. Pl. 54,a | A-1845.....-- Cave I. kA SAS 770422522 Do. b | A-1879. . 2... - Do. PISo2h an PAA Ososeaee Ruin 3 GuIPASI 59 aseeeae Marsh Pass: b | -B=1279-... 2.257 Do. Pottery Hill c | A-1184......- Ruin 1. Cemetery. d:| A-1628=- >.<. Ruin 8. d | A-2525....... Marsh Pass e | A-1184....... Ruin 1. Cemetery. f | A149) ace Do. e | A-L71G=- seeee Marsh Pass: ABB...) nes Mound _sinear Camp Ceme- | Ruin J. tery. eA 6204). ec Ruin 8 ANG cis oe Do. 1 | A=las7..c-3 55 Ruin 6 g:| A-252p. . 2. =. Marsh Pass j VAASIb Seas Ruin 4 Cemetery. APPENDIX 215 eeCUne shuM caTALOgUE Locauiry pieues stu catatoaue LOCALITY Piosshit S813 350. ses Betatakin. P1.56. f.| K cam. 50---..| Locality | un- by he: ed (2 ee Marsh Pass known. Cemetery. Bie oo aA Stl ax Marsh _—Pass, PeAH 25222 2 ti Do. surface. cpp A—l'7608 32 kes Marsh Pass: Joy || VA SIL BS ee Ruin 6. Pottery Hill c.| A-1438....:.. Do. Cemetery . dara (Siles eee Marsh __— Pass, Fig. 52 | All A-1811. ..| Marsh Pass, surface. surface. e | A-1266.....-. Cave near Bios Os wi RSISI3iseee ee = Betatakin. Ruin 2. Fig.54,a| A-1631......- Ruin 8. APART S4 DS. eee Ruin 4. Ibs) AS16825 Do. Fig.60,a} A-1811....... Marsh Pass, Biieso5 5 SA=17 70 mse: 2 Marsh Pass. surface. Pl. 55 |, ASISILS cess Do. Joye t 9: \esi Col bl eee Do Fig.56,a | A-1757......- Marsh Pass: || P1.57, b.| A-1585......- Ruin 7. Pottery Hill. agtASlO7Sx: - <5. Ruin 2. De} A181]. 22... Marsh Pass, Cspeleses tS aeice 25 Various sites. surface. P58, altAH2486e0 Cave II. ec | A-1404....... Rained yes be MAS248 72222 22 Do. de PAAIS725 2 cc.6,6 Ruin 7. @HMA=2488 022 2 2 Do. eg Pelsl4ise 2 size Sagi Canyon. d | A-2489......- Do. 1S SoH oa a ee eee Do. CmPA=2523 5... 2 22) Marsh Pass. eer ATs ss .2 Marsh _— Pass, EMA D200 i oe Cave I. surface. g |A=26382-..-.- Sunflower hajeASbe72 12 ood ee Ruin 7. Cave. TN MAR LGD: 2 a Ruin 8, h | A-1582....... Ruin 7. Hig O7 al AW s2e2 2 v= Marsh assy ice Gly MAK Ilse 2. Ruin 1. Cemetery. | a Ea a Lv Pa Sunflower De A176B8.n2% 225% Do. Cave. CulMASL7482 ois Do. by YA=2583. 2.225% Do. SPAS N7/332 esas Do. 5 Fig.62,a | A—2502.....-. Ruin A Fig.58,a | A-1802....... Do. bi PASZ50280 2. Do. DARASISIL 2. eles Do. Big. Co MAH18I3 5.2 2. 358 Mesa at Segi CHPASISIT: 22.52 Do. mouth. Pl, 56,05) A-1735. 2... =: Do. Fig. 64 | A-1539....... Ruin 7. BePASI750--. 2s 2: = Do. Fig. 65.| A-1540....... Do. c | Keam—249....| Locality un-| Pl. 60 | A-2606 to A-| Sunflower known. 2610. Cave. CGI) PN W774! eran Marsh Pass || Pl. 61 | A—2606 to A— Do. Cemetery. 2610 Pl. 56,e | A-1734....... Marsh Pass || Fig. 66 | A-2606......- Do. Cemetery. Pl. 62,a.} A-1850....... Cave I. 216 APPENDIX Se seat caratoate LOCALITY JiGvae seUM CATALOGUE LocaLity P1.62.b | A-1849......- Cave I. Pl. 65, j |-A=2481....... Cave II. c | A-1848......-. Do. k || AS24832. oe Do. d | A-1862....... Do. Pl. 66a AS22924 oo Nee Cave I. CnlWASI SSCs oe Do. Pl. 66, b | A-2410...... Do. f | A-1854....... Do. Pl. 67, a | A-2164......- Do. g | A-1853......-. Do. FBigy 7 ASP 1645.25 2 Do. hil BT 8 Do. || Pl. 67, b|-A=2165.....-- Do. Hal PAHVSS62..- =. - Do. G.)| pAE=23762 2 LIE Do. jt ASTSB9... 2... Do. do} A=2375...-.-- Do. k | A-1880.....-- Do. Pl. 68, a | A-2439.....-- Do. 1 PASTS Meat Ss Do. bel A=H259L2 =.) Sunflower m | A-1863......- Do. Cave. | n | A-1870....--.. Do. c | Same as above Do. Op PAKIS69F-—. = = Do. d | A-2438......- Cave I. p | A-1869......- Do. PRO9}ax| Ha2Sade : ee Do. q | A-1892.....-- Do. b | Same as above Do.. r.| A=1867.....-- Do. Pl. 70,a | A-2386....-.- Do. s | A-1866......- Do. | oy fae: et Ao be Sayo dneechee. t | A-1864:.....- Do. cal PAPI oe Cave I. u | A-1858......