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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

S

73

E4

no. 71-80

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PWIMTIB IN U.ajl,

LIBRARY

m

\M\J€Qk

^ASS

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 71.~tO

CONCENTRATED FEED-STUFFS.
CONDIMENTAL AND^fggfTRY FOODS.

SPfifj t pTuofv f

CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to all newspapers in
the State arid to such individuals interested in farming as may request
the same.

^

HATCH EXFZSRZmB^T STiLTZOig

OF THK

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

amhp:rst, mass.

By act of the General Court, the Hatch Experiment Station and
the State Experiment Station have been consolidated under the name
of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College. Several new divisions have been created and the scope of
others has been enlarged. To the horticultural, has been -.dded the
duty of testing varieties of vegetables and seeds. Tue cxicmical .as
been divided, and a new division, " Foods and P^eeding," has been
established. The botanical, including plant physiology and disease,
has been restored after temporary suspension.

The officers are : —

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D., Director.

William P. Brooks, Ph. D., Agriculturist.

George E. Stone, Ph. D., Botanist.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D., Chemist (Fertilizers).

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D., Chemist (Foods and Feeding).

Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D., Entomologist.

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc, Horticulturist.

J. E. OSTRANDER, C. E., Meteorologist.

Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D., Associate Entomologist.

Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc, Assistant Agriculturist.

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc, Assistant Botanist.

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).

Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc, Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).

James E. Halligan, B. Sc, Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).

Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, First ChemistCF ooAs^naYe^iWrig).

Philip H. Smith, B. Sc, ^' ^ss'i CAm;.«(Foocls and Feeding).

James W. Kellogg, B. Sc, ^ Ass^t C/.e«u-s^(Food» and Feeding).'

George A. Drew, B. Sc, Assistant Horticulturist.

Henry L. Crane, B. Sc, Assistant Horticulturist.

Charles L. Rice, Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. Communications may be addressed to the
Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

DIVISION OF FOODS AND FEEDING

Joseph B. Lindsey.*

RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS.

.:,„i/f. CU^,>..,j^S'«ty-one samples of cottonseed meal collected, eleven
were not guaranteed ; eight of these latter were badly adulterated
with fine ground hulls. Farmers are urged to purchase only guaran-
teed meals.

2. The gluten meals and feeds were free from adulteration and,
with a few exceptions, of excellent quality. They are among the
cheapest and best concentrated feeds.

3. Wheat bran and middlings were of good quality. A number
of mixed feeds were adulterated with woody material similar
to fine ground corn cobs. Farmers are at present strongly urged
to carefully note in this bulletin the names of those brands of
mixed feed showing an analysis of 16 or more per cent of protein,
and to purchase accordingly.

4. A considerable portion of the oat feeds upon the market are
of very inferior quality ; most of them cost nearly as much as corn
meal and are only one-half to two-thirds as valuable.

5. A large proportion of the corn and oat feeds, or provenders,
consisted of mixtures of oaf offal and corn meal. It would be
economy to purchase the oats and corn separately and have them
ground by the local miller.

6. Condimental stock foods consisted principally of cereals,
wheat offal, and linseed meal, together with some condiment such as
fenugreek, gentian, or fennel, as well as common salt, sulfates of
magnesia and soda, charcoal, iron, and occasionally pepper and
sulphur.

♦Assisted by E. B. Holland, P. H. Smith Jr., and J. W. Kellogg.

7- Condimental poultry foods consisted of grain mixtures similar
to those found in the stock foods, together with considerable quanti-
ties of fine ground oyster shells, charcoal, and pepper.

8. The condition powders varied materially in composition. One
of the more prominent ones contained a large amount of linseed
meal and charcoal, as well as Epsom salts, carbonate and phosphate
of lime, pepper and ginger.

9. It is impossible for condimental foods to "prevent and cure
diseases, make richer milk, and double the egg supply".

10. Attention is called to the article on Condimental Stock and
Poultryg^Foods, and especially to the paper by Dr. J. B. Paige on the
utility*of such foods.

CONCENTRATED FEED STUFFS.

A. Classification.

B. Protein Standards.

C. Results of the Inspection.

D. Discussion of the Results.

E. The Best Feeds and the Best Rations.

F. Key to Comparative Values.

A. CLASSIFICATION OF CONCENTRATED FEEDS.

The following classification is made on the basis of the amount of
protcm contained in the several feed stuffs, those in Class I. showing
the largest amount, and those in Class IV. the smallest quantity.

Division I. Protein Feeds.

Division II.
Starchy (Carbo-
hydrate) Feeds.

Class I.

"io to i,y^ protein.

50 to 605J carbohydra's.*

75 to 905S digestible.

Cottonseed meal. Buffalo, Daven-
Cleveland flax! poi"t,CioIden, Rock-

Class II.

20 to yA protein.

60 to 7o?t carbohydra's.*

80 to 859i digestible.

meal.

N.P. and O. P. lin-
seed meals.

Chicago, Cream,
and King gluten
meals.

ford Diamond,
Waukegan, and
other standard
gluten feeds.
Atlas meal, dried
brewers' grains,
and malt sprouts.

Class III.

14/(7 2o'lo protein.

70 to 75?» carbohydra's.''

60 to 75?S digestible.

Wheat middlings,
mixed feed, ancl
wheat bran.
H. O. dairy feed.

Class IV.
8 to T.\ici protein.
75 to 85^ carbohyd's.*
75 to goji digestible.

Wheat, rye, bar-
ley, oat, corn, and
hominy meals.
Oat, corn and
oat, and corn oat
and barley feeds.
Quaker dairy
and H. O. horse
feeds.

♦Including fat reduced to carboliydrates.

Protein Feeds,

B. FEED STUFF.

Cottonseed meal,
CleTela7id flax meal,
O. P. linseed ?neal,
Gluten ?neal,'\
Gluten feed,
■\ Wheat middlings.
Mixed feed,
Wheat bran,
Malt sprouts,
Dried brewers' grains,
H. O. dairy feed.
Corn meal.
Hominy meal.
Ground Oats,
Oat feed,

Quaker dairy feed.
Corn a7id oat feed.
Corn, oat, and barley feed,
L U. O. horse feed,
f American poultry feed,

1

Poultry Feeds. -{ H. O. poultry feed,

1^ Meat and bone meals.

Starchy
(carbohydrate) -{
Feeds,

PROTEIN STANDARD

43

pe

r cent.

38

((

36

a

36

a

25

((

17-20

((

16-17

a

15-16

<(

25

n

22

ii

18

ii

9

i(

10- 1 1

u

1 1-12

u

8-10

((

12

(C

8-9

u

'/, 1 1 -1 2

.i

12

ii

13

• t

17

((

40

it

tKing gluten meal from the Demoines factory generally contains 33 per cent of proteinj
and 15 per cent of fat, but that marked Buffalo, N. Y., shows much less fat.

C. RESULTS OF INSPECTION.
I. Protein Feeds.

Cottonseed Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture. Protein. Fat,

5J 'h Ic

The American Cotton Oil Co. Greenfield 43 9 j

" " Needham 43 9 f 7-^3 47-o6 9.65

" " Orange 43 9 J

" " Fitchburg 43 9 1

" " Greenfield 43 9 |

" " N. Wilbraham 43 9 r" 6.63 44.85 10.13

" " Orange 43 g |

" " Soutbbridge 43 9 J

Owl F. W. r.rode & Co. Ayer 43 9 1

" " " S. Framingham 4^ 9 i ^ --

Westfield 43 9 [-6-^3 43-9' '3-36

" " " Westminster — — J

Butler, Breed & Co. Lawrence 43 9 6. 86 48. 78 10.39

Chapin & Co. Amherst 43 9 1

" " Holyoke .43 9 |

" " Northampton 43 9 r" 6.93 46.35 9.92

" " Salem 43 9 |

" " Westl-)oro 43 9 J

Chattanooga Cotton Oil Co. N. Wilbraham 8-8.50! — 7. 84

Decatur Cotton Oil Co. Middleboro 43 9-10 7.20

H. & B. Hayley&Beine S. Framingham 43 9-10 7.14

" " " Salem 43 9-10 7.56

Dixie Humphreys, Goodwin & Co. N. .'\mherst 43-48 9-1 1 6.09

" '■ Waltham 43 9 6.13

Hunter Bros. Southboro 43 9 ' fi

" '' Worcester 43 9 \ '^^

" " Southboro 43 9 6.15

I — S. Interstate Cotton Oil Co. Fitchburg 7-59t — 7-5'

Stock Food .Newbury Cottonseed Mill. Fitchburg — — 7.86

Geo. B. Robinson Jr. Clinton 43 9 6.70

J. E. Soper & Co. Easthampton 43 9-io"|

" " Lexington 43 9 L

Springfield 43 9 f 7-49

" " Westifield 43 9-10 J

" " Holyoke 43 9 I .. ^ o^

,, ,, ,,,. -^ , , ^^ ^ \ 7-1=1 44.07 10. b2

" " Wmchendon 43 q \ ' ^ ^^ '

F. S. Walton Co. Natick 43 9 7.25 48.C0 9.35

W. L. Ward Milbury 43 9 6.36 47.50 9.31

E. B. Williams & Co. Greenfield 43 9 I r c

N. Adams 43 9 ! ^'^^ ^'■'^' ^'^^

Sea Island Unknown Newburvport — — / o^^

Wakefield — — \ 7-«j'

" Beverly — — 7 95*

" Brockton — — 7-44*

" Lynn — — 8.83*

New Bedford — — 8.10=*

" Taunton — — 7-99*

" Beverly — ■ — 6.21

Marlboro — — 8.10*

Wakefield — — 7.44

" Waltham 46.12 9.20 695

Highest. 8.83

Lowest, 6,09

Average, 7,09

t.\s .Ammonia, equivalent to 41.14 — 43.71?" protein.
t.'\s Ammonia, equivalent to 39.03^ protein.
*Not included in the average.

45.28
46.69
46.16
4463
47.41
44.26

46.31

44.00
45,81
47.69
48.53

4363

26.10*

:^7-85*
23.28*

25.00*

27.22*

27.13*

46.62

26.19*

39-35
42.69

48.78
23.28
45.28

Linseed Meal.

Brand.

Manufactiiied by :

- Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture. Protein. Fat.

4. 4 4,

Cleveland Flax

NEW PROCE.SS.

American Linseed Co. Needham
" " New IJedford

" " South boro

" " Adams

" " E. Weymouth

" " Southboro

" " Taunton

Pittsfield
Chester
Fitchburg
N. Adams
Palmer
Amherst
Fitchburg
Northampton
Palmer

38-40
38-40

39-4'
38-40

1-50-3

The Cutler Co.
Unknown

38-40

1-3

Average, .
Hunter Bros.

Kellogg & Miller

Mann Bros.

Wright & Hills

(( ((

Unknown

Average,

8.19

38.75

2.70

9-55

36-94

2.17

9-5°

37-94

2-44

9-45

.38.63

2.27

9-50

38-35

2.08

8-74

36-94

2.20

9.22

40-75

2.25

952

40.13

2.25

9-55

38.35

2-37

9.82

37.22

2.81

9.17

36.69

2-34

9.48

38.82

2-57

8.85

36. 88

2.80

9.15

38.24

2.44

OLD PROCESS.

Northampton
Southbridge

Adams

Pittsfield

Leominster

Amherst

Greenfield

Orange

8.47 35-'9 7-8i

36.70
36-70
3-4* -

7-83

Q.OI

36-35

6-.35

7-83

8.68

35-13

9.32

8.82

36-32

6.06

—

7.84

37-13

5-88

—

7-73

36.94

7.01

—

9-47

32-13

7.00

•8.56 35.55 7.14

*As Ammonia equivalent to 15.43 — 2o.57?t protein.

Gluten Meal.

Chicago The Glucose Sugar Refining Co.

It

Athol 36

Chicopee 36

Clinton 36

Fitchburg 36

Northampton 36

Palmer 36

Pittsfield 36

Southbridge 36

Springfield 36

Wakefield 36

Amherst 36

Athol 36

Newburyport 36

Shelburne Falls 36

Westboro 36

Chicopee Falls 3950

Southboro 3950

Taunton 39-5o

3-37 1
3-37 I
3-37 I
3-37 I
3-37 ■
3-37
3-37 I
3-37 I
3-37 I
3-37 J

3-371
3-37 I
3-37 !^
3-37 I
3-37J
3-37 )
3-37 }
3-37 )

!^ 9-51 3978 1-84

8.00 39.81 2.57

7.92 39.69 1.95

(Continued.)

Gluten Meal (continued).

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Cream Chas. Pope Glucose Co.

King

The National Starch Mfg. Co.

Adams

Chester

Chicopee Falls

Clinton

Hudson

Millbury

Natick

N. Adams

Orange

Worcester

Worcester

Natick

Nevvburyport

N. Adams

N. Adams

N. Wilbraham

Orange

Ware

Worcester

Northampton

Orange

N. Adams

Middleboro

Middleboro

Orange

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

34.12
34.12

37-12
34-12
34-12
34.12
34.12
34.12
34-12
34-12
34.12
34.12
34-12
34.12
34.12
34.12
34.12
34-12
34-12
32.70

Average, .

Found.

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

9S 5f 54

3-20I

j._u
3.20
3.20
3-20
3.20
3.20
3-20

3-20
3.20
3.20
3.20
3.20
3-20
3.20
3.20
3.20
3.20
3-20

f> 9.12 32.88 2.40

r- 7-97 3656 1-43

J
,.00 I

32-40 3-70

4-90

8.52
9.92*
7.91*
6.13*

8.76

36.63

38.19

29.19*

28.97*

33-13*

37.04

8.38

1.90

3-55*
3-44*
15-79*
2.34

*Not included in the average.

Gluten Feed.

Buffalo.

The Glucose Sugar Ref'ng Co. Amherst

Davenport

Amherst

27. CO 3.00""

Chester

25.50 4.00

Concord

25.50 4.00

N. Brookfield

25.50 4.00

Rockland

25.50 4.00 y

9-13

26.19

2.85

S.Framingham

— — 1

Ware

— — 1

Westfield

25.50 4.00 1

Woburn

25.50 4.00J

Haverhill

25.50 4.00"]

Huntington

25.50 4.00

Rockland

25.50 4.00 f>

8.9S

26.69

2.21

Shelburne Falls 25.50 4.00 |

Westfield

25.50 4.00J

Amherst
Amherst

27.00 3.00 1

27.00 3.00 s

8.41

26.97

2.84

Palmer

25.50 4.C0 )

25.50 4.00 ;
25.50 4.00 )

S.Framingham

8.68

26.13

3-30

Springfield

Lawrence

25.10 3.62

8.82

23.00

4-31

(Continued.)

Gluten Feed (continued).

Guaranteed.

Found.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at : Protein.

Fat. Moisture. Protei

n. Fat.

H

*

i«

i

*

Rockford Diamond. "

((

Amherst

—

_ \

u

U t(

((

Southboro

26.20

2.70 [

8.50

27-13

2.01

'>

u ((

u

Southbridge

26.20

2.70 )

Golden

<(

((

Newbury port

25-50

4.00

8.24

24.88

3.63

Glen Cove

The National Starch

Mfg

. Co. Adams

28.40 4.30^

u

a

Fitchburg

28.40 4.30 1

(i

it

u

Holyoke
Southboro

28.40
28.40

4-30 [
4-30 (

8.58

27.19

305

«

a

S. Deerrteld

28.40

4-30

<(

u

Westfield

28.40

4-30 J

(1

((

Adams

28.40 4:30^

((

a

Fitchburg

28.40

4-30 1

u

n

Southboro

28 40

430 y

7.29

27-53

3.06

a

li

S. Deerfield

28.40

4.30 1

i(

*i

Wakefield

28.40 4.30J

Waukegan

U. S. Sugar

Refi

ning

Co. Gt. Harrington

27.38

3-39I

a

u

a

Montague

27.38

3-39 1

u

i;

t(

New Bedford

27.38

3-39 y

8.87

24.41

3-13

it

((

(1

N. Wilbraham

27-38

3-39 !

a

((

C(

Taunton

—

- J

u

((

((

Amherst

—

.

((

a

u

Fitchburg

27-38

3-39

u

i(

(C

Greenfield

27-38

3-39

((

ii

((

Holyoke

27-38

3-39 -

8.25

27.50

3-50

((

a

li

N. Brookfield

<t

a

n

Springfield

27-38

3-39 1

((

a

((

Westminster

27-38

3-39J

Archer Starch C

0.

Newburyport

—

—

9.09*

19.07*

3-98*

Unknown

Lawrence

—

—

9.42

26.25

346

£i

Marlboro

—

—

7-77*

17.50*

4.16*

Highest, . . .

....

9.42

27.53

4.31

Lowest,

. . . .

7,29

17.50

2.01

Average, • •

8.58

25.92

2.99

*Not included in the average.

Germ Oil Meal.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed. Found.

Protein. Fat. Moisture, Protein. Fat

f« ^ !^ ^ ^

The Glucose Sugar Refining Co.

Dalton

Leominster

Newburyport

Wakefield

Walpole

Woburn

Concord

Gardner

Lawrence

Palmer

Springfield

Westfield

25.50 10.50

25-50
25.50
25.50
25-50

10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50

^977 22.63 10.13

I
I
J

I

I

y 8.22 22.66 10.70

J

Average, 9,00 22.65 10.42

lO

Wheat Bran.

Manufactured by : Sampled at : Moisture. Protein. Fat.

Bay State Milling Co. Chicopee Falls 6.63 17.13 5.10

" " Montague 8.72 16.06 5.17

George C. Christian New Bedford j. gg ^^

" " Springfield i ' j 0 1

Chas. M. Cox & Co. Lawrence 7.13 15.94 4-58

Daisy Roller Mills Gardner 7.38 15.85 4.75

Haverhill . 8.82 13.38 4.08

J. G. Davis Co. Gt. Barrington 7.71 16.00 5.22

Hunter Bros. Fall River | 0

Ware ( ^"^^ 17-32 4-79

Clinton 8.84 17.16 4.28

Kehlor Bros. N. Brookfield ( o,, ,^,, ,^,

Wakefield ) ^•'- '^-'j 4-7i

" " Palmer 8.42 17.56 4.65

Minnesota Flour Mill Co. Holyoke 9.30 16.81 5.08

Nortliwestern Consol. Milling Co. Salem 8.18 15.41 4.90

C. A. Pillsbury Adams )

•' " Fittsfield > 8.54 15,66 4.94

S. Deerfield )

" " Haverhill )

Fittsfield > 8.36 15.38 4.95

Fittsfield )

" " Lexington 9.52 iS.co 6.06

" " Athol 9.22 15.81 5.06

M. G. Rankin & Co. Beverly 8.95 i6.Si 5.12

Henry Russell Shelburne Falls 7.91 16.31 4.20

The Sheffield Milling Co. Amherst 8.67 15.47 5.25

Simpson. Hendee & Co. Gt. Barrington 8.75 16.81 4.25

Sparks Milling Co. Chicopee Falls 8.85 17.42 4.47

Star & Crescent Milling Co. Natick 8.15 16.53 5-09

David Stott Hudson 8.28 15.44 4.68

Valley City Milling Co. Newburyport 8.20 15.85 4.93

" " Adams \ o

Haverhill ) ^-'9 '544 4-74

" " Southbridge 8.25 16.56 4.72

The Voigt Milling Co. Northampton 9.64 16.88 4 57

Walnut Creek Milling Co. Westminster 8.80 16.50 4.24

Washburn, Crosby Co. Amherst )

Chester [ 8.48 16.35 5-o8

" " . Leominster )

" " Springfield 8.28 14.69 5.01

E. S. Woodworth & Co. Westminster 8.74 1494 4.97

Zenith Milling Co. Lowell 8.47 16.28 4.70

Unknown Needham 9.32 1356 .^.39

" Westboro 9.29 13.91 4.67

" Montague 8.77 15.41 3.89

" Athol 9.23 15.44 4.89

" Dalton 8.24 17.81 4.72

" ' E. Brookfield 9.82 14.81 5.32

" Fitchburg 7.03 18.06 4.89

" Fitchburg 8.57 16.81 3.93

" Palmer 8.16 16.75 4-65

" Chicopee 8.77 16.78

" E. lirookfield 9.49 1760

Fitchl^urg 8.88 17.66

" Haverhill 8.93 15.25

" Montague 9.27 15.44

" Northampton 9.31 16.SS

" Orange 8.98 15.85

Wesffield 9.06 17.16

Highest, 9.82 18.06

Lowest, 6,63 13.38

Average, 8.75 16.17

Brand.

Choice
Jersey

Michigan
Daisy

Clean

Pillsbury's

Fillsbury's B.
No. I Choice
Coarse

Star

Stott's

Michigan Winter

Winter

Michigan Winter

Choice

Coarse

II
((

Snowflake
Canada

u. s.

II

Wheat Middlings.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at:

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

1« "h 1'

Andrews

Dexter

Windsor

Daisy Flour
Daisy

Best
Winter

Shorts
Colonial
Flour
Shorts

Comet

Flour

Daisy XX.
Daisy

Daisy XX.
A.'

B.

Flour

Star

Fancy
Choice Winter

1.1. u

Adrian

Adriance

Flour

Andrews & Co.

u u

Chapin & Co.

Cumberland Mills
Daisy Roller Mills

u u

II u

J. G. Davis Co.

u u

Hart Bros.
Hunter Bros.

u u

Listman Mill Co.
Miner-Hillard Milling Co.*
Minneapolis Flour Mfg. Co.
Missouri Valley Milling Co.
Northwestern Consol. Milling Co.

It 1(

C. A. Pillsbury

The Sheffield Milling Co.

E. O. Stanard Milling Co.
Star & Crescent Milling Co.
Stratton & Co.t
The Geo Tileston Milling Co.
Valley City Milling Co.

Washburn Crosby Co.

Gt. Barrington
Natick

Le.xington
Springfield

Amherst
Fitchburg

Athol

Chicopee Falls
Waltham

Pittsfield

Gt. Barrington

Salem

Fitchburg

Ware

New Bedford

Ware

Lowell

New Bedford

Marlboro
Westboro
Worcester

Fitchburg

Winchendon

North Adams

E. Brookfield

Lowell

Natick

Millbury

Newburyport

North Adams

Worcester

Fitchburg

N. Wilbraham

Taunton

Southbridge

Holyoke

Orange

N. Amherst

S. Framingliam

Southbridge

Adams
Dalton

Concord

Dalton

North Adams

Taunton

Ware

Winchendon

N. Brookfield
Natick
Woburn
Nortliampton

Adams

Fitchburg

Chester

Amherst

Northampton

S. Deerfield

10. i6 19.60 5.34

9.69 18.69 5-21

8.78 19.16 5.66

8.87 18.47 5-62

943 18.69 503

8.44 18. 28 5.87

8.98 18.06 6.15

10.31 15 91 4.59

9.34 18.06 4.96

9.00 17.16 5.54

8.69 12.50 7.07

9.34 18.91 5.28

9.60 18.91 5.77

9.62 20.47 5'o

9.30 20,28 5.61

10.20 19.13 5.91

9.16 17.60 5.80

775 17-88 5.53

9-45 19-38 5-47

8.05 19.38 5.39

8.18 18.91 6.00

9.94 17.38 5.85

8.85 17.22 7.13

10.44 1944 6.48

8.95 19.81 5.93

10.13
9.09

10.26
10.41

18.75
18.69

1^.22
18.00

447
548
4.22
6.02

10.06

16.13

4.25

9.46
9.56

18.72
19.81

4.80
4-71

10.40

IQ.21;

S.od

12

Brand.

Manufactured by

Sampled at

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

Standard

U 11

Palmer j

11

11 (1

S. Deerfield \

10.27 J

8. 00

5-43

((

« It

Easthampton

9.05

18.44

5-30

(( It

N. Amherst

9.16

19.16

5

56

Snow's Flour

E. S. Woodworth & Co.

Amherst

10.47

18.31

5

.07

Snow's Cream

11 11

Huntington

8.83

20.00

5

41

Monogram

Unknown

Lowell

8.75

18.31

5-

19

New York

11

Fall River

8.71

17-25

5

32

It

Beverly

9.70

18.94

5

46

tt

Chicopee

10.08

19-31

5

37

11

Dalton

943

16.81

5

50

Red Dog Flour

11

Gardner

10.55

18.82

4

75

Winter

11

New Bedford

10.52

20.19

5

18

It

Pittsfield

10.03

17.25

5

05

It

Chicopee

8.45

17.60

5

14

Red Dog

It

Clinton

10.11

18.47

4

57

tt

E. Brookfield

959

18.69

4

15

ti

Holyoke

9.88

1550

2

62

It

Huntington

8.33

18.00

4

84

Winter

If

Marlboro

9.26

19-31

5

11

u

tt

Montague

9.24

17.94

4

61

ft

Northampton

9.06

16.56

3

62

tt

Salem

9-37

17.85

5

30

ft

Ware

9.16

18.19

4

94

Red Dog

tt

Westboro

9.71

18.47

4

89

Spring

ti

Winchendon

8.96

18.28

5

68

Highest

. . . in fSR 9ft ^7

7.07
2.62

Lowest,

• • • lU. J3 I

•• 7.75

UlTI

12.50

Averao"?

... Q 1^ 1

8.82

R RZL

J. \. y \^i~ ciw \- • •••• •••• •>•• •■■• •

• • • 9i 10

J.

JT

chop

Guaranty Protein 13.56 ?S. Fat 6.83. This is not pure wheat middlings but contains a mixture of hominy

tQuite inferior to first class middlings.

Mixed Feeds.

Acme

Acme Milling Co.

Buckeye

Bay State

11

11
Badger

u
11
it
11

Blish
1.

Royal

Central
Hamilton

The American Cereal Co.

ti It

Ansted & Burke Co.

Bay State Milling Co.

11 1.

It tt

Berger-Anderson Co.

The Blish Milling Co.
Brooks-Griffiths Co.

u u

Central Milling Co.
Chapin & Co.

E. Brookfield ^

Natick !

Needham [

Shelburne Falls J

E. Brookfield T

Huntington !

Natick \
Shelburne Falls J

Brockton )

Lawrence >

Springfield )

Dalton )

Westminster (
Newburyport

Greenfield \

Orange (
Newburyport

N. Brookfield 1

Orange |

Soutiiboro )■

Ware |

Westminster J

Haverhill (

Lawrence f
Dalton
Westboro
Ware
Chicopee

9.14 16.97 4.90

9.07 18.00 4.51

10.50 17.75 484

9.54 17.63 4.54
9.97 16.35 4-36

6.55 17.66 5.42
9-37 17-25 5-12

9.05 17.32 5.33

7.92 17.22 5. CO

960 17.88 4,92

8.60 17.07 5.04

7.96 16.78 5.48

8.55 17.66 4.82

13

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

5f ^56

Sterling

Winter

Jersey

((

((
XX.

Daisy

((

Boston

Hoosier
New England

a Li

a t(

Mixed Dairy

Columbia

Mill

Harter"s

Barter's

Kentucky

Excelsior
Sunshine

H.B.
Superior

Snowflake

— Cook

u

Jersey

Chas. M.

Cox & Co

"t
((

Webster

<(

(1

Daisy Roller Millst t

Duluth Imperial Mill Co.

Geo. F. Evans
Freeman Milling Co.

Gem Milling Co.
Grafton Roller Mill "
Hannibal Milling Co.

The Isaac Harter Co.

a II

Hollister, Chase Co

u u

The Holly Milling Co.
Hunter Bros.

Lake Superior Mills

Lawrenceburg Roller Mills Co.

Worcester I

Worcester (

Fitchburg

Rockland )

S. Framingham )

Southbridge

a

Fitchburg
Waltham
Haverhill
Wakefield j

Lawrence J

Baldwinsville )
Lowell >

Westfield )

Easthampton ^

Haverhill >

Walpole )

Clinton \

Holyoke i
Fitchburg

\
S. Framingham J

Chicopee
Fitchburg )

Orange [

S. Deerfield )

Lowell
Worcester
Chester |

Gt. Barrington j
Middieboro

Amherst "|

Gt. Barrington j
Lawrence |

S. Framingham y
Walpole
Westfield
Worcester

Brockton )

Fitchburg >

Shelburne Falls )

Amherst

Dalton

Taunton

N. Brookfield

Leominster

Fall River

Lynn

1

Southbridge I

Westfield ^ f

Worcester J

Montague

Amherst )

Taunton )

S. Framingham

Brockton {

Lawrence \

8.02 17.22 4.80

9.39 16.69 4-55

8.76 17.C0 5.33

8.88 17.44 4.42

9.09 16.97 4.09

8.14 17.07 5.05

9.09 16.35 4-68

8.93 18.00 4.48

7.84 17.69 5.5c

9.43 16.94 5.03

8.46 16.72 5.00

9.51 17.25 5.05

9.42 17.19 4.51

9.02 16.38 5.19

9.12 17.38 4.63

975 16.44 5-3°

10.31 17.00 4.77

8.63 16.63 4-53

9.39 16.10 4.19

8.79 16.50 4.55

9.38 17.00 5.42

7.95* 12.60* 3.16*

9.60 15.66 4.32

8.71 18.00 4.64

9.29 18.50 4.23
8.82 17.25 4.15

8.99 16.3S 4.41

9.49 16.97 4.20

8.96 16.63 4.78

9.30 16.63 5.29

8.80 16.97 4.35

14

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

Lexington
Hiawatha
Standard
King-
Fancy
Rex

Rex

Sharp's
Angola
Columbia
Victoria

u

Lexington Roller Mills Co.'
Wm. Listman Milling Co.
Lull-Franke Grain Co.
R. P. Moore Milling Co.
New York Mills
C. A. Pillsbury

The Rex Mill Co.

Sharp's Milling Co.
Simpson, Hendee & Co.t
J. E. Soper & Co.
St. Louis Victoria Flour Mills

Farmer's Favorite Cow Valley City Milling Co.
Cow "

Superior

Williams Bros.

The Walsh DeRoo Milling Co.

■ Washburn Crosby Co.

Standard
Faist's

Unknown

Kauffman's
Kansas

Kentucky

Monoarram

National

New Hampshire

Purity

Russell's

Triplex Extra

F.

SS.

S.
Ground Wheat

Easthampton
Fall River
Haverhill
Millbury

Winchendon

Millbury

Greenfield

Montague

Gt. Barrington

Amherst

S. Framingham

Haverhill

Fitchburg

Wilbraham

Walpole

N. Brookfield

Holyoke

Worcester

S. Deerfield

Fitchburg

Newburyport

Gt. Barrington

Southbridge

Rockland

Southboro

Chester
Fitchburg
Leominster
N. Brookfield
_N. Wilbraham
Haverhill

S. Amherst

((

Baldwinsville

Holyoke
Needham
N. Wilbraham
- S. Framingham
Taunton
Webster
Worcester
New Bedford
Salem

Wakefield

Brockton

Taunton

Fitchburg

Huntington

Ware

Lowell

Fall River

Waltham

Athol

Concord

Fitchlnurg

Millbury
New Bedford

Worcester

y

9-44 17-50 4-64

9-63
9.48
9.10
8.96
7.89

7-53
9.78

7-50

i4.6ot 6.04
16.63 5-IO

17.22
17.19
17.19
16.06
16.69
18.44

5.00
4.29
4-97
5-17
4.92
4.08

9.25 17.50 4.76

10.05

17-13

4.12

7.17

10.64

17.25
16.31

4.90
5.28

8.04

10.50

7.86

18.13
17.66
15-44

4-59
4.67

4-98

9.S7

1547

4.38

iO-59
8.18

i4-97t
15-63

3.26

4.72

7.15 18.03 5-34

9.61

17.06 4.97

9.64
9-50

17.63 4.94
16.81 5.21

8.80 18.10 4.S7

9-77 17-22 4-31

9.01 15.94 4.02

9 53 17-38 4-55

8.84 i7-'3 5-3'

8.22 16.69 4.81

9.41 17.41 4.02

8.84* 11.63* 3-46'

9.25 17.32 4.95

9.07 17.56 5.23

10.48 1600 5.32

9.17 16.69 4-44

9.17 16.78 4.98

7.64 17.41 4.76

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

5f ft *

Wheat
Heavy

u
(;

Concord

Rockland

Walpole

Leominster

Fitchburg

Brockton

Lynn

Millbury

S. Amherst

Westboro

Athol

Brockton

Chicopee

Clinton

E. Weymouth

11

Fall River
Fitchburg

Lawrence

11

Lowell

Marlboro

Natick

New Bedford

N. Wilbraham

Orange

S. Framingham

Walpole

Westminster

Westboro

Holyoke

Newburyport

Highest,.
Lowest, ■
Average,.

8.58 I

7.60

437

8.20 1

6.28

4.64

8.80 1

6.69

4.68

8.87 1

6.35

4.62

9.10 1

7.16

5"

8.72 1

6-35

4.24

«-33 '

6.88

473

9-33

7-32

5-34

7-94

[6.72

5.60

8.29*

[i.S6*

374^

8.62 I

6.88

.S-07

8.16* ]

2.94*

3Ai*

937

[7.88

4.24

938

7.81

4-53

8.56

7.66

5-17

9.60 I

635

4.40

8. 78

[497?

3-93

8.68

[6.94

4.17

9.08

t7-38

432

9.26

18.00

440

9.22

[6.78

4-31

8.64

1750

4.86

964 ]

7.66

4.46

903

I.S.8.S

4.42

8.14

16.44

4.87

8.56

7.22

44«

7-63

i3.82t

3.60

963

17.00

4-93

8.92

16.78

4.68

8.00

1 3 -sot

4.00

8.90

15-94

4.69

9.20

16.72

4-32

10,64 1

8.44

6.04

6.55

11,56

3.16

8.71

17.00

4.63

* Not included in the average ; adulterated.

t Guaranty Protein i6.6i?4 Fat 5.48.

tt Guaranty Protein 16.5056 Fat 4.50.

+ Inferior.

Dairy and Miscellaneous Feeds.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Guaranteed.

Found.

Sampled at :

Protein.

Fat. Moisture. Protein. Fat

54

*

*

It

■a

Brockton

16.50

3-5o1

Clinton

16.50

3-50 1

Lawrence

16.50

3-5° !^

8.88

16.72

3-07

Natick

16.50

3-50 1

Newburyport

16.50

3-5oJ

Wakefield

18.00

4.50 (

18.31

3-85

Worcester

18.00

4-50 (

7-3i

Lowell

18.00

4 50 I
4.50 (

18.94

Newburyport

18.00

7-43

4-53

Needham

—

.S-.39

31-56

6.50

Waltham

—

—

6-39

1375

3-49

Salem

—

—

7-.38

29-94

11.38

11

—

—

10.46

24.63

1.56

Natick
Newburyport

25.00
25.00

3'5o|
3-5° )

10.41

21.28

2-79

N. 15rookfield

—

8.61

3241

8.58

Rockland

—

—

8.09

26.44

4-43

Sucrene Dairy American Milling Co.

H. O. Dairy The HO. Co.

Brewer's Grains E. P. Mueller

" " Unknown

Distiller's " J. W. Biles Co.
Malt Sprouts Unknown
Sucrene Oil Meal American Milling Co.

U 11 11 11

Buckwheat Feed C. F. Birkett
Proteina A. Culver

i6

II. Starchy (Carbohydrate) Feeds.

Corn Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture. Protein. Fat.

f 5i !*

Chas. M. Cox & Co.

Amherst

_

12.56

9-35

3-53

M. L. Crittenden

Waltham

I 1. 1 2 6.46

9.10

9.16

4.41

Cutler Co.

E. Brookfield

—

12.42

9-56

4.10

Eames & Towne

Holvoke

- — •

12.12

9.78

373

Garland & Lincoln

Millbury

1097

8.72

2.08

J. L. Holley

Amherst

IO-93

10.38

4.32

H. C. Puffer & Co.

Westfield

13.62

9.60

332

(( u

E. Brookfield

10.99

9.60

3-84

Average,

- 11.59

9.52

3.67

Sterling

Hominy Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Guaranteed. Found.

Sampled at; Protein. Fat. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

It $ 1c $ i,

Chas. M. Cox& Co.
Shellabarger Mill & Elev.
Suffern, Hunt & Co.

Unknown

Wakefield

Montague

Fitchburg

Salem

Concord

Fall River

Worcester

Concord

Gt. Barrington

Westminster

Worcester

11.02 7.70

Average,.

10.28

10.50

7.60

7.18

"•75

10.19

903

1 1. 19

9.15

8.66

11.50

10.10

8.70

11.31

9.02

8.85

11.00

7.68

9.80

10.88

7.13

7.8i

11.97

10.41

7. II

11.63

10.41

8.88

11.00

8.90

8.56

10.8S

7.68

8.62

11.24

8.93

17

Oat Feed.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture.

54

Protei

5f

n. Fat.

Vim

11

The American Cereal Co.

U 1(

N. Adams
Taunton

\

6.52

5.38

2.12

M. L. Crittei

id en

Worcester

7-13

6.19

1-95

Magnolia

Rodney J. H

ardy & Sons

Fitchburg

7.06

8.47

3-9°

It

ti

u

Adams

)

«

u

u

Lowell

6.87

7-44

2.97

K

u

.c

Westminster

)

Catena

The Illinois

Cereal Co.

Rockland

7-52

6.94

2.25

<i

a

a

Worcester

5.91

5.66

1.68

Friend's Cone' Dairy Muscatine Oat Meal Co.

Lowell

s

U i(

u

Middleboro

6.60

9.16

4.08

(( (1

((

Orange

l( ((

((

Gardner

)

(( ((

<(

Holyoke

5.62

8.06

3-14

« Cl

((

u*

Wakefield

)

Linconshire

D. K. Reed & Son

Waltham
Westboro

\

5.91

5.88

2.18

Linconshire Fancy
(1 i(

Wakefield
Westboro

\

6.13

7-38

3.06

Lynn

S. Deerfield

\
1

6.78

6.69

2.49

Argyle

Unknown

Rockland

563

7.07

2.72

Canada

((

Wakefield

5-31

1.72

0.78

((

((

Lynn

7. II

1.50

0.52

<(

((

Wakefield

4-97

1.88

0.75

Dexter

((

Baldwinsville

5-34

8.03

3-45

Joliet

((

Lexington

7.02

5.06

1.86

<(

Fall River

5-37

7-75

323

((

Lynn

4.22

266

1-33

((

Fitchburg

6.47

6.56

2.51

11

u

7.81

6.10

1.90

((

Lexington

7.27

7.60

2.72

Middlings

((

Salem

571

16.56

7.61

K

u

Wakefield

6.81

13-31

6.31

Highest,

• 7.81 16.56

7.61

Triwp^j"

• 4 9?

1.50
6.92

.52
2.79

J_# WNVCOt. . • • •

T. 1 1

•6.31

/\vei age, • • •

•Guaranty. Protein, 10.97;;. Fat, 3.7o5{.

Quaker Dairy Feed.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

45 "io

Found.
Moisture. Protein.

5J ic

Fat.

Quaker

The American Cereal Co.

c

((
«

«

(I

Gardner

N. Amherst

N. Wilbraham

Southbridge

Taunton

Wakefield

Westfield

Worcester

12.03
12.03

2.50I
2.50

.03 2.50

y 7-73 13-82 3-26

12.03

12.03

II

Amherst 12.03

Chicopee Fallsi2.o3
Easthampton 12.03
Natick 12.03

Newburyport —
N. Amherst 12.03
N. Wilbraham 12.03
S. Deerfield 12.03
Winchendon

2.50
2.50

-J
2.50I
2.50
2.50
2.50

2.50
2.50

2,

!^ 7-33 I3-I9 2.98

2.03 2.50 I

Average, 7.53 13.51 3.12

i8

Corn and Oat Feed. Provender.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture. Protein. Fat.

<^ i i

No. I.

Akron Cereal Co.

Taunton

7-94

4.18

8.23

8.31

4.70

Victor

The

American Cereal Cc

. Chicopee Falls

■\

((

££

Gardner

8.23

2.00

((

((

Holyoke

8.28

3.00

li

U

Lowell

8.23

3.00 ^

9-75

8.38

3-62

u

v(

N. Amherst

8.23

3.00

((

1(

Springfield

8.29

3.00

l(

((

Webster

8.23

300^

((

((

Athol

-1

((

(1

Gt. Harrington

8.23

3.00 1

<(

((

Marlboro

— 1

li

(1

Natick

8,23

3.00 1

u

((

N. Adams

8.23

3. GO )-

9.21

8.56

370

«

((

N. Amherst

8.23

3.00 1

((

((

Taunton

- 1

((

ii

S. Amherst

8.23

300 1

((

ii

Westboro

8.23

3-ooJ

999

M. L

. Crittenden

Athol

9.16

10.13

2.79

Superior Cow

((

ii

Adams

—

— ^

u

U

Fitchburg

—

— [

9.89

7.81

2.75

Sterling

u

• (

Salem

—

— )

it

(1
it

ii.

Beverly
Salem

—

— I
--1

7.24

7.22

3.82

Garland & Lir

icoln

Millbury

—

8.90

10.85

3-95

Lenox

Rodr

ey J. Hardy & Sons

*i

Huntington
Worcester

—

ll

7.72

7-75

2.45

Windsor

it

i

Lowell

—

8.71

7-44

2.27

((

n

i

Westminster

—

—

7.7S

7.85

2.50

W. H. Haskell & Co.

Waltham

9.62

7.66

8.15

10.06

7-03

De Fi

The

H-O Co.

N. Adams

8.3c

3.00 1

((

U

ii

Salem

8.30

1

3 00 1

952

8.10

2-55

u

u

ii

S. Framingham 8.30

3.00J

u

u

*,l

Gardner

—

7.98

8.72

2.98

H.O Horse

tc

C£

Greenfield

12.00

4. so 1

348

a

li

(C

Salem

12.00

4 50 (

9-74

12.32

11

u

U
it

Greenfield
Salem

12.00
12.00

4-50 (

4.50 s

8.22

1347

384

J. L.

Holley

Amherst

—

10.40

1044

4.40

H. G

. & G. D.

Messerve

Easthampton

—

—

1 1. 6 1

10.38

3.62

Durham

Davi

d Oliver

Lexington

—

—

8.87

8.13

3.02

R. C.

Snow

Ware

—

—

9.12

10.00

4.06

Unknown

Fitchburg

—

—

8.21

7.19

2.48

Hio"hest

11 R1 19 47

7.03
2.27
3.44

Lowest

1 1 iDI

7.24
•9.09

1 J .Tl

7.19
8.92

Avera

ge,

Corn, Oat and Barley Feed.