- Do. dhwAsa es 222 38 Do. Vou MARTS88 soo. Do. e |, A-2671....-.- Do. w | A-1868......- Do. f | HAR2I31b 22. 28% Do. Ks EARSISED. . 2 Do. g | A-1948.....:. Sayodneechee. Fig. 67 | A-1850....... Do. h | A-1948....... Do. Fig.68,a| A—1886-....-- Do. oT bow: 1 Le Cave I. Fig. 69 | A-1880....... Do. ji As2T16..'. 25.5 Do. Fig.68,b| A-1869....... Do. Bigey2,a) vA 28852 Do. e | A-1871.....-. Do. bij oAS234ie. o.oo Do. Fig.68,d| A-1865....... Do. CaWAS218G5 5223-2 Do. Fig.68,d| A-1864....... Do. Big. 75h 2T tye Do. Fig.68,d| A-1868....... Do. Fig,74,a:|(A-1959°. ....-- Sayodneechee. Fig.70,a| A-1405....... Ruin 5. b | RA—1956:. 62 ee Do. bs| A=1405e_.. .- Do. @ |MAS=19072 see ce Do. Pl. 63, a | A-1405......- Do. Fig. 753|"A—19505 2-22 Do. b-h | A-1405.-....-. Do. Pl. 70, k |, A-2112......- Cave I. Pl. 64,e | A-1405....... Do. ] | A-1898.:....- Sayodneechee. Pl. 64,a | A-1345.....-. Do. mi) :A=1895..2.252 Do. b | A-1850...... Do. ny |PAH1932 5 32... Do. ce |} A—1349....-.. Do. o+| AS10832 52-55. Do. dil A-I361> 2... .- Do. Fig.76,a | A-1898......-. Do. P1.65,h,i) A-2274....... Cave I. b | A-1898......- Do. f | A-2480....... Cave II. ell AS18982 2292 22 Do. FIGURE NUMBER Fig.76,d EO 17, Ph 71, a Oh P72 a, Fig. 78 IBEFER|9) PE iota b Bes cook thease. (Seda: Gas me cena PLGG O50) Ss) APPENDIX 217 eri eee Locality IGURE, Pilea rea LOCALITY NUMBER NUMBER AS19382). 2.25 -'=2 Sayodneechee. || Pl.78,a | A—2490.....-- Do. (AS21943 ees Cave I. b | Same as above Do. AH 22 26 oan 8 Do. Pl. 75,e | A-2476....... Do. (A=-2292" oe Do. PP, 79yaniA-2313. 35-4 Cave I. A-2446.'....-.. Cave II | eo): 7 Do. Ne DAA Soe Do. @PA=22120. 25222 Do. A-2447....... Do. d | A-2207.....-- Do. (A186 ae a Cave I. e | A-2208.....-- Do. IAA1BI Bera sa Do. PePAS220B 8 255 Do. A-1816.....-- Do. Fig. 81 | A-2408....... Do. A=2209...2 2253 Do. Fig. 82 | A-2204....... Do. ASO 200 oe ae S3 Do. Fig.83,a | A-2428....2.. Do. AS22098 22. 452 Do. b | A-2428......- Do. A-2236......- Do. Fig. 84 | A-2367....... Do. A=2235-....-- Do. Pl. 80, a | A-2214.....-- Do. iA cle & Gee eee San Luis Po- bPA=2317 2 2-33 Do. tosi. ce | A-2286.....-- Do. (AR O20BS.5 2-2-8 Cave I. da AS2218 22s. Do. ASO 25D so 28 Do. Co i 74 Do. A=2252 3.3253 Do. PyPAH2216- 222. 3 Do. A-2252.....-- Do. Fig. 85 | A-2238......-. Do. Ideal drawing. Fig. 86%(A=2379.. 24252 Do. AEV827.. 22253 Do. PSE aiCA=220225 98". Do. A-2257.....-- Do. bapPAH220380 2825 53 Do. AB2357 2002. Do. c)}A-2200. 2... -. Do. A-2246.......- Do. con Ol s/c Do. A 2247 nc os Do. e | A-2198....... Do. A-2246. 222-5 Do. fe CA—2200 02... Do. A-=2250.....-- Do. Fig. 87 | Restoration Nee oil b/s Rae Do. from A—2088. A-2264....... Do. PL, 82, aA 2087 2 35.22 Do. A-2343......- Do. bef A=2087 2.25228 Do. A=2363. . 2-02 Do. eisA=2088 52.222 Do. A= 2982) 23.23 Do. d | A-2088....... Do. W262. 5 2b 3 Do. Fig.88,a | A—2088......- Do. A-2457....... Cave II bah85323 sees es Brazil. A-2461.. 22.2% Do. PIS 83, aa A=19 52 ira eee Sayodneechee. A-2460....... Do. beieA=2089 see Cave I. A-2459....... Do. ©. eqhA=l9720 sis: Sayodneechee. AH2457 2, 2: Do. Big-893a (nesp2d 3253-32 Bering Sea. A-Z408 sess Do. b.| A-2092....... Cave I. 218 APPENDIX HiGORs. seuM caTsnoate LOcALITY ae seUM CATALOGUE _ Locanity Fig.89,c | A-2091.....-. Cave I. Fig. 92. | A-2083....... Cave I. GaIVA=20922 ieee Do. P1.84,18 |} A-2095....... Do. e/| (A=2090_= 2.2 Do. LOR A=2096.-5 ace Do. f:| A=2000-..c443 Do. 20 AAP BO9C Es oak Do. Fig.90,a | A-1921....... Sayodneechee. 21t| A=2096... 08 Do. be] VA=1920te. a Do. 22a A=210 Seep ese Do. CHPA=19 1S 2 sai- Do. 254 A210 Rese Do. d | A-1924....... Do. 24.) A-2101....... Do. etl FAL IODB Sasha! Do. 25 | A-2099....... Do. fe | GA—1940 ieee Do. 267 |PA=—2099R ee Do. pul ALA ge lad Do. 97 \\iN=9099% 52 52 Do. ie) PAS 194 0s Do. 28 | A-2098....... Do. 10) A= 19] See es Do. 29" | A=2098S 5205-2 Do. j AH 1986-cetase Do. 30 | A-2098.....-.- Do. k | A-1899....... Do. SIMA = 2107 sxe Do. | AK SO OR see Do. 32h ASPNO Se See Do. ms|(#A=18992 Ss: Do. 30) | PAH21065 5255-2 Do. n'| A—1899.__.... Do. 34.| A-2105....... Do. Fig.91,a | A-2065....... Cave I. Fig. 93 | A-2076.....-- Do. b | A-2066.....-- Do. Pl. 85, b | A-2057....-.- Do. Gi|WA=2008 Se a2 Do. PL 85a PAS22 alsa Do. d | A-2064....... Do. Fig.94,a | A-2135....... Do. BaA 206 I Do. balHAH1936— 3252: Sayodneechee. PlS841 | A—2068...- 2: Do. Cu IVA= 19305-55552 Do. 2A 2069e a! Do. d | A-2136......- Cave I. 3 | A-2084......- Do. Pl. 85, e | A=2142.....-- Do. AALIA-20T Lio ec Do. d | A-2143....... Do. Dap A=2075e5 nee Do. Pl. 86,e | A-2145....... Do. 6 | A-2075....... Do. Pl. 86,a | A-1937......- Sayodneechee. Al AKZO Toma ee ae Do. Port PAS 19S Iie as y= Do. Sal A207 OP ar Do. Cx MAST9487 S52 Do. 9a PA=2083). 22252 Do. d | A-1948....... Do. 10 | A-2085......- Do. Pl. 86, £ | A-2590......: SunflowerCave. ih eee ec s Laeeaees Do. pi WeaoTeee. Js aa Cave I. DMA R=20 77ers ase Do. Pl) 87, act A=2389)-2e cee Do. NS MA=207 Oa ae Do. bi AS23899). 2.0852 Do. 14) A=2071....... Do. Pl. 88,a | Restoration Do. LS WARH20 71a <.cre Do. from A-2389. 16M PASZ074 2222.2 Do. : bulitheee dOwersssee Do. i NWAR=2082 52/57 Do. Fig. 95 | A-2465....... Cave II. APPENDIX II LOCALITIES OF PICTOGRAPHS Fig. No. Pl. 89, a jer (ey jh @) (Oy @ 15 ie Bi year pe, PI. 90, SS) (hey Sls cas Ge oleae anette Miay ster re) o B Ko) Locality. | Cliffs at mouth of Sagi Canyon. Ruin 8. Lower falls of Laguna Creek. Cliffs at mouth of Sagi Canyon. Chinlee Valley, 5 miles above Ruin 9. Cliffs at mouth of Sagi Canyon. Ruin 2. Cliffs below mouth of Marsh Pass. Do. Peach orchard, Hagoé. Above Ruin 5, Hagoé. Cliffs at mouth of Sagi Canyon. Ruin 1. Chinlee Valley, 5 miles above Ruin 9. Cliffs at mouth of Sagi Canyon. Ruin 9. Mouth of Kinboko. Lower falls of Laguna Creek. Ruin 9. Lower falls of Laguna Creek. Half a mile above Ruin 9. Cave near Ruin A. Lower falls of Laguna Creek. Cave near Ruin A. Lower falls of Laguna Creek. ‘South Comb,”’ 8 miles north of Ruin 7. Lower falls of Laguna Creek. Do. Do. Fig. No. Locality. P1.91.a | Cliffs at mouth of Ruin 5 Can- yon. b | North wall of Ruin 5 Canyon. ec | Cliffs below mouth of Marsh Pass. d | Chinlee Valley, 5 miles above Ruin 9. e | Cliffs below mouth of Marsh . Pass. f Do. g Do. h | Half a mile above Ruin 9. i | Mouth of Kinboko. j | Lower falls of Laguna Creek. PIRS2Z- as | Ruin 6: b | Cave I. Pl. 93,a | Near Ruin 1. b | North wall Ruin 5 Canyon. Fig.96,a | South wall Ruin 5 Canyon. b Do. Pl. 94,a | Cave near Ruin A. b | Kinboko just above Ruin A. c Do. d | Ruin 9. e | Near Ruin 5. f | Cave I. Fig.97,a | Ruin 8. b Do. c Do. ‘d| Ruin A. e Do. f Do. g Do. 219 220 Fig. No. Fig. 98 Fig. 99 Pl. 95, a b Pl. 96, a b eye Fig. 100 Locality. Cave near Ruin A. Do. Near Ruin 2. Blue Canyon. Ruin 4. Do. Cave II. Ruin 4. APPENDIX Fig. No. Locality. Fig. 101 | Ruin 4. P1.97, b |’ Near Ruin 1. c Do. Fig. 102a Do. ; b Do. c | Lower falls of Laguna Creek. d | Ruin 4. e Do. BIBLIOGRAPHY CuLIN, STEWART. 1907. Games of the North American Indians. Twenty-fourth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1907. CUMMINGS, BYRON. 1910. The ancient inhabitants of the San Juan Valley. Bulletin of. the University of Utah, 2d Archeological number, vol. 11, no. 3, pt. 2, Salt Lake City, 1910. 