Schumacher's

The American Cereal Co. Brockton

Pittsfield
" " Rockland

Springfield
Taunton
Webster
Worcester
Adams
Brockton
Pittsfield

u

S. Amherst
Worcester

}- 8.02 II. 13 4-68

10.79 3-281

- -I

10.79 3-2H 6.92 11.53 4-66

10.79 328 I JO t

10.79 3.28 !

- "^

Average, 7.51 11.31 4.67

19

Miscellaneous Feeds.

Braiid.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

Barlev Feed
Corn and Cob Meal
Corn Bran
Ground Oats

Rye Feed
Rye Middlings
Mellen's Food

Unknown

A. J. Goddard

O. D. Wilder

Rufus Covell

E. A. Cowee

C. B. Sawin & Son

Hollister Chase & Co.

H. C. Puffer

Mellin's Food Co.

Wakefield
N. Brookfield
Lowell

Shelburne Falls
Hudson
Southboro
Shelburne Falls
Westfield
Needham

9-53

11.38

2.98

ic.SS

10.06

3-74

8.84

5-25

1-55

7-97

997

3-7«

6.50

II. 19

3.82

7-79

11.97

4 95

8.89

1003

305

903

14 94

329

7-23

11.44

341

20

III. Poultry Feeds.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed. Found.

Protein. Fat. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

American

Poultry Hash
Scratching Food

The American Cereal Co. Athol

Blended Grain

C. H. Felker

H-0.

The H-0. Co.

Ropes Bros.

H. K. Webster & Co.

Chicopee Fall

s —

—

Natick

—

— y

747

13.10

5-51

Needham

—

— 1

Springfield

—

-J

Amherst
Lawrence

.

=;

8.73

13.60

6.95

Taunton

—

—

10.01

11-94

3-05

Greenfield
Leominster

17.00
17.00

5-50 1
5-5° J

9-36

17.16

5-30

Salem

17.00

5-5°

8.40

17.SS

5.16

Li

—

—

963

15-57

4-45

Lawrence

—

• —

9.22

11.28

2.7.S

Meat and Bone Meal.

Raw Ground Bone* C. A. Bartlett
Steamed "

O. K. Poultry " "

Meat and Bone Meal Beach Soap Co.

Animal Meal

Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Superior Meat Meal Bradley Fertilizer Co.

Meat Meal " "

Ground Beef Scrap John C. Dow

Poultry Meal " "

Poultry Scraps J. Lederer & Co.

Swift'sBone,MeatM'lLowell Fertilizer Co.

Lord's Beef Scraps Unknown

Poultry Food George E. Marsh & Co.

Beef Scraps " "

Bone and Meat Meal Rogers Mfg. Co.

Beef Scraps. Ross Bros.

Average,

Worcester

Northampton
Lawrence

Greenfield

Millbury

Needham

Adams
Gardner

Greenfield

Orange

Natick

Newburyport

Fall River

Brockton

Lawrence

Wakefield

Winchendon

Webster

- -I

51-55 10-15

7.89

23-97

0.32

3.6 r

20.63

9.11

5 -78

51-99

12.50

5.08

28.91

9.11

5.00

34-56

10.32

6.S5 44.16 8.53

5.45 40.38 8.75

8.63

7-95
9,70

9.41

930

5-35
6.18

6.66

9-75
5-13
6.83

7.48

53-97
54-54

54-23
30.82
41.06

37-44
49.69

37-13
51.60

3503
41.19

40.63

9.29

7.82

16.52

9-75
14.98

9.87
18.51

7.72
13.02
10.04
18.42

10.50

*This material is vegetable ivory.

2 I

D. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS.

I. Protein Feeds.

Most of the cottonseed meals are now branded,
Cotton and lin- marked with the manufacturer's name, and acconi-
seed meals. panied by a guaranty. 'J'he analysis fully equaled
and quite often exceeded the guaranty. Of the
sixty-one samples collected, eleven were not guaranteed, and eight of
these were decidedly inferior, containing 23 to 27 percent of protein.
They were put out by a Boston jobbing house, and were sold by
retailers at the price asked for prime meal. Fanners are strongly
advised to purchase only guaranteed meals.

Some of the linseed meals are now branded and guaranteed. Of
the twenty-four samples collected, only one appeared to be at all
inferior.

The Chicago gluten meal was quite even in compo-

Gluten meals sition, exceeded the guaranty in protein, and con-

and feeds. tained a higher percentage than other brands of a

similar nature. Many samples of Cream gluten

meal fell below the guaranty. It is understood, however, that the

protein percentage of this meal is likely to be increased.

The King gluten meal varied in its protein content from 29 to 38
per cenf, probably due to differences in the milling processes at the
several plants. The manufacturers should endeavor to produce a
more even product.

Practically all of the gluten feeds sold in Massachusetts are made
by the Glucose Sugar Refining Company, the National Starch Man-
ufacturing Company, and the United States Sugar Refining Com-
pany. They are among the most desirable and cheapest feed-stuffs in the
market.

Germ oil meal is the pulverized germ of the Indian corn, or
ground corn cake. It is a desirable feed, but not quite as safe as the
gluten feeds, because of the large amount of oil present. It is
frequently advertised as "oil meal" and referred to as a substitute
for cottonseed and linseed meals. // is, however, a very different
product, and the comparison is an unfair one.

22

By wheat offal is meant the various by-products
Wheat offal, from the flour mills — bran, middlings and mixed
feed. Wheat bran and middlings show no adulter-
ation ; the variations observed especially in case of the middlings
are probably due to the milling process and to the quality of the
wheat. The iine light colored middlings containing 19 per cent or
over of protein, are worth several dollars more per ton than wheat
bran. Colonial middlings, so called, contained an admixture of
hominy chop ; the manufacturers do not claim them to be pure wheat
middlings. Their cost per ton should be less by several dollars than
the genuine article.

Mixed yi'(?;/ consists of the entire wheat offal, or varying mixtures
of wheat bran, middlings and red dog flour. This feed is widely
distributed, has a large sale, and most of it is entirely free from any
foreign admixture. Unscrupulous parties are beginning, however, to
adulterate with material similar to fine ground corn cobs, and a
number of samples have been found only testing between 11 and 14
per cent of protein, and containing nearly twice as much fiber as the
genuine article. In some cases they were simply marked mixed
feed, while in two instances they had special brands, namely, Ken-
tucky and Purity. The adulteration of this class of feeds is a serious
matter, and deserves the earnest consideration of all honorable man-
ufacturers and jobbers. The best w'ay out of the difficulty is to
brand or tag the product with the name of the manufacturer or
jobber, together with a minimum guaranty of 16 per cent protein
and 4.5 per cent fat. The simple mark of " mixed feed " is not a
sufficient protection or guaranty either to the manufacturer or far-
mer, and reform in this particular is urgently advised.

II. Starchy Feeds.

This material, as is well known, consists of the
Oat feed. refuse from mills engaged in preparation of oat

meal for human consumption. A considerable por-
tion of it is very inferior, and the particular attention of the reader
is called to the analyses on page 17. A digestion experiment
recently carried out with an inferior oat feed containing about 5 per
cent of protein and 25 per cent of fiber,* showed it to contain only

*The larger the amount of fiber feeds contain, the less the nutritive value.

23

34 po'-irids to the hundred of digestible or actual food material. A
few of these feeds containing approximately 8 to lo per cent of
protein, have about three-fourths the value of corn meal, while the
larger number haTC not over one-half the feeding value. It is believed
that fat 7ners actually throw away a large ainotint of money on this class
of feeds. Certain it is that with the variety of excellent feed-stuffs
now on the market, much better and decidedly more economical
grain rations can be obtained for the animals of the farm than is to
be found in material of this character.

Quaker dairy feed is one of the better grades of oat feeds,
mixed with some material high in protein. It was quite even in
composition and is certainly superior to the average oat feed.

Most of these feeds consisted of mixtures of oat

Corn and oat offal and corn meal. A few mixtures consisted in

feeds, Proven- all probability of pure ground oats and corn.

ders, etc. Mixtures of pure oats and corn should contain at

least lo per cent of protein and \ per cent of fat.

Miscellaneous The sample of rye feed examined was worth approx-

feeds. imately the price asked for it, namely, $2 i.oo in

November, 1900. Corn bran is likely to prove an
expensive feed at market prices. Parson's Six-Dollar feed is more
useful as an absorbent than for feeding purposes.

The American and H. O. poultry feeds are mixtures
Poultry feeds, of cereals such as corn, oats and wheat, with a

small quantity of a nitrogenous feed stuff. These
feeds are relatively expensive. The meat and bone meals varied
from 30 to 50 per cent in protein. Those containing the highest
amount of protein are the most valuable. They should be sold on a
guaranty of protein and fat.

E. THE BEST FEEDS AND THE BEST RATIONS.

Frequent inquiry is made of the Station concerning the best con-
centrated feeds and the best feed combinations, particularly for dairy
animals. There is no such thing as a best feed or ration for animals ;
there are, however, some that are more desirable and more economi-
cal than others.

24

Most of the home grown coarse feeds are high in
Why concen- carbohydrates, low in protein, and comparatively
trated feeds indigestible. Nearly all of the concentrated feeds
are fed. are very digestible and a large number are high in

protein, and low to medium in carbohydrates. The
concentrated feeds are fed with the home grown coarse feeds there-
fore T^ri-/ /^ /«(:/r(7.T^ ///^ ^4'''^j"//7/'/^ matter; and second, to increase the
amount of protein in the daily ration.

Among the most economical concentrated feeds

Economical high in protein may be mentioned cottonseed meal,

feeds. corn gluten meal, gluten feed, dried brewers grains,

malt sprouts, and fine flour middlings with i8 to 20

per cent of protein.

Wheat bran and mixed feed contain only 13 per
Expensive cent of digestible protein, and 35 to 40 per cent of

feeds. indigestible matter. The long distance transporta-

tion of substances containing such a large amount
of inert material, is an important factor in making the nutrients they
contain relatively expensive. While they are safe to feed and are
most excellent for diluting or " lightening up " the more concentrated
by-products, it is believed that farmers often feed them in excess to
their pecuniary disadvantage. For milkmen they often furnish a
partial and cheap substitute for hay, when the latter is expensive.
The above remarks apply to New England conditions, as these prod-
ucts are undoubtedly among the very cheapest feeds for Western
farmers. Linseed meal while a desirable milk producing feed, is as
a rule an expensive one. It is not economical for the average far-
mer to /?/r^//(?.$'^ corn meal for milk production; it should be grown
upon the farm. Milk producers who are obliged to purchase all of
their feed, can on the contrary often feed grain mixtures containing
one-third corn or hominy meal to advantage. Among other expensive
concentrates may be mentioned oat feeds, and the various mixtures
containing considerable quantities of oat offal. For obvious reasons
it is generally decidedly more economical for farmer to make their
own mixtures.

25

DESIRABLE GRAIN MIXTURES.-t

I. II.

loo lbs. cottonseed or gluten meal.* 250 lbs. gluten feed.
125 lbs. Hour middlings. 100 lbs. wheat bran or mixed feed.

100 lbs. wheat bran or mixed feed. Mix and feed eight quarts daily.
Mix and feed six to seven quarts daily.

III. IV.

5 to 6 quarts gluten feed daily scat- 100 lbs fine middlings.

tered on the ensilage. 100 lbs. brewer's grain or malt sprouts.

Mix and feed 6 to 8 quarts daily.

r. rx.t

100 lbs. cottonseed or gluten meal. 100 lbs. gluten feed.

150 lbs. corn or hominy meal. 100 lbs. wheat bran or mixed feed.

100 lbs. wheat bran or mixed feed. Mix and feed 4 to 6 quarts daily.
Mix and feed 6 to 7 quarts daily.

rii.t

100 lbs. gluten feed.

100 lbs. hominy feed.

Mix and feed 4 quarts daily.

*0r linseed meal if not too expensive.
tFor summer feeding to help our pastures.
tFor milk production.

26

KEY TO COMPARATIVE VALUES OF CONCENTRATED

FEEDS.

Protein feeds.

Starchy

(carbohydrate)
feeds.

Cottonseed meal,
Cleveland flax meal,
0. P. linseed meal,
Gluten meal,
Gluten feed,
Wheat middlings,
Mixed feed,
Wheat bran.
Malt sprouts.
Dried brewer's grains,
H. 0. dairy feed.

Corn meal,

Hominy meal.

Ground oats.

Oat feed, (best grades).

Oat feed, (excessive hulls),

Quaker dairy feed.

Corn and oat feed.

Corn, oat and barley feed,

H. 0. horse feed.

152
134
138
140
121

io7-ii4t
90-95*

86

95

100

96

100

105
90
70
40-50
84
90
92*
90

*Estimated but not actually determined.

tFine light colored middlings with 18 to 20 per cent protein.

Hoiv to Use the Key.

It is not possible in this connection to show the relative effects of
the various feed-stuffs on the flow of rnxW or the production of beef.
The figures are offered rather as a Icey to the comparative commer-
cial values of the different feeds based on the digestible nutrients
contained in them. Thus if wheat bran is worth 86, cottonseed
meal would be woith 152. These figures can be easily converted
into dollars. Thus if corn meal is worth $20.00 per ton or loo,
wheat bran would be worth 86 per cent of $20.00 or $17.20 the
amount the farmer can afford to pay for the bran. Again with cot-
tonseed meal worth $25, what can the farmer afi^ord to pay for old
process linseed meal ? Cottonseed meal equals 152, or $25, and
linseed meal 138. We have a case in simple proportion.
152 : 138 : : $25 : x=$2 2.7o, the value of a ton of linseed meal.
It must not be forgotten that these figures do not take into consid-
eration the mechanical condition, or the particularly favorable effect
which some feeds are supposed to exert upon the general health of
the animal.

27

CONDIMENTAL STOCK AND POULTRY

FOODS.

A. Introductory statement.

B. Tables of analyses.

C. Brands and manufacturers.

D. Discussion of the results.

E. Utility of condimental foods and condition powders.

A. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT.

During the past few years the station has endeavored to make a
complete collection of all the condimental stock and poultry foods
sold in Massachusetts. The object has been first, to ascertain the
amount of actual food material contained in them (protein, fat,
starchy matter, etc.) as well as the nature of the substances furnish-
ing the several nutrients; second, to observe so far as possible the
general character of the other ingredients ; third, to note the claims
made by the manufacturers concerning their value ; and fourth to
note their cost in the open market. In the tables which follow this
information is presented in as concise a form as possible. It is
possible that all of these articles are not on the market at present.
It appears that most materials of this character are sold for a short
period because of the particular efforts and claims of the makers,
and then the demand for them ceases. A few articles are exten-
sively and continuously advertised, and are quite generally
•distributed.

B. TABLES O]
Condiment;

Brand.

FOOD ANALYSES.

s

Principal ingredients of
the article.

c
o

C/3

0

0

OJ

V,
w

70.40

1.80

<
1.40

—

Corn meal.

14.00

9.50

3.30

.>

—

Wheat bran.

1L00

16.10

4.50

52.20

9.80

6.80

y/^or cojuparisoit.
1

—

Linseed meal.

10.00

36.10

6.60

33.60

7.80

6.20

1
J

577

McCIaren's.

11.05

10.38

3-35

67.96

1-43

5-83

Cereals.

580

Champion.

to. 10

12.75

4-53

68.36

3.62

10.64

Corn.

586
591

Knight's

vegtable.
Matthew's.

8.59

10.88

15-25
15-38

4-53
5-03

51-47

54-39

7-47
3-34

12.69
10.98

Wheat offal. .

•

Cereals.

592

Pratt's.

9-33

15-38

6.89

56.47

6.64

5-29

Cereals and bean.

•

2208
593

Pratt's animal

regulator.
Climax.

9.11
10.19

10.13
10.03

4.56
18.91

61.86
41.06

3-33
4.71

II. 01
15.10

Corn

Cereals. .

594

Thornley's.

10.55

19.19

5-81

44-73

9.80

9.92

Rice and linseed.

595

Baum's

9.87

25.91

6.62

34-64

17-05

5.91

Linseed meal. .

596
1489
2205

American

spiced.
Blatchford's.

calf meal.
Barwell's.

10.40

8-59

7-52

12.81
24.41
20.72

3-91
4.68

9.72

67.70
52.95
50-47

2.90

4-55
5-16

2.28
4.82
6.41

Corn. . . . .
Linseed meal. .
Linseed meaP. .

1492

International.

9.09

16.97

9-35

48.22

8.63

7-74

Wheat offal.

1493
1495

American
triumph.
Mej'er's spice.

10.94
11.47

14.94
15-03

5.00
4-29

53-21
52.86

8.96
6.09

6-95
10.26

Cereals and cellular matte
Cereals

2207

Meyer's spice.

9.76

19-13

4.78

52.00

561

8.72

Corn and lentil. .

1497

Colonial.

10.66

11.10

3.08

58.67

8.91

7-58

Uncertain.

1499

Nutriotone.

9.84

19.41

5-03

47-65

c 22

12.85

Uncertain.

1500

Triplex.

10.82

16. c6

3.01

55-59

6.17

8.35

Bran. . . . .

1501

White's.

10.21

15-81

5-42

52-33

10.44

5-79

Bran. . . . .

2202

Banner.

8.88

2356

4.96

38.01

15.24

9-35

Linseed meal. .

2110

Dr. Hess's.

7.82

16.19

3-25

52.55

7. II

13.08

Bran

ALYSES.
:k Foods.

Condiment' corn, oats, wheat, rice.

Salt, sulfates'*, charcoal, linseed, rice.

Salt, Condiment^, charcoal, rye, corn.

Salt, linseed meal.

Condiment*.

Salt, condiment,''"'^ sulfates.'*

Salt, sulfate of iron, wheat and barley.

Condiment-, salt, bean.

Sulfate magnesia,^ charcoal, linseed husks.

Pepper.

Condiment^, cereals, hemp, locust bean and sugar, latter possibly from

locust bean.
Uncertain.

Salt, pepper, charcoal, material rich in protein.

Condiment,^ charcoal, corn, barley, material high in protein.

Salt, corn, oats, rice, bean and linseed meals.

Salt, condiment", linseed meal.

.07

•25

.09

•03
.06
.16
.10
.10

Condiment,- salt, large amount of charcoal, wheat.

.lO

Salt, charcoal, bean, linseed, corn.

.16

Salt, iron,*^ bean, oats.

.06

Condiment. -

.06

Sulfates,'* salt, charcoal, wheat offal, oats.

—

Condiment,- salt, charcoal, iron'*, sulfates'*, and material high in protein.

.07

3°

Condi

o

2909

597
585

599
602

Brand.

Water.

Sheridan's.

6.54

Sheridan's.

8.6 1

Jersey.

1 1. 4 1

Stanley's.

9-35

Weston's.

9-31

FOOD ANALYSES.

C
p

16.50

15-50
14.07

13-13
15-63

15-53
12.96

3-19
4-32
4.70

W

29.22
32.01
52.04
61.91
59-27

fe

15-85
14.2S

7-3'
5-83

5.00

16.36

16.64

11.98

5-46

5-09

Principal ingredients <
the article.

Uncertain.
Uncertain.
Uncertain.
Cereals.

Pou

168

578

579
5S1
582

583

584

1922

587

589

598

600

601

1491

2211

1494

1496

1498

2199

Eureka egg.

Eggine.

Prolific.

Flagg's.

International.

Anglo

American
Pratts.

Pratts.

Dow's meal.

Rusts.

Triplex egg.

Knight's.

Ideal egg.

Hess's

panacea.
Hess's

panacea.
American

triumph.
Meyers' spice.

Colonial

Banner.

5-98

16.50

•73

3.061

8.39

20.19

8.34

13-97

9-03

15-75

7-99

1 6. 06

8.88

15-32

9 15

14.16

20.22

30-50

4-56

19-31

5-68

18.31

7.27

14.69

8.02

18.50

9-42

1 1. 19

8.27

11.81

9.14

15.22

10.40

14.81

9.71

10.00

8.78

19.94

4.6 [
1-94
6.55
3-78
4.46

5-33
8.59
563
2.02

3-53 13-57
3.63 27. 68'"
44.29

45-49

54.07

41.18

44-34'"

20.75'°

31-67'°
5S.92

54-19
56.59
54-31
57-52

3-72
4.82
1.40
1.88

7.78
14.78

20.79

58.74

9.21 23.99

5-85

11.87

8.70

5-94
6.6S
2.06
6.52

9.14

4.70

5-33
6.96

6.86

3675

52-51

Uncertain. .
Carbonate of lime'.
Uncertain.

Bran.

5.9SI38.72

5-56;54-76
4.4857.69
2.78 65.82

b.50

41.12

7.21
9.19

5-09
4-32
9-79
6-34
4-84
12.37

22.82

13-98
18.83

32-50

5-54

6.28

6.85

1 1.29

Wheat offal.

Meat and bone.

Shells and charcoal.

Wheat offal and shell

Bran. .

Cereals.

Uncertain.

Bran. .

Cereals.

Corn. .

Cereals and charcos

Linseed meal and
wheat offal.

*Ether extract. tStarchy in.itter. tPrices usually for small packages. Larger quantil
somewhat less. i. Bitter condiment resembling gentian. 2. Aromatic resembling fenugre
3. .\romatic resembling fennel. 4. Probably as Glauber's salts. 5. Probably as Epsom sa

31
irders.

Other ingredients identified.

-a

I, 0,

o

Sulfate magnesia^, carbonate and phosphate lime, charcoal, cellular mat-
ter, pepper, ginger, linseed,
ditto.

Sulfates,"" iron,^ pepper, ground herbs, wheat offal.

Condiment", salt, corn, wheat.

Condiment,^ bean, wheat, corn and linseed meals.

I. CO
I. CO

.i8
.06
.16

ds.

Salt, oyster shells, charcoal, cereals, and material high in protein.

Salfate of magnesia,* charcoal, pepper, animal matter.

Salt, sulfate of magnesia,* carbonate and phosphate of lime, sand, char-
coal, animal matter, and linseed husks.
Salt, sulfate magnesia,* charcoal, pepper, iron,® wheat offal, corn.

Charcoal, pepper, iron,® wheat, corn and material high in protein.

Charcoal, pepper, wheat and rye bran, corn and material rich in protein.

Iron,® pepper, condiment^, bean, corn and rice meals.

Condiment,' iron,® pepper and buckwheat.

Salt, oyster shells, meat and bone.

Pepper, material high in protein.

Sulfates,'' iron, pepper, corn and material high in protein.

Salt, condiment,^ sand, corn, material rich in protein.

Sulfates,"* pepper, carbonate lime, iron, charcoal, and material high in

protein.
Salt, sulfate magnesia,"' iron,® carbonate of lime, barley.

Salt, sulfates^, iron®, pepper, oyster shells, phosphate lime, barley.

Condiment,^ pepper, rye, barley, corn and material rich in protein.

Salt, pepper, linseed, rape seeds.

Salt and pepper. Barley most prominent grain.

Salt, charcoal, phosphate lime.

.12

•15
.25
.12

.lO

■15
•15
.10

•15
.10

Apparently as Venetian red. 7. Similar to fine ground oyster shells. 8. Perhaps some flax-
;d meal. 10. Of uncertain value, because of carbonic acid from shells.

32

C. BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS.

577

580

586
600

591

592

,2208

584
593
579
594
1499

595

596

1489

.2205

1492

582

1493
1494

1495
1496

1497
1498
1500

598
1501
2202
2199
22ro
1491

597
2209

585

599
602
168
578
581
583
587
589
601

McCIaren's English horse food.

Champion horse and cattle food.

Kniglit's English vegetable food.

Knight's poultry food.

Matthew's compound food.

Pratt's horse and cattle food.

Pratt's animal regulator.

Pratt's poultry food.

Climax stock food.

Prolific poultry food.

Thornley's horse and cattle food.

Nutriotone.

Baum's stock food.

American spiced food.

Blatchford's calf meal.

Harwell's horse and cattle food.

International stock food.

International poultry food.

Amer. triumph horse and cattle food,

American triumph poultry food.

Meyer's royal spice for horses, cattle.

Meyer's roval spice for poultry.

Colonial stock food.

Colonial poultry food

Triplex horse and cattle food.

Triplex poultry food.

White's stock food.

Banner stock food.

Banner poultry food.

Dr. Hess's stock food.

Dr. Hess's poultry panacea.

Sheridan's condition powder.

Sheridan's condition powder.

Jersey tonic and condition powder.

Stanley's condition powder.

Weston's condition powder.

Eureka egg food.

Eggine.

Flagg's poultry food.

Anglo-American poultry food.

Dow's poultry meal.

Rust's egg producer.

Ideal egg food.

McClaren, Brockton, Mass.

Champion Food Co.

Knight's Stock and Poultry Food Co.

Eastman Bros., Framingham, Mass.
Pratt Food Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

a u " 'I

u u (( ((

L. B. Lord, Burlington, Vt.

U U It II

Thornley Food Co., Chicago, 111.

Baum Casterine Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
American Spiced Food Co., Boston.
J. W. Barwell, Waukegan, 111.

International Food Co., Minneapohs.

McKenzie & Winslow, Fall River.

Meyer's, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

II U (I u

Puritan M'f'g Co., Rochester, N. Y.

U II II "

Triplex FoodCo.,NewBruns\vick,N. J.

II II II li II

White Food Co., Taunton, Mass.
Banner Food Co., Auburn, N. Y.

U II II II II

Dr. Hess & Clark, Ashland, Ohio.

II II II II

I. S. Johnson & Co., Boston, Mass.

U li II II II

H. A. Esterbrook. Fitch burg, Mass.
J. J. Stanley, Lawrence, Mass.
J. W. Weston, New York, N. Y.
Jos. Breck Sons Corp., Boston, Mass.
Eggine Co., Hartford, Conn.

Anglo-.'Vmerican M'f'g Co., Boston,
J. C. Dow, Boston, Mass.
Wm.Rust & Sons.New Bruns'k. N.J.
Poultry Supply Co., Boston, Mass.

33

D. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS.

It is not claimed tliat the number of ingredients identified in the
above foods is in all cases complete, for being composed of a number
different materials, one is likely to cover up another, and it is
occasionally difficult to positively identify each single ingredient. It
is believed, however, that the examination is sufficiently complete to
give a correct idea of the general character of such foods.

All of the condimental foods have a distinct nutri-

Character of tive value and consist principally of one or more of

the food mate- the cereals, such as corn, wheat, wheat offal, or

rials. barley. In many cases a few hundred pounds to the

ton of linseed, cottonseed, corn gluten meal, and
occasionally meat scraps, have been added to increase the amount of
protein. Such mixtures contain from lo to 20 per cent of protein.
A few contain a considerable quantity of linseed meal, together with
smaller quantities of cereals, and show 20 to 25 per cent of protein.
The ash contained in the poultry foods is often much in excess of
the quantity found in the stock foods. This is due to the presence
of fine ground oyster shells.

The nutrients contained in the different condimental
Value of the foods ca/i be purchased in the form of corn meal,
food materials, wheat offal and linseed or cottonseed meal for one

cent a pound or twenty dollars a ton. The average
cost oi the condimental foods on the other hand varied from six to
eighteen cents a pound, or $120 to $360 a ton. Condition powders
are much higher in price ; one brand costs fifty cents to one dollar
a pound, depending on the quantity purchased.

Sa/t, from 2 to 10 per cent in amount, is found in
Character of most of the condimental feeds.
the other in- Fenugreek a /id fen fi el. They are the ground seeds of
gredients. Trigonella Foenum-Graecum, and Foeniculum vul-

gare, grown in Southern Europe. They are aromatic
substances and stomachics, being used in veterinary medicine to relieve
indigestion and flatulence, and also to communicate an agreeable fla-
vor. It was formerly believed that fenugreek increased the quantity
and improved the quality of milk, but such ideas are now largely
exploded. Fenugreek costs about 25 cents a pound and fennel 50
cents a pound at retail. The wholesale price is much less. The
quantity used is comparatively small.

34

Gentian, occasionally recognized, is the dried root of the plant
known as Gentiana lutia and is grown in Central and Southern
Europe. It is very bitter and is used as a stomachic and tonic, pro-
moting an increased secretion of the gastric juice. It costs about
25 cents per pound at retail.

Ginger, is the powdered underground stem of Zingiber officinale,
grown principally in India and the West 'Indies. It stimulates the
various membranes with which it comes in contact. It is used as a
stomachic, and to reduce the griping effects of purgatives.

Sulfates of mag7tesia and soda, in the form of Epsom and
Glaubers salts, are used as purgatives, and cost 5 cents per
pound at retail. They are frequently spoken of as "salts."

Pepper. The common black pepper, chiefly used in veterinary
practice, is obtained from the brown berries of an East India
climbing plant, the Piper nigrum. The cayenne pepper consists of
the dried ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum and annuum. Both varie-
ties have been recognized, especially in the poultry foods and condi-
tion powders. Pepper is used as a stomachic and also to increase
the activity of the reproductive organs.

Sulphur, recognized occasionally, is employed as a laxative, and
as a stimulant of the mucus surfaces.

Iron, found as Venetian red (in which form it is not used medici-
nally), is apparently employed to color or disguise the real character
of the food. Sulfate of iron, used as a restorative and tonic, was
seldom identified.

Charcoal. Its medicinal value consists in its ability to check fer-
mentative changes, and to absorb undesirable gasses. In some cases
it appears to have been ground fine with the other ingredients to
conceal their identity.

To summ.arize, the condimental foods are composed principally of
the various common grains together with small quantities of fenu-
greek, gentian, pepper, and charcoal, to act as tonics, increase the
appetite, and relieve indigestion ; and Epsom or Glaubers salts to
increase the activity of the bowels.

Such materials as fenugreek, gentian, ordinary salt.

Value of the Epsom salts, charcoal, ginger, and pepper are

other ingredi- unquestionably valuable as simple medicines when

ents. i^roperly used. It is certain, however, that they can

be obtained -very inuch cheaper when purchased sepa-

35

rately than when mixed with such bulky materials as wheat bran or
linseed meal. If an animal is actually in need of a purgative or a
stomach tonic, is it not economy to purchase a pound of Epsom
salts for five cents or a pound of gentian for twenty-five cents
rather than pay three dollars for twenty pounds of some mixture in
order to secure the desired medicines ? It is not believed that med-
icines are needed in order to promote egg production, but rather
warm, well ventilated, sunny houses, plenty of exercise, and in addi-
tion to the ordinary grains a liberal allowance of meat scraps and
green vegetables. Is it not cheaper for the poultry raiser to buy
salt, oyster shells, charcoal and meat scraps by themselves rather
than pay ten or twenty cents a pound for them in the form of a
"celebrated " poultry food ?

The writer does not believe in giving medicine to animals unless
there is positive evidence that it is needed. Well animals are better
off without it, and sick ones should be treated for the specific trouble
with which they are affected, or consigned to the shambles.*

If one will read the circulars issued by many nian-
Manufactur- ufacturers he will be surprised at the claims made
ers' claims, for these foods. It is stated that they will prevent

and cure diseases, promote 'perfect digestion and
assimilation, induce rapid growth, and fattening, increase the quan-
tity and improve the quality of the milk, cause a large increase in
egg production, and make beautiful plumage. The following is
quoted from a circular: "This superior medicated food removes all
taints of disease from milk, and makes it a more perfect food ; it
will increase the supply of rich milk, keep the hair smooth, the skin
healthy " etc. To accomplish this and other wonderful things the
circular states " the average feed (for each cow) is one and one-fourth
pounds a month (or two-thirds ounce each day)". Such a food was
composed principally of wheat offal, a small quantity of cottonseed
meal, and some salt, pepper and charcoal. It is unnecessary to dwell
further upon the ridiculous character of these claims. " For the pro-
moters of such mixtures to claim that they have any knowledge of
compounds and compounding not common to veterinary medicine, is
charlatanism in its most offensive form."

*If it seems evident that a general tonic is needed Bartlett recommends the following:
IHilverized gentian, one pound ; pulverized ginger, one-fourth pound ; pulverized saltpetre,
one-fourtli pound ; pulverized iron sulfate, one-half pound. Mix and give one tablespoonful
in the feed once a day for ten days, omit for three days, then give ten days more. Cost of
the above twenty cents a pound.

36

Hills* fed Nutriotone to seven cows in accordance
What experi- with the instructions of the circular. He states
ments have " the material does not appear to have increased
taught. productiveness in this particular experiment."

Bartlettf made a similar trial of the value of Nutri-
otone using five Jersey cows. He states that " Nutriotone was taken in
preference to any other compound, not because it is believed to be any
better or worse than any other of a like nature, but for the reason that
it is being extensively advertised and persistently sold by the Com-
pany's agents not only as a curative agent, but as a stimulant of the
production of flesh and milk."

His conclusion is as follows: " In neither of these cases did nutri-
otone seem to have any effect favorable or unfavorable. The slightly
smaller flow with nutriotone does not mean anything in particular,
except to add increased emphasis to the falseness of the claim that
two large tablespoonfuls fed with each feed " will produce a great
increase of much richer milk ' ".

Brookst fed Sheridan's condition powders to poultry in three
experiments and states that he obtained no noticeable increase in
egg production and that the powders did not pay for their use.

Sir John Lawesll instituted experiments with a condimental food
using six pigs and twenty sheep to determine its effect on growth and
fattening. He concludes the description of his experiments as
follows :

" It is clear that nothing was gained by adding to the barley-
meal and bran, one-fifth of its weight of food, costing about five
times as much money." "The results previously published of exper-
iments with pigs, taken together with those now recorded in regard
to sheep, seem sufficiently conclusive against the assumption that the
use of the so-called condiments increases the assimilation of food,,
by fattening animals in a state of health. They are equally conclu-
sive on the subject of the profit or loss to the feeder from the use of
such substances." "In conclusion, I feel bound to say, that I
should require much clearer evidence than any that has hitherto been
adduced, to satisfy me that the balance-sheet of my farm would pre-
sent a more satisfactory result at the end of the year, were I to give
each horse, ox, sheep, and pig, a daily allowance of one of these
costly foods."

*Eighth annual report of Vermont Experiment Station, page 150.
tTwelfth report of the Maine Experiment Station, pages 51-55.
tCited by Paige.

MJournal of the Royal .Agricultural Society, Vol. 19, 1859. Rothamsted Memoirs, Vol..
IT. 1886.

37

E. THE UTILITY OF CONDIMENTAL FOODS AND CON-
DITION POWDERS.

By Dr. James B. Paige.

A study of the action of patent foods, condition powders and
tonic foods can best be made by a study of the action which the
essential constituents of such foods have upon the various tissues of
the body when ingested. While none of the foods are identical in
composition, all contain one or more substances to which their
specific action is due. Ordinarily the active ingredient is mixed with
various grains and by-products in order to increase the bulk of the
mixture, and in certain instances to disguise its disagreeable taste or
odor.

As a rule the specific substance found in such foods
Condiments belongs to one of the following classes of drugs :
and tonics, cotidiments, tonics or alteratives.
what they are, Condiments are defined as pungent appetizing sub-
and how they stances used for flavoring foods ; they excite the appe-
act. tite and promote digestion.

Tofiics are substances which increase the strength or
tone of the animal system, obviating the effects of debility and
restoring healthy functions. They are classified according to the
particular organ or tissue they act upon, as blood, vascular, gastric,
intestinal and nerve tonics.

Blood tonics improve the quality of the blood ; vascular tonics
increase the flow of blood to a part, improving cell activity and
nutrition ; nerve tonics strengthen and restore tone to the weakened
nerve tissue ; gastric and intestinal tonics increase the appetite and
aid digestion.

The action of these various tonics is quite complex. Some act
directly upon a tissue to increase its functional activity, while others
produce the same effect by an indirect action through the circulation,
or by an action upon the nerves which regulate the functional activ-
ity of a particular organ, or a part of it. To illustrate : The
secretion of gastric juice may be increased by the direct action of
an alkali upon the mucous membrane of the stomach, or the same
result may be obtained by the administration of a drug which will
increase the flow of blood to the mucous membrane of that organ.

38

Alteratives are substances which improve the general nutrition of
the body without exerting a special action on any particular organ.
Their action is more general than that of tonics ; they are of value
in combating disease of a constitutional nature, accompanied by
general mal-nutrition, due to impared tissue activity or to a retention
of waste products in the body

Some of the more common drugs that are benefiicial as condi-
ments, tonics, and alteratives are: iron sulphate, arsenic, potassium
iodide, sulphur, gentian, ginger, caraway, anise, cardamon, fennel,
fenugreek and pepper.

Having briefly considered the general action of condiments,
tonics, and alteratives, one naturally asks :

First. Are such substances beneficial to animals in a healthy
condition, either for improving their condition, or for stimulating the
production of meat, milk, and eggs ?

Second. Are tonic foods or condition powders of value for
sick animals ?

Third. What effect follows their long continued use ?

Contrary to the popular belief, animals, in a state of
Effect of con- health, under favorable conditions as regards food
diments and and stabling, do not need condition poivders or tonic
tonics on heal- foods. There is in the body of such an animal a
thy animals, condition of equilibrium of all body functions. The
processes of nutrition, digestion, and assimilation
are at their best. All that is required to maintain this condition of
balance is that the animal be kept under sanitary conditions and
receive a sufficient quantity of healthful, nutritious food, and pure
water. It may be possible by the use of such substances to improve
the appetite so that an animal will ingest and possibly digest more
food, but should the increased quantity of nutrient constituents
elaborated, not be appropriated by the tissues of the body, //c?;-;;/ inay
result from the overloading of the lymphatic system, or from an increased
activity of the excretory organs.

Stimulating foods may have a greater influence upon ^g^ produc-
tion than upon meat or milk production.

It is unquestionably possible to stimulate and excite the reproduc-
tive system by the use of drugs. As a result of this stimulation the
organs become more vascular and active, in consequence of which

39

there may be a development that will lead to an earlier egg produc-
tion. Admitting that it is thus possible to promote earlier laying,
has it yet been demonstrated that the total product of a fowl can be
increased by such methods ?

Brooks' three experiments on the use of condition powder with
poultry bear upon this point. He states: '' A study of the figures
shows that the hens not getting the condition powder laid more eggs,
of practically the same average weight. The food required to pro-
duce a single egg was less, and the cost was very materially less.
In the light of these results, it is beliei^ed that poultry keepers throtv
away money expetided for condition powder.'" (Eleventh report Hatch
experiment station, page go.)

In the case of sick animals there are abnormal con-
Effect of con- ditions to be taken into consideration, such as loss
diments and of appetite, weakened digestion, poor circulation,
tonics on dis- and malnutrition. Until every organ performs its
eased animals, normal function a state of health does not, cannot

exist. If by the administration of a tonic, stimu-
lant or an alterative, it is possible to restore to a normal condition
any organ so that it can perforin its function, then every organ in
the body is benefited.

Foods act similarly to drugs in this respect. Take for example a
horse that has been fed for six months upon hay and grain and
allow him green food for a time, or feed in the place of the accus-
tomed ration of oats a more stimulating grain, and as a result ridges
of horn soon appear upon the hoofs (due to the increased nutrition
of the horn secreting band of the foot).

The results of long continued use of condiments
The results of and tonics depend somewhat upon the amount admin-
long-continued istered and the condition of the animal to which
use. they are given. A stimulant or tonic action upon an

organ is followed by a reaction characterized by weakness and
depression of the function of that particular part. For illustration,
the use of moderate quantities of a gastric stimulant improves the
appetite and assists digestion, but when the quantity is increased
above a certain amount, or the use of the drug continued beyond a
certain time, the effect is to produce a congestion and inflammation
of the stomach, a condition which is unfavorable for the digestion
of food.

40

Yeo* remarks concerning condimental foods, " Many of these, by
conferring agreeable flavors and by their warm carminative proper-
ties promote appetite and assist digestion ; but their excessive use is
calculated to excite irritation and disorder of the digestive organs."
In the great majority of cases where tonic foods or
When to use condition powders appear to be necessary, they can
condimental he dispensed with a /id usually to the advantage of the
foods. animal. Any real or apparent diseased condition

that can be cured by the administration of an indis-
criminate mixture of drugs can ordinarily be relieved with less datiger to
the patient by the adoption of a ratiojial system of treatment and feeding.

In those instances where drugs are necessary, it is far better to
employ one or more, adapted to the treatment of the particjilar ailment,
than to attempt a cure by the admirristration of a " shot-gun '' mix-
ture, in the form of a patent food or condition powder.

In the end such specific treatment is infinitely less expensive, less
dangerous and more satisfactory.

*Food in Health and Disease.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 72.

SUMMER FORAGE CROPS.

j)<ui;

fPv r £. p vof^ r

CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

JM^^F^OM, lOOl.

AMHERST, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTKTl & MOREHOUSE,

1901.

OF THE

Massachusetts Agricultural College^

AMHERST, MASS.

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D.,

William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,

George E. Stone, Ph. D.,

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D,

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,

Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,

j. e. ostrander, c. e.,

Henry T. Fernald, Ph. T).,

Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,

Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,

James E. Halligan, B. Sc,

Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,

Philip H. Smith, B. Sc,

James W. Kellogg, B. Sc,

George A. Drew, B. Sc.

Henry L. Crane, B. Sc,

Charles L. Rice,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding) .
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(F ooda and Feeding) .
Ass't ChemistCFoods and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist (Foo(\>auc\ Feeding).
Assistant Horticulturist .
Assistant Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as
m;iy request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, JMass.

DIVISION OF FOODS AND FEEDING

Joseph B. Lindsey.*

SUMMER FORAGE CROPS.

A. Pasturage and pasture grass.

B. Desirable forage crops.

C. Fertilizers for forage crops.

I). Feeding forage crops for milk production.
E. Composition and digestibility of forage crops.

In this bulletin it is intended to present a concise description of
those forage crops which are believed to be the most nutritious,
economical and best suited to the needs of Massachusetts farmers.
All of the fodders and fodder mixtures herein desciibed have been
grown upon the grounds of the station and fed to the station herd.
They have been frequently analyzed, and in most cases their diges-
tible ingredients determined.

'»'

A. PASTURAGE AND PASTURE GRASS.

It is believed that whenever possible dairy animals should be pas-
tured during five months of the year. The open air, continuous
sunlight, and exercise resulting, are certainly most desirable and
beneficial after the long confinement of the late autumn and winter
months. The change from dry feed to the succulent grasses and
herbs is likewise advantageous and acts as a tonic to the entire
animal system.

One reason why pasture grass is superior to the
Why pasture cereal fodders and grasses is that it contains pound
grassis supe- for pound more protein, the numerical relation of the
rior to most protein to the carbohydrates (nutritive ratio) being
forage crops, as 1 to 5. If the cereal fodders and grasses were

cut when two or three inches high they would have
fully as much or even more protein than the mixed pasture herbage.

•Assisted by E. B. Holland and P. H. Smith, Jr.

but as they continue in growth the carbohydrates are developed to
a greater extent than the protein, until when full and late bloom are
reached the relation of the jnotein to the carbohydrates is as 1;7
or 1:12. The clovers and clover-like plants on the other hand
contain, if cut in bloom, fully as much protein as the pasture her-
bage.* Again pasture grass contains less woody fiber than the
coarser fodders of the cultivated fields and is consequently more
tender. It probably has a more desiruble flavor as the animals
seem to prefer it to the fodders and grasses nearer maturity. In
addition to the superiority of pasture grass, the system of pasturage
when practicable, is the most economical way of caring for and feed-
ing the dairy herd.

Unfortunately many pastures, owing to neglect and
Summer soil- continuous cropping have become quite inferior, and
ing a substi- dairy animals depending upon them for their food
tute for pas- supply, are often obliged to travel over large areas,
turage. and even then do not secure sufficient food to keep

in good flesh and to maintain the flow of milk. The
droughts so likely to occur during the summer months often render it
necessary —if the herd is to be kept in a profitable condition — to fur-
nish additional food, even should the pasture be considered good.
Again some dairymen do not have sufficient pasturage, while others
in the vicinity of large towns have little or none. When therefore
pasturage is not obtainalile, or only to a limited extent, it becomes
necessary to supply other fodder material to take its place, and a
system of entire or partial soiling results.

B. DESIRABLE FORAGE CROPS. '

Forage crops may be divided into two classes, non-
Non-legumes legumes and legumes. Botanically these two classes
and legumes, have many distinct characteristics. It is simply

necessary to state in this connection , that the legumes
are distinguished from the non-legumes by having the so-called
" butterfly flowers," by being able to take nitrogen from the air, and
by containing at the same stage of growth, considerably more pro-

*When forage crops take the place of pasture grass, it is desirable tliat mix-
tures of the clovers and similar plants be grown together with the grains and
grasses, in order to secure more protein than is to be found in the latter. Such
mixtures usually contain 1 protein to G or 7 carbohydrates. (1 :6 or 7.)

teiu than the non-legumes. Among the most important non-legumi-
nous forage plants may be mentioned wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn,
millet, and the grasses usually grown for hay. The most desirable
legumes are vetches, peas, soy beans and clovers. The vetch closely
resembles the pea in its habit of growth and general appearance ; it
has, however, finer stems and leaves. There are two species used
for fodder purposes, the spring vetch (Vicia sativa), and the winter
or sand vetch (Vicia villosa). The vetches and peas are chiefly use-
ful for green forage, to be grown together with the cereal fodders.
The latter plants furnish a desirable support.

There are several varieties of soy beaus, but the medium green
variety is to be preferred. Its chief value is as a green forage crop.
Farmers using these legumes for fodder purposes can if they desire
grow their own seed.

In describing the various fodders and fodder mix-
Order to be tures, those available in the late spring will be first
followed in mentioned, and the description will then, continue of
the descrip- those best suited for the summer and autumn months,
tion. Following the general description, a table will be

found in which an attempt has been made to bring
together in concise form the most important data, such as time of
sowing, seed to the acre, area to be sown, etc.

This mixture of a non-legume and a legume promises

Wheat and to be a very desirable spring green fodder. It has

winter (sand) been planted for two years, and a third planting

vetch. looked exceedingly well last autumn. The first

planting — made in the late summer of 1898 — winter
killed, owing in all probability to the fact that the seed was sown too
early (August 1). The second year, 1899, the seeding took
place August 25, and an excellent yield was secured the following
spring. One and one-half bushels of wheat and one bushel of vetch
were sown to the acre at one sowing, and covered with a wheel harrow.
Cutting was begun May 31 just before the wheat began to head.
The vetch began to blossom June 5. The yield was at the rate of
10 tons of green fodder to the acre, and cutting was continued for
twelve days. The spring of 1900 was fully 10 days backward, and
the rainfall quite deficient. Had the weather been as warm as usual
and the precipitation normal, cutting would have begun earlier. If
more of the fodder mixture has been produced than can be fed green
the balance may be made into hay. The cost of the vetch seed is

very high this season ($5.50 to $7.00 a bushel) due to the fact that
in those sections where the seed is grown, the drought was severe
last year, and the crop was largely fed green. The usual price is
one-third less. The vetch develops an abundance of root
nodules, and must fix large quantities of atmospheric nitrogen. It
has been found to be very digestible, and animals eat it freely.

Wheat itself when sown in early September at the rate of two
bushels to the acre also makes a satisfactory spring green feed and is
considered preferable to rye. If however it can be grown together
with a leguminous crop, the nutritive value of the fodder mixture
is decidedly enhanced. Laud from which wheat or wheat and vetch
have been removed can be immediately sown to corn, corn and
beans or Hungarian grass.

The green crop naturally following the wheat and
Grass and clo- vetch is either a mixture of grass and clover or
ver or clover, clover itself. The grasses should be of the earlier
varieties blooming in early June. The following
mixture costs about five dollars and is intended for one acre : alsike*
or red clover, 8 pounds ; tall oat grass, 8 pounds ; orchard grass, 6
pounds ; Kentucky blue grass, 6 pounds. The seed should be sown
in early August if possible, in order to enable the clover to become
well established before winter. The yield will be from 6 to 8 tons
to the acre, and cutting can usually begin as the first blossoms
appear, generally about June 7. Two-thirds of au acre would be
ample for 10 cows ten days. If it appears that more has been grown
than can be fed green, the balance can be made into excellent hay.
If allowed to stand until long past bloom, the mixture becomes
tough and less digestible. A second cutting of several tons to the
acre can be obtained if the rainfall is sufficient. Land thus seeded
can be cropped for two successive years.

Clover would probably be preferred by many to the grass and
clover, for the reason that the 15 or 20 pounds of seed necessary
to the acre can be obtained for one- half the price of the grass and
clover mixture. The first cutting can be made nearly as early as the
grass and clover, and the yield will be as large. A second and
occasionally a third cutting can be secured. Clover is a great nitro-
gen gatherer and is very nutritious.

*The writer rather prefers the alsike clover because of the finer stem.

Odts and Canada field peas make the best green crop to
Oatsandpeas. follow clover. Generally itis advisable to make three

sowings : the first as early as possible in the spring,
April 20 to 25, and the second and third fifteen and thirty days
later. One and one-half bushels each of the oats and peas is the
usual quantity to the acre. They may both be sown broadcast at
the same time after the land is plowed, and thoroughly harrowed in
with a wheel harrow. Some sow the peas first, covering with a wheel
harrow, then sow the oats and cover with an acme or similar harrow.
This method however is hardly necessary. The first sowing will be
ready about June 25 and cutting should begin as soon as the oats
show the head. The average yield from the first sowing is 10 tons
to the acre. The yield from the second and third sowings is not
likel}' to be as heavy, as the crop matures more quickly during the
warm weather. Oats and peas will remain in condition to be cut for
10 or 12 days. The average cow will consume 60 to 80 pounds
daily until the feed becomes tough. One-third to one-half acre will
furnish sufficient fodder for 10 cows twelve days.

Oats and Spring Vetch have also been grown quite successfully at
the station. They are equally as digestible as the oats and peas,
and will generally yield as heavily. Should the spring prove dry
however the vetch is likely to make a poor growth, the oats taking
the larger part of the available moisture. The vetch seed is also
more costly than the peas.

Hungarian grass. Land from which the first cutting of oats and
peas has been removed may be immediately seeded with Hungarian
grass or may be used for barley and peas, or for clover. The Hun-
garian grass if seeded the first week in July will be ready to cut by
September 10 to 15. It also makes a very satisfactory green feed
for August, if sown early in June, but barnyard millet is preferred
owing to the greater yield. The usual quantity of seed is one-half
to one bushel to the acre.

Barnyard millet (Panicum crus-galli) makes a desir-
Barnyardmil- able green feed for the first three weeks of August,
let and peas. This variety of millet is becoming quite generally

known, and the seed can be purchased of the more
prominent seedsmen. It is not in the writer's judgment ns satisfactory
a feed as corn, but it has its place among the desirable forage crops.
The millet is a warm weather plant similar to corn. It will not stand

8

dry weather as well as the former, is a heavy feeder and will do best
upon a warm moist soil. It makes a very rapid growth, when the tem-
perature is high. If sown by itself, 14 quarts of seed are sufficient for
one acre ; when combined with peas eight quarts of millet and one
and one-half bushels of peas are the quantities required. The first
seeding may be made together with peas May 10 to 15. The
peas should first be sown and harrowed in deeply and the millet cov-
ered more lightly with an acme or other harrow. Should the weather
prove cool during ihe latter part of May and early June the peas
will grow more rapidly than the millet, but with the advent of a
few warm days the latter will rapidly overcome the disadvantage.
A second and even a third seeding of millet may be made (without
peas) at intervals of 20 and 15 days respectively. The millet and
peas will be ready to cut about August 1 and the other two sow-
ings will follow, so that green feed may be secured from this crop
during all of August if desired. Cutting should begin even before
the millet begins to head and can be continued for 10 or 12 days.
When the millet is well headed it becomes tough and animals are
likely to refuse a considerable portion of the stems. Millet does
not make a satisfactory hay because of the difficulty in drying.

A mixture of corn and soy beans is a most desirable

Corn and Soy fodder crop for the last ten days of August and the

beans. first two or three weeks in September. A medium

early corn is preferred. Some of the sweet varie-
ties are excellent. The Canada or Longfellow are also desirable.
The medium green soy bean is the most suitable variety. This Jap-
anese bean is now so well known that a description is hardly neces-
sary. The seed can be purchased of all large dealers. It grows 3
to 3| feet high, needs no support, and is thickly studded with leaves.
For several years we have sown the corn with an Eclipse corn planter
in rows 3| feet apart, and then planted the beans with a hand corn
planter in the same rows with the corn, one lot of beans being
placed every few inches. An experimenthas convinced us, however,
that it 18 preferable to mix the corn and beans together in the pro-
portion of about 10 quarts of corn to 7 quarts of beans. This
mixture can be planted with an Eclipse or other planter. The
planter should be regulated so that the kernels will be about two
inches apart in the row. It will of course be impossible to maintain

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this regularity, but it will be sufficient for the purpose. The crop is
to be cultivated and harvested in the same manner as corn. The
first seeding should be made May 15 and a second June 5.
One-half acre is ample for 10 cows two weeks. The first sowing will
be ready to cut about August 20 and the second the first week in Sep-
tember. When cutting begins the corn will have many well formed
ears, and the beans will have begun to form seed. The yield to the
acre will be in the vicinity of 12 tons, equal to 2| tons of dry matter
containing 3600 pounds of actual digestible material. If corn is grown
extensively upon the farm one planting of corn and beans may be
sufficient, the farmer preferring to feed from his field corn after the
first week in September.

Fodder corn without the beans also makes an excellent green feed.

Soy beans may be grown by themselves in rows 2i feet apart.
The usual quantity of seed required for an acre is 16 quarts, which
may be sown with a corn planter so regulated as to place the seed
one inch apart in the row. The crop is cultivated in the same man-
ner as corn. The writer is however inclined to prefer the cor7i and
bean mixture for forage purposes.*

A small power cutter is a great convenience on any farm. Such
crops as barnyard millet, corn, and corn and beans, are eaten clean
if cut fine, while if fed without cutting, the animals are likely to
leave the coarser portions as soon as they become tough.

Barley and peas furnish a satisfactory green crop dur-
Barley and ing the first three weeks of October ; they are not
peas. injured by frosts. One and one-half bushels each to

the acre are sown together the first of August and
deeply harrowed in with a wheel harrow. The yield will not be as large
as in the case of the oats and peas, six tons to the acre being about an
average crop. The land from which the oats and peas were taken
earlier in the season can be utilized, thus producing two crops in one
year, equivalent to four tons of hay to the acre. Should the month
of August prove unusually dry, this crop might prove a failure et^pec-

*CoiMi and soy beans also make a very satisfactory ensilage. When tliej' are
grown separately, however, the extra expense involved in cutting and putting the
beans into the silo exceeds the value of the increased amount of protein
obtained. It is also questionable whether the corn and beans if grown together
could be handled with sufHcient economy to warrant their use for silage purposes.
The experiment is however worthy of trial.

10

ially on light soils. We have generally been successful with it on
medium loams. Farmers in the vicinity of the sea coast state that
they have not succeeded in growing peas late in the season owing to
the dampness of the atmosphere due to the numerous fogs. Barley
may be grown by itself if it would thrive under such conditions.
Some farmers thus located have grown cabbage as alatefoddercrop.
It seems to the writer that the crop might prove expensive for this
purpose, owing especially to the labor involved in caring for it*
Cabbage is also a heavy feeder.

Summer Forage Crops.
(Data for ten cows entire soiling. j*

Kind.

Wiieat and win-
ter vetcli.

Wheat.**

Grass mixture
and clover.

Clover. t
Oats and peas.

Millet and peas.

Millet. J

Corn and soy
beans.

Corn and soy
beans.

Barley and peas.

Seed for an acre.

I 1-2 bnshs. wheat.

1 bnshs. vetch.

2 bnshs.

8 lbs. clover.
8 lbs. tall oat grass.
6 lbs. oi'chard grass.
6 lbs. Kentucky l)lue

15-20 lbs.

1 1-2 bnshs. each.

8 qts. millet.

1 1-2 bushs. peas.

14 qts.

10 qts. corn.
7 qts. beans.

10 qts. corn.
7 qts. beans.

1 1-2 bushs. each.

Approx.
time of
seeding.

Sept. 1.
Sept. 1.

August.

August.
April 20.
May 5.
May 20.
May 15.

June 5.
May 15.

June 5.

July 25 to
Aug. 1.

Area,

1-2 acre.
1-2 acre.

2-3 acre.

2-3 acre.
1-2 acre.
1-2 acre.
1-2 acre.
1-3 acre.

1-3 acre.
1-2 acre.

1-2 acre.

2-3 acre.

Approximate time
of cutting.

May 25 to June 8.
May 25 to June 8.

June 10 to June 25.

June 10 to June25.
June 25 to July 6.
July 6 to July 17.
July 17 to July 28.

Aug. 1 to Aug. 10.

Aug.lO CO Aug. 20.

Aug. 20 to Sept. 4.

Sept. 4 to Sept. 20.

Oct. 5 to Oct. 20.

*It is understood that the time of seeding, area to be seeded, and yield to the
acre.will be governed somewhat by the weather conditions, and the fertility of the
soil.

**Instead of wheat and vetcli, if vetch is too expensive.

fin place of grass and clover if desired.

JLeave out peas in this sowing.

11

Variety.

Approximate cost

rounds to the

a bushel.

bushel.

$1.50

GO

$4.00

GO

82.oO-$3.oO

60

ns, S4.00

58

$1.75

60

$2.75-S3.00

35

S2.50

12

S2.50

14

$1.75-$2.00

14

Cost of vari- Canada field peas,
ous seeds. Winter vetch,
Spring vetch,
Medium green soy beans.
Winter wheat.
Barnyard millet.
Tall oat grass.
Orchard grass,
Kentucky blue grass.

The peas, beans and spring vetch can be obtained of any New
England seed house. The winter vetch is at present offered only by
New York seedsmen.

The chief objection to the growing of summer for-

Objections to age crops is the time and labor consumed in their

summer soil- production. It becomes necessary to prepare numer-

ing. ous small pieces of land at frequent intervals and to

cut and draw small quantities of fodder to the barn
every two or three days. Work of this character is time consuming
and frequently interferes with more extended farm operations. For
this reason some farmers prefer to supplement pasturage with hay
and grain, believing it to be more economical. No definite rules
can be laid down concerning the most suitable method to follow. It
is certainly desirable that animals should receive at least a portion
of their daily ration in the form of green feed during the growing
season. Each farmer must study his own conditions and follow the
system best adapted to his particular needs.

Corn ensilage is quite often used as a substitute for

The summer pasture grass and green forage, especially in those

silo. sections where frequent and long continued droughts

are prevalent. The silo should be so constructed as
to render a less surface area of silage exposed than during the win-
ter months.

The writer does not favor silage as a summer feed whenever other
forage can be economically supplied. The corn as is well known,
undergoes fermentation in the silo, and among other products, a con-
siderable amount of acetic acid is formed. It is this acid which
renders the ensilage sour, and it is decidedly objectionable as a food
ingredient, especially if fed continuously. It is therefore pi*efer-
able from the standpoint of health, to supply the animals during the
summer, with freshly grown green forage, and leave the fermented

12

material for the long period during which other more desirable green
feed is not to be obtained.

C. FERTILIZERS FOR FORAGE CROPS.

Because of the considei'able amount of labor involved in the pro-
duction of soiling crops and the shortness of the growing periods,
they should be supplied liberall}^ with plant food, and thus be made
to produce maximum yields. It is decidedly poor economy to
attempt to grow such crops in poor unfertilized soils. Intensive
rather than extensive culture should be the motto of the producer.
Six cords of barnyard manure may be considered a
Barnyard ma- reasonable application to the acre. Frequently when
nureandchem- the supply is limited it is convenient to apply three
icals. or four cords to the acre and supplement with com-

mercial fertilizers. In such cases the following mix-
ture is suggested :

Nitrate of soda, 100 pounds.

Acid phosphate, 100 pounds,

Muriate of potash, 100 pounds.

In the case of wheat and vetch, grass and clover, or clover, sown
in August or September, it is advisable to apply the barnyard manure
at the time of seeding, and top dress in the early spring with the fer-
tilizer mixture. If clover is grown by itself use only 50 pounds
of nitrate of soda. Clover-sick land is very much benefited by
the additional application of 1000 pounds of slaked lime to the
acre. If refuse lime from the lime kilns can not be procured the
ordinary barrel lime may be used. It should first be placed in
small piles in the field and allowed to slake, before spreading.

When it is desired to grow forage crops with the aid

Chemical far- of chemical fertilizers exclusively, the following

tilizersexclu- mixtures will be found suitable for land in a fair

sively. state of fertility. If the soil is poor the quantity

may be increased one-third. The figures refer to

the quantities required for one acre.

I. For wheat and vetch, grass and clover, and clover to be
applied at the time of seeding.

Nitrate of soda, oO pounds.

Acid phosphate, 300 pounds.

Muriate of potash, 200 pounds.

13

Top dress in the spring with 100 pounds nitrate of soda.
In case of clover use 50 pounds nitrate of soda for the spring top
dressing.

II. For oats and peas, and barley and peas.

Nitrate of soda,* 200 pounds.

Acid phosphate, 300 pounds.

Muriate of potash, 150 pounds.

III. For millet and peas, and corn and beans.**

Nitrate of soda,* 200 pounds.

Acid phosphate, 300 pounds.

Muriate of potash, 200 pounds.

The fertilizers may in all cases be sown broadcast and harrowed in.

D. FEEDING FORAGE CROPS FOR MILK PRODUCTION.

When forage crops are grown to supplement pastures the feeding
of a reasonable amount at night is quite satisfactory. If the pas-
turage is very deficient another feeding in the morning may be made,
or the morning feed may consist of a few quarts of grain as follows :

I. II.

2 quarts of gluten feed. 100 pounds gluten feed.

100 pounds wheat bran or mixed feed.
Mix and feed 2 to 4 quarts.

III.

100 pounds gluten feed.
100 pounds hominy meal.
Mix and feed 2 to 3 quarts.

Should summer soiling be practiced exclusively, five pounds of
hay may be fed daily together with what green material the animals
will eat. This usually amounts to about 60 to 80 pounds a day.
An exception is made to this method in case of clover and millet.
It is not wise to feed over 50 pounds of these latter crops for the
reason that more clover is likely to cause bloating, and an excess of
millet acts as a laxative and diuretic. While animals will consume
as high as 80 pounds of millet for the first few days an abnormal
looseness of the bowels quite frequently develops, and they are
inclined to refuse over 50 or 60 pounds daily thereafter. In those
cases therefore 10 pounds of hay are fed daily together with oQ
pounds of the green crops. It is generally economy in order to

*Shoul(l the soil be light and leach easily, one-half of the nitrate of soda may be
replaced tiy 200 pounds of dry ground fish, or cottonseed meal.

**Shonld millet and corn be grown without the peas and beans, it would be
advisable to add 150 pounds of dry ground fish, especially if the land is light.

14

maintain the flow of milk to feed some grain in connection with the

coarse fodders and the following mixtures will be found desirable.

I. II.

3 to 4 quarts of gluten feed daily. 100 pounds gluten meal.

200 pounds fine middlings.

125 pounds wheat bran.

Mix and feed 4 to 5 quarts daily.

III. IV.

150 pounds gluten feed. 100 pounds fine middlings.

75 pounds wheat bran. 150 pounds dried brewers grains or

Mix and feed 4 to 5 quarts daily. malt sprouts.

Mix and feed 4 to 5 quarts daily.

When 50 pounds of clover are fed daily the quantity of these
mixtures may be diminished about one-third,

E. COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF FORAGE

CROPS.

The following table is divided into two parts : one headed co7npo-
sition, represents the total percentages or pounds in 100 of the dif-
ferent ingredients contained in the various fodders, and the other
headed digestihility ^ shows the percentage or pounds in 100 actually
digestible. The table is made up partly from the analyses and diges-
tion work carried out at this station and partly from other sources.*
In many cases the analyses and digestion tests are too few in num-
ber to secure any very satisfactory averages. Single samples of
different fodders show quite noticeable variations in composition and
digestibility, depending on weather conditions, fertility of soil, and
stage of growth.

The average analyses of the several gwnjys as presented in the
table, give a more correct idea of the probable composition of the
cereal fodders, legumes and fodder mixtures, than does the analysis
of a single fodder in the group. The same holds true concerning
digestibility.

The table shows as much digestible protein in the cereal fodders
as in the fodder mixtures, the latter being a combination of a cereal
fodder and a legume. This is due primarily to the difference in the
amount of water present. The fodder mixtures naturally contain
more protein than the cereal fodders.

^Vermont Experiment Station Bulletin Sl.und Bulletins Kos.ll and 77, Office of
Experiment Stations.

Table I.

Figures equal percentages, or pounds in 100.

Composition.

Digestibility.

Kind.

/. Non legumes.

(a) Pasture grass,

(b) Ceri'al fodders,

Rye fodder, t

Barley fodder,

Oat fodder,

Avsrage,

(c) Millets,

Barnyard millet,

Hungarian grass,

Average,

(d) Corn,

Fodder corn,*

Sweet fodder corn, . . . . .
Average, ■

(e) Grasses,

Orchard grass,**

Tali oat grass,**

Kentnc-ky Bine Grass,**

Timotliy,**

Ked Top,**I

Average,

II. Legumes.

Canada peas, . . .
Sov beans, ft • • •
Red Clover, JJ ..
Aisike clover,** -
Winter vetch, . •
S|)ring vetch, . . .
Spring velch, . .
Average both.
Average,

O tn

40
21

4

3

5

14

1
14
43
4
2
1
2

3

III. Fodder mixtures.

"Wheat and winter vetch, 1

Orchtu'd grass and clover, 1

Tall oat grass and clover,! 2

Oats and peas, 9

Oats and velcli, 3

Millet and peas, i 1

Corn and soy beans, 1

Barley and peas, 9

Average,

^

80.0

73.

69.5
69.1
65.1
64.8

68.3

76.0
76.0
70.8
74.8
80.9
78.2
82.0
80.1

77.4

80.0
80 0
80 0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80 0
80.0

80.0

2.0

76.6 1.8
75.2 2.0
75.0' 1.7

75.4 1.8

80.o' 1.8

74. Oj 2.1

77.0 1.9

79.8 1.1

79.1 1.3

79.5 1.2

2.0
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.3

2.1

1.9
2.5
2.1

2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.6

1.9

a

P

3.5

2.6
3.4
2.3

2.8

1.8
2 6

2.2

2.0
1.9

1.9

2.6
2.4
3.2
2.8
3.3

2,9

3.9

4.2

3.5

4.0

2.5
2.4
2.7
3.3
2.9
2.4
2.8
3.6

2.8

to

4.0 9.7

11.6 6.8

6.5 12.0

8.4 11.8

8.8 10.1

6.9 9.2

7.0 13.8

7.0 11.5

4.3 12.1

4.4 12.8

4.412.5

8.2
9.4
8.3
10.4
9.4

9.2

7.0
6.5
8.1
7.4
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.6

8.5

6.8
6.5
5.8
5.6
6.3
7.5
4.3
5.0

8.0

13.3

15.8
16.1
18 7
19.1

18.6

10.6
9.7
13.5
11.0
6.5
9.5
7.9
8.7

9.8

9.0
9.0
9.5

8.6
8.3

8.0
11.2

8.8"

9.0

c3

0.8

0.6
09

0.8

0.8

0.3

0 5

0.4

0.7
0.5

0.6

0.9

0.9
0.9
1.0

1 2

1.0

.6
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.5

.8

.5
.6
.5
.9
.7
.3
.4
.8

.6

33

s

13.8

14.7
16.4
15 0

p

2.3

1.9
2.4

1.7

15.2 2.0

14.2

17.4

15.8

13.7
14 8

14.3

22 3
22.5

22.4

14.4
19.3
16.6
13.4

1.2
1.7
1.5

1.2
1.2

1.2

1.3
1.6

1.5

3.2
2.9
2.6
3.7

.2

3.0

6.6
4.0

4.4

5.0

50
5.0

5.0

2.6
2.8

2.7

5.8
5.3

5.6

12.4 2.5

15.2 3.0

13.4
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.4
13 0
12.8
13.0

13.1

1.9
1.4
1.6
2 5
2.2
1.8
1.9
2 9

2.0

3.1
4.3
3.9
3.4

25

3.4

4.6
3 6
8.2
3.4
4.3
4.5
2.3
2.5

3.5

o

bSjX

o f

7.0

4.6

8 5

7 4

03

6-

6.8 0.5

6.6
9.4

8.0

9.0
9 9

9.5

.40 1: 4.

0.4
0.5
0.6

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.5
0.4

0.5

12.3 0.5
12.6 0.6

12.5 0.6

7.1

10.5

8.6

4.9

6.6
7.5

6.1
6.5
69

5.8
5.7
5.4
8.3
5.9

6.3

0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6

0.3

0.6

.2
.4
.3
.6
.3
.2
.3
.5
.4

* Flint varieties.

** In l)looni.

t Digestion coefficients an average of those for oats and barley.

t Di}?estion cocfflcients tliose for Timothy.

tt Variety uncertain.

it All analyses.

16

Table II. Pounds of digestible dry matter, protein, and carbohy-
drates (the latter including fat x 2.50) in different weights of the
several fodder groups.

Pounds

Dry

Pro-

Carbo-

Dry

Pro-

Carbo-

Dry

Pro-

Carbo-

of

Matter.

tein.

hydrates.

Mutter.

tein.

hydrates.

Matter.

tein.

hydrates.

Fodder.

Pastu

re Grass

i, 1:4.8.

Cereal Fodders, 1 :6.7.

Millets, 1:

9.8.

10

1.40

0,2

l.l

1.50

0.2

1.3

1.6

0.2

1.4

25

3.50

0.6

3.0

3.80

0.5

3.3

39

0.4

3.5

50

6.90

1.2

6.0

7.60

1.0

6.6

7.9

0.8

6.9

60

8.30

1.4

6.6

9.10

1.2

7.9

9.5

0.9

8.3

75

10.40

1.7

8.0

11.40

1.5

9.8

11.9

1.1

10.4

100

13.80

2.3

11.0

15.20

2.0

13.1

15.8

1.5

13.8

Corn

Fodder,

1:11.1

Grasses, 1:

13.5.

Legumes, 1:3.8.

10

1.40

0.1

1.4

2.2

0.2

2.0

1 5

0.8

1.2

25

3.60

0.3

3.4

5.6

0.4

4.9

3.8

0.8

3.1

50

7.20

0.6

6.8

11.2

0.8

9.8

7.6

1.5

6.2

60

8.60

0.7

8.1

13.4

0.9

11.8

9.1

1.8

7.4

75

10.70

0.9

10.1

16.8

1.1

14.7

11.4

2.3

9.3

100

14.30

1.3

13.5

22.4

1.5

19.6

15.2

3.0

12.4

Fodder Mixtures, 1:5.6.

10

1.3

2

1.1

25

3.3

.5

2.7

50

6.6

1.0

5.4

60

7.9

1.2

6.5

75

9.8

1.5

8.1

100

13.1

2.0

10.8

CORRECTION.

On page 20, Bulletin No. 71 of the Hatch Experiment Station, it
is stated that the sample of Rai(j Ground Bone manufactured by C.
A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass., is vegetable ivory. This statement
is incorrect. The material is as represented, Genuine Bone of
Excellent Quality. The error, due to a clerical mistake in reporting
the analytical results, wasnot observed until too late to be corrected
in the Bulletin, and is much to be regretted.

J. B. LiNDSEY.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 73.

ORCHARD EXPERIMENTS.

FERTILIZERS FOR FRUITS.

THINNING FRUITS.

SPRAYING FRUITS.

]vj:.^i*ch, 10O1.

AMHERST, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1901.

HATCH EXFERIBIISNT STATION

or THB

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

Henky H. Goodell, LL. D.,
William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,
George E. Stone, Ph. D.,
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D
Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D.,
Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,
J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,
Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D.,
Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,
Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,
Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,
James E. Halligan, B. Sc,
Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,
Philip H. Smith, B. Sc,
James W. Kellogg, B. Sc,
George A. Drew, B. Sc.
Hexry L. Crane, B. Sc,
Charles L. Rice,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding) .
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers;.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(¥oo^% and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist(Yooc\s and Feeding) ,
Ass't C/iemis^(Food.-«and Feeding).
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in fanning as
m:iy request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

Horticultural Division,

S. T. Maynard and Geo. A. Drew.

ORCHARD EXPP:RIMENTS.

The Aj)ple. In this year of abundance the apple crop in the
station orchards was the largest in their history.

Orchard No. 1 of 32 trees planted 15 years ago has been kept
under thorough cultivation during the whole time. The fertilizers
used per tree were: In 1899, 2 lbs. fine dry fish, 2 lbs. sulphate
potash, 1 lb. nitrate^soda. In 1900, 25 lbs. Canada ashes and 1 J lbs.
nitrate soda. The aim in the use of fertilizers was to keep up a
uniform growth of 6 to 12 inches, the fertilizers used varying accord-
ing to the season and the crop produced. The trees with the excep-
tion of one or more checks were all sprayed according to the calen-
dar on the last page. This orchard, like the others, containing
only one tree of each variety, presents a somewhat uneven appear-
ance. The varieties most conspicuous were the Wealthy, Washing-
ton Royal (Palmer Oreening), Sutton Beauty and Lawver. The
last named variety yielded from a tree only 8 inches in diameter
over 4 barrels of choice apples.

Orchard No. 2 of 57 trees is on rather dry, stony land with a hard-
pan subsoil, the trees having been planted some 15 and 20 j'ears.
Strips of land about 8 ft. wide between the rows were cultivated
throughout the entire season, the grass growing along the line of
the trees was cut twice during the season and allowed to lie on the
ground without removal, serving as a mulch and a protection to the
fruit falling to the ground. This orchard also consists of only one
or two trees of a variety. The fertilizers used were the same for
1899 and 1900 as for Orchard No. 1. The mo^-t noticeable varieties
were Gravenstein, Astrachan, AVilliamp, Hurlbut, Ben Davis, Lady
Apple, Fall Pippin, Wolf River, Baldwin and Fameuse. Nearly
every tree bore a full crop, one Hurlbut, 10 inches in diameter,
yieldmg over 6 barrels ; one Lady Apple, 8 inches in diameter. 5
barrels, four barrels of which sold for ^22 ; one Fameuse, 9 inches

iu diameter, 4 barrels ; one Baldwin, 10 inches in diameter, 4 bar-
rels ; one Red Russet, 1 foot in diameter, 5 barrels ; etc.

Orchard No. 3 of 28 trees is on rather moist, stony land with hard-
pan subsoil and has not been cultivated for 15 years. The grass
has been cut twice or more each season and left on the ground when
cut, or raked under the trees. The same fertilizers were applied as
to No. 1 and 2 and all the trees made a satisfactory growth. The
noticeable varieties were Porter, King, Duchess, Pewaukee, Haas,
Baldwin, Pound Sweet, Scarlet Cranberry and Westfield Seek-no-
further, etc. One King, 10 inches in diameter. yielded 4 barrels ; one
Baldwin, 9 inches in diameter, 4i barrels ; one Pound Sweet, 3^ bar-
rels ; one Scarlet Cranberry, 4 barrels. The trees in all three
orchards, except checks, were sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture
and Pai'is green three times during the early part of the season, and
those most subject to the scab were sprayed a short time before the
fruit was gathered with a weak solution of copper sulfate, 3 ounces
to 50 gallons of water. During very wet seasons two applications
of this fungicide should be made, one the last of August and another
before picking, to prevent the late growth of the scab which often
continues if the apples are not kept very dry after being put into the
cellar.

THINNING FRUrr.

Most of the fruit in the above orchards was thinned when about
one inch in diameter, checks being left wherever necessary. Care-
ful records were kept of the cost of thinning, and the value of the
fruit on the thinned and unthinned trees was estimated as follows :

Gain
per tree.

^^^^*^^y- Thinning. bbls. value.

Red Astrachan, unthinned, 4^ $3.00

Red Astrachan, thinned, $1.20 5 $5.05 $2.05

Early Harvest, unthinned, 1^ 0

Early Harvest, thinned, .15 li .98 .98

Hurlbut, unthinned, 5 $3.00

Hurlbut, thinned, .45 6 $3.55 .55

Baldwin, unthinned, 3i $2.00

Baldwin, thinned, .60 4 $2.90 .90

R. I. Greening, unthinned, 2 $1.50

R. I. Greening, thinned, .15 2i $2.10 .60

The entire crop of the orchards was sold about Sept. 1st for 75c.
per barrel, the purchaser briuging barrels to the orchards, and the
apples were picked, sorted, and put into his barrels without facing.
This included all fall and early winter apples such as Porter, Hurl-
but, Pewaukee, Fameuse, jMother, Pound Sweet, etc., etc. The
Baldwins and late keeping varieties were sold in the same way for
$1.00 per barrel.

The difference in length of time consumed in thinning the trees was
due first to the varying size of the trees and second to the necessity
of employing help unaccustomed to this particular work. With a
large orchard and skilled labor the cost per tree would be largely
reduced.

The growth of the trees in the above orchards was about the same
under the varying conditions. In the lighter soils and in dry
seasons the necessary amount of moisture was preserved by fre-
quent cultivation of the entire surface, in the medium soils by the
cultivation of strips between the trees, while in naturally moist soils
no cultivation was needed. These results lead us to make the fol-
lowing observation. That on light land better results will be
obtained by frequent and thorough cultivation, while on laud well
supplied with moisture cultivation is not as essential.

The fruit of the varieties most in demand was as follows : In the
order of ripening, Astrachan, Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Wealthy,
Fall Pippin, Mcintosh, Hubbardston, Baldwin, Washington Ro3'al,
Sutton Beauty and Roxbury Russet. Some of the very late keep-
ing varieties, ripening in May and June, especially valuable for late
shipping, are the Ben Davis, Lawver, York Imperial, Scarlet Cran-
berry, Walbridge, Mann, etc., which supply a need not filled by the
former list, but which should not be put into the market in compe-
tition with those varieties that are of better quality.

The Peach. About 40 varieties fruited the past season and the
fruit was of unusual size and quality. Orchard No. 1, five years
from planting, is growing on land where two previous generations of
peach trees had been grown, the first lot having been planted in the
spring of '70, the second lot in '84. The present planting was set in
'96, the past season being the fifth year of growth. Two trees of
each variety were planted and the land has been under constant cul-
tivation since planting. The fertilizer used the past two years was
as follows : lu 1899, l.Vlbs. fine dry fish and 1 lb. sulfate potash per
tree. In 1900, 7 lbs. Canada ashes and 1 lb. nitrate soda per tree.

The growth of wood on these trees was good, and the fruit matured
was of large size and good quality. More fertilizer, however, will
be needed the coming season to repair the waste of last and keep
the trees in a vigorous, healthy condition, especially if a crop of
fruit is produced, as is now promised. One tree of each variety was
sprayed with the dilute Bordeaux mixture (4 lbs. copper sulfate, 4
lbs. caustic lime and 100 gallons water) three times for the peach
scab, adding Arsenic Lime in the first two applications for the destruc-
tion of the plum curculio and other insects. The result of this
spraying was very clearly indicated. The fruit on the unsprayed
trees was in most cases seriously injured by the scab, and in some
cases by the brown-rot or monilia, while on the sprayed trees little
or no injury was done by these pests.

The varieties showing the greatest value were : Mountain Rose,
St. John, Early Crawford, Old Mixon, Late Crawford, Champion
and Elberta, and to this list may be added the Crosby and Dennis
for home use.

At the present time (Mar. 1st) the fruit buds are found to be
considerably injured, ranging from 90% upward in the Elberta and
Early Crawford, to only 10 to 20% in the Crosby, Dennis, etc.
Counting in all varieties, probably more than three-fourths of the
fruit buds are destroyed.

Orchard No. 2, consisting of about 250 trees, was planted in 1898
between young apple trees that are set 40 ft. apart. The trees made
an unusual growth and set a moderate crop of fruit, all but about a
dozen specimens of which were removed while small. The land was
thoroughly cultivated in 1899 with a ciop of corn, but with no crop
during the past season. The fertilizers used were : In 1899, l lb. fine
fibh, i-lb. nitrate soda and 1 lb. sulfate potash per tree. In 1900, 7
lbs. Canada ashes, | lb. nitrate soda per tree. In August, the land
was sown with barley and Canada peas as a cover crop to prevent
the land from washing during the fall and winter and to supply
organic matter for the su[)portof the trees. At the present time
three- fourths of the buds are winter killed, but enough are uninjured
to produce a large crop of fruit if nothing further happens to them.

The Plum. As was generally the case in all parts of the State,
the plum crop was the largest and best in the history of the orchard,
especially the varieties of European plums. The orchards con-
tain a large number of varieties with only one or two trees

of each, ranging from one to thirty 3'ears old. The fertil-
izers used were : In 18 (9, from ^ to 2 lbs. nitrate of soda, 1 to 3
lbs. fine dry fish and 1 to 2 lbs. sulfate of potash per tree. In 1900,
0 to 10 lbs. Canada ashes and 1 to 2 lbs. nitrate soda per tree.

Nearly all varieties fruited and among those most productive was
one Lincoln, trunk 3^ inches in diameter and 8 years old, from
which was gathered 3^ bushels that sold for $10.50 ; one Bradshaw,
same diameter, yielded 3 bushels ; one Kingston, 4 inches, 2 bushels ;
one Quackenbos, .5 inches, 3 bushels; one Washington, 5 inches, 2
bushels; one Burbank (Japanese), 4 inches, 3 bushels. The black
knot has been prevented from injuring the trees by spraying according
to the calendar, and the brown rot has been nearly controlled in
the same way.

Japanese Plums. Nearly all the valuable varieties of this group
of bearing size are growing in the station orchards, but the crop has
been small owing to the injury to the fruit buds or trees duiing the
winter, and some were unfruitful from other causes. While most of
the older varieties are much inferior in quality to the best European
varieties, they have compensating qualities. They come into bearing
at from two to three years from planting. They bear heavy crops,
and, even if not long lived, may prove profitable, because new orchards
can be grown quickly to take the place of old or sickly trees. Of the
older varieties the Abundance and Burbank are perhaps the best,
with Wickson and October Purple of better quality, but of uncertain
productiveness. The Hale has thus far proved unproductive.

The American Plums are now attracting much attention on account
of their hardiness and freedom from injury by the plum curculio and
the brown rot. In quality none of the pure natives have proved
equal to the European or the best of the Japanese, but some of the
new hybrids with the Japanese or the European are of fine quality and
are very promising. Among the best of this group fruited are the
Wild Goose, Hawkeye, Hammar, Gold or Golden, etc.

The Grape. This crop was large and of fine quality, little rot or
mildew appearing, owing to the dry weather and thorough spraying.
The fertilizers used were : In 1899, 4 lb. fioe dry fish, i lb. nitrate
soda and i lb. sulfate potash per vine. In 1900, 3 lbs. ashes, i lb.
nitrate soda per vine. The only new variety that holds a place
with the Concord, Worden and Green Mountain is Campbell's Early.
This ripens with Moore's Early and has a ratlier hard, but sweet
pulp, a tough skin, hangs long on the vine and keeps well in storage.

;(

(.1

8

The BlacTcberry . An unusual crop was produced by nearly all
varieties, affording ample opportunity to make comparative tests.
Of the older varieties the

Agawam yielded at the rate of 2067 quarts per acre.

Snyder " " " 230*0 " "

Taylor " " " 3267

Ohmer " " " 3000

Eldorado " " " 2178

*Mersereau " " " 1000

*Rathbun " " '^ 2284 " "

Fertilizers used : In 1899, J lb. fine dry fish, i lb. nitrate soda, ^
lb. sulfate potash per hill. In 1900, 5 lbs. ashes, ^ lb. nitrate soda
per hill. Hills planted 7x7 feet.

Raspberries. This crop was not so satisfactory as was that of the
blackberry, the canes of many varieties having been winter killed.
The fertilizers used were the same as for the blackberry and the
plants were set the same distance apart. The Cuthbert and Loudon
have given the best results, with the King as the best early variety.
The first is liable to winter kill, the second is subject to mildew
during the summer and requires a rather rich moist soil, but the fruit
is large and of fine color and quality.

The Currant. Owing to extremely dry weather in June, this crop
"was not as large as usual, the berries being small. The fertilizers
used were : In 1899, A lb. fine dry fish, i lb. nitrate soda, i lb. sul-
fate potash per bush. In 1900, 3 lbs. Canada ashes, ^ lb. nitrate
soda per bush. The varieties yielding the most fruit were

Cherry at the rate of 6764 quarts per acre.

Fays " " 5206 " "

The Wilder, Red Cross and Pomona showed some fine fruit on
bushes one or two years younger than the above. The Pomona is
the best flavored red currant and White Imperial the best among
the white kinds.

The Strawberry. The early blossoms of this crop were cut off by
frost and the crop was somewhat reduced thereby, but the remaining
fruit was of good size and sold for good prices. The land upon
which the crop was grown was fitted by plowing under in the spring

*Rathbun and Mersereau 3d year. Eldorado and Ohmer 4th year. Agawam, Tay-
lor and Snyder 7th year.

((

about 5 cords of stable manure, and then thoroughly harrowing in
1,000 lbs. of fertilizer composed of 667 lbs. fine dry fish and 333
lbs. sulfate of potash before the plants were set. Planting was
done the last of April, and thorough cultivation was kept up until
the freezing of the ground, in order to keep down the growth of the
weed known as the mouse-ear chickweed, with which the land had
become infested. The plants were trained in the wide distance
matted row system, i. e. rows 3^ feet apart and plants from four to
six inches apart covering beds about 2 feet wide. The six varieties
that yielded the most fruit are as follows :

Sample at the rate of 4625 quarts per acre.