1915. The kivas of the San Juan drainage. American Anthropologist, n. Ss. vol. xvii, pp. 272-282, Lancaster, Pa., 1915. CUSHING, FRANK HAMILTON. 1886. A study of Pueblo pottery as illustrative of Zuni culture growth. Fourth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 467-521, Wash- ington, 1886. 1895. The arrow. American Anthropologist, vol. vi11, no. 4, pp. 307-349, Washington, 1895. FEWKES, JESSE WALTER. 1898. Archeological expedition to Arizona in 1895. Seventeenth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2, pp. 519-742, Washington, 1898. 1908. Hopi katcinas drawn by natives artists. Jwenty-jfirst Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 3-126, Washington, 1903. 1904. Two summers’ work in Pueblo ruins. Tiwenty-second Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 3-195, Washington, 1904. 1908. Ventilators in ceremonial rooms of prehistoric cliff-dwellings. Ameri- can Anthropologist, n. s., vol. x, no. 3, pp. 387-3898, Lancaster, “Pa., 1908. 1909. Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Spruce-tree House. Bulletin 41, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1909. 1911. Preliminary report on a visit to the Navaho National Monument, Arizona. Bulletin 50, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washing- ton, 1911. 1911, a. Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace. Bulle- tin 51, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1911. 1912. Casa Grande, Arizona. Twenty-cighth Report of the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology, pp. 25-179, Washington, 1912. 1914. Archeology of the Lower Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 63, no. 10, Washington, 1914. 1916. Excavation and repair of Sun Temple, Mesa Verde National Park. Department of the Interior, Washington, 1916. 1916, a. The cliff-ruins in Fewkes Cafion, Mesa Verde National Park, Colo- rado. Holmes Anniversary Volume, pp. 96-117, Washington, 1916. GoppArpD, PLINy EARLE. 1913. Indians of the Southwest. American Museum of Natural History. Handbook Series, no. 2, New York, 1913. 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY HARSHBERGER, J. W. 18938. Maize: a botanical and economic study. Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsylwania, vol. 1, no. 2, Philadelphia, 1893. HormMeEs, WILLIAM HENRY. 1886. Pottery of the ancient Pueblos. Fourth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 257-860, Washington, 1886. HoueGH, WALTER. 1907. Antiquities of the upper Gila and Salt River yalleys in Arizona and New Mexico, Bulletin 35, Bureau of American Ethnology. Wash- ington, 1907. 1914. Culture of the ancient Pueblos of the upper Gila River region, New Mexico and Arizona. Bulletin 87, U. S. National Museum, Wash- ington, 1914. HUNTINGTON, ELLSWorRTH. 1914. The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America. Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, no. 192, Washington, 1914. KIDDER, ALFRED VINCENT. 1910. Explorations in southeastern Utah. American Journal of Archeology, 2d ser., vol. xiv, pp. 837-859, Norwood, Mass., 1910. 1915. Pottery -of the Pajarito plateau and of some adjacent regions in New Mexico. Memoirs American Anthropological Association, vol. 11, pt. 6, pp. 407-462, Lancaster, 1915. 1916. The pottery of the Casas Grandes District, Chihuahua. Holmes Anniversary Volume, pp. 253-268, Washington, 1916. 1917. Archeology of the San Juan drainage. International Congress of Americanists, 19th Session, 1915, Washington, 1917. KRAUSE, F. 1905. Sling contrivances for projectile weapons. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1904, pp. 619-638, Washington, 1905. KROEBER, ALFRED L. 1916. Zuni potsherds. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. xvi, pt. 1, New York, 1916. Mason, Oris TuFTON. 1897. The cliff-dweller’s sandal, a study in comparative technology. Popu- lar Science Monthly, vol. 1, pp. 676-679, New York, March, 1897. 1904. Aboriginal American basketry: studies in a textile art without ma- chinery. Annual Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1902. pp. 171-548, Washington, 1904. MATTHEWS, WASHINGTON. 1884. Navajo weavers. Third Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 3T1- 391, Washington, 1884. MONTGOMERY, HENRY. 1894. Prehistoric man in Utah. The Archaeologist, vol. 11, nos. 8, 9, 11, Waterloo, Ind., Aug.—Novy., 1894. Mortrty, SYLVANUS GRISWOLD. 1908. The excavation of the Cannonball ruins in southwestern Colorado. American Anthropologist, n. s., vol. x, pp. 596-610, Lancaster, Pa., 1908. Morris, EArt. 1915. The excavation of a ruin near Aztec, San Juan county, New Mexico. American Anthropologist, n. s. vol, xvu, no, 4, pp, 666-684, Lan- caster, Pa., 1915, BIBLIOGRAPHY 223 NORDENSKIOLD, GUSTAV. 1893. The cliff-dwellers of the Mesa Verde. Translated by D. Lloyd Mor- gan. Stockholm, 1893. PEPPER, GEORGE H. 1899. Ceremonial deposits found in an ancient Pueblo estufa in northern New Mexica. Monumental Records, vol. I, no. 1, pp. 1-6, New York, 1899. 1902. The ancient basket makers of southeastern Utah. American Museum Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, suppl., New York, April, 1902. 1905. The throwing stick of a prehistoric people of the Southwest. Jnter- national Congress of Americanists, 138th Session, New York, 1902, pp. 107-180, Easton, Pa., 1905. PRUDDEN, T. MITCHELL. 1903. The prehistoric ruins of the San Juan watershed in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. American Anthropologist, n. s., vol. v, no. 2, pp. 224-288, Lancaster, Pa., 1903. PUTNAM, FREDERIC WARD, and others. 1879. Reports upon archaeological and ethnological collections from the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, and from ruined pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, and certain interior tribes. U. S. Geo- graphical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. vu, Archaeology, Washington, 1879. : RUSSELL, FRANK. 1908. The Pima Indians. Twenty-sirth Report of the Bureau of American Hthnology, pp. 3-889, Washington, 1908. Snyper, J. F. 1897. The cliff-dweller’s “sandal last.” The Antiquarian, vol, 1, pp. 128- 130, Columbus, Ohio, 1897. 1899. The “sandal last” of the cliff-dwellers. American Archaeologist, vol. 111, pp. 5-9, Columbus, Ohio, 1899. UHLE, Max. 1909. Peruvian throwing-sticks. American Anthropologist, n. s., vol. x1, no. 4, pp. 624-627, Lancaster, Pa., 1909. WETHERILL, RICHARD. 1897. Sandal stones. The Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 248, Columbus, Ohio, 1897. WINSHIP, GEORGE PARKER. 1896. The Coronado expedition, 1540-1542. Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pt. 1, pp. 329-613, Washington, 1896. Acorns found in Cave II_-_--____~- AMSDEN, CHARLES, assistant in both expeditions + === Se ARROWS— fRanulleniate Ole oe many fragments found__-_---~-_ ARTIFACTS— LOU in) (Carver eee eee 76, found on’ Pottery, Hull] =======— AAT Ase ee ATLATL. See Spear thrower. AWwLs— pone; found in Cave las === found ateeviery site. === probably used in the district___ Axns, of poor workmanship_____-__ BALL— hematite, found in Ruin 9____ it WhalliinVoy ah visio es et BASKurT: found in Cave IP2_- =) 2 BASKET MAKeRS, culture shown in Dunilstol Caves 2 BASKETRY— coiled, best examples watertight colled, “description of2==-=2—"— coiled, method