Glen Mary " " 3562

Brandy wine " " 3504

Haverland " " 3187

Clyde " " 3087

Ruby " " 2593

One hundred varieties were fruited in small plots, consisting of
26 varieties fruiting for the first time, and the balance of those that
have fruited one or more years previously. The six new varieties
that gave the best results on ligM land* were Stone's Early, Stand-
ard, Howard's No. 4, Howard's No. 36, Fountain and Dr. Arp.
On heavy soil, Howard's No. 4, Lehman's No. 2, Howard's No. 36,
AVatson, Dr. Arp and Stone's Early. The most noticeable varieties
were Stone's Early which was very early, of medium size, good
quality and the most productive, and Howard's No. 4 which was
remarkable for size, beauty, quality and productiveness.

SPRAYING CROPS.

In growing all fruit and vegetable crops, insecticides and fungi-
cides were used according to the calendar appended to this bulletin.
Check trees or plants were left in all cases.

Insecticides. The main dependence for the destruction of leaf
and fruit-eating insects has been upon Paris Green, with arsenate of
lead and Arsenic Lime upon the peach, cherry and Japanese plum.
Kerosene and soap solutions applied in a fine spray or mist or in
water were used for aphides, scale and other insects that feed by
sucking the juices of plants.

*The Sample in these plots was injured by standing water during the winter.

10

Fungicides. The principal fungicides used were the copper sul-
fate in the form of Bordeaux mixture and simple solution, i. e. 1 lb.
copper sulfate to 25 gallons of water, but in a few cases a trial of
other well-known combined insecticides and fungicides was made.

Bordeaux mixture. (Full strength.) The formula used for mak-
ing this mixture has been, 4 lbs. copper sulfate, 4 lbs. caustic lime
(fresh unslaked), 50 gallons of water. The formulas 4 lbs. copper
sulfate, 5 lbs. caustic lime and 50 gallons of water or 5 lbs. copper
sulfate, 5 lbs. caustic lime and 50 gallons of water are also largely
used with satisfactory results. Dilute Bordeaux is made of 4 lbs.
copper sulfate, 4 lbs. caustic lime Siud 100 gallons ofivater.

Many reports come to us of difficulties in preparing and applying
this mixture, which difficulty can be generally traced to the imperfect
slaking of the lime or to the failure to dilute the lime mixture suf-
ficiently before it is mixed with the copper sulfate solution. The
lime should be slaked by applying a small quantity of water at a
time, adding more only as fast as it is taken up by the lime, then
when all the lime is slaked into a powder or thick paste add water
until a very thin milk-like liquid is produced. At least five gallons
of water to the 4 or 5 lbs. of lime isrieeded to make it pour and strain
well when added to the copper solution, which should also be at
least 5 gallons in quantity.

The lime mixture should be strained through two thicknesses of coarse
burlap or a fine onesh strainer when it is added to the copper solu-
tion, and the mixture strained when poured into the pump-tank or
barrel. Very vigorous and continued stirring should be kept up dur-
ing the mixing of the lime and the copper solution.

Stock solution. While the freshly prepared Bordeaux mixture will
always give the best results, stock solutions of 25 to 50 lbs. of each
substance may be made when a large amount of spraying is to be
done, but they miist not be put together until ready for spraying.

Combined Insecticide and Fungicides. In almost all cases an
insecticide was used with the Bordeaux, thus saving one-half of the
labor of applying the two.

SPRAYING OF FRUITS.

The Ap)p)le.* Upon fruiting trees Paris green was used at the rate
of ^ pound to 50 gallons of the Bordeaux mixture up to about July

*See Spraying Calendar.

11

1st. The solution of copper sulfate, 3 ounces to 50 gallons of water,
was applied toward the last of September. The season having been
unfavorable for the growth of fungi, the fruit was unusualh' free
from scab and the benefit from the use of fungicides was not so
apparent, but marked results were obtained from the use of insec-
ticides.

The Plum* (European). Marked results were obtained from the
use of the Bordeaux mixture and Paris green in the prevention of the
growth of the black knot and the rotting of the fruit. No shot-hole
fungus has appeared for many years on trees that were sprayed.
(Japanese Plums and Cherries.) In the spraying of these fruits the
dilute Bordeaux mixture (4 lbs. copper sulfate, 4 lbs. caustic lime to
100 gallons of water) was used without injury to the foliage, while
with the full strength Bordeaux the leaves were seriously injured.
For the destruction of the plum curculio and other leaf-eating insects,
in place of Paris green, which has proved so effectual upon the apples
and European plum but which cannot be used on peach, cherry
or Japanese plum, the arsenate of lead and Arsenic Lime were used,
the former being preferred.

The Peach. In an orchard containing 42 varieties in their fifth
year's growth, two trees of each variety, — one tree was sprayed with
the dilute Bordeaux and arsenic lime J lb. to 50 gallons, first as soon as
the petals were fallen, secoud ten days later and about the middle of
July with the dilute Bordeaux mixture alone for the peach scab, while
the other was left unsprayed. The result of this spraying was very
marked, the fruit on the sprayed trees being larger, of better color
and nearly free from scab, and the foliage more perfect and of better
color.

To test the value of several insecticides found in the market adver-
tised not to injure the foliage of the peach, cherry and Japanese
plum, the Clark orchard was divided into 9 plots. This orchard
consists of 4 rows of Japanese plums, 88 trees ; 3 rows of European
plums, 66 trees ; 1 row of American or native plums, 22 trees ; 4
rows of pears, 88 trees ; 1 row of cherries, 22 trees ; 14 rows of
peaches and apples, 253 of the former and 77 of the latter. The
plots are arranged across the rows and include all of the above kinds-
of fruit thus :

*See Spraying Calendar.

12

c
pi

3 a; '3

w :

Ml5

CS cc -
O '^ aj

«5

r^

■^ !K

-^ !^^ 4)

=^ 5^ s

a ?^ G

I— &

3 S S
ci " *

54

81

54

81

54

81

54

81

54

trees

trees

trees

trees

trees.

trees

trees

trees

trees

o o

o o o

o o

o o o

o o

O 0 o

o o

O 0 o

O 0

o o

o o o

0

o o

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3.

No. 4

Plot No. 1 was sprayed with dilate Bordeaux (4-4-100) and ^ lb.
Green Arsenoid. Plot No. 2, dilute Bordeaux and ^ lb. Insect
Green. Plot No. 3, dilute Bordeaux and ^Ib. Arsenic Lime. Plot
No. 4, dilute Bordeaux and 1 lb. arsenate of lead. Applications were
made May 21st and 30tli with the combined insecticide and fungicide,
and July 9th with the dilute Bordeaux alone. The results of this test
were that the foliage of the peach, cherry and Japanese plums was
slightly injured by the Green Arsenoid and Insect Green, but no
injury could be discovered where the Arsenic Lime or arsenate of
lead were used.

Numerous prepared insecticides and fungicides have been put on
the market the past year, trials of many of which were made in the
station orchards and vineyards, but with no results that warrant pub-
lication further than to say that good results were obtained with
many of them, but their value as compared with the standard prep-
arations cannot be determined without further trial. It would be a
great advantage to the farmer and horticulturist if they could pur-
chase ready for use reliable combined insecticides and fungicides at
reasonable prices that would be as effective as the fresh home mixed
product.

PUMPS AND NOZZLES.

During the past year many new pumps have been put on the mar-
ket, some of which are improvements upon those formerly in use,
but with little or no reduction in price.

The Vermorel nozzle of many forms, the Cyclone, the Bordeaux
and other nozzles are now arranged in clusters of from two to five
so that a large amount of liquid can be distributed in a short time,
thus greatly reducing the cost of spraying large trees.

13

Hose. After a trial of many kinds of hose, it has been found that,,
for ordinary spraying, the half-inch liose is the most satisfactory,
being less liable to crack from kinking or knotting up, lasting
longer and costing less than the three-fourths inch or inch hose.

Pumps, nozzles and hose should be cleaned by running clear water
through them after using, and all tubs or barrels used in mixing
should have water in them to prevent becoming leaky if left stand-
ing in a dry place.

SPRAYING CALENDAR.

PLANT.

APPLE

(Scab, codling moth,bud moth,
tent caterpil/ar, canker worm,
plum curcuUo.)

BEAN

(Anthracnose, leaf blight.)

CABBAGE

( Worms.)

CELERY

(^Bust and blight.)

CHERRY*

{Rol, aphis, slug, plum cur-
cuUo, black knot.)

CURRANT \

GOOSE 15ERRY ( " "
C Worms, leaf blight.)

GRAPE

( Fungoxis diseases, rose bug,
■etc.)

NURSERY STOCK

(Fung-ous diseases.)

PEACH, NECTARINE*

(7Jo<, mildeic, scab.)

PEAR

(Leaf blight, scab, psylla,
<;odling moth, blister mite. J

PLUM*t

C CurcuUo, black
blight, brown rot. J

knot, leaf

<3UrNCE

( Leaf and fruit spot.)

RASPBERRY )

Br>\CKKERRY[

DEWBERRY )

{Rust, anthracnose,leaf blight)

STRAWBERRY

{Rust, black Paria, etc.)

TOMATO

{Rot, blight, flea beetle.)

POTATO

{Flea beetle, Colorado beetle,
blight and rot.)

FIRST APPLICATION.

When buds are swelling,
Bordeaux.

When third leaf expands,
Bordeaux.

Insect powder 1 lb. to 25
lbs. of plaster or cheap flour
dusted into the head.

Spray in seed bed with
Bordeaux every two weeks.

As buds are breaking,
Bordeaux; when aphis
appear, kerosene and water.

Spray bushes with Bor-
deaux before leaves start.
At first aiipearance of
worms, hellebore. Thor-
ough application in water.

In spring when buds
swell, Bordeaux.

When first leaves appear,
Bordeaux and Paris green*
or arsenate of lead.

As the buds swell, Bor-
deaux and arsenate of lead
for plum curculio.

As buds are swelling,Bor-
deaux.

When buds are swelling,
Bordeaux,

When blossom buds ap-
pear, Bordeaux and Paris
green.

Before buds break, Bor-
deaux.

As soon as growth begins,
with Bordeaux and Paris
green. Dip plants in Bor-
deaux before setting.

Soon after planting use
Bordeaux.

Spray with Paris green
and Bordeaux when about
one-half grown.

SECOND APPLICATION.

If canker worm and plum
curculio are abundant just
before blossoms open, Bor-
deaux and Paris green.

10 days later, Bordeaux.

7-10 daj's later, repeat.

Dip plants in Bordeaux
before planting.

When fruit has set, Bor-
deaux and arsenate of lead.
If slugs appear, dust leaves
with air slacked lime or
hellebore.

10 days later, hellebore.
Bordeaux.

Just before flowers un-
fold, Bordeaux and Paris
green.

10-14 days, repeat first.

When frnit has set, Bor-
deaux and arsenate of lead
for curculio.

.lust before blossoms
open, Bordeaux and Paris
green. Kerosene and water
when leaves open for
psylla.

W^hen blossoms have
fallen, Bordeaux and Paris
green. Arsenate of lead in
place of Paris green for
Japanese plum.

When fruit has set, Bor-
deaux and Paris green.

Bordeaux and Paris green
just before the blossoms
open.

When first blossoms open
spray both young and old
plantation. Bordeaux and
Paris green.

Repeat as soon as fruit is
formed, fruit can be wiped
if disfigured by Bordeaux.

Repeat before insects be-
come too numerous.

*Pari9 green cannot be used on foliage of cherry, peach, Japanese plum, apricot

and nectarine without injury.
tBlack knots on plums or cherries should be cut and burned as soon as discovered

THIRD APPLICATION .

When blossoms have
fallen, Boreleaux and Paris
green.

14 days later, Bordeaux.

7-10 days later, repeat.

Use Bordeaux until bank-
ing begins.

10-14 days if rot appears,
Bordeaux. Arsenate of lead
for plum curculio.

If worms persist, belle-
bore.

When fruit has set, Bor
deaux and Paris green.

10-14 days, repeat first.

When fruit is one-half
grown, Bordeaux.

After blossoms have fal
len, Bordeaux and Paris
green. If nece3sarj% kero
sene and water.

10-14 days later, Bordeaux
and Paris green.

10-20 days later Bordeaux

(Orange or red rust is
treated best by destroying
the plants attacked in its
early stages.)

Spray new plantation
Bordeaux.

Repeat first when neces-
sary .

Repeat for blight, rot and
insects as potatoes ap-
proach maturity.

FO0RTH APPLICATION.

8-12 days later, Bordeaux
and Paris green.

14 days later, Bordeaux.

Repeat in 10-14 days if
necessary

Freedom from disease de-
pends largely upon good cul-
tivation and an abunilance
of plant food in the soil.

10-14 days later, weak
solution of copi^er sulfate,
3 oz. to 50 gallons water.

2 to 4 weeks later, if any
disease appears, weak solu-
tion of copper sulfate.f

2 to 4 weeks later, Bor
ileaux.

10-14 daj's repeat first.

t5-7 days later, weak solu-
tion of copper sulfate.

Fifth application.

10-14 daj'S later, Bordeaux.
Use dilute copper sulfate
solution in Sept. for scab if
season is wet.

Spraying with Bordeaux
after the pods arc one-half
grown will injure them for
market.

Repeat after every rain
when fruit begins to color.

After fruit is gathered,
Bordeaux.

Weak solution of copper
sulfate.

5-7 days later, repeat.

10-14 days later, weak solu-
tion of copper sulfate.

8-12 days later, repeat 10 2ndays later, weak so-
third. lutionof copper sulfate.

10-20 days later, Bordeaux.

10-20 days later, Bordeaux

Spray after fruit is gath
ered with Bordeaux.

Repeat third if weather is
moist.

tTry weak solution of
copper sulfate as fruit
begins to ripen.

10-20 days later, copper
sulfate solution as fruit is
ripening.

10-20 days later, repeat.

*For aphides or plant lice, kerosene and water applied in fine mist onlj- in bright
drying weather.

flf a pailful of lime wash, well strained, be added to each barrel full of copper so-
lution—4 ounces to 50 gallons— delicate foliage like that of the peach, etc., will
not be injured.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 74.

I. ANALYSES OF MANURIAL SUBSTANCES SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.

II. ANALYSES OF PARIS GREEN AND OTHER INSECTICIDES,

III. INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING THE SAMPLING OF MATERIALS TO BE FOR-

WARDED FOR INVESTIGATION.

IV. DISCUSSION OF TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS.

V. LAWS FOR THE REGULATION OF THE TRADE IN COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS

IN MASSACHUSETTS,

VI. INSTRUCTIONS TO MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS, AGENTS, AND SELLERS

OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

]VI.2^I^OH, lOOl.

AMHKR8T, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1901.

HATCH Z2XFERZZIIISUT STiLTZO!^

OF THE

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D.,

William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,

George E. Stone, Ph. D.,

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D.

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,

Charles .H. Fernaxd, Ph. D.,

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,

J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,

Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,

Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,

James E. Halligan, B. Sc,

Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,

Philip H. Smith, B. Sc,

James W. Kellogg, B. Sc,

George A. Drew, B. Sc,

Henry L. Crane, B. Sc,

Charles L. Rice,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding).
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(Fooc\s and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist(¥ oods and Feeding) .
Ass't C/iemis« (Foods and Feeding).
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANU-
RIAL SUBSTANCES SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.

AVOOD ASHES.

820-833.

I.

II.

III.

ly.

V.

Moisture at 100°
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

Received from Boston, Mass.
Received from Medway, Mass.
Received from Gleasondale, Mass.
Received from No. Hatfield, Mass.
Received from Lakeville, Mass.

C.

I.

12.67

3.95

1.66

29.61

17.57

II.

15.72

5.69

1.48

32.15

11.23

Per cent
III.

1.76

6.03

1.84
35.95
18.50

IV.

2.15
3.94
1.36
44.82
9.93

834-838.

Received from Sunderland, Mass.
Received from Lakeville, Mass.
Received from Haverhill, Mass.
Received from Lakeville, Mass.
Received from Chicopee, Mass.

C,

I.

II.
III.
IV.

V.

Moisture at 100°
Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

839-843. I- and II. Received from Chicopee, Mass.

III. Received from Lexington,. Mass.

IV. and V. Received from No. Hadley, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C.
Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter,

V.

4.61

6.30

1.22

34.68

16.15

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

17.32

3.37

6.31

14.62

1.57

5.28

5.62

5.85

3.72

6.24

1.40

1.50

1.87

1.54

2.10

31.06

38.76

35.30

33.20

40.45

12.17

15.33

13.42

13.16

4.33

Per Cent.

I.

II. III.

IV.

V.

1.33

1.35 10.86

3.35

15.60

7.22

6.66 4.82

5.92

5.92

2.17

2.02 1.22

1.20

1.38

42.00

41.69 36.72

38.52

30.48

3.67

3.72 9.55

10.00

10.94

844-848. I- and II. Received from Sunderland, Mass.

III. Received from No. Amherst, Mass.

IV. and V. Received from Sunderland, Mass.

Moisture at 100" C.
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter.

COTTON SEED MEAL.

849-853. I. and II. Received from No. Hadley, Mass.

III., IV., and V. Received from No. Hatfield, Mass.

Per Cen

t.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

9.70

12.03

14.88

13.68

13.01

7.24

7.62

5.43

6.21

6.55

1.46

1.50

1.27

1.02

1.65

31.56

33.04

28.13

32.53

30.97

13.99

9.26

19.18

13.59

15.16

I.

Per Cent.
II. III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100" C,

5.25

5.57 5.72

7.45

6.92

Nitrogen,

7.20

7.48 7.41

6.66

7.10

854-859. I- and II. Received from No. Hatfield, Mass.

III. Received from Springfield, Mass.

IV. and V. Received from Hatfield, Mass.
VI. Received from Sunderland, Mass.

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Moisture at 100"

c,

5.88

5.16

6.92

7.55

7.74

7.04

Nitrogen,

7.10

7.10

7.93

.6.97

7.73

6.59

Potassium oxide.

*

*

1.92

*

*

*

Phosphoric acid,

*

*

3.30

*

*

*

Insoluble matter,

*

*

.12

*

*

*

MANURES.
860-862.

I. and II. Hen manure : Received from Amherst, Mass.

III. Sheep manure : Received from Worcester, Mass.

Per Cent.

I.

Moisture at 100° C,
Phosphoric acid,
I'otassium oxide,
Nitrogen,
Insoluble matter,

COMPLETE FERTILIZERS.

863-866. I- Received from Hatfield, Mass.

II. Received from So. Hadley Falls, Mass.
III. and IV. Received from Sunderland, Mass.

*Not determined.

I.

11.

111.

41.58

9.66

9.76

1.21

3.93

1.69

2.96

1.48

2.14

1.30

1.83

2.97

*

*

4.11

Per

Cent.

I.

TI.

III.

IV.

7.46

11.10

13.86

11 22

10.75

14.10

10.88

9.32

1.06

.68

4.17

3.42

6.24

6.28

4.53

4.24

3.45

7.14

2.18

1.66

12.34

2.11

5.96

9.46

4.00

2.75

2. 98

3.50

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

7.77

4.77

6.70

45.42

50.14

12.15

36.46

.26

.74

7.80

34.14

8.13

1.16

15.74

3.28

*

*

11.97

*

*

4.63

Moisture at 100° C,
Total phosphoric acid,
Soluble phosphoric acid,
Reverted phosphoric acid,
Insoluble phosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen,

867-869. I- and II. Received from Natick, Mass.

III. Received from Hatfield, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Total phosphoric acid.
Soluble phosphoric acid.
Reverted phosphoric acid.
Insoluble' phosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen,

ANALYSES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL.

870-874.

I. Vegetable matter, received from Florence, Mass.
II. Sizing paste, received from Sunderland, Mass.
III. Cotton waste, received from Springfield, Mass.
IV. Ashes from hay and straw, received from Hyde Park, Mass.
V. Ashes, " jute waste," received from Ludlow, Mass.

Per Cent.
I. II.

Moisture at 100° C,

Organic and volatile matter.

Ash,

Total phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide.

Nitrogen,

Calcium oxide.

Magnesium oxide.

Ferric and aluminum oxides,

Sodium oxide.

Sulphuric acid.

Chlorine,

Insoluble matter,

875-879. I- Hair waste, received from Saugus, Mass.

II. Fresh cut bone, received from Boston, Mass.
III. Fleshings, received from East Weymouth, Mass.

*Not determined.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

69.96

61.45

7.51

.40

.19

70.80

94.42

*

*

*

29.20

5.58

*

*

*

.06

.02

.45

1.02

.54

*

*

1.31

1.55

.51

.44

1.13

1.47

*

*

.54

*

2.03

5.22

6.04

*

*

«

«

.39

*

*

*

*

7.60

*

*

*

*

3.84

«

*

*

* Trace.

*

*

*

*

.57

*

*

*

66.35

81.02

Per Cent

I.

II.

ill.

IV.

V.

6.52

24.98

6.96

3.17

56.44

22.77

*

43.14

*

*

.51

16.85

.31

1.02

.85

*

5.26

*

*

«

*

11.59

*

*

*

.14

*

¥^

3.74

.27

£.22

3.00

7.55

1.61

.77

4.10

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

48.35

20.06

6

IV. Wool Waste, received from Natick, Mass.
V. Sewage, received from Boston, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,

Ash,

Total phosphoric acid,

Reverted pliosphoric acid.

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

Potassium oxide,

Nitrogen,

Sodium oxide.

Insoluble matter,

880-884.

I. Bone, received from Worcester, Mass.
II. Tobacco dust, received from Worcester, Mass.
III. Linseed meal, received from Hatfield, Mass.
IV. Havana tobacco grower, received from Sunderland, Mass.
V. Wool waste, received from So. Berlin, Mass.

Moisture at 100* C,

Organic and volatile matter,

Ash,

Total phosphoric acid.

Reverted phosphoric acid,

Insoluble phosphoric acid.

Potassium oxide,

Nitrogen,

Chlorine,

Calcium oxide.

Insoluble matter.

Per (

Dent.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

6.28

5.45

7.06

*

7.95

33.86

*

*

*

*

66.14

*

*

*

*

26.78

1.28

1.59

*

.27

10.05

«

*

*

*

16.73

*

*

*

*

*

6.81

1.58

*

1.07

3.90

2.16

5.26

*

.39

*

*

*

10.05

*

*

*

*

*

2.03

*

6.46

.58

*

*

SOILS.

885-889. I., IL, III., and IV. Received from Florence, Mass.

V. Received from Amherst, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,

Organic and volatile matter,

Ash,

Potassium oxide,

Phosphoric acid.

Nitrogen,

Calcium oxide,

*Not determined.

Pel

I- Cent.

1.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

32.16

55.15

43.87

40.08

8.78

47.38

52.39

56.97

46.74

*

52.62

47.61

43.03

53 26

*

*

*

*

*

.33

.67

.20

.21

.09

.10

.55

.27

.54

.34

.44

1.22

.12

.63

.75

.49

800-892t I. Received from Grafton, Mass.

II. and III. Received from Amesbury, IMass.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C.

Organic and volatile matter,

Ash,

Potassium oxide,

Phosphoric acid,

Nitrogen,

Calcium oxide,

Ferric and aluminum oxide.

Chlorine,

Acidity,

*Not determined.

I.

II.

III.

87.73

58.23

66.60

98.67

84.17

86.43

1.33

15.83

13.57

*

.15

.12

.03

.10

.08

.38

.59

.46

none

none

none

*

1.37

1.03

*

.01

.02

*

.OIG

.002

IT.
ANALYSES OF PARIS GREEN AND OTHER INSECTICIDES.

The material, which served for our investigations was collected
during the month of December, 1900 and of January, 1901 of deal-
ers in our State.

893-897. I- Paris green manufactured by I. Pfeiffer, New York
City. Bought in Springfield, Mass., Dec. 15, 190u.

II. Paris green manufactured by A. B. Ansbacher & Co., New
Y^ork City. Bought in Springfield, Mass., Dec. 15, 1900.

III. Paris green manufactured byAlsberg & Pfeiffer, New Y^'ork
City. Bought in Springfield, Mass., Dec. 15, 1900.

IV. Paris green manufactured by Hampden Paint & Chemical
Co., Springfield, Mass. Bought in Springfield, Mass., Dec.
15, 1900.

V. Paris green manufactured by Cawley, Clark & Co., Newark,
N. J. Bought in Springfield, Mass., Dec. 15, 1900.

Per Cent.
I.

Moisture at 100^ C, .71

Copper oxide, 30.59

Arsenious oxide, 57.44

II.

III.

IV.

V.

.75

.53

.55

.56

30.14

30.35

30.62

30.61

56.40

58.57

56.73

59.72

8

898-902. I- Paris green " Lion brand," manufactured by Jas. A.
Blanchard, New York City. Bought in Boston, Mass., Jan.
15, 1901.

II. Paris green " Lion brand " manufactured by Jas. A. Blanch-
ai'd. New York City. Bought in Boston, Jan. 15, 1901.

III. Paris green manufactured by A. B. Ansbacher, New York
City. Bought in Boston, Mass., Jan. 15, 1901.

IV. Paris green manufactured by Leggett & Bro., New York
City. Bought in Worcester, Mass., Jan. 16, 1901.

V. Paris green manufactured by E. & F. King Co., Boston,
Mass. Bought in Bostou, Mass., Jan. 15, 1901.

Per Cent.
I. II. III. IV. V.

Moisture at 100° C, .60 .34 .60 .56 .52

Copper oxide, 29.85 29.26 30.15 29.73 29.49

Arsenious oxide, 59.38 58.45 57.67 58.08 57.89

903-906. I- Paris green manufactured by C. T. Raynolds &Co.,
New York City. Bought in Boston, Mass., Jan. 15, 1901.

II. Paris green, "Lion brand, new process," manufactured by
Jas. A. Blanchard, New York City. Bought in Boston,
Mass., Jan. 15, 1901.

III. Paris green sent in from Amherst, Mass.

IV. Paris green sent in from Amherst, Mass.

Moisture at 100" C,
Copper oxide,
Arsenious oxide,

907-911. I- Pink arsenoid, or lead arsenite, manufactured by
Adler Color & Chemical Works, New York City. Sent on
by company.

II. Green arsenoid, or copper arsenite, manufactured by Adler
Color & Chemical Works, New York City. Sent on by com-
pany.

III. White arsenoid, or barium arsenite, manufactured by Adler
Color & Chemical Co., New York City. Sent on by com-
pany.

IV. Laurel green, manufactured by Nichols Chemical Co., Syra-
cuse, N. Y. Sent in from Amherst, Mass.

V. Bug death, manufactured by Danforth Chemical Co., Leomin-
ster, Mass. Sent in from Amherst, Mass.

I.

Per Cent.
II. III.

IV.

.55

3.72 .96

.45

30.72

21.65 30.65

2«.44

58.03

52.78 58.06

58.99

Per Cent.

I.

II,

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100°

C,

.35

1.44

2.35

7.64

.03

Lead oxide,

53.83

*

.96

*

1.58

Arsenious oxide,

40.16

50.

77

31.90

7.34

*

Copper oxide,

*

31.

90

*

13.50

*

Barium oxide.

*

*

48.31

*

*

Zinc oxide.

*

*

*

*

78.86

Calcium oxide.

*

*

*

26.31

*

Ferric and Aluminum

oxides,

*

«

*

*

3.80

Chlorine,

*

*

3.19

*

*

Carbonic acid,

*

*

8.92

*

*

III.

INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING THE SAMPLING OF MATE-
RIALS TO BE SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION WITH
STATEMENTS OF CONDITIONS TO SECURE
ANALYSES FREE OF CHARGE.

It is of the utmost importance tliat parlies forwarding fertilizing
substances for examination should take particular pains in sampling,
packing and forwarding such materials in order that the analyses
obtained may represent the average composition of the goods
sampled, that no addition or loss of moisture in transportation may
be effected and that the package be addressed to the proper depart-
ment.

All samples are received and entered in the order of their arrival
at this office. Each sample is assigned a number and is taken up
for investigation in the order in which it has been received.

All samples should be addressed to Dr. C. A. Goessinaiiii,
Chemical Department of the Hatch Experiment Station, Am-
herst, Mass., to prevent confusion and possible delay. Express

charges must always be prepaid. The name of the Sender should
be enclosed in an envelope and placed Inside the receptacle

together with a statement of the nature of the material forwaided
for analysis ; whether it is an agricultural chemical, mixed fertilizer,
a wood ash or the by-product of some manufacturing industry.

10

The receipt of all samples will be acknowledged by return mail
and the results of analysis will be forwarded free of charge to all
farmers as soon as completed.

The results of all analyses of samples made at the Station, free of
charge, are considered at the disposal of the managers for publica-
tion if deemed advisable.

SAMPLING OF MATERIAL IN BULK.

In sam[)iing such materials as wood ashes, cotton hull ashes and
in fact any material in bulk, portions should be taken from various
parts of the heap and placed on a thick, smooth piece of paper and
thoroughly mixed ; from this mixture should be drawn a sample of
about one pound which should be placed in a clean bottle, jar or tin
can tightly stoppered and sealed in order to retain the moisture con-
ditions of the original material.

SAMPLING OF MATERIAL IN BAGS.

In sampling material which is shipped in bags, portions should be
drawn from at least ten per cent of the number of bags present. A
fair sample may be obtained by emptying about ten per cent of the
bags present on a clean floor or other smooth surface and thoroughly
mixing ; small amounts are then taken from different parts of the
heap and an average sample drawn as has been previously described.

SAMPLING OF SOILS.

The correct taking of representative soil samples, when such are
desired for chemical investigation, is of the first importance, as with-
out a properly taken sample, the results which a careful chemical
analysis will show become of little value. The sample should be
taken from different portions of the field and to a depth not exceed-
ing the downward limit of the surface soil. After selecting a place
where a sample is to be taken, pull up all growing vegetation and
remove all surface matter which is not a part of the soil. Dig a
hole in the soil about two feet square, making the sides smooth and
clean by means of a sharp pointed shovel or other instrument ; now
place a sharp bladed shovel at the point of separation of the surface
soil from the subsoil and by means of another flat bladed instrument
shave off a portion (about two inches) from all four sides of the
aperture letting the soil fall into a shovel which is held in a proper
position to receive the same. Place the soil in a suitable receptacle
and proceed to take other samples in a like manner from several
different parts of the field. The large bulk of soil which has thus

11

been taken is now placed on a clean floor or on a large piece of thick
paper and thoroughly broken up and mixed, after which an average
sample is drawn and placed in a glass jar or bottle. The i)ottle is
then securely stoppered and sealed, properly labelled and forwarded
for the subsequent chemical examination.

A description of the soil should accompany the sample or be sent
in a sealed letter, setting forth the locality, depth at which the sam-
ple was taken, nature of subsoil and depth, the method of fertiliza-
tion and crop rotation which has been in practice, general fitness of
land for cultivation and all other information that would be of inter-
est or assistance to the chemist in formulating his report.

Care should be exercised in sampling when the weather conditions
are normal and no time should be lost between the drawing of the
sample and the forwarding of same to the laboratory. This point
applies with equal force to all materials forwarded for investigation.

STATEMENT OF CONDITIONS TO SECURE ANALYSES

FREE OF CHARGE.

APPLICATION FOR FREE ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZING

MATERIAL.

Name of Material^

Name of mamifacturer or dealer^

Address of manufacturer or dealer,

Date of purchase,

Price paid per ton,

Whether bought for oivn use or for sale,

Signature of Applicant,

Post Office Address,

A printed copy of the above stated questions will be sent here-
after from this office to every aiiplicant for an analysis free of charge,
to be answered by him according to his best information, before his
request can be considered.

The object of this course is to impart a more general interest in
the results of this work of the Station and to assist in an efficient
management of the official inspection of commercial fertilizers and
fertilizing materials by making known the names of licensed as well
as unlicensed dealers in our State.

12

The call for free analysis has gradually reached such proportions
that the expenses necessarily incurred in the worii have become a
serious feature in the management of the financial resources at our
disposal.

It is to be hoped that all parties interested in this important work
of the Station will aid us by complying with our request.

IV.

DISCUSSION OF TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGRE-
DIENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.

1901.1900.

Cents per pound.

Nitrogen in ammonia salts,

" nitrates,

Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat, blood,

and in high-grade mixed fertilizers,
" " " fine bone and tankage,

" " " medium bone and tankage,

Phosphoric acid soluble in water,

" " soluble in ammonium citrate,

" " in fine ground fish, bone and tankage,

" "in cottonseed meal, castor pomace

and wood ashes,
" "in coarse fish, bone and tankage,

" " insoluble (in water and in am. cit.)

in mixed fertilizers.
Potash as Sulphate, free from Chlorides,
" " Muriate,

The market value of low priced materials used for manurial pur-
poses, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime, barnyard manure,
factory refuse and waste materials of different description, quite
frequently does not stand in close relation to the current market
value of the amount of essential articles of plant food they contain.
Their cost varies in different localities. Local facilities for cheap
transportation and more or less advantageous mechanical conditions
for a speedy action, exert as a rule, a decided influence on their
selling price.

The market cost of the different essential elements of plant food,
with the exception of the nitrogen compounds and available phos-
phoric acid compares favorably with the prices of the same ingredients
for the year 1900. Nitrogen compounds with the exception of the

16.5

17.0

14.0

13.5

16.0

15.5

16.0

15.5

12.0

11.0

5.0

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.0

4.5

4.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

2.0

2.0

5.0

5.0

4.25

4.25

13

ammonia salts show a material increase in cost as compared with
the previous year.

The above schedule of trade values is based upon the condition of
the fertilizer market in centres of distribution in New P^ngland dur-
ing the six months preceding March 1900 and refers to the current
market prices of the leading standard raw materials which enter
largely into the manufacture of our commercial fertilizers.

The following is a list of such materials :
Sulphate of Ammonia, Dissolved bone,

Nitrate of Soda, Ground phosphate rock,

Azotiue, Acid phosphate,

Dried blood, Refuse bone black,

Cotton seed meal, High grade sulphate of potash,

Castor pomace. Muriate of potash.

Linseed meal. Sulphate of potash-magnesia.

Dry ground fish, Kainit,

Bone and tankage, Sylviuite,

Dry ground meat. Crude saltpetre.

Valuation. The approximate value of a compound fertilizer or
any material used for fertilizing purposes is obtained by calculating
the value of each of the three essential elements of plant food (nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, including the different
forms of each wherever different forms are recognized in the table),
in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer and multiply each product by
twenty to change it to a ton basis. The sum of these values will
give the total approximate value of the fertilizer per ton at the prin-
cipal places of distribution.

V.

LAWS FOR THE REGULATION OF THE TRADE IN COM-
MERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN MASSACHUSETTS.

An Act to regulate the sale of commercial fertilizers.
Acts for 1896, Chapter 297.
Be it enacted., etc., as follows :

Section 1. Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or fertil-
izer material sold or offered or exposed for sale within this Com-
monwealth shall be accompanied by a plainly printed statement,
clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of fertilizer in

I

14

the package, the name, brand or trade-mark under which the fertili-
zer is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or importer,
the location of the factory, and a chemical analysis stating the per-
centage of nitrogen, of potash soluble in distilled water, and of
phosphoric acid in available form soluble in distilled water and
reverted, as well as the total phosphoric acid. In the case of those
fertilizers which consist of other and cheaper materials said label
shall give a correct general statement of the composition and ingre-
dients of the fertilizer it accompanies.

Section 2. Before any commercial fertilizer is sold or offered or
exposed for sale tlie importer, manufacturer or party who causes it
to be sold or offered for sale within this Commonwealth shall file
with the director of the Hatch experiment station of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College a certified copy of the statement named
in section one of this act, and shall also deposit with said director at
his request, a sealed glass jar or bottle containing not less than one
pound of the fertilizer, accompanied by an affidavit that it is a fair
average sample thereof.

Section 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
brand of commeicial fertilizer or fertilizer material shall pay for
each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to the direc-
tor of the experiment station, an analysis fee of five dollars for each
of the three following fertilizing ingredients: namely, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium, contained or claimed to exist in said
brand of fertilizer : provided, that whenever the manufacturer or
importer shall have paid the fee herein required for any person act-
ing as agent or seller for such manufacturer or importer, such agent
or seller shall not be required to pay the fee named in this section ;
and on receipt of said analysis fees and statement specified in sec-
tion two the director of said station shall issue certificates of com-
pliance with this act.

Section 4. No person shall sell or offer or expose for sale in this
Commonwealth any pulverized leather, hair or wool waste, raw,
steamed, roasted or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient
of any fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed certificate of
the fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed to every package
of such fertilizer or manure, and to accompany or go with every
parcel or lot of the same.

Section 5. Any person selling or offering or exposing for sale
any commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the first

15

section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer contains
a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents mentioned
in said section tiian is contained therein, or respecting the sale of
which all the provisions of the foregoing section have not been fully
complied with, shall forfeit fifty dollars for the first offence and one
hundred dollars for each subsequent offence.

Section 6. This act shall not afiE'ect parties manufacturing,
im|)orting or purchasing fertilizers for their own use and not to sell
in this Commonwealth.

Section 7. The director of the experiment station shall pay the
analysis fees, as soon as received by him, into the treasury of the
station, and shall cause one analysis or more of each fertilizer or
fertilizer material to be made annually, and shall publish the results
from time to time, with such additional information as the circum-
stances render advisable, provided such information relates only to
the composition of the fertilizer or fertilizer material inspected.
Said director is hereby authorized in person or by deputy to take a
sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for analysis, fiom any
lot or package of fertilizer or fertilizer material which may be in the
possession of an}' manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer ; but said
sample shall be drawn in the presence of said party or parties in
interest, or their representative, and taken from a parcel or a num-
ber of packages which shall be not less than ten per cent of the
whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed and then divided
into two equal samples and placed in glass vessels, and carefully
sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or brand of the
fertdizer or material sampled, the name of the party fiom whose
stock the sample was drawn, and the time and place of drawing ; and
said lal)el shall also be signed by the director or his deputy and by
the part}' or parties in interest, or their representatives present at
the drawing and sealing of said sample ; one of said duplicate sam-
ples shall be retained by the director and the other by the party
whose stock was sampled. All parties violating this act shall be
pro-ecuted by the director of said station.

Section 8. Chapter two hundred and ninety-six of the acts of the
year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight is hereb}' repealed.

Section 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of Novem-
ber in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-six.

\_Approved April 17, 1896.

16

VI.

INSTRUCTIONS TO MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS,
AGENTS AND SELLERS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILI-
ZERS AND MATERIALS US fc:D FOR MANURIAL PUR-
POSES IN MASSACHUSETTS.

1. An application for a certificate of compliance with the regu-
lations of the trade in commercial fertilizers and materials used for
manurial purposes in this state must be accompanied :

First, with a distinct statement of the name of each brand
offered for sale, the name of the manufacturer and place of
factory.

Second, with a statement of the amount of phosphoric acid, of
nitrogen and of potassium oxide guaranteed in each dis-
tinct brand.
Third, with the fee charged by the State for a certificate, which
is five dollars for each of the following articles : nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potassium oxide guaranteed in any
distinct brand.

2. The obligation to secure a certificate applies not only to
compound fertilizers but to all substances, single or compound, used
for manurial purposes offered for sale in this State.

3. The certificate of compliance with our State laws must be
secured annually before the first of May.

4. Manufacturers, importers and dealers in commercial fertili-
zers can appoint in this State as many agents as they desire after
having secured at this office the certificate of compliance with our
laws.

5. Agents of manufacturers, importers and dealers in commercial
fertilizers are held personally responsible for their transactions until
they can prove that the articles they offer for sale are duly recorded
in this office.

6. Manufacturers and importers are requested to furnish a list of
their agents.

All inquiries regarding the sales of commercial fertilizers, etc.,
may be addressed to C. A. Ooessmann, Amherst, Mass., Chemist in
charge of the official inspection of these articles.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 75.

I. ANALYSES OF MANURIAL SUBSTANCES SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.
II. ANALYSES OF LICENSED FERTILIZERS COLLECTED BY THE AGENT OF THE
STATION DURING 1901.

CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

juxv^r, 1001.

The Bulletins of this Station unll he sent free to all neiospajyers in
the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may reqtiest
the same.

AMHKR8T, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1901.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

• OB" THB

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

Hbnry H. Goodell, LL. D.,
William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,
George E. Stone, Ph. D.,
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D.
Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D.,
Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,
J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,
Henry T. Fkrnald, Ph. D.,
Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,
Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,
Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,
Jamks E. Halligan, B. Sc,
Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,
Philip H. Smith, B. Sc,
Jambs W. Kellogg, B. Sc,
George A. Drew, B. Sc,
Ralph I. Smith, B. Sc,
Charles L. Rice,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding).
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assista7it Chemist (Fertilizers;.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(Foo6s and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist (Foods and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist{F oo(\> and Feeding).
Assistant Horticultiirist .
Assistant Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in fanning as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

I.

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND INIANU-
RIAL SUBSTANCES SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.

WOOD ASHES.

Per Cent.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

7.48

7.91

10.16

15.70

5.69

5.05

6.14

6.25

1.43

1.82

1.51

1.59

30.01

35.23

34.59

27.88

21.73

13.94

16.26

12.03

912-916. I- Received from Sunderland, Mass.

J I. and III. Received from North Hatfield, INIass.
IV. and V. Received from North Amlierst, INLiss.

I.

Moisture at 100° C, 13.84

Potassium oxide, 6.18

Phosphoric acid, 1.00

Calcium oxiile, 31.95

Insoluble matter, 13.03

917-921. I. Received from Boston, Mass.

II. and III. Received from Sunderland, Mass.
IV. Received from North Hadley, Mass.
V. Received from Hawley, Mass.

Per Cent.
I.

Moisture at 100" C, .33

Potassium oxide, 6.27

Phosphoric acid, 1.23

Calcium oxide, 45.26

Insoluble matter, 3.66

922-926. 1. Received from Worcester, Mass.
II. Received from Hingham, Mass.

III. Received from Newton Centre, Mass.

IV. Received from^South Acton, Mass.
V. Received from Boston, Mass.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

12.50

11.16

3.34

2.13

6.39

4.31

8.23

4.71

1.48

1.23

1.84

1.82

35.72

38.23

38.23

33.04

8.19

10.56

15.71

7.33

I.

12.32

Per Cent.
II. III.

7.40 9.97

IV.

4.08

V.

8.40

5.68

8.36

5.60

8.52

7.48

1.40

1.66

1.23

1.51

1.56

30.00

30.50

34.22

35.25

37.39

7. 30

10.45

12.75

11.33

9.48

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter,

927-929. I- Received from Shrewsbury, Mass
II. Received from Worcester, Mass.
III. Received from Boston, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter,

LIME KILN ASHES AND COTTON HULL ASHES.

930-931. I- Lime Kiln Ashes, received from No. Hatfield, Mass.
II. Cotton Hull Ashes, received from Si)riugfield, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C.
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid.
Calcium oxide,
Insoluble matter,

Per Cent.
I. II.

4.73 li.47

III.
20.12

7.28

5.92

6.56

1.48

1.54

1.58

34.79

34.62

29.48

13.74

8.56

33.56

Per

Ueut.

I.

II.

.47

9.87

4.72

27.96

1.56

8.82

35.10

22.30

16.38

POTASH COMPOUNDS.

932-933.

I. and II. Muriate of Potash, received from Hudson, Mass.

Per Cent.
I. II.

Moisture at 100° C, 3.86 2.25

Potassium oxide, 47.70 51.72

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS.

934-936. L Nitrate of Soda, received from Amherst, Mass.
II. Nitrate of Soda, received from Hudson, Mass.
III. Sulphate of Ammonia, collected at Sunderland, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Nitrogen,

COTTON SEED MEAL.

937-940. I- Received from Sunderland, Mass.

II. Received from North Hatfield, Mass.

III. Received from North Hadley, Mass.

IV. Received from Westfield, Mass.

Per Cent.

I. II.

III.

1.60 1.82

.45

15.88 15.07

21.29

I.

6.81

Per Cent.
II. III.

6.13 6.68

IV.

5.82

7.28

7.20 6.94

7.58

Moisture at 100^ C,
Nitrogen,

TANKAGE AND BONE.

941-944. I. Tankage, received from Hoosac Tunnel, Mass.

II. Dissolved Bone Meal, received from Amherst, Mass.

III. Steamed Bone Meal, received from Amherst, Mass.

IV. Raw Bone Meal, received from Amherst, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Total Phosphoric acid.
Soluble PhosphDric acid,
Reverted Phosphoric acid.
Insoluble Phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen,

945-948.

I. Ground Bone, received from Hudson, Mass.
II. Ground Bone, collected in Sunderland, Mass.

III. Undried Tankage, received from Northboro, Mass.

IV. Condensed Bone Steam, received from Northboro, Mass.

Moisture at lOO'^ C,
Total Phosphoric acid,
Available Phosphoric acid,
Insoluble Phosphoric acid.

Nitrogen,

I.
3.17

Per Cent.
II. III.

4.70 2.77

IV.

6.65

18.78

22.26

25.20

23.80

—

2.90

14.62

11.16

11.52

4.74

14.04

12.28

4.11

1.66

2.65

3.81

Per Cent

;.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

3.77

2.38

29.00

81.75

22.80

19.62

3.51

.07

10.37

7.08

2.94

12.43

12.54

.57

—

2.85

4.53

1.06

1.94

MISCELLANEOUS PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPOUNDS.

949-952.

I. Tennessee Phosphate, received from Amherst, Mass.
II. Acid Phosphate, received from Amherst, Mass.
III. Plain Superphosphate, collected in Sunderland, Mass.
lY. Dissolved Bone Black, received from Amherst, Mass.

Per Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

.37

13.42

10.97

11.25

33.00

16.12

15.74

18.42

8.70

8.06

11.12

5.04

6.20

6.14

2.38

1.48

1.16

Moisture at 100° C,
Total Phosphoric acid,
Soluble Phosphoric acid.
Reverted Phosphoric acid.
Insoluble Phosphoric acid,

COMPLETE FERTILIZERS.

953-955. !• Received from Hingham, Mass.
II. Received from Enfield, ]\Iass.
III. Collected in Sunderland, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Total Phosphoric acid.
Soluble Phosphoric acid,
Reverted Phosphoric acid.
Insoluble Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen,

BARNYARD MANURES.

956-957. I- Received from Sunderland, Mass.
II. Received*from Amherst, Mass.

Per Cent.
I. II.

Moisture at 100° C, 68.67 66 61

Phosphoric acid, .41 .40

Potassium oxide, .66 .61

Nitrogen, .53 .52

Insoluble matter, 6.64 —

Pel

• Cent.

I.

II.

III.

9.40

4.93

7.25

13.41

3.91

6.78

7.29

3.84

3.48

1.95

1.92

2.64

1.96

1.02

2.33

15.42

10.66

2.18

6.34

5.25

MUCK.

958-959. I. and II.

Received from Amherst, Mass.

Per Cent.

I. II.

Moisture at 100° C,

3.43 2.23

Phosphoric acid,

trace. .31

Calcium oxide,

.78 .77

Nitrogen,

.43 .32

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24

TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN RAW
MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.

1901

Cents per pound

Nitrogen in ammonia salts, 16.5

" nitrates, 14.0
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat, blood,

and in higli-grade mixed fertilizers, 16.0

" " " fine bone and tankage, 16.0

" " " medium bone and tankage, 12.0

Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 5.0

" " soluble in ammonium citrate, 4.5

" " in fine ground fish, bone and tankage, 4.0
" "in cottonseed meal, castor pomace

and wood ashes, 4.0

" " in coarse fish, bone and tankage, 3.0
" " insoluble fin water and in am. cit.)

in mixed fertilizers, 2.0

Potash as Sulphate, free from Chlorides, 5.0

" " Muriate, 4.25

The market value of low priced materials used for manurial pur-
poses, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime, barnyard manure,
factory refuse and waste materials of different description, quite
frequently does not stand in close relation to the current market
value of the amount of essential articles of plant food they contain.
Tlieir cost varies in different localities. Local facilities for cheap
transportation and more or less advantageous mechanical conditions
for a speedy action, exert as a rule, a decided influence on their sell-
ing price.

Valuatioyi. The approximate value of a compound fertilizer or
any material used for fertilizing purposes is obtained by calculating
the value of each of the three essential elements of plant food (nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, including the different
forms of each wherever different forms are recognized in the tal)le),
in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer and multiply each product by
twenty to change it to a ton basis. The sum of these values will give
the total approximate value of the fertilizer per ton at the principal
places of distribution.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

BULLETIN NO. 76.

THE IMPORTED

ELM LEAF-BEETLE,

JUIv"^, iooi<

AMHERST, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1901.

HATCH X3XFZ2RIZVIENT STATION

OF THK

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

amhp:rst, mass.

Henry II. Goodell, LL. D.,

William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,

Gkorgk E. Stonk, Ph. D.,

Charles A. Gokssmann, Ph. D., LL. D.

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,

Charles H. Fkrnald, Ph. D.,

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,

J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,

Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Henry M. Jhomson, B. Sc,

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,

Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,

James E. Halligan, B. Sc,

Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,

Philip H. Smith, B. Sc,

Jambs W. Kellogg, B. Sc,

George A. Drew, B. Sc,

Ralph I. Smith, B. Sc,

Charles L. Rice,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding).
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agricxilturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers) .
First Chemist (Foods and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist (Yoods and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist (Fooc\hant\ Feeding).
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assista7it Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

H. T. FERNALD.

THE IMPORTED ELM LEAF-BEETLE.

Galcnudla lutcola Mull.

During the present summer much injury to the ehiis in this State
has been caused by the Imported Elm Leaf-Beetle, and as it is to
these trees that Massachusetts owes much of its beauty, many
inquiries have been received as to the life history of this insect and
the treatment necessary for its control.

HISTORY.

This insect is a native of Southern Europe though sometimes
found as far north as England and Sweden. It appears to have
reached this country at Baltimore, about 1835, since which time it
has slowly spread in all directions, though checked in its westward
progress by the Appalachian ranges. It probably reached south-
western Massachusetts in 1892 or 1893 as it was found in Amherst
in 1S95. Since then it has gradually spread until it has become
abundant over the entire State.

• -

LIFE HISTORY.

The elm leaf-beetle passes the winter as the adult beetle (Eig i,
c and /■), hiding wherever it can find protection. House attics,
unused chimneys, church towers, barns and other places easy of
access appear in this locality to be preferred to cracks in fences,
CFevices in the bark of trees, etc., for the purpose.

In the spring the beetles leave their hiding places about the time
the leaf buds open, and after mating, feed upon the tender leaves,
making irregular holes. When the leaves become full grown egg
laying begins, each female depositing from 400 to 600 eggs. These

are yellow and are jolaced on the lower side of the leaves, usually in
about two irregular rows close together, and from five to twenty-six
in number. After depositing a cluster the adult beetle feeds for a
longer or shorter time before again depositing, and in this way the
period of egg laying is not only extended over a considerable time,
but the injury caused by the beetle feeding is correspondingly
increased.

The eggs (Fig. i, a and e) are oval in form, attached by one end,
and somewhat pointed at the tip. They hatch in less than a week
after they are laid, and as egg laying continues for quite a period,
eggs and young more than half grown, may often be found on the
same tree.

The young larvae or grubs (Fig. i, />, g,^ feed on the under sur-
faces of the leaves leaving the upper surfaces and veins entire, thus
skeletonizing the leaf. They complete their growth in from fifteen
to twenty days at which time they are about a third of an inch in
length, with a black head and a yellowish body with a black stripe
extending on each side of the middle line of the body, from the head
to the posterior end where the stripes unite. The larvae now stop
feeding and crawl down the trunk until some crevice is found in
which the next stage may be passed, or continue to the ground at
the foot of the tree. In some cases they drop from the limbs instead
of passing down the trunk. As soon as a satisfactory spot has been
found, the grub changes to a pupa (Fig. i,/) and in this condition
remains quiet for a week or ten days, after which the adult beetle
escapes from the pupa, to lay eggs for a second brood, the history
of which is the same as that of the first brood, just described, except
that the adults of the second brood hide during the winter and lay
their eggs the following spring.

During the present year egg clusters were abundant by the fifteenth
of June and most of the grubs had completed their feeding and had
begun to crawl down the tree by the twelfth of July, though two
weeks later a few belated individuals were still making their way
downward, while beetles to lay eggs for the second brood were begin-
ning to appear, coming from the grubs which were first to pupate.

The adult beetle (Fig. i, IS) is rather more than a quarter of an
inch long, greenish or sometimes reddish yellow in color, with two
black eyes and a black spot between them, on the head, three black

spots on the thorax, and a broad blackish stripe along the back on
each side. Between these stripes the yellow ground color is divided
by a very narrow black line which runs along the middle of the back
where the wing covers meet. At the front end of the two strips of
yellow on the back is a black spot. Altogether the beetle somewhat
resembles a large Striped Cucumber Beetle.

G. I.— THE

b and

ELM leaf-beetle: i7, eggs; ^, larvae ; c, adult ; i?, eggs ; ^, larva ;/, pupa ; /!•, beetle; a,
c, natural size; e,g,j'd.nd k, much enlarged. — From U. S. Department of Agricultuie.

FOOD PLANTS.

The food of the elm leaf-beetle seems to be limited to the elm
though it has been known to deposit its eggs on one or two other
plants, perhaps under exceptional conditions. Among the elms the
English elm Ubnus campestris and its variety the Camperdown elm
are most preferred, though after the pest has become established the
American elm Uhnus ainericana is also attacked.

TREATMENT.

Where this insect is abundant, treatment for it is necessary if the
ehiis are to be preserved. Generally speaking, a tree will suffer
defoliation once or even twice without being killed, but if defoliated
three times in succession serious injury at least, if not death, must
be the result.

Spraying is undoubtedly the best way to check the attacks of the
elm leaf-beetle, and the cost is much less than might be supposed.
The spraying should be done first when the leaves are partly grown
in spring, as at this time the beetles which have wintered over feed
on the leaves for some time before laying their eggs as well as during
the intervals between the deposition of the different clusters. This
treatment will destroy many, at least, of the beetles, which woiild
otherwise produce young to do damage later in the season.

A second spraying will often be necessary however, soon after
the eggs hatch, and as the young grubs feed on the under side of the
leaves, not eating the upper surface, the aim should be to spray so
that the poison may reach the under surface of the leaves as far as
possible.

If these treatments have been neglected, or for any reason have
proved inefficient, the insects may be attacked while on the trunk
and ground where they are more accessible than when scattered
over the tree. At this time however, the damage has already been
done and by destroying the insects at this time only the size of the
following brood will be reduced. Still, this is well worth doing with
a view to protecting the trees from another attack while still in a
weakened condition.

For the same reason the destruction of all the beetles found in
hiding during the winter, is extremely desirable.

In spraying the trees Paris green or arsenate of lead may be used,
the latter being preferable as it does not burn the leaves at any
strength when properly prepared. For destroying the insects on the
trunk and ground boiling water is excellent, but as it is often impos-
sible to get it to the trees sufficiently hot, kerosene emulsion or the
mechanical mixture of kerosene and water may be found more con-
venient for use.

SPRAYING MIXTURES FOR THE ELM LEAF-BEETLE.
ARSENATE OF LEAD.

Arsenate of Soda, - - 4 oz.

Acetate of Lead, - - -11 oz.

Water, - - - 100 gallons.
Mix together and it is ready for use.

PARIS GREEN.

Paris green, - - - 1 lb.

Quick lime, - - - - 2 lbs.

Water, - - - 100 gallons.

Slack the lime in part of the water and gradually add the Paris
green : then add the rest of the water.

KEROSENE EMULSION.

Hard soap shaved fine, - 1-2 lb.

Water (soft), - - - i gallon.

Kerosene, - - - 2 gallons.

Dissolve the soap in the water, boiling ; remove from the fire,
pour in the kerosene and churn with the spray pump till it becomes,
first creamy, then soft and butter like. One part of this mixed with
five parts of soft water should be sufificiently strong to accomplish
the desired purpose.

During the present summer a soap powder known as Laundry
Chips has been used in Amherst with good success, prepared as
follows : ■

" Laundry Chips," - - 2 lbs.

Kerosene, - - - 8 gallons.

Water, . . _ ^^ gallons.

This was prepared with hot water and churned upon adding the
kerosene as in the directions above.

KEROSENE AND WATER MIXTURE.

This mixture is made entirely by the pump which consists of two
tanks so connected that the operator may fix at will the proportion
of the fluids to each other. For the elm leaf-beetle the proportion
should be i of kerosene to 3 of water.

8

SUMMARY.

Spray the tree with Arsenate of lead or Paris green when the

leaves are about half grown in spring.
Repeat this treatment soon after the eggs hatch — usually about

the first week in June but varying with the season and

locality.
Remove all loose bark on the trunk and main limbs of the tree,

that the grubs may find no place to pupate in, and so go to

the base of the tree.
Destroy the grubs and pupa^ at the base of the tree with boiling

water, kerosene emulsion or the kerosene and water mixture,

and repeat after five days if necessary.
Destroy all beetles found in hiding during the winter.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 77.

I. ANALYSES OF MANURIAL SUBSTANCES SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.
II. ANALYSES OF LICENSED FERTILIZERS COLLECTED BY THE AGENT OF THE
STATION DURING 1901.

^fiVlfl/&f/&i0 fift/fO^ VO At

CHEMICAL LABOKATORT.

IVO^^K^IVIIBEM^, lOOl.

The Bulletins of this Station loill he sent free to all newspaijers in
the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may request
the same.

AMHERST, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1901.

HATCH EXPERIMZSNT STATION

OF THB

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

ST-A.TI01sr

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D.,
William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,
George E. Stonk, Ph. D.,
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D
Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D.,
Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,
J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,
Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D.,
Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,
Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,
Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,
James E. Halligan, B. Sc,
Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,
Philip H. Smith, B. Sc,
James W. Kellogg, B. Sc,
George A. Drew, B. Sc,
Ralph L Smith, B. Sc,
Henry L. Bodfish,

Director.
AgricuUtmst.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding).
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistartt Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(Foo6ii and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist(Y oo(\s and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist(Yooda and Feeding).
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANU-
RIAL SUBSTANCES SENT ON FOR EXAMINATION.

WOOD ASHES.

960-964. I- Received from Concord, Mass.

II. Received from North Hatfield, Mass.

III. Received from Concord, Mass.

IV. Received from Southwick, Mass.
V. Received from Amherst, Mass.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,

' ?

I.
14.12

II.
3.96

III.

17.56

IV.

11.36

V.

2.72

Potassium oxide.

5.16

3.56

4.77

5.88

5.31

Phosphoric acid.
Calcium oxide.

1.54
30.42

1.28
27.42

1.59
31.97

1.89
31.54

4.58
29.48

Insoluble matter,

25.69

9.64

16.19

19.57

965-969.

I., II. and III.

Received from

Amherst, Mass

) .

IV.

Received from

North Amhersi

i, Mass.

V.

Received from

Spring

field, Mj

J,SS.

Moisture at 100° C

• ^

I.
16.22

II.
13.82

Per Cent.
III.

24.14

IV.

8.22

V.

2.62

Potassium oxide,

6.50

4.74

3.52

4.38

6.80

Phosphoric- acid.
Calcium oxide,

1.15
32.28

1.71

28.87

1.36
25.56

1.56
39.05

1.87
32.97

Insoluble matter.

9.34

16.59

10.72

5.41

13.84

970-974. I- Received from Springfield, Mass.
II. Received from Boston, Mass.

III. Received from Concord, Mass.

IV. and V. Received from Hadley, Mass.

I'er Cent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

2.12

20.12

12.85

6.79

8.60

4.66

6.56

5.40

5.44

5.04

1.54

1.58

1.33

1.38

1.25

37.78

29.48

29.14

34.84

30.24

5.96

33.56

14.83

15.69

18.76

II.

III.

IV.

V.

20.30

7.78

21.29

19.01

3.96

6.24

4.40

5.00

1.41

1.64

1.87

.97

29.74

44.70

30.98

35.44

15.02

5.63

10.06

6.69

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter,

975-979. I- Received from South Deerfield, Maes.

II., III. and IV. Received from Sunderland, Mass.
V. Received from Beverly, Mass.

Percent.
I.

Moisture at 100° C, 20.55

Potassium oxide, 1.16

Phosphoric acid, .64

Calcium oxide, 43.50

Insoluble matter, 3.91

980-984. I- and II. Received from Asylum, Mass.

III. Received from Hadley, Mass.

IV. Received from Easthampton, Mass.
V, Received from Westfield, Mass.

Per Cent.
I. II.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid.
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter,

985-989. I- Received from Concord, Mass.

II. and III. Received from South Amherst, Mass.
IV. Received from Fitchburg, Mass.
V. Received from Millis, Mass.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

14.06

11.34

.12

11.28

5.26

5.77

5.00

9.60

5.06

5.51

1.69

1.64

1.36

1.43

2.20

28.08

28.52

42.73

27.09

26.21

16.92

18.80

7.88

9.13

19.76

Moisture at 100° C,

I.
11.29

II.
17.23

Per Cent.
III.

17.45

IV.

27.04

V.

10.46

Potassium oxide,

4.71

4.65

3.48

5.26

6.60

Phosphoric acid.
Calcium oxide.

1.41

30.68

1.38
24.60

1.07
18.86

1.30
25.58

1.30
32.06

Insoluble matter,

13.50

11.42

10.47

5.81

14.89

I.
2.90

Per Cent
II.

10.77

III.
2.20

20.36

25.48

21.04

6.76

7.29

4.86

*

9.37

16.16

*

4.12

10.50

16.85

9.46

16.56

COTTON HULL ASHES.

990-992. I- Received from Southwick, Mass.
IL Received from Sunderland, Mass.
III. Received from Springfield, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide,
Sulphuric acid.
Insoluble matter,

MISCELLANEOUS ASHES.

993-995. I- Walnut Ashes, received from Boston, Mass.

II. Pine Wood Ashes, received from Hanover, Mass.
III. Ashes from Soft Coal and Sawdust, received from
Shirley, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid.
Calcium oxide.
Insoluble matter.

I.

3.79

Per Cent.
II.

2.76

III.
3.36

5.06

4.37

.73

2.07

3.0?

.74

40.73

23.61

2.80

2.29

37.46

69.53

MURIATE OF POTASH.

996-1001. I. Received from Hudson, Mass.

II. Received from Longmeadow, Mass.

III. Received from Hudson, Mass.

IV. and V. Received from Concord, Mass.
VI. Received from Seekonk, Mass.

Percent.
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

Moisture at 100° C, 2.25 .37 2.31 1.71 .32 2.54

Potassium oxide, 51.72 48.10 50.76 50.80 51.70 46.60

NITRATE OF SODA.

1002-1005. I. Received from Hudson, Mass.

II. and III. Received from Longmeadow, Mass.
IV. Received from Hudson, Mass.

* Not determined.

I.

Per Cent.
II. III.

IV.

1.82

1.09 .34

2.11

15.07

16.08 15.37

16.57

I.

II.

Per Cent.
III.

IV.

V.

6.26

6.15

9.11

7.83

11.70

7.02

7.27

6.98

6.69

1.99

*

*

*

*

8.68

*

*

*

*

1.02

Moisture at 100° C,
Nitrogen,

COTTON SEED MEAL AND TOBACCO STEMS.
1006-1010.

I. and II. Cotton Seed Meal, received from Agawam, Mass.

III. Cotton Seed Meal, received from Sunderland, Mass. M

IV. Cotton Seed Meal, received from Feeding Hills, Mass. '
V. Tobacco Stems, received from Hudson, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,
Nitrogen,
Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid,

GROUND BONE, TANKAGE, FISH AND BLOOD, MEAT

AND BONE.

1011-1014. I. Ground Bone, received from Jamesville, Mass.

II. Tankage, received from Concord, Mass.

III. Tankage, received from North Hatfield, Mass.

IV. Ground Fish, received from Hatfield, Mass.

Moisture at 100° C,

Total Phosphoric acid.

Available Phosphoric acid, * 6.98 2.15 * ■

Insoluble Phosphoric acid, "" " ""

Nitrogen,

1015-1018. I. Ground Fish, received from Hatfield, Mass.

II. and III. Blood, Bone and Meat, received from

New Lenox, Mass.
IV. Dry Ground Blood, received from Stoneham, Mass.

I.

Per Cent.
II. III.

IV.

4.63

16.73

6.11

7.54

27.76

12.05

11.67

7.68

*

6.98

2.15

*

*

5.07

9.52

*

1.84

6.47

5.36

8.23

I.

Per Cent.
II. III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C,

8.26

7.62

4.45

14.34

Total Phosphoric acid.

6.70

7.16

10.77

trace

Available Phosphoric acid.

*

4.01

4.32

*

Insoluble Phosphoric acid.

#

3.15

6.45

»

Nitrogen,

7.80

7.38

6.25

13.75

*Not determined.

PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPOUNDS.
1019.1021.

I. Dissolved Bone Black, received from New Lenox, Mass.

II. Superphosphate, received from New Lenox, Mass.

III. Dissolved Bone Blacl<, received from Westboro, Mass.

Per Cent.
I.

Moisture at 100° C, 13.70

Total Phosphoric acid, 17.76

Soluble Phosphoric acid, 14.84

Reverted Phosphoric acid, " 2.54

Insoluble Phosplioric acid, .88

LIME COMPOUNDS.
1022-1023.

I. Carbonate of Lime, received from Greenfield, Mass.
II. Waste from Gas House, received from Boston, Mass.

Per Cent.
I. II.

Moisture at 100° C, .44 .04

Calcium oxide, 51.65 53.29

Sulphuric acid, none 18.60

Insoluble matter, * .58

ir.

III.

11.17

12.09

15.10

16.84

9.83

13.43

4.20

2.46

1.07

.95

COMPLETE FERTILIZERS.

1024-1027. I., II. and III. Received from Southboro, Mass.

IV. Received from Sunderland, Mass.

Per C

ent.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

Moisture at 100° C,

9.49

12.49

5.97

7.87

Total Phosphoric acid,

4.99

5.40

10.26

10.36

Soluble Phosphoric acid,

—

3.36

5.50

3.84

Reverted Phosphoric acid,

3.74

1.50

2.74

3.84

Insoluble Phosphoric acid,

1.25

.54

2.02

2.68

Potassium oxide.

6.78

6.20

6.08

6.08

Nitrogen,

4.28

1.54

3.10

3.48

1028-1032. I- Received from Sunderland, Mass.

II. and III. Received from Soutliwick, ]Mass.
IV. Received from Shelburne Falls, Mass.
V. Received from Enfield, Mass.

* Not determined.

8

Percent.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100" C,

6.20

14.07

7.87

7.09

4.93

Total Phosphoric acid,

13.18

10.42

10.62

9.08

3.91

Soluble Phosphoric acid,

1.98

5.20

2.30

4.94

Reverted Phosphoric acid,

10.18

3.18

4.62

2.50

1.95

Insoluble Phosphoric acid.

1.02

2.04

3.70

1.64

1.96

Potassium oxide,

6.92

5.08

7.92

9.66

15.42

Nitrogen,

3.35

2.09

3.22

4.50

6.34

1033-1037. I., II., III. and IV. Received from Granby, Mass.

V. Received from Hatfield, Mass.

Percent.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture at 100° C,

9.51

9.26

10.68

11.88

8.10

Total Phosphoric acid.

9.75

8.96

8.01

8.26

4.35

Soluble Phosphoric acid,

6.91

4.52

.93

.83

1.77

Reverted Phosphoric acid.

1.41

2.57

3.73

3.34

2.17

Insoluble Phosphoric acid,

1.43

1.87

3.35

4.09

.41

Potassium oxide.

5.42

6.66

2.60

4.02

5.02

Nitrogen,

3.52

2.94

4.50

1.72

4.66

1038-1041. I. Received from Sunderland,

Mass.

II. and III. Received frc

>m North Hatfield, Mass.

IV. Received

from Jp8wi(

:h Beac

!h. Mass

Per Cent.
I. 1

Moisture at 100° C,

Total Phosphoric acid,
Soluble Phosphoric acid.
Reverted Phosphoric acid.
Insoluble Phosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen,

MUCK AND MARL.

1042-1045.

I. Muck from Salt Marsh, received from Mattapoisett, Masa.
II. Mud, received from Cummington, Mass.
III. and IV. Muck, received from Millington, Mass.

I.

11.

III.

IV-

2.85

^8.96

5.45

21.57

9.34

ll.03

10.39

8.23

2.17

2.75

2.28

4.48

6.07

5.58

2.28

1.96

1.10

2.70

5.83

1.79

15.30

3.71

5.16

10.04

5.13

4.44

2.40

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C,
Ash,

Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid,
Calcium oxide,

78.22

.33

.04

.18

II.

48.83

44.78

.21

trace

none

III.
82.45

1.18

.31

trace

trace

IV,

81.43

1.13

.22

trace

trace

1046-1048.

I.

II.

III.

Moisture at 100° C
Ash,

Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,
Calcium oxide,

Muck, received from Boston, Mass.

Mud, received from South Boston, Mass.

Mail (so called^, received from Millington, Mass.

Per Cent.
I.

78.10

16.00

.16

trace

*

trace

II.

III.

15.28

15.54

59.28

.65

.001

trace

.02

*

.29

trace

trace

1049-1054.

I.

II.
III.
IV.

V.
VI.

Moisture at 100° C
Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide.
Calcium oxide,

* Not determined.

SOILS.

River Sediment, received from Clinton, Mass.

Soil, received from Arlington, Mass.

Soil, received from Ashfield, IMass.

Soil, received from Osterville, Mass.

Soil, received from Somerville, Mass.

Salt Marsh Soil, received from West Tisbury, Mass.

Per Cent.
I. II. III.

53.48 2.38 31.99

.25 .49 .93

.12 .32 .82

.28 .13 .38

* trace 2.04

IV.

V.

VI.

36.85

1.69

18.71

.61

.30

.002

.09

*

«

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*

*

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*

trace

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i£ao;naoq«q

c-i

. 05

o

a5

oo-*io.ooT'— co-^t-cs'

CMco ocooS«*5CMCjeo,«eo

o o "^ I o

a

30

TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN RAW
MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.

1901

Cents per pound

Nitrogen in ammonia salts, ~ 16.5

" nitrates, 14.0
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat, blood,

and in high-grade mixed fertilizers, 16,0

" " " fine bone and tauknge, 16.0

" " " medium bone and tanliage, 12.0

Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 5.0

" " soluble in ammonium citrate, 4.5

" " in fine ground fish, bone and tankage, 4.0
" "in cottonseed meal, castor pomace

and wood ashes, 4.0

" "in coarse fish, bone and tankage, 3.0
" " insoluble ('in water and in am. cit.)

in mixed fertilizers, 2.0

Potash as Sulphate, free from Chlorides, 5.0

" " Muriate, , - 4.25

The market value of low priced materials used for manurial pur-
poses, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime, barnyard manure,
factory refuse and waste materials of different description, quite
frequently does not stand in close relation to the cuirent market
value of the amount of essential articles of plant food they contain.
Their cost varies in different localities. Local facilities for cheap
transportation and more or less advantageous mechanical conditions
for a speedy action, exert as a rule, a decided influence on their sell-
ing price.

Valuation. The approximate value of a compound fertilizer or
any material used for fertilizing purposes is obtained by calculating
the value of each of the three essential elements of plant food (nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, including the different
forms of each wherever different forms are recognized in the table),
in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer and multiply each product by
twenty to change it to a ton basis. The sum of these values will give
the total approximate value of the fertilizer per ton at the principal
places of distribution.

4

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

-OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 73.

CONCENTRATED FEED-STUFFS.

J^%.IV^lJA.B^"5^, loos.

The Bnlletbis of thifi Station loill he sent free to all newspapers in
the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may request
the same.

AMHERST, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTKH & MOREHOUSE.
1902.

MikTClS ESXFISRXiaZSli^T STATION

OF THK

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

amhp:rst, mass.

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D.,

William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,

George E. Stone, Ph. D.,

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D.

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,

Charles II. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,

j. e. ostrander, c. e.,

Henky T. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,

Samuel W. Wiley, B. Sc,

James E. Halligan, B. Sc,

Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,

Philip II. Smith, Jr., B. Sc,

James W. Kellogg, B. Sc,

George A. Drew, B. Sc.

Henry L. Bodfish,

Director.
Agricjilturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding).
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers;.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist (¥oo6fi am] Feeding).
Ass't Chemist (¥ooi\s and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist (Foodn and Feeding).
Assistant Ilorticultu rist .
Assista nt Horticulturist .
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals inteiested in farming as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are publifched. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst. Mass.

Division of Foods and Feeding.

Joseph B. Lindsey.*

RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS.

1. Nearly all of the cottonseed meal had a guaranty of compo-
sition, and the protein content was above the average. Consumers
are advised to purchase only guaranteed vieals.

2. A few of the linseed products were guaranteed; most of the
new process meals were of average quality, while many of the old
process were inferior. Purchasers are cautioned against unguaran-
teed linseed products.

3. A large portion of the gluten products were guaranteed, but
failed to maintain their protein guaranty in many cases. Several
lots were noticeably below the average in protein. It is advisable
to observe the guaranty before purchasing.

4. Nearly all the wheat bran and middlings were free from for-
eign admixtures and of good quality. A number of samples of
mixed feed contained ground corn cobs and wheat screenings. Of
these, some were marked Ke?itucky Milling Co., others Kentucky, and
a few were unmarked. Consumers are urged to give the preference
to those, wheat by-products bearing the name of reputable manu-
facturers.

5. Corn and hominy meals were of good quality.

6. The larger portion of the oat offal upon the market was as
usual decidedly inferior in feeding value. Many brands cost nearly
as much as corn meal, and were only one-half to t7vo-thirds as valuable.

7. Most of the mixtures sold as corn and oat feed consisted of
oat offal, together with cracked corn or hominy meal. They are
quite distinct and not as valuable as true provender, which is a mix-
ture of whole or crushed oats and cracked corn.

8. For further information see the Analytical Tables and the
article entitled, " Discussion of the Results."

♦With the cooperation of E. B. Holland, P. H. Smith, Jr., and J. W. Kellogg.

CONCENTRATED FEED-STUFFS.

A. Definition of Terms.

B. Why Concentrated Feeds are Fed.

C. Classification.

D. Manufacture.

E. Protein Standards.

F. Results of Inspection.

G. Discussion of Results.

H. Miscellaneous Feed-stuffs.

I. Economic Feeds and Rations.

J. Topics of Interest.

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS.

The term "concentrated feed," or " concentrate," taken in its
broadest sense, is meant to include the grains and other seeds of
agricultural plants, as well as their manifold by-products left behind
in the process of oil extraction and in the preparation of human
foods.

All cattle feeds, whether concentrated or coarse, are made up of
the following six groups of substances :

Water. — The several grains and by-products contain when placed
upon the market from 6 to 12 per cent of water.

Ash represents the mineral ingredients of the feed. It will remain
behind as ashes should the feed be burned. These ashes consist of
lime, potash, soda, magnesia, iron, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid.
Protein is the general name for all of the nitrogenous matter. It
corresponds to the lean meat in the animal, and may be termed
" vegetable meat." It has the same elementary composition as
animal flesh, and is considered the most valuable part of the feed.
Fiber or Cellulose is the coarse or woody part of the plant. It may
be called the plant's framework. It is present as a rule only to a
limited extent in the grains and by-products.

Non-nitrogenous Extract Matter consists of sugars, starch and
gums. The grains are very rich in starch and similar substances.

Fat includes not only the various fats and oils found in different
feed stuffs, but also waxes, resins, and coloring matters. It is some-
times termed ether-extract, because it represents that portion of the
plant soluble in ether. Fat found in grains and seeds is compara-
tively free from foreign substances (waxes, resins, etc.).

Carbohydrates. — The fiber and extract matter have the same func-
tions in the process of nutrition, and collectively they are termed
carbohydrates.

Nutritve Ratio. — -The numerical relation which the protein of a
feed bears to the carbohj'drates (and fat reduced to carbohydrates)
is termed its nutritive ratio. Fat is multiplied by 2.25 to convert it to
carbohydrates. If a ton of feed should contain 96 pounds of diges-
tible protein, and 928 pounds of digestible carbohydrates, it would
have 9.4 times as much carbohydrates as protein or i : 9.4, which is
its nutritive ratio.

Digestibility. — Any feed stuff is valuable as a source of nourish-
ment only so far as its various parts can be digested and assimilated
That the concentrated feeds are much more digestible than the
coarse fodders may be shown by the following table : —

Water,

Ash,

Protein,

Fiber,

Extract Matter,

Fat.

Total.

100 lbs. Timothy Hay.
Compo- Per Cent Pounds
sition. Digestible. Digestible.

15.0 — —

4-3 — —

6.3
28.4
43.60

2.4

48

58

63
6i

3.02
16.47
27.46

1.46

100 lbs. Cottonseed Meal.
Compo- Per Cent Pounds
sition. Digestible. Digestible.

7.0 — —

6.5 - -

45-1
6.1

24.2

I i.i

88

32
64

93

39-7
2.0

15-5
10.^

TOO. 00

— 48.41 100. o — 67.5

The timothy hay has only 48.4 pounds of digestible matter, while
the cottonseed has 67.5 pounds.

B. WHY CONCENTRATED FEEDS ARE FED.

Most of the home-grown coarse feeds are high in carbohydrates,
low in protein, and comparatively indigestible. Nearly all of the
concentrated feeds are very digestible and a large number are high
in protein and low to medium in carbohydrates. The concentrated
feeds are fed with the home-grown coarse feeds therefore, first to
increase the digestible matter, and second to increase the amount of pro-
tein in the daily ratioti.

An illustration. Many experiments have demonstrated that an
average-sized new milch cow producing 12 to 15 quarts of milk daily
needs approximately the following quantities of digestible nutrients:

Digestible: Protein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Total.

Pounds, 2.0 to 2.5 0.5 13.0 16.0

Now if the animal should be fed as much as she could consume of
a good quality of hay, (30 pounds) she would have at her disposal :

Digestible: Protein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Total.

Pounds, 1.4 .30 12.6 14.3

This ration is deficient both in total nutrients and protein, for the
reason that the hay lacks protein and has comparatively a low diges-
tibility. If 7 pounds of the hay were replaced by an equal
quantity of corn meal, the 23 pounds of hay and corn meal would
furnish :

Digestible: Protein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Total.

Pounds, 1.5 .46 14.3 16.3

The corn meal being a very digestible, but a one-sided or starchy

feed, has sufficiently increased the total digestible daily nutrients, but

not the protein.

If 4 pounds of corn meal were replaced by 2 pounds of wheat bran

and 2 pounds of cottonseed meal, the hay and several grains would

supply :

Digestible : Protein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Total.

Pounds, 2.30 .70 12.8 15.8

The addition of 3 pounds of corn meal rich in digestible starchy
matter, and 4 pounds of bran and cottonseed meal rich in digestible
protein, to the 23 pounds of hay, have furnished the required quan-
tities of total digestible matter and digestible protein.

C. CLASSIFICATION OF CONCENTRATED FEEDS.

Division I. Protein Feeds.

Division 11.
Starchy (Carbo-
hydrate) Feeds.

Class I.

Class II.

Class III.

Class IV.

30 to 45^ protein.

50 to 6056 carboliydra's.*

75 to 905S digestible.

20 to yfk protein.

60 to 70^ carboliydra's.*

So to 855S digestible.

Buffalo, Daven-

15 to 205$ prote'm.

70 to •j'-Jn carbohydra's.*

60 to 75?{ digestible.

8/(7 145^ protein.
75to8,5fcarbohyd's.*
75 to 9o?4 digestible.

Cottonseed meal.

Wheat middlings,

Wheat, rye, bar-

N.P.and O. P. lin-

port, Marshall-

mixed feed and

ley, oat, corn

seed meals.

town, National,

wheat bran.

and hominy

Chicago, Cream,

Waukegan and

H-0 dairy feed.

meals.

and King gluten

other standard

Oat, corn and

meals.

gluten feeds.

oat, and corn

Dried distillers'and

oat and barley

brewers' grains

feeds.

and malt sprouts.

Quaker dairy and
H-0 horse

feeds.

* Including fat reduced to carbohydrates by the factor 2.25.

D. MANUFACTURE OF CONCENTRATED FEEDS.

Class I.

COTTONSEED MEAL.

a

Figure I. a. Seed entirely fiee from fiber, (delinted) magnified three times, b. Seed
covered with cotton, (coma), c. Section of seed showing crumpled embryo, (meat) ^filling
the seed coats. -

8

The seed of the cotton plant as it comes from the gin where the
cotton fiber has been removed, is still covered with a coat of white
down technically known as " linters." This being removed, the seed
itself appears black in color and irregular egg-shape in form. The
thick, hard, black seed coat or hull, is filled with the coiled embryo,
(meat) which contains a large number of oil cells. Machines have
been invented to remove the hull. The meat is cooked in large iron
kettles, and while still hot is wrapped in hair cloth, and subjected to
a pressure of 3000 to 4000 pounds to the square inch, to remove as
much of the oil as possible. The pressed cottonseed cake when
cracked and ground results in the bright yellow decorticated cotton-
seed meal of commerce. A ton of seed furnishes about 800 pounds
of meal. Sometimes a considerable amount of hull is ground line
and mixed with the meal, producing a dark colored article, having
a feeding value of about one-half the prime material.

LINSEED MEALS.

o.

Figure IL Common flax (Linum usitatissimum). a. Seed magnified six times, b.
Longitudinal section, showing embryo embedded in the endosperm.

The drawings for Figs. L and II. from Hicks, in Year Book 1895, Department of
Agriculture.

Linseed meal is the ground residue from the flaxseed,
after the oil has been removed. The larger part of the flaxseed
used in this country is grown in North and South Dakota and Min-
nesota. The seeds of the flax plant are flattened, elliptical oval,
pointed at the lower end, and of a brown color. They contain in
their natural state from 30 to 35 per cent of oil. Twenty to 28 per
cent of the oil of the seed is removed by warm pressure and seven
per cent remains in the pressed residue. This oil is known as lin-

seed oil, and after being refined is used in the preparation of paints,
varnishes, printer's ink, and in the manufacture of soap. The
pressed cake is dried, cracked and ground, and furnishes the old
process linseed meal. In case of the new process linseed meal, a
particular brand of which is known as flaxmeal, the oil is quite thor-
oughly extracted from the crushed seeds by means of naphtha, and
after the extraction, the meal is treated with steam, which removes
the solvent and tends to produce a coarse flaky product.

Linseed meals are generally known as oil meals. This is an
incorrect name, the oil having been removed to a considerable extent.

GLUTEN PRODUCIS.

The various products known as gluten meal, gluten feed, germ
feed and the like, are the residues from the manufacture of starch
and glucose (grape sugar) from maize or Indian corn.

The average of a large number of analyses of water-free Indian
corn shows it to have the following composition :

x\sh, 1.7 per cent.

Protein. 11.5 percent.

Fiber, 2.5 per cent.

Extract matter (chiefly starch), 78.9 per cent.

Fat, 5.4 per cent.

It is apparent that the corn is made up chiefly of starchy matter.
The removal of the larger part of the starch naturally increases the
proportion of the other ingredients. The constituent of the corn
next in amount to starch is protein, — a general name for all albu-
minoids. In case of corn it is called gluten, and the feeds have
been termed gluten feeds. Even in the best methods of separation,
the starch is not all removed, the residues often being made up of
one-half starchy matter.

Parts of Indian Corn. — -The accompanying enlarged cut* of a
maize kernel will assist in locating the four distinct parts which are
of interest in this study.

*This cut and description were taken from Bulletin joj of the New Jersey Experiment
Station,

lO

a is the husk or skin cover-
ing the whole kernel ; it con-
sists of two distinct layers, the
outer and inner, which when
removed constitute the bran
and contain practically all of
the crude fiber of the whole

grain.

b\%2i layer of gluten cells
which lie immediately under-
neath the husk; it is, as a rule^
yellow in color and cannot be
readily separated from the
remainder of the kernel. This
part is richest in gluten.

c is the germ, which is read-
ily distinguished by its position
and form ; it also contains
gluten, though it is particularly
rich in oil and mineral constituents.

The large portion {d') is composed chiefly of starch ; the dark
color indicates the flinty part in which the starch cells are most
closely compacted.

How the parts are separated. The corn is first soaked in quite
dilute, warm sulfurous acid water. It is then ground by being
passed with water through mills to carry ofif the substance in sus-
pension. Degerminating machinery removes the germs at this point.
The germs are dried and crushed between rolls, and the oil pressed
out, leaving the residue in cakes.

It is exported as Corn Germ Cake or sold in this country as Germ
Oil Meal.

After degermination the suspended mass is bolted through sieves
separating the hull, bran, and some light weight and broken germs
from the starch and gluten. These materials pressed and dried
were formerly sold as Chop Feed, but are now known as Fancy Corn
Bran.