of making______ BASKETS— all burials accompanied by___~~_ VU Cecohel,, Teh aa Les 2 Uo wel Lae ea ee BHADS = GeESctiptiony Ol === ===> BprANS— extensively used by Cliff- elie ler sae ee ee not found in Basket Maker CAVES enw aR ee neta Ne BILLETS OF WOOD, probably used as lapboards22 — =. Saleh beer eee Birp, wooden, from “sunflower Gaiehenzy ew 2 eee oe ee Boarps, found in Ruins 2 and 3___ BONES— few found in Caves I and II___ HOUT 1 Cavey lee ee ee BowpDitcH, CHARLES P., funds con- tributed by — === see ee ee ee BRUSH, found in Ruin sss BRUSHES, small, description of_____ BUILDINGS— one and two roomed__________ ruined by fire and the elements_ BURIAL, method of, in Sayodneechee burial cave, foreign to Cliff-house Gultune se SS ee Eh cl BuRIAL cists found in Sayodneechee purl alee cay. c= = a ee 90521°—19——15 INDEX 79, 82 68 65 32 28 3URIAL CUSTOMS, evidence as to____ CAVE, BURIAL, nearly opposite Ruin 2 OCS GON GOL Ss a ee CEDAR BARK, used for making va- MOUS PAT CLES pee = = a aren ee ee CHErS description, Of2=— = eae CEMETERIES, location and condition OU ae ee See ee ee Shae ee CEREMONIAL OBJECTS, list of, from Gave tale he Site a as CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS, a varied as- Sontment#10Un dine ea we CisT, in Cave I, containing corncobs_ CisTts— Gescription.of =e a ee identified as burial places_____ in Cave I, description of______ in Cave II, description of_____— in Sunflower Cave, description of CLIFF-DWELLER— evidence of occupation in Ruin 4 structure in Cave I unfinished__ CLIFF-DWELLINGS— CAUSE EO bs de Cava = re te ees oe a in Ruin 5, description of______ sand-scouring of walls a cause on decay =e CLIFF-HOUSE— descriptionsots=— = 2 = ae FOUN Ga tl Oey Oise ee ees eae eed AGGIE Wee ehal ee Se ee CLIFF-VILLAGH, remains of_______-~_ CLoTH— cotton, method of weaving____~ cotton, probably used for gar- TATE TIES eee eas a oe ee cotton, rags found in every ruin cotton, table showing different WCAIVES)/ ta ee ee PEA CHET ss We KL Sy Ose ee feather and fur, from Cave I___ fir making OL CLOTHING— blankets of feather and fur cloth, probably standard over- garment.- == sae eee Various: articlesmol== =a COLVILLE, CLyDB, hospitality of____ COREOCARPUS SHEDS found in Cave I_ CorRN imoyevovel hay (Chis) Ol shelled, found in Ruins 2 and 7 staple food of Cliff-house culture storage houses mentioned_____~ use by Basket Makers____---_~ Page 16 154 226 Corncoss, found in Ruin 3_-_---- Corron— plaited, used for tassels, fringes, and other ornaments___~-~~ probably grown in _ northern ATIZONS*2~ <-> s ee eee Sibineeuses: Of 2 = ees Bey Thneads) dyed) rede =s-2e se COvR Tt ain, (Ruins es eS ee ‘ CraDLES— Hexible types s— 45 ee fOUNd: IAYRUING, oan oe Nioide types 2h sa ee ee Crooxs, examples of______--_-_-__ CUMMINGS, PROF. BYRON cooperation pys2=—— == =e = expedition into Kayenta district in GOSS = ts See Cup, found in kiva of Ruin 8_______ Curtinc, Bronson M., funds con- tributed) “bys. 2-2 225s ea 2a SS DPARns, description ors Se 22222 DEFLECTOR— in Ruin A, description of_____ in) Ruin. 7, indication of-22===— Dice, bone, found in Cave J____--__ DIGGING STICKS, description of -____ s DisH, fragments of, from Ruin 1__~_ Doors, in Ruin 38, description of___ DooRWwAyY— construchon of ==" = eee TS RUE AS so ee ee in Ruin 6, construction of_____ in Ruin 7, description of______ in Ruin 8, construction of____~ DRAWINGS, OINAVAHOQ == — 2-2 = S DriLtt, small specimen found in DE GU A (a eres ae ne RS ae Ree aed ely DUANE, WILLIAM NortH, funds con- ETADUE CO tO Vie ee EpWaARDS, JOHN W., assistant in 1915 expeditignee see eae eee RAATHORS: ist Ole- 52-22 > eee oe Friser, used for breechclout_______~_ Minn, destructiom byo- ----- =e FIRH DRILLS, found in nearly every Cwellin y= ee ee ee FIRE HBARTHS, description of_____~ FIRE-MAKING OUTFIT, found in Ruin 3 FirE PIT— iniCavexhl=-2 sen. hese eee rip aoe] 5G Tye Vad MAL EP hc ye a AMV le Eee ees ee in Ruin A, description of______ in Ruin 4, description of______~ in Ruin. 6, mention of22=—= === in Ruin 7, description of______ in Ruin 9, description of______~_ remnants of, ini Ruin 82=2=5022 FIREPLACE— in Ruin 3 in Ruin 1 FRvI’, DRIED, found in Cave I_--__-_ INDEX Page 36 | FuLumr, Dr. R. G., assistant in 1915 expedition =2>--. 2 o> eee FurR-CLOTH ROBES, many fragments 114 fOUNG: 22 eee GAMB, used for food, list of _-______ 113 | GourDs, found in considerable quan- nla titles: Moe eee 113 4/-GRANARIDS> in? Ruin Gl] = See 18 | Granary, found near Marsh Pass___ GRASS SEED, apparently used by Cliff- 165 dwellers as tood=—_ 107 | GRINNELL, LAWRENCE, funds con- 164 tributed by = 2 eee 121 | Hair, HUMAN— extensively used for strings____ 13 string smadeitrom] = See textile made iirom_=—=_ = sae 13 | HAMM®RSTONES, examples found ___ 121 HmrMENWAY, AuGUSTUS, funds con- tributedsby:=_ ==. Se Hoek, provisional identification of___ 18 : nie 181 Horn, objects of . 6x5 Se === -4==- IMPLEMENTS, various, description of_ 65 -KAYENTA, location and description of_ ty Kiva— 50 z : in Ruin AS a ee eee 189 Z : ; 119 in: Ruini6. mention oOf= 22s in Ruin 7, description of _______ 127 “ : eS le 24 in Ruin 9, description of _______ near Ruin A, description of____ es sitevoL in Ruin Als eee 53 i 63 Kivas— “ adobe plaster in Kiva IJ__-___~ 46 ees z a 48 description of, in Ruin 2_______ 58 direction of ventilator opening__ inVRGin 82. a ee 18,19 with banquettes, in Ruin 9____~ KNIVES, SKINNING, description of___ 127 | Leeernes, found in Ruins 2, 5, and 9 Loneypar, J. M., funds contributed 13 Dyas ase eee ee LOOM-LOOP HOLES, cut in sandstone 14 | Loom Loops— 177 in floor of kiva,, Ruing{ === 100 in floornof Kiva, 2. Rui 82 eees 18 | Loom wericurs, articles probably used for this purpose__________ 120 | Manos, not common___----------— 121 | Marz, rusH, found in Ruin 2________ 36 | Mars, method of making__________ Mauls, probably used in working 86 stone, ..o 2 ee 8 21 METATE BINS, observed in Ruins 2 23 and (3. se Eee 65 METATES, specimen found near Ruin 38 4. feo ee eee 46 Mixter, Miss MapELeine, funds con- 50, 52 tributed) piv e= 2 ees 73 Moccasin, a single doubtful speci- 60 men founds eae Moor, CLARpNCH B., funds contrib- 35 uted: Dy se 55 a ee eee eae ee 18 | Morrar, a crude example found in 156 Pottery Hill Cemetery__-------- 171 114 117 124 126 128 183 13 124 z INDEX 27 : Page ‘Page Mounp, found near Ruin 2, descrip- PoTTERY—-Continued. LOMB ORS SS 0 Ae eee ge ea 24 dishes with perforated edge____ 143 MOUNDS, believed to be summer resi- CL OG Sie sw eat peated Sire Ts 143 dences of cliff-dwelling people_—__ 25 POUT G han © any owe ee 14 NavaHo, articles made by, in Ruin 4_ 37 found iim! Cay erie es wees eae 89 NAVAHO DRAWINGS— found in Sunflower Cave ______ 94, 95 iniCave Ts 722. a ees 75 found on Pottery Hill-=—_—--—_ 69 one walltot Cavern lia === 86 found with burials=——-- 22-5. _ 67 NECKLACES, much worn by Basket globular = oe oe he ape ae 130 Makense = = 5° ._. 5 ia eee 131 found with skeletons in Cave I_ 79 corrugated, jugs see 142 TeLerencen (Ona aes Se 154 corrucated, ollass2s=24 = 142 standard footgear ___.________ 101 corrugated, shapes __._.-_____ 142 | SAYODNEECHEER, meaning of word___ UY) corrugated, technology________ it | SOAGP etoundhin Cayerlosse =. 