The starch and gluten are run into concentrating tanks and then

1 1

passed very slowly through long shallow troughs. The starch settles
down like wet lime in these troughs, while the hard flinty portion or
gluten floats off into receivers, is concentrated, and finally pressed in
heavy filter cloths, run through steam dryers, and appears as Gluten
Meal.

The gluten meal and more or less of the corn bran mixed together,
pressed and dried, constitutes Gluten Feed.

Class II.

Gluten Feeds. (See above.)

Distillers'' dried grains consist of ^he residue in the process
of manufacturing alcohol, spirits, and whiskey, from the several
cereals. Briefly stated, the process consists in grinding the
various grains employed and heating them with a solution of malt,
thus converting the starch into sugar. The addition of yeast con-
verts the sugar into alcohol, which is then distilled and the residue
or distillery slop is filtered, dried in especially constructed driers and
put upon the market as a cattle food. If consists chiefly of the hull,
germ and protein of the grains. It has a more or less sour taste
and smell, because of the fermentation. If the slop remains undried
too long, this sour condition is increased.

Brewers' dried grains is the kiln-dried residue from beer manufac-
ture. It consists of some of the starch, together with the hull,
germ and gluten of the barley. A small portion of the gluten and the
larger part of the starch are removed from the barley by the action
of diastase and yeast.

Malt sprouts. Malt used in beer manufacture is prepared by
moistening barley and allowing it to sprout. The sprouting pro-
duces a ferment called diastase, which changes the starch into sugar.
After the formation of the diastase which requires a certain number
of days, the barley is dried, and the sprouts removed by machinery
and sold for cattle feed. The barley is now termed malt.

12

Class III.

THE WHEAT KERNEL.*

(a). Germ containing gluten,
starch, and particularly rich in
oil and mineral matters.

(b). Starch cells composing
the larger portion of the inner
parts of the kernel.

(c). Gluten cells which lie
directly beneath the husk, and
being especially rich in gluten.

(d). Inner coat of the bran.

(e). Coloring matter of the
bran.

(f and g). Outer coats of
bran.

(h). Epidermis or exterior
covering of kernel.

MILLING PROCESS OF WHEAT.*

The wheat first passes over a series of metallic sieves, which
remove oats, straw, mustard seeds, and other impurities. It then
enters an upright rapidly whirling cylinder or scourer, and is thor-
oughly beaten and brushed, thus removing all dust and dirt. The
perfectly clean wheat is crushed by passing between corrugated rolls,
and then enters long reels covered with coarse bolting cloth. This
crushing and sifting process is repeated five times, and the several
sittings not passing through the cloth constitute the wheat bra?i.
The portions passing through the coarse bolting cloth are still
further treated by repeatedly running them between rollers, into
revolving reels covered with silk bolting cloth of various degrees of
fineness, and by currents of air, and are by these means separated
into shorts ox standard middlijigs, flour middlings, red dog flour, and

*Froni a description published by the Washburn Crosby Co.

»3

Xhe Jine white flour iox domestic uses. At a certain stage in this
latter process the germ — more tough and elastic than the gluten or
starch and not so easily crushed — is removed from the mixture and
is utilized as a breakfast cereal.

In the various reductions as above described, about 70 per cent of
the grain is saved for human food, and 30 per cent becomes bran,
middlings, etc.

WHEAT OFFAL.

Bran, or the outside coverings of the kernel contains about 16 per
cent of protein, in addition to ash, fat, fiber, and starchy rnatter.

Standard middlings may be defined as the finer portion of the
bran mixed with rather more starchy matter.

Red dog — a low grade flour — represents the dividing line between
the middlings and the high grade flour. It is rich in gluten, con-
taining 20 per cent or more of protein.

Flour middlings consist of a mixture of the finer portion of the
middlings, and more or less red dog flour. They contain 18 to 20
per cent of protein, and are more digestible than either the bran or
coarse middlings.

Mixed feed, so called, is generally the entire wheat offal : a mix-
ture of bran, standard and flour middlings. The proportions of the
several materials in such a mixture vary considerably, the bran con-
stituting the larger part.

II-O dairy feed — also belonging to Class III — consists of oat offal
and light oats as a basis, together with some corn, and fortified with
wheat bran and cottonseed or gluten meal.

Class IV.

Cerealine feed. This feed comprises the hull, and some of the
starch of the corn. It is the by-product resulting in the manufac-
ture of the breakfast preparation known as cerealine flakes. It is
very coarse. It possesses a feeding value but slightly inferior to
corn meal.

Ho77iijiy meal or hominy, -^^ used for human food, represents the
hard part of the corn kernel. The separation of the hull, germ, and:

14

some of the gluten and starch which constitutes the cattle feed, is
said to be brought about solely by the aid of machinery and steam.

Ctrrn bran formerly known as cJwp feed \\2iS, been referred to under
gluten products.

Quake}- dairy feed consists of the better grades of oat offal as a
basis, fortified with some material rich in protein.

Oat feed, corn and oat feed, a7id prove7ider. Oat feed is the refuse
from factories engaged in the preparation of oat meal and other
cereals for human consumption. It consists of poor oats, hulls, and
some of the bran and starch removed in the process of manufacture.
It is frequently mixed with corn, and sold as corn and oat feed, or
as provender. True provender is a mixture of cracked corn and oats
and should contain at least lo per cent of protein and 4 per cent of
fat. It should not be confused with the numerous mixtures of oat
offal and corn sold under a similar name.

H-G Horse feed resembles the dairy feed in its general make-up,
excepting that linseed meal takes the place of the cottonseed in the
mixture. The manufacturers evidently intend to make it somewhat
similar to oats in chemical composition.

WEIGHT OF CONCENTRATES.

Kind of Feed.

One Quart
Equals :

One Pound
Equals :

Cottonseed Meal.

1.4 pounds.

0.71

quarts.

Linseed Meal, old process.

.

I.I

((

0.90

u

Gluten Meal,

1.8

4t

0-55

t(

Gluten Feed.

1-3

i.

0.71

t(

Germ Oil Meal, .

1.4

U

0.71

((

Brewers' Grains, .

0.6

(t

1.70

(I

Malt Sprouts,

0.6

i(

1.70

u

Wheat Bran.

05

tt

2.00

1.1.

Wlieat Middlings, standard

0.8

it

125

(t

Wlieat Middlings, flour.

1.2

fck

0.83

(.

Corn Kernels,

1-7

u

0.60

c(

Corn Meal, .

1-5

11

0.70

a

Corn and Cob Meal,

1.4

((

0.67

(1

Corn Bran,

0-5

u

2.00

i;

Oat Kernels,

I.I

it.

0.90

it

Oats (ground.)

0.7

((

1.40

ti

Wheat Kernels, .

1.9

;i

0.53

a

H-O Dairy Feed,

0.7

(1

143

fct

Quaker Dairy Feed,

I.O

((

1. 00

(1

Victor Corn and Oat Feed,

0.7

;t

143

((

K. PROTKIN STANDARD.

FEED STUFF. PROTEIN STANDARD

" Cottonseed jnea/,

43 per cent.

JV. P. lifiseed meat,

37

O. P. linseed meal,

35

G lie ten meal,

34-38

Gluten feed.

25

IV/ieat middlings (flour),

18-20

] rotein Feeds ^

Wheat middlitigs{standard ) ,

17-19

Mixed feed,

16-17 '

Wheat bran,

15-16

< •

Malt sprouts,

25

Dried brewers^ grains,

2 2 '

^H-0 dairy feed,

18

' Coiti meal.

9

Hominy meal,

10- 1, 1 '

Groimd oats,

11-12 '

Starchy

Oat feed (best grade).

7- 9

(Carbohydrate) -

Oat feed {excessive hulls).

4- 7

Feeds,

Quaker dairy feed,

13 '

Corn and oat feed.

8- 9

Corn, oat, and barley feed.

1 1-12

^H—0 horse feed.

12 '

•

^ American poultry feed,

13

H- 0 poultry feed.

17

i

Poultry Feeds. -<

H—0 scratching feed.
Clover meal,

I 1-12 '
12 '

(

Meat and bone meal,

40

^Meat scrap.

50

(

i6

F. RESULTS OF INSPECTION,
I. Protein Feeds.

Cottonseed Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

i 1"

FoHnd.
Moisture. Pi otein.Fat .

Canary

Owl

It (t

Green Diamond Chapin & Co.

The American Cotton Oil Co. Amherst

Greenfield
Greenfield
Lawrence
Needham
Springfield
Springfield

Amherst

Beverly

Palmer

Westboro

Leominster

Northboro

Fall River

Lexington

Northampton

Chester

R. W. Biggs & Co.

U (1

Booker & Gentry
F. W. Brod^ & Co.

Cofco
Jersey

Dixie

The Cotton Oil & Fibre Co.

Chas. M. Cox & Co.
Decatur Cotton Oil Co.

J. G. Falls & Co.

Georgia Cotton Oil Co.
Hayley & Beine

Humphreys, Godwin & Co.

Hunter Bros.

Shelburne Falls 43.00
Waltham 4300

Brockton 43-oo

Fitchburg 4300

Fitchburg 4300

Cjardner 43-oo

Haverhill 4300

Newburyport 43.00
Newburyport 43.00
Shelburne Falls43.oo
43.00
43.00
43.CO

43.00
43.CO

43-4«
43-48

Shelburne Falls 41-43
S. Deerfield 41-43
Westfield 41-43

Athol 41.00

Fall River 43 00

Worcester 43-oo

Adams 43-co

Lawrence 4300

N. Wilbraham 43.00
S. Framingham 43.00

S. Deerfield 4300
S. Framirgham 43.00
Worcester 4300

Worcester 4300

S. Amherst
Springfield
Taunton
Flasthampton
Holy ok e
Sunderland
New Bedford
Wakefield

r- 701 44-71 9-94

1
I

> 1-Sl 45-45 9-4'

I
I
J

\ 6.50 46.59 8.33
[ 6.54 45.81 9.57

[ 8.01 44.57 9.85

)- 6.94 46.24 9.34

6.64 49.01 8.56
6-34 43-63 8.75
5.24 46.20 1 1. 01

\ 6.35 45.06 9.61

6.67 45.59 8.36

[ 7.18 46.16 10.69

I

)- 6.23 45.94 9.50

}■ 6.80 45.19 9.83

J

(Continued.)

K

Brand.

Star

17

Cottonseed Meal (continued).

Guaranteed. Found.

Manufactured by: Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Moisture.Protein.Fat.

Independent Oil Co. Springfield 43.00 9-10 6.25 45.81 9.68

Sledge & Wells Co. N. Adam.s - - j. ^ g

" " Wakefield 43.00 9-10 \ j -^o j^ y 1

J. E. Soper & Co. Holyoke 4300 9-1° 1

" " Lawrence 43-oo 9-1° I

" " Palmer 4300 9-10 ;>■ 7.39 4436 9-'4

" " Pittsfield 4300 9-10 I

" '• S. Deerfield 43.00 9-10 J

The Star Co. Gt. Barrington 43.00 9-10 | r .-, 41; 81 9.95

" •' Southbridge 43.00 9-10 \ -> J ^J

Uniontown Cotton Oil Co. Waltham — — 703 4S-o6 9'97

Unknown Danvers 43.00 9.00 8.44 46.46 11. 11

" Millbury 43.00 9.00 5.61 46.42 9.10

'' Newton Highlands— — 8.3744.05 7.30

" Orange 43-oo 9.00 6.65 46.64 9.81

Pittsfield — — 8.43 4475 io-59

Springfield — — 6.00 45.72 10.43

Slightly Inferior— below standard.

Unknown Fitchburg — — 5-58 42.06 16.67

Orange — — 5-92 42.38 10.20

«' Pitt.sfield — — 8.41 41-15 7-8o

Highest 8.44 49.01 11.11

Lowest 5.24 41.15 7.30

*Average •- 6.86 45.60 9.57

Brand.

Cleveland Flax

Linseed Meal.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

yVt'w Process.

American Linseed Co.

E. A. Crosby
Prentiss, Brooks & Co.
Unknown

Average

Southboro

Southboro

Wakefield

Amherst

Pittsfield

Worcester

Amherst

Northampton

.Springfield

Woburn

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

5i f«

Found.
Moisture.Protein.Fat.

38-40 1-3

— ', g.o6 38.21 2.2:

= s

10.54 3S75
8.67 3480

952 36.33

9-54 3673
9.10 37.20
9.36 40.06
9.30 36.86

9.32 37.54

2.10

3-59
2.76
1.42

1.56
2.12

1-37
2.16

Saturn

O/d Process.

American Linseed Co.

Chapin & Co.

Hunter Bros.
Kellogg «&: Miller

Concord

Northboro

Pittsfield

Springfield

Northampton

Winchendon

Southbridge

Pittsfield

Pittsfield

32-36 5-7 1

32-36 57 \ 8.38
32-36 5-7 I

jj

.48 6.76

(

8.62 27.73 7-52

— — 8.20 34.31 8.75

3670 7-83 } 8.1 1 37.64 9-o6

367Q 7-83 i J/ 't ^

* Inferior and adulterated brands not included in averages.

(Continued.)

i8

Linseed Meal (continued).

Brand.

Manufactured by:

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture. Protein. Fat.
a ^ $

Midland Linseed Oil Co.

Union Linseed Oil Co.
Unknown

Amherst
Gardner
Greenfield
Leominster
New Bedford
x\. VVilbraham
N. Adams
Fitch burg
Northampton
S. Framingham
Chester
Lawrence
Worcester

>■ 9.85 32.60 7.25

- J

12.75 3i-'i 6.95
9.72 29. So 6.31

Average

— 8.63 33.75 6.41

— 9.28 29.31 6.29

— 9.01 31.64 6.32

9.2332.26 7.15

(iluten Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Guaranteed. Found.

-Sampled at : Protein. Fat. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

The Glucose Sugar Refining Co. Chicopee

Fall Kiver
" " (Jardner

Holyoke
" " Leominster

" " N. Adams

iN. Adams
" " Fittslield

" " Taunton

" " Winchendon

" " Worcester

Athol

" " Holyoke

" '' New Bedford

" " S. Weymouth

" " • Springfield

" " Taunton

" Woburn

Chas. Pope Glucose Co. Fitchburg

" " Lawrence

" " Millbury

New Bedford
•' " Newburyport

N. Adams
" " Northampton

Pittstield
•' " .Southbridge

" " Woburn

" " Worcester

The National .Starch Mfg. Co. Middleboro

Middleboro
Inferioi' — excess of oil.
The American Cereal Co. Adams

Average

39-50 3-37

39-50 3-37

39-5° 3-37
39-5°
39-50

39-50 3-37

39-50 3-37

3-37
3-37

)■ 8.4 r 36.50 3.25

39-50 3.37
39-50 3-37
39-50 3-37
39. CO 2.00
39.00 2.00
39.00 2.00
39.00 2.00
39.00 2.00
39.00 2.00
39.00 2.00

34.12 3.20
34.12 3.20
34.12 3.20
34.12 3.20
34.12
34-12
34-12
34.12

34.12 3.20
34.12 3.20
34.12 3.20 ,
35.60 4.28 (
35.60 4.28 \

)- S.67 33.71 3.60

3.20
3.20
3.20
3.20

y 9-26 35-67 2.68

S.62 34.53 3-1;

6.1 ^

8.78

35.45

18.10
3.12

19

Gluten Feed.

Brand.

Manufactured at :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture.Protein.Fat.

■i, fc i

Buffalo

The Glucose Sugar Refining Co

28--,o

11
II

28-30
28-30
28-30
28-30

27.50
27.50

27-50
27.50

2550
25-50

Davenport

Marshalltown

.Sunshine

Waukegan

Illinois Sugar Refining Co.
The National Starch Mfg. Co.

Noyes & Colby

U. S. Sugar Refining Co.

Amherst
Amherst
Danvers
Danvers
Needham

Haverhill
Haverhill
Leominster
Leominster

Holyoke
Southbridge
S. Framingham 25.50
Westfield 25.50

Lynn —

Gt. Harrington 27.50
S. Framingham 27.50
Gt. Barrington 25.50
Palmer —

Palmer —

Worcester —

Adams

N. Amherst

Winchendon

Southboro

S. Deerfield

1

8.66 27.25 3.62

3-5

3-5

3-5

3-5

3-5

3-30

3-30

3-30

3-30

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

- 9.84 25.58 3.38

330
330
4.00

27.00 3.00

27.50

31-70
Shelburne Falls 28.40

Buffalo-
Pekin

Daisy

Imperial

Unknown

11

Slightly Inferior-

The Glucose Sugar Refining Co

Illinois Sugar Refining Co.

The National Starch Mfg. Co.

Henry A. Russell

Unknown

Highest •

Lowest

Average

Wakefield
Concord
Amherst
Fitchburg
Marlboro
Newburyport
N. Wilbraham
Southboro
Springfield
Greenfield
Natick
—below standard.

Natick

Ware

Fitchburg

Adams

Weymouth

28.40

27.38
27.38

27-38
27-38

3-30
4-30
4-30
4-30

3-39
3-39

3-39
3-39

27-50
17.40

3-30
2.60

Germ Oil Meal.

.40

J

1

I

y 9.06 27.25

I

J

I

Y 8.24 26.90 3.20

J

I S.96 25.62 3.90

Y 9-52 25.05 3.28
J

8.27 2S.13 3.44

7.19 26.85 3-74

8.46 26.95 3-34

J 7.90 25.80 3.98

6.67 25.23 3.28

y 8.87 25.14 4.05

7.51 26.06 4.47
9.27 27.16 2.95

8.54 22.64 3-20

6.84 23.17 2.91

8-38 21.55 5.15

9.12 17.20 1. 98

9.19 20.75 469

9.84 28.13 5.15

6.67 17.20 1.98

8.65 26.33 3.60

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Guaranteed. Found.

Sampled at : Protein. Fat. Moisture.Protein.Fat.

The Glucose Sugar Refining Co.

Chester 25

Holyoke 25

Lawrence 25

New Bedford 25
N. Wilbraham 25
N. Wilbraham 25

Wakefield

Wakefield

Wakefield

Westfield

Springfield

25
25
25
25

;i.S5 10.20

20

Wheat Middlings.

Brand.

Manufactured by:

Sampled at :

Moisture.

Protein.

Badger

Berger-Anderson Co.

Athol

S.81

i4

a a

Newton Highlands

■ 10.43

20.14

Red Dog Flour

Chapin & Co.

Amherst

10.30

20.27

5.02

Dexter Feed

k( ((

Winchendon

1 1.29

18.38

4.98

Monogram

Chas. M. Cox & Co.

Lawrence

10.27

18.51

5-25

Puritan

ii, ii

Chicopee

9.66

17.86

4.41

Daisy Flour

Daisy Roller Mills

Springfield

II. 10

17.99

4-36

Best

J. G. Davis Co.

Gt. Barrington

18.30

Davis

a ((

Gt. Barrington

10.10

5-37

Chester

R.J. Hardy & Sons

Westfield

1 1. 12

21.90

4.91

Hollister, Chase & Co.

Amherst

9.87

18.42

4.70

Hunter's Feed

Hunter Bros.

Ware

11.66

17-34

3-"

Fancy Shorts

Minnesota Mill Co.

Springfield

11.22

18.92

4.90

XXX Comet

Northwestern Consol. Milling Co.

Chicopee ,

)

ii ii

(( 11

N. Adams

> io.';2

20.36

4-SS

(i U

(( 11

Worcester

)

Flour

'.' "

N. Adams

it.

11 11

N. Adams

10.21

19-53

5-13

11 11

Amherst

11 11

Beverly

11 11

E. Braintree

11 11

Millbury

^ 9.80

17-77

5.10

fci 11

Palmer

11 11

Palmer

11 11

Webster

XX Daisy

C. A. Pillsbury

Fall River

(( u

11 1.

Haverhill

U ii

11 11

Natick

u u

11 11

N. Adams

•- 10.02

20.67

4.86

(( a

11 11

Nortbboro

a a

11 11

Springfield ^

A

11 1;

Athol

9-38

20.36

5-83

B

11 It

Holyoke

a

11 It

S. Framingham

Brown

11 11

Springfield

> 9.89

17.86

5.08

B

11 11

Waltham

(C

tt 11

Woburn

U ^i

E. Brookfield

10.42

1 8. 60

5.80

Red Lake Falls Milling Co.

Waltham

1 1. 38

18.38

3-85

Flour

The Sheffield Milling Co.

Easthampton )

u

11 11

Fitchburg
Rockland ^

^ 10.23

20.79

5-51

Fancy

ti 11

I

Standard

11 1.

Taunton

10.60

19.44

4-79

Stott's White

David Stott

Holyoke

10.66

16.99

4-43

Thompson Milling Co.

Athol

11.32

19.04

5-37

Fancy

The Geo. Tileston Milling Co.

Holyoke

11.20

19.18

463

Choice Winter

Valley City Milling Co.

Adams

ii 11

ti ((

Lowell

16.99

<( (1

U U

Newburyport

> 10.23

4-49

u c;

fci. ii

Newburyport

Adrian Red Dog

Washburn Crosby Co.

Greenfield

IO-33

21.50

5-55

Red Dog

u a

Amherst

^ ZT

Flour

a (.

Amherst

' 10.45

1953

5.16

Standard

u a

Haverhill

((

a a

N. Amherst

> 10.16

5.65

bt

••( a

Shelburne Falls

19.09

((

a a

Weymouth _,

(Continued.)

*

21

Wheat Middlings (continued).

Brand. Manufactured by : Sampled at: Moisture. Protein. Fat.

<fi ^ ?e

Snow's Cream FI. E. S. Woodworth & Co. Adams i

" " " " Ware [ 10.07 20.36 4.69
" « " '• Westfield )

Unknown Athol 10.49 '^-74 4-34

" E. Weymouth 9.72 17.37 5.09

No. I Winter " Fitchburg it.08 17.37 3-3'

Coarse " Lawrence 10.19 i7-07 5-05

" N.Adams 9.49 17.95 5-4°

Red Dog" " Taunton 10.67 21.20 5.56

Shghtly Inferior— below standard.

The Fenton Milling Co. Westboro 10.82 16.50 4.33

White Hart Bros. Salem 10.32 15.49 4.75

The Holly Milling Co. ^tchburg j ^ ^^ ^,^, ^ ^^

The Voigt Milling Co. Webster 11.58 16.59 3.68

Unknown Weymouth 9.76 15.76 4.20

Highest 11.66 21.90 5.81

Lowest 9.38 15.49 3.11

Average 10.27 19.01 5.15

Mixed Feed.

Brand.

Acme

Buckeye

Bav State

Badger

Manufactured by :

Acme Milling Co.

The American Cereal Co.'

Ansted & Burk Co.
Bay State Milling Co.

u •(

Berger-Anderson Co.

Winter Wheat The Blish Milling Co.

u u u u

Brooks, Griffith Co.
Burrough's Venus Burrough & McEwen

Chamberlain
Durham Geo. C. Christian

Cook
Columbia Chas. M. Cox & Co.

Sampled at :

Athol

Chester

Fall River

Natick

Natick

Shelburne Falls

Springfield

Springfield

Taunton

Athol

Gt. Barrington

Lowell

Natick

Westfield

Lowell
Lowell

Greenfield
Leominster
Newburyport
Northboro
N. Wilbraham
S. Deerfield

Fitch burg

Middleboro

Westboro

Leominster

Worcester

Newburyport

Southbridge

Chicopee

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

^ It a

y 9-04 '7-33 462

I Guaranty Protein 16.21^ Fat 4.48?^

(Continued.)

>■

8.91 17.72 4.37

8.90
8.S3

16.67 4-2-

18.47 4-04

7.89 18.16 4.51

8.67

16.67

4-97

10.06

18.56

4.78

8.42

18.07

4.61

7.82

17.29

4.56

6.60

17.99

563

9.41

1777

4.5H

7-74

18.56

5.20

Mixed Feed (continued).

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

i lo ^

Jersey

Monogram

No. 43

Royal

Defiance
Royal
Hoosier Mill

Puritan
Berkshire

Excelsior

Sunshine
Boston

1(
((

.Snowflake

Chas. M. Cox & Co.

E. Crosby & Co.

J. Cushing & Co.

11 11

Defiance Milling Co.
Doten Grain Co.
Geo. T. Evans

F. & M. Co.

G. E. M. Milling Co.

11 It

Grand Republic Mills
R. J. Hardy & Sons
The Isaac Harter Co.

Hollister, Chase & Co.
The Holly Milling Co.
Hunter Bros.

Imperial Milling Co.

Kehlor Bros.

II II

<i 11

The Lawrenceburg Roller Mills Co.

Easthampton

Haverhill

Haverhill

Lawrence

Leominster

Marlboro

Natick

Rockland

Wakefield

Wakefield j

Fall River

Westfield

Lovell

Amherst

Fitchburg \

.Shelburne Falls j

Worcester

Haverhill

Chester i

New Bedford [

Springfield )

Lawrence

Middleboro

Rockland

Salem

Fitchburg

Haverhill )

Lawrence [

Worcester )

Taunton

Fitchburg

Athol ^

Greenfield [

Holyoke )

Webster /

Worcester (

Holyoke

Clinton ^

Fall River

Holyoke

Holyoke

Newbury port

Newburyport

Northboro

N. Wilbraham

S. Deerfield

Woburn

Haverhill

Northboro

Orange

Chester

E. Braintree

Leominster

Lexington

Millbury

Millbury

Northampton

Worcester

Worcester

y S.I 5 uS.op

6.90
7.60

17.81
16.02

4.65
5.08

10.14

s.56

17-33
18.30

4.50
4.88

7.58

16.02

4-5 1

9.65

7.06

16.67
1S.03

4.09
4.98

S.io

17-37

4-53

7-36

17-03

4.80

IO-35
7-93
S.06

1597
16.S5
18.65

3-73
4.68

5-27

7-93

19.18

4-77

7 86

16.85

4.71

9-75
8.28

16.02
16.14

4.60
4.50

936

16.59

4.24

9-57

17.81

4-58

S.55

17.46

4.46

)■ 6.90 18.83 4.99

8.30 17.55 4-36

y 7.30 I7.SI 485

(Continued.)

Mixed Feed (continued).

Brand.

Manufactured by:

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

Hiawatha

King

New York
Phoenix

Fancy

Fancy

Wm. Listman Milling Co.
The Maumee Valley Milling Co.
R. P. Moore Milling Co.
New York Mills
Phoenix Milling Co.

C. A. Pillsbury

XXXX Patent . „ , e .-

Vermont Prentiss, Brooks & Co.

Woronoco ''

j^g.^ The Rex Mill Co.

Russell's
Fancy
Russell's
Choice

Dutchess
Gold Mine
Angola
Lenox
Stott's

Winter Wheat

Superior

Henry A. Russell

S. M. Co.

Schultz Baujan & Co.
The Sheffield Milling Co.
Simpson Hendee & Co.-

David Stott

Thorton & Chester Milling Co.
Cow Valley City Milling Co.
The Voigt Milling Co.
Washburn Crosby Co.

;^

11

ti

((

&(

((

u

u *

E.

A. Witter

Fhnt-

Unknown

Kentucky

U

Royal

a

Standard Spr

ng

Triple Extra

y

f
I

Wakefield
Worcester
Worcester
(it. Barrington
Salem I

Woburn S

Adams ■ 1

Clinton

Gardner

Waltham

Worcester J

Fall River

Westfield

Westfield

Amherst 1

Danvers

F^itchburg

New Bedford

Southbridge

Northboro

Shelburne Falls

S. Framingham

Winchendon

S. Framingham

Fitchburg

Rockland

Springfield

Worcester

Chicopee Falls

Westljoro

Newburyport

Webster

Amherst

Athol

E. Brookfield

Greenfield

Natick

New Bedford

S. Deerfield

Newburyport 7-8o

Fitchburg 7-57

Orange 8.86

Taunton 8.39

Taunton 8.10

Leominster 9-°9

Springfield io-86

Worcester 8.73

Amherst 8.73

Easthampton 9-34

Fall River 8.77

Gt. Barrington 7-99

Lawrence 8.82

Leominster 8.02

Lowell • lo-oo

Lowell 7-7°

Lowell 8.35

Lvnn 741

18.12

5.21

16.88

4.16

18.12

4.41

16.50

4-73

19.44

4.87

931

9.48
8.93

9-73
7-32

y 8.59 18.96 5.00

7.10 17.46 508
6.89 17.46 464
7.32 18.78 5.15

8.75 17-86 4-56

8.43 i8-5' 478

6.79
6.42
8.99
9.14
913
7-54
7-17
9-54
8.29

y S.07 18.42 5.06

18.16

4.71

17-95

4.96

18.69

5-29

19.00

5.06

18.12

4-45

16.63

4-63

18.07

5-57

16.14

4-54

16.94

4.50

17.07
17.99
17.72

16.90

17-03
16.10

17-55
17.66
18.16

16.72

17-25

16.90

16.14

19-3'
19.97

15-93
16.59
17.99

4.09

4.89

5-23
4.76

4-56
4-39
4.90

4-94
4-89
5.09

3-43

4.82

4-5°
5.60

4.52

4-37

4-49

4-99

Guaranty Protein i6.6ii« Fat ;.485<

(Continued.)

24

Mixed Feed (continued).

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

i4 5^ *

Lexi notion

Jersey

Winter Wheat
Kentucky

Unknown Marlboro 7.21

" Middleboro 9.17

" . Natick 8.90

" Needham 7.58

New Bedford 9.86

" Southboro 10.25

" S. Framingham 7.31

" S. Weymoutli 7.97

" Springfield 8.22

" Waltham 8.06

" Westfield 7.47

" Westfield 7.37

" Wincliendon 9.78

" Woburn 7.71

" Worcester 8.90
vSlightly Inferior — below standard.
Lexington Roller Mills Co. Haverhill )

Lowell [■ 7.81

Shelburne Falls )

Unknown Brockton 7.76

" Lowell 9.17

Millbury 7.48

" Southboro 8.07

Adulterated.
The Kentucky Milling Co.^ Brockton )

3 Chicopee Falls [ 7.08

■•' Springfield )

A. B. McCrillis&Son New Bedford

Unknown Athol

" N. Adams

Athol
" Gardner

" Worcester

Highest

Lowest

Average ,

19.74
16.63
16.46

17-95
19.44
19.00
17.90
16.94
17.64
16.72
17.16
16.76

17-95
17.60
16.06

'5-79

15-67
15-79
15-05
15-05

12.51

7.24

13.12

3-71

8.12

12.73

3-43

6.51

10.67

3.26

7-75

1 1.67

3-35

7. So

11.76

3.02

7-57

11.80

2.65

10.86

19.97

5.57

6.42

10.67

2.65

8.29

17.75

4.70

Wheat Bran.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture.

Protein

Fat

i

*

5J

Alina

Alma Roller Mills

Athol

9-31

16.41

4.62

Flakes

Barber Milling Co.

Lexington

8.34

17.86

S-S2

Choice

Bay State Milling Co.

Athol

9.88

16.72

S.ii

Badger

Berger-Anderson Co.

Adams

s

u u

Northboro

9.20

16.94

4.90

u a

Salem

Monogram

Chas. M. Cox & Co.

Lawrence

I

(' u

Lawrence

9.61

16.59

4-31

11 (1

Worcester

Choice Cream

J. G. Davis Co.

. Pittsfield

8.92

16.85

4-33

A. M. Fish

Gardner

9-59

17. ri

3-97

The Isaac Harter Co.

N. Adams

7.98

16.32

4.28

Guaranty Protein 11.56* Fat 3.65*

(Continued.)

Wheat Bran (continued).

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at ;

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

58 * *

Winter

Spring
Fancy

Pillsbury's
Spring

Coarse

Star Winter

Pure Winter

Hunter Bros.

Keillor Bros.
Listman Mill Co.
Minnesota Milling Co.
Moseley & Motley Milling Co.
Northwestern Consol. Milling Co.

C. A. Pillsbury

Red Lake Falls Milling Co.

Ru.ssell-Miller Milling Co.
The Sheffield Milling Co.

Star & Crescent Milling Co.
F. W. Stock
Stratton & Co.

David Stott

Fancy

Michigan Winter
Pure Winter

Coarse

((

((
(I

The Geo. Tileston Milling Co.
Urban Milling Co.
Valley City Milling Co.
Voigt' Milling Co.
Washburn Crosby Co.

Snow's Flaky E. S. Woodworth & Co.

(I

White Swan
Winter

Unknown

E. Braintree

Lowell

Orange

S. Framingham

Ware

Worcester

N. Adams

Newion Highland

Beverly

N. Adams

Lawrence

.S. Amherst

Webster

Athol

Chicopee Falls

New Bedford

North boro

Middleboro

South bridge

Springfield

Taunton

Lawrence

Weymouth

E. Weymouth

Lowell

Newburyport

Pittsfield

Taunton

N. Adams
E. Brookfield
Lexington
Lexington

Chicopee Falls

Concord

Holyoke

Amherst

Webster

Lowell

Northampton

Amherst

Clinton

Holyoke

Needham

New Bedford

Springfield

Danversport

Easthampton

Marlboro

Pittsfield

Weymouth

Winchendon

Palmer

Fitchburg

Greenfield

Holyoke

y 8.21 16.50 4.47

8.67 18.38 4.68

8.c6 17.16 5.15

9.95 15.44 4.68

7.96 17.60 5.52

8.59 16.72 2.78

r 7-88 17. 1 1 4.08

} 6.98 .8.83 5.13

9.77 18.83 5-13

y 7.58 16.81 3.82

J

8.57 17.42 4.16

8.13 16.02 4.50

} 7.46 17.03 4.83

I

J

8.23 16.10 4.46

8.39 16.41 4. Si

8.68 16.41 5.08

8-63 15.75 4-15

8.20 16.76 3.93

8.28 17.29 5.21

y 8.c6 16.72 4.93

8.59 16.76 4.76

9.40 17.81 4.23
9.31 16.S5 4.96

9.41 16.85 502

(Continued.)

Brand.

Manufactured by:

Sampled at:

Moisture. Protein. Fal

Canada Winter

Winter
Canada

Canada Winter
Canada White

Unknown Middleboro 8.15 17.72 5.2

" New Bedford 9.07 17.07 4.31

" New Bedford 7.77 17.60 4.6;

" Northampton 8.43 15.18 4.4-

" N. Wilbraham 8.78 16.94 5.0;

" Palmer 8.24 15.32 4.8;

" Southbridge 9.13 17.20 4.4:

« Westfield 8.53 18.34 4.4:

" Westboro 9.15 17.29 2.4J

Inferior — below standard.

Salem 9.08 12.81 4.2*

Worcester 8.48 13.30 4.7(

Highest 9.77 18.83 5.5;

Lowest 7.46 12.81 2.46

Average 8.41 16.88 4.51

Miscellaneous Feeds.

\

Guaranteed.

Found.

Brand.

M anufactured by :

Sampled at :

Protein

Fat. Moisture. Protein

98 f. fc

Fat*

2^

Dried Distillers' Grains

Unknown

Dan vers

. —

—

7.30 28.48

7.7.

Malt Sprouts

Chas. M. Cox & Co.

Danversport
Wakefield

—

— 1

- (

9.91 27.20

I.l)

(( "

Unknown

Dan vers

. —

—

8.00 28.52

1.2'

u '<

i(

Newburyport

—

—

9.09 29 27

1.2]

(( '•

ct

Waltham

—

—

10.85 26.81

I. It

Sucrene Oil Meal

American Milling Co.

S. Framingham

25.00

3-50

7.92 22.02

2.56

Sucrene Dairy Feed

(1 "

Lawrence

Natick

16.50

350 (

6.35 17.90

2.51

H-0 Dairy Feed

The H-O Co.

Brockton

18.00

4.50 1

ti '<

ti U

Greenfield

18.00

4-5° 1

u tt

ti a

Lowell

18.00

4.50 1

(( LL

li u

Lynn

18.00

4-5° r

7.06 1 8. 96

3-87

li if

U ii

Pittsfield

18.00

450

Li ^>

a li

Springfield

18.00

4-5° 1

u u

Worcester

18.00

450 J

Bean Meal

F. M. Vietor

Lawrence

—

10.46 24.31

1. 21

Green Pea Meal

U U

Lawrence

—

—

10.04 26. 06

1.65

II. Starchy (Carbohydrate; Feeds.
Corn Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

H. W. Crowell
J. W. Doon & Son

J. L. Holly
W. H. Smith

Newton Highland.s

Natick

Natick

Amherst

Northampton

Northampton

f

10.35
13.40
10.03

II -35

11.68

8.86
S.69
9.21
938

4-23
4.06

4-35
4.08

E. W. Pierce* Lawrence 22.09

Buckeye Fancy Bolted Unknown Marlboro 12.60

Average ^ 11,42

9- '7 3-79

9.09 0.48

8.08 1.82

9.08 4.05

Hominy Meal.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

Found.
Moisture. Protein. Fat.

Niagara

Chapin & Co.

Shellabarger Mill & Elev.Co.
Suffern, Hunt & Co.

Unknown

Fitch burg

Shelburne Falls

Shelburne Falls

Fitchburg

Salem

Gt. Barrington

Shelburne Falls

Wakefield

1 1. 00 8.00
11.00 8.00
10.76 8.64
11.02 7.70
11.02 7.70

/ 7.20 11.19 905

7.64 10.62 9.1 1

^ 7.85 1J.72 9.81

7.06 10.75 8.65

6.63 11.45 '0.87

7.53 11.19 783

A vpr^o p

...777 11 9Q 6 97

'"/■Of WiCi \l,il

. •

Oat Feed.

Brand.

Manufactured by

: Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

5i r^

Found.
Moist ure.Protein. Fat.

Vim

Banner
Friend's Dairy

Dairy

The American Cereal Co.

R. J. Hardy & Son
Muscatine Oat Meal Co.

Pillsb'v Washburn F.M.Co.

Athol
Beverly
Beverly
Fitchburg
Brockton
Middleboro
Newburyport
Wakefield
Wakefield
N. Wilbraham
Orange

S. Framinghani
Waltham

}

5.0S 7.19 2.5:

Average

10.90
10.90
10.90
10.90
10.90

7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09

370
370
370
370
370
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85

I D-"" /-'V -OJ

5.20 7.63 2.89
I

y 5.33 8.16 2.94

I

J

y 6.02 7 02 2.65

Very Rich
Catena

Argvle Pure

Lou Grade — e
Fish & Co.
The Illinois Cereal Co.

The Gt. Western Cereal Co

Cream "

X

Magnolia Gd. Oals R. J. Hardy & Sons

Linconsliire Fancy D. K. Reed & Sons

Boston

J. E. Soper & Co.

xcessive hulls.

N. Amherst
Danvers
Lowell
Southboro
E. Weymouth
New Bedford
Wakefield
Westboro
Lawrence
Gardner
.S. Deerfield
Westboro
Woburn
Lexington
Worcester

- s

- I

- s

8.25 4.14

5.47 7.54 2.75

6.43 2.63 1. 13
5-39 478 1.32

5.68 6.58 2.13

4.20 5.97 2.13

5.43 1.45 0.58

4.19 6.54 2.49

6.40 6. So 2.37

Average

I

s

[ 6.34 4.26 1.46
•••5.69 5.31 1.65

*Sour resulting from excess of moisture.

28

Quaker Dairy Feed.

Guaranteed.

Found.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Sampled at :

Prote

n. Fat.

Moisture.Protein.Fat.

r»

f<

*

*

*

Quaker

The American Cereal Co.

Amherst

—

—

(i

(4 U

Fall River

—

—

u

t: '(

Gardner

12.03

2.50

ii

ii It

Lawrence

—

—

u

a (( •

Natick

12.03

2.50

> 596

'3-73

3-2?

(t

t( u

Orange

12.03

2.50

((

it tt

Pittsfield

—

—

((

u a

S. Amherst

12.03

2.50

'

u

(I 11

Worcester

12.03

2.50 J

•

Corn and Oat F

eed — Provender

Guaranteed.

Found.

Brand.

Manufactured by:

Sampled at :

Protein. Fat.

Moisture.Protein.Fat.

Victor

The American Cereal Co.

Chicopee Falls

8.23

3.00 "^

u

u tl

Gardner

8.23

3.00

u

il 11

Lowell

8.23 3.00

u

(1 It

N. Amherst

8.23

3.00

it

tt It

Salem

8.23

3.00

y 7-86

9.17

403

tt tt
(( t;

.S. Amherst
S. Weymouth

S.23
8.23

3.00
3.00

u

tt tt

Taunton

8.23

3.00

kl

tt tt

Worcester

8.23

3.00

The Cutler Co.

Pittsfield

905

11.02

398

Garland, Lincoln & Co.

Worcester

10.84-

1 1.02

2.13

W. H. Haskell & Co.

Lawrence

12. CO

6.25 -

Haskell's

t( i(

Lawrence

—

ii ii

Lowell

12.00

6.25

a ii

Lynn

1 2.00

6.25

Climax

a a

Salem

12.00

6.25

>■ 7.41

9-79

6.76

((

ii (C

Salem

12.00

6.25

Climax Horse

a a

.Salem

—

Climax

(( a

Wakefield

12.00

6.25

Haskell's

ii li

Woburn

12.00

6.25 J

DeFi

The H-0 Co.

Northboro

—

—

7.88

U

tt ((

N. Wilbraham

8.30

3.00

8.60

2.46

((

tt It

Taunton

H-O Horse

tt tt

Brockton

12.C0

4-5° ■^

th
((

tt It
tt tt

Northboro
Pittsfield

12 00
12 00

4.50
4.50

. 8.69

12.38

307

ii

tt 11

Salem

12.00

4-50 .

J. L. Holly

Amherst

—

10.46

10.88

4.09

Hosmer &: Green

Westfield

—

—

11.45

10.03

4.14

J. S. Nason & Co.

Westboro

— .

.._

9-5°

10.71

4-39

Unknown

Worcester

9 00

5.00

7.00

9-97

2.62

Slightly Inferior-

—below standard.

Chester Stock

Chester Mills

•Holyoke

1 1.50

4.20

i

(( u

tt tt

Holyoke

11.50

4.20

> S.28

7-37

2.06

U 1(

tt tt

Westfield

11.50

4.20

\

Sterling

M. L. Crittenden

Beverly

—

—

I..

((

11 tt

Beverlv

—

6.76

2.70

a

tt It

Haverhill

—

E. Crosby & Co.

Amherst

—

—

504

7-50

2.40

Purity Pinhead

Unknown

Leominster

—

—

736

6.14

2.10

Highest

•11.45

12.38

6.76

I.OVVPSt

• 5 04

6.14 2.06
9.99 4.46

Average

wF 1 U F

•8.20

ig

Corn, Oat and Barley Feed.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

Guaranteed. Found.

Sampled at : Protein. Fat. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

5J ;{ "4 ^ «{

The American Cereal Co.

Adams

10.79 3-28

Adams
Brockton

10.79 3-28
10.79 3.28

Fall River

10.79 328

Fall River

10.79 3-28

Fitchburg

Fitchburg
Holyoke

10.79 3-28

Pittsfield

— —

Pittsfield

10.79 3-28

Springfield

Waltham

Webster

10.79 3 28
10.79 3-28

Worcester

— — •

Worcester

— —

}■ 6.44 1 1. 84 4.65

Miscellaneous Feeds.

Brand.

Manufactured by

Sampled at

Cob Meal E. H. Smith

Graham Flour Miner & Edgerton

Rve Meal Oneonata Co.

Rye Middlings "

N. Y. Wheat Unknown

White Winter Wheat

Schumacher's Cr. Meal The American Cereal Co.

Mellen's Food Refuse Mellen's Food Co.

Shredded Wheat Refuse Natural Food Co.

a U U ii

Comb. Hay Feed "A" Davis Feed Co.

Northboro

Chicopee

Worcester

Lawrence

Adams

Chicopee

Fall River

Needham

Waltham

Fitchburg
S. Weymouth
Worcester

Moisture.

Protein.

Fat.

-a

^

i

11.84

8.63

372

11.13

12.34

1.94

10 52

14.78

2-33

10.93

14-57

316

9.70

1373

1.86

10.19

10.40

1.67

1 1.69

8.16

1-57

j 6.11

'4.57

383

, 6.82 11.84 1-34
10.62 9.97 3.19

36

III. Poultry Feeds.

Brand.

Manufactured by :

American

The American Cereal Co.

" 1.

Blended Grains C. H. Felker & Co.
H-0 The H-0 Co.

Scratching Food " "

It ll U 11

Green's Chicken Poultry & Farm Supply Co.
Kaffir Corn Ross Bros.

Spratt's Spratt

Clo.M'r'Pioneer'The Bennett & Millet Co.
Clover Meal Jordan Milling Co.

Sampled at :

Guaranteed.
Protein. Fat.

55 5f

Found.
Moisture. Protein. F;

Chicopee Falls

Salem

Springfield

Springfield

Wakefield

Brockton

Brockton

Fall River

Wakefield

Orange

Springfield

Amherst

Westfield

Salem

Salem

Northboro

- 1

- I

- 1^ 8.53 13.51 6.:

1 7. CO
17.00
17.00

- J

5-50 )
5-50 >

5-5° )
— I

1 1 .48 II .67
8. 14 17.60

2.1

5"

8.92

12.34

4.C

coo

15.69

4.<

947

10.79

3-1

7-93

19.97

3«

6.84

10.27

2.C

6.29

"•37

2.1

Meat and Bone iMeals.

Brand.

Meat & Bone

11 It

Animal

Manufactured by :

Beach Soap Co.

The Bowker Co.

Swift'sM"l&Bone Lowell Fertilizer Co.
Beef Parmenter & Polsey

Meat & Bone The Rogers' Mfg. Co.
Boil'dBeef&Bone Smith & Roumaine

Pure Beef

Average,.

Guaranteed. Found.

Sampled at : Protein. Fat. Moisture. Protein. Fa

^ f, ^ 5i 5S

Clinton

Gardner

Lawrence

Clinton

Greenfield

Lowell

Wakefield

Webster

Newburyport

Orange

z I
- s

40-45

45

15-18
15

Beach Soap Co.
The Bowker Co.
Darling Fertilizer Co.
A. Ward & Co.

Average

Meat Scrap.

Lawrence
Winchendon
Worcester
Fall River

50 16

)

4.07 24.22 9.9'

} 576 36.24

7-9

6.47 58.71 1 1.6
6.31 35.62 8.91
6.91 41.42 13.01

4-77 40.76 21.3;.

5.30 36.24(2.2'

8.49 52.96 20.8

6.84 45.15 12.8)

6-99 43 96 199;
7.04 48. 83 19 oc

•7.34 47.73 18.1£;

31

G. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS.

I. Protein Feeds.

The cottonseed meal on sale the past year was

Cottonseed, rather above the average in composition. The low-
Linseed and est percentage of protein found was 41.15, and the
Gluten average of the 69 samples showed 45.60 per cent of
Products. protein, equivalent to 7.3 of nitrogen. If purchasers
will insist on having onlv guaranteed meals, this
standard can surely be maintained.

Most of the old process linseed meal formerly contained 35
per cent of protein. The samples collected the past year averaged
only 32.26 per cent, and a number of lots contained less than 30 per
cent. A noticeable exception was the meal put out by Kellogg &
Miller, which was guaranteed, and tested 37.6 per cent of protein —
a per cent above the guaranty. The new process meal showed an
average of 37.54 per cent .protein. While it can hardly be said that
the old process meals were adulterated, most of them were certainly
below the average quality. The larger part of the linseed collected
was not guaranteed.

The gluten meals examined were of good quality, although in
many cases the guarantees were not met. A few samples of
gluten feed were collected containing 17 to 22 per cent of protein,
but the larger number showed 25 or more per cent.

Germ oil meal — the pulverized germ of the Indian corn — was of
the usual good quality. Its protein guaranty of 25 per cent is too
high, 22.65 P^"^ c^-'^X. being found two years ago, and 21.85 P^^ cent
the past year. This msal should not be confused with linseed meal,
sometimes spoken of as " oil meal."

Wheat bran and middlings were fully up to the usual

Wheat OffaL average in composition. Purchasers are advised,

however, to give the preference to those articles

branded with the names of reputable manufacturers, or to examine

the article closely before buying, in order to note the quality.

Mixed feed, so called, consists of the entire wheat offal, or mixtures
of bran, coarse and flour middlings. The larger the proportion of
flour middlings the more valuable the feed. Different brands show
noticeable variations in the proportion of the several ingredients.

32

The average percentage of protein found in the samples reported in
the present bulletin is 17.75, against 17.00 a year ago. Most mixed
feeds are entirely free from adulteration. A few samples were found
containing a considerable quantity of ground corn cobs. Some
were marked Kentucky Milling Co., others Kentucky, and a few were
unmarked. A number of other samples contained a noticeable
amount of wheat screenings. Mixed feed containing cobs can gen-
erally be recognized by the hard woody nature of the material when
chewed. A close inspection of the feed will reveal the presence of
screenings. Consumers are especially cautioned against such feeds.

Farmers can obtain a very desirable mixed feed, by mixing equal
parts by weight of bran and flour middlings or red dog flour. Such
a feed will be decidedly preferable to many of the brands now on the
market, and the cost will not be increased.

The samples of malt sprouts collected contained

Malt Sprouts, 27 to 29 per cent of protein, which is several

etc. per cent above the average. The prices at which

they are usually offered render them one of the

cheapest sources of protein.

H-O Dairy feed is as usual fully up to its guaranty and shows a
very even composition from year to year. An average of seven sam-
ples recently collected showed 18.96 per cent protein, and 3.87 per
cent fat.

II. Starchy Feeds.

Comparatively few samples of corn meal were col-
Corn and lected for examination, there seeming to be no
Hominy Meals, inclination to adulterate this article. C^orn meal

will vary more or less in quality, depending on the
character of the corn from which it is derived. The samples of
hominy meal examined were of the usual good quality. This feed
averaged 10.87 P^'' ^^"t of protein, and 7.74 per cent of fat in 1899 ;
11.24 per cent of protein, and 8.93 per cent of fat in 1900; and
11.23 pe^' cent of protein, and 9.27 per cent of fat in 1901.

The better grades of these feeds contained 7 to 8
Oat Offal. per cent of protein, and 20 per cent of fiber, the

fiber percentage being indicative of fifty to sixty per
cent of hulls. The lower grades contained from 1.45 to 6.80 per
cent of protein. One brand with the attractive name of " Very

33

Rich,"" contained 2.63 per cent of protein, anotlier with the aristo-
cratic name of " Boston" showed a protein content of 4.26 per cent,
and a third marked "X " tested 1.45 per cent of protein. These
three were practically all hulls and yet the price asked in October
was from $16.00 to $18.00 per ton. The so-called Magnolia Ground
Oats is a misnomer, the material being an average quality of oat
offal. The article branded " Lincolnshire Fancy " is also oat ofifal.

It is not intended to convey the impression that oat offal is worth-
less as a cattle feed. It is believed that material of this character,
containing from 50 to 75 per cent of hulls, in many cases ground
fine to appear like meal, is decidedly expensive at the usual market
prices. Certain it is that with the variety of excellent feed stuffs
now on the market, decidedly more economical grain rations can be
obtained for the animals of the farm than is to be found in material
of this character.

Quaker dairy feed — consisting of the better grades of oat offal as
a basis, fortified with some material rich in protein — averaged 13.73
per cent of protein and 3.27 per cent of fat. It carries a guaranty
of 12.03 P'otein and 2.50 fat. It is quite even in composition from
year to year.

Most of the articles sold as corn and oat feed are
Corn and Oat mixtures of oat offal, with cracked corn or hominy
Feed, Prov- meal. They are frequently termed provender, but
ender. are quite distinct from true provender, which con-

sists of a mixture of whole or crushed oats and
corn. The better grades of corn and oat feed were guaranteed and
known as Victor, Haskell's, Climax, De-Fi, and H-0 Horse Feed.
The Victor and H-0 Horse Feed have been ow the market for a
number of years and fully meet their guarantees. The H-O Horse
Feed contains some bran and lin.seed meal in addition to the oat ofifal
and corn, the manufacturers apparently aiming to produce a feed
similar in composition, and in feeding effect to whole oats. These
two latter feeds are worthy of the attention of horse-owners, provid-
ing prices are reasonable. The feeds of the W. H. Haskell Co. evi-
dently consist of oat ofifal and hominy feed. They are guaranteed to
contain 12 per cent of protein, and only 9.79 per cent were found.

Chester stock feed was guaranteed to contain 11.5 per cent of
protein and 4.20 per cent of fat, while only 7.37 and 2.06 respect-
ively were" found. Such a guaranty is decidedly too high for a

34

material of this ciiaracter. Three samples of Sterling provender
showed 6.76 per cent of protein which indicated a large percentage
of oat hulls.

It is stated that many local millers buy inferior grades of oat offal,
mix them with corn meal and cracked corn, and sell the mixture as
provender. Feeders are cautioned against such adulterations.
Combinalions of corn and whole oats should contain 10 percent of
protein and 4 per cent of fat.

Schumacher's corn oat and barley feed was above the guaranty in
both protein and fat. It has been even in composition and as rep-
resented since the inspection of feed stuffs was begun in this State.
The different brands of poultry feed are evidently
Poultry Feeds, honest attempts to place on the market such grain
mixtures, either ground or whole, as will be satis-
factory to poultry raisers. It is believed that it is more economical
forpoultrymen to purchase the several grains separately than to depend
upon these feeds for their supplies.

The meat and bone meals and meat scraps vary more or less in
composition, depending upon the amount of bone and fat they con-
tain. They are valuable chiefly for their protein content and should
be sold on a guaranty of composition. The better class of meat and
bone meal and meat scraps should contain 35 per cent and 50 per
cent of protein respectively.

H. MISCELLANEOUS FEED-STUFFS.

These grains have already been defined as the resi"

Distillers* due in the process of manufacturing alcohol, spirits,

Dried Grains, and whiskey from the several cereals. They contain

practically no alcohol, but are of a sour character,

due to fermentation.

Hozv classified. They may be classified as follows, depending
upon the source from which they are derived.

A. Alcohol and spirits grains.

B. Bourbon whiskey grains,

C. Rye whiskey grains.

The grains produced from alcohol and spirits distilleries are the
highest in quality, and of the most uniform grade. Corn is practi-
cally the only grain used.

35

The grains produced by whiskey distilleries vary according to the
proportion of corn, rye, and malt contained in their mashes. The
larger the proportion of corn, and the smaller that of rye and malt
(small grain, so called), the higher the grade of dry grains produced.

Average Composition. According to information furnished by a
large shipper, these grains have the following composition :

Class A. An average of 35 per cent of protein, and 11 per cent
of fat.

Class B. These contain from 24 to 38 per cent of protein and
from 6 to 15 per cent of fat.

Class C. Rye grains contain from 18 to 24 per cent of protein,
and from 5 to 7 per cent of fat, averaging 21 per cent of protein, and
6 per cent fat.

The Yearly Product. According to the annual report of the com-
missioner of internal revenue (page 104), there were used in the dis-
tilleries of the United States, during the fiscal year ending June 30,
1900,23,114,262 bushels of the different grains, corn largely pre-
dominating. At present the annual output of distillers' dried grains
in this country is less than 40,000 tons, and this is mostly exported
and consumed in Germany.

Value 0/ these grains. A number of grades have been analyzed
and fed at this Station. They were found to contain from 16.67 ^^
42.83 per cent of protein, and from 5.68 to 15.77 per cent of fat.
Digestion tests showed the better class to contain 81 per cent of dry
matter, 74 per cent protein, 82 per cent extract matter, and 94 per
cent fat digestible.

No exact tests with dairy animals were made. The various brands
were, however, fed to the Station dairy herd. The animals ate them
readily, receiving 3 to 4 pounds daily mixed with wheat bran ; the
milk-yield was satisfactory.

Atlas Gluten Meal — also a distiller's by-product — was formerly
sold in Massachusetts, and is again being offered. The manufac-
turers state that a guaranty of 36 per cent of protein and 11.50 per
cent of fat is placed on every sack. One sample recently received
at the Station showed 36.11 per cent protein, and 14.90 per cent fat,
and another 33.30 per cent protein.

In 1895 the Vermont Experiment Station compared four pounds
of Atlas Meal, two pounds of corn meal and two pounds of wheat
bran, with eight pounds of corn meal and bran, and found that a

36

pound of dry matter in the form of Atlas meal in place of an equal
amount of dry matter in the corn and bran mixture, increased the
yield of milk and total solids an eighth, and that of the butter fat a
sixth. It was regarded as the cheapest source of protein on the
market at that time.

It has been stated that feeds of this character are likely to pro-
duce milk that will sour quickly, and some milk-condensing factories
prohibit their use. Whether such statements are the results of care-
ful investigation is uncertain. It would hardly be wise to feed these
grains should the milk be intended especially for infant feeding, but
for ordinary purposes it is believed they are not objectionable and
are worthy of the attention of dairymen interested in economical
sources of protein.* They should always be bought o?i a guaranty.

There are at present some forty-two breweries in
Brewers' Massachusetts. The residue is practically all sold
Grains. • undried to farmers living in the immediate vicinity
at prices varying from seven to ten cents a bushel.
Assuming that ;^t, bushels of wet grains weigh a ton, the ton price
would be about three dollars at the brewery, to which the cost of
cartage should be added. Four tons of wet grains contain about
the same quantity of nutritive material as one ton of dry grains, or
1 . 1 tons of wheat bran, or 0.8 tons of gluten feed. With this data
at hand, the purchaser of wet grains can calculate at what price he
can secure an equal amount of nutrition in the form of dry feed
stuffs. The succulency of the wet grains is a factor not to be over-
looked in estimating the value of the feed. It is not believed that
the wet grain is an objectionable feed-stufif, when fed in a reasonably
fresh condition and in moderate quantities.

Brewers^ dried grains are fed quite extensively in many states.
They have been substituted with success for oats as a horse feed,
and furnish a cheap source of protein for dairymen.

Owing to the present high price of oats, it has been
Barley for suggested that barley be substituted as a feed for
Horses. horses. The Arabs feed their horses almost exclu-
sively on barley. This grain is also fed to horses
by the Berbers in North Africa with excellent results. Pott, a Ger-
man authority on feed-stuffs, considers barley the best grain for
horses, oats only excepted. In view of the extended use of this
cereal as a horse feed in other countries, it is believed that it could be

*Three to four pounds daily are sufficient for each animal, fed after milkiny.

37

substituted for oats with success if economic conditions warranted..
Half of the grain feed may consist of crushed or coarsely ground
barley, fed together with oats, corn and oats, or corn and wheat
bran. It is preferable not to feed barley exclusively until the animal
becomes accustomed to it, and the feeder is in position to note its
feeding effect.

This material has been sold quite freely in New

Red Albumen York state of late. The N. Y. Station reports some

for Poultry, of it to consist almost exclusively of Venetian red,.

(oxide of iron) and sand, worth from one to two
cents a pound. Another lot proved to be a nitrogenous by-product
containing 72 per cent of protein — retailing at fifty or sixty cents a
pound — and worth about three cents a pound.

One sample of red albumen recently sent to this Station was found
to contain 45.72 per cent of protein. It was put out by a Boston
druggist and consisted of nitrogenous matter resembling ground bone
glue, mixed with red pepper. Good beef scrap, costing 2^ cents a
pound is preferable to such material for egg production. The com-
position and value of condimental stock and poultry foods have been
fully explained in Bulletin 71, to which the interested reader is
referred.

Beet pulp is the residue from the sugar beet facto-

Sugar Beet ries and consists of practically all of the beet

Pulp. excepting the sugar. It contains 9 per cent of dry

matter, and 91 per cent of water. It has been
recently offered to Massachusetts farmers at $10 a ton delivered at
their railroad station. Experiments have shown it to have one-half
the feeding value of corn silage. It would probably be equivalent
to silage if it contained as much dry matter as the latter. Its value
is about $2 per ton on the farm, and it can only be fed to advantage
by farmers in the immediate vicinity of the beet factories.

I. ECONOMIC FEEDS AND RATIONS.

In view of the present high prices of concentrates, inquiries are
constantly being received relative to the most economic grain rations
for dairy animals. The writer feels that he cannot do better in mak-
ing a general answer, than to repeat the suggestions offered a year

ago-

38

Among the most economical concentrates high in
' Economical protein may be mentioned cottonseed meal, malt
Feeds. sprouts, gluten products, dried distillers' and brew-

ers' grains, flour middlings and red dog flour.
Expensive Wheat bran contains only 13 per cent of digestible
Feeds. protein, and 35 to 40 per cent of indigestible matter.

The long distance transportation of substances con-
taining such a large amount of inert material, is an important factor
in making the nutrients they contain relatively expensive. While it
is a safe feed and most excellent for diluting or " lightening up " the
more concentrated by-products, it is believed that farmers generally
feed it in excess to their pecuniary disadvantage. For milkmen it
often furnishes a partial cheap substitute for hay, when the latter is
expensive. The above remarks apply to New England conditions,
as this product is undoubtedly among the cheapest feeds for western
farmers. Linseed meal while a desirable milk-producing feed, is as
a rule an expensive one. It is not economical for the average
farmer to purchase corn meal for milk production : it should be
grown upon the farm. Milk producers who are obliged to purchase
all of their feed can on the contrary often feed grain mixtures con-
taining one-third corn or hominy meal to advantage. Among other
very expensive concentrates may be mentioned oat feeds, and the
various mixtures containing an excess of oat offal.

GRAIN MIXTURES FOR DAIRY COWS.

Mixtures to be fed with one bushel of silage* and hay, or with
corn stover and hay.

100 lbs. bran. 100 lbs. bran or mixed feed.

100 lbs. flour middlings. 150 lbs. gluten feed.

150 lbs. gluten feed. Mix and feed 9 quarts daily.
Mix and feed 7 quarts daily.

4.

100 lbs. bran. 200 lbs. malt sprouts.

100 lbs. flour middlings. 100 lbs. bran.

100 lbs. gluten or cottonseed meal. 100 lbs. gluten feed.

Mix and feed 7 to 8 quarts daily. Mix and feed 10 to 12 quarts daily.

♦To reduce cost of grain, try 35 quarts of 100 pounds cottonseed meal and 100 pounds gluten

feed, ?it!xed with silage.
**'With silage and hay.

39

5-t 6.tt

TOO lbs. cottonseed or gluten meal. 125 lbs. gluten feed.
150 lbs. corn and cob meal. 100 lbs. corn and cob meal.

100 lbs. bran. Mix and feed 5 to 6 quarts daily.

Mix and feed 7 to 8 quarts daily.

J. TOPICS OF INTEREST.

The farm has been aptly called the " carbohydrate

The Protein factory," the principle fodder crops produced being

Problem. hay, corn fodder, corn (grain) and similar materials

— all low in protein and high in carbohydrates.
The problem confronting the milk producer is how to economically
secure sufficient of the costly but necessary protein to supplement
the home-grown carbohydrates.

SUGGESTIONS OFFERED.

By feeding the grasses and corn plant liberally with nitrogenous
manure the protein content of these crops can be increased to a
limited degree. rhis statement is based on carefully conducted
experiments.

Clover* may be grown by itself or with the grasses for hay, and
as a green forage crop. It should be sown upon land rather lack-
ing in nitrogen, and' fertilized liberally with phosphoric acid, potash,
and lime.

Medium green soy beans may be grown by themselves for green
forage, or together with corn for silage, providing the corn and bean
mixture can be successfully cut with a corn harvester, an experiment
not as yet tried by the writer. It is not believed to be economical
to grow them by themselves as a silage crop, for the reason that the
increased cost of handling them, more than makes up for the extra
protein furnished. Corn and beans have been found to make a very
desirable silage mixture, $ containing 2.5 per cent of protein
against 1.7 for corn alone. Soy beans are not economical as a seed
crop, it being cheaper to purchase protein in the form of cottonseed
or other protein meals.

Mixtures of wJieat and hairy or sa/id vetc/i, a.nd oafs and Canada

tWith stover and hay.

ttWith stover and hay, preferably mixed with wet cut hay.

*Clover, beans and vetches are rich in protein.

I.^bout i corn and J beans. See Bulletin 72 for details of planting.

40

peas make very satisfactory soiling crops, and furnish more protein
than the cereals grown by themselves.

Alfalfa has not proved successful at the Station, and reports com-
ing from Massachusetts farmers who have tried it are not
encouraging.

Corn should be grown extensively, and a silo is believed to
be the most economical method of preserving it. It may be advis-
able to pick off some of the best ears, before putting the crop into
the silo, or even to grow more than is sufficient for silage fodder.
The reason for this latter suggestion is due to the fact that it is
hardly wise to feed more than a bushel of silage daily for any length
of time, because of its acid character. The grain* not ensiled,
together with some purchased concentrate rich in protein may be fed
mixed with the silage, which will take the place of bran, in so far as
it acts as a diluter. By producing the fodder crops above suggested,
the quantity of protein feed-stuff to be purchased may be consider-
ably reduced.

Protein is guaranteed because it is by far the most

Why only necessary and costly nutrient for the farmer to pur-
Protein and chase. Fat is guaranteed firstly because it furnishes
Fat are two and one-quarter times as much energy as carbo-
Guaranteed. hydrates,and secondly, because an excess interferes
with digestion and normal milk secretion, and is to
be avoided. The percentages of protein and fat scn'c as an index of
the character of the feed. Thus an average quality of wheat bran
should contain i6 per cent of protein, and if only 14 or less were
found, it would indicate that the article was inferior or adulterated.
Many concentrates, especially oat offal, contain an excessive
amount of fiber, an ingredient less digestible than the starchy matter.
A guaranty of fiber in addition to protein and fat for such feeds
would furnish a better index of their character. The content of pro-
tein, fat and fiber being knownt, the amount of starchy matter is
easily estimated by difference. The fact must not be lost sight of
however that the extract or starchy matter is a necessary and val-
uable animal nutrient.

*Corn furnishes a large amount of digestible matter.

t To these add 10 to 14 per cent for water and ash before substracting from 100 to get
starchy matter.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

>OF THK-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. 79.

GROWING CHINA ASTERS.

]F^B:Bi^xj^^i^"ir, loos.

The Bulletins of this Station will he sent free to all newspapers in
the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may request
the same.

AMHERST, MA88. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1902.

HATCH EXPERIMEBTT STATION

or THB

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D.,

William P. Brooks, Ph. D.,

George E. Stone, Ph. D.,

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. I).

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,

Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,

J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,

Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,

James E. Halligan, B. Sc,
Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,
Philip H. Smith, Jr., B. Sc,
Jambs W. Kellogg, B. Sc,
George A. Drew, B. Sc.

Henry L. Bodfish,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).
Chemist (Foods and Feeding).
Entomologist.
Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(Foods and Feeding)-
Ass't CAcmis^(Foods and Feeding).
Ass't Chemist(Foodb and Feeding).
Assista7it Horticulturist.
Assista7it Horticultxirist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuflfs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these are desired. Communicatione
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

DIVISION OF BOTANY.

Ralph E. Smith.

GROWING CHINA ASTERS.

The remarkably widespread and general failure which has
attended the growing of the China Aster in recent times led this
Division to undertake an investigation of the subject, which has
now extended over several years. While the results are not in all
respects as complete as might be desired, the amount of material on
hand and the importance of the subject to the growers of this flower
seem to justify the publication at this time of what has been accom-
plished toward solving the problem.

It has been found that a number of troubles, quite different in
their nature, are responsible for the present condition of affairs and
these have been separated and identified in a fairly satisfactory
manner, so that we know at present much more definitely than before
with what we have to deal. The economic study of the individ-
ual diseases falls naturally into two parts, first, the nature and
cause of the disease, and second, the development of means for
preventing or suppressing it. Some details are still lacking in these
particulars, but it is believed that enough has been learned to make
the growing of the plant much less difficult than has been the case.
In the course of this work all the important varieties of asters obtain-
able in America have been grown in quantity, and the experience of
other growers in many parts of the country has been drawn upon, in
order that the subject may be covered as thoroughly as possible.
The conclusions presented are the result of several years' practical
experience on a large scale.

THE PLANT.

The flower commonly known as the Aster or China Aster {Calli-
stcphus hortensis) is a native of the country from which it derives its
familiar name, having been introdufcd into Europe about 1731.-

Originally it was a single flower like the daisy or sunflower, the pres-
ent double form being the result of cultivation. The original color
is said to have been mauve with a yellow center. A bushy growing
form with flowers of this description has been recently put on the
market by European seedsmen, which is claimed to be the original
species from China. The great modifications which the plant has
undergone are due mostly to the German and French gardeners who
were the first to cultivate it extensively and who (especially the
former) grow most of the seed on the market to-day. In America
the plant has been known for more than a century and is now one of
the most popular garden annuals as well as an important commercial
flower. A considerable amount of seed is now grown in this country,
especially in California.

IvIETHODS OF CULTIVATION.

Asters, like other annuals, are grown from seed which ordinarily
is sown under glass in early spring or in the open ground later in
the season. The young plants are pricked out into pots,- flats, or
cold frames when large enough and later set out in the open bed
where they are to remain. They flourish well in almost any soil, but
respond in a marked degree to an increased amount of fertility.
Their best development is obtained in a moderately moist, \\ ell-
drained soil, rich in organic matter and plant food.

TROUBLES IN GROWING THE ASTER.

As already stated this plant has suffered in recent years to a
marked extent from a variety of troubles, which have in some cases
caused its abandonment by professional growers and everywhere
brought failure and disappointment to those who take delight in it.
Along with those diseases which occupy more paiticularly the atten-
tion of the botanist, it has been found that several insects are also
the cause of much damage, so that all in all no out-of-door plant is
more badly affected than this.

Most of those who grow asters buy their plants from the florist
when large enough to set out. They are put out in the bed and if
proper care is given and all goes well it is but a few days before
they are growing nicely and go on to full development. More often,
however, there is trouble from the first, for it is at this stage that
one of the worst diseases begins to show itself.

WILT OR STEM ROT.

This may be called the " Wilt " or •' Stem Rot," and is now per-
haps the most common and destructive disease of the aster. It has
been known for some time but has greatly increased in abundance
during the past few years, being more generally prevalent during the
summer of 1901 than ever before. It is the trouble referred to by
Professor Galloway in American Gardening, Vol. XVII, p. 518, 1896,
who states that it is caused by a fungus which enters the plant near
the surface of the ground and fills up the water vessels of the stem,
thus causing the plant to wilt and finally die.

Symptotns. This disease is readily recognized by one familiar
with it. It first appears soon after the plants are set out in the bed
and is generally prevalent from that time on throughout the season,
but is most noticeable at two periods, the setting of the plants and
the time of blossoming. Complaints of this trouble are most abund-
ant from the latter part of July to the middle of August, as it is dur-
ing this period that most of it appears. To the casual observer the
presence of this blight is first indicated by the death of affected
plants. Those who examine closely find that the stem of the plant
just at the surface of the ground is badly rotted and evidently the
seat of the difficulty, the hard inner woody portion only remaining.
This, however, is the final stage of the disease, which may be recog-
nized much earlier. Ite effects are always seen first upon one side
of the plant, usually in one of the lower leaves and almost always in
one-half of the leaf. Here the normal color begins to turn to a dull
yellowish green. Soon this is apparent up and down the whole
length of the plant, but still on one side, a wilting, fading, "blight-
ing " effect. At the top of the plant the leaves on the affected side
are somewhat smaller than the others while further down they grad-
ually droop and die away. The whole appearance is very charac-
teristic, one side of the plant having the dull-green, wilted, blighted
appearance with only one-half of many of the leaves affected at first.
When the disease is prevalent many plants take on this appearance
and die soon after being set out in the bed. Often a large lot will
be a total loss before setting a blossom. In other cases plants in
which the symptoms are apparent, but not so strongly marked, will
throw out branches, form buds and develop a few feeble flowers
before entirely perishing. Again it is very common for plants which

appear healthy up to the time of blossoming to throw out a normal
crop of fiowers, then suddenly show the characteristic blight, wilt
and dry up in a very short time. In all these cases the disease is
the same.

If affected plants in the earlier stages of the disease are pulled up
and examined no indication of injury can be seen except in the
wilted, dying lower leaves. The roots and stem appear perfectly
sound and healthy. It Is only on cutting open the stem, just at the
surface of the ground, that the seat of the trouble is found. Here
will be found a dark discoloration in the outer edge of the harder,
woody portion of the stem, where it joins the soft "bark " or cortex
portion which covers it. At first this is only a small spot on the
affected side, but may always be found when the exterior symptoms

Fig. I. Longitudinal sections of Aster stems attacked by .Stem Kot ; showing discolora-
tion, a early stage. /' considerably affected.

have begun to appear. This discoloration spreads around and up
the stem, always in the woody portion at first, but finally the soft
outer part is affected and rots away, leaving the wood intact, though
it was the first portion to be attacked. By this time the plant is
dead so that if first examined at this stage the stem is found in the
condition described.

The cause of this trouble may readily be found with the micro-
scope. This is seen to the best advantage in a plant in the earlier
stages of the disease where the outer green cortex of the stem is still
sound and intact. By examining a thin section of the discolored
woody portion it will be seen that the discoloration is confined
mostly to the large vessels or pores through which the water passes
up from the roots. These are still intact and uninjured, but in the

Fig. 2. Cross section of affected tissue, Fig. 3. Duct ironi stem, mucii enlarged,

much enlarged, showing vessels plugged with fungus,
with fungus and discolored.

interior of most oftho.se wiiich are already affected as shown by the
darker color, there will be seen a mass of fungus growth, which com-
pletely plugs up the opening and evidently prevents the free passage
of water or sap through the vessel. All stages leading up to this
final result will be seen. In the more newly aiTected vessels only a
few filaments of the fungus are present, but these soon increase, fill
up the passage and spread into new tissue until all the larger water
vessels are plugged up. Thus is explained the gradual wilting of the
plant, beginning on one side, as more and more of the water from
the roots is cut ofif until finally the whole plant dries up, simply from
lack of water and soil-food, and not directly on account of the effects

8

of the fungus. In the final stages of the disease the outer portion
of the stem becomes affected and rots away.

All this may readily be seen with the microscope. The important
question now arises, where does this fungus come from and how
does it attack the plant ? The solution of this point underlies the
whole problem of preventing or treating the disease. A particular
case may be described. In the spring of 1900 we planted a large
amount of aster seed in flats in a greenhouse. The seed was planted
quite thickly so that the plants after coming up stood very close
together in the rows. A long period of wet cloudy weather followed
and soon the trouble known as "damping oft" set in quite abund-
antly. The affected seedlings did not die suddenly, but would wilt
down and gradually wither away. Examination showed that the
base of the stem and roots had rotted off. As soon as possible the
plants were pricked out, saving only the best. Many more rotted
off after this, so that when the permanent beds were set out on June
8 many varieties were very poorly represented. It was noticeable in
the flats that many plants showed a trouble, evidently a continuation
of the damping off in the seed bed, which resembled in every way
the wilt of older plants just described, except that being younger
and more tender the stem rotted off more quickly. This rotting
affected first the woody tissue as in the typical disease. Plants in
the flats were continually wilting and dying in this way. In many
cases, however, an apparent recovery took place. In some lots of
badly affected seedlings almost every piant showed at the time of
pricking out a small dark spot on the stem, from which the rotting
proceeded. In those which appeared to recover a callous tissue
grew over this spot, becoming a sort of scab and appearing to check
the decay of the stem. By carefully following individual plants it
was found that these were the plants which showed the wilt disease
after being set out. The fungus in all these cases was the same.
This is an important point, namely, that the disease was amtracted in
the seed bed as a result of conditiims which favor damping off.

Acting upon this idea comparisons were constantly made between
plants started in the greenhouse which damped off more or less and
those which were started in the open ground and kept in vigorous
growth from the first. The development of individual plants and
typical lots of plants, affected and unaffected, was carefully followed
up, with the result that in every case where plants died from stem

rot after being set out in the bed, even though in many instances no
trouble showed itself until the time of blossoming, the disease came
from the seed bed and 7oas not contracted by healthy plants after being
set out in the field. Our own plants have been started each year in
the same house, the same flats, and possibly to some extent in the
same soil. It seems almost certatn that the germs of this fungus are
thoroughly established here ; at any rate the trouble has steadily
increased from none in 1899 to almost every plant in 1901, while
each year plants started out of doors, set out in the same beds and
often in ground occupied by diseased plants the previous year have
shown no trouble of this sort whatever. The past season when the
greenhouse-started plants were almost all killed sooner or later by
the stem rot, our large bed presented a most instructive appearance.
hX one end was a large block of plants started out of doors. Here
and there through the bed were a few other rows of similar plants.
The rest of the field had been set with greenhouse plants. By the
time that blossoming was well under way scarcely a plant remained
alive in the whole bed except in the portions set with out-of-door
plants, and here not a single plant showed this blight.

Treatment for Stem Rot. Plainly the avoidance of this disease
lies in starting with healthy plants, grown out of doors or in cold
frames, rather than in the greenhouse where the conditions are more
favorable to damping off. Of course many good plants are started
in greenhouses, but the disease is rapidly increasing in prevalence
and appears to start almost invariably from such conditions. Plants
started out of doors are insured against this trouble, and, though
perhaps a little later, may easily be brought to full development at
the normal season. As regards time of blossoming there is no
marked advantage in obtaining very early plants, with the possible
exception of Queen of the Market and similar extra early varieties.
Plant the seed in good soil out of doors as early as the ground can
be thoroughly worked, in a place where asters have never grown
before. Thin out the young plants if necessary, transplant to the
permanent bed as soon as they are large enough and when condi-
tions are favorable, and, so far as stem rot is concerned, no trouble
need be feared. The knowledge that the disease is contracted only
in the seed bed is, of course, the basis of this recommendation, which
though brief and simple, is believed to be one of the most valuable
points brought out in this bulletin.

lO

Fig 4. Conidial spore formation in stem rot Fusarium.

This disease is entirely similar in its general aspects to those
described by Erwin F. Smith on Melons, Cowpeas, etc., by Masse on
Tomato, and others of the same class, caused by forms of Fusarium. The
present species or form appears, so far as studied, to have very little ten-
dency toward spore formation. Young affected plants placed in a moist
chamber soon become overrun with a white mycelium upon the shorter
branches of which lunulate Fusarium conidia develop in abundance. The
production of such conidia or of any other spore form, has never been
observed upon affected plants in any stage of the disease, though carefully
looked for in a large amount of material. Cultures on potato and prune
juice from affected tissue give mostly white sterile mycelium with occasion-
ally a few conidia. A similar growth is also produced in a great many
cases from affected plants in the moist chamber. Infection takes place
readily in seedlings started in earth in which affected tissue has been
buried. At the same time it is to be noted that in our thoroughly infested
house, plants started in sterilized earth were quite as badly affected as those
in ordinary soil, and by the same Fusarium fungus. Apparently, therefore,
conidial infection of seedlings occurs. Further experiments are now going
on in regard to the mode of infection, but a long series of observations has
left no doubt that the disease is contracted in the seed bed and that plants
which are healthy when set out in the permanent bed are thereafter
immune, even in infected soil.

Fig. 5-

Aster plant with Yellow Disease.

Flowers all blighted.

Fig. 6. Aster

plant very badly aftected with Yellow Disease.

V.

^ jfi'

hssX » -^

^*4i**^

n•^.^^^

^

Fig. 8. Normal development of Aster blossom.

-TV

^ y

'^'•»

$

.t^

n-.

Fig. 9. Asters affected on one side by Yellow Disease.

1 1

TROUBLES SIMILAR TO THE WTLT OR STEM ROT.

There are two other troubles, both caused by insects, which may
sometimes be mistaken for the disease just described. One of these
is produced by the common "White Grub" {Lacktiostertio), the
immature form of the May beetle or June Bug, which, by eating off
the roots, causes the plant to wilt and die. Here the whole plant
wilts at once and by pulling it up the nature of the trouble is at
once discovered. If not too late the guilty party will be found by
digging up the earth at the base of the plant, or if not there, is usu-
ally to be found at the next plant in the row. By close watching
they may be readily detected and destroyed before much damage is
done. Sometimes a plant, if not too badly affected, may be set back
again and recover. This pest is nuich worse in dry soil and varies
in abundance from year to year.

This is another cause of wilting and stunted growth

Root Lice, and is, in many respects, the worst trouble affecting
the aster. Affected plants fail to grow properly and
have a wilted, unhealthy, and generally .stunted appearance. They
do not die quickly, but often remain in the bed all summer without
increasing in size to any apparent extent. When pulled up, the
roots, or what remains of them, are found to be covered with masses
of a bluish-colored louse in all stages of development. Certain of
our own beds are so infested with this insect that asters can no
longer be grown in thehi. It is the most troublesome pest with
which we have had to contend. Its life history does not appear to
be known by entomologists and one can only recommend the use of
new, uninfested soil as a preventive measure. This applies to the
seed bed, permanent bed, and all situations in which the plant is
grown.

YELLOW DISEASE OR BLIGHT.

Under this heading may now be taken up one of the most pecul-
iarly obscure diseases with which any plant is affected. Caused by
no fungus, insect, or other organism, not due to any apparent effect
of treatment or environment, it is notwithstanding a sharply defined,
widespread and destructive disease of this plant. Its general effect
is a bright yellow " spindling " growth. Affected parts do not die
or wilt, but show simply the peculiar growth which prevents their

I 2

proper development. This trouble begins to appear after the plants
have become well established in the permanent bed. Affected spec-
imens show at the summit or growing tip a light greenish-yellow
color instead of the normal dark green. Leaves previously formed
do not change their color, but from the point where the trouble
began the succeeding stem and leaves have the yellow color. There
is no dying or any such effect, simply the "spindling" yellow
growth. The effect is curious and unmistakable. At the same time
similar yellow shoots begin to appear from the axils of the leaves on
the main stem. In the worst cases growth is checked at this point
and the plant remains through the summer as shown in fig. 6, a
stunted stem, yellow at the top, with numerous short, unhealthy-
looking yellow branches along the sides. From this the intensity of
the trouble varies to the other extreme where only in a few of the
last flowers of the season is the abnormal color and growth apparent.
Microscopic examination of the affected stem and leaves shows
nothing abnormal except a lack of green coloring matter. The roots
even of the most diseased specimens are abundant, sound, and
healthy-looking (see fig. 6). Absolutely nothing has been found in
any part of the plant to account for the effect. After the disease
once appears it keeps cropping out here and there all through the
season, the latest plants to show it being the least affected. The
most striking effect of this peculiar malady is seen in the flower.
The Jlower^ so-called, of the aster, is, it should be remembered, in
reality a large number of very small flowers crowded together upon a
disk-like base or receptacle. Two forms of these small flowers or
florets occur, those about the edge, the ray florets, each of which
bears a single petal, and those in the center, the disc florets. This
is seen most plainly in the single aster, where the disc florets form
the yellow center or " eye " of the flower. The double-flowered
forms, which are considered most desirable, are the result of the
transformation of the disc florets into ray florets, so that each bears
a petal. The more complete this transformation the more double
the flower. A perfectly double aster is not common except in certain
varieties, for the center usually remains in its normal form. The
disc florets bear both stamens and pistils and so always produce
seed. The ray florets bear only pistils : consequently they produce
no seed unless fertilized with pollen from the disc florets. For this
reason the well-known fact conies about that the more double the

Fig. 7. Normal Aster florets, r ray, d disc.

flower the less seed it produces. A perfectly double flower produces
no seed unless pollen is brought to it by insects from other more
single flowers.

Fig. 10. Normal and affected pistils
showing enlargement by Vellow Disease.
n normal, d diseased.

Fig. 12. Longitudinal sections of young
florets showing normal {b) and affected (rt)
ovules and pistils.

14

The normal development of an aster blossom is seen in fig. 8. At
the end of each shoot there first appears a cluster of small, leafy
bracts, from the center of which the flower bud gradually develops
and opens. In plants badly affected with the yellow disease no
flowers develop upon the yellow sickly-looking shoots, or only rudi-
ments of them. In numerous cases, however, blossoms appear upon
normal branches, which are peculiarly afifected by the disease.
Some show it in the whole flower, others only upon one side or in a
small portion. The first noticeable peculiarity is in the color, which
is of the same greenish yellow as that of affected leaves, without
regard to the natural color of the variety. Where the whole flower-
head is affected it has a peculiar unnatural appearance, while often
one side is perfectly normal while the other is yellow and diseased.
(Fig. 9.) Closer examination of affected florets shows a remarkable
and characteristic change. This is the greatly increased size and
length of the pistil, which occupies the center of each floret.
Fig. 10 shows a normal and a diseased floret, all the parts being
removed except the pistil. These are drawn to the same scale.
The ovary or seed-bearing part at the base is much longer and

Fig. 13. Later stage of Fig. 12. (^dis-
eased, « normal.

Fig. 15. Portions of pappus hairs, ix nor-
mal ; /' modified form found in Yellow Disease.

thicker, and the same is true of the portion above. Splitting the
ovary lengthwise the same change is found to have taken place in
the ovule, or rudimentary seed, which has grown up on a long stalk
(see figs. 12 and 13). A further peculiarity is shown in fig. 14.
This is the sharp turn upward which the affected pistils take, just as
the stem of a plant takes when bent over. Further changes are
found in the pappus, the circle of capillary hairs at the top of the
ovary. These normally consist of fine stiff bristles, having the struc-
ture shown in fig. 15, a. In diseased florets the pappus is mostly
undeveloped and its place taken by a fringe of small lobes, having a
cellular structure and containing chlorophyll, forming something of
a true calyx, which the pappus represents (fig. 15, b.).