190 CE CORALTON = 5 alt Seneca) Ey 182,153 | ScRAPERS— deposited with skeletons, poor made from oak and cedar______ 120 FTO CXC) UI tiy7: a arena 68 two of ordinary workmanship ISGUSSiOny Of. Se es ee es 129 found soe eee Se ape 128 228 INDEX Page Page Scrpen, part of, found in Ruin 9__ 108 | THAYER, BAYARD, funds contributed ‘SEED BEATERS,” their use problem- Dy=—-$=52) ee 13 Em ce: N Ga ree ate Ms ee es 120 | THayeEr, JOHN E., funds contributed Sinn ObjeCtseOl = aes ee ee 129 by =.22.2 3. eee 3 SHRINE, possible one opposite Ruin 2_ 27 *| LORCHES,, cedar batk===—=--- ee 108 SINEw, used for various purposes_—~ 178 | T'usrs, bone, found in Sunflower eee Caves a222 0 eee ee 189 in Ruin 4, description of______ 3g | Turkey, feather string made from_ 118 local Oneoki sess oes ee 3g | TURKEY FEATHERS, used for making SIpAPUS— 1, ones wae BERS SPS 99 SA i Ae ee ae ke ISL 65 eee ee ea seen by probable; inekuin 8s GON ee Sens “ojala 99 two found in one kiva of Ruin 7T_ 50 eae hE pe oe probable style of construction__ 54 ry ee used in wall construction_____~ : articles buried! with2s—_==—=—-= 30, oL VENTILATOR —= construgaee found in Camp Cemetery, loca- i Ser fk 5 : rate ees n. kiva of Ruin’ 1_-—=====see 49 tion and description of______ 66, 67 5 BP rs ema Verte : , aes in Ruin 2, description of_______ 21 found in Cist A, description of_ 28 ine Baines 35 found in Cist B, description of_ 29 oe a = ep , % : hes of kiva in Ruin 4, description of. 38 found in Cist C, description of_ 30 Sani ies found in Cist D, description of_. 31 : ere ; Be. ; : brush, in Ruin 2, description of_ 24 found in Marsh Pass_—__--_=_- 90 ie 3 2 3 4 condition: of, in Ruin AS === 62 found on Pottery Hill___-____-~ 69 ; : ottery and cther articles found consituchicn ol... ae ay gp ec ss i 22, 24, 26, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 43, 48, i) pene oi gaa Tin a ae 49, 53, 54, 57, 58, 63, 64, 73, 87, 92 SKIn— several coats of plaster on___=_ Bilt few examples found_-----~-___ 118 | WarcuToweER, possible one found op- pieces" of, abundant=—_=— = = 156 posite Ruin 2... eee 26 SKIN ROBES, found in Cave I__-_-__~ 156 | WrrnuerriLy, CLaytox— SKIN: Bees: found in Cave I, de- assistance rendered as guide___ 14 scription ol====—— = — 150 skillful entrance of Ruin 2_____ 19 SKINS, various, used for clothing__~ 100 WETHERILL, JoHN— SLAB, INCISED, use unknown_-___-~- 127 founder of Kayenta trading post_ 14 SPEAR THROWER, description of_____ 178 hospitality: of 2+ 236. 13 SPINDLE WHORLS, examples of____-- 121 WETHERILL, Mrs. JouN— SeuAsH, remnants of, from Caves I hospitality: of-_ 42 =. 2s 13 and IJ___-_-~----------------- 155 information furnished by__-__- 13 SQUASH SEEDS, found at all sites___ 99 “WHISTLES,” bone, found in Sayod- STONE— meeche cave’ —-—=-— == = 189 objects 0f22- 2 ==- === See 124 Woop— Pipes \ofs2 | eee Se eee 187 method. of working==="2====—— 118 Straps, made of cotton and yucca__ Ilr ¢ : tools used in working______-__ 119 ‘SUNFLOWER CACHE,’ cones taken Yucca— from ste) SS he ae ee Eee 146 braided, for strong cords, burden ** SUNFLOWERS 7’ — bands; etes.s=2. 2.55 = 114 found in Sunflower Cave__---- 94 used for cords and threads___-~ aba skin; description of-==-=>=_U== 146 | Yucca FIBER— wooden, description of________ 145 most important cordage ma- TEXTILE BAGS, description of _______ 149 tetlal 32222 =- eee a fa 3 TEXTILE FABRICS— string made from, as strong as coil without foundation______~_ alir(s} modern, twine... 113 twined weaving =2-22- eee alte string made from, description WwoVvel DANGS=-2e= eee see 173 Ofna eee 113 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 95 CENTS IN CLOTH Vv ‘ rial! iii