The changes in the plant under the influence of this disease
may be summarized something as follows :.

Root: Apparently well developed and entirely normal, even
in worst cases.

Stem and Branches : No structural change. Pale yellow color,
poor in chlorophyll, often slender and spindling. In worst cases
stunted and very short.

Leaf : No structural change. Color yellowish and sickly. Poor
in chlorophyll. Often poorly developed in size and form.

Flower : Bracts, no change.

Calyx (Pappusj, apparent tendency to revert to leaf-like lobes or
sepals. All stages of transition occur between the proper branching
hairs and chlorophyll-containing lobes or bract-like scales.

Corolla, color — changed to uniform light greenish-yellow without
regard to original shade. Form — in ligulate ray florets slender and
closely incurved, appearing tubular. In disc florets elongated, retain-
ing tubular form with short lobes at extremity.

Stamens, general tendency to abort. Anthers small and shrivelled,
producing little or no pollen, not cohering in a ring about the pistil.

Pistil — general tendency to elongate. Stig?)ia much elongated and
enlarged, protruding abnormally from the corolla tube. Ovarj much
elongated and somewhat enlarged. Few hairs on outside. Ovule
elongated, shrivelled and apparently not fertilized. Funiculus espe-
cially grows very long, keeping pace with the ovary.

i6

Beside these changes it may be mentioned that plants which are
at all affected bear little or no seed, even in the normal flowers.

Consideration of these changes, together with the general study
and observation of the disease, leads to the conclusion that they (the
changes in the flower particularly) are not the direct effect of the
cause of the trouble, whatever it may be, but are simply secondary
symptoms of a certain weakness. They all indicate plainly a rever-
sion from the reproductive to the vegetative function. The elonga-
tion of the pistil, the abortion of the stamens, the transformation of
the pappus hairs into green lobes, the strong response of the affected
florets to the effect of gravity, and the non-production of seed, all
go to show, not that the flower is diseased, but that from some cause
the plant lacks the vitality or form of vitality necessary for the
reproductive function. A strikingly suggestive similar case helps
out this idea. Marguerite plants in our college greenhouses have
recently shown a disease very closely resembling this of the aster.
The same yellow shoots appear and the same effects in the flower
(fig. 17). Here, however, it occasionally occurs that a form such as
is shown in fig. 18 develops. Here each pistil has elongated into a
stem, bearing another flower bud, so that the single blossom would
become, if all expanded, an umbel-like cluster of flowers. These
secondary buds, however, have never been known to open into
flowers. Here, then, the change from the reproductive to the vege-
tative is still more plainly brought out. Besides in the Marguerite,
it may be mentioned that similar diseases to that of the aster have
been observed in the Calendula and African Marigold, each produc-
ing the yellow spindling shoots and abortive flowers. Plants of the
ragweed or Roman wormwood (^Artemisia) are also often seen in this
vicinity which show a yellow color and quite similar appearance.

CAUSE OF THE YELLOW BLIGHT.

A number of different causes have been assigned to this disease

by aster growers. First may be mentioned the case described by

Dr. W. C. Sturgis of the Connecticut Experiment Station, who

ascribes what appears to be this same disease to the

Nematode effects of Nematode worms on the roots. Nothing

Worms. is said about the peculiar effect in the flower, but the

spindling yellow growth is mentioned. While it is

not improbable that the root-gall nematode might attack this plant

»7

as found by Dr. Sturgis, the writer has never seen such a case and
can state positively that no such organism is the cause of the disease
now under consideration. The roots of all the affected plants exam-
ined have been perfectly clean and healthy.

The presence of lice in the roots has been thought
Root Lice, by some to bring about the disease, but only a very

brief examination is needed to show the incorrect-
ness of this idea. Where this pest is abundant numbers of plants
may be found whose roots are covered with lice but which still show
no sign of the yellow disease. It is indeed quite evident, on close
examination, that these pests are much more abundant upon normal
than upon diseased plants in the same bed.

It is natural in a plant disease to look for some par-
Fungi, Bac- asitic organism as the cause. In many respects the
teria, or other appearance and nature of this disease lead one to
Organisms, suspect some such origin, but it may be said at once

that the most careful search in all parts of the plant
has failed to reveal anything of the sort. That the trouble is purely
of a physiological nature, due to some perversion of the normal func-
tions of the plant can scarcely be doubted.

The trouble is equally prevalent upon all varieties
Varieties. of asters. Besides the large amount of evidence

on this point obtained incidentally in the course of
this work from our own plants and those of many other growers, this
matter was especially tested in the summer of 1900. Seed was
obtained of all the varieties of any importance obtainable in the
country, over three hundred separate lots in all, and the plants of
each kind set out in one long bed for comparison. The result was
that while naturally some variation in the amount of disease
occurred, no important difference could be seen in favor of or against
any variety. It is interesting to note that the alleged " original "
aster obtained of Heinemann, of Erfurt, (ierman}^ was one of the
worst affected varieties.

In purchasing seed care was taken to inquire in

Source of each case where it was grown. In this way a com-

Seed. pari son was instituted between plants from seed

grown in Germany, France, England, California,
New York, and Massachusetts. No difference whatever appeared.

i8

Seed more than one year old germinates poorly, but
Old Seed. the plants are not any more nor less liable to the

disease.
Storage of It has been suggested that the temperature at which
Seed. the seed is kept over winter might influence the

vitality of the plants. To test this, home-grown
seed was kept over winter in the following situations: lot i, at an
ordinary living temperature, lot 2, in a cool attic, and lot 3 in a shed
at practically out-of-door temperature. Along with these lots was
also planted some seed gathered on March 19 from old plants which
had stood out all winter. No difference appeared in the resulting
plants. All were more or less diseased.

The idea is sometimes expressed that transplanting
Effects of is instrumental in bringing on this disease and that
Transplanting, plants grown direct from seed without being dis-
turbed do not show it. The last point has been
clearly disj^roven in numerous instances by the appearance of the
yellow blight in beds of asters which had never been transplanted or
disturbed. To test the matter more definitely three beds were pre-
pared in the fall of 1899 by digging up turf land and working in, a

liberal dressing of barnyard manure. No. 1 was
Fall Planting, planted on Nov. 3d with aster seed in .hills g in.

apart, 8 or 10 seeds in a hill. On April 2 1 of the
following year the young plants began to appear and all the hills
came up well. Bed No. 2 was planted in a similar manner on April
28. Germination was prompt and good. Bed No. 3 was set out
with plants in the ordinary manner early in July. As the plants in
I and 2 grew larger they were gradually thinned until one remained
in each hill. In rapidity of growth and general appearance of vigor
bed No. I, planted the previous fall, showed the best lot of plants
which we have ever grown. They were of the Semple variety and
grew up tall, stout and bushy. Bed No. 2 was quite as good,
but somewhat later. Despite this vigorous growth, the yellow
disease in beds No. i and 2 was much the worst on the place.
Nearly 50 per cent of all the plants became badly affected. Bed No.
3 was nearly as bad. Plainly, therefore, this method cannot be
recommended for preventing the disease. Still it is not believed
that this style of planting would in general tend to increase the
amount of yellow blight, and the extreme vigor of the plants in other

i

c-

■~>

Fig. II. Sections of normal and yellow diseased blossoms, showin- abnormally long
ovaries. Upper two normal.

Fig. 14. Section of partially diseased blossom, showing upward turn by affected florets.

Fig. 16. i.Brancl\ of Marguerite plant affected by Yellow Disease similar to that of Aster^

Fig. 17. Normal and affected ray and disc florets of Marguerite, showing-
elongation of pistil

Fig. iS. Affected Marguerite blossom transformed into
umbel of flower stalks.

If

Fig. 19. Single modified florets from Fig. iS.

'9

respects makes fall planting worthy of trial. Freedom from stem rot
is especialU- marked, but root-lice infested soil must be carefully
avoided.

Number of Comparison between plants transplanted once,

Times Trans- twice and more times showed no difference in the
planted. amount of the disease.

The theory is most plausible that a trouble of this
Heredity. nature would be brought about or transmitted by
the use of seed from affected plants, and it was
confideiiily believed that experiments along this line would show
definite results. In the fall of 1899 seed was carefully selected from
plants affected in all degrees with the disease. Such seed was found
difficult to secure, for, as previously stated, affected plants produce
very little. A good series, however, was finally obtained and
that from each plant carefully labelled with its history and saved
by itself. This seed was planted the following spring, germin-
ated well, and the seedlings were pricked out and then trans-
planted into the open ground. Contrary to expectations these
plants were as fine a lot as any and showed less of the yellow di.s-
ease than the average. In one row of 13 plants, seed taken from a
plant in which all but one small branch was badly diseased, none
were affected. Another row of 12 from a plant considerably affected,
had none affected. These were two as nice rows of plants as any
in the field. Other rows of r8, 20 and 25 plants had from i to 3
diseased, the others excellent plants. Altogether 138 plants
matured in these lots, and 5 were diseased. Comparing this with
the result in the bed planted in the fall with the very best home-
grown, selected seed, all from perfectly healthy plants, where nearly
50 per cent were badly affected, the overthrow of the heredity idea
is complete.

The growth of asters upon various types of soils.
Physical Prop- wet and dry, heavy and light, clay, loam, sand,
erties of the gravel, etc. has been tested quite extensively on our
Soil. own grounds and by giving plants to others in vari-

ous places, as well as by general observations.
Without going into detailed descriptions it may be said that no dif-
ference in the amount of vellow l)light could be laid to this source.

20

Some growers of experience in growing asters have

New vs. Old claimed tliat this disease steadily increases from

Soil. year to year if asters be planted on the same

ground, there being very little the first 3'ear. This
is not borne out by our experience or observations in regard to this
disease, though true in the case of some other troubles. Repeated
instances have occurred of severe outbreaks of the disease on new
land where asters had never been before, while on the other hand
numerous examples can be cited where on ground badly affected one
year very little of the disease appeared the next. Certainly no gen-
eral rule holds good in this respect.

The question of the chemical constituents and fer-

Chemical tility of the soil is naturally one of great importance

Nature of the in this connection. On considering, however, the

Soil. variety of soils upon which the disease occurs and

its general distribution, there is little basis for sup-
posing the disease to be due to the presence or lack of any particu-
lar substance or substances. Quite extensive experiments have nev-
ertheless been made along this line, but with no result. As between
mere fertility and its absence no difference appears except in the
general size and development of the plants. The disease is equally
prevalent. In regard to particular elements of plant-food plots were
laid out in two successive seasons and various combinations of the
essential elements tested, together with the effect of lime, compari-
sons between barnyard manure and fertilizers, etc. etc. No impor-
tant differences appeared. Plots with no fertilizer, with lime, barn-
yard manure, and all the combinations tested showed the disease
practically alike. While more exact tests might have been made,
the entire absence of suggestive results showed plainly enough the
futility ot further work along this line. Application of fertilizer at
intervals through the seasor^was also tested, but with no effect.

Note. — In the principal experiment on fertilizers nine plots 6x25 feet
were laid out, separated by 3 ft. paths, on a level, uniform piece of land of
good general fertility, where asters had been tlie previous year. To these
plots were applied: No. i, nothing ; No. 2, iJ^ lbs. Sodium Nitrate, li lbs.
Muriate of Potash, i-i lbs. Dissolved Bone-black, No. 3, 3 lbs. Sodium
Nitrate, applied at intervals throughout the season ; No. 4, 3 lbs. Muriate
of Potash, applied at intervals; No. 5, i lb. Sodium Nitrate, i lb. iMuriate
Potash, I lb. Dissolved Bone-black : No. 6, same as No. 2 but applied at
intervals: No. 7, same as No. 5 but applied at intervals: No. 8, same as

2 I

No. 5 ; No. 9, 3 lbs. Dissolved Bone-black, applied at intervals. Half of
each bed was set with Semple Asters and half with O^een of the Market.
On other beds a liberal dressing of lime was given, in addition to stable
manure, on still others wood ashes, complete fertilizers and manure alone,
etc., etc.

Observation and inquiry show beyond doubt that

Weather the prevalence of this disease varies in different

Conditions, seasons, though in a broad and general way, the

conditions prevailing in one year are apparently
more conducive to it than those in another. Thus in 1899 this
trouble was much more common than in 190 1, even on land planted
each year in asters.

For various purposes during the course of these
Plants in Pots, investigations, plants have been grown in large pots,
Benches, Etc. elevated boxes of earth, greenhouse benches, and

similar situations. It was early noticed that the
yellow disease seemed very much less abundant in such plants than
in others of the same lots growing near them in the soil. Inquiry
among gardeners revealed the fact that others had noticed the same
peculiarity. Asters for the early market are not infrequently grown
in greenhouses, and so far as our observation goes, the disease is
practically unknown under such conditions, though plenty enough in
the open ground near by. Without doubt there is in this respect a
marked difference in the prevalence of the disease. We have grown
many plants in large box trucks, and in these the only trace of the
yellow blight that has ever appeared has been a very little in a few
of the last rtowers of the season. The chemical and physical prop-
erties of the earth in these trucks and in many pot experiments have
varied widely, but these features have shown no relation to the dis-
ease. It is difficult to see how the simple change from the open
earth to a pot or bol can produce such marked effect, but certainly
it is exerted by some obscure influence.

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS.

Vll the study and observation of this disease go to show that it is
due to an obscure perversion or derangement of the vital functions
of the plant. That the trouble is so generally prevalent on all kinds
and conditions of soil and is unaffected in its occurrence by any of
the widely varying influences enumerated above, seems sufficient to

show that the abnormal condition which causes the trouble does not
lie in exterior circumstances but rather must be sought in the plant
itself. In other words individual cases of the disease are not caused
by any improper or unhealthy conditions, but are the result of an
inherent, constitutional weakness or misadjustment in the plant
which may manifest itself under any or all conditions. The results
thus far obtained in this direction appear to indicate that it is in the
nutritive functions that the trouble exists. In a plant like the aster
nutrition is obtained from two sources: water and mineral salts from
the soil, and carbonic acid gas from the air. Both of these go first
to the leaves where assimilation takes place, the water and carbonic
acid being combined into starch. As this process goes on only
under the influence of sunlight the formation of starch in leaves
begins each morning at sunrise, goes on through the day, and ceases
at nightfall. During the night the starch thus formed is converted
into su^ar by the action of diastase, a substance present in the leaves
for this purpose as in the saliva and pancreatic juice of animals. A
normal, active leaf, therefore, is full of starch each evening, but con-
tains next morning scarcely a trace of this sut)stance. Besides dias-
tase leaves contain other substances or enzymes of a similar nature,
which bring about various changes in the nutrient substances.

It appears to be in this process of starch conversion or metabolism
that the aster trouble is located. If normal leaves are taken late in
the day and tested Tjy the customary method of extracting the green
color with hot water and alcohol and then soaked in iodine, a deep
blue-black color is produced, showing the presence of a large
amount of starch. Leaves picked in the morning show none of this
substance, all having turned into sugar over night. When leaves
affected with the yellow disease are tested in the same way it is
invariably found that night or morning, they aite at a/t titnes full of
starch. This shows, therefore, a lack of the diastactic action which
should turn the starch into sugar and render it available as food for
the plant. It is further found that in leaves which have only par-
tially lost their green color under the influence of the disease the
diseased (light-colored) areas show at all times less starch than the
green portions. It is to be expected that less would be produced
here, but apparently diastatic action is no more active in the green
than in the yellow portion of such leaves.

23

For further study in this direction equal weights of badly diseased
and normal leaves were gathered and ground in a mortar to pulp.
The addition of a considerable amount of fine quartz sand greatly
facilitates the grinding. Ecjual amounts of distilled water were then
added to each portion and the decoctions allowed to stand over night,
first adding a few drops of chloroform to prevent the growth of
molds or bacteria. The solutions thus obtained show several con-
stant differences. That from diseased tissue is decidedly acid, while
the normal is neutral or very nearly so. This difference becomes
very marked on standing a short time. The diseased has also a
sour, unpleasant odor, quite different from that of the other. When
tested by the Guaiac method the diseased always shows much less
oxidase and peroxidase reaction than the normal. With ferric chlor-
ide the diseased shows much more fanniii than the other. Equal
quantities of the two solutions were added to equal amounts of a sat-
urated solution of corn starch in water, showing with iodine a deep
blue-black color. After standing fifteen hours the normal leaf solu-
tion gave no more blue color, showing diastase had been present in
the tissue sufficient to convert the starch into sugar. In the diseased
solution a strong starch reaction still took place, re-affirming the
results obtained by treating entire leaves that diastatic action is very
weak in affected leaves. The same result was also obtained bv add-
ing to the starch solution a powder made by drying the leaves and
grinding them as finely as possible.

In the same way solutions were made and tested, using diseased
and normal flower heads and buds, with no green parts included.
These decoctions showed much viore oxidase and peroxidase in the
diseased X.h'An in the normal ; the reverse of the results with leaves.

To sum up, these results indicate that in plants affected by the
yellow disease the leaves have the power of assimilation or starch
formation, but are deficient in diastatic and oxidizing action and
contain an abnormal amount of tannin and acids. In parts not nor-
mally green and therefore having no assimilative function, oxidation
is more than normally active. The latter symptom is of ordinary
occurrence as a siamaiioii phenomenon, and may therefore be attrib-
uted to the lack of nutrition brought about by the failure of dias-
tatic, and perhaps other forms, of metabolic action in the leaves. In
the leaf itself the results are not sufliciently complete for drawing
broad or general conclusions. The presence of abnormally large

amounts of acids and tannin indicates a non-performance of some of
the complicated processes of metabolism, which should carry off
these injurious by-products. The failure of the diastatic and oxidiz-
ing functions are symptoms of a similar nature.

It therefore appears, so far as conclusions can be drawn, that this
" yellow " disease of the aster is due to a failure of those metabolic
activities in the leaf which when properly carried on furnish nutrition
for the plant. Further, it is believed that the characteristic effects
in the flower, which have been shown to be a change or reversion
from reproductiv^e to vegetative development, are simply a secondary
symptom and the result of partial starvation in those parts. The
actual, fundamental cause of all this is still unexplained, except that,
as stated, it is not due to individual circumstances, but is the result
of a misadjustment of the plant to what should be its normal envi-
ronment. The fact has been mentioned that there is a well-defined
variation in the amount of the disease in different seasons. It seems
not improbable that such circumstances as the'frequency of rainfall,
relations of rainfall to sunshine, and such conditions as would
strongly and suddenly affect the functions of the plant may be con-
cerned in the result.

Finally it may be mentioned that this disease is one of an increas-
ing list of somewhat similar troubles. Most prominent of these is
the peach " Yellows." The '' Calico " disease of the tobacco is
another, in connection with which the researches of A. F. Woods of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture have given many suggestions
in the present work.

THE ASTER RUST.

A true rust affects the aster very commonly. This is seen in
orange-colored pustules which break out on the under side of the
leaves rather late in the season. While prevalent everywhere the
disease is not at all destructive and does no apparent damage to the
plant.

THE BLACK BEETLE.

One of the best known aster pests is the slender, lively black
beetle {Epkauta Petittsylvatiicd) which attacks the blossoms. If left
unchecked they soon destroy every flower when at all prevalent.
Thorough hand picking has been our best remedy and if done
every day is no great task even in a large bed.

GRASSHOPPERS.

In aster beds located near fields of grass the outer rows are often
completely eaten up by grasshoppers. This may be prevented by
planting something else on that side next the grass.

VARIETIES OF ASTERS.

Since all the varieties of this plant obtainable have been grown in
connection with this work a few words about the various kinds may
not be out of place. Asters are commonly distinguished into types
or groups, similar in form and general characteristics, under each of
which we have a variety of colors. They may also be classed into
early, mid-season, and late, coming into bloom ordinarily about July
20, August 15, and September i, but varying, of course, with the
time of planting. The Queen of the Market, in various colors, is
the standard early variety, together with the similar Queen of Spring,
Queen of the Earlies, etc. The recently introduced Tom Thumb
Comet or Poodle, is also worthy. Of the mid-season the Victoria,
Paeony Flowered Perfection and Giant Comet are best known, but
by no means include all the best kinds. The new California
Branching Comet is especially striking, and many others might be
mentioned. Of the late varieties Semple's Branching stands pre-
eminent as one of the finest of asters, especially for commercial pur-
poses. The pink " Mary J. Semple " is considered by many the
finest of all asters. It is with difficulty that such a list as this is
brought to an end, on account of the many beautiful kinds left
unmentioned. The dwarf varieties are numerous and odd but of no
great value for cutting.

SUMMARY.

The very prevalent trouble in growing China Asters is due to a
variety of causes. These are principally, a stem rot disease or wilt,
caused by a fungus, a peculiar abnormal growth the cause of which
is not definitely known, and lice on the roots. Other troubles occur
but are more obvious or not generally destructive.

The stem rot disease is characterized by a wilting and final dying
of affected plants, accompanied by a discoloration and rotting of the
stem just at the surface of the ground.

The yellow disease appears as a spindling yellow growth of the

26

branches and leaves and a peculiar abnormal development of the
flowers. It seems to be due to a failure in the metabolism in the
leaves.

Plants affected with root lice fail to grow and finally wilt and die.
The roots are found to be covered with masses of small, bluish-
colored plant lice.

The stem rot or wilt, although first showing itself at any time
during the plant's growth, appears to be contracted only in the seed
bed or pricking out fiats. Both this disease and tne root lice may
be avoided by proper methods of cultivation. For the yellow dis-
ease no treatment is known. None of these troubles can be reme-
died after they have once appeared.

Asters are also affected by a true rust of the leaves, grubs which
eat the roots, and insects which eat the leaves and flowers.

DIRECTIONS FOR GROWING ASTERS.

Start your own plants. Seed planted as late as June ist will give
an abundance of bloom before frost.

Procure seed directly from a reliable seedsman. It costs no more
and is much more liable to be fresh and true to name.

Sow the seed in the open ground at any time after the ground gets
into good condition, in good soil where asters have never grown
before. Fall sowing out of doors may also be practiced. For very
early flowering sow in cold frames or in the greenhouse, but this,
especially the latter, is much more liable to produce stem rot.

Avoid at all times the use of soil where asters have grown before,
especially where the stem rot or root lice have occurred.

Prepare the permanent bed by working in a liberal dressing of
barnyard manure during the previous fall and a light application of
any good commercial fertilizer in the spring. If this is not practi-
cable remember that as a general principle the richer the soil the
better will be your asters.

Plant if possible in moderately moist soil. This will give better
growth and less trouble from grub worms.

Beyond this it is believed that no treatment can avail for these
troubles. Avoid especially damping off and roof lice.

I

1

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

«OF THE-

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

BULLETIN NO. SO.

FUNGICIDES,

INSECTICIDES,

SPRAYING CALENDAR.

IVIA-ieCH, lOOS.

The Bulletins of this Station vnll he sent free to all newspajjers in
the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may request
the same.

AMHERST, MASS. :

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE,
1902,

HATCH EXFERIMISM'T STATION

OF THK

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

Henry H. Goodell, LL. D.,

William P. Brooks, Ph.D.,

George E. Stone, Ph. D.,

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D,

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D.,

Charles H. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Samuel T. Maynard, B. Sc,

J. E. Ostrander, C. E.,

Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D.,

Henry M. Thomson, B. Sc,

Ralph E. Smith, B. Sc,

Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc,

Daniel L. Cleaves, B. S.

James E. Halligan, B. Sc,

Edward B. Holland, M. Sc,

Philip H. Smith, Jr., B. Sc,

James W. Kellogg, B. Sc,

George A. Drew, B. Sc,

Henry L. Bodfish,

Director.

Agriculturist.

Botanist.
, Chemist (Fertilizers).

Chemist (Foods and Feeding).

Entomologist.

Horticulturist.
Meteorologist.
Associate Entomologist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Botanist.
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers).
First Chemist(¥oodis and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist(Fooc\s and Feeding) .
Ass't Chemist(Foods and Feeding) .
Assistaiit Horticiilturist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Observer.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture,
are earnestly requested. The Bulletins will be sent free to all news-
papers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as
may request the same. General bulletins, fertilizer analyses, analy-
ses of feed-stuffs, and annual reports are published. Kindly indi-
cate in application which of these aie desired. Communications
may be addressed to the

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst. Mass.

Fungicides, Insecticides, and Spraying

Calendar.

George E. Stone, Henry T. Fernald, Samuel T. Maynard.

This bulletin contains a compilation of fungicides and insecticides
taken from various sources and the usual spraying calendar. Many
of these mixtures can be obtained already prepared from reliable
dealers which saves much time and trouble in mixing them. The
following precautions should be taken into consideration:

1. Care should be taken to keep all substances employed injspray-
ing where they cannot be gotten at and used by mistake. All sub-
stances should be correctly labeled.

2. Solutions and mixtures containing copper sulfate, corrosive
sublimate, and arsenate of lead should be made in wood, glass or
earthern vessels.

3. Arsenical solutions should not be applied to fruits, etc. within
two weeks of the time when they are to be used as food.

4. Trees should not be sprayed when they are in blossom as the
bees which are necessary to fertilize the flowers may be destroyed.

FUNGICIDES.

1. BORDEAUX MIXTURE

4 pounds copper sulphate (blue vitriol).
4 pounds lime (unslaked).
25-50 gallons water.

Dissolve the copper in hot or cold water using a wood or earthern
vessel. Slake the lime in a tub, adding the water cautiously and
only in sufficient amount to insure thorough slaking. After
thoroughly slaking more water can be added and stirred in until it
has the consistency of thick cream. When both are cold pour the
lime into the diluted copper solution of required strength, straining
it through a fine mesh sieve or a gunny cloth and thoroughly mix.
The standard mixtures are :

(a). 25 gallons (full strength solution, or 4-4-25 formula).

(b). 50 gallons, (half strength mixture, or 4-4-50 formula).

It is then ready for use. Considerable trouble has frequently
been experienced in preparing the Bordeaux Mixture. Care should
be taken that the lime is of good quality and well burned and has not
been air slaked. Where small amounts of lime are slaked it is
advisable to use hot water. The lime [should not be allowed to
become dry in slaking, neither should it become entirely submerged
in water. Lime slakes best when supplied with just enough
water to develop a large amount of heat which renders the process
active. If the amount of lime is insufficient, there is danger of
burning tender foliage. In order to obviate this the mixture can be
tested with a knife blade or with ferro-cyanide of potassium (i oz. to
5 or 6 oz. of water). If the amount of lime is insufficient, copper
will be deposited on the knife blade, while a deep brownish-red color
will be imparted to the mixture when ferro-cyanide of potassium is
added. Lime should be added until neither reaction occurs. A
slight excess of lime, however, is desirable.

The Bordeaux Mixture is best when first prepared. Stock solu-
tions of lime and copper can be made, and mixed when required.

2. The following known as the 6-4-50 formula is in very

general use :

6 pounds copper sulphate.

4 pounds lime.
50 gallons water.

3. BORDEAUX MIXTURE FOR PEACH FOLIAGE.

The Bordeaux Mixture as ordinarily applied frequently injures to
some extent the foliage of the peach etc. causing a shot-hole effect
on the leaves. This injurious effect has been shown to be largely
obviated by the use of the following :

3 pounds copper sulphate.
6 pounds lime.
50 gallons water.

This is known as the 3-6-50 formula. Some experimenters have
also recommended the following for peach foliage :

(a). 2-2-50 formula, (Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 180).

(b). 3-9-50 formula.

The latter contains three times as much lime as copper sulphate.

4. BORDEAUX RESIN MIXTURE.

5 pounds resin.

I pound potash lime.
I pint fish oil.
5 gallons water.

To make resin solution place resin and oil in a kettle and heat
until resin is dissolved. Cool slightly and then add lye slowly and
stir. Again place the kettle over the fire, add the required amount
of water, and allow the whole to boil until it will mix with cold
water forming an amber-colored solution. Take 2 gallons of the
resin solution and add to it 10 gallons of water. Mix this with 40
gallons of Bordeaux Mixture.

Recommended for Asparagus Rust on account of its adhesive
properties. (N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. (Geneva) Bull. 188).

5. SACCHARATE OF COPPER.

4 pounds copper sulphate.
4 pounds lime.

4 pints molasses.
25 gallons water.

Slake 4 pounds of lime and dilute the same with water. Dis-
solve 4 pints of molasses in a gallon of water and mix with the
lime. Stir thoroughly and let it stand for a few hours. Dissolve 4
pounds of copper in 10 gallons of water and pour into it the lime-
molasses solution while stirring briskly. Allow the mixture to
settle. Draw off the clear greenish solution for use. Recommended
in France as a substitute for the Bordeaux Mixture.

6. AMMONIACAL COPPER CARBONATE.

5 ounces copper carbonate.

3 pints ammonia (26° Beaume).
50 gallons water.

Dissolve the copper carbonate in ammonia. This may be kept
any length of time in a glass stoppered bottle and can be diluted to
the required strength. The solution loses strength on standing.

7. EAU CELESTE.

{Bhie Water).

2 pounds copper sulphate.
I quart ammonia.
50 gallons water.
Dissolve the copper sulphate in 6 or 8 gallons of water, then add
the ammonia and dilute to 50 or 60 gallons of water.

8. COPPER CARBONATE MIXTURE.

I pound copper carbonate.
40 gallons water.

Mix the copper carbonate with a small quantity of water to make
a paste ; then dilute with the required amount of water. For fruit
rot of the peach, etc. (Delaware Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. XXIX).

9. COPPER ACETATE.

6 ounces copper acetate (Dibasic acetate).
50 gallons water.

First make a paste of the copper acetate by adding water to it,
then dilute to the required strength. Use finely powdered acetate
of copper, not the crystalline form. For the same purpose and of the
same value as the preceding formula.

10. COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION.

(^Strong Solution).
I pound copper sulphate.
25 gallons water.

Applied only on trees without foliage.

11. COPPER. SULPHATE SOLUTION.

( Weak Soliitioti).

2-4 ounces copper sulphate.
50 gallons water.

For trees in foliage.

12. POTASSIUM SULPHIDE.

3 ounces potassium sulphide.
10 gallons water.

Valuable for gooseberry mildews, etc.

13. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.

1 part potassium permanganate.

2 parts soap.
100 parts water.

Recommended in France for Black-rot and Mildew of the grape, etc.

14. IRON SULPHATE AND SULPHURIC ACID.

Water (hot) 100 parts.

Iron sulphate, as much as will dissolve.

Sulphuric acid, i part.

8

Prepare solution just before using. Add the acid to the crystals
and then pour on the water. Valuable for treatment of dormant
grape vines affected with Anthracnose, application being made with
sponge or brush.

15. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.

{^Fo7- Potato Scab).

2 ounces corrosive sublimate.
15 gallons water.

Dissolve the corrosive sublimate in 2 gallons of hot water, then
dilute to 15 gallons, allowing the same to stand 5 or 6 hours during
which time thoroughly agitate the solution several times. Place the
seed potatoes in a sack and immerse in the solution for i^ hours.
Corrosive sublimate is very poisonous, consequently care should be
taken in handling it nor should the treated potatoes be eaten by
stock. The solution should not be made in metallic vessels.

16. FORMALIN.

{For Potato Scab).

8 ounces formalin (40 per cent solution).
15 gallons water.

Used for the same purpose as corrosive sublimate, but not poison-
ous. Immerse the seed potatoes for 2 hours.

INSECTICIDES.

17. 'PARIS GREEN.— DRY.

I pound Paris green.
20-50 pounds flour.
Mix thoroughly and apply evenly ; preferably when dew is on the
plants.

18. PARIS GREEN.— WET.

I pound Paris green.
1-2 pounds quick lime.
200 gallons water.

Slake the lime in part of the water, sprinkling in the Paris green
gradually, then add the rest of the water. For the peach and other
tender leaved plants use 300 gallons of water. Keep well stirred
while spraying.

19. ARSENITE OF LIME.

1 pound white arsenic.

2 pounds fresh burned lime.

I gallon water.

Boil together for 45 minutes and keep in a tight vessel. Add one
quart of this to a barrel (50 gallons) of water for use.

This insecticide has been recommended by a number of Experi-
ment Stations, but has not as yet been sufificiently tested at the Massa-
chusetts Station to receive an endorsement.

20. ARSENATE OF LEAD.

4 ounces arsenate of soda (50% strength).

II ounces acetate of lead.
150 gallons water.

lO

Put the arsenate of soda in 2 quarts of water in a wooden pail,
and the acetate of lead in four quarts of water in another wooden
pail. When both are dissolved, mix with the rest of the water.
Warm water in the pails will hasten the process. For the Elm-leaf
Beetle use 25 instead of 150 gallons of water.

21. WHALE OIL SOAP.

2 pounds potash whale oil soap.
I gallon hot water.

For winter use only.

22. KEROSENE EMULSION.

^ pound hard soap, shaved tine.

1 gallon water.

2 gallons kerosene.

Dissolve the soap in the water which should be boiling ; remove
from the fire and pour it into the kerosene while hot. Churn this
with a spray pump till it changes to a creamy, then to a soft butter-
like mass. Keep this as a stock, using one part in nine of water
for soft bodied insects such as plant lice, or stronger in certain cases.

23. MECHANICAL EMULSION.

A substitute for the last. Made entirely by the pump, which
draws water and kerosene from separate tanks and mixes them in
the desired proportion by a mechanical device. Several pumps for
this purpose are now on the market.

24. RESIN-LIME MIXTURE.

5 pounds pulverized resin.

I pound concentrated lye.

I pint fish or other animal oil.

5 gallons water.
Place the oil, resin and i gallon of hot water in an iron kettle and
heat till the resin softens : then add the lye and stir thoroughly ; now
add 4 gallons of hot water and boil till a little will mix with cold
water and give a clear, amber colored liquid : add water to make up
5 gallons. Keep this as a stock solution. For use, take

1 1

I gallon stock solution.

1 6 gallons water.

3 gallons milk of lime.

i pound Paris green".

The object of this preparation is to obtain an adhesive material
which will cause the poison to adhere to smooth leaves. It has
been highly recommended by the New York State (Geneva) Experi-
ment Station.

25. LIME, SALT AND SULPHUR.

Oregon Formula.

50 pounds unslaked lime.
50 pounds flowers of sulphur.
50 pounds common salt.

Slake the lime in enough water to do it thoroughly ; add the sul-
phur and boil for an hour at least, adding water if necessary. Then
add the salt and boil 15 minutes more. Add water to make 150
gallons and spray hot through a coarse nozzle.

26. LIME, SALT AND SULPHUR.

Mar/a ft's Foritmhr, {from Smith.)

30 pounds unslaked lime.
30 pounds sulphur.
15 pounds salt.
60 gallons water.

Boil with steam for four hours and apply hot.

27. CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION.

I pound hard soap shaved fine.

I gallon water.

I pint crude carbolic acid.
Dissolve the soap in the water, boiling ; add the carbolic acid and
churn as for kerosene emulsion. Use one part of this with 30 parts-
of water.

12

28. HELLEBORE.

1 ounce hellebore.
1-2 gallons water.

Steep the hellebore in a pint of water and gradually add the rest
of the water. Hellebore may also be dusted over the plants, either
pure or mixed with flour or plaster.

29. INSECT POWDER. PYRETHRUM.

Mix with half its bulk of flour and keep in a tight can for 24
hours ; then dust over the plants. Or,
100 grains insect powder.

2 gallons water.

Mix together and spray.

COMBINED
FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES.

30. BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND PARIS GREEN.

4 ounces Paris green.

50 gallons Bordeaux Mixture,

31. BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND ARSENATE OF LEAD.

I gallon Arsenate of Lead (made by formula No. 20).
50 gallons Bordeaux Mixture,

32. BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND ARSENITEOFLIME.

i^ quarts Arsenite of Lime (made by formula No. 19.)
50 gallons Bordeaux Mixture,

33. IVORY SOAP.

I bar Ivory soap, (10 cent size).
15 gallons water.

Apply warm as it thickens on cooling.

Recommended for rose mildew, red spider, plant lice, etc>
E. O, Orpet : see Am. Gard. Feb. 8, 1902.

SPRAYING CALENDAR.

PLANT.

APPLE

{Scab ^codling^noth^bztd moth,
ient caterpillar, canker worm,
_plum curculio,San Jose scale.)

ASPARAGUS

i^Rnst.)

BEAN

{Anthracnose, leaf blight.)

CABBAGE

( Worms, chib root.)

■CARNATION

(Rtist and other fungous
diseases.)

CELERY

{Rust and blight.)

CHERRY*

(Rot, aphis, slug, plujn cur-
■culio, black knot.)

CURRANT I
-GOOSEBERRY (

( \V or ms, leaf blight, mildelv.)

ELM

{Leaf beetle.)

GRAPE

{Fungous diseases, rose bug,
Mc, leaf hopper.)

NURSERY STOCK . . .
{Fungous diseases.)

PEACH, APRICOT, )
NECTARINE f " ' "

{Rot, milderv, scab',leaf curl,
.curculio.)

PEAR

{Leaf blight, scab, psylla,
■codling moth,blister mite,slug.)

PLUM*t

{Curciilio, black knot, leaf
blight, brown rot, San Jose
scale.)

•QUINCE

{Leaf atid fruit spot.)

RASPBERRY

BLACKBERRY

DE^VBERRY

{Rust, anthracnose,leaf blight)

ROSE

{Rose-mildeit', red spider.)

■STRAWBERRY

{Rust, Black Paria, etc.)

TOMATO

{Rot, blight, flea beetle!)

POTATO

{Flea beetle, Colorado beetle,
ilight and rot, scab.)

VIOLET

{Spot, red spider.)

Before buds swell. No. lo,
When buds are swelling, No.i,
b. For scale, No. 23, 25^ before
leaves unfold.

Use No. 4, on all young beds
at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks from
May to Sept. according to
weather.

When third leaf expands.
No. i,b.

No. 20. dry for worms. Lime
35 bu. per acre for club root.

No. I, b, in field at intervals
of from I to 2 weeks according
to weather.

Spray in seed bed with No. i,
b, every two weeks.

As buds are breaking. No. i,
b, when aphides appear. No. 23

Spray bushes with No. i, b,
before leaves start, .^t 'first
appearance of worms, No. 28.

.\s soon as leaves are formed
use No. 20-

In spring when buds swell,
No. I and 14.

FIRST APPLICATION.

SECOND APPLICATION.

For canker worm and plum
curculio just before blossoms
open, No. 30 or 31.

After cutting use No. i, b, or

No. 4-

10 days later. No. i, b.

7-10 days later, repeat No. 29
dry.

Dip plants in No. i, b, before
planting.

When fruit has set,No.3i and
if slugs appear, dust leaves with
air slacked lime or hellebore.

10 days later. No. i and 28.
For mildew, No. 12.

Just before flowers unfold.
No. 30.

When first leaves appear, No. 10-14 days, repeat. For scale
:, b, and No. 30 or 31. treat as for apple.

.^s the buds swell, for plum
curculio, No. 3 and 20.

As buds are swelling, No.i,b.

When buds are swelling, No.
I, b. Before buds swell. No.
23 or 21 for scale.

When blossom buds appear,
No. 1 and No. 30.

Before buds break, No. i, b.

No. 33, whenever these pests
appear.

As soon as growth begins,
with No. I, b. Dip plants in
No. I, before setting.

Soon after planting use No.
i,b.

Spray with No. 30, when
about one-half grown. For
scab No. 1; or 16,

Use No. 33, on first appear-
ance of spot or insects.

When fruit basset, No. 3 and
31 for curculio.

Just before blossoms open.
No. 30, when leaves open for
psylla, No. 23.

When blossoms have fallen,
No. 31.

When fruit has set. No. 30.

Just before the blossoms open
No. 30.

WTien first blossoms open
spray both young and old plan-
tation, No. 30.

Repeat as soon as fruit is
formed. Fruit can be wiped if
disfigured by No. i, b.

Repeat before insects become
too numerous.

*Paris green cannot be used on foliage of cherry, peach, Japanese plum,apricot and nectarine

without injury.
tBlack knots on plums or cherries should be cut and burned as soon as discovered.

THIRD APPLICATION.

When blossoms have fallen
repeat second.

8-12 days later, No. i, b, 30 or
31. For scale, No. 23,15^ every
two weeks, up to Oct. i;th.

14 days later, No. i, b.

7-10 days later,repeat second,

Use No. T, b, until banking
begins every two weeks.

10-14 days if rot appears, No,
31, for plum curculio.

If worms persist, No. 28.

Repeat a month later.

When fruit has set. No. 30.
For leafhopper. No. 22, i5fi.

FOURTH APPLICATION.

FIFTH APPLICATION.

10-14 days later. No. i, b.
Use dilute No. 11 solution in
Sept. for scab if season is wet.

14 days later, No.i,b. Spray-
ing with No. I, b, after the pods
are one-half grown will injure
them for market.

Repeat in 10-14 days, if neces-
sary second.

10-14 days, repeat.

When fruit is one-half grown.
No. 3, a or'b.

After blossoms have fallen
if necessary, No. 23.

10-14 days later. No. 31.

10-20 days later No. i, b.

(Orange or red rust is treated
best by destroying the plants
attacked in its early stages.)

Spraynew plantation, Xo.i,b.

Repeat first when necessary

Repeat for blight, rot and
insects as potatoes approach
maturity.

10-14 days later, No. 11. For
scale treat as for apple.

2 to 4 weeks later, if any dis-
ease appears.

Two seasons needed to ex-
tinguish this pest.

2 to 4 weeks later. No. 11.

10-14 days repeat. For scale
treat as for apple.

5-7 days later. No. 12. t For
scale treat as for apple.

S-12 days later, repeat third.
For scale treat as for apple.

10-20 days later. No. 31. For
scale treat as for apple.

10-20 days later. No. i, b.

Spray after fruit is gathered
with No. 1.

Repeat third if weather is
moist.

Try weak solutiontof copper
sulfate as fruit begins to ripen.

Freedom from disease de-
pends largely upon good culti-
vation and an abundance of
plant food in the soil.

Repeat after every rain when
fruit oegins to color.

After fruit is gathered. No.
I, b.

No. II, as fruit is coloring.

5-7 days later, repeat.
10-14 days later. No. 11.

10-20 days later. No. 11.

10-20 days later, as fruit is
ripening.

10-20 days later, repeat.

tif a pailful of lime wash, well strained, be added to each barrel full of copper solution-
4 ounces to 50 gallons — delicate foliage like that of the peach, etc., will not be injured.

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